question
stringlengths 14
399
| distractor3
stringlengths 1
63
| distractor1
stringlengths 1
57
| distractor2
stringlengths 1
62
| correct_answer
stringlengths 1
67
| support
stringlengths 0
3.56k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
What do you call the first cell of a new organism? | egg | embryo | starter cell | zygote | Cells divide repeatedly to produce an embryo. Previously the one-celled zygote (the first cell of a new organism) divided to make two cells (a). Each of the two cells divides to yield four cells (b), then the four cells divide to make eight cells (c), and so on. Through cell division, an entire embryo forms from one initial cell. |
What planet in our solar system has a moon with volcanic activity? | Saturn | Mars | Venus | jupiter | Earth is not the only active planetary body in the solar system. Io, one of Jupiter’s moons, is home to fantastic volcanic eruptions. Volcanism is much hotter than on Earth. Lava curtains and fountains are common. In this color image, the Galileo spacecraft spotted two volcanic plumes. One is spewing high above the planet on the horizon. The second is near he boundary between day and night. Besides being hotter than Earth’s volcanism, eruptions on Io have a different composition. They are mostly sulfur!. |
Kangaroos, koalas, and opossums are examples of what type of mammals? | monotremes | carnivorous | cephalopods | marsupials | By giving birth to tiny embryos, marsupial mothers are at less risk. However, the tiny newborn marsupial may be less likely to survive than a newborn placental mammal. The marsupial embryo completes its growth and development outside the mother’s body in a pouch. It gets milk by sucking on a nipple in the pouch. There are very few living species of marsupials. They include kangaroos, koalas, and opossums. You can see a baby koala peeking out of its mother’s pouch in Figure below . |
Fe for iron and pb for lead are examples of elements known since ancient times, which have symbols based on their name in what language? | spanish | arabic | italian | latin | The figure below shows the most commonly used form of the periodic table. Each square shows the chemical symbol of the element along with its name. Notice that several of the symbols seem to be unrelated to the name of the element: Fe for iron, Pb for lead, etc. Most of these are the elements that have been known since ancient times and have symbols based on their Latin names. The atomic number of each element is written above the symbol. |
Referring to low what, hypovolemia may be caused by bleeding, dehydration, vomiting, severe burns, or some medications used to treat hypertension? | Secretion Volume | heart volume | brain volume | blood volume | Blood Volume The relationship between blood volume, blood pressure, and blood flow is intuitively obvious. Water may merely trickle along a creek bed in a dry season, but rush quickly and under great pressure after a heavy rain. Similarly, as blood volume decreases, pressure and flow decrease. As blood volume increases, pressure and flow increase. Under normal circumstances, blood volume varies little. Low blood volume, called hypovolemia, may be caused by bleeding, dehydration, vomiting, severe burns, or some medications used to treat hypertension. It is important to recognize that other regulatory mechanisms in the body are so effective at maintaining blood pressure that an individual may be asymptomatic until 10–20 percent of the blood volume has been lost. Treatment typically includes intravenous fluid replacement. Hypervolemia, excessive fluid volume, may be caused by retention of water and sodium, as seen in patients with heart failure, liver cirrhosis, some forms of kidney disease, hyperaldosteronism, and some glucocorticoid steroid treatments. Restoring homeostasis in these patients depends upon reversing the condition that triggered the hypervolemia. |
What particles allow fungi to reproduce through unfavorable conditions? | quarks | bosons | atoms | spores | How about both? That would suggest that fungi can produce both diploid and haploid cells, which they can. Shown above are fungi mycelia and haploid spores. Spores allow fungi to reproduce through unfavorable conditions. |
What is the term for an underground layer of rock that is saturated with groundwater? | bason | delta | river | aquifer | An underground layer of rock that is saturated with groundwater is called an aquifer . A diagram of an aquifer is shown in Figure below . Aquifers are generally found in porous rock, such as sandstone. Water infiltrates the aquifer from the surface. The water that enters the aquifer is called recharge. |
Where do most ecosystems get energy from? | oceans | precipitation | forests | sunlight | Ecosystems need a constant input of energy to supply the needs of their organisms. Most ecosystems get energy from sunlight. A few ecosystems get energy from chemical compounds. |
Maintaining a high metabolic rate takes a lot of what? | fuel | food | calories | energy | Maintaining a high metabolic rate takes a lot of energy. The energy must come from food. Therefore, mammals need a nutritious and plentiful diet. The diets of mammals are diverse. Except for leaf litter and wood, almost any kind of organic matter may be eaten by mammals. |
Electrons can move from one atom to another; when they do, specimens called what, with overall electric charges, are formed? | cations | atoms | molecules | ions | So far, we have discussed elements and compounds that are electrically neutral. They have the same number of electrons as protons, so the negative charges of the electrons is balanced by the positive charges of the protons. However, this is not always the case. Electrons can move from one atom to another; when they do, species with overall electric charges are formed. Such species are called ions. Species with overall positive charges are termed cations, while species with overall negative charges are called anions. Remember that ions are formed only when electrons move from one atom to another; a proton never moves from one atom to another. Compounds formed from positive and negative ions are called ionic compounds. Individual atoms can gain or lose electrons. When they do, they become monatomicions. When atoms gain or lose electrons, they usually gain or lose a characteristic number of electrons and so take on a characteristic overall charge. Table 3.6 "Monatomic Ions of Various Charges" lists some common ions in terms of how many electrons they lose (making cations) or gain (making anions). There are several things to notice about the ions in Table 3.6 "Monatomic Ions of Various Charges". First, each element that forms cations is a metal, except for one (hydrogen), while each element that forms anions is a nonmetal. This is actually one of the chemical properties of metals and nonmetals: metals tend to form cations, while nonmetals tend to form anions. Second, most atoms form ions of a single characteristic charge. When sodium atoms form ions, they always form a 1+ charge, never a 2+ or 3+ or even 1− charge. Thus, if you commit the information in Table 3.6 "Monatomic Ions of Various Charges"to memory, you will always know what charges most atoms form. (In Chapter 9 "Chemical Bonds", we will discuss why atoms form the charges they do. ) Table 3.6 Monatomic Ions of Various Charges H+ Na+ K+ Ions formed by losing a single electron. |
Energy is absorbed as reactants are converted to products in what kind of chemical reaction? | synthesis | anaphoric | hydrostatic | endothermic | For an endothermic chemical reaction, energy is absorbed as reactants are converted to products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions can be thought of as having energy as either a product of the reaction or a reactant. Exothermic reactions give off energy, so energy is a product. Endothermic reactions require energy, so energy is a reactant. |
What is the permanent prevention of gamete production or release called? | fertilization | restoration | insemination | sterilization | |
Because pathogenic bacteria typically cause disease by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins, they have potential use as what type of weapon? | nuclear missile | radioactive | pandemic | bioterrorism | |
What cycle vital to plants includes a process called denitrification? | photosynthesis | carbon cycle | sedimentation cycle | nitrogen cycle | 3.4 NITROGEN: RUNNING IN CYCLES Introduction: In the previous assignment, you studied the carbon cycle. In a previous unit, you described the water cycle. Carbon and water are matter. As you learned in the first unit, matter cycles. Nitrogen is another form of matter that cycles. Like water and carbon, nitrogen is essential to life. Also, like water and carbon, its cycles affect you. Therefore it is important that you learn about the nitrogen cycle, how it affects you, and how you affect it. Assignment: There are three parts to this assignment. You must complete all three parts to receive credit for the assignment. Be sure to turn in all three parts at the same time. I will not correct partial assignments. THANKS! PART ONE: 1. Describe the nitrogen cycle. Describe how nitrogen goes from the atmosphere to a form usable to plants, how it is used and excreted by animals, and how it returns to the atmosphere. In your description be sure to explain the words: * decay * denitrification. |
Cerebral palsy is a disease caused by injury to what organ as it is developing? | liver | heart | skin | brain | Cerebral palsy is a disease caused by injury to the developing brain. The injury occurs before, during, or shortly after birth. Cerebral palsy is more common in babies that have a low weight at birth. But the cause of the brain injury is not often known. The disease usually affects the parts of the brain that control body movements. Symptoms range from weak muscles in mild cases to trouble walking and talking in more severe cases. There is no known cure for cerebral palsy. |
What substance is removed from waste as it passes through the large intestine? | air | blood | nutrients | water | Food waste enters the large intestine from the small intestine in a liquid state. As the waste moves through the large intestine, excess water is absorbed from it. The remaining solid waste is called feces. After a certain amount of feces have collected, a sphincter relaxes to let the feces pass out of the body through the anus. This is elimination. |
The distance between two consecutive z discs or z lines is called what? | radius | contractile | ligule | sarcomere | When a sarcomere shortens, some regions shorten whereas others stay the same length. A sarcomere is defined as the distance between two consecutive Z discs or Z lines; when a muscle contracts, the distance between the Z discs is reduced. The H zone—the central region of the A zone—contains only thick filaments and is shortened during contraction. The I band contains only thin filaments and also shortens. The A band does not shorten—it remains the same length—but A bands of different sarcomeres move closer together during contraction, eventually disappearing. Thin filaments are pulled by the thick filaments toward the center of the sarcomere until the Z discs approach the thick filaments. The zone of overlap, in which thin filaments and thick filaments occupy the same area, increases as the thin filaments move inward. |
What is the largest taxonomic rank? | core | sublet | top | domain | Coming up with a scientific naming method may not seem like a big deal, but it really is. Prior to Linnaeus, there was no consistent way to name species. Names given to organisms by scientists were long and cumbersome. Often, different scientists came up with different names for the same species. Common names also differed, generally from one place to another. A single, short scientific name for each species avoided a lot of mistakes and confusion. |
Which system is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? | local nervous system | auxiliary nervous system | central nervous system | peripheral nervous system | The motor division of the PNS carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands throughout the body. The nerve impulses stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete hormones. The motor division of the peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. |
The composition of the magma determines if the rock is mafic, felsic, or what? | variable | porous | magnetic | intermediate | The composition of the magma determines if the rock is mafic, felsic, or intermediate. |
The shape of the path of an object undergoing projectile motion is called? | spherical | linear | a triangle | a parabola | The shape of the path of an object undergoing projectile motion is a parabola. |
What type of animals breathe with gills as larvae and with lungs as adults? | mammals | insects | reptiles | amphibians | Amphibians breathe with gills as larvae and with lungs as adults. They have a three-chambered heart and relatively complex nervous system. |
The most abundant formed elements in blood, erythrocytes are red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen-carrying compound called this? | pus | plasma | hydrogen | hemoglobin | 18.3 Erythrocytes The most abundant formed elements in blood, erythrocytes are red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen-carrying compound called hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule contains four globin proteins bound to a pigment molecule called heme, which contains an ion of iron. In the bloodstream, iron picks up oxygen in the lungs and drops it off in the tissues; the amino acids in hemoglobin then transport carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Erythrocytes live only 120 days on average, and thus must be continually replaced. Worn-out erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages and their hemoglobin is broken down. The breakdown products are recycled or removed as wastes: Globin is broken down into amino acids for synthesis of new proteins; iron is stored in the liver or spleen or used by the bone marrow for production of new erythrocytes; and the remnants of heme are converted into bilirubin, or other waste products that are taken up by the liver and excreted in the bile or removed by the kidneys. Anemia is a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin, whereas polycythemia is an excess of RBCs. |
What is the scale on which acidity is measured? | μg | μm | hp | ph | The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution is known as acidity. In pure water, the concentration of hydronium ions is very low; only about 1 in 10 million water molecules naturally breaks down to form a hydronium ion. As a result, pure water is essentially neutral. Acidity is measured on a scale called pH , as shown in Figure below . Pure water has a pH of 7, so the point of neutrality on the pH scale is 7. |
Almost all fungi reproduce asexually by producing what? | atoms | ions | roots | spores | Almost all fungi reproduce asexually by producing spores. A fungal spore is a haploid cell produced by mitosis from a haploid parent cell. It is genetically identical to the parent cell. Fungal spores can develop into new haploid individuals without being fertilized. |
Thomson’s plum pudding model shows the structure of what? | DNA | nucleus | cell | atom | Following the discovery of the electron, J. J. Thomson developed what became known as the “ plum pudding ” model in 1904. Plum pudding is an English dessert similar to a blueberry muffin. In Thomson’s plum pudding model of the atom, the electrons were embedded in a uniform sphere of positive charge like blueberries stuck into a muffin. The positive matter was thought to be jelly- like or a thick soup. The electrons were somewhat mobile. As they got closer to the outer portion of the atom, the positive charge in the region was greater than the neighboring negative charges and the electron would be pulled back more toward the center region of the atom. |
What type of carbons may be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature? | graphites | diamonds | amorphous | hydrocarbons | Hydrocarbons vary greatly in size, which influences properties such as melting and boiling points. At room temperature, hydrocarbons may be gases, liquids, or solids. They are generally nonpolar and do not dissolve in water. |
What diagnostic technology uses high-frequency vibrations transmitted into any tissue in contact with the transducer? | sonar | laser | radiation | ultrasound | Ultrasound in Medical Diagnostics When used for imaging, ultrasonic waves are emitted from a transducer, a crystal exhibiting the piezoelectric effect (the expansion and contraction of a substance when a voltage is applied across it, causing a vibration of the crystal). These highfrequency vibrations are transmitted into any tissue in contact with the transducer. Similarly, if a pressure is applied to the crystal (in the form of a wave reflected off tissue layers), a voltage is produced which can be recorded. The crystal therefore acts as both a transmitter and a receiver of sound. Ultrasound is also partially absorbed by tissue on its path, both on its journey away from the transducer and on its return journey. From the time between when the original signal is sent and when the reflections from various boundaries between media are received, (as well as a measure of the intensity loss of the signal), the nature and position of each boundary between tissues and organs may be deduced. Reflections at boundaries between two different media occur because of differences in a characteristic known as the acoustic impedance Z of each substance. Impedance is defined as. |
At what time of life does menopause occur? | adolescence | old age | young adulthood | in middle adulthood | The menstrual cycle includes events that take place in the ovary, such as ovulation. It also includes changes in the uterus, including menstruation. Menopause occurs when menstruation stops occurring, usually in middle adulthood. |
What type of current carries warm air from surrounding rocks to an animal's body? | radiation | electric | ventilation | convection | Heat Transfer to an Ectothermic Reptile. This crocodile is being warmed by the environment in three ways. Heat is radiating directly from the sun to the animal’s back. Heat is also being conducted to the animal from the rocks it rests on. In addition, convection currents are carrying warm air from surrounding rocks to the animal’s body. |
What quality of sound makes a tuba and a piccolo very different to a listener? | curve | wavelength | tune | pitch | A piccolo and a tuba sound very different. One difference is the pitch of their sounds. |
Where is the food supply and embryo stored in a seed? | tegmen | epicotyl | plumule | hull | reproductive structure produced by a seed plant that contains an embryo and food supply enclosed within a hull. |
Most arthropods are insects. the phylum also includes spiders, centipedes, and what? | coral | amphibians | crystals | crustaceans | Most arthropods are insects. The phylum also includes spiders, centipedes, and crustaceans. |
A cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage is called a what? | Testes | vesicles | mitosis | symphysis | Symphysis A cartilaginous joint where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage is called a symphysis (“growing together”). Fibrocartilage is very strong because it contains numerous bundles of thick collagen fibers, thus giving it a much greater ability to resist pulling and bending forces when compared with hyaline cartilage. This gives symphyses the ability to strongly unite the adjacent bones, but can still allow for limited movement to occur. Thus, a symphysis is functionally classified as an amphiarthrosis. The gap separating the bones at a symphysis may be narrow or wide. Examples in which the gap between the bones is narrow include the pubic symphysis and the manubriosternal joint. At the pubic symphysis, the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by fibrocartilage across a narrow gap. Similarly, at the manubriosternal joint, fibrocartilage unites the manubrium and body portions of the sternum. The intervertebral symphysis is a wide symphysis located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae of the vertebral column. Here a thick pad of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc strongly unites the adjacent vertebrae by filling the gap between them. The width of the intervertebral symphysis is important because it allows for small movements between the adjacent vertebrae. In addition, the thick intervertebral disc provides cushioning between the vertebrae, which is important when carrying heavy objects or during high-impact activities such as running or jumping. |
The horizontal stems on strawberry plants are called what? | nodules | buds | glands | stolons | User:DrU/Wikipedia. Strawberry plants have horizontal stems called stolons that can form new plants. . Public Domain. |
What are the newest, outer layers of secondary xylem called? | vascular | bark | fibrous | sapwood | |
Most amphibians breathe with these as larvae? | pores | nostrils | lungs | gills | Amphibian skin contains keratin, a protein that is also found in the outer covering of most other four-legged vertebrates. The keratin in amphibians is not too tough to allow gases and water to pass through their skin. Most amphibians breathe with gills as larvae and with lungs as adults. However, extra oxygen is absorbed through the skin. |
Defined as a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival, what term encompasses water, energy-yielding and body-building substances, and vitamins and minerals? | calories | molecules | sustenance | nutrients | Nutrients A nutrient is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival. The three basic classes of nutrients are water, the energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and the micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). The most critical nutrient is water. Depending on the environmental temperature and our state of health, we may be able to survive for only a few days without water. The body’s functional chemicals are dissolved and transported in water, and the chemical reactions of life take place in water. Moreover, water is the largest component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and water makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass. Water also helps regulate our internal temperature and cushions, protects, and lubricates joints and many other body structures. The energy-yielding nutrients are primarily carbohydrates and lipids, while proteins mainly supply the amino acids that are the building blocks of the body itself. You ingest these in plant and animal foods and beverages, and the digestive system breaks them down into molecules small enough to be absorbed. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then be used in the metabolic processes that convert them to ATP. Although you might feel as if you are starving after missing a single meal, you can survive without consuming the energy-yielding nutrients for at least several weeks. Water and the energy-yielding nutrients are also referred to as macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts. In contrast, micronutrients are vitamins and minerals. These elements and compounds participate in many essential chemical reactions and processes, such as nerve impulses, and some, such as calcium, also contribute to the body’s structure. Your body can store some of the micronutrients in its tissues, and draw on those reserves if you fail to consume them in your diet for a few days or weeks. Some others micronutrients, such as vitamin C and most of the B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored, so you need to consume them every day or two. |
Genetic disorders are diseases caused by what? | traits | lesions | environment | mutations | Sequencing the human genome has increased our knowledge of genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are diseases caused by mutations. Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene. Others are caused by abnormal numbers of chromosomes. |
Transgenic animals are animals that have incorporated a gene from another species into their what? | habitats | enemies | food | genome | DNA technology has proved very beneficial to humans. Transgenic animals are animals that have incorporated a gene from another species into their genome. They are used as experimental models to perform phenotypic tests with genes whose function is unknown, or to generate animals that are susceptible to certain compounds or stresses for testing purposes. Other applications include the production of human hormones, such as insulin. Many times these animals are rodents, such as mice, or fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ). Fruit flies are extremely useful as genetic models to study the effects of genetic changes on development. GloFish are the first genetically modified animal to be sold as a pet and are transgenic zebrafish transfected with a natural fluorescence gene. Watch these fish at http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=6cQLGKH2ojY or in the video below. |
What structure of a cell is enclosed by a membrane and contains most of the cell’s dna? | epidermis | vacuole | ribosome | nucleus | Besides the four parts listed above, many cells also have a nucleus. The nucleus of a cell is a structure enclosed by a membrane that contains most of the cell’s DNA. Cells are classified in two major groups based on whether or not they have a nucleus. The two groups are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. |
Does air temperature increase or decrease as it rises higher in the atmosphere? | neither | both | increase | decrease | The rising air cools as it goes higher in the atmosphere. If it is moist, the water vapor may condense. Clouds may form, and precipitation may fall. |
During what do homologous chromosomes separate and go to different daughter cells? | electrolysis | birth | mitosis | meiosis | Overview of Meiosis. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate and go to different daughter cells. This diagram shows just the nuclei of the cells. Notice the exchange of genetic material that occurs prior to the first cell division. |
The light reactions take place in which membranes? | the stroma | the cell membranes | the phospholipid | the thylakoid | Both stages of photosynthesis take place in chloroplasts. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes, and the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma. |
Fossils themselves and the order in which they appear in are generally collectively called what? | fuel cycle | fossil magnitude | coal record | fossil record | There are many layers of rock in the Earth's surface. Newer layers form on top of the older layers; the deepest rock layers are the oldest. Therefore, you can tell how old a fossil is by observing in which layer of rock it was found. The fossils and the order in which fossils appear is called the fossil record . The fossil record provides evidence for when organisms lived on Earth, how species evolved, and how some species have gone extinct. Geologists use a method called radiometric dating to determine the exact age of rocks and fossils in each layer of rock. This technique, which is possible because radioactive materials decay at a known rate, measures how much of the radioactive materials in each rock layer have broken down ( Figure below ). |
Hormones send what through your body? | proteins | nutrients | cells | signals | Good record keeping is very important in scientific research. |
What does the armor including spines in some species offer? | energy | nutrition | protection from cold | protection from predators | |
Individual nucleotides can be linked together through their phosphate groups to form? | dna | atoms | nitrous acid polymers | nucleic acid polymers | Individual nucleotides can be linked together through their phosphate groups to form nucleic acid polymers. Once constructed, DNA generally exists as two strands that are linked together by hydrogen bonds, producing a double-helical structure (see Figure below ). |
The name silicon is derived from the latin word for flint? | pelea | silk | simple | silex | The name silicon is derived from the Latin word for flint, silex. The metalloid silicon readily forms compounds containing Si-O-Si bonds, which are of prime importance in the mineral world. This bonding capability is in contrast to the nonmetal carbon, whose ability to form carbon-carbon bonds gives it prime importance in the plant and animal worlds. |
What two types of juices help digestion within the small intestine? | bile and lymph | chyme and phloem | amniotic fluid, bile | intestinal and pancreatic | Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine The digestion of proteins and carbohydrates, which partially occurs in the stomach, is completed in the small intestine with the aid of intestinal and pancreatic juices. Lipids arrive in the intestine largely undigested, so much of the focus here is on lipid digestion, which is facilitated by bile and the enzyme pancreatic lipase. Moreover, intestinal juice combines with pancreatic juice to provide a liquid medium that facilitates absorption. The intestine is also where most water is absorbed, via osmosis. The small intestine’s absorptive cells also synthesize digestive enzymes and then place them in the plasma membranes of the microvilli. This distinguishes the small intestine from the stomach; that is, enzymatic digestion occurs not only in the lumen, but also on the luminal surfaces of the mucosal cells. For optimal chemical digestion, chyme must be delivered from the stomach slowly and in small amounts. This is because chyme from the stomach is typically hypertonic, and if large quantities were forced all at once into the small intestine, the resulting osmotic water loss from the blood into the intestinal lumen would result in potentially life-threatening low blood volume. In addition, continued digestion requires an upward adjustment of the low pH of stomach chyme, along with rigorous mixing of the chyme with bile and pancreatic juices. Both processes take time, so the pumping action of the pylorus must be carefully controlled to prevent the duodenum from being overwhelmed with chyme. |
Cells in a biofilm secrete what to recruit nearby cells? | signaling neurons | signaling proteins | harnessing molecules | signaling molecules | |
A standing wave is created when what type of wave interferes with the original wave? | refracted wave | realized wave | translated wave | reflected wave | When a wave meets a barrier, it reflects and travels back the way it came. The reflected wave may interfere with the original wave. If this occurs in precisely the right way, a standing wave can be created. The types of standing waves that can form depend strongly on the speed of the wave and the size of the region in which it is traveling. |
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped structures that are located just below and posterior to the liver in this? | mantle cavity | stomach cavity | cerebral cavity | peritoneal cavity | Kidneys: The Main Osmoregulatory Organ The kidneys, illustrated in Figure 41.4, are a pair of bean-shaped structures that are located just below and posterior to the liver in the peritoneal cavity. The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney and are also called the suprarenal glands. Kidneys filter blood and purify it. All the blood in the human body is filtered many times a day by the kidneys; these organs use up almost 25 percent of the oxygen absorbed through the lungs to perform this function. Oxygen allows the kidney cells to efficiently manufacture chemical energy in the form of ATP through aerobic respiration. The filtrate coming out of the kidneys is called urine. |
What term means anything that is detected either through human senses or with instruments and measuring devices that extend human senses? | evacuation | variation | evaluation | observation | Science rests on evidence and logic, so it deals only with things that can be observed. An observation is anything that is detected either through human senses or with instruments and measuring devices that extend human senses. Things that cannot be observed or measured by current means—such as supernatural beings or events—are outside the bounds of science. Consider these two questions about life on Earth:. |
The white fluffy part of popcorn is also what? | jiffy | phosphor | membrane | endosperm | |
What change can you expect in vectors that are perpendicular to each other? | Molecular Reaction | Chemical reaction | Large Effect | no effect | Vectors that are perpendicular to each other have no effect on each other. |
Where is roughage fermented and digested in pseudo-ruminants? | in their pancreas | in their ileum | in their appendix | in their cecum | Pseudo-ruminants Some animals, such as camels and alpacas, are pseudo-ruminants. They eat a lot of plant material and roughage. Digesting plant material is not easy because plant cell walls contain the polymeric sugar molecule cellulose. The digestive enzymes of these animals cannot break down cellulose, but microorganisms present in the digestive system can. Therefore, the digestive system must be able to handle large amounts of roughage and break down the cellulose. Pseudo-ruminants have a threechamber stomach in the digestive system. However, their cecum—a pouched organ at the beginning of the large intestine containing many microorganisms that are necessary for the digestion of plant materials—is large and is the site where the roughage is fermented and digested. These animals do not have a rumen but have an omasum, abomasum, and reticulum. |
How quickly a population changes in size over time is known as what? | population direction rate | population impact rate | population multiplication rate | population growth rate | The population growth rate is how quickly a population changes in size over time. The rate of growth of a population may be positive or negative. A positive growth rate means that the population is increasing in size because more people are being added than lost. A negative growth rate means that the population is decreasing in size because more people are being lost than added. |
Electromagnetic waves transfer energy across space as well as through what? | plasma | osmosis | filtering | matter | Electromagnetic waves transfer energy across space as well as through matter. They vary in their wavelengths and frequencies, and higher-frequency waves have more energy. The full range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves, shown in the Figure below , is called the electromagnetic spectrum. |
What is the term for abnormally low blood levels of carbon dioxide? | trichina | spirogyra | hepatitis | hypocapnia | The chemical reactions that regulate the levels of CO2 and carbonic acid occur in the lungs when blood travels through the lung’s pulmonary capillaries. Minor adjustments in breathing are usually sufficient to adjust the pH of the blood by changing how much CO2 is exhaled. In fact, doubling the respiratory rate for less than 1 minute, removing “extra” CO2, would increase the blood pH by 0.2. This situation is common if you are exercising strenuously over a period of time. To keep up the necessary energy production, you would produce excess CO2 (and lactic acid if exercising beyond your aerobic threshold). In order to balance the increased acid production, the respiration rate goes up to remove the CO2. This helps to keep you from developing acidosis. The body regulates the respiratory rate by the use of chemoreceptors, which primarily use CO2 as a signal. Peripheral blood sensors are found in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries. These sensors signal the brain to provide immediate adjustments to the respiratory rate if CO2 levels rise or fall. Yet other sensors are found in the brain itself. Changes in the pH of CSF affect the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, which can directly modulate breathing rate to bring the pH back into the normal range. Hypercapnia, or abnormally elevated blood levels of CO2, occurs in any situation that impairs respiratory functions, including pneumonia and congestive heart failure. Reduced breathing (hypoventilation) due to drugs such as morphine, barbiturates, or ethanol (or even just holding one’s breath) can also result in hypercapnia. Hypocapnia, or abnormally low blood levels of CO2, occurs with any cause of hyperventilation that drives off the CO2, such as salicylate toxicity, elevated room temperatures, fever, or hysteria. |
The vivid colors of flowers are an adaptation designed to encourage what by animals such as insects and birds? | flowering | eating | consumption | pollination | Figure 26.13 These flowers grow in a botanical garden border in Bellevue, WA. Flowering plants dominate terrestrial landscapes. The vivid colors of flowers are an adaptation to pollination by animals such as insects and birds. (credit: Myriam Feldman). |
Arthropods change into the adult form in a process called what? | budding | parthenogenesis | spontaneous mutation | metamorphosis | Arthropods have a life cycle with sexual reproduction. Most species go through larval stages after hatching. The larvae are very different from the adults. They change into the adult form in a process called metamorphosis . This may take place within a cocoon. A familiar example of metamorphosis is the transformation of a caterpillar (larva) into a butterfly (adult). Other arthropod species, in contrast, hatch young that look like small adults. These species lack both larval stages and metamorphosis. |
What is the largest part of the brain? | stem | cerebellum | limbic system | cerebrum | The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It controls conscious functions such as reasoning, language, sight, touch, and hearing. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves. The hemispheres are very similar but not identical to one another. They are connected by a thick bundle of axons deep within the brain. Each hemisphere is further divided into the four lobes shown in Figure below . |
What type of weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces? | chemical weathering | fluid weathering | chemical erosion | mechanical weathering | Mechanical weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces are just like the bigger rock; they're just smaller! The rock has broken without changing its composition. The smaller pieces have the same minerals in the same proportions. You could use the expression “a chip off the old block“ to describe mechanical weathering! The main agents of mechanical weathering are water, ice, and wind. |
The coordination sphere consists of the central metal ion or atom plus its attached what? | molecules | subunits | strands | ligands | The coordination sphere consists of the central metal ion or atom plus its attached ligands. Brackets in a formula enclose the coordination sphere; species outside the brackets are not part of the coordination sphere. The coordination number of the central metal ion or atom is the number of donor atoms bonded to it. The coordination number for the silver ion in [Ag(NH3)2]+ is two (Figure 19.14). For the copper(II) ion in [CuCl4]2−, the coordination number is four, whereas for the cobalt(II) ion in [Co(H2O)6]2+ the coordination number is six. Each of these ligands is monodentate, from the Greek for “one toothed,” meaning that they connect with the central metal through only one atom. In this case, the number of ligands and the coordination number are equal. |
What functions like a flexible coat of armor, preventing the protist from being torn or pierced without compromising its range of motion? | endothelium | fimbriae | biofilm | pellicle | Cell Structure The cells of protists are among the most elaborate of all cells. Most protists are microscopic and unicellular, but some true multicellular forms exist. A few protists live as colonies that behave in some ways as a group of free-living cells and in other ways as a multicellular organism. Still other protists are composed of enormous, multinucleate, single cells that look like amorphous blobs of slime, or in other cases, like ferns. In fact, many protist cells are multinucleated; in some species, the nuclei are different sizes and have distinct roles in protist cell function. Single protist cells range in size from less than a micrometer to three meters in length to hectares. Protist cells may be enveloped by animal-like cell membranes or plant-like cell walls. Others are encased in glassy silica-based shells or wound with pellicles of interlocking protein strips. The pellicle functions like a flexible coat of armor, preventing the protist from being torn or pierced without compromising its range of motion. |
The marine west coast climate gets lots of rain because of what being nearby? | highways | the mountains | the Sun | the ocean | The marine west coast climate gets lots of rain from the nearby ocean. |
What determines whether a volcanic eruption will be explosive or not? | curve of magma | lava temperature | magma velocity | thickness of magma | Volcanic eruptions can be non-explosive or explosive depending on the thickness of the magma. |
Platinum and gold are useful materials for constructing circuits because of their ability to resist what? | nitrogen | Electricity | decomposition | oxidation | If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors. |
How many set of chromosomes do moss have? | none | double set | triple set | single set | That may depend on the plant. Start with moss. The typical nonvascular plant. But such a simple plant has a very interesting life cycle. Whereas most kinds of plants have two sets of chromosomes in their vegetative cells, mosses have only a single set of chromosomes. So, how does meiosis occur?. |
When you change a magnetic field through electromagnetic induction what do you create? | Light Current | cooling current | microwave current | electric current | The process of generating electric current with a changing magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction . It occurs whenever a magnetic field and an electric conductor, such as a coil of wire, move relative to one another. As long as the conductor is part of a closed circuit, current will flow through it whenever it crosses magnetic field lines. One way this can happen is pictured in Figure below . It shows a magnet moving inside a wire coil. Another way is for the coil to move instead of the magnet. |
Morphological and molecular data indicate that wings evolved how many times in insects? | never | many times | twice | once | |
Nonmetal structures contain what type of bonds? | gravitational | prevalent | polymeric | covalent | Structures of the Nonmetals The structures of the nonmetals differ dramatically from those of metals. Metals crystallize in closely packed arrays that do not contain molecules or covalent bonds. Nonmetal structures contain covalent bonds, and many nonmetals consist of individual molecules. The electrons in nonmetals are localized in covalent bonds, whereas in a metal, there is delocalization of the electrons throughout the solid. The noble gases are all monatomic, whereas the other nonmetal gases—hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and chlorine—normally exist as the diatomic molecules H2, N2, O2, F2, and Cl2. The other halogens are also diatomic; Br2 is a liquid and I2 exists as a solid under normal conditions. The changes in state as one moves down the halogen family offer excellent examples of the increasing strength of intermolecular London forces with increasing molecular mass and increasing polarizability. Oxygen has two allotropes: O2, dioxygen, and O3, ozone. Phosphorus has three common allotropes, commonly referred to by their colors: white, red, and black. Sulfur has several allotropes. There are also many carbon allotropes. Most people know of diamond, graphite, and charcoal, but fewer people know of the recent discovery of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Descriptions of the physical properties of three nonmetals that are characteristic of molecular solids follow. |
Gas lines should be made of what so they do not rupture? | adjustment material | typically material | Hard material | flexible material | Check to see that gas lines are made of flexible material so they do not rupture. Any equipment that uses gas should be well secured. |
What is the lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the axon and facilitates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon? | receptors sheath | axon sheath | neural sheath | myelin sheath | Myelin The insulation for axons in the nervous system is provided by glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the CNS, and Schwann cells in the PNS. Whereas the manner in which either cell is associated with the axon segment, or segments, that it insulates is different, the means of myelinating an axon segment is mostly the same in the two situations. Myelin is a lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the axon and by doing so creates a myelin sheath that facilitates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. The lipids are essentially the phospholipids of the glial cell membrane. Myelin, however, is more than just the membrane of the glial cell. It also includes important proteins that are integral to that membrane. Some of the proteins help to hold the layers of the glial cell membrane closely together. The appearance of the myelin sheath can be thought of as similar to the pastry wrapped around a hot dog for “pigs in a blanket” or a similar food. The glial cell is wrapped around the axon several times with little to no cytoplasm between the glial cell layers. For oligodendrocytes, the rest of the cell is separate from the myelin sheath as a cell process extends back toward the cell body. A few other processes provide the same insulation for other axon segments in the area. For Schwann cells, the outermost layer of the cell membrane contains cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell as a bulge on one side of the myelin sheath. During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 12.13a). The edges of this loose enclosure extend toward each other, and one end tucks under the other. The inner edge wraps around the axon, creating several layers, and the other edge closes around the outside so that the axon is completely enclosed. |
Where is urine formed in the body? | the lungs | the liver | the pancreas | the kidneys | Urine is a liquid that is formed by the kidneys when they filter wastes from the blood. Urine contains mostly water, but it also contains salts and nitrogen-containing molecules. The amount of urine released from the body depends on many things. Some of these include the amount of fluid and food a person consumes and how much fluid they have lost from sweating and breathing. Urine ranges from colorless to dark yellow but is usually a pale yellow color. Light yellow urine contains mostly water. The darker the urine, the less water it contains. |
What is the term for rain consisting of water with a ph below 5? | Hot Rain | carbon rain | produce rain | acid rain | Acid rain is rain that has a pH less than 5 ( Figure below ). Acidity is measured on the pH scale . Lower numbers are more acidic, and higher numbers are less acidic (also called more alkaline ). An acid has a pH of less than 7. The pH of normal rain is 5.6. It’s slightly acidic because carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rain. This forms carbonic acid, a weak acid. |
What type of ecosystem do polar bears live in? | natural | tropical | oceanic | arctic | Polar Bears. Thick fur and a layer of blubber keep polar bears warm in their Arctic ecosystem. Why do you think their fur is white? Why might it be an adaptation in an Arctic biome?. |
Pseudopods are false what? | fingers | eyes | teeth | feet | What is a cell? Gradient Physical difference between two regions of space, in such a way that the molecules tend to move in response to the gradients. Diffusion Movement of the molecules in a fluid, from the regions of high concentration to those of low concentration. Passive transport Movement of substances in a membrane that doesn’t need to use energy. Simple diffusion Diffusion of water, gases or molecules across the membrane. Facilitated diffusion Diffusion of molecules across the membranes with the participation of proteins. Osmosis Diffusion of the water across a membrane with differential permeability. Transport that needs energy Movement of substances across a membrane generally in opposition to a gradient of concentration with the requirement of energy. Active transport Movement of small molecules using energy (ATP). Endocytosis Movement of big particles towards the interior of the cell using energy. The cells enclose particles or liquids. Pinocytosis (Literally cell drinking) Form in which the cell introduces liquids. Phagocytosis Way of eating of the cells. It feeds in this case of big particles or entire microorganisms. Pseudopods False feet (the amoeba). Exocitosis Movement of materials out of the cell with the use of energy. It throws waste material. Isotonic The cytoplasm fluid of the interior of the cells is the same that the outer. Hypertonic solution. |
Ionic bonds are what kind of attraction between ions? | nuclear | kinetic | magnetic | electrostatic | Ionic bonding. Ionic bonds result from electrostatic attractions between positively and negatively charged side chains of amino acids. For example, the mutual attraction between an aspartic acid carboxylate ion and a lysine ammonium ion helps to maintain a particular folded area of a protein (part (a) of http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch18_s04_s01_f05). Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. |
What type of change occurs when matter changes chemically into an entirely different substance with different chemical properties? | genetic | physical | material | chemical | Did you ever make a "volcano," like the one in Figure below , using baking soda and vinegar? What happens when the two substances combine? They produce an eruption of foamy bubbles. This happens because of a chemical change. A chemical change occurs when matter changes chemically into an entirely different substance with different chemical properties. When vinegar and baking soda combine, they form carbon dioxide, a gas that causes the bubbles. It’s the same gas that gives soft drinks their fizz. |
Australia is home to many endemic species. the (a) wallaby (wallabia bicolor), a medium-sized member of the kangaroo family, is a pouched mammal, or this? | rodent | primate | placental | marsupial | Throughout Chemistry, you will find features that draw the students into scientific inquiry by taking selected topics a step further. Students and educators alike will appreciate discussions in these feature boxes. Chemistry in Everyday Life ties chemistry concepts to everyday issues and real-world applications of science that students encounter in their lives. Topics include cell phones, solar thermal energy power plants, plastics recycling, and measuring blood pressure. How Sciences Interconnect feature boxes discuss chemistry in context of its interconnectedness with other scientific disciplines. Topics include neurotransmitters, greenhouse gases and climate change, and proteins and enzymes. Portrait of a Chemist features present a short bio and an introduction to the work of prominent figures from history and present day so that students can see the “face” of contributors in this field as well as science in action. |
What do you call structures like a whale's pelvic bones, which were once attached to legs, or wings that cannot be used for flight? | distinctive | primitive | primordial | vestigial | Penguins do not use their wings, known as flippers, to fly in the air. However, they do use them to move in the water. The theory of evolution suggests that penguins evolved to use their wings for a different purpose. A whale’s pelvic bones, which were once attached to legs, are also vestigial structures. Whales are descended from land-dwelling ancestors that had legs. |
What type of hybridization does ammonia undergo? | nh3 hybridization | h2O hybridization | ionic hybridization | sp 3 hybridization | The methane and ammonia examples illustrate the connection between orbital hybridization and the VSEPR model. The electron domain geometry predicted by VSEPR leads directly to the type of hybrid orbitals that must be formed to accommodate that geometry. Both methane and ammonia have tetrahedral electron domain geometries and thus both undergo sp 3 hybridization. |
What does increased temperature do to a substance's kinetic energy? | decreases | generates | nothing | increases | Entropy increases as temperature increases. An increase in temperature means that the particles of the substance have greater kinetic energy. The faster moving particles have more disorder than particles that are moving more slowly at a lower temperature. |
What natural process is associated with the death of cells? | cooling | reducing | dissolving | aging | 6. Aging is associated with the death of cells. Give two reasons why cells die. |
What color and shape are cumulus clouds? | dark and wispy | white and wispy | dark and tall | white and puffy | Cumulus clouds are white and puffy. Convection currents make them grow upward, and they may grow very tall. When they produce rain, they are called cumulonimbus. |
During the early paleozoic, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere compared to today was? | much lower | none | the same | much greater | During the early Paleozoic, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was much greater than it is today. This may have begun to change later, as land plants became more common. As the roots of land plants began to infiltrate rock and soil began to form, carbon dioxide was drawn out of the atmosphere and became trapped in the rock. This reduced the levels of carbon dioxide and increased the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere, so that by the end of the Paleozoic, atmospheric conditions were similar to those of today. As plants became more common through the latter half of the Paleozoic, microclimates began to emerge and ecosystems began to change. As plants and ecosystems continued to grow and become more complex, vertebrates moved from the water to land. The presence of shoreline vegetation may have contributed to the movement of vertebrates onto land. One hypothesis suggests that the fins of aquatic vertebrates were used to maneuver through this vegetation, providing a precursor to the movement of fins on land and the development of limbs. The late Paleozoic was a time of diversification of vertebrates, as amniotes emerged and became two different lines that gave rise, on one hand, to mammals, and, on the other hand, to reptiles and birds. Many marine vertebrates became extinct near the end of the Devonian period, which ended about 360 million years ago, and both marine and terrestrial vertebrates were decimated by a mass extinction in the early Permian period about 250 million years ago. |
Physical science is defined as the study of what? | matter & elements | light & matter | biology & light | matter & energy | Look at the topographic map of Stowe, Vermont ( Figure below ). There is a steep hill rising just to the right of the city of Stowe. You can tell this because the contour lines there are closely spaced. The contour lines also show that the hill has a sharp rise of about 200 feet. Then the slope becomes less steep toward the right. |
What do you call the two ends of a magnet where the magnetic effect is strongest? | opposites | plates | magnetos | poles | Any magnet has two ends called poles where the magnetic effect is strongest. |
The scale that is used to measure the loudness of sound measures their loudness in what? | centimeters | waves | weight | decibels | The most common cause of hearing loss is exposure to loud sounds. Loud sounds can damage hair cells inside the ears. Hair cells change sound waves to electrical signals that the brain can interpret as sounds. Louder sounds, which have greater intensity than softer sounds, can damage hair cells more quickly than softer sounds. You can see the relationship between sound intensity, exposure time, and hearing loss in the following Figure below . The intensity of sounds is measured in decibels (dB). |
What are located on either side of the pharynx in the throat? | lymph nodes | wrinkles | testicles | tonsils | The tonsils are located on either side of the pharynx in the throat. They trap pathogens, which are destroyed by lymphocytes in the tonsils. |
What kind of reproduction requires the fusion of male and female gametes? | subject reproduction | autonomous reproduction | asexual reproduction | sexual reproduction | |
Diseases of the lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, nose, and throat affect what organ system? | heart | digestive | skin | respiratory | Respiratory diseases are diseases of the lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, nose, and throat ( Figure below ). These diseases can range from a mild cold to a severe case of pneumonia. Respiratory diseases are common. Many are easily treated, while others may cause severe illness or death. Some respiratory diseases are caused by bacteria or viruses, while others are caused by environmental pollutants, such as tobacco smoke. Some diseases are genetic and, therefore, are inherited. |
What factor other than genes is important in determining adult height? | relaxation | intelligence | cultivation | nutrition | Genes play an important part in determining our adult height. However, factors such as poor nutrition can prevent us from achieving our full genetic potential. |
What does burning wood release into the atmosphere? | hydrogen chloride | oxygen | helium | carbon dioxide | Forests are also being destroyed. Trees may be cut down for their wood, or they may be burned to clear the land for farming. Burning wood releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. You can see how a tropical rainforest was cleared for farming in Figure below . With forests shrinking, there are fewer trees to remove carbon dioxide from the air. This makes the greenhouse effect even worse. |
The largest region of each of the palatine bone is the what? | magnetic plate | big plate | abnormal plate | horizontal plate | Palatine Bone The palatine bone is one of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that contribute small areas to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of each orbit. The largest region of each of the palatine bone is the horizontal plate. The plates from the right and left palatine bones join together at the midline to form the posterior quarter of the hard palate (see Figure 7.8a). Thus, the palatine bones are best seen in an inferior view of the skull and hard palate. |
What does viscosity do to liquids? | responsive to flowing | condusive to flowing | salinity to flowing | resistant to flowing | Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flowing. You can think of it as friction between particles of liquid. Thicker liquids are more viscous than thinner liquids. For example, the honey pictured in the Figure below is more viscous than the vinegar. You can learn more about viscosity at this URL: http://chemed. chem. wisc. edu/chempaths/GenChem-Textbook/Viscosity-840. html . |
What system is involved in diseases that include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis? | digestion system | circulatory system | nervous system | immune system | One example is type 1 diabetes . In this disease, the immune system attacks cells of the pancreas. Other examples are multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In multiple sclerosis , the immune system attacks nerve cells. This causes weakness and pain. In rheumatoid arthritis , the immune system attacks the cells of joints. This causes joint damage and pain. |
What are are organisms that feed on small pieces of organic matter? | waste feeders | bottom feeders | difference feeders | deposit feeders | Deposit feeders, which are organisms that feed on small pieces of organic matter, usually in the top layer of soil. Sea cucumbers are deposit feeders, living on the ocean floor. They eat the tiny scrap particles that are usually abundant in the environments that they inhabit. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.