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When the nucleus divides, the two chromatids that make up each chromosome separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell during this process? | meiosis | spawning | cytokinesis | mitosis | During mitosis , when the nucleus divides, the two chromatids that make up each chromosome separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell. This is shown in Figure below . You can watch an animation of the process at the following link: http://www. biology. arizona. edu/Cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/MitosisFlash. html . |
What is the layer above the troposphere? | troposphere | thermosphere | mesosphere | stratosphere | The stratosphere is the layer above the troposphere. Temperature increases with altitude in this layer. The ozone layer occurs here. |
Which system consists of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients such as glucose? | urinary system | circulatory system | excretory system | digestive system | The digestive system consists of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients such as glucose. Organs of the digestive system are shown in Figure below . Most of the organs make up the gastrointestinal tract. The rest of the organs are called accessory organs. |
What part of the eye controls the size of the pupil? | avis | debis | lens | iris | The iris is the colored part of the eye. It controls the size of the pupil. |
Depending on a tumor’s location, for example, cancer surgeons may be unable to remove it. radiation and chemotherapy are difficult, and it is often impossible to target only the cancer cells. the treatments inevitably destroy this? | host cells | carcinogens | fertility | healthy cells | Cancer treatments vary depending on the disease’s type and stage. Traditional approaches, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy, aim to remove or kill rapidly dividing cancer cells, but these strategies have their limitations. Depending on a tumor’s location, for example, cancer surgeons may be unable to remove it. Radiation and chemotherapy are difficult, and it is often impossible to target only the cancer cells. The treatments inevitably destroy healthy tissue as well. To address this, researchers are working on pharmaceuticals that can target specific proteins implicated in cancer-associated molecular pathways. |
Sodium is an example of what sort of thing that cannot exist by itself in nature? | aspect | concept | compound | element | Most of the elements we know about do not exist freely in nature. Sodium cannot be found by itself (unless we prepare it in the laboratory) because it interacts easily with other materials. On the other hand, the element helium does not interact with other elements to any extent. We can isolate helium from natural gas during the process of drilling for oil. |
What type of resource is water power? | geothermal | biological | nonrenewable | renewable | Water power does not burn a fuel. So it causes less pollution than many other kinds of energy. Water power is also a renewable resource. Water keeps flowing downhill. Although we use some of the energy from this movement, we are not using up the water. |
Which part of the plant is responsible for seed production? | leaf | root | pistil | flower | |
The two main agents of soil erosion are water and what else? | steam | humidity | glaciers | wind | The main agents of soil erosion are water and wind. |
What do aggregate fruits like raspberries form from? | chloroplast fused together | germinoles fused together | follicles fused together | carpels fused together | Figure 32.22 There are four main types of fruits. Simple fruits, such as these nuts, are derived from a single ovary. Aggregate fruits, like raspberries, form from many carpels that fuse together. Multiple fruits, such as pineapple, form from a cluster of flowers called an inflorescence. Accessory fruit, like the apple, are formed from a part of the plant other than the ovary. (credit "nuts": modification of work by Petr Kratochvil; credit "raspberries": modification of work by Cory Zanker; credit "pineapple": modification of work by Howie Le; credit "apple": modification of work by Paolo Neo). |
What kind of ions are named by adding the suffix -ide to the end? | positive ions | similar ions | particular ions | negative ions | By gaining an electron, the chlorine atom becomes a chloride ion. It now has more electrons than protons and a charge of -1. Negative ions are named by adding the suffix – ide to the first part of the element name. The symbol for chloride is Cl - . |
These resources can be remade quickly, through natural processes | electric | fossil fuel | non-renewable | renewable | From a human point of view, natural resources can be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable. Renewable resources, such as sunlight and living things, can be remade quickly by natural processes. Nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels and soil, cannot be remade or else take millions of years to remake. |
Inorganic chemical compounds can be broadly classified into two groups: ionic compounds and which other group? | electromagnetic compounds | cellular compounds | atomic compounds | molecular compounds | Inorganic chemical compounds can be broadly classified into two groups: ionic compounds and molecular compounds. The structure of all ionic compounds is an extended three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions. Since ionic compounds do not take the form of individual molecules, they are represented by empirical formulas. Now we will begin to examine the formulas and nomenclature of molecular compounds. |
Fish are a diverse and interesting group of organisms in what sub-phylum? | organelles | mammals | invertebrates | vertebrates | If the word fish makes you think of cute little goldfish in a tank, check out the anglerfish pictured in Figure below . It’s also called a black sea devil. Surprisingly, goldfish and angler fish aren’t all that different from each other as far as fish diversity goes. Both fish are placed in the same fish class. Clearly, fish are a diverse and interesting group of vertebrates. |
Spinal cord injuries are notoriously difficult to treat because spinal nerves do not do what? | moisture | cover | cartilage | regenerate | Two planets are on a collision course, heading directly towards each other at 0.250c . A spaceship sent from one planet approaches the second at 0.750c as seen by the second planet. What is the velocity of the ship relative to the first planet? 28. When a missile is shot from one spaceship towards another, it leaves the first at 0.950c and approaches the other at ships?. |
The ratio of displacement to time interval is the average what? | speed | acceleration | direction | velocity | The velocity of an object can be found from a position vs time graph. On a position vs time graph, the displacement is the vertical separation between two points and the time interval is the horizontal separation. The ratio of displacement to time interval is the average velocity. This ratio is also the slope of the line. Therefore, the slope of the straight line is the average velocity. For the motion pictured above,. |
What is the modern periodic table based on? | element density | element mass | metallic number | atomic number | The modern periodic table is based on atomic number. Elements in each period go from metals on the left to metalloids and then nonmetals on the right. Within groups, elements have similar properties. |
The needle of a compass is made of what element? | nickel | tin | aluminum | iron | Calsidyrose. The needle of a compass is made of the element iron . CC BY 2.0. |
What is the process in which the genetic code in mrna is read to make a protein called? | expression | splicing | modification | translation | Translation is the second part of the central dogma of molecular biology: RNA → Protein . It is the process in which the genetic code in mRNA is read to make a protein. Figure below shows how this happens. After mRNA leaves the nucleus, it moves to a ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in mRNA. Molecules of tRNA bring amino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence. |
What type of protein speeds up chemical reactions in cells? | collagen | hemoglobin | lipids | enzyme | Proteins are an essential part of all organisms. They play many roles in living things. Certain proteins provide a scaffolding that maintains the shape of cells (structural proteins). Proteins also make up the majority of muscle tissues. Many proteins are enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes interact with the substrates (reactants) of a biochemical reaction, helping the reaction proceed at a much faster rate. Other proteins are antibodies that protect you from pathogens. Antibodies bond to foreign substances in the body and target them for destruction. Still other proteins help carry messages or materials in and out of cells (transport proteins) or around the body. For example, the blood protein hemoglobin (see Figure below ) bonds with oxygen and carries it from the lungs to cells throughout the body. |
In what part of the lungs is pulmonary gas exchanged? | bronchi | bronchioles | trachea | alveoli | Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases between inhaled air and the blood. It occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. Alveoli (singular, alveolus) are grape-like clusters surrounded by networks of thin-walled pulmonary capillaries. After you inhale, there is a greater concentration of oxygen in the alveoli than in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood across the capillaries (see Figure below ). Carbon dioxide, in contrast, is more concentrated in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses in the opposite direction. |
What phenomenon occurs when strong winds blow surface water away from shore, allowing deeper water to flow to the surface and take its place? | tsunami | percolating | hurricane | upwelling | Sometimes deep ocean water rises to the surface. This is called upwelling . The figure below shows why it happens ( Figure below ). Strong winds blow surface water away from shore. This allows deeper water to flow to the surface and take its place. |
When does the nucleus divide? | epistasis | meiosis | photosynthesis | mitosis | The nucleus divides during mitosis, and the cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis. |
Olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves are related to what type of function? | digestion | pulmonary | respiratory | sensory | Sensory Nerves The olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves (cranial nerves I, II, and VIII) are dedicated to four of the special senses: smell, vision, equilibrium, and hearing, respectively. Taste sensation is relayed to the brain stem through fibers of the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that carries the general somatic senses from the head, similar to those coming through spinal nerves from the rest of the body. Testing smell is straightforward, as common smells are presented to one nostril at a time. The patient should be able to recognize the smell of coffee or mint, indicating the proper functioning of the olfactory system. Loss of the sense of smell is called anosmia and can be lost following blunt trauma to the head or through aging. The short axons of the first cranial nerve regenerate on a regular basis. The neurons in the olfactory epithelium have a limited life span, and new cells grow to replace the ones that die off. The axons from these neurons grow back into the CNS by following the existing axons—representing one of the few examples of such growth in the mature nervous system. If all of the fibers are sheared when the brain moves within the cranium, such as in a motor vehicle accident, then no axons can find their way back to the olfactory bulb to reestablish connections. If the nerve is not completely severed, the anosmia may be temporary as new neurons can eventually reconnect. |
What happens when alkanes are mixed with oxygen at room temperature? | combustion | single replacement | redox | no reaction | Neither positive ions nor negative ions are attracted to a nonpolar molecule. In fact, the alkanes undergo so few reactions that they are sometimes called paraffins, from the Latin parum affinis, meaning “little affinity. ” Two important reactions that the alkanes do undergo are combustion and halogenation. Nothing happens when alkanes are merely mixed with oxygen (O2) at room temperature, but when a flame or spark provides the activation energy, a highly exothermic combustion reaction proceeds vigorously. For methane (CH4), the reaction is as follows:. |
At the bottom of lakes and ponds, bacteria in what zone break down dead organisms that sink there? | trophic | photic | photoreactive zone | aphotic zone | Lakes and Ponds Lakes and ponds can range in area from a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers. Temperature is an important abiotic factor affecting living things found in lakes and ponds. In the summer, thermal stratification of lakes and ponds occurs when the upper layer of water is warmed by the sun and does not mix with deeper, cooler water. Light can penetrate within the photic zone of the lake or pond. Phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) are found here and carry out photosynthesis, providing the base of the food web of lakes and ponds. Zooplankton, such as rotifers and small crustaceans, consume these phytoplankton. At the bottom of lakes and ponds, bacteria in the aphotic zone break down dead organisms that sink to the bottom. Nitrogen and phosphorus are important limiting nutrients in lakes and ponds. Because of this, they are determining factors in the amount of phytoplankton growth in lakes and ponds. When there is a large input of nitrogen and phosphorus (from sewage and runoff from fertilized lawns and farms, for example), the growth of algae skyrockets, resulting in a large accumulation of algae called an algal bloom. Algal blooms (Figure 44.24) can become so extensive that they reduce light penetration in water. As a result, the lake or pond becomes aphotic and photosynthetic plants cannot survive. When the algae die and decompose, severe oxygen depletion of the water occurs. Fishes and other organisms that require oxygen are then more likely to die, and resulting dead zones are found across the globe. Lake Erie and the Gulf of Mexico represent freshwater and marine habitats where phosphorus control and storm water runoff pose significant environmental challenges. |
What is the name for a heterotroph that eats only or mainly animal foods? | herbivore | macrophage | omnivore | carnivore | Some mammals are carnivores. Carnivores are heterotrophs that eat only or mainly animal foods. Depending on their species, carnivorous mammals may eat other mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mollusks, worms, and/or insects. Mammals that are carnivores include anteaters, whales, hyenas, wolves, and seals. The bat in Figure below is also a carnivorous mammal. It eats insects. Carnivores that eat mainly insects are classified as insectivores. |
What is the name of an extreme form of radiation fog? | cedar fog | smelt fog | aura fog | tule fog | Radiation fog forms at night. Skies are clear, and the relative humidity is high. The ground cools as temperature goes down. Air near the ground cools below its dew point. Tule fog is an extreme form of radiation fog. This type of fog strikes the Central Valley of California in winter. |
In what form is most of the earth's freshwater? | steam | gas | liqued | frozen | Oceans of salt water cover much of Earth’s surface. Freshwater is water that contains little or no salt. Most of Earth’s freshwater is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. |
What cells do lymphocytes originate from in the bone marrow? | calcium cells | brain cells | kahp cells | stem cells | |
What is the common name for a simple harmonic oscillator, which basically consists of a small object suspended on a wire or string? | pendant | yo-yo | metronome | pendulum | Pendulums are in common usage. Some have crucial uses, such as in clocks; some are for fun, such as a child’s swing; and some are just there, such as the sinker on a fishing line. For small displacements, a pendulum is a simple harmonic oscillator. A simple pendulum is defined to have an object that has a small mass, also known as the pendulum bob, which is suspended from a light wire or string, such as shown in Figure 16.14. Exploring the simple pendulum a bit further, we can discover the conditions under which it performs simple harmonic motion, and we can derive an interesting expression for its period. |
What kind of process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source? | induced process | Decay Process | Different Process | spontaneous process | Summary 16.1 Spontaneity Chemical and physical processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under certain conditions. A spontaneous process occurs without the need for a continual input of energy from some external source, while a nonspontaneous process requires such. Systems undergoing a spontaneous process may or may not experience a gain or loss of energy, but they will experience a change in the way matter and/or energy is distributed within the system. 16.2 Entropy Entropy (S) is a state function that can be related to the number of microstates for a system (the number of ways the system can be arranged) and to the ratio of reversible heat to kelvin temperature. It may be interpreted as a measure of the dispersal or distribution of matter and/or energy in a system, and it is often described as representing the “disorder” of the system. For a given substance, Ssolid < Sliquid < Sgas in a given physical state at a given temperature, entropy is typically greater for heavier atoms or more complex molecules. Entropy increases when a system is heated and when solutions form. Using these guidelines, the sign of entropy changes for some chemical reactions may be reliably predicted. 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics states that a spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe, Suniv > 0. If ΔSuniv < 0, the process is nonspontaneous, and if ΔSuniv = 0, the system is at equilibrium. The third law of thermodynamics establishes the zero for entropy as that of a perfect, pure crystalline solid at 0 K. With only one possible microstate, the entropy is zero. We may compute the standard entropy change for a process by using standard entropy values for the reactants and products involved in the process. 16.4 Free Energy Gibbs free energy (G) is a state function defined with regard to system quantities only and may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process. A negative value for ΔG indicates a spontaneous process; a positive ΔG indicates a nonspontaneous process; and a ΔG of zero indicates that the system is at equilibrium. A number of approaches to the computation of free energy changes are possible. |
What are fungus-like protists? | bacteria | feces | viruses | molds | Fungus-like protists are molds . They are absorptive feeders on decaying organic matter. They resemble fungi, and they reproduce with spores as fungi do. However, in other ways, they are quite different from fungi and more like other protists. For example, they have cell walls made of cellulose , whereas fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Like other protists, they have complicated life cycles with both asexual and sexual reproduction. They are motile during some stages of their life cycle. Two major types of fungus-like protists are slime molds and water molds. |
Electrons exist only where the wave is what? | solid | seen | spinning | stable | In the 1920s, physicists discovered that electrons do not travel in fixed paths. In fact, they found that electrons only have a certain chance of being in any particular place. They could only describe where electrons are with mathematical formulas. That’s because electrons have wave-like properties as well as properties of particles of matter. It is the "wave nature" of electrons that lets them exist only at certain distances from the nucleus. The negative electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus. However, because the electrons behave like waves, they bend around the nucleus instead of falling toward it. Electrons exist only where the wave is stable. These are the orbitals. They do not exist where the wave is not stable. These are the places between orbitals. |
What are the simplest hydrocarbons? | fossil fuels | unsaturated hydrocarbons | complex carbohydrates | saturated hydrocarbons | Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are the simplest hydrocarbons. They are called saturated because each carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen. You can see an example of a saturated hydrocarbon in Figure below . Each carbon atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms in this compound, which is named ethane. |
The shield type of what phenomenon commonly forms above hotspots in the oceans? | tornado | tsunami | hurricane | volcano | Shield volcanoes commonly form above hotspots in the oceans. |
Bromide is present in brines, which are naturally occurring solutions of what? | magnesium | iron | calcium | salt | chlorine is added to an aqueous solution of bromide. iodine crystals are added to a solution of potassium bromide. Bromide is present in naturally occurring salt solutions called brines. Based on your answers, propose an effective method to remove bromide from brine. |
What shape are the eight sides of an octahedra? | square | rectangles | hexagon | triangles | Cubes have six sides that are all the same size square. All of the angles in a cube are equal to 90°. Rhombohedra also have six sides, but the sides are diamond-shaped. Octahedra have eight sides that are all shaped like triangles. |
Unlike an adult sponge, what stage is motile due to cilia that propel it through water? | pupa | parasite | zygote | larva | Sperm are released into the surrounding water through the osculum. If they enter a female sponge through a pore, they may be trapped by collar cells. Trapped sperm are delivered to eggs inside the female body, where fertilization takes place. The resulting zygote develops into a larva. Unlike the adult, the larva is motile. It is covered with cilia that propel it through the water. As the larva grows, it becomes more similar to an adult sponge and loses its ability to swim. |
What weather phenomenon, which may bring clouds and precipitation, is created by stalled air masses? | Horizontal Front | susceptible front | cool front | stationary front | Sometimes two air masses stop moving when they meet. These stalled air masses create a stationary front . Such a front may bring clouds and precipitation to the same area for many days. |
What keeps glaciers from forming in water? | skin | movement | salt | warmth | Glaciers form only on land because water is too warm. When a glacier flows into water, it usually breaks up into icebergs. Those icebergs eventually melt into the water. |
The human skeleton is an endoskeleton that consists of 206 bones in the adult. it has five main functions: providing support to the body, storing minerals and lipids, producing blood cells, protecting internal organs, and this? | more movement | Forward movement | enough movement | allowing movement | The human skeleton is an endoskeleton that consists of 206 bones in the adult. It has five main functions: providing support to the body, storing minerals and lipids, producing blood cells, protecting internal organs, and allowing for movement. The skeletal system in vertebrates is divided into the axial skeleton (which consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage), and the appendicular skeleton (which consists of the shoulders, limb bones, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle). |
What's the name for the process where pollen is transferred to the ovules of a seed plant? | hibernation | combination | condensation | pollination | |
At what time of the year can tornadoes occur? | summer | winter | spring | any | |
How is sediment transported? | winds | storms | landslides | currents | The shore may have a lot of sediment washed from land or eroded from cliffs. The sediment is transported by currents. |
Where are all hormones secreted into before entering the circulatory system? | Cerebrospinal fluid | Amniotic fluid | blood stream | interstitial fluid | |
Vertebrates have tissues which are organized into organs which in turn are organized into what? | maturation systems | artificial systems | information systems | organ systems | 24.4 Subphylum Vertebrata (Vertebra from Latin vertere, to turn). Characterized by separate bones or cartilage blocks firmly joined as a backbone. The backbone supports and protects a dorsal nerve cord. Vertebrates have tissues which are organized into organs which in turn are organized into organ systems. All vertebrates share the following characteristics: - segmentation - a true coelom - bilateral symmetry - cephalization - a backbone - a bony skull - a closed circulatory system - chambered heart - two pairs of jointed appendages - tissues organized into organs Vertebrate Organ Systems: - Nervous System - Circulatory System - Digestive System Respiratory System - Reproductive System - Excretory System • Vertebral column: Not present in higher vertebrate adults. (In humans, the gel-like, spongy core of the vertebral column is the only remainder. Ruptured or herniated disc is an injury to this. ) • Cranium: Composite structure of bone/cartilage. Two functions: 1. Supports sensory organs of head and 2. Encloses or partially encloses the brain. What evolutionary relationship could we imagine between sessile echinoderms and the higher chordate animals? Paedomorphic (child-form) hypothesis: basically, evolution of sexual reproduction in what had previously been a larval life stage, or the retention of at least one juvenile characteristic into the adult (adult = sexually reproducing) stage. Some scientists believe that this occurred in a proto-chordate animal lineage. Maybe chordates (and vertebrates) arose from sessile (attached) ancestors. Selection in these proto-chordates maybe began to favor more time in the larval stage, as feeding was more successful or mortality lower in this stage. As larvae got bigger physics shows that the cilia become less efficient for locomotion, favoring the undulating motion allowed by a notochord. Is this hypothesis crazy? A similar example of this today is Epemeroptera, the mayfly, which has almost abandoned its adult stage. Its one-year lifespan is mostly larval with just a brief day of reproduce-and-die as an adult, which doesn’t even have usable mouthparts. Tunicate (sea squirt) larva has all four chordate characteristics, although adult sessile (“attached”). |
What can renewable resources can be replaced by? | fossil fuels | change processes | human processes | natural processes | Renewable resources can be replaced by natural processes as quickly as they are used. |
When warm air rises up to the tropopause, where does it flow? | east or west | east or north | west or south | north or south | Earth is hottest at the equator and gets cooler toward the poles. The differences in heating create huge convection currents in the troposphere. At the equator, for example, warm air rises up to the tropopause. It can’t rise any higher, so it flows north or south. |
What kind of messages do neurons send? | digestive messages | minor messages | Neurotic messages | electrical messages | Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells, or neurons, which can send and receive electrical messages. Nervous tissue makes up the brain, spinal cord, and other nerves that run throughout the body. |
What forces in liquids are strong enough to keep them from expanding significantly when heated? | gravitational forces | particles forces | outermolecular forces | intermolecular forces | Thermal Expansion The intermolecular forces in liquids are strong enough to keep them from expanding significantly when heated (typically only a few percent over a 100°C temperature range). Thus the volumes of liquids are somewhat fixed. Notice from Table 11.1 "The Density of Water at Various Temperatures" that the density of water, for example, changes by only about 3% over a 90-degree temperature range. Table 11.1 The Density of Water at Various Temperatures. |
Which chromosome is associated with cri du chat syndrome? | spore 5 | collagen 5 | genome 5 | chromosome 5 | Chromosomal disorders also occur when part of a chromosome becomes damaged. For example, if a tiny portion of chromosome 5 is missing, the individual will have cri du chat (cat’s cry) syndrome. These individuals have misshapen facial features, and the infant’s cry resembles a cat’s cry. |
The strong affinity of concentrated sulfuric acid for water makes it a good agent of what? | concentrating | diluting | hydrating | dehydrating | The strong affinity of concentrated sulfuric acid for water makes it a good dehydrating agent. It is possible to dry gases and immiscible liquids that do not react with the acid by passing them through the acid. Sulfuric acid is a strong diprotic acid that ionizes in two stages. In aqueous solution, the first stage is essentially complete. The secondary ionization is not nearly so complete, and HSO 4 − is a moderately strong acid (about 25% ionized in solution of a HSO 4 − salt: Ka = 1.2 × 10−2). Being a diprotic acid, sulfuric acid forms both sulfates, such as Na2SO4, and hydrogen sulfates, such as NaHSO4. Most sulfates are soluble in water; however, the sulfates of barium, strontium, calcium, and lead are only slightly soluble in water. Among the important sulfates are Na2SO4⋅10H2O and Epsom salts, MgSO4⋅7H2O. Because the HSO 4 − ion is an acid, hydrogen sulfates, such as NaHSO4, exhibit acidic behavior, and this compound is the primary ingredient in some household cleansers. Hot, concentrated sulfuric acid is an oxidizing agent. Depending on its concentration, the temperature, and the strength of the reducing agent, sulfuric acid oxidizes many compounds and, in the process, undergoes reduction to SO2, HSO 3 −, SO 3 2−, S, H2S, or S2−. Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water to form a solution of sulfurous acid, as expected for the oxide of a nonmetal. Sulfurous acid is unstable, and it is not possible to isolate anhydrous H2SO3. Heating a solution of sulfurous acid expels the sulfur dioxide. Like other diprotic acids, sulfurous acid ionizes in two steps: The hydrogen sulfite ion, HSO 3 −, and the sulfite ion, SO 3 2−, form. Sulfurous acid is a moderately strong acid. Ionization is about 25% in the first stage, but it is much less in the second (Ka1 = 1.2 × 10−2 and Ka2 = 6.2 × 10−8). In order to prepare solid sulfite and hydrogen sulfite salts, it is necessary to add a stoichiometric amount of a base to a sulfurous acid solution and then evaporate the water. These salts also form from the reaction of SO2 with oxides and hydroxides. Heating solid sodium hydrogen sulfite forms sodium sulfite, sulfur dioxide, and water: Δ. |
Where in the female body does egg production take place? | endometrium | testes | uterus | ovaries | Egg production takes place in the ovaries. It occurs in several steps:. |
What is the amorphous form of carbon prepared by the incomplete combustion of natural gas? | dark black | liquid black | dioxide black | carbon black | Atoms within a graphite layer are bonded together tightly by the σ and π bonds; however, the forces between layers are weak. London dispersion forces hold the layers together. To learn more, see the discussion of these weak forces in the chapter on liquids and solids. The weak forces between layers give graphite the soft, flaky character that makes it useful as the so-called “lead” in pencils and the slippery character that makes it useful as a lubricant. The loosely held electrons in the resonating π bonds can move throughout the solid and are responsible for the electrical conductivity of graphite. Other forms of elemental carbon include carbon black, charcoal, and coke. Carbon black is an amorphous form of carbon prepared by the incomplete combustion of natural gas, CH4. It is possible to produce charcoal and coke by heating wood and coal, respectively, at high temperatures in the absence of air. Recently, new forms of elemental carbon molecules have been identified in the soot generated by a smoky flame and in the vapor produced when graphite is heated to very high temperatures in a vacuum or in helium. One of these new forms, first isolated by Professor Richard Smalley and coworkers at Rice University, consists of icosahedral (soccerball-shaped) molecules that contain 60 carbon atoms, C60. This is buckminsterfullerene (often called bucky balls) after the architect Buckminster Fuller, who designed domed structures, which have a similar appearance (Figure 18.22). |
What do gametes undergo to produce many additional copies of themselves? | cytokinesis | prophase | angiogenesis | mitosis | Life Cycles of Algae: Zygotic Meiosis (A), Gametic Meiosis (B) and Sporic Meiosis (C). In life cycle A (left), diploid (2n) zygotes result from fertilization and then undergo meiosis to produce haploid (n) gametes. The gametes undergo mitosis and produce many additional copies of themselves. How are life cycles B and C different from life cycle A?. |
The greenhouse effect on earth is caused by an increase in what in the atmosphere? | satellites | phosphorous | vapor | carbon | Burning of fossil fuels, such as oil, releases carbon into the atmosphere. This carbon must be cycled - removed from the atmosphere - back into living organisms, or it stays in the atmosphere. Increased carbon in the atmosphere contributes to the greenhouse effect on Earth. |
What is the term for the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius? | heat requirement | thermal heat capacity | transferable heat | specific heat capacity | The specific heat capacity (c) of a substance, commonly called its “specific heat,” is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (or 1 kelvin): q c= mΔT Specific heat capacity depends only on the kind of substance absorbing or releasing heat. It is an intensive property—the type, but not the amount, of the substance is all that matters. For example, the small cast iron frying pan has a mass of 808 g. The specific heat of iron (the material used to make the pan) is therefore: c iron =. |
In animals, how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have? | 23 | 2 | zero | one | |
What scale measures acidity? | salinity scale | frequency scale | richter scale | ph scale | Note that Earth's axis of rotation is tilted. The axis is not perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. This plane is the one that solar system bodies are mostly lined up in. |
What is sulfur trioxide dissolved in to form sulfuric acid? | lead | silver | mercury | water | Sulfuric acid is produced in extremely large quantities in the United States (about 40 million tons/year). This material is manufactured by oxidizing sulfur to form sulfur trioxide. The SO 3 is then dissolved in water to form the sulfuric acid. Most of the sulfuric acid produced is used in fertilizers. This acid is also found in lead-acid car batteries. |
Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of what? | animals | ribosomes | prokaryotes | chromosomes | 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes. |
The parasympathetic system can also be referred to as the what? | lentivirus system | badolato system | digestive system | craniosacral system | Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is named because its central neurons are located on either side of the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (para- = “beside” or “near”). The parasympathetic system can also be referred to as the craniosacral system (or outflow) because the preganglionic neurons are located in nuclei of the brain stem and the lateral horn of the sacral spinal cord. The connections, or “circuits,” of the parasympathetic division are similar to the general layout of the sympathetic division with a few specific differences (Figure 15.4). The preganglionic fibers from the cranial region travel in cranial nerves, whereas preganglionic fibers from the sacral region travel in spinal nerves. The targets of these fibers are terminal ganglia, which are located near—or even within—the target effector. These ganglia are often referred to as intramural ganglia when they are found within the walls of the target organ. The postganglionic fiber projects from the terminal ganglia a short distance to the target effector, or to the specific target tissue within the organ. Comparing the relative lengths of axons in the parasympathetic system, the preganglionic fibers are long and the postganglionic fibers are short because the ganglia are close to—and sometimes within—the target effectors. The cranial component of the parasympathetic system is based in particular nuclei of the brain stem. In the midbrain, the Edinger–Westphal nucleus is part of the oculomotor complex, and axons from those neurons travel with the fibers in the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) that innervate the extraocular muscles. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers within cranial nerve III terminate in the ciliary ganglion, which is located in the posterior orbit. The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then project to the smooth muscle of the iris to control pupillary size. In the upper medulla, the salivatory nuclei contain neurons with axons that project through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves to ganglia that control salivary glands. Tear production is influenced by parasympathetic fibers in the facial nerve, which activate a ganglion, and ultimately the lacrimal (tear) gland. Neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and the nucleus ambiguus project through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) to the terminal ganglia of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers primarily influence the heart, bronchi, and esophagus in the thoracic cavity and the stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and small intestine of the abdominal cavity. The postganglionic fibers from the ganglia activated by the vagus nerve are often incorporated into the structure of the organ, such as the mesenteric plexus of the digestive tract organs and the intramural ganglia. |
Negative feedback controls insulin secretion by what organ? | liver | thyroid | uterus | pancreas | Negative feedback also controls insulin secretion by the pancreas. You can interact with a feedback loop of this process at the link below. http://www. abpischools. org. uk/page/modules/hormones/horm6. cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1. |
In the past, what colliding with planet earth has caused many organisms to die off? | the Sun | acid rain | meteorites | asteroids | Near-Earth asteroids have orbits that cross Earth’s orbit. This means that they can collide with Earth. There are over 4,500 known near-Earth asteroids. Small asteroids do sometimes collide with Earth. An asteroid about 5–10 m in diameter hits about once per year. Five hundred to a thousand of the known near-Earth asteroids are much bigger. They are over 1 kilometer in diameter. When large asteroids hit Earth in the past, many organisms died. At times, many species became extinct. Astronomers keep looking for near-Earth asteroids. They hope to predict a possible collision early so they can to try to stop it. |
The number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes make them easily identifiable in a what? | nanocyte | xerophyte | spirogyra | karyogram | 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders The number, size, shape, and banding pattern of chromosomes make them easily identifiable in a karyogram and allows for the assessment of many chromosomal abnormalities. Disorders in chromosome number, or aneuploidies, are typically lethal to the embryo, although a few trisomic genotypes are viable. Because of X inactivation, aberrations in sex chromosomes typically have milder phenotypic effects. Aneuploidies also include instances in which segments of a chromosome are duplicated or deleted. Chromosome structures may also be rearranged, for example by inversion or translocation. Both of these aberrations can result in problematic phenotypic effects. Because they force chromosomes to assume unnatural topologies during meiosis, inversions and translocations are often associated with reduced fertility because of the likelihood of nondisjunction. |
What are the egg shaped organs on either side of the uterus? | kidneys | lungs | testes | ovaries | The two ovaries are small, egg-shaped organs that lie on either side of the uterus. They produce eggs and secrete estrogen. Each egg is located inside a structure called a follicle. Cells in the follicle protect the egg and help it mature. |
A voltaic cell uses what type of reaction to generate an electric current | instantaneous redox | spontaneous catalyst | chemical reaction | spontaneous redox | A voltaic cell uses a spontaneous redox reaction to generate an electric current. It is also possible to do the opposite. When an external source of direct current is applied to an electrochemical cell, a reaction that is normally nonspontaneous can be made to proceed. Electrolysis is the process in which electrical energy is used to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur. Electrolysis is responsible for the appearance of many everyday objects such as gold-plated or silver-plated jewelry and chrome-plated car bumpers. |
Binary compounds of carbon with less electronegative elements are called what? | carborane | alkaloids | oxides | carbides | Note the Pattern Pi bonds between carbon and the heavier chalcogenides are weak due to poor orbital overlap. Binary compounds of carbon with less electronegative elements are called carbides. The chemical and physical properties of carbides depend strongly on the identity of the second element, resulting in three general classes: ionic carbides, interstitial carbides, and covalent carbides. The reaction of carbon at high. |
What makes viral stis more dangerous than other types? | they are more severe | they are more contagious | they are larger | they are incurable | This is the Human Papilloma Virus, which causes a viral STI. Viral STIs can be especially dangerous, as they cannot be cured. Once you get one, it's yours for life. And also, it's the person's you give it to. |
What flows like taffy or hot wax? | sand dunes | gas | water | molten rock | Magma forms deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Rock melts below the surface under tremendous pressure and high temperatures. Molten rock flows like taffy or hot wax. Most magmas are formed at temperatures between 600 o C and 1300 o C ( Figure below ). |
What unit of measurement determines how far something travels in a given amount of time? | density | distance | volume | speed | How fast or slow something moves is its speed . Speed determines how far something travels in a given amount of time. The SI unit for speed is meters per second (m/s). Speed may be constant, but often it varies from moment to moment. |
What happens do the sound during a resonance? | it echoes | it becomes quieter | it dissipates | amplified, it becomes louder | Most musical instruments use resonance to amplify the sound waves and make the sounds louder. Resonance occurs when an object vibrates in response to sound waves of a certain frequency. In a musical instrument such as a guitar, the whole instrument and the air inside it may vibrate when a single string is plucked. This causes constructive interference with the sound waves, which increases their amplitude. |
With a diet of live animals such as birds, small mammals and fish, all crocodilians are considered what? | predators | omnivores | symbiotes | carnivores | All crocodilians are carnivores. They feed on live animals such as birds, small mammals and fish. Crocodilians use several methods of attack when pursuing live prey. One approach is that of the ambush. The crocodilian lies motionless beneath the water's surface with only their nostrils above the water line. This keeps them concealed while they watch for prey that approaches the water's edge. The crocodilian then lunges out of the water, taking their prey by surprise and dragging it from the shoreline into deep water where the prey is killed. |
Which types of compounds are more likely to burn easily? | chlorophyll | hydroxyl | salty | covalent | Many covalent compounds, especially those containing carbon and hydrogen, burn easily. In contrast, many ionic compounds do not burn. |
Which of newton's law shows that there is a direct relationship between force and acceleration? | first | third | none of the above | second | Newton’s second law shows that there is a direct relationship between force and acceleration. The greater the force that is applied to an object of a given mass, the more the object will accelerate. For example, doubling the force on the object doubles its acceleration. The relationship between mass and acceleration, on the other hand, is an inverse relationship. The greater the mass of an object, the less it will accelerate when a given force is applied. For example, doubling the mass of an object results in only half as much acceleration for the same amount of force. |
Which proteins recognize and combine with harmful materials, including both toxic chemicals and invasive microorganisms? | essential amino acids | enzymes | collagen | antibodies | Antibodies – These proteins recognize and combine with harmful materials, including both toxic chemicals and invasive microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses). When an antibody binds to its target, it is tagged for destruction. This tag is recognized by white blood cells, which complete the process. Some antibodies also partially or completely deactivate their targets while waiting for further help from white blood cells. |
What type of behavioral rhythms are linked to the yearly cycle of seasons? | monthly | annual | biannual | circannual | |
What type of scientist uses earth-orbiting telescopes? | anthropologist | astrologer | biologist | astronomer | Astronomers use many tools to study things in space. Earth-orbiting telescopes view stars and galaxies from the darkness of space ( Figure below ). They may have optical and radio telescopes to see things that the human eye can't see. Spacecraft travel great distances to send back information on faraway places. |
Sponges possess an internal skeleton called what? | exoskelton | hydrostatic skeleton | fluid skeleton | endoskeleton | Sponges have an internal skeleton that gives them support and protection. An internal skeleton is called an endoskeleton . A sponge endoskeleton consists of short, sharp rods called spicules (see Figure below ). Spicules are made of silica, calcium carbonate, or spongin, a tough protein. They grow from specialized cells in the body of the sponge. |
A fundamental particle of matter, protons and neutrons are made of these? | atoms | particles | neutrinos | quarks | Protons and neutrons are made up of fundamental particles of matter called quarks. Electrons are another type of fundamental particles of matter called leptons. Bosons are fundamental particles that carry forces between fundamental particles of matter. |
What is the name of the smaller molecules that make up proteins? | rna acids | fundamental acids | DNA acids | amino acids | Proteins are nutrients made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. The digestive system breaks down proteins in food to amino acids, which are used for protein synthesis. Proteins synthesized from the amino acids in food serve many vital functions. They make up muscles, control body processes, fight infections, and carry substances in the blood. |
What is the term for a state of matter that yields to sideways or shearing forces? | plasma | gravity | solid | fluid | Section Summary 11.1 What Is a Fluid? • A fluid is a state of matter that yields to sideways or shearing forces. Liquids and gases are both fluids. Fluid statics is the physics of stationary fluids. |
Many structures in fish are adaptations for what type of lifestyle? | symbiotic | carnivorous | asexual | aquatic | Many structures in fish are adaptations for their aquatic lifestyle. Several are described below and shown in Figure below . |
What takes place at some coastlines or along the equator and brings cool, nutrient-rich water to the surface? | flooding | high tide | red tide | upwelling | Upwelling takes place at some coastlines or along the Equator. Upwelling brings cool, nutrient-rich water to the surface. |
The major classes of living members of this phylum include gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods? | invertebrates | insects | crustaceans | mollusks | There are approximately 160,000 living species and probably 70,000 extinct species of mollusks. They are typically divided into ten classes, of which two are extinct. The major classes of living mollusks include gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods ( Figure below ). |
What is the thin coat of phospholipids that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves? | myelin | blood | plasma | cell membrane | The cell membrane is a thin coat of phospholipids that surrounds the cell. It’s like the “skin” of the cell. It forms a physical boundary between the contents of the cell and the environment outside the cell. It also controls what enters and leaves the cell. The cell membrane is sometimes called the plasma membrane. |
Because conditions are not ideal, most populations grow ____________. | mathematically | historically | SOCIALLY | logistically | Most populations do not live under ideal conditions and grow logistically instead. |
Besides the inner membrane, where are many respiratory enzymes found? | cytoplasm | alveoli | golgi apparatus | the matrix | |
The most common elements have the most tightly bound __________. | atoms | quarks | membrane | nuclei | There are some noticeable spikes on the BE / A graph, which represent particularly tightly bound nuclei. These spikes reveal further details of nuclear forces, such as confirming that closed-shell nuclei (those with magic numbers of protons or neutrons or both) are more tightly bound. The spikes also indicate that some nuclei with even numbers for Z and N , and with Z = N , are exceptionally tightly bound. This finding can be correlated with some of the cosmic abundances of the elements. The most common elements in the universe, as determined by observations of atomic spectra from outer space, are hydrogen, followed by 4 He , with much smaller amounts of 12 C and other elements. It should be noted that the heavier elements are created in supernova explosions, while the lighter ones are produced by nuclear fusion during the normal life cycles of stars, as will be discussed in subsequent chapters. The most common elements have the most tightly bound nuclei. It is also no accident that one of the most tightly bound light nuclei is 4 He , emitted in α decay. |
What are particles that feel the strong nuclear force called? | baryons | bosons | mesons | hadrons | Hadrons and Leptons Particles can also be revealingly grouped according to what forces they feel between them. All particles (even those that are massless) are affected by gravity, since gravity affects the space and time in which particles exist. All charged particles are affected by the electromagnetic force, as are neutral particles that have an internal distribution of charge (such as the neutron with its magnetic moment). Special names are given to particles that feel the strong and weak nuclear forces. Hadrons are particles that feel the strong nuclear force, whereas leptons are particles that do not. The proton, neutron, and the pions are examples of hadrons. The electron, positron, muons, and neutrinos are examples of leptons, the name meaning low mass. Leptons feel the weak nuclear force. In fact, all particles feel the weak nuclear force. This means that hadrons are distinguished by being able to feel both the strong and weak nuclear forces. Table 33.2 lists the characteristics of some of the most important subatomic particles, including the directly observed carrier particles for the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces, all leptons, and some hadrons. Several hints related to an underlying substructure emerge from an examination of these particle characteristics. Note that the carrier particles are called gauge bosons. First mentioned in Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization, a boson is a particle with zero or an integer value of intrinsic spin (such as s = 0, 1, 2, . ), whereas a fermion is a particle with a half-integer value of intrinsic spin (. |
Aquatic producers need nutrients and what dissolved gas, which is more abundant near the surface of water? | methane | helium | nitrogen | oxygen | In addition to sunlight, aquatic producers also need dissolved oxygen and nutrients. Water near the surface generally contains more dissolved oxygen than deeper water. Many nutrients enter the water from the land. Therefore, water nearer shore usually contains more dissolved nutrients than water farther from shore. |
All elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons according to which rule? | coupling rule | quartet rule | string rule | octet rule | Chemical Reactions and Molecules All elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons according to the octet rule. This is because it is energetically favorable for atoms to be in that configuration and it makes them stable. However, since not all elements have enough electrons to fill their outermost shells, atoms form chemical bonds with other atoms thereby obtaining the electrons they need to attain a stable electron configuration. When two or more atoms chemically bond with each other, the resultant chemical structure is a molecule. The familiar water molecule, H2O, consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; these bond together to form water, as illustrated in Figure 2.9. Atoms can form molecules by donating, accepting, or sharing electrons to fill their outer shells. |
What do you need to do to water to make it steam? | cool it | freeze it | stir it | heat it | Energy in a body of water can be gained or lost depending on conditions. When water is heated above a certain temperature steam is generated. The increase in heat energy creates a higher level of disorder in the water molecules as they boil off and leave the liquid. |
When scientists work in natural settings rather than a lab, it is called what? | exploratory | outside work | extracurricular activity | fieldwork | Some life scientists mainly do lab research. Other life scientists, like the botanist in Figure below , work in natural settings. This is called fieldwork . Whether in the lab or the field, research in life science can be dangerous. It’s important to be aware of the risks and how to stay safe. |
What is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned? | hydrogen monoxide | hydrogen dioxide | ferris oxide | carbon dioxide | Major reservoirs of carbon include sedimentary rocks, fossil fuels, and the ocean. Sediments from dead organisms may form carbon-containing sedimentary rocks. Alternatively, the sediments may form carbon-rich fossil fuels, which include oil, natural gas, and coal. Carbon can be stored in these reservoirs for millions of years. However, if fossil fuels are extracted and burned, the stored carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions, can also release underground carbon from rocks into the atmosphere. |
The leaf chameleon (brookesia micra) was discovered in northern madagascar in 2012. at just over one inch long, it is what? | hottest known chameleon | first known chameleon | largest chameleon | smallest known chameleon | Figure 27.1 The leaf chameleon (Brookesia micra) was discovered in northern Madagascar in 2012. At just over one inch long, it is the smallest known chameleon. (credit: modification of work by Frank Glaw, et al. , PLOS). |
Water and many metals are materials that have low resistance to electric currents and are therefore known as what? | electromagnets | radioactive | good insulators | electric conductors | Materials that have low resistance to electric current are called electric conductors . Many metals—including copper, aluminum, and steel—are good conductors of electricity. Water that has even a tiny amount of impurities in it is an electric conductor as well. |
What is the name of the science that is concerned with naming and grouping organisms? | biology | geology | methodology | taxonomy | Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus (1707-1778) ( Figure below ) built on Aristotle’s work to create his own classification system. He invented the way we name organisms today, with each organism having a two word name. Linnaeus is considered the inventor of modern taxonomy , the science of naming and grouping organisms. |
What substance can be identified by their atomic number and mass number? | solutions | structures | compounds | elements | Elements can be identified by their atomic number and mass number. |
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