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id_3200 | In a knockout basketball competition, Centurions are beaten by Raiders. Saracens beat Centurions. Saracens are beaten by Raiders and Aztecs. Centurions and Raiders are beaten by Aztecs. | Aztecs emerges as the champions | e |
id_3201 | In a knockout basketball competition, Centurions are beaten by Raiders. Saracens beat Centurions. Saracens are beaten by Raiders and Aztecs. Centurions and Raiders are beaten by Aztecs. | Raiders win two games. | e |
id_3202 | In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court said that illiterates should be debarred from contesting elections saying that it is a reasonable restriction on peoples constitutional right to contest elections. | Good people will be selected in the parliament. | c |
id_3203 | In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court said that illiterates should be debarred from contesting elections saying that it is a reasonable restriction on peoples constitutional right to contest elections. | Knowledge is power and knowledge comes from education. | n |
id_3204 | In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court said that illiterates should be debarred from contesting elections saying that it is a reasonable restriction on peoples constitutional right to contest elections. | Good education is a must to contest elections. | n |
id_3205 | In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court said that illiterates should be debarred from contesting elections saying that it is a reasonable restriction on peoples constitutional right to contest elections. | The verdict will increase the literacy rate in the country. | e |
id_3206 | In a move to strengthen public transport in the Capital, ahead of the implementation of the odd-even vehicle scheme, Delhi government has decided to issue permits to 10,000 new auto rickshaws by the end of December. | Pollution in the city will not be controlled. | c |
id_3207 | In a move to strengthen public transport in the Capital, ahead of the implementation of the odd-even vehicle scheme, Delhi government has decided to issue permits to 10,000 new auto rickshaws by the end of December. | Most of the people will use public transport in the city. | c |
id_3208 | In a move to strengthen public transport in the Capital, ahead of the implementation of the odd-even vehicle scheme, Delhi government has decided to issue permits to 10,000 new auto rickshaws by the end of December. | Delhi has the lowest pollution from auto rickshaws among metros. | c |
id_3209 | In a move to strengthen public transport in the Capital, ahead of the implementation of the odd-even vehicle scheme, Delhi government has decided to issue permits to 10,000 new auto rickshaws by the end of December. | People do not use public transport for lack of last-mile connectivity. | e |
id_3210 | In a move to strengthen public transport in the Capital, ahead of the implementation of the odd-even vehicle scheme, Delhi government has decided to issue permits to 10,000 new auto rickshaws by the end of December. | New auto rickshaws will cause congestion on the road. | c |
id_3211 | In a museum, Modern Sculpture is to be found on the floor below Watercolours. Greek Pottery is on the floor above the Oil Paintings. The top floor contains the Italian Collection. Watercolours are on the same floor as South American Art, whereas the Oil Paintings are on the floor below Modern Sculpture. | Oil Paintings is to be found on the lowest floor | e |
id_3212 | In a museum, Modern Sculpture is to be found on the floor below Watercolours. Greek Pottery is on the floor above the Oil Paintings. The top floor contains the Italian Collection. Watercolours are on the same floor as South American Art, whereas the Oil Paintings are on the floor below Modern Sculpture. | Modern Sculpture and Greek Pottery are on the same floor | e |
id_3213 | In a new study of 3,000 employed men in the 19-70 age range over a period of 10 years, researchers found that those working for inconsiderate bosses were more likely to suffer from stress and stress-related illness than those working for more considerate and enlightened bosses. Previous research had shown that employees with inconsiderate bosses suffered from high blood pressure, which is known to increase the risk of heart disease. In this latest survey the researchers asked employees to assess the competence of their bosses as leaders. They found that those who had categorised their boss as incompetent were 25% more at risk of serious heart disease and that this level of risk increased the longer they continued to work for the same boss. The statistics took into account external factors such as social class, educational background, lifestyle and any existing illness. The researchers recommended that should their findings be confirmed, managers should be given training to help them improve their working relationships. | People who think their boss is incompetent are twenty five percent more likely to suffer stress. | n |
id_3214 | In a new study of 3,000 employed men in the 19-70 age range over a period of 10 years, researchers found that those working for inconsiderate bosses were more likely to suffer from stress and stress-related illness than those working for more considerate and enlightened bosses. Previous research had shown that employees with inconsiderate bosses suffered from high blood pressure, which is known to increase the risk of heart disease. In this latest survey the researchers asked employees to assess the competence of their bosses as leaders. They found that those who had categorised their boss as incompetent were 25% more at risk of serious heart disease and that this level of risk increased the longer they continued to work for the same boss. The statistics took into account external factors such as social class, educational background, lifestyle and any existing illness. The researchers recommended that should their findings be confirmed, managers should be given training to help them improve their working relationships. | This latest study is the first to suggest a link between the behaviour of bosses and the blood pressure of their employees. | c |
id_3215 | In a new study of 3,000 employed men in the 19-70 age range over a period of 10 years, researchers found that those working for inconsiderate bosses were more likely to suffer from stress and stress-related illness than those working for more considerate and enlightened bosses. Previous research had shown that employees with inconsiderate bosses suffered from high blood pressure, which is known to increase the risk of heart disease. In this latest survey the researchers asked employees to assess the competence of their bosses as leaders. They found that those who had categorised their boss as incompetent were 25% more at risk of serious heart disease and that this level of risk increased the longer they continued to work for the same boss. The statistics took into account external factors such as social class, educational background, lifestyle and any existing illness. The researchers recommended that should their findings be confirmed, managers should be given training to help them improve their working relationships. | Managers should be given training to help them improve their working relationships. | n |
id_3216 | In almost zero gravity and no wind very large droplets of water can form. In normal atmospheric conditions and no wind droplets of around 2 millimetres diameter commonly occur. In normal conditions with wind smaller droplets form and the diameter of those found in a typical summer gale might measure less than one millimetre. In every situation droplets do collide and these combine to form larger droplets that may well survive but air resistance and the relatively weak surface tension of water mean that droplets with a diameter larger than 5 millimetres very quickly break up. | The claim that giant globules of water cannot form is rebutted by the passage. | c |
id_3217 | In almost zero gravity and no wind very large droplets of water can form. In normal atmospheric conditions and no wind droplets of around 2 millimetres diameter commonly occur. In normal conditions with wind smaller droplets form and the diameter of those found in a typical summer gale might measure less than one millimetre. In every situation droplets do collide and these combine to form larger droplets that may well survive but air resistance and the relatively weak surface tension of water mean that droplets with a diameter larger than 5 millimetres very quickly break up. | Droplets of between 25 mm only occur in windless conditions. | c |
id_3218 | In an attempt to find a solution to global climate change, scientists have are researching the effects of releasing large quantities of iron into the upper ocean. This process is known as iron seeding and it can enhance the reproduction of phytoplankton, which intern may lower global carbon dioxide levels, lowering global temperature. This process is also known as iron fertilisation or ocean nourishment and is the topic of an on-going debate by climate scientists. One criticism of the approach is that iron seeding may lead to a harmful algal bloom, which leads to the phenomena known as the red tide, releasing numerous toxic chemicals into the ocean. | Iron nourishment is the potential solution to climate change | n |
id_3219 | In an attempt to find a solution to global climate change, scientists have are researching the effects of releasing large quantities of iron into the upper ocean. This process is known as iron seeding and it can enhance the reproduction of phytoplankton, which intern may lower global carbon dioxide levels, lowering global temperature. This process is also known as iron fertilisation or ocean nourishment and is the topic of an on-going debate by climate scientists. One criticism of the approach is that iron seeding may lead to a harmful algal bloom, which leads to the phenomena known as the red tide, releasing numerous toxic chemicals into the ocean. | Algal bloom is the potential solution to climate change | c |
id_3220 | In an attempt to find a solution to global climate change, scientists have are researching the effects of releasing large quantities of iron into the upper ocean. This process is known as iron seeding and it can enhance the reproduction of phytoplankton, which intern may lower global carbon dioxide levels, lowering global temperature. This process is also known as iron fertilisation or ocean nourishment and is the topic of an on-going debate by climate scientists. One criticism of the approach is that iron seeding may lead to a harmful algal bloom, which leads to the phenomena known as the red tide, releasing numerous toxic chemicals into the ocean. | Iron seeding is the potential solution to climate change | e |
id_3221 | In an effort to preserve fishing stocks, the European Union uses a quota system to regulate the amount of fish that can be taken out of the North Sea. This involves defining the tonnage of the various types of North Sea fish that each EU member country can take. As soon as the catch is landed - but not before fishermen can be fined for landing more fish at their port than their quota permits. Each year fishermen dump thousands of tonnes of fish back into the sea either because they have reached their quota and dont want to be fined or because the fish are too small to be caught legally. Some environmental groups feel that existing approaches are not working since these fish are already dead and throwing them back serves no real purpose. They believe that other steps need to be taken to conserve North Sea fishing stocks and avoid depletion. | Some environmental groups think new fish conservation methods are required. | e |
id_3222 | In an effort to preserve fishing stocks, the European Union uses a quota system to regulate the amount of fish that can be taken out of the North Sea. This involves defining the tonnage of the various types of North Sea fish that each EU member country can take. As soon as the catch is landed - but not before fishermen can be fined for landing more fish at their port than their quota permits. Each year fishermen dump thousands of tonnes of fish back into the sea either because they have reached their quota and dont want to be fined or because the fish are too small to be caught legally. Some environmental groups feel that existing approaches are not working since these fish are already dead and throwing them back serves no real purpose. They believe that other steps need to be taken to conserve North Sea fishing stocks and avoid depletion. | Fishermen can be fined for catching too many fish. | c |
id_3223 | In an effort to preserve fishing stocks, the European Union uses a quota system to regulate the amount of fish that can be taken out of the North Sea. This involves defining the tonnage of the various types of North Sea fish that each EU member country can take. As soon as the catch is landed - but not before fishermen can be fined for landing more fish at their port than their quota permits. Each year fishermen dump thousands of tonnes of fish back into the sea either because they have reached their quota and dont want to be fined or because the fish are too small to be caught legally. Some environmental groups feel that existing approaches are not working since these fish are already dead and throwing them back serves no real purpose. They believe that other steps need to be taken to conserve North Sea fishing stocks and avoid depletion. | Fish stocks in the North Sea are nearly exhausted. | n |
id_3224 | In biology, the term mutualism refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two species. The later economic theory of mutualism is based on the labour theory of value, which states that the true cost of an item is the amount of labour that was required to produce it. Hence, goods should not be sold for more than the cost of acquiring them. Mutualism is closely associated with anarchism, because its principles were set forth in the mid- nineteenth century by the French politician and philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - the first person to define himself as an "anarchist". The main tenets of mutualism are free association and free credit. In a mutualism workplace, workers with different skills form an association to create a product or service. Though dependent on each other, the workers are not subordinated as in a capitalist enterprise. Mutual banks, also called credit unions, operate on the belief that free credit enables profit to be generated for the benefit of the union's members rather than bankers. Modern-day mutualism is sometimes described as free-market socialism. Proponents of mutualism support a free market economy, but object to capitalism because of the inequalities created by government intervention. Many mutual businesses and banking establishments exist today, espousing Proudhon's Co-operative model. | Proudhon's economic theory of mutualism was influenced by biological mutualism. | n |
id_3225 | In biology, the term mutualism refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two species. The later economic theory of mutualism is based on the labour theory of value, which states that the true cost of an item is the amount of labour that was required to produce it. Hence, goods should not be sold for more than the cost of acquiring them. Mutualism is closely associated with anarchism, because its principles were set forth in the mid- nineteenth century by the French politician and philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - the first person to define himself as an "anarchist". The main tenets of mutualism are free association and free credit. In a mutualism workplace, workers with different skills form an association to create a product or service. Though dependent on each other, the workers are not subordinated as in a capitalist enterprise. Mutual banks, also called credit unions, operate on the belief that free credit enables profit to be generated for the benefit of the union's members rather than bankers. Modern-day mutualism is sometimes described as free-market socialism. Proponents of mutualism support a free market economy, but object to capitalism because of the inequalities created by government intervention. Many mutual businesses and banking establishments exist today, espousing Proudhon's Co-operative model. | In common with socialism, the economic doctrine of mutualism advocates state control over production. | c |
id_3226 | In biology, the term mutualism refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two species. The later economic theory of mutualism is based on the labour theory of value, which states that the true cost of an item is the amount of labour that was required to produce it. Hence, goods should not be sold for more than the cost of acquiring them. Mutualism is closely associated with anarchism, because its principles were set forth in the mid- nineteenth century by the French politician and philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - the first person to define himself as an "anarchist". The main tenets of mutualism are free association and free credit. In a mutualism workplace, workers with different skills form an association to create a product or service. Though dependent on each other, the workers are not subordinated as in a capitalist enterprise. Mutual banks, also called credit unions, operate on the belief that free credit enables profit to be generated for the benefit of the union's members rather than bankers. Modern-day mutualism is sometimes described as free-market socialism. Proponents of mutualism support a free market economy, but object to capitalism because of the inequalities created by government intervention. Many mutual businesses and banking establishments exist today, espousing Proudhon's Co-operative model. | Free association separates labour from hierarchy and ownership. | n |
id_3227 | In biology, the term mutualism refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two species. The later economic theory of mutualism is based on the labour theory of value, which states that the true cost of an item is the amount of labour that was required to produce it. Hence, goods should not be sold for more than the cost of acquiring them. Mutualism is closely associated with anarchism, because its principles were set forth in the mid- nineteenth century by the French politician and philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - the first person to define himself as an "anarchist". The main tenets of mutualism are free association and free credit. In a mutualism workplace, workers with different skills form an association to create a product or service. Though dependent on each other, the workers are not subordinated as in a capitalist enterprise. Mutual banks, also called credit unions, operate on the belief that free credit enables profit to be generated for the benefit of the union's members rather than bankers. Modern-day mutualism is sometimes described as free-market socialism. Proponents of mutualism support a free market economy, but object to capitalism because of the inequalities created by government intervention. Many mutual businesses and banking establishments exist today, espousing Proudhon's Co-operative model. | The labour theory of value is defined as: only the person who made an item should profit from its sale. | c |
id_3228 | In biology, the term mutualism refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two species. The later economic theory of mutualism is based on the labour theory of value, which states that the true cost of an item is the amount of labour that was required to produce it. Hence, goods should not be sold for more than the cost of acquiring them. Mutualism is closely associated with anarchism, because its principles were set forth in the mid- nineteenth century by the French politician and philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - the first person to define himself as an "anarchist". The main tenets of mutualism are free association and free credit. In a mutualism workplace, workers with different skills form an association to create a product or service. Though dependent on each other, the workers are not subordinated as in a capitalist enterprise. Mutual banks, also called credit unions, operate on the belief that free credit enables profit to be generated for the benefit of the union's members rather than bankers. Modern-day mutualism is sometimes described as free-market socialism. Proponents of mutualism support a free market economy, but object to capitalism because of the inequalities created by government intervention. Many mutual businesses and banking establishments exist today, espousing Proudhon's Co-operative model. | Mutual banking establishments do not operate on a for-profit basis. | c |
id_3229 | In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a technical point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general framework, but because of the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be useful or useless until it is fully specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand, needs by definition to be formulated within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions about the concepts and their relationships. The appropriateness of a model must then be evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The evaluation may be done by conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations, by rational inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both. In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but rather whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process. Statistical evidence and judgment play important roles in answering that question. | A model can exist in the absence of a theory. | c |
id_3230 | In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a technical point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general framework, but because of the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be useful or useless until it is fully specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand, needs by definition to be formulated within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions about the concepts and their relationships. The appropriateness of a model must then be evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The evaluation may be done by conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations, by rational inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both. In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but rather whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process. Statistical evidence and judgment play important roles in answering that question. | It is more meaningful to look at the practical utility of a model than its absolute veracity. | e |
id_3231 | In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a technical point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general framework, but because of the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be useful or useless until it is fully specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand, needs by definition to be formulated within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions about the concepts and their relationships. The appropriateness of a model must then be evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The evaluation may be done by conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations, by rational inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both. In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but rather whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process. Statistical evidence and judgment play important roles in answering that question. | Most people fail to understand the difference between a theory and a model. | e |
id_3232 | In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a technical point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general framework, but because of the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be useful or useless until it is fully specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand, needs by definition to be formulated within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions about the concepts and their relationships. The appropriateness of a model must then be evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The evaluation may be done by conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations, by rational inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both. In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but rather whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process. Statistical evidence and judgment play important roles in answering that question. | Most people fail to understand the difference between a theory and a model. | n |
id_3233 | In discussing Russias role in the past World War, it is customary to cite the losses sustained by the Russian Army, losses running into many millions. There is no doubt that Russias sacrifices were great, and it is just as true that her losses were greater than those sustained by any of the other Allies. Nevertheless, these sacrifices are by far not the only standard of measurement of Russias participation in this gigantic struggle. Russias role must be gauged, first of all, by the efforts made by the Russian Army to blast the German war plans during the first years of the War, when neither America, nor Italy, nor Romania were among the belligerents, and the British Army was still in the process of formation. Secondly, and this is the main thing, the role played by the Russian Army must be considered also in this respect that the strenuous campaign waged by Russia, with her 180 millions of inhabitants, for three years against Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey, sapped the resources of the enemy and thereby made possible the delivery of the final blow. This weakening of the powers of the enemy by Russia was already bound at various stages of the War to facilitate correspondingly the various operations of the Allies. Therefore, at the end of the War, three years of effort on the part of Russia had devoured the enemys forces, enabling the Allies to finally crush the enemy. The final catastrophe of the Central Powers was the direct consequence of the offensive of the Allies in 1918, but Russia made possible this collapse to a considerable degree, having effected, in common with the others, the weakening of Germany, and having consumed during the three years of strenuous fighting countless reserves, forces, and resources of the Central Powers. Could Germany have won the War? A careful analysis of this question brings home the conviction that Germany was very close to victory, and that it required unusual straining of efforts on the part of France and Russia to prevent Germany from winning out. | Russia was the main country fighting against Germany in the early years of the War? | n |
id_3234 | In discussing Russias role in the past World War, it is customary to cite the losses sustained by the Russian Army, losses running into many millions. There is no doubt that Russias sacrifices were great, and it is just as true that her losses were greater than those sustained by any of the other Allies. Nevertheless, these sacrifices are by far not the only standard of measurement of Russias participation in this gigantic struggle. Russias role must be gauged, first of all, by the efforts made by the Russian Army to blast the German war plans during the first years of the War, when neither America, nor Italy, nor Romania were among the belligerents, and the British Army was still in the process of formation. Secondly, and this is the main thing, the role played by the Russian Army must be considered also in this respect that the strenuous campaign waged by Russia, with her 180 millions of inhabitants, for three years against Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey, sapped the resources of the enemy and thereby made possible the delivery of the final blow. This weakening of the powers of the enemy by Russia was already bound at various stages of the War to facilitate correspondingly the various operations of the Allies. Therefore, at the end of the War, three years of effort on the part of Russia had devoured the enemys forces, enabling the Allies to finally crush the enemy. The final catastrophe of the Central Powers was the direct consequence of the offensive of the Allies in 1918, but Russia made possible this collapse to a considerable degree, having effected, in common with the others, the weakening of Germany, and having consumed during the three years of strenuous fighting countless reserves, forces, and resources of the Central Powers. Could Germany have won the War? A careful analysis of this question brings home the conviction that Germany was very close to victory, and that it required unusual straining of efforts on the part of France and Russia to prevent Germany from winning out. | If it were not for Russia, Germany would have won the war | e |
id_3235 | In ecological biology, a keystone species is a species of organism that exerts a disproportionately large effect on its environment, relative to its size and abundance. The term keystone species was coined in 1969 by zoologist Robert Paine in order to explain the relationship between a species of starfish and its local environment. The classic example of a keystone species is the Sea Otter. Sea Otters feed on Sea Urchins and other grazers of kelp, keeping their numbers in check and preventing them from damaging underwater kelp forests. North Pacific areas which are devoid of Sea Otters are often urchin barrens, areas with large numbers of sea urchins, but little to no kelp. The Sea Otter therefore protects kelp forests from over grazing by Sea Urchins, maintaining the ecological balance of their local environment. | Sea Urchins are an example of a keystone species. | n |
id_3236 | In ecological biology, a keystone species is a species of organism that exerts a disproportionately large effect on its environment, relative to its size and abundance. The term keystone species was coined in 1969 by zoologist Robert Paine in order to explain the relationship between a species of starfish and its local environment. The classic example of a keystone species is the Sea Otter. Sea Otters feed on Sea Urchins and other grazers of kelp, keeping their numbers in check and preventing them from damaging underwater kelp forests. North Pacific areas which are devoid of Sea Otters are often urchin barrens, areas with large numbers of sea urchins, but little to no kelp. The Sea Otter therefore protects kelp forests from over grazing by Sea Urchins, maintaining the ecological balance of their local environment. | Kelp forests are vulnerable to grazing Sea Urchins. | e |
id_3237 | In ecological biology, a keystone species is a species of organism that exerts a disproportionately large effect on its environment, relative to its size and abundance. The term keystone species was coined in 1969 by zoologist Robert Paine in order to explain the relationship between a species of starfish and its local environment. The classic example of a keystone species is the Sea Otter. Sea Otters feed on Sea Urchins and other grazers of kelp, keeping their numbers in check and preventing them from damaging underwater kelp forests. North Pacific areas which are devoid of Sea Otters are often urchin barrens, areas with large numbers of sea urchins, but little to no kelp. The Sea Otter therefore protects kelp forests from over grazing by Sea Urchins, maintaining the ecological balance of their local environment. | North Pacific Urchin barrens occur when Sea Otters abandon the area. | n |
id_3238 | In ecological biology, a keystone species is a species of organism that exerts a disproportionately large effect on its environment, relative to its size and abundance. The term keystone species was coined in 1969 by zoologist Robert Paine in order to explain the relationship between a species of starfish and its local environment. The classic example of a keystone species is the Sea Otter. Sea Otters feed on Sea Urchins and other grazers of kelp, keeping their numbers in check and preventing them from damaging underwater kelp forests. North Pacific areas which are devoid of Sea Otters are often urchin barrens, areas with large numbers of sea urchins, but little to no kelp. The Sea Otter therefore protects kelp forests from over grazing by Sea Urchins, maintaining the ecological balance of their local environment. | Over hunting of Sea Otters leads to the damaging of Kelp forests. | n |
id_3239 | In ecological biology, a keystone species is a species of organism that exerts a disproportionately large effect on its environment, relative to its size and abundance. The term keystone species was coined in 1969 by zoologist Robert Paine in order to explain the relationship between a species of starfish and its local environment. The classic example of a keystone species is the Sea Otter. Sea Otters feed on Sea Urchins and other grazers of kelp, keeping their numbers in check and preventing them from damaging underwater kelp forests. North Pacific areas which are devoid of Sea Otters are often urchin barrens, areas with large numbers of sea urchins, but little to no kelp. The Sea Otter therefore protects kelp forests from over grazing by Sea Urchins, maintaining the ecological balance of their local environment. | The Sea Otter was the first stated example of a keystone species. | c |
id_3240 | In finance, due diligence may refer to the process of research and analysis that takes place in advance of an investment, takeover, or business partnership. The potential investor generally uses in-house resources or hires a consulting firm, that specializes in due diligence and corporate investigations, to investigate the background of the company and principals of the target company. A due diligence assignment generally includes reviewing press and SEC filings, checking for regulatory and licensing problems, identifying liens and judgments, and uncovering civil and criminal litigation matters. Sophisticated investigators will also search for conflicts of interest, insider trading and press and public records that identify problems that may have occurred under the principals watch. The investigative results may be prepared in a due diligence report that the investor uses to understand risks involved in the investment. For example, if negative information is uncovered on a principal of the target company, the investor may put pressure on the target firm to replace that individual. In addition to identifying risks and implications of an investment, due diligence may include data on a companys solvency and assets. | The management of a target company may be investigated as part of due diligence. | e |
id_3241 | In finance, due diligence may refer to the process of research and analysis that takes place in advance of an investment, takeover, or business partnership. The potential investor generally uses in-house resources or hires a consulting firm, that specializes in due diligence and corporate investigations, to investigate the background of the company and principals of the target company. A due diligence assignment generally includes reviewing press and SEC filings, checking for regulatory and licensing problems, identifying liens and judgments, and uncovering civil and criminal litigation matters. Sophisticated investigators will also search for conflicts of interest, insider trading and press and public records that identify problems that may have occurred under the principals watch. The investigative results may be prepared in a due diligence report that the investor uses to understand risks involved in the investment. For example, if negative information is uncovered on a principal of the target company, the investor may put pressure on the target firm to replace that individual. In addition to identifying risks and implications of an investment, due diligence may include data on a companys solvency and assets. | Investigation into civil litigation does not form part of due diligence procedure. | c |
id_3242 | In finance, due diligence may refer to the process of research and analysis that takes place in advance of an investment, takeover, or business partnership. The potential investor generally uses in-house resources or hires a consulting firm, that specializes in due diligence and corporate investigations, to investigate the background of the company and principals of the target company. A due diligence assignment generally includes reviewing press and SEC filings, checking for regulatory and licensing problems, identifying liens and judgments, and uncovering civil and criminal litigation matters. Sophisticated investigators will also search for conflicts of interest, insider trading and press and public records that identify problems that may have occurred under the principals watch. The investigative results may be prepared in a due diligence report that the investor uses to understand risks involved in the investment. For example, if negative information is uncovered on a principal of the target company, the investor may put pressure on the target firm to replace that individual. In addition to identifying risks and implications of an investment, due diligence may include data on a companys solvency and assets. | Some consulting firms specialize in due diligence investigations. | e |
id_3243 | In finance, due diligence may refer to the process of research and analysis that takes place in advance of an investment, takeover, or business partnership. The potential investor generally uses in-house resources or hires a consulting firm, that specializes in due diligence and corporate investigations, to investigate the background of the company and principals of the target company. A due diligence assignment generally includes reviewing press and SEC filings, checking for regulatory and licensing problems, identifying liens and judgments, and uncovering civil and criminal litigation matters. Sophisticated investigators will also search for conflicts of interest, insider trading and press and public records that identify problems that may have occurred under the principals watch. The investigative results may be prepared in a due diligence report that the investor uses to understand risks involved in the investment. For example, if negative information is uncovered on a principal of the target company, the investor may put pressure on the target firm to replace that individual. In addition to identifying risks and implications of an investment, due diligence may include data on a companys solvency and assets. | Due diligence procedures are usually undertaken by financial and legal professionals. | c |
id_3244 | In finance, due diligence may refer to the process of research and analysis that takes place in advance of an investment, takeover, or business partnership. The potential investor generally uses in-house resources or hires a consulting firm, that specializes in due diligence and corporate investigations, to investigate the background of the company and principals of the target company. A due diligence assignment generally includes reviewing press and SEC filings, checking for regulatory and licensing problems, identifying liens and judgments, and uncovering civil and criminal litigation matters. Sophisticated investigators will also search for conflicts of interest, insider trading and press and public records that identify problems that may have occurred under the principals watch. The investigative results may be prepared in a due diligence report that the investor uses to understand risks involved in the investment. For example, if negative information is uncovered on a principal of the target company, the investor may put pressure on the target firm to replace that individual. In addition to identifying risks and implications of an investment, due diligence may include data on a companys solvency and assets. | Due diligence concentrates on the target companys solvency and assets. | n |
id_3245 | In general, the longer a customer stays with a company, the more that customer is worth. Long term customers buy more whilst costing less to service; they take up less of a companys time and are less sensitive to price. They are also more likely to bring in other new customers. Senior managers usually gauge company performance on the basis of cash flow and profit. They rarely study the statistic that reflects how much real value the company is creating-customer retention. | Long-term business success depends mainly on cash flow and profitability. | n |
id_3246 | In general, the longer a customer stays with a company, the more that customer is worth. Long term customers buy more whilst costing less to service; they take up less of a companys time and are less sensitive to price. They are also more likely to bring in other new customers. Senior managers usually gauge company performance on the basis of cash flow and profit. They rarely study the statistic that reflects how much real value the company is creating-customer retention. | Long-term custom purchase fewer goods than newer customer. | c |
id_3247 | In general, the longer a customer stays with a company, the more that customer is worth. Long term customers buy more whilst costing less to service; they take up less of a companys time and are less sensitive to price. They are also more likely to bring in other new customers. Senior managers usually gauge company performance on the basis of cash flow and profit. They rarely study the statistic that reflects how much real value the company is creating-customer retention. | Senior manager pays due attention to customer retention. | c |
id_3248 | In general, the longer a customer stays with a company, the more that customer is worth. Long term customers buy more whilst costing less to service; they take up less of a companys time and are less sensitive to price. They are also more likely to bring in other new customers. Senior managers usually gauge company performance on the basis of cash flow and profit. They rarely study the statistic that reflects how much real value the company is creating-customer retention. | Long-term business success depends mainly on customer retention. | n |
id_3249 | In its quest to go global, once an Indian company has established an extensive sales network in a foreign market and therefore, has achieved substantial sales, it seems that these markets should be treated in a very similar fashion to those in India. It is therefore only in those countries where only initial sales networks have been developed, where marketing methods will have to differ from the methods applied in India. | Sales networks can be the same in both foreign countries and in India. | c |
id_3250 | In its quest to go global, once an Indian company has established an extensive sales network in a foreign market and therefore, has achieved substantial sales, it seems that these markets should be treated in a very similar fashion to those in India. It is therefore only in those countries where only initial sales networks have been developed, where marketing methods will have to differ from the methods applied in India. | The markets of some countries will develop faster than others. | c |
id_3251 | In its quest to go global, once an Indian company has established an extensive sales network in a foreign market and therefore, has achieved substantial sales, it seems that these markets should be treated in a very similar fashion to those in India. It is therefore only in those countries where only initial sales networks have been developed, where marketing methods will have to differ from the methods applied in India. | Extensive sales networks are preferable to less developed ones. | e |
id_3252 | In law, trespass can be: the criminal act of going into somebody elses land or property without permission of the owner or lessee; it is also a civil law tort that may be a valid cause of action to seek judicial relief and possibly damages through a lawsuit. In some jurisdictions trespassing is an offence or misdemeanour covered by a criminal code. In other jurisdictions, it is not considered a crime or penal in nature, property is protected from trespass under civil law and privacy acts. In England and Wales, despite the prevalence of notices asserting that trespassers will be prosecuted, unless the trespass is aggravated in some way, it will only be a civil wrong. Although criminal and civil trespass laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, most have the following facets in common: Property owners and their agents (for example, security guards) may only use reasonable force to protect their property. For example, setting booby traps on a property to hurt trespassers or shooting at trespassers are usually strictly forbidden except in extreme circumstances. Not all persons seeking access to property are trespassers. The law recognizes the rights of persons given express permission to be on the property (licensees) and persons who have a legal right to be on the property (invitees) not to be treated as trespassers. For example, a meter reader on the property to read the meter is an invitee, as would be a travelling salesperson, or a police officer seeking to execute a warrant. | Aggravated trespass is a civil wrong and offenders cannot be prosecuted. | c |
id_3253 | In law, trespass can be: the criminal act of going into somebody elses land or property without permission of the owner or lessee; it is also a civil law tort that may be a valid cause of action to seek judicial relief and possibly damages through a lawsuit. In some jurisdictions trespassing is an offence or misdemeanour covered by a criminal code. In other jurisdictions, it is not considered a crime or penal in nature, property is protected from trespass under civil law and privacy acts. In England and Wales, despite the prevalence of notices asserting that trespassers will be prosecuted, unless the trespass is aggravated in some way, it will only be a civil wrong. Although criminal and civil trespass laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, most have the following facets in common: Property owners and their agents (for example, security guards) may only use reasonable force to protect their property. For example, setting booby traps on a property to hurt trespassers or shooting at trespassers are usually strictly forbidden except in extreme circumstances. Not all persons seeking access to property are trespassers. The law recognizes the rights of persons given express permission to be on the property (licensees) and persons who have a legal right to be on the property (invitees) not to be treated as trespassers. For example, a meter reader on the property to read the meter is an invitee, as would be a travelling salesperson, or a police officer seeking to execute a warrant. | Property is only ever protected from trespass under civil law and privacy acts. | c |
id_3254 | In law, trespass can be: the criminal act of going into somebody elses land or property without permission of the owner or lessee; it is also a civil law tort that may be a valid cause of action to seek judicial relief and possibly damages through a lawsuit. In some jurisdictions trespassing is an offence or misdemeanour covered by a criminal code. In other jurisdictions, it is not considered a crime or penal in nature, property is protected from trespass under civil law and privacy acts. In England and Wales, despite the prevalence of notices asserting that trespassers will be prosecuted, unless the trespass is aggravated in some way, it will only be a civil wrong. Although criminal and civil trespass laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, most have the following facets in common: Property owners and their agents (for example, security guards) may only use reasonable force to protect their property. For example, setting booby traps on a property to hurt trespassers or shooting at trespassers are usually strictly forbidden except in extreme circumstances. Not all persons seeking access to property are trespassers. The law recognizes the rights of persons given express permission to be on the property (licensees) and persons who have a legal right to be on the property (invitees) not to be treated as trespassers. For example, a meter reader on the property to read the meter is an invitee, as would be a travelling salesperson, or a police officer seeking to execute a warrant. | In Texas it is legal to use deadly force against trespassers after dark. | n |
id_3255 | In law, trespass can be: the criminal act of going into somebody elses land or property without permission of the owner or lessee; it is also a civil law tort that may be a valid cause of action to seek judicial relief and possibly damages through a lawsuit. In some jurisdictions trespassing is an offence or misdemeanour covered by a criminal code. In other jurisdictions, it is not considered a crime or penal in nature, property is protected from trespass under civil law and privacy acts. In England and Wales, despite the prevalence of notices asserting that trespassers will be prosecuted, unless the trespass is aggravated in some way, it will only be a civil wrong. Although criminal and civil trespass laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, most have the following facets in common: Property owners and their agents (for example, security guards) may only use reasonable force to protect their property. For example, setting booby traps on a property to hurt trespassers or shooting at trespassers are usually strictly forbidden except in extreme circumstances. Not all persons seeking access to property are trespassers. The law recognizes the rights of persons given express permission to be on the property (licensees) and persons who have a legal right to be on the property (invitees) not to be treated as trespassers. For example, a meter reader on the property to read the meter is an invitee, as would be a travelling salesperson, or a police officer seeking to execute a warrant. | Invitees are people who have been specifically invited onto the property by the owner. | c |
id_3256 | In law, trespass can be: the criminal act of going into somebody elses land or property without permission of the owner or lessee; it is also a civil law tort that may be a valid cause of action to seek judicial relief and possibly damages through a lawsuit. In some jurisdictions trespassing is an offence or misdemeanour covered by a criminal code. In other jurisdictions, it is not considered a crime or penal in nature, property is protected from trespass under civil law and privacy acts. In England and Wales, despite the prevalence of notices asserting that trespassers will be prosecuted, unless the trespass is aggravated in some way, it will only be a civil wrong. Although criminal and civil trespass laws vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, most have the following facets in common: Property owners and their agents (for example, security guards) may only use reasonable force to protect their property. For example, setting booby traps on a property to hurt trespassers or shooting at trespassers are usually strictly forbidden except in extreme circumstances. Not all persons seeking access to property are trespassers. The law recognizes the rights of persons given express permission to be on the property (licensees) and persons who have a legal right to be on the property (invitees) not to be treated as trespassers. For example, a meter reader on the property to read the meter is an invitee, as would be a travelling salesperson, or a police officer seeking to execute a warrant. | It is very difficult to successfully prosecute someone for trespass. | n |
id_3257 | In many organizations, middle management positions can be difficult, especially during periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high level of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see an increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Conflicts of interest are common for middle managers during periods of organizational change. | e |
id_3258 | In many organizations, middle management positions can be difficult, especially during periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high level of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see an increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Middle managers realize that they have to implement changes that are imposed upon them that are not in line with their own best interests, will always experience stress as a result. | c |
id_3259 | In many organizations, middle management positions can be difficult, especially during periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high level of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see an increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | If the way in which most organizations operate changes soon in some relevant way, it is likely that we will see a decrease in absenteeism and turnover among middle managers. | n |
id_3260 | In many organizations, middle management positions can be difficult, especially during periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high level of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see an increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Some middle managers have to operate in ways that may interfere with their own interests. | e |
id_3261 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | If the way in which most organizations operate changes soon in some relevant way, it is likely that we will see a decrease in absenteeism and turnover among middle managers. | e |
id_3262 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Conflicts of interest are common for middle managers during periods of organizational Change. | e |
id_3263 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | The entire airline industry has adopted the practice of regular first aid training for their staff | c |
id_3264 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Some middle managers have to operate in ways that may interfere with their own Interests. | e |
id_3265 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | An increasing amount of people need first-aid attention from airline staff. | n |
id_3266 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | In the past, to fly was not as viable a means of travel as it is today. | e |
id_3267 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Long-term customers purchase fewer goods than newer customers. | c |
id_3268 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Senior managers pay due attention to customer retention. | c |
id_3269 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Long-term business success depends mainly on customer retention. | n |
id_3270 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Regular first-aid training has equipped airline staff to react more quickly. | n |
id_3271 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Middle managers who realize that they have to implement changes that are imposed upon them that are not in line with the own best interest, will always experience stress as a result. | c |
id_3272 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | Raising prices will tend to affect new clients more than existing ones. | e |
id_3273 | In many organizations, middle manager positions can be difficult, especially periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior management, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realizations can sometimes result in high levels of additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers. | The airline industry will benefit a great deal from the additional training of their flight staff. | n |
id_3274 | In most organisations, conflict between groups is quite common. Organisations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organise for stability and efficiency while sales must organise to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions task requirements. If such differences did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | The reality of functional differences does mean that different groups cannot operate effectively. | c |
id_3275 | In most organisations, conflict between groups is quite common. Organisations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organise for stability and efficiency while sales must organise to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions task requirements. If such differences did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | Manufacturing and sales are unlikely to have the same goals and expectations. | n |
id_3276 | In most organisations, conflict between groups is quite common. Organisations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organise for stability and efficiency while sales must organise to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions task requirements. If such differences did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | Conflict between groups is the inevitable result of functional groups having to respond to their own unique environments. | e |
id_3277 | In most organisations, conflict between groups is quite common. Organisations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organise for stability and efficiency while sales must organise to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions task requirements. If such differences did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | Functional groups within a single organisation are not subject to different forms of uncertainty. | c |
id_3278 | In most organizations, conflict between group is quite common. Organizations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organize for stability and efficiency while sales must organize to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions` task requirements. If such difference did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | Functional groups within a single organization are not subject to different forms of uncertainty. | c |
id_3279 | In most organizations, conflict between group is quite common. Organizations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organize for stability and efficiency while sales must organize to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions` task requirements. If such difference did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | Conflict between groups is the inevitable result of functional groups having to respond to their own unique environment. | e |
id_3280 | In most organizations, conflict between group is quite common. Organizations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organize for stability and efficiency while sales must organize to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions` task requirements. If such difference did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | Manufacturing and sales are unlikely to have the same goals and expectations. | n |
id_3281 | In most organizations, conflict between group is quite common. Organizations usually develop differences between functional groups, such as sales and manufacturing, as a means of responding to diversity and uncertainty in their particular environment. Manufacturing must organize for stability and efficiency while sales must organize to relate to and service customers. To accomplish these diverse tasks, sales must hire different people from manufacturing, and each must manage its people in accordance with their unique expectations and the functions` task requirements. If such difference did not exist, neither group could get its job done effectively. | The reality of functional differences does mean that different groups cannot operate effectively. | c |
id_3282 | In most parts of the developed world many middle-class people ask themselves over and over again whether they should buy or rent a house. If they live in the United States, Spain, Ireland or the UK, then in a loud chorus they answer Buy. In these countries house prices have almost doubled over the past seven years. Other parts of the developed world have not seen such house price inflation and anyway, is it realistic to assume that prices will always continue to rise? Some people argue that paying rent is like throwing money away and it is better to repay a mortgage and build some equity. But what if house prices fall? A really quite minor adjustment would quickly wipe out the equity of many home owners. If house price inflation is something of the past, then home ownership becomes less attrac- tive. Renting too has some advantages. In particular, people who rent find it far easier to move for their work. Verbal Reasoning | The passage raises the spectre that homeowners may not always be able to rely on capital growth. | e |
id_3283 | In most parts of the developed world many middle-class people ask themselves over and over again whether they should buy or rent a house. If they live in the United States, Spain, Ireland or the UK, then in a loud chorus they answer Buy. In these countries house prices have almost doubled over the past seven years. Other parts of the developed world have not seen such house price inflation and anyway, is it realistic to assume that prices will always continue to rise? Some people argue that paying rent is like throwing money away and it is better to repay a mortgage and build some equity. But what if house prices fall? A really quite minor adjustment would quickly wipe out the equity of many home owners. If house price inflation is something of the past, then home ownership becomes less attrac- tive. Renting too has some advantages. In particular, people who rent find it far easier to move for their work. Verbal Reasoning | Most middle-class people in the developed world prefer to own their own home. | n |
id_3284 | In most parts of the developed world many middle-class people ask themselves over and over again whether they should buy or rent a house. If they live in the United States, Spain, Ireland or the UK, then in a loud chorus they answer Buy. In these countries house prices have almost doubled over the past seven years. Other parts of the developed world have not seen such house price inflation and anyway, is it realistic to assume that prices will always continue to rise? Some people argue that paying rent is like throwing money away and it is better to repay a mortgage and build some equity. But what if house prices fall? A really quite minor adjustment would quickly wipe out the equity of many home owners. If house price inflation is something of the past, then home ownership becomes less attrac- tive. Renting too has some advantages. In particular, people who rent find it far easier to move for their work. Verbal Reasoning | It is reasonable to infer that fewer people will rent if house prices stop going up in value. | c |
id_3285 | In most parts of the developed world many middle-class people ask themselves over and over again whether they should buy or rent a house. If they live in the United States, Spain, Ireland or the UK, then in a loud chorus they answer Buy. In these countries house prices have almost doubled over the past seven years. Other parts of the developed world have not seen such house price inflation and anyway, is it realistic to assume that prices will always continue to rise? Some people argue that paying rent is like throwing money away and it is better to repay a mortgage and build some equity. But what if house prices fall? A really quite minor adjustment would quickly wipe out the equity of many home owners. If house price inflation is something of the past, then home ownership becomes less attrac- tive. Renting too has some advantages. In particular, people who rent find it far easier to move for their work. Verbal Reasoning | Spaniards have seen their homes more than double in value. | c |
id_3286 | In most parts of the developed world many middle-class people ask themselves over and over again whether they should buy or rent a house. If they live in the United States, Spain, Ireland or the UK, then in a loud chorus they answer Buy. In these countries house prices have almost doubled over the past seven years. Other parts of the developed world have not seen such house price inflation and anyway, is it realistic to assume that prices will always continue to rise? Some people argue that paying rent is like throwing money away and it is better to repay a mortgage and build some equity. But what if house prices fall? A really quite minor adjustment would quickly wipe out the equity of many home owners. If house price inflation is something of the past, then home ownership becomes less attrac- tive. Renting too has some advantages. In particular, people who rent find it far easier to move for their work. Verbal Reasoning | The passage is written from the standpoint that buying may not always be better than renting. | e |
id_3287 | In northern communities it is not just shift workers and people who fly long distances who find their daily life out of phase with the natural wake- sleep/light-dark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers rise hours before sun-rise. In the summer months they rely on heavy curtains to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the wake-sleep rhythm that is affected: blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are synchronised with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between the many demands of modern life and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. | The passage compares the problems people who work shifts and fly long distances face with those of people living in northern communities. | c |
id_3288 | In northern communities it is not just shift workers and people who fly long distances who find their daily life out of phase with the natural wake- sleep/light-dark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers rise hours before sun-rise. In the summer months they rely on heavy curtains to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the wake-sleep rhythm that is affected: blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are synchronised with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between the many demands of modern life and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. | In the context of the passage latitude means being allowed the freedom to lead a life that might adversely affect your health. | c |
id_3289 | In northern communities it is not just shift workers and people who fly long distances who find their daily life out of phase with the natural wake- sleep/light-dark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers rise hours before sun-rise. In the summer months they rely on heavy curtains to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the wake-sleep rhythm that is affected: blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are synchronised with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between the many demands of modern life and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. | The author would agree that only people who live in high latitudes find their busy lives out of phase with the natural wake-sleep/light-dark cycle. | c |
id_3290 | In northern communities it is not just shift workers and people who fly long distances who find their daily life out of phase with the natural wake- sleep/light-dark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers rise hours before sun-rise. In the summer months they rely on heavy curtains to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the wake-sleep rhythm that is affected: blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are synchronised with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between the many demands of modern life and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. | Peoples mental heath is stated as something that maybe affected if their daily life is out of phase with the natural wake-sleep/light-dark cycle. | e |
id_3291 | In northern communities it is not just shift workers and people who fly long distances who find their daily life out of phase with the natural wake- sleep/light-dark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers rise hours before sun-rise. In the summer months they rely on heavy curtains to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the wake-sleep rhythm that is affected: blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are synchronised with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between the many demands of modern life and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. | In winter in northern communities school children must also get up before it is light. | n |
id_3292 | In northern communities it is not just shift-workers or long- distance flyers who find their daily life out of phase with the natural sleepwake/lightdark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers and school children get up hours before sun- rise. They rely on heavy curtains in the summer months to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the sleepwake rhythm that is affected; blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are all synchronized with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between our busy schedules and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. We seem the least seasonally sensitive of all species, even when you take into account the fact that we evolved in the tropics and many tropical animals exhibit fewer seasonal variations in behaviour. | The author would disagree that it is only people who live in northern latitudes who find their daily life out of phase with the lightdark cycle. | e |
id_3293 | In northern communities it is not just shift-workers or long- distance flyers who find their daily life out of phase with the natural sleepwake/lightdark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers and school children get up hours before sun- rise. They rely on heavy curtains in the summer months to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the sleepwake rhythm that is affected; blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are all synchronized with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between our busy schedules and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. We seem the least seasonally sensitive of all species, even when you take into account the fact that we evolved in the tropics and many tropical animals exhibit fewer seasonal variations in behaviour. | The question of why many tropical animals exhibit fewer seasonal variations in behaviour is answered in the passage. | c |
id_3294 | In northern communities it is not just shift-workers or long- distance flyers who find their daily life out of phase with the natural sleepwake/lightdark cycle. In winter in those high latitudes most workers and school children get up hours before sun- rise. They rely on heavy curtains in the summer months to darken a room from the evening sun so that they can sleep. It is not just the sleepwake rhythm that is affected; blood pressure, body temperature, reaction times, appetite and levels of alertness all follow a daily cycle and are all synchronized with light and dark. Doctors recognize that a mismatch between our busy schedules and the hours of light and darkness leads to increases in many disorders. Weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and depression are the most common. We seem the least seasonally sensitive of all species, even when you take into account the fact that we evolved in the tropics and many tropical animals exhibit fewer seasonal variations in behaviour. | It can be inferred from the passage that all animals (except for humans) dramatically adapt their behaviour to suit the seasons. | c |
id_3295 | In one corner of the room is a mass of tangled rope suspended from the ceiling with some sections dangling to the floor; the first of three encountered pieces of work that have a resounding impact on the viewing public. It stops one in ones tracks: how dare it be there this mess of nothing! It is like arranged chaos: that is, the confused mixture of varying sizes of rope, dipped in latex, looks as though it might collapse in a heap on the floor at any moment. At the same time, it is held up and in place by a series of fine wires and hooks, giving it a strange sense of ... order. A deliberate challenge to the forces of gravity. It is a shambles. It makes one laugh. It is play. It is drawing in the air! Maybe it can move or dance about! Yet, it is hardly there, like something imagined. The materials are cheap and disposable. Impermanent, like ... the people looking at it. But it is very definitely present! It has a presence. You can see that people want to walk into it and become a part of it but alas! The gallery guard is hovering nearby. To the left of this piece, running along the wall, in two rows on top of each other, is a long series of lid-less boxes. They are mounted at average nose height and are made of fibreglass which gives them a shiny, almost moist, appearance. They are the colour of murky water, absorbing the gallery light with an opacity similar to that of mucus or tree gum. They look as though they might be soft and malleable to touch, with their irregular edges and non-conforming sides. This gives the overall impression that they could fall in on themselves or slide down the wall. The structure is puzzlingly familiar, similar to things in the world, and yet it is not like anything in particular. In the adjacent corner is the third piece, consisting of a collection of nine cylindrical open-ended objects, slit part way from end to end. They give the appearance of being randomly placed some lying, some leaning on the wall or on each other-all seeming somehow to be related. Like the boxes, they are a multiple of each other. Made of fibreglass with a shiny surface they look almost like abandoned pods that had once been alive. The associations seem to jump around in ones head, running between sensations of delight and pleasure, violence and discomfort. One has to bend down to be with them more. Driven by the desire to physically interact, one is almost forced to stoop further so that one can touch, or indeed taste, this intriguing surface; but no, the guard is there. The visual language apparent in these artworks is unfamiliar, as is the artist, Eva Hesse. Her work is as exciting as it is disturbing. For many, Hesses sculpture refers essentially to the body. This, perhaps, does not seem surprising when it is in relation to the body that women are generally assessed. Hesse died of a brain tumour in 1970 at the age of 34. It must be an inescapable inevitability, therefore, that her work was read in the context of its time where it has, until recently, been largely abandoned. Given the influence of feminism on our cultural consciousness since that period, it seems paramount that we avoid, or at the very least attempt to avoid, those dramatic facts about her life and family history. We may then be freed from a limited and narrow translation of her art. Hesses work is much more ambiguous and funny than some rather literal readings would have us believe. Perhaps it is precisely because her use of metaphor in her work is so subtle that it escapes the one-line definitions we so love to employ. We are now, more than ever, hungry for the cult of personality. While Hesse and others before and since can more than fill that demand, we seem in danger of focusing on the life of the artist and not on the life of the art. When looking at Hesses sculpture, drawings and paintings, the most interesting and challenging aspects lie just there within the work. And this must be the starting point for any interpretation, not her complex life or untimely death. | The third piece of work arouses different emotions. | e |
id_3296 | In one corner of the room is a mass of tangled rope suspended from the ceiling with some sections dangling to the floor; the first of three encountered pieces of work that have a resounding impact on the viewing public. It stops one in ones tracks: how dare it be there this mess of nothing! It is like arranged chaos: that is, the confused mixture of varying sizes of rope, dipped in latex, looks as though it might collapse in a heap on the floor at any moment. At the same time, it is held up and in place by a series of fine wires and hooks, giving it a strange sense of ... order. A deliberate challenge to the forces of gravity. It is a shambles. It makes one laugh. It is play. It is drawing in the air! Maybe it can move or dance about! Yet, it is hardly there, like something imagined. The materials are cheap and disposable. Impermanent, like ... the people looking at it. But it is very definitely present! It has a presence. You can see that people want to walk into it and become a part of it but alas! The gallery guard is hovering nearby. To the left of this piece, running along the wall, in two rows on top of each other, is a long series of lid-less boxes. They are mounted at average nose height and are made of fibreglass which gives them a shiny, almost moist, appearance. They are the colour of murky water, absorbing the gallery light with an opacity similar to that of mucus or tree gum. They look as though they might be soft and malleable to touch, with their irregular edges and non-conforming sides. This gives the overall impression that they could fall in on themselves or slide down the wall. The structure is puzzlingly familiar, similar to things in the world, and yet it is not like anything in particular. In the adjacent corner is the third piece, consisting of a collection of nine cylindrical open-ended objects, slit part way from end to end. They give the appearance of being randomly placed some lying, some leaning on the wall or on each other-all seeming somehow to be related. Like the boxes, they are a multiple of each other. Made of fibreglass with a shiny surface they look almost like abandoned pods that had once been alive. The associations seem to jump around in ones head, running between sensations of delight and pleasure, violence and discomfort. One has to bend down to be with them more. Driven by the desire to physically interact, one is almost forced to stoop further so that one can touch, or indeed taste, this intriguing surface; but no, the guard is there. The visual language apparent in these artworks is unfamiliar, as is the artist, Eva Hesse. Her work is as exciting as it is disturbing. For many, Hesses sculpture refers essentially to the body. This, perhaps, does not seem surprising when it is in relation to the body that women are generally assessed. Hesse died of a brain tumour in 1970 at the age of 34. It must be an inescapable inevitability, therefore, that her work was read in the context of its time where it has, until recently, been largely abandoned. Given the influence of feminism on our cultural consciousness since that period, it seems paramount that we avoid, or at the very least attempt to avoid, those dramatic facts about her life and family history. We may then be freed from a limited and narrow translation of her art. Hesses work is much more ambiguous and funny than some rather literal readings would have us believe. Perhaps it is precisely because her use of metaphor in her work is so subtle that it escapes the one-line definitions we so love to employ. We are now, more than ever, hungry for the cult of personality. While Hesse and others before and since can more than fill that demand, we seem in danger of focusing on the life of the artist and not on the life of the art. When looking at Hesses sculpture, drawings and paintings, the most interesting and challenging aspects lie just there within the work. And this must be the starting point for any interpretation, not her complex life or untimely death. | Of the three pieces of Hesses work described, the first is the writers favourite. | n |
id_3297 | In one corner of the room is a mass of tangled rope suspended from the ceiling with some sections dangling to the floor; the first of three encountered pieces of work that have a resounding impact on the viewing public. It stops one in ones tracks: how dare it be there this mess of nothing! It is like arranged chaos: that is, the confused mixture of varying sizes of rope, dipped in latex, looks as though it might collapse in a heap on the floor at any moment. At the same time, it is held up and in place by a series of fine wires and hooks, giving it a strange sense of ... order. A deliberate challenge to the forces of gravity. It is a shambles. It makes one laugh. It is play. It is drawing in the air! Maybe it can move or dance about! Yet, it is hardly there, like something imagined. The materials are cheap and disposable. Impermanent, like ... the people looking at it. But it is very definitely present! It has a presence. You can see that people want to walk into it and become a part of it but alas! The gallery guard is hovering nearby. To the left of this piece, running along the wall, in two rows on top of each other, is a long series of lid-less boxes. They are mounted at average nose height and are made of fibreglass which gives them a shiny, almost moist, appearance. They are the colour of murky water, absorbing the gallery light with an opacity similar to that of mucus or tree gum. They look as though they might be soft and malleable to touch, with their irregular edges and non-conforming sides. This gives the overall impression that they could fall in on themselves or slide down the wall. The structure is puzzlingly familiar, similar to things in the world, and yet it is not like anything in particular. In the adjacent corner is the third piece, consisting of a collection of nine cylindrical open-ended objects, slit part way from end to end. They give the appearance of being randomly placed some lying, some leaning on the wall or on each other-all seeming somehow to be related. Like the boxes, they are a multiple of each other. Made of fibreglass with a shiny surface they look almost like abandoned pods that had once been alive. The associations seem to jump around in ones head, running between sensations of delight and pleasure, violence and discomfort. One has to bend down to be with them more. Driven by the desire to physically interact, one is almost forced to stoop further so that one can touch, or indeed taste, this intriguing surface; but no, the guard is there. The visual language apparent in these artworks is unfamiliar, as is the artist, Eva Hesse. Her work is as exciting as it is disturbing. For many, Hesses sculpture refers essentially to the body. This, perhaps, does not seem surprising when it is in relation to the body that women are generally assessed. Hesse died of a brain tumour in 1970 at the age of 34. It must be an inescapable inevitability, therefore, that her work was read in the context of its time where it has, until recently, been largely abandoned. Given the influence of feminism on our cultural consciousness since that period, it seems paramount that we avoid, or at the very least attempt to avoid, those dramatic facts about her life and family history. We may then be freed from a limited and narrow translation of her art. Hesses work is much more ambiguous and funny than some rather literal readings would have us believe. Perhaps it is precisely because her use of metaphor in her work is so subtle that it escapes the one-line definitions we so love to employ. We are now, more than ever, hungry for the cult of personality. While Hesse and others before and since can more than fill that demand, we seem in danger of focusing on the life of the artist and not on the life of the art. When looking at Hesses sculpture, drawings and paintings, the most interesting and challenging aspects lie just there within the work. And this must be the starting point for any interpretation, not her complex life or untimely death. | The second piece by Hesse has several design faults that attract the public. | n |
id_3298 | In one corner of the room is a mass of tangled rope suspended from the ceiling with some sections dangling to the floor; the first of three encountered pieces of work that have a resounding impact on the viewing public. It stops one in ones tracks: how dare it be there this mess of nothing! It is like arranged chaos: that is, the confused mixture of varying sizes of rope, dipped in latex, looks as though it might collapse in a heap on the floor at any moment. At the same time, it is held up and in place by a series of fine wires and hooks, giving it a strange sense of ... order. A deliberate challenge to the forces of gravity. It is a shambles. It makes one laugh. It is play. It is drawing in the air! Maybe it can move or dance about! Yet, it is hardly there, like something imagined. The materials are cheap and disposable. Impermanent, like ... the people looking at it. But it is very definitely present! It has a presence. You can see that people want to walk into it and become a part of it but alas! The gallery guard is hovering nearby. To the left of this piece, running along the wall, in two rows on top of each other, is a long series of lid-less boxes. They are mounted at average nose height and are made of fibreglass which gives them a shiny, almost moist, appearance. They are the colour of murky water, absorbing the gallery light with an opacity similar to that of mucus or tree gum. They look as though they might be soft and malleable to touch, with their irregular edges and non-conforming sides. This gives the overall impression that they could fall in on themselves or slide down the wall. The structure is puzzlingly familiar, similar to things in the world, and yet it is not like anything in particular. In the adjacent corner is the third piece, consisting of a collection of nine cylindrical open-ended objects, slit part way from end to end. They give the appearance of being randomly placed some lying, some leaning on the wall or on each other-all seeming somehow to be related. Like the boxes, they are a multiple of each other. Made of fibreglass with a shiny surface they look almost like abandoned pods that had once been alive. The associations seem to jump around in ones head, running between sensations of delight and pleasure, violence and discomfort. One has to bend down to be with them more. Driven by the desire to physically interact, one is almost forced to stoop further so that one can touch, or indeed taste, this intriguing surface; but no, the guard is there. The visual language apparent in these artworks is unfamiliar, as is the artist, Eva Hesse. Her work is as exciting as it is disturbing. For many, Hesses sculpture refers essentially to the body. This, perhaps, does not seem surprising when it is in relation to the body that women are generally assessed. Hesse died of a brain tumour in 1970 at the age of 34. It must be an inescapable inevitability, therefore, that her work was read in the context of its time where it has, until recently, been largely abandoned. Given the influence of feminism on our cultural consciousness since that period, it seems paramount that we avoid, or at the very least attempt to avoid, those dramatic facts about her life and family history. We may then be freed from a limited and narrow translation of her art. Hesses work is much more ambiguous and funny than some rather literal readings would have us believe. Perhaps it is precisely because her use of metaphor in her work is so subtle that it escapes the one-line definitions we so love to employ. We are now, more than ever, hungry for the cult of personality. While Hesse and others before and since can more than fill that demand, we seem in danger of focusing on the life of the artist and not on the life of the art. When looking at Hesses sculpture, drawings and paintings, the most interesting and challenging aspects lie just there within the work. And this must be the starting point for any interpretation, not her complex life or untimely death. | The second piece of art by Hesse is inferior in several significant ways to the first. | n |
id_3299 | In one corner of the room is a mass of tangled rope suspended from the ceiling with some sections dangling to the floor; the first of three encountered pieces of work that have a resounding impact on the viewing public. It stops one in ones tracks: how dare it be there this mess of nothing! It is like arranged chaos: that is, the confused mixture of varying sizes of rope, dipped in latex, looks as though it might collapse in a heap on the floor at any moment. At the same time, it is held up and in place by a series of fine wires and hooks, giving it a strange sense of ... order. A deliberate challenge to the forces of gravity. It is a shambles. It makes one laugh. It is play. It is drawing in the air! Maybe it can move or dance about! Yet, it is hardly there, like something imagined. The materials are cheap and disposable. Impermanent, like ... the people looking at it. But it is very definitely present! It has a presence. You can see that people want to walk into it and become a part of it but alas! The gallery guard is hovering nearby. To the left of this piece, running along the wall, in two rows on top of each other, is a long series of lid-less boxes. They are mounted at average nose height and are made of fibreglass which gives them a shiny, almost moist, appearance. They are the colour of murky water, absorbing the gallery light with an opacity similar to that of mucus or tree gum. They look as though they might be soft and malleable to touch, with their irregular edges and non-conforming sides. This gives the overall impression that they could fall in on themselves or slide down the wall. The structure is puzzlingly familiar, similar to things in the world, and yet it is not like anything in particular. In the adjacent corner is the third piece, consisting of a collection of nine cylindrical open-ended objects, slit part way from end to end. They give the appearance of being randomly placed some lying, some leaning on the wall or on each other-all seeming somehow to be related. Like the boxes, they are a multiple of each other. Made of fibreglass with a shiny surface they look almost like abandoned pods that had once been alive. The associations seem to jump around in ones head, running between sensations of delight and pleasure, violence and discomfort. One has to bend down to be with them more. Driven by the desire to physically interact, one is almost forced to stoop further so that one can touch, or indeed taste, this intriguing surface; but no, the guard is there. The visual language apparent in these artworks is unfamiliar, as is the artist, Eva Hesse. Her work is as exciting as it is disturbing. For many, Hesses sculpture refers essentially to the body. This, perhaps, does not seem surprising when it is in relation to the body that women are generally assessed. Hesse died of a brain tumour in 1970 at the age of 34. It must be an inescapable inevitability, therefore, that her work was read in the context of its time where it has, until recently, been largely abandoned. Given the influence of feminism on our cultural consciousness since that period, it seems paramount that we avoid, or at the very least attempt to avoid, those dramatic facts about her life and family history. We may then be freed from a limited and narrow translation of her art. Hesses work is much more ambiguous and funny than some rather literal readings would have us believe. Perhaps it is precisely because her use of metaphor in her work is so subtle that it escapes the one-line definitions we so love to employ. We are now, more than ever, hungry for the cult of personality. While Hesse and others before and since can more than fill that demand, we seem in danger of focusing on the life of the artist and not on the life of the art. When looking at Hesses sculpture, drawings and paintings, the most interesting and challenging aspects lie just there within the work. And this must be the starting point for any interpretation, not her complex life or untimely death. | The order inherent in the first piece of Hesses art is essential to the understanding of her work. | n |
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