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id_3100
ITS ECO-LOGICAL If there were awards for tourism phrases that have been hijacked, diluted and misused then ecotourism would earn top prize. The term first surfaced in the early 1980s reflecting a surge in environmental awareness and a realisation by tour operators that many travellers wanted to believe their presence abroad would not have a negative impact. It rapidly became the hottest marketing tag a holiday could carry. These days the ecotourism label is used to cover anything from a two-week tour living with remote Indonesian tribes, to a one-hour motorboat trip through an Australian gorge. In fact, any tour that involves cultural interaction, natural beauty spots, wildlife or a dash of soft adventure is likely to be included in the overflowing ecotourism folder. There is no doubt the original motives behind the movement were honourable attempts to provide a way for those who cared to make informed choices, but the lack of regulations and a standard industry definition left many travellers lost in an ecotourism jungle. It is easier to understand why the ecotourism market has become so overcrowded when we look at its wider role in the world economy. According to World Tourism Organisation figures, ecotourism is worth US$20 billion a year and makes up one-fifth of all international tourism. Add to this an annual growth rate of around five per cent and the pressure for many operators, both in developed and developing countries, to jump on the accelerating bandwagon is compelling. Without any widely recognised accreditation system, the consumer has been left to investigate the credentials of an operator themselves. This is a time-consuming process and many travellers usually take an operators claims at face value, only adding to the proliferation of fake ecotours. However, there are several simple questions that will provide qualifying evidence of a companys commitment to minimise its impact on the environment and maximise the benefits to the tourism areas local community. For example, does the company use recycled or sustainable, locally harvested materials to build its tourist properties? Do they pay fair wages to all employees? Do they offer training to employees? It is common for city entrepreneurs to own tour companies in country areas, which can mean the money you pay ends up in the city rather than in the community being visited. By taking a little extra time to investigate the ecotourism options, it is not only possible to guide your custom to worthy operators but you will often find that the experience they offer is far more rewarding. The ecotourism business is still very much in need of a shake-up and a standardised approach. There are a few organisations that have sprung up in the last ten years or so that endeavour to educate travellers and operators about the benefits of responsible ecotourism. Founded in 1990, the Ecotourism Society (TES) is a non-profit organisation of travel industry, conservation and ecological professionals, which aims to make ecotourism a genuine tool for conservation and sustainable development. Helping to create inherent economic value in wilderness environments and threatened cultures has undoubtedly been one of the ecotourism movements most notable achievements. TES organises an annual initiative to further aid development of the ecotourism industry. This year it is launching Your Travel Choice Makes a Difference, an educational campaign aimed at helping consumers understand the potential positive and negative impacts of their travel decisions. TES also offers guidance on the choice of ecotour and has established a register of approved ecotourism operators around the world. A leading ecotourism operator in the United Kingdom is Tribes, which won the 1999 Tourism Concern and Independent Travellers World Award for Most Responsible Tour Operator. Amanda Marks, owner and director of Tribes, believes that the ecotourism industry still has some way to go to get its house in order. Until now, no ecotourism accreditation scheme has really worked, principally because there has been no systematic way of checking that accredited companies actually comply with the code of practice. Amanda believes that the most promising system is the recently re-launched Green Globe 21 scheme. The Green Globe 21 award is based on the sustainable development standards contained in Agenda 21 from the 1992 Earth Summit and was originally coordinated by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). The scheme is now an independent concern, though the WTTC still supports it. Until recently, tour companies became affiliates and could use the Green Globe logo merely on payment of an annual fee, hardly a suitable qualifying standard. However, in November 1999 Green Globe 21 introduced an annual, independent check on operators wishing to use the logo. Miriam Cain, from the Green Globe 21 marketing development, explains that current and new affiliates will now have one year to ensure that their operations comply with Agenda 21 standards. If they fail the first inspection, they can only reapply once. The inspection process is not a cheap option, especially for large companies, but the benefits of having Green Globe status and the potential operational cost savings that complying with the standards can bring should be significant. We have joint ventures with organisations around the world, including Australia and the Caribbean, that will allow us to effectively check all affiliate operators, says Miriam. The scheme also allows destination communities to become Green Globe 21 approved. For a relatively new industry it is not surprising that ecotourism has undergone teething pains. However, there are signs that things are changing for the better. With a committed and unified approach by the travel industry, local communities, travellers and environmental experts could make ecotourism a tag to be proud of and trusted.
Ecotourism is growing at a faster rate than any other type of travel.
n
id_3101
ITS ECO-LOGICAL If there were awards for tourism phrases that have been hijacked, diluted and misused then ecotourism would earn top prize. The term first surfaced in the early 1980s reflecting a surge in environmental awareness and a realisation by tour operators that many travellers wanted to believe their presence abroad would not have a negative impact. It rapidly became the hottest marketing tag a holiday could carry. These days the ecotourism label is used to cover anything from a two-week tour living with remote Indonesian tribes, to a one-hour motorboat trip through an Australian gorge. In fact, any tour that involves cultural interaction, natural beauty spots, wildlife or a dash of soft adventure is likely to be included in the overflowing ecotourism folder. There is no doubt the original motives behind the movement were honourable attempts to provide a way for those who cared to make informed choices, but the lack of regulations and a standard industry definition left many travellers lost in an ecotourism jungle. It is easier to understand why the ecotourism market has become so overcrowded when we look at its wider role in the world economy. According to World Tourism Organisation figures, ecotourism is worth US$20 billion a year and makes up one-fifth of all international tourism. Add to this an annual growth rate of around five per cent and the pressure for many operators, both in developed and developing countries, to jump on the accelerating bandwagon is compelling. Without any widely recognised accreditation system, the consumer has been left to investigate the credentials of an operator themselves. This is a time-consuming process and many travellers usually take an operators claims at face value, only adding to the proliferation of fake ecotours. However, there are several simple questions that will provide qualifying evidence of a companys commitment to minimise its impact on the environment and maximise the benefits to the tourism areas local community. For example, does the company use recycled or sustainable, locally harvested materials to build its tourist properties? Do they pay fair wages to all employees? Do they offer training to employees? It is common for city entrepreneurs to own tour companies in country areas, which can mean the money you pay ends up in the city rather than in the community being visited. By taking a little extra time to investigate the ecotourism options, it is not only possible to guide your custom to worthy operators but you will often find that the experience they offer is far more rewarding. The ecotourism business is still very much in need of a shake-up and a standardised approach. There are a few organisations that have sprung up in the last ten years or so that endeavour to educate travellers and operators about the benefits of responsible ecotourism. Founded in 1990, the Ecotourism Society (TES) is a non-profit organisation of travel industry, conservation and ecological professionals, which aims to make ecotourism a genuine tool for conservation and sustainable development. Helping to create inherent economic value in wilderness environments and threatened cultures has undoubtedly been one of the ecotourism movements most notable achievements. TES organises an annual initiative to further aid development of the ecotourism industry. This year it is launching Your Travel Choice Makes a Difference, an educational campaign aimed at helping consumers understand the potential positive and negative impacts of their travel decisions. TES also offers guidance on the choice of ecotour and has established a register of approved ecotourism operators around the world. A leading ecotourism operator in the United Kingdom is Tribes, which won the 1999 Tourism Concern and Independent Travellers World Award for Most Responsible Tour Operator. Amanda Marks, owner and director of Tribes, believes that the ecotourism industry still has some way to go to get its house in order. Until now, no ecotourism accreditation scheme has really worked, principally because there has been no systematic way of checking that accredited companies actually comply with the code of practice. Amanda believes that the most promising system is the recently re-launched Green Globe 21 scheme. The Green Globe 21 award is based on the sustainable development standards contained in Agenda 21 from the 1992 Earth Summit and was originally coordinated by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). The scheme is now an independent concern, though the WTTC still supports it. Until recently, tour companies became affiliates and could use the Green Globe logo merely on payment of an annual fee, hardly a suitable qualifying standard. However, in November 1999 Green Globe 21 introduced an annual, independent check on operators wishing to use the logo. Miriam Cain, from the Green Globe 21 marketing development, explains that current and new affiliates will now have one year to ensure that their operations comply with Agenda 21 standards. If they fail the first inspection, they can only reapply once. The inspection process is not a cheap option, especially for large companies, but the benefits of having Green Globe status and the potential operational cost savings that complying with the standards can bring should be significant. We have joint ventures with organisations around the world, including Australia and the Caribbean, that will allow us to effectively check all affiliate operators, says Miriam. The scheme also allows destination communities to become Green Globe 21 approved. For a relatively new industry it is not surprising that ecotourism has undergone teething pains. However, there are signs that things are changing for the better. With a committed and unified approach by the travel industry, local communities, travellers and environmental experts could make ecotourism a tag to be proud of and trusted.
It is surprising that so many tour organisations decided to become involved in ecotourism.
c
id_3102
ITS ECO-LOGICAL If there were awards for tourism phrases that have been hijacked, diluted and misused then ecotourism would earn top prize. The term first surfaced in the early 1980s reflecting a surge in environmental awareness and a realisation by tour operators that many travellers wanted to believe their presence abroad would not have a negative impact. It rapidly became the hottest marketing tag a holiday could carry. These days the ecotourism label is used to cover anything from a two-week tour living with remote Indonesian tribes, to a one-hour motorboat trip through an Australian gorge. In fact, any tour that involves cultural interaction, natural beauty spots, wildlife or a dash of soft adventure is likely to be included in the overflowing ecotourism folder. There is no doubt the original motives behind the movement were honourable attempts to provide a way for those who cared to make informed choices, but the lack of regulations and a standard industry definition left many travellers lost in an ecotourism jungle. It is easier to understand why the ecotourism market has become so overcrowded when we look at its wider role in the world economy. According to World Tourism Organisation figures, ecotourism is worth US$20 billion a year and makes up one-fifth of all international tourism. Add to this an annual growth rate of around five per cent and the pressure for many operators, both in developed and developing countries, to jump on the accelerating bandwagon is compelling. Without any widely recognised accreditation system, the consumer has been left to investigate the credentials of an operator themselves. This is a time-consuming process and many travellers usually take an operators claims at face value, only adding to the proliferation of fake ecotours. However, there are several simple questions that will provide qualifying evidence of a companys commitment to minimise its impact on the environment and maximise the benefits to the tourism areas local community. For example, does the company use recycled or sustainable, locally harvested materials to build its tourist properties? Do they pay fair wages to all employees? Do they offer training to employees? It is common for city entrepreneurs to own tour companies in country areas, which can mean the money you pay ends up in the city rather than in the community being visited. By taking a little extra time to investigate the ecotourism options, it is not only possible to guide your custom to worthy operators but you will often find that the experience they offer is far more rewarding. The ecotourism business is still very much in need of a shake-up and a standardised approach. There are a few organisations that have sprung up in the last ten years or so that endeavour to educate travellers and operators about the benefits of responsible ecotourism. Founded in 1990, the Ecotourism Society (TES) is a non-profit organisation of travel industry, conservation and ecological professionals, which aims to make ecotourism a genuine tool for conservation and sustainable development. Helping to create inherent economic value in wilderness environments and threatened cultures has undoubtedly been one of the ecotourism movements most notable achievements. TES organises an annual initiative to further aid development of the ecotourism industry. This year it is launching Your Travel Choice Makes a Difference, an educational campaign aimed at helping consumers understand the potential positive and negative impacts of their travel decisions. TES also offers guidance on the choice of ecotour and has established a register of approved ecotourism operators around the world. A leading ecotourism operator in the United Kingdom is Tribes, which won the 1999 Tourism Concern and Independent Travellers World Award for Most Responsible Tour Operator. Amanda Marks, owner and director of Tribes, believes that the ecotourism industry still has some way to go to get its house in order. Until now, no ecotourism accreditation scheme has really worked, principally because there has been no systematic way of checking that accredited companies actually comply with the code of practice. Amanda believes that the most promising system is the recently re-launched Green Globe 21 scheme. The Green Globe 21 award is based on the sustainable development standards contained in Agenda 21 from the 1992 Earth Summit and was originally coordinated by the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). The scheme is now an independent concern, though the WTTC still supports it. Until recently, tour companies became affiliates and could use the Green Globe logo merely on payment of an annual fee, hardly a suitable qualifying standard. However, in November 1999 Green Globe 21 introduced an annual, independent check on operators wishing to use the logo. Miriam Cain, from the Green Globe 21 marketing development, explains that current and new affiliates will now have one year to ensure that their operations comply with Agenda 21 standards. If they fail the first inspection, they can only reapply once. The inspection process is not a cheap option, especially for large companies, but the benefits of having Green Globe status and the potential operational cost savings that complying with the standards can bring should be significant. We have joint ventures with organisations around the world, including Australia and the Caribbean, that will allow us to effectively check all affiliate operators, says Miriam. The scheme also allows destination communities to become Green Globe 21 approved. For a relatively new industry it is not surprising that ecotourism has undergone teething pains. However, there are signs that things are changing for the better. With a committed and unified approach by the travel industry, local communities, travellers and environmental experts could make ecotourism a tag to be proud of and trusted.
The term ecotourism has become an advertising gimmick.
e
id_3103
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
Once you delete a posting from a social website it is gone forever.
c
id_3104
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
It is generally safe to do internet banking on computers in large public places.
c
id_3105
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
There are three main kinds of identity theft.
c
id_3106
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
You should never give personal information over the phone.
c
id_3107
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
Identity theft is global problem.
e
id_3108
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
Criminal organizations profit from identity crime.
e
id_3109
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
Individuals lose more money through identity theft than businesses or government.
n
id_3110
Identity Crime Identity crime is a generic term used to describe offences in which someone uses a fabricated or fictitious identity, a manipulated identity (the alteration of ones own identity) or a stolen identity to commit a crime. The third of these, identity theft knows no geographical boundaries and is on the increase as more people conduct business and social interactions over the internet. This type of crime produces substantial profits for criminals and causes extensive economic losses to governments, private corporations and individuals. Much of the money lost by individuals stems from credit card fraud, identity theft and scams. However. what worries law enforcement agencies the most is how identity crime facilitates serious and organised crime, with distressing effects on society as a whole. Identity crime is a major problem, made more difficult to investigate and solve as the offender can be on one side of the world and the victim on the other. There are some simple steps you can take to reduce the risk of having your personal information stolen or misused. Only give out personal information over the phone or internet if you have initiated the call or the transaction and can verify that the person or organisation is legitimate Never record PIN numbers for bankcards anywhere inside your purse or wallet. Secure your letterbox with a lock and elm your mail regularly. Burn or shred documents with personal information or store them in a secure place, and wipe your computer hard drive if you are selling it. Make sure the virus and security software on your computer or mobile device is up-to-date and dont use public computers or unsecured wireless hotspots (such as those at a library or internet cafe) for internet banking. Always check bank and credit card statements for unauthorised transactions and report any discrepancies to the hank promptly. Dont respond to scam emails or letters that promise a prize or reward if you provide bank account details to the senders to enable them to deposit the money. Always use the most secure settings and keep a tight rein on how much private information you post on publicly accessible networking sites. Remember, also that information on the internet can remain accessible even if the original posting is removed.
Identify theft is becoming more common.
e
id_3111
If You Can Get Used to the Taste There is a formal word for it: entomophagy. It means the consumption of insects by us, human beings. Okay, we are not insectivores (eaters of insects), although, it must be admitted, our primate cousins regularly feast on insects. Sure, but those relatives live in trees, and swing from branches, and we dont. Okay, you say, snails, those slimy garden pests, are relished as a gourmet food, most famously by the French, who are otherwise not interested in garden life. But, I counter, snails are not insects. They are mollusks, and Id like to think that makes a difference. What Im talking about is eating true insects, those with six legs, three body parts, hard exoskeleton, and two antennae. We can extend this definition to our eight-legged arachnids (spiders and scorpions), as well. These are creatures people just dont eat. At least, that was what I thought, until I met a personally as well as ecologically-friendly young man, Peter Ferguson, who advocates insects as the ultimate in culinary delight. Why? Peter explains, For a start, there are many insects, about 10 million species, and a huge biomass of high quality calories, and we just ignore them. In a world having trouble feeding itself, that doesnt make sense. Ignore them we do, at least in Western culture, where we have long had much better alternatives. Animal husbandry has characterised our societies, giving us pork, poultry, and cattle, upon which we regularly feast. Yet other cultures dont have it so lucky, in Africa, in Asia, and among aboriginal or ethnic groups in Oceania, insects have an equally long history as an important dietary supplement, from butterflies and moths, to bees and wasps, cockroaches and ants, beetle grubs or larvae, caterpillars and worms, scorpions (a delicacy in southern China) and tarantulas. Even the Christian Bible states that John the Baptist lived on locusts and wild honey, locusts being grasshoppers in their swarming stage. These same insects, incidentally, are commonly eaten in Thailand, where a visit to a market there will reveal multitudes, deep-fried in glistening piles for the delectation of passing shoppers. Consider the African mopane worm, for example. To begin with, the name is a misnomer. The creature is actually a large colourful caterpillar, which, in the fullness of time, turns into a rather dull-looking moth, although most never reach that stage. The hairy yellow- striped creatures are eagerly sought after, hand-picked from trees in the wild, pinched by the tail-end to squeeze out the slimy green intestinal tract, after which they are most often sun-dried or smoked, thereafter ready for consumption. Tins of mopane worms in brine, or in tomato or chili sauce are common in supermarkets. They can be eaten straight from the can. fried into crunchy snacks, or added as an ingredient to conventional dishes. The harvest and sale of wild mopane worms is now a multi-million dollar industry, feeding millions of people, mostly indigenous Africans. Peter is enthusiastically telling me why he does it. Insects have protein, and all the vitamins, minerals, and fat you could want. When I remain skeptical, Peter holds up a fried grasshopper. This has lots of calcium. Then comes the (you guessed it) termite paste, a black smear with the look, smell, and consistency, of an industrial solvent. Iron. Very rich. Then comes the grublike larvae of some form of moth. Essential trace elements such as zinc and copper. Anything else? Insects dont produce greenhouse gases, and dont need antibiotics. Peter even cites my mopane worm example. Three kilograms of mopane leaves will feed a kilogram of worms-a 30% payback. With cattle, its less than 10%. Insects are cheap to buy, cheap to breed, and easy to manage. One cant argue with that. The phenomenal rate at which insects breed is well known, and more than makes up for their small size. A female cricket might be a fraction of the weight of a huge beef cow, but lays up to 1,500 eggs a month, converted into food at 20 times the rate of beef, whilst using only a fraction of the space and water. The ecological argument for entomophagy is undeniable, although there are significant concerns about internal parasites, and the accumulation of pesticides and toxins inside many wild insects. Allergic reactions have also been reported. Cooking insects well is recommended, and their consumption should, of course, be avoided, after intensive pesticide use or commercial spraying of local agricultural lands. But what about the taste? Here, Peter hesitates. He finally comes out with a suspicious, You get used to it. When I nod skeptically, he comes out with a far more confident, Actually, youre eating insects already, all the time. Yes, apparently, insects find their way into the human food chain, whether we like it or not. For example, most of those who eat rice (as I do) are inadvertently eating not just a few rice weevil larvae, and probably benefited by this, given the additional vitamins these larvae supply. Whole insects, insect parts, insect detritus, larvae, and excrement, appear in all our food, but in such small quantities that they are basically unnoticed and insignificant. Peter smiles. In that sense, were already insectivores. Weve just got to take the next logical step.
Insect-eating by people is a modern phenomenon.
c
id_3112
If You Can Get Used to the Taste There is a formal word for it: entomophagy. It means the consumption of insects by us, human beings. Okay, we are not insectivores (eaters of insects), although, it must be admitted, our primate cousins regularly feast on insects. Sure, but those relatives live in trees, and swing from branches, and we dont. Okay, you say, snails, those slimy garden pests, are relished as a gourmet food, most famously by the French, who are otherwise not interested in garden life. But, I counter, snails are not insects. They are mollusks, and Id like to think that makes a difference. What Im talking about is eating true insects, those with six legs, three body parts, hard exoskeleton, and two antennae. We can extend this definition to our eight-legged arachnids (spiders and scorpions), as well. These are creatures people just dont eat. At least, that was what I thought, until I met a personally as well as ecologically-friendly young man, Peter Ferguson, who advocates insects as the ultimate in culinary delight. Why? Peter explains, For a start, there are many insects, about 10 million species, and a huge biomass of high quality calories, and we just ignore them. In a world having trouble feeding itself, that doesnt make sense. Ignore them we do, at least in Western culture, where we have long had much better alternatives. Animal husbandry has characterised our societies, giving us pork, poultry, and cattle, upon which we regularly feast. Yet other cultures dont have it so lucky, in Africa, in Asia, and among aboriginal or ethnic groups in Oceania, insects have an equally long history as an important dietary supplement, from butterflies and moths, to bees and wasps, cockroaches and ants, beetle grubs or larvae, caterpillars and worms, scorpions (a delicacy in southern China) and tarantulas. Even the Christian Bible states that John the Baptist lived on locusts and wild honey, locusts being grasshoppers in their swarming stage. These same insects, incidentally, are commonly eaten in Thailand, where a visit to a market there will reveal multitudes, deep-fried in glistening piles for the delectation of passing shoppers. Consider the African mopane worm, for example. To begin with, the name is a misnomer. The creature is actually a large colourful caterpillar, which, in the fullness of time, turns into a rather dull-looking moth, although most never reach that stage. The hairy yellow- striped creatures are eagerly sought after, hand-picked from trees in the wild, pinched by the tail-end to squeeze out the slimy green intestinal tract, after which they are most often sun-dried or smoked, thereafter ready for consumption. Tins of mopane worms in brine, or in tomato or chili sauce are common in supermarkets. They can be eaten straight from the can. fried into crunchy snacks, or added as an ingredient to conventional dishes. The harvest and sale of wild mopane worms is now a multi-million dollar industry, feeding millions of people, mostly indigenous Africans. Peter is enthusiastically telling me why he does it. Insects have protein, and all the vitamins, minerals, and fat you could want. When I remain skeptical, Peter holds up a fried grasshopper. This has lots of calcium. Then comes the (you guessed it) termite paste, a black smear with the look, smell, and consistency, of an industrial solvent. Iron. Very rich. Then comes the grublike larvae of some form of moth. Essential trace elements such as zinc and copper. Anything else? Insects dont produce greenhouse gases, and dont need antibiotics. Peter even cites my mopane worm example. Three kilograms of mopane leaves will feed a kilogram of worms-a 30% payback. With cattle, its less than 10%. Insects are cheap to buy, cheap to breed, and easy to manage. One cant argue with that. The phenomenal rate at which insects breed is well known, and more than makes up for their small size. A female cricket might be a fraction of the weight of a huge beef cow, but lays up to 1,500 eggs a month, converted into food at 20 times the rate of beef, whilst using only a fraction of the space and water. The ecological argument for entomophagy is undeniable, although there are significant concerns about internal parasites, and the accumulation of pesticides and toxins inside many wild insects. Allergic reactions have also been reported. Cooking insects well is recommended, and their consumption should, of course, be avoided, after intensive pesticide use or commercial spraying of local agricultural lands. But what about the taste? Here, Peter hesitates. He finally comes out with a suspicious, You get used to it. When I nod skeptically, he comes out with a far more confident, Actually, youre eating insects already, all the time. Yes, apparently, insects find their way into the human food chain, whether we like it or not. For example, most of those who eat rice (as I do) are inadvertently eating not just a few rice weevil larvae, and probably benefited by this, given the additional vitamins these larvae supply. Whole insects, insect parts, insect detritus, larvae, and excrement, appear in all our food, but in such small quantities that they are basically unnoticed and insignificant. Peter smiles. In that sense, were already insectivores. Weve just got to take the next logical step.
The French are well known for eating insects.
c
id_3113
If You Can Get Used to the Taste There is a formal word for it: entomophagy. It means the consumption of insects by us, human beings. Okay, we are not insectivores (eaters of insects), although, it must be admitted, our primate cousins regularly feast on insects. Sure, but those relatives live in trees, and swing from branches, and we dont. Okay, you say, snails, those slimy garden pests, are relished as a gourmet food, most famously by the French, who are otherwise not interested in garden life. But, I counter, snails are not insects. They are mollusks, and Id like to think that makes a difference. What Im talking about is eating true insects, those with six legs, three body parts, hard exoskeleton, and two antennae. We can extend this definition to our eight-legged arachnids (spiders and scorpions), as well. These are creatures people just dont eat. At least, that was what I thought, until I met a personally as well as ecologically-friendly young man, Peter Ferguson, who advocates insects as the ultimate in culinary delight. Why? Peter explains, For a start, there are many insects, about 10 million species, and a huge biomass of high quality calories, and we just ignore them. In a world having trouble feeding itself, that doesnt make sense. Ignore them we do, at least in Western culture, where we have long had much better alternatives. Animal husbandry has characterised our societies, giving us pork, poultry, and cattle, upon which we regularly feast. Yet other cultures dont have it so lucky, in Africa, in Asia, and among aboriginal or ethnic groups in Oceania, insects have an equally long history as an important dietary supplement, from butterflies and moths, to bees and wasps, cockroaches and ants, beetle grubs or larvae, caterpillars and worms, scorpions (a delicacy in southern China) and tarantulas. Even the Christian Bible states that John the Baptist lived on locusts and wild honey, locusts being grasshoppers in their swarming stage. These same insects, incidentally, are commonly eaten in Thailand, where a visit to a market there will reveal multitudes, deep-fried in glistening piles for the delectation of passing shoppers. Consider the African mopane worm, for example. To begin with, the name is a misnomer. The creature is actually a large colourful caterpillar, which, in the fullness of time, turns into a rather dull-looking moth, although most never reach that stage. The hairy yellow- striped creatures are eagerly sought after, hand-picked from trees in the wild, pinched by the tail-end to squeeze out the slimy green intestinal tract, after which they are most often sun-dried or smoked, thereafter ready for consumption. Tins of mopane worms in brine, or in tomato or chili sauce are common in supermarkets. They can be eaten straight from the can. fried into crunchy snacks, or added as an ingredient to conventional dishes. The harvest and sale of wild mopane worms is now a multi-million dollar industry, feeding millions of people, mostly indigenous Africans. Peter is enthusiastically telling me why he does it. Insects have protein, and all the vitamins, minerals, and fat you could want. When I remain skeptical, Peter holds up a fried grasshopper. This has lots of calcium. Then comes the (you guessed it) termite paste, a black smear with the look, smell, and consistency, of an industrial solvent. Iron. Very rich. Then comes the grublike larvae of some form of moth. Essential trace elements such as zinc and copper. Anything else? Insects dont produce greenhouse gases, and dont need antibiotics. Peter even cites my mopane worm example. Three kilograms of mopane leaves will feed a kilogram of worms-a 30% payback. With cattle, its less than 10%. Insects are cheap to buy, cheap to breed, and easy to manage. One cant argue with that. The phenomenal rate at which insects breed is well known, and more than makes up for their small size. A female cricket might be a fraction of the weight of a huge beef cow, but lays up to 1,500 eggs a month, converted into food at 20 times the rate of beef, whilst using only a fraction of the space and water. The ecological argument for entomophagy is undeniable, although there are significant concerns about internal parasites, and the accumulation of pesticides and toxins inside many wild insects. Allergic reactions have also been reported. Cooking insects well is recommended, and their consumption should, of course, be avoided, after intensive pesticide use or commercial spraying of local agricultural lands. But what about the taste? Here, Peter hesitates. He finally comes out with a suspicious, You get used to it. When I nod skeptically, he comes out with a far more confident, Actually, youre eating insects already, all the time. Yes, apparently, insects find their way into the human food chain, whether we like it or not. For example, most of those who eat rice (as I do) are inadvertently eating not just a few rice weevil larvae, and probably benefited by this, given the additional vitamins these larvae supply. Whole insects, insect parts, insect detritus, larvae, and excrement, appear in all our food, but in such small quantities that they are basically unnoticed and insignificant. Peter smiles. In that sense, were already insectivores. Weve just got to take the next logical step.
Peter Ferguson is a nature-friendly person.
e
id_3114
If You Can Get Used to the Taste There is a formal word for it: entomophagy. It means the consumption of insects by us, human beings. Okay, we are not insectivores (eaters of insects), although, it must be admitted, our primate cousins regularly feast on insects. Sure, but those relatives live in trees, and swing from branches, and we dont. Okay, you say, snails, those slimy garden pests, are relished as a gourmet food, most famously by the French, who are otherwise not interested in garden life. But, I counter, snails are not insects. They are mollusks, and Id like to think that makes a difference. What Im talking about is eating true insects, those with six legs, three body parts, hard exoskeleton, and two antennae. We can extend this definition to our eight-legged arachnids (spiders and scorpions), as well. These are creatures people just dont eat. At least, that was what I thought, until I met a personally as well as ecologically-friendly young man, Peter Ferguson, who advocates insects as the ultimate in culinary delight. Why? Peter explains, For a start, there are many insects, about 10 million species, and a huge biomass of high quality calories, and we just ignore them. In a world having trouble feeding itself, that doesnt make sense. Ignore them we do, at least in Western culture, where we have long had much better alternatives. Animal husbandry has characterised our societies, giving us pork, poultry, and cattle, upon which we regularly feast. Yet other cultures dont have it so lucky, in Africa, in Asia, and among aboriginal or ethnic groups in Oceania, insects have an equally long history as an important dietary supplement, from butterflies and moths, to bees and wasps, cockroaches and ants, beetle grubs or larvae, caterpillars and worms, scorpions (a delicacy in southern China) and tarantulas. Even the Christian Bible states that John the Baptist lived on locusts and wild honey, locusts being grasshoppers in their swarming stage. These same insects, incidentally, are commonly eaten in Thailand, where a visit to a market there will reveal multitudes, deep-fried in glistening piles for the delectation of passing shoppers. Consider the African mopane worm, for example. To begin with, the name is a misnomer. The creature is actually a large colourful caterpillar, which, in the fullness of time, turns into a rather dull-looking moth, although most never reach that stage. The hairy yellow- striped creatures are eagerly sought after, hand-picked from trees in the wild, pinched by the tail-end to squeeze out the slimy green intestinal tract, after which they are most often sun-dried or smoked, thereafter ready for consumption. Tins of mopane worms in brine, or in tomato or chili sauce are common in supermarkets. They can be eaten straight from the can. fried into crunchy snacks, or added as an ingredient to conventional dishes. The harvest and sale of wild mopane worms is now a multi-million dollar industry, feeding millions of people, mostly indigenous Africans. Peter is enthusiastically telling me why he does it. Insects have protein, and all the vitamins, minerals, and fat you could want. When I remain skeptical, Peter holds up a fried grasshopper. This has lots of calcium. Then comes the (you guessed it) termite paste, a black smear with the look, smell, and consistency, of an industrial solvent. Iron. Very rich. Then comes the grublike larvae of some form of moth. Essential trace elements such as zinc and copper. Anything else? Insects dont produce greenhouse gases, and dont need antibiotics. Peter even cites my mopane worm example. Three kilograms of mopane leaves will feed a kilogram of worms-a 30% payback. With cattle, its less than 10%. Insects are cheap to buy, cheap to breed, and easy to manage. One cant argue with that. The phenomenal rate at which insects breed is well known, and more than makes up for their small size. A female cricket might be a fraction of the weight of a huge beef cow, but lays up to 1,500 eggs a month, converted into food at 20 times the rate of beef, whilst using only a fraction of the space and water. The ecological argument for entomophagy is undeniable, although there are significant concerns about internal parasites, and the accumulation of pesticides and toxins inside many wild insects. Allergic reactions have also been reported. Cooking insects well is recommended, and their consumption should, of course, be avoided, after intensive pesticide use or commercial spraying of local agricultural lands. But what about the taste? Here, Peter hesitates. He finally comes out with a suspicious, You get used to it. When I nod skeptically, he comes out with a far more confident, Actually, youre eating insects already, all the time. Yes, apparently, insects find their way into the human food chain, whether we like it or not. For example, most of those who eat rice (as I do) are inadvertently eating not just a few rice weevil larvae, and probably benefited by this, given the additional vitamins these larvae supply. Whole insects, insect parts, insect detritus, larvae, and excrement, appear in all our food, but in such small quantities that they are basically unnoticed and insignificant. Peter smiles. In that sense, were already insectivores. Weve just got to take the next logical step.
Some insects are used for religious purposes.
n
id_3115
If anyone was surprised when it eventually weakened it was only because it did not happen sooner. People can live beyond their means for quite some time before they run out of credit and must start to address the accumulated debt. An enormous economy like that of the United States can live beyond its means for years and accumulate an enormous amount of debt before the inevitable happens. The correction occurred when too many of the dollars held by Americas creditors were sold. The American central bank responded to the crisis by lowering interest rates which triggered further selling as investors sought higher returns in alternative currencies. The emergent Chinese and Indian economies have also contributed to the weakness of the dollar. Rising living standards in those countries have led to their currencies strengthening. The dollar is trading against the currencies of these fast-developing nations at a much lower historic rate and this is a trend that is bound to continue.
Even if the US economy was free of debt the dollar would have weakened and remained trading at below the historic rate at least against some of the worlds currencies.
e
id_3116
If anyone was surprised when it eventually weakened it was only because it did not happen sooner. People can live beyond their means for quite some time before they run out of credit and must start to address the accumulated debt. An enormous economy like that of the United States can live beyond its means for years and accumulate an enormous amount of debt before the inevitable happens. The correction occurred when too many of the dollars held by Americas creditors were sold. The American central bank responded to the crisis by lowering interest rates which triggered further selling as investors sought higher returns in alternative currencies. The emergent Chinese and Indian economies have also contributed to the weakness of the dollar. Rising living standards in those countries have led to their currencies strengthening. The dollar is trading against the currencies of these fast-developing nations at a much lower historic rate and this is a trend that is bound to continue.
What the author meant by the term inevitable is that the US economy would go into recession.
c
id_3117
If anyone was surprised when it eventually weakened it was only because it did not happen sooner. People can live beyond their means for quite some time before they run out of credit and must start to address the accumulated debt. An enormous economy like that of the United States can live beyond its means for years and accumulate an enormous amount of debt before the inevitable happens. The correction occurred when too many of the dollars held by Americas creditors were sold. The American central bank responded to the crisis by lowering interest rates which triggered further selling as investors sought higher returns in alternative currencies. The emergent Chinese and Indian economies have also contributed to the weakness of the dollar. Rising living standards in those countries have led to their currencies strengthening. The dollar is trading against the currencies of these fast-developing nations at a much lower historic rate and this is a trend that is bound to continue.
For years people had predicted that the dollar would weaken.
n
id_3118
If he is intelligent, he will pass the examination.
He will pass the examination.
n
id_3119
If he is intelligent, he will pass the examination.
To pass, he must be intelligent
e
id_3120
If it is easy to become an engineer, I dont want to be an engineer.
An individual aspires to be professional.
n
id_3121
If it is easy to become an engineer, I dont want to be an engineer.
One desires to achieve a thing which is hard earned.
e
id_3122
If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical message that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the message. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a year give up smoking.
c
id_3123
If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical message that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the message. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.
n
id_3124
If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical message that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the message. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurons.
e
id_3125
If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical message that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the message. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.
n
id_3126
If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical message that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the message. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked.
c
id_3127
If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical message that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the message. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve peoples abilities to perform some actions more quickly.
e
id_3128
If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-related illnesses. Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being? The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia. First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans). As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smoke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical message that triggers an electrical impulse. The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the message. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.
Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.
e
id_3129
If society seems obsessed with youth, it is at least partly because companies are. Like it or not, the young increasingly pick the styles and brands that trickle up to the rest of the population. Nike, Abercrombie & Fitch and Timberland first found success with the young, and when that clientele tired of them the companies felt the loss deeply. Now that adults are no longer necessarily expected to act and look grown-up, parents and children can be found listening to exactly the same music, playing the same computer games, watching the same TV programmes, and wearing the same brands of clothes and shoes.
An adults style can sometimes be similar to that of a child's.
e
id_3130
If society seems obsessed with youth, it is at least partly because companies are. Like it or not, the young increasingly pick the styles and brands that trickle up to the rest of the population. Nike, Abercrombie & Fitch and Timberland first found success with the young, and when that clientele tired of them the companies felt the loss deeply. Now that adults are no longer necessarily expected to act and look grown-up, parents and children can be found listening to exactly the same music, playing the same computer games, watching the same TV programmes, and wearing the same brands of clothes and shoes.
The profits of Timberland are not affected by young customers.
c
id_3131
If society seems obsessed with youth, it is at least partly because companies are. Like it or not, the young increasingly pick the styles and brands that trickle up to the rest of the population. Nike, Abercrombie & Fitch and Timberland first found success with the young, and when that clientele tired of them the companies felt the loss deeply. Now that adults are no longer necessarily expected to act and look grown-up, parents and children can be found listening to exactly the same music, playing the same computer games, watching the same TV programmes, and wearing the same brands of clothes and shoes.
Adults wear the same shoes as children because they want to look younger.
n
id_3132
If society seems obsessed with youth, it is at least partly because companies are. Like it or not, the young increasingly pick the styles and brands that trickle up to the rest of the population. Nike, Abercrombie & Fitch and Timberland first took off with the young, and when that clientele tired of them the companies felt the loss keenly. Now that grown-ups are no longer necessarily expected to act and look grown-up, parents and children can be found listening to exactly the same music, playing the same videogames, watching the same TV shows, and wearing the same brands of clothes and shoes.
Adults wear the same shoes as children because they want to look younger.
n
id_3133
If society seems obsessed with youth, it is at least partly because companies are. Like it or not, the young increasingly pick the styles and brands that trickle up to the rest of the population. Nike, Abercrombie & Fitch and Timberland first took off with the young, and when that clientele tired of them the companies felt the loss keenly. Now that grown-ups are no longer necessarily expected to act and look grown-up, parents and children can be found listening to exactly the same music, playing the same videogames, watching the same TV shows, and wearing the same brands of clothes and shoes.
The profits of Timberland are not affected by young customers.
c
id_3134
If society seems obsessed with youth, it is at least partly because companies are. Like it or not, the young increasingly pick the styles and brands that trickle up to the rest of the population. Nike, Abercrombie & Fitch and Timberland first took off with the young, and when that clientele tired of them the companies felt the loss keenly. Now that grown-ups are no longer necessarily expected to act and look grown-up, parents and children can be found listening to exactly the same music, playing the same videogames, watching the same TV shows, and wearing the same brands of clothes and shoes.
An adults style can sometimes be similar to that of a childs.
e
id_3135
If the city bus which runs between Ram Nagar and Sant Colony is extended to Vasant Vihar, it will be convenient. ---- Appeal of residents of Ram Nagar to the city bus company
The convenience of the city bus company is much more important than the needs of the consumers
n
id_3136
If the city bus which runs between Ram Nagar and Sant Colony is extended to Vasant Vihar, it will be convenient. ---- Appeal of residents of Ram Nagar to the city bus company
The city bus company is indifferent to the aspirations of the residents of Sant Colony
n
id_3137
If the number of extra households in London rises at the rate suggested then house prices in that capital city are predicted to rise even further and pull further ahead still of house prices in the rest of the UK. Relative to the UK average, house prices in the capital have dropped back to their lowest level for more than five years. The rapid growth in the number of people wanting to live in London over the next two decades suggests that this trend is likely to be reversed. In the short term the trend of prices rising further in the rest of the country relative to London is expected to continue.
A widening divide between the price of houses in the capital and the rest of the country will be driven by high levels of demand for housing.
e
id_3138
If the number of extra households in London rises at the rate suggested then house prices in that capital city are predicted to rise even further and pull further ahead still of house prices in the rest of the UK. Relative to the UK average, house prices in the capital have dropped back to their lowest level for more than five years. The rapid growth in the number of people wanting to live in London over the next two decades suggests that this trend is likely to be reversed. In the short term the trend of prices rising further in the rest of the country relative to London is expected to continue.
In 20 years time the price of a house in London is expected to rise faster than the price of houses in the rest of the UK.
e
id_3139
If the number of extra households in London rises at the rate suggested then house prices in that capital city are predicted to rise even further and pull further ahead still of house prices in the rest of the UK. Relative to the UK average, house prices in the capital have dropped back to their lowest level for more than five years. The rapid growth in the number of people wanting to live in London over the next two decades suggests that this trend is likely to be reversed. In the short term the trend of prices rising further in the rest of the country relative to London is expected to continue.
In real terms houses are cheaper in London than they were five years ago.
n
id_3140
If you choose to go to the theatre, stay in a hotel or catch a plane at one of the more popular times, it is usual for you to be charged the highest price. An influential report recently suggested that this principle should be extended to other activities, including essentials such as transport. If its recommendations were to be imple- mented, it would mean that we would be charged even higher fares on, for example, trains during the rush hour. It would also mean that we would be charged more to drive our cars at peak times. The level of charge suggested would have the effect of forcing many drivers off the road at these times.
You can infer from the passage that, to work, the proposal would require a charge for both the number of miles travelled and the time of the journey.
c
id_3141
If you choose to go to the theatre, stay in a hotel or catch a plane at one of the more popular times, it is usual for you to be charged the highest price. An influential report recently suggested that this principle should be extended to other activities, including essentials such as transport. If its recommendations were to be imple- mented, it would mean that we would be charged even higher fares on, for example, trains during the rush hour. It would also mean that we would be charged more to drive our cars at peak times. The level of charge suggested would have the effect of forcing many drivers off the road at these times.
At peak times drivers could avoid paying the highest band of charge by switching to public transport.
c
id_3142
If you choose to go to the theatre, stay in a hotel or catch a plane at one of the more popular times, it is usual for you to be charged the highest price. An influential report recently suggested that this principle should be extended to other activities, including essentials such as transport. If its recommendations were to be imple- mented, it would mean that we would be charged even higher fares on, for example, trains during the rush hour. It would also mean that we would be charged more to drive our cars at peak times. The level of charge suggested would have the effect of forcing many drivers off the road at these times.
The comparison made in the passage between the theatre and travel is flawed, because travellers who could not switch their journey to off-peak times would have no alter- native but to pay more. You can choose to go to the theatre or stay in a hotel on a particular day, and if funds are short then you can take up the offer of a lower tariff at less popular times, or give up on the treat altogether. This flaw means that the proposed charges will fail to reduce congestion at peak times.
c
id_3143
If you want to increase your writing spend use 0.7 pen.
The person being told understands what is 0.7 pen. Central Bank of India (PO)
e
id_3144
If you want to increase your writing spend use 0.7 pen.
These are different types of pen available
e
id_3145
Illington Public Library Opening hours Monday: 10 am 5 pm Tuesday: 9.30 am 7 pm Wednesday: Closed Thursday: 9.30 am 7 pm Friday: 9.30 am 7 pm Saturday: 9.30 am 1 pm Sunday: Closed Joining the library Membership of the library services is free. You can join without delay at the library when you come to visit us by presenting proof of your name and current address. You can join also online and then pick up your library card one day later when you visit us and show us your ID. Borrowing You will be able to borrow: 10 books or audiobooks for 4 weeks 8 music CDs for 2 weeks 5 DVDs for 2 weeks You will usually have to pay to borrow audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Please ask staff about concessions and special offers. If the item you want isnt available, you may reserve it online or at any library. Renewals You can renew most items for a further 2 weeks (up to a maximum of 3 times) in person, by telephone or online. If you telephone, please have your library card and the items to hand. Inter Library Loans If you want a book or journal article that the library does not hold, you can request it free of charge through Inter Library Loans. The inter-lending team will try to obtain a copy from another library authority, but you must be a member of the library. Library Computers We have 10 computers which can be booked by members of the public in the library. Booking can be done in person or by telephone. You cannot book a computer by email. From the library computers. you can access the Internet. including web based e-mail. Computes also have word processing and desktop publishing software Installed. You can print items it you wish, at a small extra cost per sheet. In the childrens section, there are 5 separate computers for use only by children under 14.
If you become a member online, you can pick up your membership card the same day.
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id_3146
Illington Public Library Opening hours Monday: 10 am 5 pm Tuesday: 9.30 am 7 pm Wednesday: Closed Thursday: 9.30 am 7 pm Friday: 9.30 am 7 pm Saturday: 9.30 am 1 pm Sunday: Closed Joining the library Membership of the library services is free. You can join without delay at the library when you come to visit us by presenting proof of your name and current address. You can join also online and then pick up your library card one day later when you visit us and show us your ID. Borrowing You will be able to borrow: 10 books or audiobooks for 4 weeks 8 music CDs for 2 weeks 5 DVDs for 2 weeks You will usually have to pay to borrow audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Please ask staff about concessions and special offers. If the item you want isnt available, you may reserve it online or at any library. Renewals You can renew most items for a further 2 weeks (up to a maximum of 3 times) in person, by telephone or online. If you telephone, please have your library card and the items to hand. Inter Library Loans If you want a book or journal article that the library does not hold, you can request it free of charge through Inter Library Loans. The inter-lending team will try to obtain a copy from another library authority, but you must be a member of the library. Library Computers We have 10 computers which can be booked by members of the public in the library. Booking can be done in person or by telephone. You cannot book a computer by email. From the library computers. you can access the Internet. including web based e-mail. Computes also have word processing and desktop publishing software Installed. You can print items it you wish, at a small extra cost per sheet. In the childrens section, there are 5 separate computers for use only by children under 14.
The library is closed for maintenance once a month on the first Monday of each month.
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id_3147
Illington Public Library Opening hours Monday: 10 am 5 pm Tuesday: 9.30 am 7 pm Wednesday: Closed Thursday: 9.30 am 7 pm Friday: 9.30 am 7 pm Saturday: 9.30 am 1 pm Sunday: Closed Joining the library Membership of the library services is free. You can join without delay at the library when you come to visit us by presenting proof of your name and current address. You can join also online and then pick up your library card one day later when you visit us and show us your ID. Borrowing You will be able to borrow: 10 books or audiobooks for 4 weeks 8 music CDs for 2 weeks 5 DVDs for 2 weeks You will usually have to pay to borrow audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Please ask staff about concessions and special offers. If the item you want isnt available, you may reserve it online or at any library. Renewals You can renew most items for a further 2 weeks (up to a maximum of 3 times) in person, by telephone or online. If you telephone, please have your library card and the items to hand. Inter Library Loans If you want a book or journal article that the library does not hold, you can request it free of charge through Inter Library Loans. The inter-lending team will try to obtain a copy from another library authority, but you must be a member of the library. Library Computers We have 10 computers which can be booked by members of the public in the library. Booking can be done in person or by telephone. You cannot book a computer by email. From the library computers. you can access the Internet. including web based e-mail. Computes also have word processing and desktop publishing software Installed. You can print items it you wish, at a small extra cost per sheet. In the childrens section, there are 5 separate computers for use only by children under 14.
You can borrow a book for at least five weeks it you resew it.
e
id_3148
Illington Public Library Opening hours Monday: 10 am 5 pm Tuesday: 9.30 am 7 pm Wednesday: Closed Thursday: 9.30 am 7 pm Friday: 9.30 am 7 pm Saturday: 9.30 am 1 pm Sunday: Closed Joining the library Membership of the library services is free. You can join without delay at the library when you come to visit us by presenting proof of your name and current address. You can join also online and then pick up your library card one day later when you visit us and show us your ID. Borrowing You will be able to borrow: 10 books or audiobooks for 4 weeks 8 music CDs for 2 weeks 5 DVDs for 2 weeks You will usually have to pay to borrow audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Please ask staff about concessions and special offers. If the item you want isnt available, you may reserve it online or at any library. Renewals You can renew most items for a further 2 weeks (up to a maximum of 3 times) in person, by telephone or online. If you telephone, please have your library card and the items to hand. Inter Library Loans If you want a book or journal article that the library does not hold, you can request it free of charge through Inter Library Loans. The inter-lending team will try to obtain a copy from another library authority, but you must be a member of the library. Library Computers We have 10 computers which can be booked by members of the public in the library. Booking can be done in person or by telephone. You cannot book a computer by email. From the library computers. you can access the Internet. including web based e-mail. Computes also have word processing and desktop publishing software Installed. You can print items it you wish, at a small extra cost per sheet. In the childrens section, there are 5 separate computers for use only by children under 14.
Using the Inter library loan service incurs a small fee.
c
id_3149
Illington Public Library Opening hours Monday: 10 am 5 pm Tuesday: 9.30 am 7 pm Wednesday: Closed Thursday: 9.30 am 7 pm Friday: 9.30 am 7 pm Saturday: 9.30 am 1 pm Sunday: Closed Joining the library Membership of the library services is free. You can join without delay at the library when you come to visit us by presenting proof of your name and current address. You can join also online and then pick up your library card one day later when you visit us and show us your ID. Borrowing You will be able to borrow: 10 books or audiobooks for 4 weeks 8 music CDs for 2 weeks 5 DVDs for 2 weeks You will usually have to pay to borrow audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Please ask staff about concessions and special offers. If the item you want isnt available, you may reserve it online or at any library. Renewals You can renew most items for a further 2 weeks (up to a maximum of 3 times) in person, by telephone or online. If you telephone, please have your library card and the items to hand. Inter Library Loans If you want a book or journal article that the library does not hold, you can request it free of charge through Inter Library Loans. The inter-lending team will try to obtain a copy from another library authority, but you must be a member of the library. Library Computers We have 10 computers which can be booked by members of the public in the library. Booking can be done in person or by telephone. You cannot book a computer by email. From the library computers. you can access the Internet. including web based e-mail. Computes also have word processing and desktop publishing software Installed. You can print items it you wish, at a small extra cost per sheet. In the childrens section, there are 5 separate computers for use only by children under 14.
Under 16s and old age pensioners have reduced rates when borrowing audiobooks, music CDs and DVDs.
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id_3150
Illington Public Library Opening hours Monday: 10 am 5 pm Tuesday: 9.30 am 7 pm Wednesday: Closed Thursday: 9.30 am 7 pm Friday: 9.30 am 7 pm Saturday: 9.30 am 1 pm Sunday: Closed Joining the library Membership of the library services is free. You can join without delay at the library when you come to visit us by presenting proof of your name and current address. You can join also online and then pick up your library card one day later when you visit us and show us your ID. Borrowing You will be able to borrow: 10 books or audiobooks for 4 weeks 8 music CDs for 2 weeks 5 DVDs for 2 weeks You will usually have to pay to borrow audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Please ask staff about concessions and special offers. If the item you want isnt available, you may reserve it online or at any library. Renewals You can renew most items for a further 2 weeks (up to a maximum of 3 times) in person, by telephone or online. If you telephone, please have your library card and the items to hand. Inter Library Loans If you want a book or journal article that the library does not hold, you can request it free of charge through Inter Library Loans. The inter-lending team will try to obtain a copy from another library authority, but you must be a member of the library. Library Computers We have 10 computers which can be booked by members of the public in the library. Booking can be done in person or by telephone. You cannot book a computer by email. From the library computers. you can access the Internet. including web based e-mail. Computes also have word processing and desktop publishing software Installed. You can print items it you wish, at a small extra cost per sheet. In the childrens section, there are 5 separate computers for use only by children under 14.
Library computer reservations cannot be made by email.
e
id_3151
Illington Public Library Opening hours Monday: 10 am 5 pm Tuesday: 9.30 am 7 pm Wednesday: Closed Thursday: 9.30 am 7 pm Friday: 9.30 am 7 pm Saturday: 9.30 am 1 pm Sunday: Closed Joining the library Membership of the library services is free. You can join without delay at the library when you come to visit us by presenting proof of your name and current address. You can join also online and then pick up your library card one day later when you visit us and show us your ID. Borrowing You will be able to borrow: 10 books or audiobooks for 4 weeks 8 music CDs for 2 weeks 5 DVDs for 2 weeks You will usually have to pay to borrow audiobooks, CDs, and DVDs. Please ask staff about concessions and special offers. If the item you want isnt available, you may reserve it online or at any library. Renewals You can renew most items for a further 2 weeks (up to a maximum of 3 times) in person, by telephone or online. If you telephone, please have your library card and the items to hand. Inter Library Loans If you want a book or journal article that the library does not hold, you can request it free of charge through Inter Library Loans. The inter-lending team will try to obtain a copy from another library authority, but you must be a member of the library. Library Computers We have 10 computers which can be booked by members of the public in the library. Booking can be done in person or by telephone. You cannot book a computer by email. From the library computers. you can access the Internet. including web based e-mail. Computes also have word processing and desktop publishing software Installed. You can print items it you wish, at a small extra cost per sheet. In the childrens section, there are 5 separate computers for use only by children under 14.
The librarys computers for children can be used by adults if they are free.
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id_3152
In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket- knives". Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures. ) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long- buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.
There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia.
e
id_3153
In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket- knives". Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures. ) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long- buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.
There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystems in other parts of the world.
n
id_3154
In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket- knives". Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures. ) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long- buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.
Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were working in had been shaped by human settlement.
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id_3155
In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket- knives". Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures. ) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long- buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.
The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more complex society.
c
id_3156
In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket- knives". Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures. ) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long- buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.
It would be possible for certain parts of Amazonia to support a higher population.
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id_3157
In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket- knives". Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures. ) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long- buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.
The indigenous Amazonian Indians are necessary to the well-being of the forest.
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In 1997 a previously long-dormant volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat erupted. In just a few minutes a fast-moving lava flow surged down the mountain covering a great swathe including the capital Plymouth. The lava was followed by mud slides and almost the whole of the south of the island was buried in a choking layer of ash. The residents of the capital and the affected parts of the island had been evacuated prior to the eruption. A great many lives were undoubtedly saved but 19 lives were still lost and everyone knew that life there would never be the same again. Twenty years after the eruption only 4,000 of the original population of 12,000 remain.
There must be a mistake in the claim that the eruption occurred in 1997 because this book was published in 2009. Twenty years could not have passed since it was found that 4,000 of the original 12,000 population remain.
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In 1997 a previously long-dormant volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat erupted. In just a few minutes a fast-moving lava flow surged down the mountain covering a great swathe including the capital Plymouth. The lava was followed by mud slides and almost the whole of the south of the island was buried in a choking layer of ash. The residents of the capital and the affected parts of the island had been evacuated prior to the eruption. A great many lives were undoubtedly saved but 19 lives were still lost and everyone knew that life there would never be the same again. Twenty years after the eruption only 4,000 of the original population of 12,000 remain.
Twenty years after the eruption only 4,000 people lived on the island.
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id_3160
In 1997 a previously long-dormant volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat erupted. In just a few minutes a fast-moving lava flow surged down the mountain covering a great swathe including the capital Plymouth. The lava was followed by mud slides and almost the whole of the south of the island was buried in a choking layer of ash. The residents of the capital and the affected parts of the island had been evacuated prior to the eruption. A great many lives were undoubtedly saved but 19 lives were still lost and everyone knew that life there would never be the same again. Twenty years after the eruption only 4,000 of the original population of 12,000 remain.
The evacuation prior to the eruption averted a disaster.
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id_3161
In 2001, Inverness was granted city status, making it the northernmost city in the UK and also one of the smallest, with a current population of 70,000. Inverness is known as the 'capital of the Highlands', and sits amid hills at the edge of the Great Glen, where the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. The river is nearly the shortest in Scotland, running a mere six miles from Loch Ness (Loch Nis, in Gaelic) to the firth. In fact, the city's Gaelic name, Inbhir Nis, literally means 'mouth of the river Ness'. Inverness is a popular base for tourists visiting the many historical sites in the Highlands, along with the perhaps more 'mythical' site of Loch Ness; nearly everyone takes the obligatory boat cruise. Gaelic has always been widely spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, and Inverness is currently home to a Gaelic renaissance. The city opened a Gaelic primary school in 2007, and expanded capacity to 200 students a few years later. Many street signs in the city are bilingual, though very few adults or children in Inverness (approximately 5% of the population) speak Gaelic. So English speakers needn't worry about communicating with locals when visiting this gorgeous, historic gem of the Highlands.
The RiverNessis Scotland's shortest river.
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In 2001, Inverness was granted city status, making it the northernmost city in the UK and also one of the smallest, with a current population of 70,000. Inverness is known as the 'capital of the Highlands', and sits amid hills at the edge of the Great Glen, where the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. The river is nearly the shortest in Scotland, running a mere six miles from Loch Ness (Loch Nis, in Gaelic) to the firth. In fact, the city's Gaelic name, Inbhir Nis, literally means 'mouth of the river Ness'. Inverness is a popular base for tourists visiting the many historical sites in the Highlands, along with the perhaps more 'mythical' site of Loch Ness; nearly everyone takes the obligatory boat cruise. Gaelic has always been widely spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, and Inverness is currently home to a Gaelic renaissance. The city opened a Gaelic primary school in 2007, and expanded capacity to 200 students a few years later. Many street signs in the city are bilingual, though very few adults or children in Inverness (approximately 5% of the population) speak Gaelic. So English speakers needn't worry about communicating with locals when visiting this gorgeous, historic gem of the Highlands.
Tourists cruise Loch Ness hoping to see the Loch Ness Monster.
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id_3163
In 2001, Inverness was granted city status, making it the northernmost city in the UK and also one of the smallest, with a current population of 70,000. Inverness is known as the 'capital of the Highlands', and sits amid hills at the edge of the Great Glen, where the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. The river is nearly the shortest in Scotland, running a mere six miles from Loch Ness (Loch Nis, in Gaelic) to the firth. In fact, the city's Gaelic name, Inbhir Nis, literally means 'mouth of the river Ness'. Inverness is a popular base for tourists visiting the many historical sites in the Highlands, along with the perhaps more 'mythical' site of Loch Ness; nearly everyone takes the obligatory boat cruise. Gaelic has always been widely spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, and Inverness is currently home to a Gaelic renaissance. The city opened a Gaelic primary school in 2007, and expanded capacity to 200 students a few years later. Many street signs in the city are bilingual, though very few adults or children in Inverness (approximately 5% of the population) speak Gaelic. So English speakers needn't worry about communicating with locals when visiting this gorgeous, historic gem of the Highlands.
Most children in Inverness speak Gaelic.
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id_3164
In 2001, Inverness was granted city status, making it the northernmost city in the UK and also one of the smallest, with a current population of 70,000. Inverness is known as the 'capital of the Highlands', and sits amid hills at the edge of the Great Glen, where the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. The river is nearly the shortest in Scotland, running a mere six miles from Loch Ness (Loch Nis, in Gaelic) to the firth. In fact, the city's Gaelic name, Inbhir Nis, literally means 'mouth of the river Ness'. Inverness is a popular base for tourists visiting the many historical sites in the Highlands, along with the perhaps more 'mythical' site of Loch Ness; nearly everyone takes the obligatory boat cruise. Gaelic has always been widely spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, and Inverness is currently home to a Gaelic renaissance. The city opened a Gaelic primary school in 2007, and expanded capacity to 200 students a few years later. Many street signs in the city are bilingual, though very few adults or children in Inverness (approximately 5% of the population) speak Gaelic. So English speakers needn't worry about communicating with locals when visiting this gorgeous, historic gem of the Highlands.
Virtually all people in Inverness speak English
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id_3165
In 2001, Inverness was granted city status, making it the northernmost city in the UK and also one of the smallest, with a current population of 70,000. Inverness is known as the 'capital of the Highlands', and sits amid hills at the edge of the Great Glen, where the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. The river is nearly the shortest in Scotland, running a mere six miles from Loch Ness (Loch Nis, in Gaelic) to the firth. In fact, the city's Gaelic name, Inbhir Nis, literally means 'mouth of the river Ness'. Inverness is a popular base for tourists visiting the many historical sites in the Highlands, along with the perhaps more 'mythical' site of Loch Ness; nearly everyone takes the obligatory boat cruise. Gaelic has always been widely spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, and Inverness is currently home to a Gaelic renaissance. The city opened a Gaelic primary school in 2007, and expanded capacity to 200 students a few years later. Many street signs in the city are bilingual, though very few adults or children in Inverness (approximately 5% of the population) speak Gaelic. So English speakers needn't worry about communicating with locals when visiting this gorgeous, historic gem of the Highlands.
No city is further north than Inverness
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id_3166
In 2001, Inverness was granted city status, making it the northernmost city in the UK and also one of the smallest, with a current population of 70,000. Inverness is known as the 'capital of the Highlands', and sits amid hills at the edge of the Great Glen, where the River Ness empties into the Moray Firth. The river is nearly the shortest in Scotland, running a mere six miles from Loch Ness (Loch Nis, in Gaelic) to the firth. In fact, the city's Gaelic name, Inbhir Nis, literally means 'mouth of the river Ness'. Inverness is a popular base for tourists visiting the many historical sites in the Highlands, along with the perhaps more 'mythical' site of Loch Ness; nearly everyone takes the obligatory boat cruise. Gaelic has always been widely spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, and Inverness is currently home to a Gaelic renaissance. The city opened a Gaelic primary school in 2007, and expanded capacity to 200 students a few years later. Many street signs in the city are bilingual, though very few adults or children in Inverness (approximately 5% of the population) speak Gaelic. So English speakers needn't worry about communicating with locals when visiting this gorgeous, historic gem of the Highlands.
In Gaelic, Inbhir means 'mouth of the river:
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id_3167
In 2003, after rising for two decades, new cases of breast cancer started to fall. Part of the reason for the rise in the incidence of the 188 How to pass advanced verbal reasoning tests disease was the expansion of screening campaigns and an aging population. The sharp fall in the number of cases has been associated with an equally sharp fall in the number of women giving up hormone replacement therapy. The fall was highest amongst women aged between 50 and 69 who were more likely to have previously been receiving the therapy. Following detailed analysis of the available data and after adjustments were made for the aging population, the speed and rate of the fall in diagnosed cases came as a welcome surprise.
The link between the fall in cases of breast cancer and the fall in women taking hormone replacements is contingent.
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In 2003, after rising for two decades, new cases of breast cancer started to fall. Part of the reason for the rise in the incidence of the 188 How to pass advanced verbal reasoning tests disease was the expansion of screening campaigns and an aging population. The sharp fall in the number of cases has been associated with an equally sharp fall in the number of women giving up hormone replacement therapy. The fall was highest amongst women aged between 50 and 69 who were more likely to have previously been receiving the therapy. Following detailed analysis of the available data and after adjustments were made for the aging population, the speed and rate of the fall in diagnosed cases came as a welcome surprise.
It was a surprise that the number of new cases should fall.
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id_3169
In 2003, after rising for two decades, new cases of breast cancer started to fall. Part of the reason for the rise in the incidence of the 188 How to pass advanced verbal reasoning tests disease was the expansion of screening campaigns and an aging population. The sharp fall in the number of cases has been associated with an equally sharp fall in the number of women giving up hormone replacement therapy. The fall was highest amongst women aged between 50 and 69 who were more likely to have previously been receiving the therapy. Following detailed analysis of the available data and after adjustments were made for the aging population, the speed and rate of the fall in diagnosed cases came as a welcome surprise.
It would be wrong to deduce from the passage that screening started around 1982.
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id_3170
In 2007, 150 million people joined social network internet sites, a 400 per cent increase on the traffic in 2006. An energetic social networking industry has arrived but a business model has yet to emerge. The challenge for the industry is not how to attract users but how to make money. In particular they must work out how to generate income while reconciling the interests of the user, software developer and advertiser. The user and their social network of family and friends expect the service to be free and their privacy to be maintained. Software developers provide games and photo slideshows and in return want to promote other products and services to users. The site owner obviously wants to make money, so targets advertisers willing to pay in order to market to the millions of users. Friction is inevitable as the industry experiments with ways to realize revenue.
In the passage the interests of three separate groups are discussed.
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id_3171
In 2007, 150 million people joined social network internet sites, a 400 per cent increase on the traffic in 2006. An energetic social networking industry has arrived but a business model has yet to emerge. The challenge for the industry is not how to attract users but how to make money. In particular they must work out how to generate income while reconciling the interests of the user, software developer and advertiser. The user and their social network of family and friends expect the service to be free and their privacy to be maintained. Software developers provide games and photo slideshows and in return want to promote other products and services to users. The site owner obviously wants to make money, so targets advertisers willing to pay in order to market to the millions of users. Friction is inevitable as the industry experiments with ways to realize revenue.
While the passage states that a business model has yet to emerge it is clear from the passage that it is expected that revenue will be provided by advertisers.
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id_3172
In 2007, 150 million people joined social network internet sites, a 400 per cent increase on the traffic in 2006. An energetic social networking industry has arrived but a business model has yet to emerge. The challenge for the industry is not how to attract users but how to make money. In particular they must work out how to generate income while reconciling the interests of the user, software developer and advertiser. The user and their social network of family and friends expect the service to be free and their privacy to be maintained. Software developers provide games and photo slideshows and in return want to promote other products and services to users. The site owner obviously wants to make money, so targets advertisers willing to pay in order to market to the millions of users. Friction is inevitable as the industry experiments with ways to realize revenue.
A synonym of energetic is vigorous.
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id_3173
In 2007, 150 million people joined social network internet sites, a 400 per cent increase on the traffic in 2006. An energetic social networking industry has arrived but a business model has yet to emerge. The challenge for the industry is not how to attract users but how to make money. In particular they must work out how to generate income while reconciling the interests of the user, software developer and advertiser. The user and their social network of family and friends expect the service to be free and their privacy to be maintained. Software developers provide games and photo slideshows and in return want to promote other products and services to users. The site owner obviously wants to make money, so targets advertisers willing to pay in order to market to the millions of users. Friction is inevitable as the industry experiments with ways to realize revenue.
The tone of the passage suggests that despite the challenges, internet social networking sites are here to stay.
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id_3174
In 2007, 150 million people joined social network internet sites, a 400 per cent increase on the traffic in 2006. An energetic social networking industry has arrived but a business model has yet to emerge. The challenge for the industry is not how to attract users but how to make money. In particular they must work out how to generate income while reconciling the interests of the user, software developer and advertiser. The user and their social network of family and friends expect the service to be free and their privacy to be maintained. Software developers provide games and photo slideshows and in return want to promote other products and services to users. The site owner obviously wants to make money, so targets advertisers willing to pay in order to market to the millions of users. Friction is inevitable as the industry experiments with ways to realize revenue.
Facebook is the name of a social networking site.
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In 2011, the army announced that thirty thousand redundancies were to be made over the next ten years as a result of the economic climate. Such cuts, while perhaps economically necessary, are likely to leave those troops on the front line exposed and at further risk. At what point do the hindrances of economical cut backs outweigh the benefits? Further cutbacks expected are those to legal aid and speech therapy services; leaving some of the most vulnerable individuals in society worse off. However, some commentators suggest cut backs to legal aid are not only needed, but welcomed. It is hoped, somewhat naively, that a reduction in the amount of legal aid will prevent fictitious claims and reduce the number of divorces. This author is of the view that such cuts will only affect those who have suffered and need help; those wrongly accused who cannot afford who can no longer afford the legal price of freedom. After all, aren't our remaining soldiers fighting for freedom?
The budget for legal aid may be cut.
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id_3176
In 2011, the army announced that thirty thousand redundancies were to be made over the next ten years as a result of the economic climate. Such cuts, while perhaps economically necessary, are likely to leave those troops on the front line exposed and at further risk. At what point do the hindrances of economical cut backs outweigh the benefits? Further cutbacks expected are those to legal aid and speech therapy services; leaving some of the most vulnerable individuals in society worse off. However, some commentators suggest cut backs to legal aid are not only needed, but welcomed. It is hoped, somewhat naively, that a reduction in the amount of legal aid will prevent fictitious claims and reduce the number of divorces. This author is of the view that such cuts will only affect those who have suffered and need help; those wrongly accused who cannot afford who can no longer afford the legal price of freedom. After all, aren't our remaining soldiers fighting for freedom?
The budget cuts will affect the most vulnerable individuals most.
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id_3177
In 2011, the army announced that thirty thousand redundancies were to be made over the next ten years as a result of the economic climate. Such cuts, while perhaps economically necessary, are likely to leave those troops on the front line exposed and at further risk. At what point do the hindrances of economical cut backs outweigh the benefits? Further cutbacks expected are those to legal aid and speech therapy services; leaving some of the most vulnerable individuals in society worse off. However, some commentators suggest cut backs to legal aid are not only needed, but welcomed. It is hoped, somewhat naively, that a reduction in the amount of legal aid will prevent fictitious claims and reduce the number of divorces. This author is of the view that such cuts will only affect those who have suffered and need help; those wrongly accused who cannot afford who can no longer afford the legal price of freedom. After all, aren't our remaining soldiers fighting for freedom?
The army plans to make thirty thousand redundancies.
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id_3178
In 2011, the army announced that thirty thousand redundancies were to be made over the next ten years as a result of the economic climate. Such cuts, while perhaps economically necessary, are likely to leave those troops on the front line exposed and at further risk. At what point do the hindrances of economical cut backs outweigh the benefits? Further cutbacks expected are those to legal aid and speech therapy services; leaving some of the most vulnerable individuals in society worse off. However, some commentators suggest cut backs to legal aid are not only needed, but welcomed. It is hoped, somewhat naively, that a reduction in the amount of legal aid will prevent fictitious claims and reduce the number of divorces. This author is of the view that such cuts will only affect those who have suffered and need help; those wrongly accused who cannot afford who can no longer afford the legal price of freedom. After all, aren't our remaining soldiers fighting for freedom?
Legal aid provides for fictitious claims and encourages divorce.
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id_3179
In 287 BC, in the city of Athens, there lived a man named Archimedes who was a royal servant to the King. One day, the King received a crown as a birthday gift and wanted to know whether it was made of pure gold. He ordered Archimedes to find out whether the crown was indeed pure gold or an alloy. For many days, Archimedes pondered over the solution to this problem. He knew the density of gold, but could not calculate the volume of the crown. One day, as he was bathing, he realised as he got into the bath that the volume of water displaced must be exactly equal to the volume of his own body. Upon this realisation he ran across the streets naked, yelling eureka! He weighed the crown and found its volume by immersing it in water and then calculated its density. He discovered that the density did not match that of pure gold. The crown was impure, and the blacksmith responsible for its manufacture suffered the consequences.
Archimedes found the weight of the crown using a balance scale
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id_3180
In 287 BC, in the city of Athens, there lived a man named Archimedes who was a royal servant to the King. One day, the King received a crown as a birthday gift and wanted to know whether it was made of pure gold. He ordered Archimedes to find out whether the crown was indeed pure gold or an alloy. For many days, Archimedes pondered over the solution to this problem. He knew the density of gold, but could not calculate the volume of the crown. One day, as he was bathing, he realised as he got into the bath that the volume of water displaced must be exactly equal to the volume of his own body. Upon this realisation he ran across the streets naked, yelling eureka! He weighed the crown and found its volume by immersing it in water and then calculated its density. He discovered that the density did not match that of pure gold. The crown was impure, and the blacksmith responsible for its manufacture suffered the consequences.
Archimedes gave the crown as a birthday gift to the King
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In 287 BC, in the city of Athens, there lived a man named Archimedes who was a royal servant to the King. One day, the King received a crown as a birthday gift and wanted to know whether it was made of pure gold. He ordered Archimedes to find out whether the crown was indeed pure gold or an alloy. For many days, Archimedes pondered over the solution to this problem. He knew the density of gold, but could not calculate the volume of the crown. One day, as he was bathing, he realised as he got into the bath that the volume of water displaced must be exactly equal to the volume of his own body. Upon this realisation he ran across the streets naked, yelling eureka! He weighed the crown and found its volume by immersing it in water and then calculated its density. He discovered that the density did not match that of pure gold. The crown was impure, and the blacksmith responsible for its manufacture suffered the consequences.
Archimedes knew the volume of the crown but could not calculate its weight
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id_3182
In 287 BC, in the city of Athens, there lived a man named Archimedes who was a royal servant to the King. One day, the King received a crown as a birthday gift and wanted to know whether it was made of pure gold. He ordered Archimedes to find out whether the crown was indeed pure gold or an alloy. For many days, Archimedes pondered over the solution to this problem. He knew the density of gold, but could not calculate the volume of the crown. One day, as he was bathing, he realised as he got into the bath that the volume of water displaced must be exactly equal to the volume of his own body. Upon this realisation he ran across the streets naked, yelling eureka! He weighed the crown and found its volume by immersing it in water and then calculated its density. He discovered that the density did not match that of pure gold. The crown was impure, and the blacksmith responsible for its manufacture suffered the consequences.
The crown had silver impurities
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In Italy, there are about 17 mosquito species and six genera. Mosquitoes there are associated with every type of water body and include species with narrow and broad environmental requirements. They can be grouped according to oviposition site (water or land), overwintering stage (egg, larva or female), preferred host (mammals, birds or amphibians) and number of generations per year (one or many).
Would the following fact weaken the case made in the passage: no species of mosquito is found in brackish water?
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In Italy, there are about 17 mosquito species and six genera. Mosquitoes there are associated with every type of water body and include species with narrow and broad environmental requirements. They can be grouped according to oviposition site (water or land), overwintering stage (egg, larva or female), preferred host (mammals, birds or amphibians) and number of generations per year (one or many).
Genera is a plural word meaning a class of things.
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id_3185
In Italy, there are about 17 mosquito species and six genera. Mosquitoes there are associated with every type of water body and include species with narrow and broad environmental requirements. They can be grouped according to oviposition site (water or land), overwintering stage (egg, larva or female), preferred host (mammals, birds or amphibians) and number of generations per year (one or many).
It can it be concluded from the information provided that all the species of mosquito need both aquatic and terrestrial environments during their life cycle.
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In Japan, companies generally expect their employees to put in long hours of overtime. But it is difficult for women, who also have household chores to do and children to take care of, to work at the same pace as men, who are not burdened with such responsibilities. Many women inevitably opt for part-time jobs, which enable them to combine work and domestic duties. At present, 23% of all female salaried workers are part- timers and the ratio has been on the rise in recent years. Part-time work places women at a disadvantage. The wages of part-time workers are considerably lower than those of full-time employees, and part-time work tends to involve menial labour. Moreover, because salary and promotion in Japanese companies are often based on seniority, it is extremely difficult for women either re-entering the labour force or switching from part-time to full-time work to climb the ladder
Part-time workers hold a low status in Japanese companies.
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id_3187
In Japan, companies generally expect their employees to put in long hours of overtime. But it is difficult for women, who also have household chores to do and children to take care of, to work at the same pace as men, who are not burdened with such responsibilities. Many women inevitably opt for part-time jobs, which enable them to combine work and domestic duties. At present, 23% of all female salaried workers are part- timers and the ratio has been on the rise in recent years. Part-time work places women at a disadvantage. The wages of part-time workers are considerably lower than those of full-time employees, and part-time work tends to involve menial labour. Moreover, because salary and promotion in Japanese companies are often based on seniority, it is extremely difficult for women either re-entering the labour force or switching from part-time to full-time work to climb the ladder
Women in Japan are unwilling to work overtime.
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id_3188
In Japan, companies generally expect their employees to put in long hours of overtime. But it is difficult for women, who also have household chores to do and children to take care of, to work at the same pace as men, who are not burdened with such responsibilities. Many women inevitably opt for part-time jobs, which enable them to combine work and domestic duties. At present, 23% of all female salaried workers are part- timers and the ratio has been on the rise in recent years. Part-time work places women at a disadvantage. The wages of part-time workers are considerably lower than those of full-time employees, and part-time work tends to involve menial labour. Moreover, because salary and promotion in Japanese companies are often based on seniority, it is extremely difficult for women either re-entering the labour force or switching from part-time to full-time work to climb the ladder
Japanese men do not share household chores and childcare with their wives.
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id_3189
In Japan, companies generally expect their employees to put in long hours of overtime. But it is difficult for women, who also have household chores to do and children to take care of, to work at the same pace as men, who are not burdened with such responsibilities. Many women inevitably opt for part-time jobs, which enable them to combine work and domestic duties. At present, 23% of all female salaried workers are part- timers and the ratio has been on the rise in recent years. Part-time work places women at a disadvantage. The wages of part-time workers are considerably lower than those of full-time employees, and part-time work tends to involve menial labour. Moreover, because salary and promotion in Japanese companies are often based on seniority, it is extremely difficult for women either re-entering the labour force or switching from part-time to full-time work to climb the ladder
A quarter of all part-time workers in Japan are female.
n
id_3190
In November 1936, Crystal Palace, relocated since the Great Exhibition of 1851 to Sydenham Hill, burned to the ground. The enormous glass and cast iron construction had by that time fallen into disrepair, though in recent years it had seen a revival under the leadership of Sir Henry Buckland and his board of trustees. What started as a small office fire took off quickly, and 89 fire engines and 400 firemen could not stop the blaze. 10,000 people came out to Sydenham Hill to watch the palace as it burned to the ground. The building that was destroyed in 1936 was very different from that erected in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition over eighty years earlier. Though all the construction materials had been moved south of London after the six months of the exhibition, what was erected on Sydenham Hill was really a Beaux Arts form, and not the greenhouse-like construction designed by Chatsworth House gardener Joseph Paxton. Some of the same features- public toilets, for example-that had debut- ed at Crystal Palace during the Great Exhibition were installed in the new site as well. But, the structure had been modified and enlarged, so much so that it exceeded the bounds of the new park designed for its construction. The relocation of Crystal Palace was an expensive feat, costing 1.3 million (96.5 million today), over a 1 million more than it had taken to build the original structure. The relocation put Crystal Palace in debt from which it never recovered. Although two separate train stations were built to serve the permanent exhibition, by the 1890s the structure had seriously deteriorated. The palace was used in World War I as a naval training establishment and was later the site of the first Imperial War Museum. Buckland's leadership in the 1920s and 30s improved the gardens and brought visitors back to the palace for the exhibitions and regular fireworks shows, but the 1936 fire prevented him from fully realising the palace's old glory. Nevertheless, as Buckland predicted, Crystal Palace is not forgotten today. In fact, the area of Penge Common and Sydenham Hill, where the structure was relocated over 150 years ago, is now known as Crystal Palace.
A fireworks display started the fire that destroyed Crystal Palace.
c
id_3191
In November 1936, Crystal Palace, relocated since the Great Exhibition of 1851 to Sydenham Hill, burned to the ground. The enormous glass and cast iron construction had by that time fallen into disrepair, though in recent years it had seen a revival under the leadership of Sir Henry Buckland and his board of trustees. What started as a small office fire took off quickly, and 89 fire engines and 400 firemen could not stop the blaze. 10,000 people came out to Sydenham Hill to watch the palace as it burned to the ground. The building that was destroyed in 1936 was very different from that erected in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition over eighty years earlier. Though all the construction materials had been moved south of London after the six months of the exhibition, what was erected on Sydenham Hill was really a Beaux Arts form, and not the greenhouse-like construction designed by Chatsworth House gardener Joseph Paxton. Some of the same features- public toilets, for example-that had debut- ed at Crystal Palace during the Great Exhibition were installed in the new site as well. But, the structure had been modified and enlarged, so much so that it exceeded the bounds of the new park designed for its construction. The relocation of Crystal Palace was an expensive feat, costing 1.3 million (96.5 million today), over a 1 million more than it had taken to build the original structure. The relocation put Crystal Palace in debt from which it never recovered. Although two separate train stations were built to serve the permanent exhibition, by the 1890s the structure had seriously deteriorated. The palace was used in World War I as a naval training establishment and was later the site of the first Imperial War Museum. Buckland's leadership in the 1920s and 30s improved the gardens and brought visitors back to the palace for the exhibitions and regular fireworks shows, but the 1936 fire prevented him from fully realising the palace's old glory. Nevertheless, as Buckland predicted, Crystal Palace is not forgotten today. In fact, the area of Penge Common and Sydenham Hill, where the structure was relocated over 150 years ago, is now known as Crystal Palace.
Crystal Palace was originally in Hyde Park.
e
id_3192
In November 1936, Crystal Palace, relocated since the Great Exhibition of 1851 to Sydenham Hill, burned to the ground. The enormous glass and cast iron construction had by that time fallen into disrepair, though in recent years it had seen a revival under the leadership of Sir Henry Buckland and his board of trustees. What started as a small office fire took off quickly, and 89 fire engines and 400 firemen could not stop the blaze. 10,000 people came out to Sydenham Hill to watch the palace as it burned to the ground. The building that was destroyed in 1936 was very different from that erected in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition over eighty years earlier. Though all the construction materials had been moved south of London after the six months of the exhibition, what was erected on Sydenham Hill was really a Beaux Arts form, and not the greenhouse-like construction designed by Chatsworth House gardener Joseph Paxton. Some of the same features- public toilets, for example-that had debut- ed at Crystal Palace during the Great Exhibition were installed in the new site as well. But, the structure had been modified and enlarged, so much so that it exceeded the bounds of the new park designed for its construction. The relocation of Crystal Palace was an expensive feat, costing 1.3 million (96.5 million today), over a 1 million more than it had taken to build the original structure. The relocation put Crystal Palace in debt from which it never recovered. Although two separate train stations were built to serve the permanent exhibition, by the 1890s the structure had seriously deteriorated. The palace was used in World War I as a naval training establishment and was later the site of the first Imperial War Museum. Buckland's leadership in the 1920s and 30s improved the gardens and brought visitors back to the palace for the exhibitions and regular fireworks shows, but the 1936 fire prevented him from fully realising the palace's old glory. Nevertheless, as Buckland predicted, Crystal Palace is not forgotten today. In fact, the area of Penge Common and Sydenham Hill, where the structure was relocated over 150 years ago, is now known as Crystal Palace.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 featured the first public toilets.
e
id_3193
In November 1936, Crystal Palace, relocated since the Great Exhibition of 1851 to Sydenham Hill, burned to the ground. The enormous glass and cast iron construction had by that time fallen into disrepair, though in recent years it had seen a revival under the leadership of Sir Henry Buckland and his board of trustees. What started as a small office fire took off quickly, and 89 fire engines and 400 firemen could not stop the blaze. 10,000 people came out to Sydenham Hill to watch the palace as it burned to the ground. The building that was destroyed in 1936 was very different from that erected in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition over eighty years earlier. Though all the construction materials had been moved south of London after the six months of the exhibition, what was erected on Sydenham Hill was really a Beaux Arts form, and not the greenhouse-like construction designed by Chatsworth House gardener Joseph Paxton. Some of the same features- public toilets, for example-that had debut- ed at Crystal Palace during the Great Exhibition were installed in the new site as well. But, the structure had been modified and enlarged, so much so that it exceeded the bounds of the new park designed for its construction. The relocation of Crystal Palace was an expensive feat, costing 1.3 million (96.5 million today), over a 1 million more than it had taken to build the original structure. The relocation put Crystal Palace in debt from which it never recovered. Although two separate train stations were built to serve the permanent exhibition, by the 1890s the structure had seriously deteriorated. The palace was used in World War I as a naval training establishment and was later the site of the first Imperial War Museum. Buckland's leadership in the 1920s and 30s improved the gardens and brought visitors back to the palace for the exhibitions and regular fireworks shows, but the 1936 fire prevented him from fully realising the palace's old glory. Nevertheless, as Buckland predicted, Crystal Palace is not forgotten today. In fact, the area of Penge Common and Sydenham Hill, where the structure was relocated over 150 years ago, is now known as Crystal Palace.
The Imperial War Museum is located at Crystal Palace.
n
id_3194
In a bid to secure airports the civil aviation ministry has decided to cut down the number of airport entry passes (AEPs) being provided to the staff of Union Ministers and MPs.
The sale of visitor tickets will be stopped at all the airports.
c
id_3195
In a bid to secure airports the civil aviation ministry has decided to cut down the number of airport entry passes (AEPs) being provided to the staff of Union Ministers and MPs.
The airport will be less crowded.
e
id_3196
In a bid to secure airports the civil aviation ministry has decided to cut down the number of airport entry passes (AEPs) being provided to the staff of Union Ministers and MPs.
No follower of any minister will be issued pass at the airport.
c
id_3197
In a bid to secure airports the civil aviation ministry has decided to cut down the number of airport entry passes (AEPs) being provided to the staff of Union Ministers and MPs.
Airport security will be strengthened.
c
id_3198
In a bid to secure airports the civil aviation ministry has decided to cut down the number of airport entry passes (AEPs) being provided to the staff of Union Ministers and MPs.
Ministers and MPs will be to travel alone at the airports
c
id_3199
In a knockout basketball competition, Centurions are beaten by Raiders. Saracens beat Centurions. Saracens are beaten by Raiders and Aztecs. Centurions and Raiders are beaten by Aztecs.
Saracens win one game
e