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Insects are arthropods in which class? | xerophyte | lexapoda | trichina | hexapoda | Insects are arthropods in the class Hexapoda. They are the most numerous organisms in the world. Most are terrestrial, and many are aerial. Insects have six legs and a pair of antennae for sensing chemicals. They also have several eyes and specialized mouthparts for feeding. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. Flight is the main reason for their success. Insects may live in large colonies and have complex social behaviors. Insects spread disease and destroy crops. However, they are essential for pollinating flowering plants. |
What is the tail bone an example of? | primordial structure | invertebrate structure | parasitic structure | vestigial structure | Some of the most interesting evidence for evolution comes from vestigial structures . These are body parts that are no longer used but are still present in modern organisms. Examples in humans include tail bones and the appendix. |
What is the intersection point of the critical temperature and the critical pressure called? | peak point | instance point | basic juncture | critical point | Refer again to water’s phase diagram ( Figure above ). Notice point E, labeled the critical point . What does that mean? At 373.99°C, particles of water in the gas phase are moving very, very rapidly. At any temperature higher than that, the gas phase cannot be made to liquefy, no matter how much pressure is applied to the gas. The critical pressure (P c ) is the pressure that must be applied to the gas at the critical temperature in order to turn it into a liquid. For water, the critical pressure is very high, 217.75 atm. The critical point is the intersection point of the critical temperature and the critical pressure. |
Nuclear power plants produce electricity through what? | severe fission | High Fission | intense fission | induced fission | Nuclear power plants produce electricity through induced fission. |
When the body goes into survival mode, it's first priority is to produce enough of which substance for the brain? | plasma | blood | insulin | glucose | Starvation When the body is deprived of nourishment for an extended period of time, it goes into “survival mode. ” The first priority for survival is to provide enough glucose or fuel for the brain. The second priority is the conservation of amino acids for proteins. Therefore, the body uses ketones to satisfy the energy needs of the brain and other glucose-dependent organs, and to maintain proteins in the cells (see Figure 24.2). Because glucose levels are very low during starvation, glycolysis will shut off in cells that can use alternative fuels. For example, muscles will switch from using glucose to fatty acids as fuel. |
What do we consider the basic building blocks of life? | muscles | atoms | neurons | cells | Cells are the basic building blocks of life. They are like tiny factories where virtually all life processes take place. Some living things, like the bacteria in Figure above , consist of just one cell. They are called single-celled organisms. You can see other single-celled organisms in Figure 2.2. Some living things are composed of a few to many trillions of cells. They are called multicellular organisms. Your body is composed of trillions of cells. |
Which law describes the angle at which the reflected rays leave the surface is equal to the angle at which the incident rays strike the surface? | diffusion | gravity | velocity | reflection | One thing is true of both regular and diffuse reflection. The angle at which the reflected rays leave the surface is equal to the angle at which the incident rays strike the surface. This is known as the law of reflection . The law is illustrated in the Figure below and also in this animation: http://www. physicsclassroom. com/mmedia/optics/lr. cfm. |
What major pigment in the photosynthetic system is based on a complex molecule and gives plants their green color? | cadmium | chloroplasm | melanin | chlorophyll | membrane gradients was known, Mitchell proposed that energy captured through the absorption of light (by phototrophs) or the breakdown of molecules into more stable molecules (by various types of chemotrophs) relied on the same basic (homologous) mechanism, namely the generation of H+ gradients across membranes (the plasma membrane in prokaryotes or the internal membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts (intracellular organelles, derived from bacteria – see below) in eukaryotes. What makes us think that these processes might have a similar evolutionary root, that they are homologous? Basically, it is the observation that in both light- and chemical-based processes captured energy is transferred through the movement of electrons through a membrane-embedded “electron transport chain”. An electron transport chain involves a series of membrane and associated proteins and a series of reduction-oxidation or redox reactions (see below) during which electrons move from a high energy donor to a lower energy acceptor. Some of the energy difference between the two is used to move H+ ions across a membrane, generating a H+ concentration gradient. Subsequently the thermodynamically favorable movement of H+ down this concentration gradient (across the membrane) is used to drive ATP synthesis, a thermodynamically unfavorable process. ATP synthesis itself involves the rotating ATP synthase. The reaction can be written: H+outside + ADP + Pi ATP + H2O + H+inside, where “inside” and “outside” refer to compartments defined by the membrane containing the electron transport chain and the ATP synthase. Again, this reaction can run backwards. When this occurs, the ATP synthase acts as an ATPase (ATP hydrolase) that can pump H+ (or other molecules) against its concentration gradient. Such pumping ATPases establishes most biologically important molecular gradients across membranes. In such a reaction: ATP + H2O + molecule in low concentration region ADP + Pi + molecule in low concentration region. The most important difference between phototrophs and chemotrophs is how high energy electrons enter the electron transport chain. Oxygenic photosynthesis
Compared to the salt loving archaea Halobium with its purple bacteriorhodopin-rich membranes, photosynthetic cyanobacteria (which are true bacteria), green algae, and higher plants (both eukaryotes) use more complex molecular systems through which to capture and utilize light. In all of these organisms, their photosynthetic systems appear to be homologous, that is derived from a common ancestor, a topic we will return to later in this chapter. For simplicity’s sake we will describe the photosynthetic system of cyanobacterium; the system in eukaryotic algae and plants, while more complex, follows the same basic logic. At this point, we consider only one aspect of this photosynthetic system, known as the oxygenic or non-cyclic system (look to more advanced classes for more details. ) The major pigment in this system, chlorophyll, is based on a complex molecule, a porphyrin (see above) and it is primarily these pigments that give plants their green color. As in the case of retinal, they absorb visible light due to the presence of a conjugated bonding structure (drawn as a series of alternating single and double) carbon-carbon bonds. Chlorophyll is synthesized by a conserved biosynthetic pathway that is also used to synthesize heme, which is found in the hemoglobin of animals and in the cytochromes, within the electron transport chain present in both plants and animals (which. |
If heat is released by the system into the surroundings, a chemical reaction or physical change is called what? | biochemical | static | endothermic | exothermic | In the study of thermochemical processes, things are viewed from the point of view of the system. A chemical reaction or physical change is endothermic if heat is absorbed by the system from the surroundings. In the course of an endothermic process, the system gains heat from the surroundings and so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. The quantity of heat for a process is represented by the letter . The sign of for an endothermic process is positive because the system is gaining heat. A chemical reaction or physical change is exothermic if heat is released by the system into the surroundings. Because the surroundings is gaining heat from the system, the temperature of the surroundings increases. The sign of for an exothermic process is negative because the system is losing heat. |
A hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called what? | endosperm | clamon | thallus | coelom | Hydrostatic Skeleton A hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called the coelom. The organs of the coelom are supported by the aqueous fluid, which also resists external compression. This compartment is under hydrostatic pressure because of the fluid and supports the other organs of the organism. This type of skeletal system is found in soft-bodied animals such as sea anemones, earthworms, Cnidaria, and other invertebrates (Figure 38.2). |
Sharks are an example of an animal with sharp vision that is nonetheless unable to distinguish what? | contrast | depth | shapes | color | |
What performance-enhancing drugs are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone, testosterone? | estrogen | catabolic steroids | progesterone | anabolic steroids | Anabolic Steroids The endocrine system can be exploited for illegal or unethical purposes. A prominent example of this is the use of steroid drugs by professional athletes. Commonly used for performance enhancement, anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the male sex hormone, testosterone. By boosting natural levels of this hormone, athletes experience increased muscle mass. Synthetic versions of human growth hormone are also used to build muscle mass. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is banned by all major collegiate and professional sports organizations in the United States because they impart an unfair advantage to athletes who take them. In addition, the drugs can cause significant and dangerous side effects. For example, anabolic steroid use can increase cholesterol levels, raise blood pressure, and damage the liver. Altered testosterone levels (both too low or too high) have been implicated in causing structural damage to the heart, and increasing the risk for cardiac arrhythmias, heart attacks, congestive heart failure, and sudden death. Paradoxically, steroids can have a feminizing effect in males, including shriveled testicles and enlarged breast tissue. In females, their use can cause masculinizing effects such as an enlarged clitoris and growth of facial hair. In both sexes, their use can promote increased aggression (commonly known as “roid-rage”), depression, sleep disturbances, severe acne, and infertility. |
What bonds cause water to have a high boiling point, leaving most water on earth in a liquid state rather than in a gaseous state? | helium bonds | potassium bonds | carbon bonds | hydrogen bonds | Hydrogen bonds cause water to have a relatively high boiling point of 100°C (212°F). Because of its high boiling point, most water on Earth is in a liquid state rather than in a gaseous state. Water in its liquid state is needed by all living things. Hydrogen bonds also cause water to expand when it freezes. This, in turn, causes ice to have a lower density (mass/volume) than liquid water. The lower density of ice means that it floats on water. For example, in cold climates, ice floats on top of the water in lakes. This allows lake animals such as fish to survive the winter by staying in the water under the ice. |
Each root is made of dermal, ground, and what type of tissue? | circulatory | thermal | organic | vascular | Each root is made of dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. |
What is the measure of the change in velocity of a moving object called? | stimulation | inclination | force | acceleration | Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. It measures the rate at which the change is occurring. It may reflect a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. Like velocity, acceleration is a vector. |
What is the name for medical doctors that specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart? | Doctors | physicists | surgeons | cardiologists | Cardiologist Cardiologists are medical doctors that specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the heart. After completing 4 years of medical school, cardiologists complete a three-year residency in internal medicine followed by an additional three or more years in cardiology. Following this 10-year period of medical training and clinical experience, they qualify for a rigorous two-day examination administered by the Board of Internal Medicine that tests their academic training and clinical abilities, including diagnostics and treatment. After successful completion of this examination, a physician becomes a board-certified cardiologist. Some board-certified cardiologists may be invited to become a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (FACC). This professional recognition is awarded to outstanding physicians based upon merit, including outstanding credentials, achievements, and community contributions to cardiovascular medicine. |
Any place at which two bones are joined is called a what? | expression | modification | constriction | articulation | An articulation is any place at which two bones are joined. The humerus is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb and the only bone of the arm. It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the forearm at the elbow. The forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist and consists of two bones: the ulna and the radius. The radius is located along the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm and articulates with the humerus at the elbow. The ulna is located on the medial aspect (pinky-finger side) of the forearm. It is longer than the radius. The ulna articulates with the humerus at the elbow. The radius and ulna also articulate with the carpal bones and with each other, which in vertebrates enables a variable degree of rotation of the carpus with respect to the long axis of the limb. The hand includes the eight bones of the carpus (wrist), the five bones of the metacarpus (palm), and the 14 bones of the phalanges (digits). Each digit consists of three phalanges, except for the thumb, when present, which has only two. The Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle attaches to the lower limbs of the axial skeleton. Because it is responsible for bearing the weight of the body and for locomotion, the pelvic girdle is securely attached to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments. It also has deep sockets with robust ligaments to securely attach the femur to the body. The pelvic girdle is further strengthened by two large hip bones. In adults, the hip bones, or coxal bones, are formed by the fusion of three pairs of bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The pelvis joins together in the anterior of the body at a joint called the pubic symphysis and with the bones of the sacrum at the posterior of the body. The female pelvis is slightly different from the male pelvis. Over generations of evolution, females with a wider pubic angle and larger diameter pelvic canal reproduced more successfully. Therefore, their offspring also had pelvic anatomy that enabled successful childbirth (Figure 38.13). |
In mammals, hair or fur help conserve bodily what? | water | food | energy | heat | Conserving heat is also important, especially in small mammals. A small body has a relatively large surface area compared to its overall size. Because heat is lost from the surface of the body, small mammals lose a greater proportion of their body heat than large mammals. Mammals conserve body heat with their hair or fur. It traps a layer of warm air next to the skin. Most mammals can make their hair stand up from the skin, so it becomes an even better insulator. Even humans automatically contract these muscles when they are cold, causing goosebumps (see Figure below ). Mammals also have a layer of fat under the skin to help insulate the body. This fatty layer is not found in other vertebrates. |
Echinoderms are marine organisms that make up which phylum? | cnidaria | annelida | chordata | echinodermata | Echinoderms are marine organisms that make up the phylum Echinodermata. They can be found in the ocean from the equator to the poles. There are roughly 6000 living species of echinoderms. They are among the most distinctive organisms within the animal kingdom. Members of the phylum include sea stars (starfish), sand dollars, and feather stars, all shown in Figure below . |
What kind of membrane do prokaryotic cells have? | plasma wall | cell wall | cellulose | plasma membrane | Like other cells, prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane (see Figure below ). It controls what enters and leaves the cell. It is also the site of many metabolic reactions. For example, cellular respiration and photosynthesis take place in the plasma membrane. |
What is the name of the cell that results when a sperm nucleus fuses with a egg nucleus? | a filament | t cell | a cytoplasm | a zygote | When a sperm penetrates the egg, it triggers the egg to complete meiosis. The sperm also undergoes changes. Its tail falls off, and its nucleus fuses with the nucleus of the egg. The resulting cell, called a zygote , contains all the chromosomes needed for a new human organism. Half the chromosomes come from the egg and half from the sperm. |
What makes a complete orbit around the earth once every 29 1/2 days? | Gemini | Mars | the Sun | the moon | |
What general property of an earthquake is used to describe its relative strength? | amplitude | resonance | latitude | magnitude | Earthquake magnitude affects how much damage is done in an earthquake. A larger earthquake damages more buildings and kills more people than a smaller earthquake. But that's not the only factor that determines earthquake damage. The location of an earthquake relative to a large city is important. More damage is done if the ground shakes for a long time. |
What is a three dimensional snycline? | a peak | a crust | a gorge | a basin | In a syncline, rocks arch downward. A three-dimensional syncline is a basin. |
Rather than being dead, dry, and brittle, what support structures of the human body consist of living tissues and are supplied with blood and nerves? | hearts | lungs | feet | bones | Some people think bones are like chalk: dead, dry, and brittle. In reality, bones are very much alive. They consist of living tissues and are supplied with blood and nerves. |
The entire range of light that can be seen by the human eye without aid is known as what kind of light? | infrared light | white light | colored light | visible light | Why is this picture of a cat so colorful? No cat looks like this to the human eye. The picture was taken with a special camera that senses infrared light. This is a form of energy given off by warm objects. Areas that appear yellow are the warmest, and areas that appear purple are the coolest. The picture shows that the cat’s eyes are the warmest part of its head. Why can’t people see images like this without a camera? The answer has to do with the wavelengths of infrared light. Its wavelengths are too long for the human eye to detect. In fact, the human eye can detect light only in a very narrow range of wavelengths, called visible light. You’ll learn more about infrared light, visible light, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation in this chapter. |
An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone by which gland? | Pancreas | Pituitary | Thyroid | endocrine | Diseases of the endocrine system are fairly common. An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone by an endocrine gland. This may happen because the gland develops an abnormal lump of cells called a tumor. For example, a tumor of the pituitary gland can cause secretion of too much growth hormone. If this occurs in a child, it may result in very rapid growth and unusual tallness by adulthood. This is called gigantism. |
What are the four well-known states of matter? | solid , imine , gas , and plasma | solid, liquid, gas, and wave | solid, liquid, plasma, and metal | solid, liquid, gas, and plasma | The photo above represents water in three common states of matter. States of matter are different phases in which any given type of matter can exist. There are actually four well-known states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Plasma isn’t represented in the iceberg photo, but the other three states of matter are. The iceberg itself consists of water in the solid state, and the lake consists of water in the liquid state. |
What is the term for plants that produce flowers and fruit? | gymnosperms | endosperms | spores | angiosperms | Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and fruit. |
Why did people stop adding lead to gasoline? | explosions | bad smell | to expensive | environmental pollution | Gasoline and oils are complex chemical mixtures designed to burn in a way that will efficiently produce energy while emitting a minimal amount of air pollution. The refining of gasoline has improved engine performance but is much more complicated than simply using the crude products extracted from oil wells, as was common in the late 1800s. Most gasoline contained lead at one time, because this additive helped the engine run more smoothly. However, this caused lead contamination in the environment, so new “unleaded” formulations were created that could be burned smoothly without the addition of poisonous heavy metals. Oils for lubrication have special additives that reduce engine wear. Some special fuel blends have also been created to generate more power in race car engines. |
Osseous tissue is the tissue that makes up what? | liver | muscle | brain | bone | Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. This section will examine the gross anatomy of bone first and then move on to its histology. |
What is the initial stage of scienetific investigations? | making predictions | asking questions | forming hypothesis | observation | Scientific investigations involve the collection of data through observation, the formation and testing of hypotheses by experimentation, and analysis of the results that involves reasoning. Scientific investigations begin with observations that lead to questions. |
The radiation exposure is determined by the number of what times the quality factor of the radiation? | beacons | pounds | units | rads | The radiation exposure is determined by the number of rads times the quality factor of the radiation. |
What is the smallest class of elements? | synthetics | halogens | noble gases | metalloids | Metalloids are the smallest class of elements, containing just six elements. They fall between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. |
What is friction that acts on objects that are moving through a fluid? | mass friction | fluid catalyst | fluid temperature | fluid friction | Fluid friction is friction that acts on objects that are moving through a fluid. A fluid is a substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. Fluids include liquids and gases. If you’ve ever tried to push your open hand through the water in a tub or pool, then you’ve experienced fluid friction. You can feel the resistance of the water against your hand. Look at the skydiver in the Figure below . He’s falling toward Earth with a parachute. Resistance of the air against the parachute slows his descent. The faster or larger a moving object is, the greater is the fluid friction resisting its motion. That’s why there is greater air resistance against the parachute than the skydiver’s body. |
The sun’s gravity is relatively strong because the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to their what? | rocks | tissues | Liquids | masses | As you can see in this NASA photo, Earth is tiny compared with the massive sun. The sun’s gravity is relatively strong because the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to their masses. Gravity between the sun and Earth pulls Earth toward the sun, but Earth never falls into the sun. Instead, it constantly revolves around the sun, making one complete revolution every 365 days. |
What do aquatic arthropods use to exchange gases with the water? | lungs | nostrils | pores | gills | Like mollusks and annelids, aquatic arthropods may have gills to exchange gases with the water (discussed below). Terrestrial arthropods, on the other hand, have special respiratory structures to exchange gases with the air. These are described in Figure below . |
How many groups of leaves does poison ivy typically have? | ten | four | six | three | Poison ivy plants are wild vines with leaves in groups of three. They grow in wooded areas in most of the United States. Contact with poison ivy may cause a rash in a person allergic to the plant. |
This knocks electrons from atoms and turns them into ions? | evaporation | convection | chemical reactions | radiation | Long-term or high-dose exposure to radiation can harm both living and nonliving things. Radiation knocks electrons out of atoms and changes them to ions. It also breaks bonds in DNA and other compounds in living things. One source of radiation that is especially dangerous to people is radon. Radon is a radioactive gas that forms in rocks underground. It can seep into basements and get trapped inside buildings. Then it may build up and become harmful to people who breathe it. Long-term exposure to radon can cause lung cancer. |
What do you call an incomplete outer shell of an atom? | nucleic shell | helium shell | motile shell | valence shell | |
What are the specialized cells of sponges called? | t cells | plant cells | helper cells | collar cells | 3. Sponges have specialized cells called collar cells. Describe how collar cells are specialized for the functions they serve. |
What organ system is comprised of your heart, blood, and blood vessels all working together? | digestive system | thoraxic system | nervous system | cardiovascular system | Your heart pumps blood around your body. But how does your heart get blood to and from every cell in your body? Your heart is connected to blood vessels such as veins and arteries. Organs that work together form an organ system . Together, your heart, blood, and blood vessels form your cardiovascular system . |
What type of cells capture light energy, and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source? | chloroplasts | sporozoans | blood cells | photoautotrophs | Photoautotrophs are cells that capture light energy, and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source. There are many photoautotrophic prokaryotes, which include cyanobacteria. Photoautotrophic prokaryotes use similar compounds to those of plants to trap light energy. |
When drinking water is treated, what is the term for when chemicals cause solids in the water to clump together? | plasma | clumping | oxidation | coagulation | You can see how water for drinking is treated in Figure below . Treating drinking water requires at least four processes: 1. Chemicals are added to untreated water. They cause solids in the water to clump together. This is called coagulation. 2. The water is moved to tanks. The clumped solids sink to the bottom of the water. This is called sedimentation. 3. The water is passed through filters that remove smaller particles from the water. This is called filtration. 4. Chlorine is added to the water to kill bacteria and other microbes. This is called disinfection. Finally, the water is pure enough to drink. |
What does the urea cycle process? | oxygen | calcium | urine | nitrogen | Freely available amino acids are used to create proteins. If amino acids exist in excess, the body has no capacity or mechanism for their storage; thus, they are converted into glucose or ketones, or they are decomposed. Amino acid decomposition results in hydrocarbons and nitrogenous waste. However, high concentrations of nitrogen are toxic. The urea cycle processes nitrogen and facilitates its excretion from the body. |
When using a microscope we do not see the entire extent of the sample. depending on the eyepiece and objective lens we see a restricted region which we say is this? | peripheral view | tunnel vision | focal point | field of view | When using a microscope we do not see the entire extent of the sample. Depending on the eyepiece and objective lens we see a restricted region which we say is the field of view. The objective is then manipulated in two-dimensions above the sample to view other regions of the sample. Electronic scanning of either the objective or the sample is used in scanning microscopy. The image formed at each point during the scanning is combined using a computer to generate an image of a larger region of the sample at a selected magnification. When using a microscope, we rely on gathering light to form an image. Hence most specimens need to be illuminated, particularly at higher magnifications, when observing details that are so small that they reflect only small amounts of light. To make such objects easily visible, the intensity of light falling on them needs to be increased. Special illuminating systems called condensers are used for this purpose. The type of condenser that is suitable for an application depends on how the specimen is examined, whether by transmission, scattering or reflecting. See Figure 26.20 for an example of each. White light sources are common and lasers are often used. Laser light illumination tends to be quite intense and it is important to ensure that the light does not result in the degradation of the specimen. |
Sickle cell diseas is caused by what? | bronchiole allele | anterior allele | posterior allele | receccisve allele | |
What are the most successful organisms on earth? | pests | trees | humans | bacteria | Bacteria are the most successful organisms on the planet. They lived on this planet for two billion years before the first eukaryotes and, during that time, evolved into millions of different species. |
The temperature of an object is a measure of what type of energy? | density | chemical | magnetic | thermal | Forms of Energy The forms of energy include thermal energy, radiant energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy (Figure 5.1 "Forms of Energy"). Thermal energy results from atomic and molecular motion; the faster the motion, the greater the thermal energy. The temperature of an object is a measure of its thermal energy content. Radiant energy is the energy carried by light, microwaves, and radio waves. Objects left in bright sunshine or exposed to microwaves become warm because much of the radiant energy they absorb is converted to thermal energy. Electrical energy results from the flow of electrically charged particles. When the ground and a cloud develop a separation of charge, for example, the resulting flow of electrons from one to the other produces lightning, a natural form of electrical energy. Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom, and chemical energy is stored within a chemical compound because of a particular arrangement of atoms. (a) Thermal energy results from atomic and molecular motion; molten steel at 2000°C has a very high thermal energy content. (b) Radiant energy (e. , from the sun) is the energy in light, microwaves, and radio waves. (c) Lightning is an example of electrical energy, which is due to the flow of electrically charged particles. (d)Nuclear. |
The chromosomal theory of inheritance proposed that what reside on chromosomes? | molecules | atoms | rna | genes | Chapter 13 1 Figure 13.3 No. The predicted frequency of recombinant offspring ranges from 0% (for linked traits) to 50% (for unlinked traits). 3 Figure 13.6 B. 4 A 6 C 8 B 10 C 12 D 14 The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance proposed that genes reside on chromosomes. The understanding that chromosomes are linear arrays of genes explained linkage, and crossing over explained recombination. |
What process occurs around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle, triggered by the lh surge? | menstruation | sedimentation | fertilization | ovulation | Figure 27.15 Hormone Levels in Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles The correlation of the hormone levels and their effects on the female reproductive system is shown in this timeline of the ovarian and menstrual cycles. The menstrual cycle begins at day one with the start of menses. Ovulation occurs around day 14 of a 28-day cycle, triggered by the LH surge. |
What term refers to a change in species over time? | mutation | spontaneous change | generation | evolution | Evolution can be described as a change in species over time . Dinosaur fossils are significant evidence of evolution and of past life on Earth. |
The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen back and forth between the atmosphere and what? | sediments | Ocean | Ozone Layer | organisms | The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen back and forth between the atmosphere and organisms. Bacteria change nitrogen gas from the atmosphere to nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb. Other bacteria change nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen gas, which re-enters the atmosphere. |
Eutrophication, or high levels of nutrients, can cause conditions that deprive fish of what vital gas? | nitrogen | dioxide | hydrogen | oxygen | High levels of nutrients, called eutrophication, can cause conditions that deprive fish of oxygen. |
What ancestors did caecillians evolve from? | hominid | ornithopod | arthropod | tetrapod | Caecilians are most closely related to salamanders. As you can see from Figure below , they have a long, worm-like body without legs. Caecilians evolved from a tetrapod ancestor, but they lost their legs during the course of their evolution. |
The surfaces of the bones at the joints are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage, which reduces what force between the bones when they move? | gravity | vibration | expulsion | friction | Movable joints allow the greatest movement and are the most common. In these joints, the bones are connected by ligaments. The surfaces of the bones at the joints are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage. It reduces friction between the bones when they move. The space between the bones is also filled with a liquid called synovial fluid. It helps to cushion the bones. There are several different types of movable joints. You can see three of them in Figure below . Move these three joints in your own skeleton to experience the range of motion each allows. |
The infection-fighting complement system consists of roughly 30 proteins in? | fats | stomach acid | stool | blood plasma | |
In how many ways ca a living organism obtain chemical energy | four | three | seven | two | Living organisms obtain chemical energy in one of two ways. |
What stage in human males lasts from about ages 12 to 18 years and is controlled by hormones? | maturity | childhood | adolescence | puberty | The male reproductive system forms before birth but does not become capable of reproduction until it matures during puberty. Puberty lasts from about ages 12 to 18 years and is controlled by hormones. |
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or? | correlated | combustion | Contained | compressed | Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. When an elastic material is stretched or compressed, it exerts elastic force. This force increases the more the material is stretched or compressed. |
Many parasites have complex life cycles involving multiple ? | diseases | features | viruses | hosts | |
What type of light is composed of many rays having random polarization directions? | diffracted light | reflected light | polarized light | unpolarized light | 27.8 Polarization • Polarization is the attribute that wave oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave. • EM waves are transverse waves that may be polarized. • The direction of polarization is defined to be the direction parallel to the electric field of the EM wave. • Unpolarized light is composed of many rays having random polarization directions. • Light can be polarized by passing it through a polarizing filter or other polarizing material. The intensity I of polarized light after passing through a polarizing filter is I = I 0 cos 2 θ, where I 0 is the original intensity and θ is the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of the filter. • Polarization is also produced by reflection. • Brewster’s law states that reflected light will be completely polarized at the angle of reflection θ b , known as Brewster’s angle, given by a statement known as Brewster’s law: reflected light travel and. |
How do yeasts reproduce? | bisexual | homosexual | preferentially | asexually | Yeasts are an exception. They reproduce asexually by budding instead of by producing spores. An offspring cell forms on a parent cell. After it grows and develops, it buds off to form a new cell. The offspring cell is genetically identical to the parent cell. You can see yeast cells budding in Figure below . |
In science, what can be described as a set of steps that help us to answer questions? | scientific controls | theory | hypothesis | scientific method | The scientific method is a set of steps that help us to answer questions. When we use logical steps and control the number of things that can be changed, we get better answers. As we test our ideas, we may come up with more questions. The basic sequence of steps followed in the scientific method is illustrated in Figure below . |
What does the body derive from the breakdown of the carbohydrate-containing foods and drinks we consume? | amino acids | insulin | lipids | glucose | Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels by Insulin and Glucagon Glucose is required for cellular respiration and is the preferred fuel for all body cells. The body derives glucose from the breakdown of the carbohydrate-containing foods and drinks we consume. Glucose not immediately taken up by cells for fuel can be stored by the liver and muscles as glycogen, or converted to triglycerides and stored in the adipose tissue. Hormones regulate both the storage and the utilization of glucose as required. Receptors located in the pancreas sense blood glucose levels, and subsequently the pancreatic cells secrete glucagon or insulin to maintain normal levels. |
A mitotic spindle forms from the centrioles and passes through the nuclear membrane, which remains intact. chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle, which separates the chromosomes and does what? | destroys the cell | manipulates the cell | migrates the cell | elongates the cell | A mitotic spindle forms from the centrioles and passes through the nuclear membrane, which remains intact. Chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle, which separates the chromosomes and elongates the cell. |
Substances produced by a reaction are known as? | minerals | solutions | compounds | products | Products are substances that are produced in the reaction. |
What happens to the core of a star when it begins to run low on hydrogen? | it explodes | it expands | it disappears | it contracts | series of stages a sexually reproducing organism goes through from one generation to the next. |
What occurs when air masses meet? | tides | earthquakes | currents | fronts | Much of the weather occurs at fronts, where air masses meet. |
What's the name for a cluster of genes, where one promoter serves adjacent genes? | plasma | nucleus | proton | opteron | |
The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population is known as genetic what? | variable | group | density | variance | Before Darwinian evolution became the prevailing theory of the field, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck theorized that acquired traits could, in fact, be inherited; while this hypothesis has largely been unsupported, scientists have recently begun to realize that Lamarck was not completely wrong. Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/epigenetic) to learn more. Heritability is the fraction of phenotype variation that can be attributed to genetic differences, or genetic variance, among individuals in a population. The greater the hereditability of a population’s phenotypic variation, the more susceptible it is to the evolutionary forces that act on heritable variation. The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population is called genetic variance. When scientists are involved in the breeding of a species, such as with animals in zoos and nature preserves, they try to increase a population’s genetic variance to preserve as much of the phenotypic diversity as they can. This also helps reduce the risks associated with inbreeding, the mating of closely related individuals, which can have the undesirable effect of bringing together deleterious recessive mutations that can cause abnormalities and susceptibility to disease. For example, a disease that is caused by a rare, recessive allele might exist in a population, but it will only manifest itself when an individual carries two copies of the allele. Because the allele is rare in a normal, healthy population with unrestricted habitat, the chance that two carriers will mate is low, and even then, only 25 percent of their offspring will inherit the disease allele from both parents. While it is likely to happen at some point, it will not happen frequently enough for natural selection to be able to swiftly eliminate the allele from the population, and as a result, the allele will be maintained at low levels in the gene pool. However, if a family of carriers begins to interbreed with each other, this will dramatically increase the likelihood of two carriers mating and eventually producing diseased offspring, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. Changes in allele frequencies that are identified in a population can shed light on how it is evolving. In addition to natural selection, there are other evolutionary forces that could be in play: genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, and environmental variances. |
What does temperature measure? | highest potential energy of molecules | lowest kinetic energy of molecules | average potential energy of molecules | average kinetic energy of molecules | In this lesson, you read that air density and pressure change with altitude. The temperature of the air also changes with altitude. Air temperature measures the heat energy of air molecules. |
What is the term for when the water of the ocean slowly rises and falls? | waves | currents | dew | tides | If you’ve ever visited an ocean shore, then you know that ocean water is always moving. Waves ripple through the water, as shown in Figure below . The water slowly rises and falls because of tides. You may see signs warning of currents that flow close to shore. What causes all these ocean motions? Different types of motions have different causes. |
Female monotremes lack a uterus and vagina. instead they have what? | urethra | endometrium | placenta | cloaca | Female monotremes lack a uterus and vagina. Instead, they have a cloaca with one opening, like the cloacas of reptiles and birds. The opening is used to excrete wastes as well as lay eggs. |
Pigments are substances that absorb what? | natural light | synthetic light | artificial light | visible light | |
What class of oxygencontaining compounds is formed by the dehydration of alcohols? | nethers | reagents | sugars | ethers | Ethanol and resveratrol, a phenol, are representatives of two of the families of oxygencontaining compounds that we consider in this chapter. Two other classes, aldehydes and ketones, are formed by the oxidation of alcohols. Ethers, another class, are made by the dehydration of alcohols. |
Group 16 is called the oxygen group. what is the only metalloid in this group? | gallium | cadmium | beryllium | tellurium | Group 16 is called the oxygen group. Tellurium is the only metalloid in this group, which also contains three nonmetals and one metal. |
In his work with pea plants, mendel performed what, which involves mating two true-breeding individuals that have different traits? | mutations | cross-breeding | assimilation | hybridization | These are plants that always produce offspring that look like the parent. By experimenting with true-breeding pea plants, Mendel avoided the appearance of unexpected traits in offspring that might occur if the plants were not true breeding. The garden pea also grows to maturity within one season, meaning that several generations could be evaluated over a relatively short time. Finally, large quantities of garden peas could be cultivated simultaneously, allowing Mendel to conclude that his results did not come about simply by chance. Mendel performed hybridizations, which involve mating two true-breeding individuals that have different traits. In the pea, which is naturally self-pollinating, this is done by manually transferring pollen from the anther of a mature pea plant of one variety to the stigma of a separate mature pea plant of the second variety. Plants used in first-generation crosses were called P, or parental generation, plants (Figure 8.3). Mendel collected the seeds produced by the P plants that resulted from each cross and grew them the following season. These offspring were called the F1, or the first filial (filial = daughter or son), generation. Once Mendel examined the characteristics in the F1 generation of plants, he allowed them to self-fertilize naturally. He then collected and grew the seeds from the F1 plants to produce the F2, or second filial, generation. Mendel’s experiments extended beyond the F2 generation to the F3 generation, F4 generation, and so on, but it was the ratio of characteristics in the P, F1, and F2 generations that were the most intriguing and became the basis of Mendel’s postulates. |
What type of minerals form when salt water evaporates? | fermite | sulfide | carbonate | halide | Halide minerals are salts. They form when salt water evaporates. This mineral class includes more than just table salt. Halide minerals may contain the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Some halide minerals combine with metal elements. Common table salt is a halide mineral that contains the elements chlorine and sodium. Fluorite is a type of halide that contains fluorine and calcium. Fluorite can be found in many colors. If you shine an ultraviolet light on fluorite, it will glow!. |
What are identified by the azimuthal quantum number? | radioactivity - energy levels | ionic-energy level | covalent bonds | sub-energy levels | The sub-energy levels are identified by the azimuthal quantum number, . |
Desert plants have special stems and leaves to conserve what? | habitat | food | air | water | Each organism has the ability to survive in a specific environment. Dry desert environments are difficult to live in. Desert plants have special stems and leaves to conserve water. Animals have other ways to live in the desert. The Namib Desert receives only 1.5 inches of rainfall each year. The Namib Desert beetle lives there. How do the beetles get enough water to survive? Early morning fog deposits water droplets. The droplets collect on a beetle's wings and back. The beetle tilts its rear end up. When the droplet is heavy enough, it slides forward. It lands in the beetle’s mouth. There are many other environments that need unique approaches for survival ( Figure below ). |
What substance causes oxidation by accepting electrons? | thermal agent | solvents | enzymes | oxidizing agent | In the reaction above, the zinc is being oxidized by losing electrons. However, there must be another substance present that gains those electrons and in this case that is the sulfur. In other words, the sulfur is causing the zinc to be oxidized. Sulfur is called the oxidizing agent. The zinc causes the sulfur to gain electrons and become reduced and so the zinc is called the reducing agent. The oxidizing agent is a substance that causes oxidation by accepting electrons. The reducing agent is a substance that causes reduction by losing electrons. The simplest way to think of this is that the oxidizing agent is the substance that is reduced, while the reducing agent is the substance that is oxidized. The sample problem below shows how to analyze a redox reaction. |
Angiosperm success is a result of two novel structures that ensure reproductive success: flowers and this? | glass | food | ants | fruit | Angiosperm success is a result of two novel structures that ensure reproductive success: flowers and fruit. Flowers allowed plants to form cooperative evolutionary relationships with animals, in particular insects, to disperse their pollen to female gametophytes in a highly targeted way. Fruit protect the developing embryo and serve as an agent of dispersal. Different structures on fruit reflect the dispersal strategies that help with the spreading of seeds. |
Squamata is the largest order of what broad animal group, and includes lizards and snakes? | mammals | amphibians | spiny fishes | reptiles | Lizards and snakes belong to the largest order of reptiles, Squamata. Lizards are a large group of reptiles, with nearly 5,000 species, living on every continent except Antarctica. Some places are just too cold for lizards. |
Animals that have been modified to express recombinant dna are called what? | aquatic animals | reproducing animals | mammalian animals | transgenic animals | Transgenic Animals Although several recombinant proteins used in medicine are successfully produced in bacteria, some proteins require a eukaryotic animal host for proper processing. For this reason, the desired genes are cloned and expressed in animals, such as sheep, goats, chickens, and mice. Animals that have been modified to express recombinant DNA are called transgenic animals. Several human proteins are expressed in the milk of transgenic sheep and goats, and some are expressed in the eggs of chickens. Mice have been used extensively for expressing and studying the effects of recombinant genes and mutations. |
In a medium, the closer the distribution of the material gets to what state, the slower the rate of diffusion becomes? | elastic | erosion | gas | equilibrium | Each separate substance in a medium, such as the extracellular fluid, has its own concentration gradient, independent of the concentration gradients of other materials. Additionally, each substance will diffuse according to that gradient. Several factors affect the rate of diffusion. • Extent of the concentration gradient: The greater the difference in concentration, the more rapid the diffusion. The closer the distribution of the material gets to equilibrium, the slower the rate of diffusion becomes. • Mass of the molecules diffusing: More massive molecules move more slowly, because it is more difficult for them to move between the molecules of the substance they are moving through; therefore, they diffuse more slowly. • Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the energy and therefore the movement of the molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion. • Solvent density: As the density of the solvent increases, the rate of diffusion decreases. The molecules slow down because they have a more difficult time getting through the denser medium. |
When substances pass through the cell membrane without needing any energy what is it called? | energetic transport | active transport | kinetic transport | passive transport | Passive transport occurs when a substance passes through the cell membrane without needing any energy to pass through. This happens when a substance moves from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated. Concentration is the number of particles of a substance in a given volume. Let's say you dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a cup of water. Then you dissolve two teaspoons of salt in another cup of water. The second solution will have a higher concentration of salt. |
Elements that do not need to conduct electricity are known as what? | silicates | alloys | carbonates | nonmetals | Nonmetals are elements that do not conduct electricity. They are the second largest class of elements. Nonmetals are also poor conductors of heat. The majority of nonmetals are gases. Solid nonmetals are dull and brittle. |
What does the moon not have to protect it from extreme temperatures? | oxygen | oceans | metals | atmosphere | The Moon has no atmosphere. With no atmosphere, the Moon is not protected from extreme temperatures. The average surface temperature during the day is approximately 107°C (225°F). Daytime temperatures can reach as high as 123°C (253°F). At night, the average temperature drops to -153°C (-243°F). The lowest temperatures measured are as low as -233°C (-397°F). |
What happens between particles with opposite charges? | they repel | they become static | they oppose | they attract | When charged particles are close enough to exert force on each other, their electric fields interact. Particles with opposite charges attract each other. Particles with like charges repel each other. |
Which generation of a plant is generally larger and longer-lived? | alpha generation | main generation | effective generation | dominant generation | One of the two generations of a plant’s life cycle is typically dominant to the other generation. Whether it’s the sporophyte or gametophyte generation, individuals in the dominant generation live longer and grow larger. They are the green, photosynthetic structures that you would recognize as a fern, tree, or other plant (see Figure below ). Individuals in the nondominant generation, in contrast, may be very small and rarely seen. They may live in or on the dominant plant. |
Mammals belong to which class of vertebrates? | placoderms | agnathas | chondrichthyes | endothermic | Mammals are a class of endothermic vertebrates. They have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs. Examples of mammals include bats, whales, mice, and humans. Clearly, mammals are a very diverse group. Nonetheless, they share many traits that set them apart from other vertebrates. |
Animals that have feeding patterns that are somewhere between that of herbivores and carnivores can be called what? | megavores | insectivores | nematodes | omnivores | 34.1 | Digestive Systems By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the processes of digestion and absorption • Compare and contrast different types of digestive systems • Explain the specialized functions of the organs involved in processing food in the body • Describe the ways in which organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients Animals obtain their nutrition from the consumption of other organisms. Depending on their diet, animals can be classified into the following categories: plant eaters (herbivores), meat eaters (carnivores), and those that eat both plants and animals (omnivores). The nutrients and macromolecules present in food are not immediately accessible to the cells. There are a number of processes that modify food within the animal body in order to make the nutrients and organic molecules accessible for cellular function. As animals evolved in complexity of form and function, their digestive systems have also evolved to accommodate their various dietary needs. |
What organs produce eggs? | kidneys | glands | testes | ovaries | Like other female vertebrates, all female mammals have ovaries . These are the organs that produce eggs (see Figure below ). Therian mammals also have two additional female reproductive structures that are not found in other vertebrates. They are the uterus and vagina. |
What kind of reaction adds water to an organic molecule and breaks the large molecule into smaller molecules? | aerobic reaction | heat reaction | supplementation reaction | hydration reaction | A hydration reaction is the opposite of a dehydration reaction. A hydration reaction adds water to an organic molecule and breaks the large molecule into smaller molecules. Hydration reactions occur in an acidic water solution. An example of hydration reaction is the breaking of peptide bonds in polypeptides. A hydroxide ion (OH - ) and a hydrogen ion (H + ) (both from a water molecule) bond to the carbon atoms that formed the peptide bond. This breaks the peptide bond and results in two amino acids. |
How much larger can the most powerful light microscropes make an image? | 100 times | 500 times | 10 times | 2000 times | Light microscopes allow biologists to see small details of a specimen. Most of the microscopes used in schools and laboratories are light microscopes. Light microscopes use lenses, typically made of glass or plastic, to focus light either into the eye, a camera, or some other light detector. The most powerful light microscopes can make images up to 2,000 times larger. |
In mammals, air is warmed and humidified in what? | esophagus | lungs | stomach | nasal cavity | 16.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Animal respiratory systems are designed to facilitate gas exchange. In mammals, air is warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity. Air then travels down the pharynx and larynx, through the trachea, and into the lungs. In the lungs, air passes. |
What is the specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant and allows these plants to grow taller? | fiber tissue | blood vessels | dioxide tissue | vascular tissue | For these plants, the name says it all. Vascular seedless plants have vascular tissue but do not have seeds. Remember that vascular tissue is specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. The development of vascular tissue allowed these plants to grow much taller than nonvascular plants, forming ancient swamp forests. Most of these large vascular seedless plants are now extinct, but their smaller relatives still remain. Vascular tissue includes xylem, which transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant; and phloem, which transports sugars and nutrients from the leaves throughout the plant. |
What is the term for the method of sending out ultrasound waves to determine the locations of objects? | morphology | catabolism | magnetism | echolocation | Animals such as bats and dolphins send out ultrasound waves and use their echoes, or reflected waves, to identify the locations of objects they cannot see. This is called echolocation. Animals use echolocation to find prey and avoid running into objects in the dark. You can see in the Figure below and also at the following URL how a bat uses echolocation to find insect prey. http://www. bsos. umd. edu/psyc/batlab/headaimmovies/nsf_challenge/nsf4. wmv. |
In autosomal dominant inheritance only one "affected" what is necessary to result in an "affected" phenotype? | cells | molecule | trait | allele | Autosomal Dominant Inheritance. Only one “affected” allele is necessary to result in the “affected” phenotype. For a genetic disease inherited in this manner, only one mutant allele is necessary to result in the phenotype. Achondroplasia (discussed later) is an example of a dominant disorder. Both homozygous and heterozygous individuals will show the phenotype. Homozygous achondroplasia is usually a lethal condition. |
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