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gem-squad_v2-train-1600 | 57318186a5e9cc1400cdbfef | Mosaic | Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom. | How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra? | How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra? | [
"How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?"
]
| {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1601 | 57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff0 | Mosaic | Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom. | When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered? | When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered? | [
"When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered?"
]
| {
"text": [
"in 1990"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1602 | 57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff1 | Mosaic | Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom. | What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990? | What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990? | [
"What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990?"
]
| {
"text": [
"only the floor panels"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1603 | 57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff2 | Mosaic | Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom. | What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990? | What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990? | [
"What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the 5th"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1604 | 57318186a5e9cc1400cdbff3 | Mosaic | Mosaic art also flourished in Christian Petra where three Byzantine churches were discovered. The most important one was uncovered in 1990. It is known that the walls were also covered with golden glass mosaics but only the floor panels survived as usual. The mosaic of the seasons in the southern aisle is from this first building period from the middle of the 5th century. In the first half of the 6th century the mosaics of the northern aisle and the eastern end of the southern aisle were installed. They depict native as well as exotic or mythological animals, and personifications of the Seasons, Ocean, Earth and Wisdom. | The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals? | The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals? | [
"The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals?"
]
| {
"text": [
"exotic"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1605 | 5731822f05b4da19006bd206 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration. | Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today? | Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today? | [
"Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Umm ar-Rasas"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1606 | 5731822f05b4da19006bd207 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration. | When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created? | When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created? | [
"When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?"
]
| {
"text": [
"in 785"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1607 | 5731822f05b4da19006bd208 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration. | When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered? | When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered? | [
"When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1986"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1608 | 5731822f05b4da19006bd209 | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration. | The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country? | The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country? | [
"The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Jordan"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1609 | 5731822f05b4da19006bd20a | Mosaic | The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration. | How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen? | How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen? | [
"How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Six"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1610 | 57318320497a881900248fa1 | Mosaic | The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kiev. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles. | Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia? | Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia? | [
"Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus'"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1611 | 57318320497a881900248fa2 | Mosaic | The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kiev. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles. | Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral? | Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral? | [
"Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Kiev"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1612 | 57318320497a881900248fa3 | Mosaic | The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kiev. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles. | What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned? | What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned? | [
"What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Hagia Sophia"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1613 | 57318320497a881900248fa4 | Mosaic | The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kiev. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles. | What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned? | What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned? | [
"What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Saint Sophia Cathedral"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1614 | 57318320497a881900248fa5 | Mosaic | The craft has also been popular in early medieval Rus, inherited as part of the Byzantine tradition. Yaroslav, the Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus' built a large cathedral in his capital, Kiev. The model of the church was the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and it was also called Saint Sophia Cathedral. It was built mainly by Byzantine master craftsmen, sent by Constantine Monomachos, between 1037 and 1046. Naturally the more important surfaces in the interior were decorated with golden mosaics. In the dome we can see the traditional stern Pantokrator supported by angels. Between the 12 windows of the drum were apostles and the four evangelists on the pendentives. The apse is dominated by an orant Theotokos with a Deesis in three medallions above. Below is a Communion of the Apostles. | Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral? | Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral? | [
"Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Constantine Monomachos"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1615 | 573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc00d | Mosaic | The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text. | In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located? | In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located? | [
"In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Georgia"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1616 | 573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc00e | Mosaic | The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text. | Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery? | Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery? | [
"Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?"
]
| {
"text": [
"king David IV"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1617 | 573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc00f | Mosaic | The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text. | Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery? | Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery? | [
"Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Demetrius I of Georgia"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1618 | 573183f0a5e9cc1400cdc010 | Mosaic | The apse mosaic of the Gelati Monastery is a rare example of mosaic use in Georgia. Began by king David IV and completed by his son Demetrius I of Georgia, the fragmentary panel depicts Theotokos flanked by two archangels. The use of mosaic in Gelati attests to some Byzantine influence in the country and was a demonstration of the imperial ambition of the Bagrationids. The mosaic covered church could compete in magnificence with the churches of Constantinople. Gelati is one of few mosaic creations which survived in Georgia but fragments prove that the early churches of Pitsunda and Tsromi were also decorated with mosaic as well as other, lesser known sites. The destroyed 6th century mosaic floors in the Pitsunda Cathedral have been inspired by Roman prototypes. In Tsromi the tesserae are still visible on the walls of the 7th-century church but only faint lines hint at the original scheme. Its central figure was Christ standing and displaying a scroll with Georgian text. | Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi? | Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi? | [
"Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Christ"
],
"answer_start": [
925
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1619 | 57318601e6313a140071d020 | Mosaic | The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains. | The remains of what was found at Sepphoris? | The remains of what was found at Sepphoris? | [
"The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?"
]
| {
"text": [
"a 6th-century synagogue"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1620 | 57318601e6313a140071d021 | Mosaic | The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains. | Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries? | Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries? | [
"Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Jews"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1621 | 57318601e6313a140071d022 | Mosaic | The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains. | The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs? | The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs? | [
"The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?"
]
| {
"text": [
"pagan"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1622 | 57318601e6313a140071d023 | Mosaic | The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains. | What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris? | What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris? | [
"What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Helios"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1623 | 57318601e6313a140071d024 | Mosaic | The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the zodiac wheel was depicted. Helios sits in the middle, in his sun chariot, and each zodiac is matched with a Jewish month. Along the sides of the mosaic are strips depicting Biblical scenes, such as the binding of Isaac, as well as traditional rituals, including a burnt sacrifice and the offering of fruits and grains. | What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris? | What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris? | [
"What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?"
]
| {
"text": [
"a Jewish month"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1624 | 57318722e6313a140071d034 | Mosaic | The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community. | When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed? | When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed? | [
"When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed?"
]
| {
"text": [
"around the 4th century"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1625 | 57318722e6313a140071d035 | Mosaic | The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community. | What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa? | What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa? | [
"What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?"
]
| {
"text": [
"only floral and geometric"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1626 | 57318722e6313a140071d036 | Mosaic | The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community. | When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered? | When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered? | [
"When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered?"
]
| {
"text": [
"in 1971–72"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1627 | 57318722e6313a140071d037 | Mosaic | The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community. | How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya? | How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya? | [
"How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya?"
]
| {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1628 | 57318722e6313a140071d038 | Mosaic | The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community. | What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views? | What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views? | [
"What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?"
]
| {
"text": [
"rather conservative"
],
"answer_start": [
861
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1629 | 5731882fe6313a140071d046 | Mosaic | The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places. | In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban? | In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban? | [
"In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban?"
]
| {
"text": [
"figurative depiction"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1630 | 5731882fe6313a140071d047 | Mosaic | The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places. | Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966? | Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966? | [
"Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966?"
]
| {
"text": [
"in the ancient harbour area"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1631 | 5731882fe6313a140071d048 | Mosaic | The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places. | The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure? | The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure? | [
"The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?"
]
| {
"text": [
"King David as Orpheus"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1632 | 5731882fe6313a140071d049 | Mosaic | The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places. | What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966? | What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966? | [
"What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966?"
]
| {
"text": [
"playing a lyre"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1633 | 5731882fe6313a140071d04a | Mosaic | The ban on figurative depiction was not taken so seriously by the Jews living in Byzantine Gaza. In 1966 remains of a synagogue were found in the ancient harbour area. Its mosaic floor depicts King David as Orpheus, identified by his name in Hebrew letters. Near him were lion cubs, a giraffe and a snake listening to him playing a lyre. A further portion of the floor was divided by medallions formed by vine leaves, each of which contains an animal: a lioness suckling her cub, a giraffe, peacocks, panthers, bears, a zebra and so on. The floor was paved in 508/509. It is very similar to that of the synagogue at Maon (Menois) and the Christian church at Shellal, suggesting that the same artist most probably worked at all three places. | When was the mosaic floor constructed? | When was the mosaic floor constructed? | [
"When was the mosaic floor constructed?"
]
| {
"text": [
"in 508/509"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1634 | 5731891705b4da19006bd240 | Mosaic | A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script. | A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what? | A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what? | [
"A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?"
]
| {
"text": [
"a Samaritan synagogue"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1635 | 5731891705b4da19006bd241 | Mosaic | A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script. | What does the mosaic at Huldah contain? | What does the mosaic at Huldah contain? | [
"What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?"
]
| {
"text": [
"typical Jewish symbols"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1636 | 5731891705b4da19006bd242 | Mosaic | A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script. | What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah? | What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah? | [
"What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1637 | 5731891705b4da19006bd243 | Mosaic | A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script. | The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic? | The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic? | [
"The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?"
]
| {
"text": [
"cultic"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1638 | 5731891705b4da19006bd244 | Mosaic | A 5th-century building in Huldah may be a Samaritan synagogue. Its mosaic floor contains typical Jewish symbols (menorah, lulav, etrog) but the inscriptions are Greek. Another Samaritan synagogue with a mosaic floor was located in Bet She'an (excavated in 1960). The floor had only decorative motifs and an aedicule (shrine) with cultic symbols. The ban on human or animal images was more strictly observed by the Samaritans than their Jewish neighbours in the same town (see above). The mosaic was laid by the same masters who made the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue. One of the inscriptions was written in Samaritan script. | The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic? | The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic? | [
"The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue"
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1639 | 57318a1305b4da19006bd25c | Mosaic | Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration. | Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire? | Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire? | [
"Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Muslim"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1640 | 57318a1305b4da19006bd25d | Mosaic | Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration. | In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work? | In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work? | [
"In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1641 | 57318a1305b4da19006bd25e | Mosaic | Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration. | What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration? | What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration? | [
"What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?"
]
| {
"text": [
"tile"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1642 | 57318a1305b4da19006bd25f | Mosaic | Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration. | The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture? | The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture? | [
"The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?"
]
| {
"text": [
"remained a flourishing art form"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1643 | 57318af105b4da19006bd26c | Mosaic | The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since. | Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work? | Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work? | [
"Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Umayyad Mosque"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1644 | 57318af105b4da19006bd26d | Mosaic | The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since. | Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located? | Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located? | [
"Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Damascus"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1645 | 57318af105b4da19006bd26e | Mosaic | The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since. | What was the significance of Damascus during this time period? | What was the significance of Damascus during this time period? | [
"What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?"
]
| {
"text": [
"capital of the Arab Caliphate"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1646 | 57318af105b4da19006bd26f | Mosaic | The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since. | What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque? | What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque? | [
"What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the \"Barada Panel\""
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1647 | 57318af105b4da19006bd270 | Mosaic | The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since. | What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque? | What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque? | [
"What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?"
]
| {
"text": [
"a fire"
],
"answer_start": [
828
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1648 | 57318bfd497a881900249005 | Mosaic | Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics. | Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what? | Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what? | [
"Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?"
]
| {
"text": [
"floor panels"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1649 | 57318bfd497a881900249006 | Mosaic | Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics. | What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after? | What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after? | [
"What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Roman country villas"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1650 | 57318bfd497a881900249007 | Mosaic | Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics. | Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling? | Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling? | [
"Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the bath house of Hisham's Palace"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1651 | 57318bfd497a881900249008 | Mosaic | Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics. | In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be? | In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be? | [
"In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Jordan"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1652 | 57318bfd497a881900249009 | Mosaic | Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics. | At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan? | At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan? | [
"At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Umayyad mosaics"
],
"answer_start": [
1255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1653 | 57318cad05b4da19006bd290 | Mosaic | Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family. | Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found? | Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found? | [
"Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Moorish Spain"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1654 | 57318cad05b4da19006bd291 | Mosaic | Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family. | The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style? | The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style? | [
"The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Byzantine"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1655 | 57318cad05b4da19006bd292 | Mosaic | Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family. | When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created? | When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created? | [
"When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?"
]
| {
"text": [
"between 965 and 970"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1656 | 57318cad05b4da19006bd293 | Mosaic | Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family. | Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba? | Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba? | [
"Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?"
]
| {
"text": [
"local craftsmen"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1657 | 57318cad05b4da19006bd294 | Mosaic | Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family. | Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain? | Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain? | [
"Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Byzantine Emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1658 | 57318db8497a881900249023 | Mosaic | Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways. | The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what? | The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what? | [
"The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?"
]
| {
"text": [
"mosaic installation"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1659 | 57318db8497a881900249024 | Mosaic | Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways. | What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics? | What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics? | [
"What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the rest areas"
],
"answer_start": [
615
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1660 | 57318db8497a881900249025 | Mosaic | Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways. | Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic? | Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic? | [
"Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Museum of Natural History station"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1661 | 57318db8497a881900249026 | Mosaic | Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways. | Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century? | Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century? | [
"Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?"
]
| {
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1662 | 57318e94497a88190024902b | Mosaic | In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well. | What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork? | What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork? | [
"What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?"
]
| {
"text": [
"street art"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1663 | 57318e94497a88190024902c | Mosaic | In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well. | Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics? | Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics? | [
"Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the French Invader"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1664 | 57318e94497a88190024902d | Mosaic | In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well. | The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what? | The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what? | [
"The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Rubikcubism"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1665 | 57318e94497a88190024902e | Mosaic | In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well. | What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic? | What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic? | [
"What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?"
]
| {
"text": [
"8 bit video game character"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1666 | 57318e94497a88190024902f | Mosaic | In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well. | How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics? | How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics? | [
"How does the French Invader create \"Rubikcubism\" styled mosaics?"
]
| {
"text": [
"grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1667 | 57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc07f | Mosaic | Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style. | Portuguese pavement is known by what other name? | Portuguese pavement is known by what other name? | [
"Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Calçada Portuguesa"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1668 | 57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc080 | Mosaic | Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style. | What is Portuguese pavement? | What is Portuguese pavement? | [
"What is Portuguese pavement?"
]
| {
"text": [
"two-tone stone mosaic paving"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1669 | 57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc081 | Mosaic | Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style. | What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement? | What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement? | [
"What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?"
]
| {
"text": [
"geometric"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1670 | 57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc082 | Mosaic | Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style. | Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement? | Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement? | [
"Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Lisbon"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1671 | 57318f33a5e9cc1400cdc083 | Mosaic | Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style. | What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement? | What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement? | [
"What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?"
]
| {
"text": [
"streets"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1672 | 5731903ce6313a140071d0a4 | Mosaic | The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface. | How were larger mosaics usually constructed? | How were larger mosaics usually constructed? | [
"How were larger mosaics usually constructed?"
]
| {
"text": [
"face-down to a backing paper"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1673 | 5731903ce6313a140071d0a5 | Mosaic | The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface. | Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects? | Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects? | [
"Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?"
]
| {
"text": [
"gives the maker time to rework"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1674 | 5731903ce6313a140071d0a6 | Mosaic | The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface. | What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper? | What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper? | [
"What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the indirect method"
],
"answer_start": [
742
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1675 | 5731903ce6313a140071d0a7 | Mosaic | The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface. | What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method? | What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method? | [
"What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?"
]
| {
"text": [
"murals"
],
"answer_start": [
671
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1676 | 5731903ce6313a140071d0a8 | Mosaic | The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface. | The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas? | The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas? | [
"The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?"
]
| {
"text": [
"repetitive"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1677 | 57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0b7 | Mosaic | The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl. | When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful? | When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful? | [
"When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?"
]
| {
"text": [
"when it is important to see the work"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1678 | 57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0b8 | Mosaic | The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl. | What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method? | What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method? | [
"What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?"
]
| {
"text": [
"directly controlling the final result of the work"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1679 | 57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0b9 | Mosaic | The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl. | When was the double indirect method invented? | When was the double indirect method invented? | [
"When was the double indirect method invented?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1989"
],
"answer_start": [
857
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1680 | 57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0ba | Mosaic | The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl. | Who invented the double indirect method? | Who invented the double indirect method? | [
"Who invented the double indirect method?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Maurizio Placuzzi"
],
"answer_start": [
865
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1681 | 57319138a5e9cc1400cdc0bb | Mosaic | The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl. | What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper? | What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper? | [
"What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?"
]
| {
"text": [
"sticky plastic"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1682 | 573191fe05b4da19006bd2c8 | Mosaic | A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme. | What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile? | What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile? | [
"What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1 in × 1 in"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1683 | 573191fe05b4da19006bd2c9 | Mosaic | A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme. | What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools? | What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools? | [
"What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?"
]
| {
"text": [
"express text"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1684 | 573191fe05b4da19006bd2ca | Mosaic | A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme. | Where is the most common application of tile mosaics? | Where is the most common application of tile mosaics? | [
"Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?"
]
| {
"text": [
"on a shower room or bathing pool floor"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1685 | 573191fe05b4da19006bd2cb | Mosaic | A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme. | How should the tiles be aligned next to each other? | How should the tiles be aligned next to each other? | [
"How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?"
]
| {
"text": [
"in a non-overlapping fashion"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1686 | 573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0e7 | Mosaic | With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software. | Why has production automation become popular? | Why has production automation become popular? | [
"Why has production automation become popular?"
]
| {
"text": [
"high cost of labor in developed countries"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1687 | 573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0e8 | Mosaic | With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software. | Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics? | Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics? | [
"Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?"
]
| {
"text": [
"CAD"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1688 | 573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0e9 | Mosaic | With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software. | How much faster is automated creation over handmade? | How much faster is automated creation over handmade? | [
"How much faster is automated creation over handmade?"
]
| {
"text": [
"10 times faster"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1689 | 573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0ea | Mosaic | With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software. | How does the robot pick the tiles it places? | How does the robot pick the tiles it places? | [
"How does the robot pick the tiles it places?"
]
| {
"text": [
"a command file"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1690 | 573192bca5e9cc1400cdc0eb | Mosaic | With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software. | What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics? | What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics? | [
"What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?"
]
| {
"text": [
"different look"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1691 | 570b38466b8089140040f810 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | When did wars between Britain and France in North America start? | When did wars between Britain and France in North America start? | [
"When did wars between Britain and France in North America start?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1689"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1692 | 570b38466b8089140040f811 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called? | What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called? | [
"What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Queen Anne's War"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1693 | 570b38466b8089140040f812 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War? | What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War? | [
"What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Acadia"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1694 | 570b38466b8089140040f813 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | When was the final French and Indian War fought? | When was the final French and Indian War fought? | [
"When was the final French and Indian War fought?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1754–63"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1695 | 570b38466b8089140040f814 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War? | What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War? | [
"What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War?"
]
| {
"text": [
"George Washington"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1696 | 5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b22 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | When did wars between China and France in North America start? | When did wars between China and France in North America start? | [
"When did wars between China and France in North America start?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1697 | 5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b23 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | What was the most important South American conflict between France and Britain called? | What was the most important South American conflict between France and Britain called? | [
"What was the most important South American conflict between France and Britain called?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1698 | 5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b24 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | What French colony did Great Britain conquer outside of Queen Anne's War? | What French colony did Great Britain conquer outside of Queen Anne's War? | [
"What French colony did Great Britain conquer outside of Queen Anne's War?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1699 | 5ad16f07645df0001a2d1b25 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War. | When was the first French and Indian War fought? | When was the first French and Indian War fought? | [
" When was the first French and Indian War fought?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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