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20955_JohnEvelynDuigan
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major general sir march january officer served second world wars chief general staff born new_zealand joined unit colonial volunteers boer war wounded repatriated new_zealand later returned south_africa 10th new zealand contingent war joined professional soldier world war commanded awarded service served staff training positions served staff positions postwar military eventually rising rank colonel commanding promoted major general appointed chief general staff oversaw reduction size little prevent directing attention army overlooked command second new zealand expeditionary force raised service abroad second world war retired military died years later age early life born new_zealand march father worked miller time son birth later editor local newspaper educated collegiate leaving school went south_africa joined local unit colonial volunteers raised fight boer war weeks arrival south_africa seriously wounded siege recovered later injured horse fell repatriated new_zealand december rejoined volunteer unit south_africa recovered returning new_zealand second time end enlisted 10th contingent new_zealand unit destined service boer war officer fighting largely time contingent arrived saw fighting military career joined cadet commissioned lieutenant attending courses england engineering signalling instructor wellington transferred new_zealand militia new zealand staff corps january spent years india world war late preparing depart service overseas reached middle_east suffered nervous breakdown returned new_zealand june period england late promoted major appointed commander recently formed company arrived france march served western vicinity late june involved motor vehicle accident left hospital month service company later recognised award held series staff officer positions short stint headquarters mentioned despatches service attached health declining transferred england service brigade major held instructor position officers training school england march sent united_states assist promotion war bonds returned new_zealand october interwar period service terminated returned posted staff officer overall command district later reorganised following year promoted colonel awarded king george silver jubilee medal april promoted major general appointed commandant general officer commanding new_zealand born soldier achieve position commandant role shortly commencement term remained senior leadership role new zealand military forces chief general staff appointed companion order bath proved appointment particularly regarded politicians day implemented changes position replacement army board control military board established november included minister defence military member offered little counter favouring fledgling time affected morale army significant changes resulted state decline current recruitment insufficient support theoretical infantry division mounted rifle brigades plans called division brigade group lots fortress troops centred wellington infantry regiments disbanded battalions mounted regiments reduced size squadron senior officers placed retirement morale declined remaining senior officers raised concerns disregarded state army publicly protested reforms press known breach military regulations prohibited military personnel communicating journalists permission instead court martial feared generate public sympathy placed officers retired list punishment revolt result greater public awareness poor state new_zealand military little situation second world war following outbreak second world war desired command second new zealand expeditionary force raised service europe lack command experience performance meant popular choice military major general instead appointed commander term extended worked ensure continued support reinforcement oversaw conscription attended defence conferences singapore india tours middle_east later life retired military having appointed knight commander order british empire previous year died north january survived second wife married sons marriage ended death wife son marriage killed serving royal_air_force second world war
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John Evelyn Duigan
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21060_WilliamAnderson(RAAFofficer)
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raaf officer air vice marshal bill anderson december december senior commander royal_australian_air_force raaf flew world war earning belgian leading nos squadrons anderson commanded brief existence joining fledgling raaf following year service senior officer primarily held posts australian inter war years appointed commander order british empire promoted air commodore world war broke anderson air member supply acted chief air staff resignation air vice marshal stanley january arrival air chief marshal sir raf month led newly formed december july briefly returning anderson founding commandant raaf staff school july november held post october retirement april known colleagues andy died birthday early life world war born december victoria son surveyor england wife florence native victorian youth educated joined cadet corps began professional military career royal australian garrison artillery officer december transferring australian naval military expeditionary force based march following january anderson joined captain serving squadron palestine posted squadron designated british august operating seat reconnaissance aircraft western october squadron heavily involved artillery ranging activity left slow vulnerable attack german fighters twice month anderson plane multiple enemy aircraft words scared think occasion times held nerve plane observer hold opponents fire came aid anderson spotting artillery near ridge december engaged german seat observer able shoot squadron confirmed aerial victory january anderson given temporary rank major posted england charge training squadron recommended march achievements squadron france citation noting fight cool capable flying attacks enemy aircraft successfully carrying reconnaissance missions event awarded london gazette june australian receive newly created decoration awarded belgian july anderson went france october commanding officer squadron service earned mention despatches july inter war years anderson relinquished command squadron january returned australia months later december year disbanded replaced january short lived like branch army senior officer lieutenant colonel england major anderson appointed commander position charge victoria march joined newly formed royal prefix added august squadron leader senior officer williams pilot wing commanders anderson headed raaf base major units successor newly established years acted director personnel training chief administrative staff controlling body away overseas april took new service army operation exercise flight lieutenant spotted artillery firing victoria year later anderson proposed special raaf workshop research development duly formed later year young air_force staged numerous public displays early years occasion melbourne suburb september anderson pilot took mock ace gave demonstration balloon anderson took command occupying position air member personnel posted england attending serving air liaison officer march promoted wing commander provided information concerning shortcomings light day bomber strongly considered raaf led ordered instead returning australia anderson short time charge based appointment air member supply october spent 1930s position aside acting role attendance london following year anderson formal training supply field regarded affection variously considered wave length immersed administration important policy matters chronic women unmarried sister object fun quarters raised group captain december air commodore january appointed officer order british empire promoted commander order new year honours world war anderson serving air member supply australia declared war september january appointed acting chief air staff following resignation incumbent air vice marshal anderson remained position february air chief marshal sir royal_air_force arrived australian government stage little faith leadership air_force briefly considered offering temporary command service officer member commodore deciding monumental slight senior ranks raaf settling anderson temporary position anderson briefly reverted previous role air member supply taking march succeeded november air vice marshal month anderson took responsibility air defence protection adjacent sea lanes aerial reconnaissance new_south_wales remained post disbanded august following year promoted acting air vice marshal september anderson resumed position replacing assumed command newly established headquartered sydney controlled seven squadrons southern queensland southern new_south_wales area main roles anti submarine warfare squadrons included fighters army operation aircraft july anderson inaugural commandant victoria school instituted training officers squadron leader wing commander level basic education standards anderson found sadly lacking december appointed air member personnel taking returning command september continued role forcibly retired number senior air force commanders april ostensibly way younger equally qualified officers confidential report september found hard working loyal lacking capacity organising ability years statutory retirement age seven substantive rank air commodore retirement following discharge raaf honorary air vice marshal anderson lived lifelong bachelor shared house sister married served honorary chairman victorian branch march select group surviving founder members raaf attended celebratory dinner hotel canberra mark service fellow guests included air marshal williams air vice marshal air commodore frank wing commander sir died birthday buried
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William Anderson (RAAF officer)
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21256_ZenasBliss
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april january officer general united_states_army recipient medal honor formed unit detailed memoirs chronicled life texas frontier father rhode_island lieutenant governor bliss native rhode_island graduated west_point served thirty seven year career texas frontier served union_army american_civil_war civil war captured confederate forces held prisoner war bliss received medal honor actions leading regiment early life military career bliss born april rhode_island upper middle class family parents received appointment west_point new_york july years old graduated west_point served years texas stationed fort davis assignment second lieutenant 1st regiment fort duncan promoted rank second lieutenant 8th march subsequently promoted lieutenant october following outbreak civil war promoted captain civil war service american_civil_war began april bliss immediately saw action captured confederate forces spent months prisoner war san_antonio texas later richmond virginia finally exchanged sent union lines subsequently took command tenth island infantry received commission volunteer army colonel 10th rhode_island served days defenses washington 10th rhode_island discharged bliss assumed command seventh island infantry august october seventh island joined brigade regiment saw action december bliss performed actions earned medal honor decades later sent west participated siege seventh served capture jackson mississippi april seventh rejoined army bliss commander brigade brigade fought bliss badly injured horse returned lead brigade siege court inquiry following crater bliss remained duty civil war bliss received honorary promotion major dated december gallantry service later lieutenant colonel gallantry service battle wilderness bliss mustered volunteer service june reverted rank captain awarded medal honor december career bliss remained civil war promoted major 30th infantry regiment august promoted lieutenant colonel 19th infantry march colonel 24th infantry unit black soldiers white officers april bliss promoted brigadier general april major general retired army days later including years west_point bliss served years months days uniform retired bliss member assigned insignia number member republic order indian wars died washington january age buried alongside wife arlington national cemetery arlington virginia grave found section lot bliss wife children lived adulthood sons served lieutenant governor rhode_island life sized portrait general bliss providence rhode_island medal honor citation rank organization colonel place date officer encourage regiment action ordered lie protect enemy fire arose feet advanced line fired shots enemy short range fully exposed fire time
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Zenas Bliss
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21674_JeandeCarrouges
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sir september fourteenth century french knight governed estates normandy vassal served admiral campaigns english forces ottoman_empire infamous medieval france fighting judicial duel permitted french king combat decreed contest charges rape brought neighbour friend behalf wife attended highest french nobility time led king family including number royal attended thousands ordinary ensuing decades chronicled notable medieval historians des described chronicles man fierce brave warrior death battle came year military career served normandy scotland hungary distinction success heavily involved court politics initially seat overlord count later politics royal household paris attached royal bodyguard years following judicial duel life conducted long trail legal financial dealings infuriated contemporaries invited violence family truth events led public mortal combat paris suburbs known legend debated discussed years later early life born late village eldest son knight minor noble sir wife iii influential man lower normandy vassal veteran soldier service iii rewarded long military service years war title rank came command vital hill castle overlooking town role sheriff vicinity post carrying significant financial social rewards grew father domain centred village family maintained hereditary castle followed father armed service served minor campaigns english normandy following majority age given parcel family lands administer interested expanding family holdings family castle village destroyed english soldiers new castle built nearby instructions france early married daughter lord included lands vital ambition expanding family estates shortly wedding gave birth son godfather neighbour close friend inherited brother robert county castle addition gained brother including father son younger soon joined court circle count centered town friendship began deteriorate rapidly favourite count overlooked rewarded service count father castle granted newly purchased estate jealous friend men soon rivals court year entering service tragedy struck wife son died unknown natural causes response left home joined service accompanied force overall command king charles distinguished minor actions english month campaign half killed battle disease returning home successful campaign married daughter highly controversial norman lord twice sided french king territorial conflicts lucky survive albeit reduced circumstances union hoped restore family status wealth hoping heir young contemporaries described young beautiful good sensible modest shortly marriage revealed motive union valuable estate given rival years earlier owned father law bought french immediately began lawsuit recover land based assumed prior claim case dragged months ultimately forced visit cousin king officially confirm ownership land right followers chose despite losing case lawsuit reflected poorly court resulted count circle years lawsuit court facing time dispute lands administered recently deceased father iii death early vacated castle post believed right failed lawsuit years earlier passed gave followers infuriated brought legal action overlord defeated court lasting result action separation count court march effort expand family holdings purchase neighbouring neighbour sir sale required approval overlord consequence previous legal difficulties caused refused permit sale insisted turn properties exchange original price paid choice comply subsequently blamed influence new campaigning scotland late entered society time marriage years earlier attending party celebrate birth neighbour son met celebration agreed end quarrel introducing wife time months meeting march attempted increase family wealth military means joining army expedition sailing edinburgh force soldiers intended unite scottish army raid distracting english forces operations france traveling men arms horses gold equipment entourage rode took ship spring arrival scotland time spent gathering scottish troops campaign england french delayed months collecting supplies army south july villages farms region river besieging burning ground allied army continued south northumberland burnt villages towns farms castles line advance large english responded army led king advanced allied force offered battle french prepared fight scots allies retreated leaving french exposed consequently forced retreat outside edinburgh scottish army dispersed inhabitants city fled north leaving french city realising force outnumbered food help took army south rounding english night august northumberland looting attacking unable break walls franco scottish army returned northwards attacked army destroyed army wagon train took prisoners defeated french returned refused provision french army men died disease starvation late year french army boarded ship returned flanders bankrupt defeated despite expedition failure distinguished campaign lost men arms substantial money awarded battlefield substantially raising social status money received military service despite poor health return scotland business paris january traveled collect wages previous year campaign leaving wife mother law village rape setting paris visited meet announcing intention continuing capital followed sequence events forever remain unclear dramatic effect lives concerned certain encountered rival court words exchanged said unknown contrast bankrupt rival scottish expedition grown absence reputation fierce strong soldier addition notorious reputation played allegations followed morning january dame departed neighbouring town legal business attend journey short apparently took household servants leaving daughter law day testimony alleged man arms named knocked door opened absence servants according loan owed suddenly announcing outside door insisted seeing refusal loves greatly desires protested forced way house offering money remain silent affair refused violently raped aid threatened tell occurred pain death remained silent ordeal days husband return january hearing encounter outraged summoned circle friends including mother family council convened repeated account rape decided immediately begin legal proceedings faced great difficulties favourite act judge case addition case weak witness trial sided affair wife bother attend acquitted charges furthermore accused dreaming attack legal proceedings search fair trial traveled paris appeal king knowing case depended solely wife testimony weak developed plan instead proceeding normal criminal trial challenge judicial duel survivor deemed god rightful trials combat common france rare chance permitted king unlikely saw scheme best option justice wife reputation days arrival paris presented king order official appeal lengthy trial process captured imagination french court later fascinated trial shape schedule watching culminating combat july second stage legal process began followers presented justice issue formal challenge involved reciting accusations throwing signifying intention fight pronounced king brother entire decided initially hear case ordinary criminal decision permit judicial duel sides given testimony attempts persuade insist church trial proved unsuccessful wished counter accusation lawsuit opponent claiming following number high ranking stepped forward act seconds duel men including saint count criminal trial continued summer called evidence time visibly pregnant medieval medical knowledge claimed children conceived result rape condition determined bearing case gave evidence custom day people low birth tortured test testimony process produced evidence subsequently challenged duel cousin evidence statement primarily repeated supported wife testimony accused charges beating wife making accusations statement painted picture man driven wild anger jealousy sought restore family fortune false accusations significant rival offered whereabouts entire week crime supposed committed attempted explain possible ridden miles supposedly separated morning question emphasised shame trial brought family reason invention offered counter demonstration indicating suggested mile round trip impossible true compromised days later man providing named arrested committing rape paris trial progressed september king flanders preparing invasion england handed verdict unable determine guilt case men fight duel death november trial combat months following verdict ones great activity parties citizens paris judicial rare established set aside arena abbey saint martin des north city agreed host combat endured bouts illness weeks following verdict recovered aid families supporters joined hundreds people city nearby regions witness fight event popular king believed return paris time combat held flanders bad roads sent fast messenger paris delaying duel month order present witness royal intervention set date combat december months trial duel french queen bavaria given birth sons son robert strong healthy boy child december died descend mourning king ordered parties celebrations pinnacle intended duel morning combat saw thousands arriving abbey dawn long appointed hour spectators king entourage including john duke philip bold duke brother duke present dressed black sitting carriage overlooking field husband lose battle burnt stake immediately following duel having proven guilty outcome combatants took field early afternoon mounted dressed plate armour carried lance heavy battle axe known long dagger called appeared reciting charges king crowd followed order equal standing fight knights gave god virgin mary god judgment duel outcome finally approached wife pledged honour kissing promising return field cleared silence descended arena following king instructions anybody interfered duel executed shouted verbally interrupted combat lose hand knights squared marshal signal charged struck failed penetrate thick hides covering shields combatants wheeled charged time striking rounding knights charged time striking shields time shattering impact warriors drew axes charged fourth time kicking centre field traded blows stronger man able drive axe neck horse beheaded beast ground jumped clear weapon turn foot knights drew swords returned battle proving stronger opponent slowly gaining upper hand minutes engagement slipped able stab rival right thigh crowd stepped view opponent injury desperately counter attacked wrestling ground heavy armour prevented regaining feet repeatedly stabbed opponent blows thick plate steel realising sword inadequate handle dagger smash lock holding position opponent struggled beneath tore plate demanded admit guilt refused cried god soul innocent infuriated drove dagger neck killing instantly standing opponent remained field crowd pages rushed wound king presented prize thousand addition royal income year greet wife emotional scene thousands spectators crowd following great procession rode abbey cathedral notre dame paris thanks victory weeks duel thousand gold position rewards enabled begin legal action attempting exert earlier claim land remained reach held land death favourite held estates court years children settled paris normandy celebrity gifts investments promoted bodyguard king title came substantial financial position important social standing following year dispatched hungary mission investigate severity threat ottoman_empire boundaries steadily spreading mission second command marshal france famous soldier indicating elevated social position enjoyed following duel present notorious occurrences fourteenth century france descent madness king accompanied king campaign present entered brittany hunt noble fled paris following failed attempt murder constable france army passed august loud noise entourage french king believing attack nearest person man happened brother turned fled brother sword killing pages attempted calm temper king set pursuit louis leaving army countryside pursuit continued hours exhausted king eventually subdued bodyguard including crusade early following peace treaty england french army pressing threat turks east new crusade leader original party investigate events hungary natural return followers service old commander admiral army crossed united hungarians marched south burning city inhabitants following course danube southeast cutting destruction ottoman territory september army arrived city repulsed walls settled siege weeks later arrived large army south town took strong defensive position challenging meet army moved confront september poor discipline fractured leadership national factions resulted premature assault french force controlled ottoman troops allied army reserves defeated furious engagement fell allied army thousands captured executed battle victorious turkish troops exact fate sir midst melee unknown probable fell close commander forces trapped turkish cavalry following death estates passed year old son robert mural jean painted celebrate memory time family mural faded obscurity legacy controversy celebrity surrounding case judicial duel permitted french government attended infamous event soon attracted near legendary status france memory duel far participants primarily result recorded soon contemporary chronicler following century vivid imaginative accounts carried chronicles des story imaginative twists factual details case unusually recorded medieval trial records survived intact lawyer kept meticulous notes case exist addition clear view proceedings notes contain concerns client innocence deemed highly suspect despite records event entered historical texts example great justice brought tradition trial combat end chronicles including saint chronicles jean des tell deathbed confession rape man story basis fact subsequently repeated later sources notably years contained version tale entry duel information eventually removed edition printed 1970s sources discussed story varying degrees detail including section number books written nineteenth century including work 1880s descendant author attempted prove ancestor innocence twentieth century authors studied case recent duel professor english ucla books duel century isbn cross crescent bbc isbn
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Jean de Carrouges
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21723_FrançoisAntoineLouisBourcier
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french cavalry officer divisional general french revolutionary wars napoleonic wars born february cavalry lieutenant french revolution began fought army rhine war coalition war second coalition promoted brigadier general served inspector general cavalry napoleonic wars fought major campaigns russia including battles participated campaign prussia culminated battles following campaign prussia served briefly war transferred northern europe participated french invasion russia following defeat napoleon retained titles honors serving died career born february near small town kilometers north kilometers northwest son sergeant guard king proved bright student school placed cavalry regiment beginning french revolution lieutenant 1st regiment cavalry time prospects rose quickly appointed aide duke june later transferred staff general general brigade chief staff army rhine raised following year rank major general commanded division cavalry general taken interest career appointed inspector cavalry august formed appointed inspector cavalry force army switzerland command command brigade inspector cavalry participated campaigns war second coalition southwestern germany switzerland northern italy italy commanded column cavalry routed group rebels near war coalition commander division participated later battle weeks later battle brilliant timely charges including observed town climbed church tower watch action french infantry surrounded austrian cavalry pursued road approached direction regiments having left rest division preserve communication lines seeing infantry cavalry led men charge giving infantry time escape fired cannon killing wounding men horses wrote later russian cannon fire harm directed better half range french victory battle placed charge thousands horses confiscated influx horses improved capacity french cavalry strong cavalry reserve demonstrated later battle february defeat prussia sent spain support french efforts returned northern european theater time july napoleon russian campaign escaped retreat moscow having previously sent berlin french cavalry restoration awarded retired following year recalled served commissioner management military supply depots family post military life acquired elected married died nancy june daughter adelaide born october married son died buried descendants family vault near chapel engraved arc triumph
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François Antoine Louis Bourcier
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22100_HaroldBarrowclough
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major general sir june march new_zealand military leader lawyer chief justice born commenced legal studies joined year law degree volunteered service abroad fought western finished world war command battalion war finished law studies successful lawyer resumed duty serving moved join law firm based following outbreak second world war volunteered service commanded infantry brigade 2nd campaign greece recommended divisional command superior officer given led solomon islands campaign division disbanded late left command eventually discharged returned legal profession appointed chief justice new_zealand established permanent new_zealand served time retired died age early life born new_zealand june son civil engineer wife later life father took teaching educated performed academically sports won university scholarship following year began law studies joined world war early stages world war volunteered service enlisting private january showed leadership potential months commissioned second lieutenant departed overseas service october having promoted lieutenant posted saw brief service brigade middle_east regarded outstanding officer early promoted captain months later appointed commander company battalion september serving western won military cross actions battle led party attack german strong point linked neighbouring awarded action wounded june england recovery commanded reserve battalions bases england returned france march temporary major took command company august promoted rank lieutenant colonel given command month later days offensive awarded distinguished service order leadership dealing german counterattack near proved action war led battalion later mentioned despatches occupation duty germany coordinated education program soldiers returned new_zealand discharged interwar period resuming legal studies graduated law degree set practice later time law rejoined commanded 1st promoted colonel given command 3rd resigned accepted offer partnership law firm russell quickly developed high profile law establishment mid-1930s state new_zealand military forces decline lack resources compulsory military training encouraged reformation defence lobby group aimed encourage new_zealand defence preparations war country defence arrangements poor state affairs time gained little traction second world war prior outbreak second world war volunteered services duly taken commanded raised service war 2nd formed promoted brigadier appointed commander embarking new_zealand spent months england commanding elements 2nd diverted route middle_east brigade continuing egypt planned rejoined brigade october led campaign greece april later campaign lift siege received awards service period mention despatches work greece bar leadership offensive response request new_zealand government nominated command based fiji entry war important command fiji line defence mainland new_zealand embarked new_zealand early transit commanding officer seriously ill home immediately replaced arrival new_zealand disappointed find expected command longer available eventually posted commander rank major general responsible defence upper months oversaw reorganisation training new command opportunity return duty overseas came following death aircraft crash july time death recalled new_zealand reorganisation division offensive operations august named commander known 3rd new zealand division immediately overhauled structure removed officers considered old duty replacing personnel experience greece crete north_africa implemented training programs new command personnel engaged construction fortifications fiji left little opportunity intensive tactical training exercises response request vice admiral american commander moved garrison duty american forces previously stationed fought conscious division sizable non american unit theatre operations having overall american command structure requested received charter allowed seek instructions felt division involved operations result significant casualties arrived divisional headquarters november main body command place january island division began training amphibious landings jungle warfare prepare forthcoming offensive operations set dealing administrative logistical problems integrating division american command structure division consisting infantry brigades 8th 14th instead conventional infantry division unsuccessfully agitated expansion new_zealand supply manpower infantry divisions field government preference retain 2nd division north_africa strength unhappy decision relationship army headquarters wellington chief staff lieutenant general strained brigade divisional structure constrained employed offensive operations replacement american division reduced number personnel unit outside american supply chain caused logistical problems division british equipment august advised division participate campaign eventually participate major amphibious operations september 14th brigade conducted series landings coast satisfactory performance new congratulated american commanders division work followed early battle green islands battle commanded force nearly men elements division remainder american forces eventually new_zealand increasing shortage manpower resulted disbandment withdrawn battle green islands september providing reinforcements time engaged fighting italy allowing men return vital industries new_zealand left command little options attempts find suitable position italy british_army avail late discharged military service pacific theatre operations rewarded decorations included merit appointment companion order bath later life left military returned legal career law firm suffered war years lack manpower rebuilding practice occupied time moved wellington appointment chief justice new_zealand following year received honorary doctorate law member appointed knight commander order michael queen elizabeth_ii visit new_zealand chief justice established permanent new_zealand retirement january returned died march age survived children wife mary married left money establish scholarship law students north boys high school school implemented leadership achievement programs named honour
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Harold Barrowclough
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22116_WilliamL.Brandon
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born mississippi died october mississippi physician state legislator military officer best known having served general american_civil_war born exact served fought major battles greatly injured ball passed ankle participated siege campaigns promoted rank brigadier general june july end war served positions commander head life returned plantation worked despite physical injury age death october death buried plantation early life education born veteran american revolution mississippi exact birth date determined family records destroyed fire settled mississippi near following year married union produced children davis children soon die educated washington virginia princeton_university studied medicine career highly interested horses hunting served time brother serving governor mississippi founded gentlemen club populated men area mississippi parish louisiana married having sons william robert later served fourth son eugene died age enlisted service major general local militia medicinal expertise consulted professionals field wife died continued care plantation owned considerable property including real estate personal property slaves slave quarters military career despite age time permitted serve lieutenant colonel went virginia july contracted cold prompting leave active service end august subordinates believe fit duty receive appointment colonel regiment placed virginia summer fall unit duty northeastern state siege regiment confederate army units spread eastern virginia norfolk forming regiment action fought day action july ankle joint struck ball fell hand hit rolling shell explode oblivious wounds tried rise fell remained field men able pick carry rear visible bleeding thought injuries taken horse hospital initially offered whiskey eased pain refused drink water sugar drank convinced necessary foot removed place likely painful procedure produce replace leg doctors gave wooden prosthetic leg age doctors thought chances survival slight coming richmond tended friends servant confederate president offered mansion city later returned active service commanding regiment general killed battle colonel brigadier general replace turn promoted colonel went action september resigned active duty artificial leg age feel fit military service time later life june promoted brigadier general sent mississippi july given command later placed charge october worked recruit men confederate army war returned despite age physical disability worked death october buried plantation son eventually graduated harvard_university service lane achieved rank captain fought major battles including father wounded physician wounded went attend yale_university
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William L. Brandon
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22330_MomčiloĐujić
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serbian pronunciation february september serbian orthodox priest self appointed commander led significant proportion northern region croatia world war assassination king alexander yugoslavia joined invasion yugoslavia defended local serbs regime collaborated axis powers yugoslav partisans remainder war commander survived war surrendering british eventually united_states avoiding denied attempts yugoslav government accused responsible deaths people settling california played important role serbian circles founded serbian alongside exiled fighters later retired wrote poems jokes published united_states serbia instrumental ideas yugoslav wars appointed said regretted awarding title account involvement president time awarded order star class died san_diego aged early life education born village near february oldest children born née family origin moved disabled veteran father brother late 1880s lived father pension time hailed village southeast shortly marriage established successful agricultural worker couple went sons daughters mother originally intended uncle father disliked having raised listening reciting serbian epic poetry named son 14th century service serbian emperor mighty finished primary school graduated best student class attended lower gymnasium year pause began attending higher gymnasium graduate began attending serbian orthodox seminary graduated ordained priest years later assigned orthodox parish near shortly married daughter wealthy merchant married baptised infant reverend acted witnesses child born couple received twins son named daughter named family relatively wealthy standards depression era yugoslavia number particularly religious attended church times year earned monthly salary received numerous gifts locals farm owned property produced kilograms wheat annually inhabitants impoverished home filled food wealth influential person village sought use money influence help peasants organised construction cultural centre financed oversaw irrigation farmland west approved reconstruction pair church bells reconstruction church bells destroyed austro hungarian artillery money donated yugoslav government greatly improved reputation local population critics accused funds october bulgarian nationalist assassinated yugoslavia king alexander reputation chosen stand alexander coffin funeral train travelled occasion met future commander time king assassination partially orchestrated croatian fascist movement armed began organising paramilitary groups knew country survive explained serbs bag late met head interwar formed bands vicinity town long tradition emerged 1930s subjected local serbs constant propaganda hoping convince join ignored appeals continued living peacefully neighbours january presided gathering newly ordained village north general commanders gathering held view villagers marked time publicly donned uniform world war era black cap skull insignia september formed organisation months later assembled band villages known fiery speeches earned nickname father fire pop tone speeches changed depending course political developments yugoslavia ideological convictions ranged right wing royalist left wing progressive certain points appeared embrace strongly propagated conservative ideology repeated calls democracy national rights prompted regency prince paul brand left wing case received considerable support position priest respected local leader influence people vote instructing cast ballots candidate choosing yugoslav parliamentary elections held sermon accused yugoslav government responsible poor working conditions railroad workers western bosnia particular criticised minister portfolio milan government mid led massive strike railroad workers participated railroad built yugoslavia french civil engineering companies wished minimize influence held work force presented man defend rights workers country strike began road days broken yugoslav led striking workers south attempted negotiate deal authorities negotiations broke led workers north according police records held large rally delivered speech criticising regency pro catholic anti orthodox anti worker policies eyewitness reported red communist flag greeted followers fist leader band striking workers clashed police police fired hail bullets protesters wounding killing young girl watching subsequently arrested spent days prison insulting majesty rally attended crowd people later received financial compensation yugoslav government time spent prison actions greatly enhanced reputation peasants referred brave leader working men local authorities continued view suspicion describing priest left wing democracy internal documents rumours circulated supported people voted yugoslav parliamentary elections authorities suspected old italian spy received orders italian intelligence headquarters uncovered evidence suspicions world war following union germany austria yugoslavia shared border came increasing pressure neighbours aligned axis powers april yugoslavia gained second frontier italy country invaded occupied neighbouring albania outbreak world war yugoslav government declared neutrality september november hungary romania joined pact italy invaded greece time yugoslavia completely surrounded axis powers satellites neutral stance war came tremendous pressure late february bulgaria joined pact day german troops entered bulgaria romania closing ring yugoslavia aim securing southern flank pending attack soviet_union adolf_hitler began placing heavy pressure country join axis powers yugoslav government signed pact delay march days later group pro western nationalist air force officers deposed prince paul coup état conspirators declared year old prince peter age brought power government national unity led general coup enraged hitler declared yugoslavia loyalty considered foe destroyed quickly possible ordered invasion yugoslavia commenced april support coup family axis invasion began realized yugoslavia collapse inevitable seeing column troops half pass home clear hold axis advance started blaming fifth column activity military defeats april led croatia proclaimed divided german italian zones occupation april august authorities implemented policy widespread forced emigration murder serbs collaboration agreements italians following establishment narrowly escaped capture nationalists early april began killing retaliation wave atrocities communities time according italian reports command month centered mainly mid month launching raids communist held villages conjunction italians considered successfully kept surroundings local population summer approached captured early summer commander contacted italians asked halt serbs enable return refugees repeal decree enabled owned property italians obliged hope win collaboration seriously weaken future uprising area disrupted rail traffic split line august meeting village nationalists agreed collaborate italians secretly signed pact non aggression italian military exchange italians operating august assembly given task stopping italian advance town immediately agreement italians granting free passage establishment division early january formed contacted supreme commander commander played central role organizing units leaders western bosnia northern dispatched officers help designated commander division goal establishment national state exclusively orthodox population live says command received news supplies struggle milan reached reached belgrade sent military uniforms sent million obtain fighters needed obtained mid april troops began collaborating italians anti partisan raids operated northern commander acted liaison officer italians collaboration agreements june leaders established operation relationships based common fear partisans characterised distrust uncertainty actively operated italian forces concluded non aggression pact late september killed village near split causing outrage italians february commanders east bosnia signed joint proclamation declaring people bosnia serbia montenegro come help crush remnants communist international criminal band paid jews partisan rank file called kill political join ranks right away like hundreds hundreds surrendering day conscious betrayed communist jews following death february vowed italians carry policies closely collaborating yugoslav partisans detachments western bosnia italians point surrender following italian capitulation september germans supportive italians restricted activities guarding railway tracks partisan sabotage november ordered collaborate germans adding unable openly public opinion retreat surrender november yugoslav partisans attacked town defended german troops december wounded sent general following message armed forces collaborated german_army area september year common interest demanded collaboration continued present day wishes share destiny german_army future command requests village base supplying units common agreement reached december force withdrew help received ammunition food germans began joint german offensive partisans general organized transportation wounded requested written guarantee leader afford forces refuge german occupied addition petitioned nazi party official vienna forces allowed passage general december ordered military forces forces orderly passage went alternate route peninsula routes offered secure partisan attacks killed croatian population way reached forces joined volunteers forming single unit command adriatic tried contact western allies italy attempt secure foreign aid proposed anti communist offensive restore royalist yugoslavia surrendered division allied forces taken southern italy displaced persons camps germany dispersed staying paris emigrated united_states followers followed life exile failed attempts tried sentenced war crimes yugoslavia declared war criminal commander responsible organizing carrying series mass murders collaborating german italian accused responsible deaths people war france following arrival united_states fighters played role foundation serbian later enraged serbian endorsed communist authorized patriarch remained strongly opposed communist regime yugoslavia retired wrote poems jokes published united_states serbia june anniversary granted title ordered expel foreign elements holy serbian soil stating return serbia jew time anti communist subsequently described activities yugoslav wars man killer commando units operating croatia bosnia carried worst tradition later leader government coalition partner serbian president publicly stated regretted awarding title quoted saying nominated ask people forgive greatest disappointed openly collaborating communists changed reputation serbian nationalism according yugoslavia testimony croatian leader financially supported republic serbian 1990s president time awarded order star class wife died august aged croatian justice minister attempted based lengthy evidence drawn proceedings carried county court avail death died september san_diego california age survived children great grandchildren brother sister residents california new_york_times obituary following death written journalist wrote fierce foe nazis communists participated epic world war battles carried acts wartime bravery article author criticized croatian government said dissatisfied disappointed stated false information included biography editorial writer washington_post observed obituary mentioned passing war crimes collaboration accusations influence yugoslav wars stated piece displayed admiration nazi collaborator commemoration marking months death organized celebrated belgrade march serbian united_states set monument dedicated serbian cemetery illinois management players football club red star belgrade visited
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Momčilo Đujić
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22344_P.G.T.Beauregard
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february southern military officer politician inventor writer civil servant prominent general american_civil_war today commonly referred rarely adult signed correspondence trained civil engineer served distinction engineer mexican american war following brief appointment superintendent west_point south resigned united_states_army brigadier general commanded defenses charleston south_carolina start civil war fort april months later won battle bull run near virginia commanded armies including battle tennessee siege northern mississippi returned charleston defended repeated naval land attacks union forces greatest achievement saving important industrial city virginia june nearby confederate capital richmond assaults overwhelmingly superior union_army forces influence confederate strategy poor professional relationships president senior generals officials april commander general convinced davis remaining cabinet members war needed end surrendered remaining armies confederacy including men following military career returned louisiana served railroad executive wealthy promoter early life education born sugar cane plantation louisiana miles outside new_orleans french family child descendant member italian noble family migrated france louisiana husband french welsh ancestry brothers sisters attended new_orleans private schools went french school new_york_city years new_york beginning age learned speak english french language louisiana attended west_point new_york instructors later commander surrendered start civil war west_point dropped surname treated middle fit classmates point rarely preferring graduated second class excelled military engineer army friends gave nicknames little little little napoleon career mexican american war served engineer general appointed captain battles major wounded shoulder thigh noted performance meeting scott convinced assembled general officers change plan attacking fortress officers enter mexico_city considered contributions dangerous reconnaissance missions strategy superiors significant engineer colleague captain disappointed lee officers received returned mexico years charge called mississippi lake defenses louisiana engineering work repairing old forts building new ones florida coast mobile alabama improved defenses jackson mississippi_river new_orleans worked board army navy engineers improve navigation shipping channels mouth mississippi created patented invention called self acting bar ships crossing bars sand clay serving army actively campaigned election democratic presidential candidate general mexican war impressed performance mexico_city pierce appointed engineer new_orleans huge granite building built sinking moist soil louisiana develop renovation program served position stabilized structure successfully service new_orleans dissatisfied peacetime officer informed late going join seized control nicaragua offered rank second command army senior officers including general chief convinced stay united_states briefly entered politics reform candidate mayor new_orleans promoted whig democratic parties challenge know party candidate narrowly defeated employing political influence brother law obtained appointment superintendent january orders revoked relinquished office days louisiana union protested cast improper reflection reputation position forcing southern officer hostilities began family married march march daughter sugar cane parish member prominent french families southern louisiana marie paternal grandfather second governor louisiana described having blue eyes fair skin couple children marie died march giving birth years later married daughter sugar cane baptist parish caroline sister law louisiana senator later confederate diplomat died new_orleans march union occupation children civil war charleston traveled steamship new_york new_orleans immediately began giving military advice local authorities included strengthening jackson guarded mississippi approaches new_orleans hoped named commander state army disappointed state legislature appointed aware offered rank colonel instead enrolled private battalion french time communicated newly chosen president davis senior position new rumors placed charge entire army infuriated concerned political situation federal presence fort davis selected command charleston defenses perfect combination military engineer charismatic southern leader needed time place confederate general officer appointed brigadier general march july promoted general seven appointed rank date rank fifth senior general arriving charleston march met governor inspected defenses harbor found disarray said display great deal way zeal energy little professional knowledge experience major wrote washington student west_point guarantee south_carolina actions exercised skill sound judgment wrote confederate capital montgomery alabama anderson officer firing old friend instructor sent cases fine whiskey boxes anderson officers anderson ordered gifts returned early april political tensions mounting demanded surrender planned union expedition provision fort arrive early morning april negotiations anderson failed aides sent deal personally anderson ordered shots american_civil_war fired nearby fort johnson bombardment lasted hours subjected thousands rounds fired batteries ringing harbor anderson surrendered april described extravagant praise confederacy hero fort received victory south slave louisiana wax day bull run summoned new confederate capital richmond virginia received hero welcome railroad stations route given command alexandria line defenses impending federal offensive organized brig west_point classmates confederate railroad junction devised strategies concentrate forces general aiming defend position initiate offensive washington despite rank lacked familiarity terrain ceded tactical planning impending battle professional courtesy president davis considered plans impractical army inexperienced field war davis argue tendencies grand strategies based formal military principles davis believed lacked pragmatic grasp logistics intelligence relative military strengths politics began early july element surprise armies planned opponent attack right flank struck crossing threatening left flank persisted moving troops attack right flank left urged travel threatened flank henry house hill weakly defended seeing strength union attack point insisted leave area immediate action coordinate overall battle position miles rear rallied troops riding men regimental colors giving inspirational speeches confederate line held final troops arrived launched counterattack routed union_army sending streaming disorder washington credits majority tactical decisions led victory judging acted chiefly novel general leading charge individual regiment riding line cheer troops accepting soldiers turn closest came major tactical decision intention withdraw line briefly advance reinforcements arrival fresh union troops nonetheless received bulk acclaim press general public july recommended president davis promoted general davis approved date rank established date victory july advocated use standardized battle flag stars bars confederate national flag avoid visual confusion flag worked create confederate women visiting army contributed silk material dresses create flags flags contained feminine pink martial red career worked flag adopted helped popular symbol confederacy army went winter quarters caused considerable friction confederate high command strongly advocated invasion maryland threaten flank rear washington plan rebuffed impractical requested new_orleans assumed union attack near future request denied general personal friend davis inadequate supplies available army issued public statements challenging ability confederate secretary war commands general enraged president davis report printed newspaper suggested davis interference plans prevented pursuit destruction army capture washington having political liability virginia transferred tennessee second command general relation effective march generals planned concentration confederate forces oppose advance combine army thrust tennessee river mississippi began april launched surprise attack nearly defeated senior general named deferred junior planning attack massive frontal assault marred improper organization forces successive attacks corps lines miles long assigning corps portion line assault arrangement caused units confusion command failed concentrate mass appropriate place line affect overall objectives attack near battle action mortally wounded positioned rear army send reinforcements forward assumed command army overall western department officially designated department number darkness fell chose attack grant final defensive line contracted tight backed landing decision controversial civil war numerous veterans historians wondered happened assault gone forward night believed battle essentially won men finish grant morning knew terrain crossed steep containing creek named extremely difficult grant defensive line heavy artillery unbeknownst ohio began arriving afternoon grant launched massive counterattack april overwhelmed retreated grant temporarily surprise attack near defeat causing superior assume field command combined armies slowly approached fortifications action called siege withdrew mississippi able thinking attack ran trains forth town blew troops massive reinforcements arriving retreated overwhelming union force contaminated water supplies april lost men death disease killed battle leaving critical rail junction fight controversial decision went medical leave requesting permission advance president davis relieved command replaced return charleston request allies confederate congress petitioned davis restore command west davis remained angry absence told stayed post carried litter wrote world ask restore general command given refuse ordered charleston took command coastal defenses south_carolina georgia florida replacing promoted lieutenant general transferred command defenses mississippi unhappy new assignment believing deserved command great confederate field armies performed successfully preventing capture charleston union naval land attacks april rear admiral commander led ironclad attack fort repulsed highly accurate artillery fire forces july september land forces brig launched series attacks fort wagner fortifications mouth harbor attempted destroy operation failed successful seizure effective threatening charleston period promoted innovative naval defense strategies early experimentation submarines naval mines called torpedoes civil war small vessel called torpedo ram swift boat fitted torpedo pole projecting bow water surprise enemy vessel underneath water line busy strategies generals confederacy proposed state governors meet union governors western states called midwest states today peace conference davis administration rejected idea caused considerable political maneuvering davis enemies congress proposed grand strategy submitted anonymously political allies reputation reinforce western armies expense army virginia destroy federal army tennessee induce relieve pressure maneuver army place destroyed continue ohio induce western states ally confederacy fleet torpedo built england recapture new_orleans ending war record plan officially presented government visiting forces florida repelled union advance jacksonville received telegram wife died march living union occupied new_orleans seriously ill years northern leaning local newspaper printed opinion condition exacerbated actions husband negative popular opinion people attended funeral union provided steamer carry body burial native parish wrote like rescue grave head army richmond april saw little opportunity military glory significant assaults charleston prospects major field command unlikely requested leave recover fatigue chronic throat instead received order report north_carolina near virginia border play key role defense virginia new assignment included virginia south took command april renamed initiative preparing spring offensive union concerned attacks south richmond critical supply lines richmond army grant moved south lee overland campaign launched surprise landings successfully lobbied military adviser prevent significant units small force transferred north richmond aid lee timely action coupled military incompetence butler union army threat lee supply line sector stable pressure began rise transfer troops lee send division lee battle cold harbor lee wanted took step offering command right wing cooperation replied passive aggressive manner willing success leave department orders cold harbor lee confederate high command unable grant strategic sense allowed prediction grant cross attempt seize lightly defended contained critical rail junctions supporting richmond lee despite persistent pleas reinforce sector convince colleagues danger june weak man force including boys old men patients military hospitals resisted assault known second battle withdrawing bermuda defenses reinforce city assuming correctly butler capitalize opening succeeded held long lee army arrive arguably finest combat performance war continued commanding defenses early days siege loss railroad august criticized attacking dissatisfied command arrangements lee hoped independent command desires thwarted instances lee chose lead expedition north threaten washington davis chose replace atlanta campaign return west fall atlanta september president davis considered replacing command asked find interested interested unclear davis seriously considered appointment end decided retain hood davis met georgia october offered command newly created responsible southern states georgia mississippi_river armies hood command job limited logistical advisory responsibilities true operational control armies join person emergency anxious return field accepted assignment major field operation fall hood invasion tennessee undertook despite counsel little operational logistical sense hood treat respect department commander communicating plans reluctantly making movements regard consequences supply line maintain hood traveled alabama tennessee began march sea atlanta savannah focused attention georgia ineffective stopping delaying advance inadequate local forces reluctant strip defenses locations concentrate furthermore excellent job intermediate final targets march savannah fell december army began march north south_carolina january late december found hood army severely damaged defeat battle nashville men fighting condition oppose advance attempted concentrate small forces reach columbia south_carolina state capital urgent dispatches richmond treated disbelief davis general chief confederate armies believe advancing supply line quickly observing concerned considered health lee recommended davis replaced change command came february cooperative disappointed replacement remainder war subordinate assigned routine matters combat responsibilities met president davis april assessment confederate situation helped convince davis meet negotiate surrender army surrendered near durham north_carolina april traveled mobile took naval transport hometown new_orleans august year house surrounded troops suspected inhabitants locked cotton press overnight complained general expressed annoyance enemy treatment life war reluctant seek amnesty confederate officer publicly swearing oath loyalty lee mayor new_orleans september confederate officers issued mass pardon president july final privilege american citizen right run public office restored petitioned congress relief bill behalf signed president grant july pursued position declined offer claimed positive attitude president johnson south decision prefer live poor forgotten endowed honor foreign country declined offers command armies romania egypt lifelong democrat worked end republican rule reconstruction outrage perceived reconstruction principal source remaining united_states foreign armies lasted active association conservative new_orleans businessmen spoke favor civil rights voting recently freed slaves hoping form alliances african americans democrats vote state legislature employment following war october chief engineer general superintendent new_orleans jackson promoted president position retained ousted hostile takeover job overlapped president new_orleans street railway invented system cable powered street railway cars financial success company fired wished direct management company demonstrated cable car issued patent loss railway executive positions spent time briefly variety companies civil engineering pursuits personal wealth assured recruited supervisor confederate general presided lottery drawings numerous public appearances lending effort years generals served positions public opposed government sponsored gambling lottery closed legislature military writings include principles art war report commentary campaign uncredited author friend war states contributed article battle bull run november years davis published series bitter accusations counter accusations blaming confederate defeat served adjutant general louisiana state militia elected commissioner public works new_orleans wife died leaving influence hood memoirs published proceeds going children appointed governor virginia grand marshal festivities associated laying cornerstone statue richmond died refused honor heading funeral procession saying enemies pretend sorry gone died sleep new_orleans cause death heart disease probably surviving general confederacy served chief interred vault historic legacy western louisiana named camp base national_guard camp near central louisiana unincorporated community alabama named equestrian monument depicts intersection avenue enters city park new_orleans residence new_orleans called operated historic house museum camps named sons confederate veterans
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P. G. T. Beauregard
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22364_JoseCalugas
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december january member world war received medal honor actions age joined united_states_army completed training served different artillery batteries unit mobilized fight world war noticing unit gun batteries destroyed crew killed gathered members unit dug attempted defend line captured members unit forced march distant enemy prison camp held prisoner war released secretly assigned guerrilla unit philippines fought liberation philippines japanese world war received direct commission united_states citizen retiring army settled washington early life military training born philippines december mother died later left high school order work support family enlisted united_states_army received basic training fort oklahoma completion received additional training assigned 24th artillery regiment stationed married began raise family unit field sergeant battery united_states declared war japan unit mobilized duty sent december action world war medal honor action january unit covering withdrawal portion 31st infantry regiment working mess sergeant charge group soldiers preparing day meals known duty noticed unit guns crew killed orders ran yards shell swept area inactive gun position organized squad volunteers returned japanese artillery fire position remained constant heavy fire rest afternoon squad maintained steady fire enemy positions soldiers time dig defend line day ended combat subsided returned actions day superiors recommended united_states military highest decoration medal honor receive american forces surrendered japanese forces death march arguably represented intense phase invasion philippines world war final stage repeated assaults artillery fire japanese forces communications defenses allies peninsula completely destroyed days entire allied defense collapsed roads refugees fleeing troops april senior commander major general edward king recognized resistance explored proposals capitulation april approximately filipino american troops surrendered japanese army men general single largest surrender military forces american history surrender prisoners marched camp donnell prison camp province japanese having expected fighting continue anticipated prisoners war prepared unwilling transport group prisoners times size majority prisoners war immediately relieved belongings endured mile march deep dust vehicle broken roads rail cars portion journey route men women died disease starvation heat wounds execution deaths americans high approximately filipino american prisoners war died march remained prisoner camp donnell january released work japanese post release release placed japanese rice mill assigned secretly joined guerrilla unit old officer guerrilla unit participated attack japanese garrison unit fought continued campaign japanese eventually led liberation philippines liberation philippines finally received medal honor approved beginning war medal presented general army general subsequently accepted direct commission united_states_army later assigned 44th infantry regiment assigned occupation okinawa unit disbanded assigned remained later assigned washington citizenship born territory fought technically citizen following spanish american war philippine residents classified nationals philippine reclassified aliens set immigrants year united_states exception joined serving okinawa completed process united_states citizen retirement post military life eventually retired army rank captain moved washington family retiring army earned degree worked addition education starting new career involved veterans groups seattle area died january age buried mountain view memorial park washington survived children including retired sergeant class grandchildren great grandchildren wife years died honors awards earned multiple military decorations died including medal honor medal honor citation action award took place near january battery gun position bombed shelled enemy gun commission killed wounded sgt mess sergeant battery voluntarily orders ran yards shell swept area gun position organized volunteer squad placed gun commission fired effectively enemy position remained constant heavy japanese artillery fire honors relief commemorating event lead awarding medal honor family housing area fort sam houston texas street known dedicated honor family present medal honor given fort museum display family death unit apartment building designed low income disabled residents dedicated sgt apartments high point seattle memorial day memory honored living war memorial park memorial previously established
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Jose Calugas
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22546_EduardvonCapelle
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admiral october february german officer served navy retirement october career served primarily responsible writing fleet laws funded expansion high_seas_fleet time retired risen rank admiral served post state secretary post oversaw german naval war years world war retired died february early career born october father factory owner mother younger brother physicist served president joined imperial_german_navy naval cadet served capacities fleet including december serving executive officer battleship sms later assigned chief administrative department capacity began work closely admiral promoted state secretary navy responsible drafting legislation fleet laws laws period senior members naval command worked repeatedly break industry means costs low stable firm proved resistant efforts krupp held near monopoly armor plating large caliber guns proved powerful effectively pressure promoted rear admiral vice admiral years later elevated nobility allowed add von rose rank admiral deputy july crisis instigated world war temporarily acting state secretary away summer home capacity endorsed blank check kaiser extended austria-hungary aftermath assassination serbian terrorists previous month regard deepening crisis stated swords poisonous ink europe tear pieces serbia world war late august fallen ill requested retirement navy agreed remain post november march recalled service replaced views naval war unpopular state secretary navy point pushed submarine warfare order break western chancellor fearing war united_states relieved command secured support brought retirement position state secretary decidedly weaker tenure large course war surface fleet policy advocated admiral later serve deputy stated navy position purely administrative longer plays leading role initially opposed submarine warfare group senior officers led commander high_seas_fleet admiral convinced change mind turn worked convince permit return submarine warfare january germany resumed boat campaign britain february congress voted declare war germany april agreed resume boat campaign believe submarines replaced battleship decisive naval weapon arguing february new battleship construction design stopped order costs announced navy build ships long tons short tons displacement draft excess maximum dimensions existing larger designs require expensive channels new docks february design work new class battleships ground halt far war boat arm absorbed limited production capabilities navy advocated contracts ottoman_empire germany wartime ally secured contracts torpedo boats boats naval construction program skilled workers army order preserve expertise navy needs august banned socialist literature fleet aftermath disturbances october speech accused radical independent branch supporting revolutionary actions drove moderate members closer radical independent faction led chancellor replaced january awarded pour germany highest military award august group prominent commanders high_seas_fleet convinced senior officers naval high command needed replaced dynamic individuals end requested resignation admiralty chief head naval cabinet resigned navy october shortly end war deputy briefly replaced forced opposition time promoted chief naval staff testified war failures committee tenure state secretary war particularly relating boat campaign britain died february decorations awards order 1st class crown 1st class prussia pour january knight 1st 2nd class service award prussia military 1st class hamburg commander second class commander honorary grand cross house merit order friedrich august cross 1st class albert order golden star swords
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Eduard von Capelle
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22700_AntonioLuna
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october june born manila filipino general fought philippine american war regarded generals time succeeded chief staff sought apply background military science fledgling army organized professional guerrilla soldiers later known tier defense known gave american troops hard campaign provinces north manila defense line culminated creation military base despite commitment discipline army serve republic attracted admiration people temper caused efforts recognition time awarded member military studies studied literature chemistry family background born october manila youngest seven children spanish father traveling salesman government tobacco monopoly tobacco monopoly formally established family moved manila father merchant siblings older brother juan accomplished painter studied garnered gold medals awarded brother doctor brother fought philippine american war later served governor serve senator siblings education age initially learned reading writing teacher known believed book printed philippines title work literally means christian doctrine primary goal book christian teaching philippine archipelago book consists leaves pages text spanish roman letters original script originally blank contemporary versions bears manuscript inscription dos signed comes basic prayers lord prayer following articles faith seven mortal sins fourteen points education studied received bachelor_of_arts degree went study literature chemistry won prize paper chemistry titled dos studied background fencing military tactics came studies major addition acquired skill invitation elder brother juan sent parents spain acquired doctorate scientific achievements active researcher scientific community receiving doctorate published scientific treatise malaria entitled favorably received scientific community went belgium france worked assistant recognition ability commissioned spanish government study tropical diseases returned philippines took examination determine chief chemist manila came won position spain filipino mounted wrote headed wrote piece titled impressions dealt spanish customs pen like filipino liberals spain joined masonry rose master mason brother juan opened fencing club manila learned underground societies planning revolution asked join idea turned offer like filipino involved favor reform revolution way independence affecting property proponents saw revolution succeed necessary preparations existence leaked august brothers arrested jailed fort participating revolution statement concerning revolution statements laying death sentence months later juan freed exiled spain imprisoned madrid famous controversial brother juan pardoned spanish queen regent austria left spain use influence august soon case dismissed released end phase philippine revolution ended pact prepared second phase release december studied field fortifications guerrilla warfare organization aspects military science later commanding general fortress read extensively discipline second phase revolution began return arriving hong_kong given letter recommendation revolver returned philippines july personal life courted woman courted period reportedly party held drunk remarks prompted challenge duel apologized duel urban legends persist present concerning millions republic treasury particularly hometown alleged sweetheart aunt father wealth rumored entrusted resulting richest women philippines recorded comments printed financial anti figures government immediately philippine american war philippine american war prior war action manila august americans landed troops june manila completely surrounded revolutionary troops colonel san occupied general general colonel general marched taking cleared held thought enter joint occupation walled city advice general commodore later admiral fleet moored manila bay sent trenches ordered troops fire americans chaos following american occupation meeting tried complain american officers conduct soldiers silence appointed chief war operations september assigned rank brigadier general quick succession director assistant secretary war supreme chief september generals fighting phase revolution felt bureaucratic thrown way wanted organize discipline enthusiastic ill fed ill trained troops real army september constituent assembly convened elected representatives narrowly defeated president congress vote seeing need military school october established military academy known precursor present appointed colonel lieutenant serving superintendent recruited fought spanish army revolution training academy suspended indefinitely march outbreak philippine american war score veteran officers teachers military school devised courses instruction planned reorganization battalion cavalry squadron set inventory guns ammunition town halls communication systems built trenches help chief engineer general brother juan design school uniforms filipino insisted strict discipline clan armies regional prevented coordination military units united army republic clan armies regional presented lack national consciousness condition spanish utilized native contingent armed forces check soldiers region fight revolts regions convinced fate infant republic contest minds turned journalism strengthen filipino minds ideas need fight americans decided publish newspaper page daily filled articles short stories patriotic songs poems staff installed coaches train ran manila paper came september instant success feast information humor good writing copies printed newspapers circulation treaty paris spain philippines united_states public december quickly decided military action proposed strategy designed trap americans manila troops land executing surprise attacks guerrilla warfare building strength north american forces penetrated lines determined wage series delaying battles prepare fortress northern particularly turned believed americans grant independence outbreak war americans gained time opportunity start hostilities place time choice night february filipino generals ball celebrate success american anti delaying ratification treaty paris americans staged incident concrete near bridge american patrol fired filipino troops claiming started shooting filipino line returned fire battle filipino american war ensued days later response incident senate voted annexation conflict war conquest occupation annexation predicted warned generals previously receiving orders rushed lines headquarters polo present day led companies engage general forces fighting took place subjected carefully planned attack naval artillery fleet firing filipino casualties high amounting killed wounded personally carry wounded officers men safety rescues dramatic commander hit american bullet managed advance meters seen collapse road americans kept fire road gather escort men save declared equivalent men surviving encounter tried encourage live gave instant promotion lieutenant colonel died february issued detailed order field officers territorial militia containing specific objects began virtue attack army february ended war quarter false americans wish independence death order labeled forces army thieves response continued bombardment towns manila burning looting districts filipino women troops saw american advance halted mainly stabilize lines mobilized troops attack february fierce fighting ensued forced withdraw left american forces control southern terminus manila railway engines passenger coaches freight cars consolidating control obvious objective american forces republic capital general delayed month hopes filipino forces deployed defense superior firepower newly arrived reinforcements americans expected resistance surprised urgent cable sent general ceylon sri_lanka troops illustrating concern americans telegram stated situation critical manila early arrival great importance short lived unit formed serve february sent secretary war assistant secretary war disarmed americans commissioned regular filipino army seeing desire serve army took group grew emerged famous fierce fighting proved worth usual unit major battle philippine american war april seven remained regular filipino army battle december unknown filipino command general killed general making highest ranking casualty course war formed units similar unit later named commanded unit emerged group men wanting volunteer regular filipino army thinking defeat battle sent men away soon changed mind decided men initiation taking breakfast ordered subordinate colonel prepare arms ammunition men men boarded train destined american held territory giving orders men let watched men succeeding mission eventually returned unharmed bravery organized guerrilla unit members unit action second battle unit man guerrilla unit certain favorites modest brave soldier unit tasked approach enemy surprise quickly return camp admired unit wanted increase size declined offer believed larger force undermine efficiency work chief army engineer aides stated heard unit resignation february operations war filipino counterattack began dawn february plan employ movement battalions north south professionally trained troops crucial points inside manila start great fire signal start assault troops directly command divided west brigade general general general requested battle hardened command general soldiers gave ambiguous answers unable participate battle partly successful main reasons firstly successful filipino sectors ran low ammunition food forced withdraw polo secondly failed relieve militia past prime battalion refused replace saying orders obey instructions directly common filipino forces time troops owed loyalty officers provinces towns districts central command result counterattack soon collapsed proved strict temper alienated ranks common soldiers example occurred ordered general send troops strengthen defenses ignored orders insisting going undertake inspection troops version reasoning emerged probably reached version left visit girlfriend infuriated actions decided major aides tried general anger convincing push case president complied hours returning field americans broken defenses forcing withdraw despite heroic action defend remaining sectors resigned march mainly resentment accepted resignation result absent field weeks filipino forces suffered defeats setbacks defeat battle river march receiving depressing reports field went asked reinstated powers military heads promoted lieutenant general agreed making commander chief filipino forces central planned create series delaying battles republic constructing guerrilla base base planned stand headquarters republic case americans broke american military observers described consisting numerous bamboo trenches stretching town town series trenches allowed withdraw gradually firing cover advancing americans american troops occupied new position subjected series traps set trenches included bamboo spikes poisonous reptiles earlier month fell field battle santo mounted horse charged battlefield leading main force counterattack advanced american forces began firing horse hit fell ground recovered realized shot stomach attempted kill revolver avoid capture saved actions filipino colonel named having seen fall rode general save despite heavily wounded legs arm remaining strength carried away battle filipino rear reaching safety realized wound deep impact bullet taken silk belt gold coins parents given wearing left field wounds tended turned command general filipino commander nearby town recognition work awarded end colonel brothers warned plot old elements republic bent accepting american sovereignty country army officers disarmed arrested insulted threats trust continued building defenses americans planning landing assassination aftermath june received asked help launching counterattack said signed ordered new capital form new cabinet wrote military commander stand firm war set train horseback eventually carriages men journey carriages broke proceeded carriage colonel captain having earlier shed cavalry escort june sent telegram confirming arrival arriving june proceeded headquarters communicate president went stairs ran officer previously disarmed old enemy threatened arrest favoring american autonomy captain commander minister foreign affairs member cabinet told left enraged asked told meeting cancelled exchanged heated words depart rifle shot plaza outraged furious rushed stairs met accompanied elements swung wounding head men fired started stabbing tried fire revolver attackers plaza rushing aid set shot killed severely wounded lay dying assassins received wounds buried churchyard relieved officers men field including general headquarters besieged day assassinated immediately death confusion reigned sides americans thought taken replace death publicly declared june circular providing details event released june investigations supposedly concerning death person convicted later general said verbally ordered conduct assassination sickness time prevented participation assassination firm stand assassination death brilliant capable filipino generals time decisive factor fight american forces despite mixed reactions filipino american sides death people sides developed admiration general received credit capturing stated aggressive leader general general filipino army general remarked death general filipino army lost general prime minister secretary hasty cruel resolution army brought desperate situation soldiers lack action courage extraordinary energy hinder dissolution filipino armed forces organized service army major general commented fine set soldiers far better indians inferior particular equipment supplies men seen impressed statement later subsequently suffered successive disastrous losses field retreated northwards november decided disperse army begin conducting guerrilla war general remaining aides stated memoirs able finish planned military camp shifted guerrilla warfare earlier suggested avoided having run life historian death directly contribute resulting fall republic book crisis republic stated loss showed existence lack discipline regular filipino soldiers major weakness course war soldiers connected result eventually surrendered americans march captured american forces later brought manila pledge allegiance united_states april commemoration famous named general municipalities general general named general lane national road named general stretching manila named stretch integrated renamed american period general named postwar philippine bill featured portrait replaced portrait stamp featuring released birth anniversary anniversary birth president delivered speech general said guerrilla tactics preceded china vietnam second general patrol vessels commissioned named general monument erected plaza manila mayor led commemorative program birth anniversary philippine military base camp named general currently general filipino rock band named popular culture portrayed film portrayed series portrayed film books history filipino people 8th introduction filipino history crisis republic isbn history movie publishing inc rise fall solar pub corporation isbn development philippine politics oriental commercial philippine war isbn philippine war isbn looking publishing inc isbn
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Antonio Luna
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22774_JohnstondePeyster
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june soldier union_army american_civil_war later member new_york son wealthy old family joined union_army age eighteen saw service eastern theater best remembered raising union flag confederate capitol richmond virginia fall war served overseas returned united_states ran office elected father disagreed political positions eventually stopped speaking family feud culminated race office mayor native town father running son defeating father owned town hall forced mayor office new building died survived daughters early career born new_york family estate member wealthy family new_york son major general brother brigadier general second cousin great great great grandfather early mayor new_york_city father wealthy merchant start war years old attending new_york remained school left raise company regiment organized new_york father paid dollar men signed muster roll company able assume command age family felt young service winter threatened travel washington stand examination colored regiment age eighteen family allowed join union_army second lieutenant assigned 13th new york heavy artillery regiment assigned division army james commanded brig division disastrous engaged left bermuda second divisions traveled join lieutenant general cold harbor divisions stationed fort located norfolk virginia contracted fever sent home months missing unit heaviest engagements siege second battle illness contracted plague eighteen years richmond return joined staff commanding military district norfolk general assigned chief staff commanded aide eventually chief staff unit originally joined 13th new_york assigned credited raising union flag confederate capitol richmond virginia fall flag raised city new_orleans louisiana fall military governor new_orleans later state louisiana flew initially selected lead assault outside city night assault noticed city signal tower informed general men corps entered city admiral later claimed credit received actually taken city carried intent dispute raised flag capitol richmond learned raised hours hoisted national flag eventually declared receive credit flag despite father military critic highly writing grant achievements young lieutenant reflected incident letter mother headquarters army april mother morning clock got hour retired information going richmond started gone road munitions war richmond reached south flames shells terrific arriving capitol sprang horse stars stripes large flag saddle captain chief artillery rushed roof hoisted large flag richmond peak roof drank success capitol found flags rebel presented general fulfilled bet large flag richmond found small took returned belonged write jeff davis private room remain affection son act received promotion lieutenant colonel volunteers conduct real american flag richmond capture union forces april zeal fidelity courage maintained honor efforts enforce laws united_states supremacy constitution republican form government shortly received promotion colonel order mention flag raising incident opted general texas instead resigned june associated unofficial capacity later life war returned new_york active joined united_states general appointed minister spain president grant married daughters elected county reelected second term served mayor native village hudson terms president new_york society library active philanthropy numerous donations libraries historical societies shared interests philanthropy military affairs father eventually falling served state opposed father vote world fair bill feud heated mayor father owned building town government met barred son entering building village government forced building remained finally returned building incident occurred reported press mother fell ill visited family home violently assaulted father father went far run son mayor defeated general election died father siblings
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Johnston de Peyster
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22817_MigueldeAzcuénaga
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june december argentine brigadier educated spain began military career member autonomous government modern argentina shortly exiled support minister returned buenos_aires replaced held offices notably governor buenos_aires revolution died country house modern biography born buenos_aires june son spanish businessman buenos_aires sons daughters sent spain early age complete elementary studies attend returned buenos_aires new journey spain oversee business father began military career artillery buenos_aires spanish portuguese war staying unit signing treaty san incorporated war concluded took arms attack natives directed operations fort spain fought american revolutionary war feared britain launch spanish colonies led artillery unit cannons british attack took place appointed offices period april helped number establish guild spain guild constitution spain model promoted pavement streets improvement buildings supported collected provided cattle rocks work married cousin february appointed lieutenant colonel leading local militia year left granted military wages period soldiers unit appointed colonel march donated clothing soldiers donated build navy domingo fought british invasions leading resistance bridge stood hours soldiers overwhelming british force managed escape soldiers aided brigadier argentine war independence war spain capture king ferdinand vii fall escalated political disputes buenos_aires led revolution thought appointed fallen legitimacy requested open discuss attended voted creation deputies provinces ruling majority agreed creation people ruling meantime tried stay government president resisted lend house secret meetings appointed member new promoted brigadier reasons inclusion unclear members common accepted theory considers balance military clergy armed forces close ties rich people city suffered internal conflicts conservatives led liberals led aligned opposed expansion voted proposal pressure resigned december supporters forced resign exiled lost military rank wife requested instead exile closer declined replaced positive image peers political change allowed return rank mistake documentation gave rank colonel retrieve rank brigadier appointed governor buenos_aires ruling province national authority replaced head state supreme director appointed supreme director selected advisors appointed protector freedom press member moved buenos_aires elected vice president congress september reelected defeat buenos_aires battle led closing congress later life aged took peace negotiations end argentine brazilian war led creation state negotiations took place managed economy deputy fellow deputies pointed attended legislative sessions despite old age died home december governor ordered construction modern place today official decree stated noteworthy services gave nation times brigadier general particularly days glorious independence require demonstration takes patriot keeps memory civic virtues country house built establishment buenos_aires generations inherited wife generations family ancestry inherited gave argentine state official residence president argentina renamed argentine presidents
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Miguel de Azcuénaga
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23274_JacobL.Devers
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jacob september october general united_states_army commanded 6th world war involved development adoption numerous weapons including tanks amphibious truck bell helicopter rifle graduate commissioned field artillery world war instructor oklahoma serve france november armistice ended fighting attended french artillery school world wars staunch advocate time idea horses met strong resistance conservative gunners world war broke europe stationed panama promoted major general october took command newly formed north_carolina base construction oversaw appointed chief august supervised expansion armored divisions sixteen articulate proponent emerging tactical doctrine combined arms rejected american doctrine held tanks exploitation fighting tanks pressed american industry produce powerful engines views superiors pushed development medium tank gun satisfied called heavily armed armored tanks wanted new tanks operation overlord overruled united_states_army commander principal tasks overseeing preparation detailed plans buildup men overlord supporting clashed general diversion resources succeeded january went mediterranean commander united_states_army deputy supreme allied commander british general sir involved organization planning leadership operation invasion southern france august led france germany advance rhine german counterattack operation operations reduce pocket western allied invasion germany war commanded early life education born september york pennsylvania small industrial town southeastern corner state parents partner jewellery store kate couple children younger brothers frank younger sister catherine known irish german ancestry strict religious family belonged believe smoking drinking providing comfortable middle class life children couple taught value integrity growing heart country young called family enjoyed outdoors camping fishing hunting played usual sports friends easily engaging smile cheerful personality addition household odd jobs neighborhood worked maternal grandfather farm initially educated york entered september popular student elected class president excellent academic record earning high marks mathematics science competitive slightly built pound inch captained basketball team played defensive quarterback football starred baseball graduated applied accepted intention studying engineering congressman offered appointment west_point new_york entered academy june class classmates star generals world war star general studies excelled sports playing shortstop army baseball team guard army black knights basketball squad played polo graduated west_point june ranking 39th class commissioned second lieutenant chosen branch field artillery positions available higher ranking cadets chose branches secure preference world war posting 4th mountain artillery based vancouver barracks washington state pack artillery unit meaning ammunition equipment carried equipped inch mountain gun months joined unit moved fort wyoming rejoined returning philippines post hosted african american 9th cavalry assigned lieutenant battery commander october married arlington virginia visiting niece major battalion commander ceremony parents home arlington virginia assignment december sent west_point teach mathematics managed baseball program coached cadet basketball team included april promoted lieutenant august transferred newly activated 9th field artillery barracks territory hawaii child daughter born july 9th field artillery battalion inch guns guns medium artillery new united_states_army 9th artillery tractor drawn regiment given command entered world war germany april promoted captain major august action posted oklahoma december instructor received promotions lieutenant colonel july colonel october executive officer 9th field artillery regiment unit hawaii fort october september nominated command 60th field artillery orders western france took post armistice november ended fighting orders cancelled disappointed instead commanding officer 1st field artillery fort march sent month temporary duty assignment europe attended french artillery school study guns ammunition equipment tactics allies germans war wars returning united_states began second tour duty west_point serving senior field commander field artillery detachment reverted colonel substantive rank captain taking appointment august promoted major july time superintendent brigadier general fought unpopular battle bring curriculum date defended methods department unaffected years west_point selected attend command kansas began studies september finished distinguished graduate june ranked 42nd class topped posted time director august officers worked captain tour credited making number innovative artillery tactical technical improvements including advanced fire support techniques later successfully world war remained staunch advocate inter war period idea horses met strong resistance conservative gunners september ordered washington serve staff chief field artillery chosen attend washington began studies august graduated june followed year assignment maryland executive officer 1st commander 6th field artillery years major promoted lieutenant colonel february june sent virginia near district_of_columbia commander 16th field artillery young regimental officers like second lieutenant surprised fire guns graham married daughter july impressed opportunity returned time time graduate manager athletics superintendent officer renowned sharp tongue later recalled lot people afraid called week responsibility grown considerably days cadet varsity team sports eighteen despite great depression ran accumulated considerable funds major task construction new playing fields appear available land came plan right way found railroad welcoming plan shorter route saved money new fields completed december promoted colonel july world war emergency august wife boarded army transport bound panama canal zone time genuine fear hostile nation strike united_states attack panama canal preventing movement ships outbreak world war europe september led fears reinforcements including 5th 13th infantry sent panama chief staff major general replaced stone december supervised construction projects improvements panama canal zone defenses recommendation new chief staff army general approval secretary war henry advanced rank brigadier general promotion age youngest brigadier general army july recalled washington panama canal zone assume command district_of_columbia area september marshall approval new secretary war named representative tasked surveying bases caribbean newfoundland leased british destroyers bases agreement said use officer marshall told outside door happened lieutenant colonel promoted major general october sent command newly formed north_carolina replacing brigadier general killed air crash supervise training 9th managing huge base expansion program directed basic advanced infantry training thousands troops command regular army national guard patch commander tour strength grew soldiers time pushed forward immense construction projects base housing training facilities roads post working closely engineers local contractors staff cutting red tape months oversaw completion buildings miles roads armored force august general marshall named headquartered kentucky replaced cavalry legend ill major general appointed chief year earlier reported directly marshall responsible organizing training army armored divisions separate non divisional tank battalions including non tank personnel assigned tactical charge ground forces specifically control semi autonomous considered quasi arm complete control training doctrine organization major reorganization march named commander new component replaced relations distant lines authority responsibility unclear prefer leaving time took command operational armored divisions fort louisiana fort independent tank battalion maryland divisions participated large scale war games august september november despite successes maneuvers revealed armored unit equipment operational deficiencies plus general lack combat readiness attributed poor performance poorly trained junior staff officers saw deficiencies hampered coordination tanks infantry artillery particular post maneuver reports emphasized vulnerability tanks fire bolstered pro philosophy strongly held differed number tank kills credited gunners unrealistic biased feeling set rules continued push independent tank destroyer force argued weapon best tank better tank november marshall authorized creation tank destroyer force created ordered activation tank destroyer battalions battlefield experience prove right combat tanks knocked tanks tank destroyers mainly mobile artillery support tank destroyer program scaled tank destroyer battalions end war tank destroyer quasi arm disbanded arrival armored force doctrine emphasized light tanks weighing short tons american doctrine held tanks exploitation fighting tanks rejected heavy tank recommended cancelled citing tremendous weight concerns mobility reliability seen support position wanted medium tank mounting like appalled find tanks armed heavier gun new medium tank beginning come production line lee observed testing days taking command unimpressed american industry unable cast turret large hold gun carried gun gave limited traverse rendering difficult engage moving targets matters worse designers shortened barrel improve mobility realized reduced gun muzzle velocity effectiveness armor practice crews attempted engage german armor ineffective found penetrate frontal armor german tanks yards german tanks destroyed yards pronounced overweight armed views superiors lobbied heavily armored better armed medium tank played important role design development manufacturing particularly engine armament tour chief worked closely manufacturers fort research testing tanks guns armored vehicles ammunition biggest obstacle engines pre war tanks rated horsepower insufficient short tons medium tank wanted horsepower engine ability american automotive industry produce extraordinary efforts resulted development number horsepower engines rejected general motors diesel engine favor gasoline engines battlefield experience demonstrate diesel engine superior quest better engine eventually settled ford engine persistent shortage tank engines reliable versatile low cost variants produced army expected period training fix problems japanese attack pearl harbor december shattered expectations fully prepared united_states war beginning armored divisions operational training activated february followed march recommended division armored division meant armored divisions end increased pressure promoted lieutenant general equal rank september push armored units pipeline faster training neglected pressing need units ready overseas deployment initially trained components armored division march restricted tank personnel personnel coming branch training centers sent commander set desert training center california arizona desert soldiers train desert warfare time closed infantry armored divisions trained fought desert sent pacific articulate proponent army emerging tactical doctrine combined arms infantry artillery armor close air support carried translation german manual components division general embrace combined arms solution problem best employ tanks placed act direction updated comprehensive pages manual tactics technique written published distributed march german manual tank platoon tactics foreword translated english issued publication march saw reorganization armored divisions wake maneuvers added artillery headquarters armored division reorganized artillery component battalions batteries self propelled guns division trains headquarters added coordinate logistical activities insistence flight light aircraft artillery spotting reconnaissance included new division strong early supporter development amphibious truck bush later recalled early stages development man army fully appreciated possibilities value demonstrated allied invasion sicily july december january went inspection tour north_africa taking brigadier generals spoke key british generals including american commanders including defensive suspicious marshall sent replace nervous critical comments handling 1st armored division party received great deal feedback positive negative american equipment noted superior lee 1st armored division equipped urged development powerful gun took axe armored division organization dramatically 2nd 3rd armored divisions number armored battalions reduced favored older larger organization surplus armored battalions utilized separate armored battalions end armored battalions armored divisions non divisional battalions time planned number divisions dramatically cut considered armored divisions required suggested sixteen armored divisions active broken proposal accepted number armored divisions frozen sixteen united_states_army aerial inspection tour lieutenant general united_states_army commander replacing february killed aircraft crash iceland marshall appointed command place arrived england principal tasks overseeing preparation detailed plans buildup men supporting end troops united_kingdom ground forces air forces services supply end year numbers grown ground forces air forces services supply preparing plans overlord worked closely chief staff commander british lieutenant general good working relationship main objection plan want american units smaller corps directly british command based called principle clashed diversion resources july lieutenant general asked groups bombers sent help support allied invasion italy planned assault area extreme range allied fighters based sicily long range bombers needed battlefield felt theater priority groups represented heavy bombers departure greatly impact combined bomber offensive turned request commander brigadier general spoke agreed appealed washington marshall general chief supported august asked permission retain groups bombers turned request marshall arnold supported september came severe pressure german readily request return groups later noted accustomed having requests marshall turned found difficult accept september representatives met discuss needs asked new tanks later redesignated produced shipped matter urgency concurred added series tanks advanced design handicapped problems reliability electric transmission disapproved request writing tank particularly widely hailed best tank battlefield today particular request represents british view theater tank gun appears fear forces tiger tank basis tank conception tank versus tank duel believed unnecessary indication gun inadequate mark tiger tank united_states_army november president roosevelt named supreme allied commander overlord hoped appointed commander instead sent mediterranean commander united_states_army primarily logistical administrative organization american formations theater included lieutenant general led major general commanded headed lieutenant general went commander chief arrived january deputy supreme allied commander british general sir wilson worked despite administrative nature position spent time wilson deal difficult cases like french poles later decorated polish government exile allowing poles captured german uniform join polish italy beginning allied ground forces fighting italian south rome german line chain strong defensive positions mountainous terrain anchored middle clark plan surprise end run german winter line called allied landings italy west coast thirty miles south rome january days wilson deputy attended conference discuss attendance winston_churchill general wilson general alexander admiral fleet sir wondered high level conference required saw simple military decision noted diary individuals present favored amphibious operation clashed smith attempt obtain officers command tried release number officers including major general declined including brigadier general particular wanted command corps assault operation overlord southern france appealed marshall supported protested lead ashore days time wanting key subordinate eve battle marshall backed soon landing flew dismayed find advance halted clark orders major general achieve desired result clark attempted crossing disaster historic abbey overlooked allied positions ground commanders sure monastery germans observation post lieutenant general commander preparing new assault mountain repeatedly requested abbey bombed taking advantage german practice giving away positions firing small planes flew low monastery saw believed radio aerial enemy soldiers moving wilson reluctantly agreed bombing february watched waves american bombers level monastery alexander clark follow attacks day days failed position break visited february agreed alexander lucas relieved clark february continuing failure advance italy prompted postpone proposal allied landings coast southern france coinciding overlord clark told attack line mounted withdrawn succeeded planning begun mid january continued initially clark lead assault lucas taking faith lucas relief later recalled staff feared relieve clark time met marshall insisted required experienced commander gone clark theater received cable headquarters way theater commanded distinguished combat record leading soldiers marines pacific marshall appointed patch replace commander force march patch staff planned operation ensured supplies accumulated dissipated successful allied offensive finally broke rome fell clark army june june ordered shift priority supplies italy days later wilson ordered withdrawn line preparation virtually material needed assault hand way promised thanks efforts preserve stores supplies operation doubt command assault created special headquarters called advanced detachment command sent cable marshall july proposing army group formed commander concurred july easy add bradley meant deal french experience preferred let marshall appointment july wore hats operation deputy supreme allied commander commanding general commander advanced detachment activated july activated august france germany crushing success short weeks french american forces drove germans southeastern france captured major ports including august september 6th operational assuming control general september largest french force amassed foreign military leader assumed operational control retained logistical system mediterranean campaign cost concurrent combat normandy italy created shortage replacements especially infantry left men short remained command sent clark message october suggesting units rested order casualties written february noting divisions left line days fatigue exposure resulted increased casualty sickness rates clark replied radio indicates lack appreciation tactical situation terrain enemy resistance mission noted diary clark response shows lack judgment indicate definitely team player recommended marshall clark successor mediterranean marshall chose appoint lieutenant general october activation left corps asked transferred italy wilson argued adversely affect operations italy combined chiefs agreed instead proposed september major general wade transferred army severe logistical difficulties argued better supported line communications mediterranean agreed ordered divisions scheduled join bradley northern france unlikely supply transport situation improved diverted join 6th good choice spoke french having fought france world war attended french got commander french 2nd armored division shocked informed men wanted serve considered dominated benefits southern line communications captured harbor entrance blocked sunken ships harbor basin naval mines cranes demolished surrounding area mined trapped navy cleared harbor undertook rehabilitation port ships able discharge stream september liberty ship docked september port numerous rail network bridges railroad working turned brigadier general commander 1st military railway service september railroad reached capacity short tons day pressed gray short tons october promised support divisions rail sufficient supplies arriving rest supported road week october needs including met conceded able supply short tons day november increased resolve priority opening port antwerp north ordered clear germans west bank rhine sector offensive went french reached rhine november captured november inflicted crushing defeat general nearly destroying divisions large german presence remained west rhine came called bradley visited november find patch planning crossing rhine early december bradley drew attention formidable defenses far bank told spoken patrols found strategy remained destroy german forces west bank attempting crossing official historians described decision difficult understand attempt reduce pocket december called bradley hit brigadier general felt avoided entirely allowed proceed rhine crossing response crisis ordered cease offensive operations assume responsibility allowing army turn north left holding mile infantry armored divisions ordered effect major withdrawal shorter line violent french reaction prospect abandoning december struck january major german attacks 6th suffered casualties germans break held brooks commander fought great defensive battles times little turned attention expected germans withdraw thought able eliminate pocket later admitted german determination hold strength regarded sore sent additional american divisions help clean regarded petty bradley additional divisions french american troops finally eliminated february preference promoted general march ahead bradley remained second highest ranking american officer europe crossed rhine march began final advance germany general surrendered patch american generals present representative caused final diplomatic french status general fourth army insisted surrender refused hand days later accepted general surrender german armed forces headquarters transferred 12th reverted national control leaving little acted commander 12th bradley absence june appointed chief succession general left command tenth united states army controlled schools training centers united_states focus coordinating units europe pacific war japan continued surrendered august hired civilian secretary widow husband pilot listed missing action new_guinea presumed dead body found abolished recommendation remained november testimony board urged retained given control armies united_states gathered pace strength army dramatically faced unpleasant task informing officers demoted reform achieve reduce number combat branches infantry armor artillery established headquarters campus lived moved headquarters pentagon new chief staff army decided headquarters located moved virginia far field opened headquarters october reorganization occurred march renamed control armies transferred reduced coordinating staff agency member took interest development helicopters taking rides different machines met founder bell company poor financial situation hoping army buy new helicopters impressed aircraft agreed bell asking found money funds bell world recognizable helicopters retirement post military career rules time given mandatory retirement 62nd birthday september wife decided buy farm west_virginia retained georgetown virginia resided war settled role cattle hired curtis cook discovered owed hospital bills paid accepted continued working death finding life sufficiently hold interest accepted job managing director hired executive assistant job involved fund raising enjoy left better opportunity technical assistant president presented successfully lobbied united_states_air_force buy provider strong advocate rifle maintained better weapon army rifle described rifle ultimately served briefly military advisor united_nations dispute india pakistan status president represent united_states tenth anniversary ceremonies invasion southern france dedication france sicily rome american cemetery memorial italy leaving asked replace marshall chairman remain role joined number retired generals including joint exercise desert strike major military exercise farm sold moved health declined 1960s died february buried arlington national cemetery second husband harvard economics professor worked died married died october buried arlington national cemetery survived wife died daughter died sister catherine sons graduated west_point class died buried arlington near papers york dates rank awards decorations
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Jacob L. Devers
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23359_JamesBrudenell,7thEarlofCardigan
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7th earl lieutenant general 7th earl october march officer british_army commanded war led charge light brigade battle life politics long military career characterised arrogant extravagant period progression army marked episodes extraordinary incompetence measured men command genuine bravery member landed aristocracy actively opposed political reform britain year life relented came acknowledge reform bring benefit classes society early life born modest standards family manor house february father inherited immense estates revenues went family seat james accordingly lord took residence grand households age fourteen educated notwithstanding fears family childhood head injury caused dangerous fall horse seriously damaged intellect showed greek latin good academic progress settled quarrel pupil organised fist fight father removed school fist fights tolerated fact receiving punishment absence having broken bone hand attended london surgeon annoyed earl subsequently educated home son seven sisters developed child accustomed getting way seen cause arrogance later life fine rider inspired decisive role cavalry battle wish purchase commission fashionable regiment serve army officer father preserving family pedigree risk battle allow instead november sent christ church oxford automatically granted admission examination left year academic bent released years notwithstanding showing degree parliament february term oxford following father wishes member parliament pocket borough owned cousin charles earl intention grounding parliamentary affairs eventually place house_of_lords action leaving oxford parliamentary seat traditional wealthy young men time grand tour russia sweden included extensive traditional destinations france italy trip allowed enjoy pleasures cultural social opportunities afforded countries visited return took seat house_of_commons naturally ruling house contribution government minimal served canning great commitment intellect offer compete issue stand party introduced bill allowing limited catholic emancipation patron cousin charles instructed oppose crucial votes admiration wellington bill sponsor consequence thrown seat return parliament cost earlier expect handed pocket borough instead buy elected member cornwall cost today money sum spent seat identified reform act correction thrown fought family local constituency newly created reforms despite holding advantage dependent family patronage goodwill campaign smoothly september beaten injured campaigning precaution distributed equivalent today electorate seat won albeit junior member whig rival inherited father marriages early 1820s met december july husband friend childhood according account mother friend new wife started soon wedding started divorce proceedings june suit finalised early received damages apparently happy rid calling damned bad tempered extravagant bitch kingdom married june happy marriage separated children leaving wife elizabeth married second time september achieving greater notoriety conducting affair wife dying happy union notwithstanding ages disappointment children excluded fashionable society rest days accustomed life country happily previous interests books painting music spent large sums money making home comfortable remained good terms principal mistress tolerated affairs military early career interests included politics preservation ancient privileges aristocracy climate period committed career army age formed troop horse armed official stocks guard possible demonstrations age joined 8th king royal irish making extensive use purchase commissions system use lieutenant january captain june major august lieutenant colonel albeit half pay months later december obtained command 15th king reported premium march parliamentary business form contested campaign delayed taking command youth inexperience compared battle tested officers led veterans battle drew naturally nature manifest petty minded bullying publicly conduct court martial held determine charges laid captain subordinate dismissed order early influence court asked sister married chamberlain lord howe decision reversed senior officers politicians march allowed command 11th light later 11th notwithstanding view commander chief lord hill unfit command passage wife joined new command india october following year time enjoy tiger shooting seeing regiment britain end long posting travelled separately hired vessel share warship carrying troops years following appointment weeks spent regiment genuine desire lead smart efficient unit set fortune improve regiment reputation performance purchasing brilliant new uniforms men caused resentment professional officers match men attire costly uniforms buy role portrayed historical fiction novels charge wished officers aristocratic flamboyant stylish consequence time men indian officers learnt profession years service 11th long posting india attitude particularly evidence mess forbidden serving porter choice professional officers formal mess dinner visitor requested wine served black bottle similar porter decided indian captain ordered guest arrested course received strongly lord hill privately believing founded felt interests good order discipline public demonstration support necessary guardian sent details case london papers months regiment commander chief subject ridicule cat calls black bottle appeared public punishment administered cousin long serving captain court sending letter response barred commanding officer quarters hill drafted strong memorandum urging employ temper discretion dealings officers indian officers 11th found object october long serving veteran fell seriously ill attended nights died substantial payment family secured suitable position younger son writer highly critical acknowledged officers men noted regular anonymous civic charities prosecuted duel officers long serving professional acquitted legal notwithstanding arrest hit man prosecution demonstrated pistol concealed hair trigger thought according fired captain indictment victim harvey allowed jury peers number unanimously nobleman law time allowed tried capital crime house_of_lords sitting jury lord high steward judge added times alleging deliberate high level leave loop hole prosecution case reporting view england law rich poor describing verdict defeat justice obituary described justice absurd technical war notorious exploit took place war october command battle led charge reaching russian guns returning personally unscathed manoeuvre cost lives men command took charge died wounds later extent lord blame attacked expressing doubts receiving direct order troops immediate superior lord commander men barely speaking terms married sisters believed treat order conveyed captain died charge blamed passing order incorrectly action return charge report behaviour captain know dead riding ahead start attack staff officer army commander lord colonel alleged book letters staff officer survived fled scene charge contact enemy edition allowed horse later editions stated earl fine satisfactory explanation horse famous bred park estate survived war returned safely england preliminary legal sought indictment criminal libel action failed bench plain courage doubt found led men enemy guns displayed conduct general open criticism conclusion shared historian concludes displayed want charge lost contact men brave persistence far ahead doubt reached overrun enemy battery recognised guns enemy officer acquainted war considering duty later explained fight enemy private soldiers turned way steadily said return walk avoid appearance lines recalled things differently later giving evidence slowing walk realised watched retreat noticed general russian commander identify english officer saw away attack officers men second lines men brigade commander remained responsible advancing charge saw commander riding retreat officers noticed absence lord 4th return intense hand hand fighting encountered composed challenged account response wrote official complaint new commander chief duke cambridge cambridge letter comment reply turn complained fact taken regiments attack day inconclusive claim counter claim followed diverted allegations public book letters went sale week following battle remnants posted inland high ground overseeing british lines surrounding spent nights campaign aboard luxury yacht harbour found great leadership brigade suffered result missed november asking journalist returning conflict firing rode harbour noon day decisive stages battle second day absent managed arrive played brigade great avoid embarrassing earl mentioned official account battle london faults tried ensure troops command equipped winter fell exposed position food fodder clothing shelter short supply writing letters pointing deficiencies food fodder available coast refused release men horses carry stores officers pleaded case surprise attack enemy orders colonel gave evidence board failure noted fact horses needed horses men ride wrote privately evidence excluded final report lord difficulty carrying corps entitled resolved justified bringing great horses died december citing ill health set england circumstances word officer fitness serve normally accepted permitted departure medical board confirmed claimed disability hero newspaper accounts charge given wide circulation england time ship port january town offered welcome london enthusiastic crowd january queen victoria invitation received windsor explain prince albert details battle victoria noted presented story absent public appearances february gave highly exaggerated account participation charge banquet held honour mansion house london february speech home town went describing shared men living time common tent charge rallied troops pursued fleeing enemy far river biographer david points misleading account exploits hardly given able enjoy months doubts conduct emerged inspector general cavalry government recommended order queen denied honour previous incidents private life instead invested knight order bath merchants eager profit fame sold pictures depicting role charge written chronicles based accounts rushed print supposedly worn earl campaign fashionable sold commanding officer brother law lord recalled disgrace largely brought determination commander chief lord displace blame arrived england weeks subordinate officer looked pun exploited charge taken place little regard given version events earned unfortunate nickname lord look held reserve action earlier battle alma july times hinted public real nature services east absence definitive popularity remained officers taken command aftermath charge role claiming heard reception england anxious record straight writer rushed hasty pamphlet praising retracted words report fellow officers reservations earl conduct day soldiers began return england doubts hardened following year official colonel publication letters proof telling truth nonetheless continued characteristic arrogance self remained cavalry post years months active service diary general officer cavalry published account time overwhelming enthusiasm army remained meticulous standards dress parade required earlier commands applied cavalry colonel regiment 5th guards derived satisfaction formal retirement accompanying promotion lieutenant general colonel favourite regiment 11th commanded remained royal favour early selected accompany heir throne inspect prussian cavalry manoeuvres possibly choice arrogant behaviour hosts strangers high self esteem military officers resulted numerous challenges duel quickly sent home queen blocked household regiments married elizabeth military function mounted review 11th india joined colonel adversary black bottle affair men settled differences previous year retirement retirement lived happily passing time horse racing hunting shooting remained member parliamentary life continued occasional foray london speak house_of_lords military matters continue press official recognition glorious career surprised commentators spoke favour second reform bill acknowledging change heart said time trying stem tide reform long passed given good luck extension vote great benefit class community presented house petition calling additional recognition late general inventor explosive artillery shell recognition effectiveness died injuries caused fall horse march possibly following stroke buried family modern assessments historian reason harm earl posthumous reputation critical assessment career earl military historian colonel letters staff officer modern reprint isbn biography hero provides sympathetic portrayal hell riders truth london gives critical account brigade commander finds way blame charge cultural depictions charge light brigade film based research played primary antagonist movie depicts harsh military incompetent shows black bottle affair incorrectly makes antagonist heavily features rivalry lord shows pursuing affair papers novels feature recurring villain instalment commands 11th transfers india marries grounds daughter reappears charge catches trying seduce later reluctantly joins charge light brigade appears briefly great game demands defend reputation hostile journalists refuses insults mention comes angel lord observes liaison appears antagonist video game assassin set game member headed plot assassinate prime minister lead character discovers plot prevents death finally tracks kills
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James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
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23393_JosephBerchtold
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march august early senior member founder served world war germany defeat joined small right wing organization time remained party known went second commander april march resigning leader spent time writing nazi magazines journals survived war arrested allies later released died august surviving person hold rank survive second world war early life born march attended school munich went serve world war held rank second lieutenant wars end war studied economics gained employment journalist early joined small right wing group remained party known treasurer resigned end july joining party member storm detachment paramilitary wing formed protect speakers rallies police nazi meetings adolf_hitler leader party ordered formation small separate bodyguard dedicated protection instead suspected mass party originally unit composed men commanded designated staff guard later year unit renamed shock troop hitler november paramilitary units took known beer hall plan control munich seize total power berlin coup état failed resulted death nazi supporters police officers aftermath hitler nazi leaders incarcerated associated formations including officially disbanded left germany fled austria tried special munich role beer hall sentenced prison term time austria continued involved activities illegal hitler released prison december district director austria leader formation february joined party documented member march returned munich austria chief munich career april successor chief protection squadron special elite branch party control changed title office position known issued new rules establish position rules stated unit military organisation group small squad men movement rely stressed men follow party discipline considered dynamic predecessor unable party organizers bay frustrated efforts independent unit disillusioned authority march handed leadership deputy lead writer newspaper leader staff leadership permanent deputy editor chief newspaper following years operated primarily journalist founded newspaper man january main writer paper published author nazi publications staff additional magazines additional posts nazi_germany secondary importance march end war city town munich november appointed culture senator furthermore belonged cultural circle march belonged march forward april served captain reserve temporary basis post war world war europe ended early temporarily allied detention released later died august promotions awards decorations 2nd class honour cross world war blood order honour badge nazi party long service award bronze silver gold
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Joseph Berchtold
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23488_KennethDewar
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vice admiral september september officer royal_navy gunnery officer staff officer controversial student naval tactics seeing extensive service world war served dardanelles campaign commanded monitor home waters serving admiralty years staff duty war ended embroiled controversy surrounding consequences despite held variety commands 1920s heart captain battleship executive officer letter complaint immediate superior rear admiral higher authority came wake series incidents aboard ship men ordered britain executive officer requested courts martial defend trials held gibraltar garnered widespread media coverage found partially guilty survived severe executive officer found guilty resigned compelled resign commission provoking situation having commanded oldest capital ships fleet retired promotion rear admiral memoirs published navy indictment navy practices early life career born september son james july nominated naval cadet passed entrance examination joined training ship studied years brothers joined navy born promoted captain retired list appointed head historical section naval staff born achieved performed graduation appointed straight away normally required year service sea passing examination joined protected cruiser august following year appointed battleship magnificent october promoted acting sub lieutenant confirmed rank promoted lieutenant march promotion posted devonport destroyer march june appointed torpedo boat destroyer gunnery officer following period sea lieutenant selected gunnery duties time training gunnery school portsmouth coincided renowned gunnery expert performance year course impressive graduation given command ship july lieutenant commander chatham based destroyer gunnery officer armoured cruiser kent august remained dedication standard training evident ship led fleet battle practice test reassigned excellent january instruction duties soon sent sea gunnery officer battleship prince george february rejoined excellent december year june lent gunnery officer protected cruiser annual fleet finished assistant important gunnery position admiralty july year asked lecture imperial_japanese_navy previously experience royal naval war college portsmouth talk exhibited saying royal_navy needed intellectual officers like implying officers president abruptly terminated lecture january given sea duty lieutenant gunnery officer referred 1st dreadnought dreadnought prestigious fleet despite growing number newer dreadnought battleships battle cruisers entering service service taken dreadnought hoax february escorted party practical included pretending royalty official visit battleship befriended captain acted friend mentor following years richmond encouragement began thorough study naval tactics strategy later continue royal naval war college promotion commander dreadnought march promoted commander june december appointed duty royal naval war college portsmouth instructor year selected join newly formed war staff admiralty created lord admiralty winston_churchill orders consequently duty april march announced commander awarded gold medal trench prize winning essay question war value commerce affect naval policy past present day final chapter paper suppressed publication admiralty advocated distant blockade war germany time royal_navy contemplating close blockade german coastline event distant blockade imposed remained removal concluding chapter reputation intellectual navy confirmed founder members independent journal royal_navy officers year richmond formed dozen friends richmond went abroad active service decided instead society purely discussion ought publish journal end raised issue officers ranks appointed commander second command battleship prince wales flagship 5th battle squadron 2nd fleet home fleets july married sister service service conducted best man honourable later known achieve high rank navy son world war august britain went war germany later year ottoman_empire modern day turkey prince wales remained 5th battle squadron number pre dreadnoughts sent support gallipoli landings goal capture strategically important constantinople knock ottoman_empire war second command prince wales present naval operations turkish positions following aborted attempts lend heavy gunfire support troops wrote unofficial memo rear admiral commanding suggestions employment indirect fire attack turkish targets heard proposals november indirect fire good effect cruiser following campaign october given command important position large numbers reserve officers qualified qualified gunnery duties year returned sea command class monitor roberts joined august response german battle cruiser raids british coast visible response called quell public anxiety roberts arrived act guard ship port effect acting coastal defence battery roberts fulfilled duties thames estuary rest war rotated shore appointed admiralty promoted rank captain june half yearly lists assistant director plans october appointed commander order british empire valuable services peace conference paris post war commands jutland controversy admiralty embroiled controversies surrounding aftermath manner battle fought come criticism line drawn supported sir commanded grand_fleet battle fell subordinate successor sir followed school thought espoused captain battle lost battleship squadrons november brother captain retired entrusted compiling naval staff appreciation battle completed january brothers produced body work favoured capacity original thinking literary talents held appeal richmond intensely disliked agreed official naval historian sir wrote facts found loose appreciation originally intended distribution royal_navy deemed far reaching criticism new irrelevant tactical theory compelled decide publication moved write published appreciation service foundations final straw public appreciation students decided existing document removed circulation release published narrative battle jutland copies original appreciation ordered destroyed narrative published brother barred access original continued major impact historiography battle jutland serving 1920s winston_churchill naval consultant submarine warfare churchill wrote tract world crisis volume iii large measure shared views tactics later supporter labour_party churchill passed cabinet position wrote november sorry new cabinet hoped admiralty necessary work navy sea duty years duty admiralty returned sea fortunate axe systematic size substantially smaller pre war level controversial tenure admiralty considered worthy sea duty qualification promotion flag rank appointed command class cruiser calcutta flagship north_america west indies station given command calcutta sister ship station station occasion act flag captain commander chief station pay calls cities diverse halifax nova scotia boston cruising north_america blockade mexican port cape_town cancelled planned cruise caribbean adequately represent british government proceeding january relieved command cape_town captain returned admiralty deputy director naval intelligence years position relieved june given october command battleship flagship rear admiral 1st mediterranean_fleet rear admiral 1st battle squadron royal oak mutiny flag captain admiral technically chief staff officer captain good working relationship second command battle squadron necessary notwithstanding occasion acted flagship causing friction executive officer commander dance quarterdeck january openly allegedly said won like ship presence ship officers guests daniel accused fault finding openly insulting crew referring incident involving ship march admiral openly said fed ship failing follow orders treating worse daniel feeling morale sinking public displays wrote letters complaint given march eve major exercise letters superior vice admiral sir immediately passed commander chief admiral sir realising relationship flag officer broken ordered exercise postponed hours ordered convened consequence ordered strike flag ordered britain admiralty informed bare facts 12th proceeded sea mediterranean_fleet exercise planned press picked story worldwide describing affair mutiny public attention reached proportions raise concerns king summoned lord admiralty explanation having arrived england daniel gave version events admiralty writing requests positions trial court martial having received dispatch march resolved daniel undergo trial court martial soon possible gibraltar consequently commander southampton liner counsel wives 24th reached gibraltar evening 27th officers immediately attached gibraltar base ship accordance naval custom arranged daniel face court martial march follow conclusion courts martial held publicly hangar aircraft carrier eagle captains fleet sat members court departure mediterranean_fleet delayed end proceedings charges daniel faced related writing allegedly subversive letter complaint publicly reading officers consequently faced charge having said subversive letter court found guilty charges afternoon april dismissed ship ordered severely court martial began april court trying composed captains pleaded guilty charges accepting letter subversive discipline contrary admiralty instructions opportunity cross examining rear admiral incident dance admitted saying certain things refused improper words captain defence attacked charges article king regulations declared charge invalid actions bring contempt witness testimony portrayed having acted best interests ships actions having sense duty loyalty charge said meant fail court reached verdict april charge found proven second acquitted acting regulations despite record court sentenced dismissed severely potentially career destroying result popular support continued service navy questions asked house_of_commons found new positions lord stated found positions navy soon arose career time daniel resigned service following unsuccessful attempt career journalism disappeared obscurity south_africa given duty sea relegated second rate commands man surprise september announced november given command battle cruiser tiger oldest type service engaged primarily training demonstrated admiralty continued albeit faith commanded tiger given command hms iron duke following year naval aide camp king time navy drawing close august finally promoted rear admiral following day retired promotion flag rank saw end duty king day promotion granted good service pension standing parliament stood labour party candidate lost incumbent votes unable escape controversy having posters naval city raised sailors officers posters called propaganda sheets titled admiral election news carried statement british navy jutland beat kaiser beat featured prominently depiction kaiser germany civilian clothing sea battle governor norman looking notice beneath picture read kaiser tried force german world attempt cost millions human lives british head international financial system tried impose pre war gold britain attempt devastated british industry brought thousands working class homes accused comparing jutland mutiny servicemen fought jutland taken mutiny claimed defence statement issued press october design production poster published later wrote deeply regret picture associated point lost polls substantial margin election having taken place october later life august invited open naval paintings exhibition london took opportunity praise successor size treaty battleship retired list royal navy promoted rank vice admiral july early memoirs published entitled navy recounted life story time criticising severely manner royal_navy trained officers blaming defects said training naval failure gallipoli account criticised far harsh points condemning naval system training makes mentions naval officers considered excellent letter complained reviewer taking far issue author reviewer pointed review autobiography necessarily deal largely author responding review navy naval review questioned prominence royal oak affair book responded stating despite attached stigma mutiny criticism memoirs held high regard war approached wrote number letters times criticising cost network attracted support letters pages newspaper second world war returned admiralty working brother alfred historical section training staff duties division war ended win final victory sued author publisher book admiral libel book written brigadier general letter king private secretary lord accused having contact press defence denied agreed finding favour acting behalf publishers agreed court paid damages expenses returned earlier theme officer training exposition journal helped found years previously concluding article published october wrote failure navy adequately support army gallipoli found system training officers consciously suppressed independent thought suggestions subordinates despite later close association churchill criticised lord unrealistic expectations lord fisher inability want naval staff admiral fleet time commodore actively trying gain support forcing straits instead acting chief staff advising naval commander dardanelles given rites september died home sussex buried
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Kenneth Dewar
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23701_TownsendF.Dodd
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foster march october commissioned army aviator graduate joined shortly aviator sat boards review service infancy members condemned planes favor served general set records endurance flying world war assigned aviation officer later replaced colonel reassigned pilot receive world war promoted colonel august end war appointed chief staff material mitchell posted fort sam houston san_antonio completion war reverted pre war rank captain commander field virginia returning home war competed endurance flight competitions contest crashed died years death army airfield named honor biography born march née illinois attended graduated degree charter members married children won trophy died air crash military career pre world war september commissioned second lieutenant transferred aviation section fully qualified military aviator general order dated listed original military february established non stop duration flight record flying miles hours minutes aircraft model promoted rank lieutenant ordered join 1st squadron texas march june squadron transferred known participated flight experiments sat boards establish training requirements aircraft specifications qualified military aviator december experienced fatal accidents involving wright model airplane board including convened investigate safety concerns recommendations captain walter condemned aircraft unsafe february remaining army inventory ordered immediately grounded following month board drew specifications tractor training airplane involved aftermath major incident known commanding officer 1st squadron san_diego seriously injured demonstration accident november flying new aircraft stalled required competitive slow speed test martin corrected throttle went described suffered nearly severed nose broken legs opened skull fracture severe knee drive shaft review crashes school commandant dismissed pilots assisted 1st attempt prefer charges collecting flight pay certified fly flying duty charges dismissed laid went 1st galveston incident following promotion captain observer won annual contest aviation trophy descended trip hours minutes contest trophy involved serial reconnaissance troops maneuvering vicinity san_diego reports numbers disposition accidents eliminated machines theirs trophy awarded year provided comprehensive accurate report composition location troops march appointed pilot 1st squadron general positioned mexican border pilot airplane observer captain reconnaissance flight mexico march rest march early april fly deep mexico observe troop movements fly dispatches bases completion work mexico remained 1st squadron promoted major world war serving gained experience appointed staff position aviation officer raised overseas service world war sailing france sent assistant new_york instructions round qualified candidates aviation staff applicants auto race car driver promptly enlisted sergeant class arrival europe late appointed lieutenant colonel aviation officer job understand allies needs requirements recommendations spent days london spoke colonel british officials submitted report june recommendation needed term memo chief staff june term appeared july tables detailing staff organization duties formally created september general order published remained superseded aviation officer colonel mitchell replaced june position renamed chief duties changed rewritten known named colonel head mission commission sent europe behalf assigned mission replaced aviation officer assignment evaluate aircraft use specifically reconnaissance purposes evaluated french aircraft favored adopting reconnaissance work eventually purchased saw line service graduates winter field officers course given temporary wartime promotion colonel command general named director artillery officer executive officer san_diego outbreak war instructed mitchell mitchell promoted appointed role director administer zone line communications sic later called proved interim commander november replaced brig arrived france large staff non resulted considerable resentment mitchell smaller established staff including immediately displaced mitchell resented replaced non leaving theater operations continued ways distinguished service medal service world war pilot receive distinguished service medal citation reads president united_states_of_america authorized act congress july takes pleasure presenting medal colonel exceptionally distinguished services government united_states duty great responsibility world war colonel organized successfully conducted negotiations purchase allied governments use later served distinction chief technical advisor information officer chief post war service having promoted rank colonel august end war appointed chief staff material brigadier general posted fort sam houston san_antonio served chief assistant chief supply army completion war reverted pre war rank captain commander field virginia death legacy commander field killed air crash crash occurred october philadelphia new_york los_angeles air race station named nation dedicated military airfield airfield located current boundaries fort sam houston san_antonio texas includes area bounded north west south road east fort sam boundary designated general order number prior deployment europe world war served station commander 3rd squadron stationed buried arlington national cemetery simple located plot section site lot active flight operations terminated october official date closure field aviation facility determined notes
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Townsend F. Dodd
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23917_RupertDownes
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major general february march australian soldier general surgeon historian half 20th century attended graduating medical degrees returned university pursue doctor medicine degree awarded son british_army officer major joined army school commissioned captain joined youngest lieutenant colonel served gallipoli campaign appointed assistant director newly formed combined post egypt deputy director war wrote articles medical aspects section campaign official history returning australia honorary consulting surgeon melbourne honorary surgeon foundation fellow president victorian branch medical ethics writing course textbook victorian state commissioner led years president years director general australian_army senior medical officer rank major general oversaw construction major military hospitals capital cities accepted commission edit medical series volumes war able killed plane crash education early life born february south_australia youngest children colonel major british_army officer wife survived adulthood service war colonel served commandant colonial forces south_australia victoria retired rank major general australian_army educated melbourne boarding student march age joined victorian horse artillery time volunteer militia unit served capacity opening inaugural duke cornwall york royal exhibition building medical student good result year examinations earned residential scholarship graduated double degree bachelor surgery soon graduation enlisted militia commissioned captain july promoted major march served residency general victoria soon returned university pursue doctorate doctor medicine thesis entitled relations especially considered regard death account cases accepted master surgery degree conferred married november john church victoria children born born march born world war joined october assuming command 2nd light horse field ambulance rank lieutenant colonel making youngest officer rank time soon taking command unit renamed 3rd light horse field ambulance training near melbourne unit embarked egypt transport february 3rd light horse field ambulance departed alexandria gallipoli moved june operated hospital returned cove august offensive missed operation remained supervising hospital returned august remained unit november departed egypt evacuation gallipoli appointed assistant director newly formed march given temporary rank colonel substantive promotion february combined post egypt september travel forth cairo november deputy appointed assist medically speaking health remarkably good challenges especially medical officers unfamiliar conditions middle_east revealed importance transportation area roads poorly organised casualty evacuation effort caused great deal suffering wounded resulted number deaths inquiry matter held battle called testify commander chief general sir declined assign blame individual implemented inquiry recommendations improving casualty evacuation process heat problem supplying adequate quantities water diseases included cholera combat obtained services lieutenant colonel created investigate diseases result aggressively problem reduced rates disease australian new_zealand troops british troops serving alongside martin advanced notion heat exhaustion heat stroke result previously believed simply matter failing drink water turn converted belief provided water available adequate heat mechanism body ordinary climatic ranges temperature conditions hard work people horses challenge discipline area initially disastrous results gallipoli took measures improve situation normally engage disputes repeatedly clashed british medical officers especially colonel attitudes regarded troops travelled egypt visit husband march june increasingly immersed preparations battle pregnant visit decided return home return journey australia june ship liner struck sunk indian_ocean loss lives spent hours crowded rescued passing steamer took bombay eventually way australia singapore appointed officer order british empire volunteer work soldiers families secretary august deputy director retaining post egypt superiors lieutenant general commander london new british advanced palestine major medical problem remained transportation operations area experimented delivery drugs medical supplies air jordan valley confronted epidemic malaria vigorous efforts required order bring control october victory near confronted medical crisis damascus contained sick wounded turkish soldiers condition appointed major damascus gave orders organise medical arrangements bury dead provide care living task difficult poor communications transport shortages hampered delivery supplies evacuation hospitals shortages medical units actions lieutenant colonel concerned establishing political authority damascus point began experience epidemic diseases particularly cholera malaria putting medical services enormous pressure extraordinary measures including diversion motor vehicles medical units managed evacuate sick crisis service mentioned despatches times appointed companion order michael january citation read addition duties colonel carried egypt months shown considerable administrative ability placed australian matters better took appointment interwar years returning australia discharged remained army honorary consulting surgeon melbourne honorary surgeon founding fellow president victorian branch established reputation melbourne leading found disagreement certain medical practices vogue paper published examined cases children concluded majority unnecessary decades medical profession australia accepted medical ethics late 1930s death wrote course textbook subject entitled published addition medical writings wrote book length section palestine campaign volume official history war late 1920s direction medical series editor men discussed prospect visit butler egypt inspect medical records france published article entitled tactical employment medical services cavalry corps expanded chapters manuscript proved long proposed book extensively edited butler published instrumental supporting butler medical series helped obtain funding necessary complete project chairman registration board councillor victorian division chairman victorian state commissioner years president years chairman appointed commander later knight grace order time officer recognition fund raising efforts victorian branch later served member council instrumental state branches come national organisation arguing national body organisation eclipsed red_cross son john year fell seriously ill despite best efforts eminent medical practitioners john succumbed died age failure modern medicine save son affected deeply led abandon medical career favour military remained army inter war period colonel january 3rd military district victoria july june officer charge july march served head medical services royal_australian_air_force raaf raaf separate service minister defence decided army director general responsible administration raaf medical services capacity addition honorary surgeon july june august director general medical services time post army senior medical officer priority recruiting campaign increase number medical professionals army caused people believe war imminent army wide recruiting campaign led major general sir doubled size army efforts recruiting far modest time officers increase cent included medical practitioners aware large army require country doctors pushed doctors prepared military service direction civil authorities presided major effort drugs medical equipment required help delivered july began tour military medical centres india middle_east united_kingdom france united_states canada london arranged formally presented king queen buckingham palace wife australian high commissioner united_kingdom major war fought islands north australia london took steps obtain services eminent australian physicians surgeon sir expert tropical diseases outbreak second world war caused north american leg tour return australia october second world war role pressed construction major military hospitals capital cities argued war handed care sick disabled service personnel despite strong opposition grounds cost won case october time soon judgement today major military hospitals state capital cities sydney melbourne brisbane remain greatest legacy late medical units middle_east experienced times acute shortages stores units sent middle_east fully equipped possible expectation british_army difference british policy possible sources exploited demands united_kingdom sources general sir commander chief recognised negotiated governments medical officers middle_east blamed australia situation minister army decided pay visit middle_east situation resolved director middle_east arrival middle_east chief general staff lieutenant general found appointed major general post came surprise realised authority appointment seeing situation confirmed appointment returning australia appointed major general appointed newly created post inspector general medical services toured extensively visited australian states overseas locations australian troops sent including new_guinea malaya middle_east north_africa indonesia india reorganised army return australia appointed director general april joined second major general june receiving serial number death legacy held post august run army mainly paper organisation increasingly nearly accepted invitation write medical history series official history australia war march decided accompany major general new_guinea encountered resistant strain malaria campaign march raaf lockheed hudson aircraft travelling crashed sea yards north mouth near killed australian service personnel board bodies recovered buried war cemetery military honours survived memorial service held paul cathedral melbourne march senior australian officer die second world war general sir died canberra air disaster lieutenant general died february papers australian war memorial established honour subject lecture related aspect aspects military surgery medical equipment military civil surgery children general surgery medical ethics medical history subjects particularly interested major general medical aspects atomic warfare walker following wind history sir doctor services replacement surgery surgery surgery yesterday today tomorrow tomorrow tomorrow new look old problem years surgery sydney surgery hong_kong australian military general sir medical aspects australia defence professor treatment expectation round dutch discovery colonel robert trust professor standards major general source medal retrieved january
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Rupert Downes
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23987_JohnBabcock
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jack july february age known surviving veteran canadian military served world war death conflict oldest surviving veteran attempted join army age turned sent work halifax placed august transferred united_kingdom continued training end war having seen combat consider veteran moved united_states 1920s joined united_states_army eventually following death surviving veteran world war served canadian forces point received international attention including birthday queen elizabeth_ii governor general canada canadian prime minister death february early life born family thirteen children farm ontario according barn born longer exists located highway father died tree cutting accident years old described account given father cutting tree dead tree fell shoulder brought house survived hours said awful blow family school concern earn high school diploma age growing area claims didn admits fun place grow fishing hunting swimming especially local order pass time kids age return area wartime experiences soon left united_states relatives continue work farm named crater remnant strike community grew greatly respect john world war age half impressed perth road recruiting officers lieutenant sergeant quoted poem charge light brigade offered salary day opposed cents physical labour recruited ontario joined sent quebec underwent physical discovered designated status physically fit time minimum age combat eighteen turned managed way halifax train stopped company commander halifax sent city peacetime barracks wrestled freight large army vehicles dug ditches tired work took opportunity volunteer recruits called claiming age officials quickly discovered placed reserve battalion known boys young soldiers battalion august undertook ocean voyage england liverpool stationed sent sea trained veterans battles france trained recruits hours day spare time went leave scotland met girlfriend woman introduced pleasures beer war older veterans come asserts fought conflict given chance war ended brought lines reason claims felt like real soldier rarely talked experiences centenary joined veterans associations experiences brother enlisted john served engineers suffered nervous breakdown war eyes psychological problems occurred war recalls instance soldier shot comrades discovered emigrated germany ran bayonet pack drill recounted importance honesty case comrades stole dollar watch received months prison cites example strict discipline military structure march promoted acting corporal reduced rank private neglect duty october year restored acting lance corporal soldiers holding acting ranks canadian forces receive salary rank restored previous rank time lack necessary training experience hold position permanently canada wartime individuals promoted acting ranks order meet service requirements world war relatives united_states paid head tax moved received pension totaled shortly conflict took advantage veteran training native country ran small light plant home neighborhood later career industrial supply salesman united_states united_states citizen serving united_states_army achieving rank sergeant lost canadian citizenship canadian law prior limited dual citizenship attack pearl harbor december attempted sign active duty army flying service united_states_air_force formed turned old spent world war united_states_army duty stations located washington age pilot good mental physical health displayed ability quickly alphabet backwards spell daily walks wife shape age wrote autobiography titled decades distributed family friends married twice woman nearly thirty years junior met taking care wife dying son daughter grandchildren great grandchildren matt army iraq iraq war john resided washington lived death family younger sister died july age surviving canadian veteran death known canadian veteran world war proud status surviving veteran feel need honoured specific state funeral instead opinion commemorate instead quoted saying sure attention getting isn spectacular received attention occasion birthday wishes queen elizabeth_ii queen canada joked nice looking gal governor general prime minister foreign affairs minister member parliament british_columbia visited personally deliver gifts birthday wife went favourite meal french gifts received adorned poppy pattern symbol world war hometown mayor sent letter local coffee shop named local blend jack invited opening pentagon exhibit march featuring photos world war veterans unable attend time veterans pictured alive american participate event visited canadian officials wrote prime minister interested regaining canadian citizenship letter hand delivered cabinet meeting request approved prime minister signed governor general officials flown complete swearing ceremony year participated canadian remembrance day ceremonies appearing video symbolically pass torch remembrance urging people hold high credited longevity intense physical training received united_states canadian armies died february age having october following case pneumonia cremated remains scattered pacific_northwest governor general jean prime minister harper statements shortly death anniversary april canada monarch queen elizabeth_ii issued statement marking events stating proud grateful canadians pause today mark ninety anniversary nation victory ridge pay tribute passing truly remarkable generation helped end terrible conflict world known local ontario collection world war items display including roll honour
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John Babcock
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24479_Artabanes(general)
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general greek old armenian east roman byzantine general armenian origin served initially rebel byzantine authority fled soon returned byzantine allegiance served africa won great fame killing rebel general restoring province imperial allegiance engaged niece eventually marry opposition empress recalled constantinople involved failed conspiracy severely punished revelation soon pardoned sent italy fight gothic war participated decisive byzantine victory early life descendant royal armenian line branch time recognized autonomous local princes eastern fringes father named john brother named john revolt byzantium time apparently young man took armenian conspiracy armenia heavy taxes cruel behaviour greatly resented killed shortly skirmish rebels byzantine army killed byzantine general sent quell rebellion supplies accounts death unknown armenian named solomon father tried negotiate settlement successor murdered act forced followers seek aid persian ruler crossing persian territory years followed took campaigns byzantines service africa time early brother john deserted byzantines brother placed command small armenian contingent sent africa spring senator byzantines engaged protracted war rebellious tribes shortly arrival john died battle rebel forces men remained loyal rebellion late allied marched seized city gates urging decided confront rebel armies appeared evenly matched took fled monastery seeking sanctuary troops loyal fled city fell murdered secured guarantees safety pledged service secret began planning overthrow soon entrusted alongside john expedition marched south allied contingent men fled pursue turned according considered leading men join loyalist imperial garrison held decided return plan assassinate kept plan absolute secrecy long time closest armenian friends armenian unit hand picked completely loyal veteran soldiers aware moment perfect achieved thanks fact planning implementation stages assassination communication exclusively armenian conspirators mother tongue language ethnic elements imperial army africa return justified decision turn insisting entire army needed quell insurgents urged set forth time nephew gregory armenian murder suggests real plot eve army departure early hosted great banquet invited share couch mark honour suddenly banquet fell allegedly landed killing blow deed won great honour fame widow niece planning marry gave rich reward emperor confirmed africa despite married relative eventually engaged sent constantinople asked recalled africa marry constantinople conspiracy soon recalled constantinople replaced africa received numerous honours named comes honorary consul despite great popularity unable achieve ambition marrying wife came imperial capital presented case empress empress compelled retain wife death armenian general able divorce remarried irritated affair shortly death late early involved called armenian plot conspiracy real relative named proposed assassinate elevate cousin throne instead conspirators thought plans dissatisfied settling recently deceased brother initially named major opposed sole daughter conspirators approached son revealed plot immediately informed father turn informed comes order find intentions met conspirators person trusted aide concealed nearby listened inform proof eventually revealed conspiracy emperor ordered conspirators imprisoned questioned treated remarkably stripped offices confined palace guard soon pardoned service italy appointed sent replace aged senator command expedition way sicily recently overrun king failed catch expedition sailed sicily fleet driven scattered severe storms eventually arrived sicily took command byzantine forces besieged gothic garrisons left left island soon forced surrender years remained sicily according inhabitants mainland city besieged repeatedly sent help crossed mainland italy joined army generals facing invasion summer ordered generals occupy passes harass enemy advance byzantine contingent defeated byzantine generals withdrew envoy persuaded area stationed byzantine troops ambushed defeated advance guard army returning expedition southern italy heading fell confusion captives escaped taking booty engage main body army far outnumbered force marched south joined main force accompanying campaign remaining army decisive byzantine victory commanded cavalry byzantine left flank concealed woods attack rear known
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Artabanes (general)
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24518_AmbroseBurnside
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september american soldier railroad executive inventor industrialist politician rhode_island serving governor united_states senator union_army general american civil war conducted successful campaigns north_carolina raids confederate general suffered disastrous defeats battle distinctive style facial hair known derived president early life career born liberty indiana fourth children family scottish origin great great grandfather born scotland settled father native south_carolina slave owner freed slaves relocated indiana attended young boy education interrupted mother died local tailor eventually partner business interest military affairs father political connections obtained appointment blood smith recounted independent application military academy graduated ranking 18th class commissioned second lieutenant 2nd traveled veracruz mexican american war arrived hostilities ceased performed garrison duty mexico_city close war served years western frontier serving captain 3rd light artillery unit converted cavalry duty protecting western mail routes nevada california wounded arrow neck skirmish las_vegas new_mexico promoted 1st lieutenant december assigned newport rhode_island married rhode_island april year marriage lasted death childless october resigned commission united_states_army maintaining position state militia devoted time energy manufacture famous bears secretary war president contracted equip large portion army cavalry induced establish extensive factories manufacture sooner complete allegedly floyd break contract ran democrat congressional seats rhode_island defeated landslide campaign destruction fire factory contributed financial ruin forced assign patents went west search employment treasurer worked friendly future commanding officers civil war bull run outbreak civil war brigadier general raised regiment 1st rhode_island appointed colonel companies regiment armed month ascended brigade command commanded brigade distinction battle bull run july committing troops took division command temporarily wounded brig day regiment mustered service august promoted brigadier general volunteers august assigned train provisional brigades nascent north_carolina commanded brigades assembled maryland formed nucleus future september july conducted successful amphibious campaign closed north_carolina sea coast confederate shipping remainder war included fought february near north_carolina participants vessels opposed vessels supported shore based battery guns called point near southeastern border town battle campaign north_carolina led known expedition result union victory nearby waters possession confederate fleet captured sunk dispersed recognition successes battles significant union victories promoted major general volunteers march july forces transported north virginia following failure offered command army refusing opportunity loyalty fact understood lack military experience detached corps support extremely critical pope abilities commander received time superiors later play significant role porter court martial appear star witness declined command following pope second bull run given command right wing army corps start maryland campaign separated corps battle placing opposite ends union battle line returning command refusing higher authority treated killed brig corps commander orders corps arrangement contributed attacking crossing called bridge southern flank union line perform adequate reconnaissance area instead taking advantage easy sites range enemy troops forced repeated assaults narrow bridge dominated confederate high ground noon losing patience sent succession forward ordered aide tell costs men increased pressure sending inspector general confront reacted appears think trying best carry bridge fourth morning similar orders eventually broke delay allowed confederate division come union breakthrough refused requests reinforcements battle ended tactical stalemate removed failing pursue general retreat assigned command army november reluctantly order brief career tried refuse told command instead disliked president abraham_lincoln pressured aggressive action november approved plan capture confederate capital richmond virginia plan led costly union defeat battle december advance rapid planning bridges crossing reluctance deploy portions army points later delayed attack allowed lee concentrate heights west town easily union attacks assaults south town supposed main avenue attack initial union went upset failure plan enormous casualties repeated futile frontal assaults declared personally lead assault corps corps commanders talked relations commander subordinates strained accepting blame offered retire refused detractors labeled butcher january launched second offensive lee winter rains accomplished called mud march wake asked officers openly relieved duty court offered resign lincoln chose option january replaced officers offered resign commission altogether lincoln declined stating place army placed head sent command encompassing states ohio indiana kentucky illinois quiet area little activity going president reasoned trouble sentiment riding high western states traditionally carried great deal commerce south little way abolitionist sentiment desire fight purpose ending slavery thoroughly disturbed trend began issuing series orders forbidding expression public sentiments war administration department finally general order declared person found guilty treason tried military tribunal imprisoned banished enemy lines ohio congressman prominent opponent war held large public rally ohio denounced president lincoln sought abolish constitution set dictatorship dispatched agents rally took notes brought evidence general declared sufficient grounds arrest treason despite congressman protests victim simply expressing opinions public military court tried found guilty violating general order sentenced imprisonment duration war turned martyr democrats turned attention illinois newspaper printing editorials months general dispatched squadron troops paper offices ordered cease printing lincoln asked informed arrest closure remembering section general order declared offenders banished enemy lines lincoln finally decided good idea freed jail sent confederate hands lincoln ordered reopened announced exceeded authority cases president issued warning generals arrest civilians close newspapers white_house permission dealt confederate raiders advanced tennessee bypassing confederate held cumberland gap occupying unopposed sent troops brig confederate commander refused surrender face union brigades arrived forcing surrender union defeated battle pursued troops battled heights battle campbell station able reach safety briefly besieged confederate defeat battle fort outside city tying corps contributed defeat troops marched aid siege lifted withdrew eventually returning virginia ordered maryland built strength fought independent command reporting initially grant corps assigned army commander division commander arrangement agreed precedence rank placed direct command fought battles perform distinguished manner attacking appearing reluctant commit troops frontal assaults characterized battles cold harbor took place siege lines crater armies faced stalemate trench warfare july agreed plan suggested regiment coal miners corps 48th pennsylvania dig fort named confederate explosives achieve surprise breakthrough fort destroyed july known battle crater interference ordered hours infantry attack use division black troops specially trained mission forced use white troops instead decide division choose replacement subordinate commanders draw lots division chosen chance commanded brig failed brief men expected reported battle drunk lines providing leadership men entered huge crater instead going trapped subjected heavy fire rim resulting high casualties relieved command august sent extended leave grant recalled duty remainder war court inquiry later placed blame crater subordinates december met president lincoln general grant future contemplating resignation lincoln grant requested remain army end interview wrote informed duty placed finally resigned commission april lee surrender united_states congress joint committee conduct war later placed blame union defeat crater general requiring specially trained men withdrawn career resignation employed numerous railroad industrial including cincinnati railroad indianapolis cairo railroad elected year terms governor rhode_island serving companion massachusetts military order united_states military society union officers descendants served junior vice commander commander chief republic veterans association served commander inception chose president visit europe attempted french germans franco prussian war elected commander centennial legion title collection militia units original states participated parade philadelphia july mark centennial signing declaration independence elected rhode_island senate senator rhode_island elected served death time democrat war ran republican playing prominent role military affairs serving chairman died suddenly heart bristol rhode_island buried swan point cemetery providence rhode_island equestrian statue honor erected late 19th century providence assessment legacy personally popular army politics friends easily lot remembered professional military reputation positive known emotionally high command grant stated command army knew better knowing capabilities twice refused command army accepting time told command described relief passage sums military career unfortunate commander army general cursed succeeding popular leader man believed unfit post tenure marked bitter animosity subordinates fearful sacrifice life firm patriot lacked power personality direct generals willing fight enemy terrible slope heights stands legacy summarized repeatedly demonstrated military tragedy rank higher colonel reason deficiencies angles play simple honest loyal soldier best best good modest army generals napoleon physically impressive tall little stout wearing probably artistic awe inspiring set army wore high bell crowned felt hat turned double knee length coat waist costume unfortunately strike modern eye like city cop 1880s noted unusual facial hair joining strips hair ears chin clean word coined describe style syllables later reversed honors equestrian statue designed new_york sculptor dedicated providence facing city hall statue moved city hall park dedicated park bristol rhode_island small street named memorial hall bristol rhode_island story public building hope street dedicated president governor originally statue intended focus porch architect kentucky south central kentucky small town south somerset named site camp near town illinois cairo railroad named general role founding village new rail line kingston opened popular media portrayed film gods generals includes map named bridge included bound blood honoring memory
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Ambrose Burnside
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24665_RayFunnell
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air marshal ray born march retired senior commander royal_australian_air_force raaf served chief air staff graduate began career flying sabre jet fighters australia 1950s 1960s commanded squadron time swing wing bomber entered australian service held senior staff posts early 1980s promoted air marshal inaugural vice chief appointed july closely involved development air power doctrine retired raaf october following term founding principal served committees immigration detention early career rise senior command born march brisbane queensland educated joined royal_australian_air_force raaf january received flying training scholarship aged learnt fly january entered air cadet graduating distinction married wife couple sons spent early career flying sabre jet fighters new_south_wales malaysia thailand east malaysia flight lieutenant early 1960s instructed western_australia served commanding officer squadron squadron leader attended canberra january december subsequently served staff positions raaf exchange united_states_air_force raaf officer attend received master degree political science promoted wing commander commanding officer squadron queensland tenure witnessed introduction swing wing bomber australian service april flew australia commemorate continent wing commander flight lieutenant seaplane head project served honorary aide camp governor general sir awarded national medal long service following year senior command promoted air commodore appointed chief staff new south wales attended london following year appointed director general military staff branch november promoted air vice marshal chief plans appointed officer june year took position assistant chief june promoted air marshal appointed vice chief role responsible policy planning operations july succeeded air marshal chief air staff graduate attain position incumbent possess master degree known intellectual curiosity commitment study air warfare ordered establishment permanent think tank educational institution later donated library raaf self produced treatise aerial war fighting completed development team sponsored published championed publication decisive factor based writings air vice marshal credited laying foundations raaf modern air power doctrine focused turning raaf air power element cohesive integrated defence force tenure saw continuation shift raaf centre gravity south north australia raaf opened development proceeded far north queensland time bases south including support units capital cities air_force process iii fighter squadrons contend shortage pilots exacerbated extra training time required new aircraft september flew raaf recently acquired trainers considered fitting journey held position australia time term coincided gulf war raaf contribution included transporting australian hostages medical staff middle_east appointed companion order australia june service awarded commander later life retired raaf following completion term october succeeded classmates intake year term longest served years post director project served inaugural principal subsequently evolved consultant awarded centenary medal humanitarian defence services january member people smuggling publicly australian contribution invasion iraq battle joined opposed withdrawal troops cautioned anti war demonstrations served deputy chair status resolution deputy chair recreational activities include photography walking
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Ray Funnell
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24772_Khalilal-Wazir
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arabic known father struggle october april palestinian leader founder secular nationalist party aide chairman considerable influence military activities eventually commander armed wing refugee family expelled arab israeli war began leading minor force early 1960s established connections communist regimes prominent world leaders opened bureau algeria played important role black september clashes jordan supplying besieged palestinian fighters weapons aid following defeat joined lebanon prior israel invasion lebanon planned numerous attacks inside israel civilian military targets prepared defense incoming israeli forces nonetheless israeli military prevailed exiled lebanon rest leadership settled year period exiled base started organize youth committees palestinian territories eventually backbone palestinian forces live command uprising april assassinated home israeli early life born muslim parents city palestine british mandatory rule father worked city family expelled july following israel capture area arab israeli war settled refugee camp attended secondary school run high school began organizing small group harass military posts near came contact right hand man later life time member briefly imprisoned membership organization prohibited egypt months release prison received military training cairo studied architectural engineering graduate detained leading raids israel exiled saudi_arabia finding work continued teach moving kuwait formation time kuwait ties fellow palestinian met egypt comrades founded secular palestinian nationalist guerrilla political organization moved charge editing newly formed organization monthly magazine palestine life flair writing settled algeria delegation leaders including invited president remained opened office military training camp included delegation beijing visit presented ideas leaders including premier inaugurated good relationship china toured east asian countries establishing relations north_korea supposedly speech guerrilla credentials contacts arms supplying nations assigned role recruiting training fighters establishing armed wing storm recruited deputy high ranking commanders syria jordan syria post day war leadership settled damascus syria order advantage large number members detained syrian police loyal air marshal incident pro syrian palestinian leader thrown window story building killed considering uniting faction winning support rivals leadership argument occurred eventually leading murder left scene shortly incident according close friends appointed panel investigate happened panel found guilty deputy secretary general president syria pardoned defeat coalition arab states day war major palestinian guerrilla organizations participated war sponsored involved arab states led lost considerable influence palestinian population dominant faction gained seats seats allocated guerrilla group strengthening position battle march held important command positions fighters developed credentials military eventually led command holding major positions charge guerrilla warfare operations occupied palestinian territories israel proper black september lebanon war black september clashes jordan supplied encircled palestinian forces arms aid conflict decided jordan favor thousands fighters retreated lebanon negotiated agreement leading organizer calling better palestinian conduct jordan leaders relocated play major role civil war confined primarily strengthening main ally conflict fall camp blamed organizing rescue effort time lebanon responsible coordinating high profile operations allegedly planned operation raided took hostages hotel killing israeli soldiers coastal road massacre march planned attack members bus killed israeli civilians israel besieged disagreed leftist members proposed pull aide planned defense helped direct forces forces eventually defeated expelled lebanon leadership relocating members received jordan establishing movement palestinian territories dissatisfied decisive defeat palestinian forces lebanon war concentrated establishing solid base palestinian territories began sponsor youth committees territories organizations grow initiate december word arabic literally translated shaking generally describe uprising revolt began uprising palestinian youth israeli occupation june year started deported baghdad eventually moving tunisia days king declared efforts establishing joint strategy israeli palestinian conflict jordan stage response incident israeli military vehicle hit group palestinian laborers killing weeks following persistent requests attempted direct uprising lasted according authorities assigned responsibility palestinian territories command according author impressive knowledge local conditions israeli occupied territories apparently knowing village school large family provided uprising financial backing logistical support brain exile activated cell set territories late 1970s effort militarily stone throwers formed backbone palestinian revolt opportunity reform according author believed sacrificed solely use diplomatic political tool assassination assassinated home utc april age shot close range multiple times presence wife son assassinated israeli commando team reportedly ferried israel boat aided ashore intelligence fisherman kidnapped gain access compound israel accused escalating violence ongoing time assassination specifically believed architect triple bomb attack shopping mall buried refugee camp damascus april led funeral procession newspaper reported assassination report claimed led command center navy missile boat shore oversaw assassination november israel official responsibility killing government spokesman aides declined comment issue according report deputy military chief coordinated planning army intelligence branch air force navy elite commando unit intelligence agents watched home months raid washington_post reported april israeli cabinet approved assassination april coordinated israel unofficially confirmed responsible assassination interview israeli correspondent officer led raid cleared publication release blocked military decade interview gave detailed account operation condemned killing act political assassination approved resolution condemning aggression sovereignty territorial integrity tunisia specifically mentioning israel personal life married cousin children sons named daughters named children returned following oslo israel female minister son currently governor takeover raided home reportedly stealing personal belongings said looting occurred broad daylight eye
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Khalil al-Wazir
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24813_JohnBalchen
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admiral sir february october written sir officer british_royal_navy long distinguished career late 17th early 18th centuries course service sea saw action numerous battles french spanish navies years separate wars twice captured french action times commended defence ships overwhelming odds died gun rate operations deter french blockading spanish portuguese ports war austrian succession capable efficient officer found wealth prestige fellow officers secured commissions fact remained source frustration elevation shortly death years war born february surviving child gentleman wife home educated took commission royal_navy aged seven years later gained promotion lieutenant period stationed west_indies service lucky health west_indies command considered dangerous period mortality rates sailors stationed high malaria yellow fever high death rate led rapid promotion survived post captain relatively young age years war spent war aboard hms dragon admiral impressed subordinate command prize ship safe conduct england earned step captain war spanish succession majority royal_navy placed reserve war conclusion returned england await deployment whilst married daughter army colonel marriage produced children survived adulthood later married vice admiral temple west george followed father navy sea commanding small hms vulcan sir fleet spanish coast outbreak war spanish succession probably engaged battle bay fleet captured spanish treasure fleet instrumental capture gun went briefly command transferred gun frigate north_sea area great importance british war effort convoys carrying naval supplies scandinavia crossed regularly commission yielded opportunities way prize money year transferred gun dispatched west african coast region considered fatal west_indies surviving remained chester attached convoys bound portugal virginia suffered defeat october leaving safety portsmouth harbour convoy ambushed french squadron battle dozen french warships larger stronger convoy escorts took ship battle warship captains action allowed merchant convoy time disperse escape ensuing battle sided french warships english ships submission hours including command boarded french ships line british warship escaped exploded loss nearly lives french captured merchant ships hundreds convoy english ports catch briefly prisoner france officer allowed return england parole court martial loss ship commended brave defence formally exchanged french officer returned naval service receiving command newly built gun august cruise october sea hours appeared squadron ships line unable opponents engaged gun flagship forced surrender threatened boarding exchanged immediately court martial blame loss ship rewarded bravery command november secured prize gun french gale mediterranean sir returned home period unemployment shore end war spanish succession returned sea gun frigate hms diamond suppression piracy west_indies year received shore position commanding war quadruple alliance war broke experienced officers immediately given sea gun fleet sir arriving mediterranean vice admiral flagship flag captain position remained december year july engaged battle cape spanish fleet defeated great naval action major victory given command gun hms sir served baltic took returned service baltic sir mission resupply besieged gibraltar time fleet arrived siege broken received promotion rear admiral period command gun took gun hms princess commanded support spanish landing returned december promoted vice admiral spending years estates england war austrian succession outbreak war ear spain commanded squadron seven ships tasked spanish convoys caught superior spanish squadron forced withdraw deeper atlantic weeks provoked rumours britain force destroyed got word admiralty retreat years spent time convoy duty came younger active officers substantial fortunes prize money friend spoke glory success pursues people rich purchase lands whilst forced place place loss victory march received command pension forced remain ashore pleased forcibly retired april aged months later recalled admiralty fleet british dutch ships raised hurry rescue british squadron convoy sir trapped french brest squadron shortage officers sufficient experience command fleet kind called short notice rewarded fleet successful driving french retired face superior fleet firing shot hardy convoy escorted safely gibraltar way finally fortune prize money capturing heavily laden french west return journey fleet sailing western approaches early october hit violent storm scattered channel returned england battered leaking condition days later hms victory missing victory flagship time largest ships world holding broadside guns new having completed seven years frigates dispatched english channel search missing battleship seen horizon october captain frigate hms landed heard locals wreckage washed island shores investigation proved wreckage come victory believed run group rocks nearby wreckage washed jersey inhabitants heard distress guns night wreck unable provide aid severe storm sailors aboard victory recovered found approximately miles legacy death met national mourning britain regarded expert veteran commander great talent tactics ship construction popular sailors decks having fought admiralty issues allowing volunteer seamen transfer ship captain giving sailors shore visiting privileges widow allowed pension year following husband death consequent end income whilst son george received promotion post captain george long father dying illness barbados following year aged large memorial memory raised seen relief commemorates career son men lost victory permanent memorial remembered hard working professional recognised readiness accept duty required
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John Balchen
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24879_TimCross
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born april retired british_army officer military logistics expert commissioned went serve germany northern_ireland cyprus interspersed staff duties education posted paris involved development milan anti tank weapon returning regiment company commander took command tasked running logistics gulf war went serve commander cross served tours balkans attached second commanded tour responsible multinational troops civilian agencies establishing refugee camps aftermath war later appointed commander order british empire service cross promoted major general star rank nato terms served director general defence supply chain involved planning forthcoming invasion iraq senior british officer involved planning command general officer commanding iraq retiring army cross critical planning iraq removal government giving evidence iraq inquiry urged politicians delay invasion calling post war planning thin serves advisor private companies visiting lecturer british universities convert christianity licensed lay reader church_of_england affiliated christian organisations cross married children early life cross son george mary cross having wanted soldier applied join army age fourteen rejected age joined secondary education accepted study sixth attending early military career cross started commissioned second lieutenant july tour west_germany british_army rhine undertook service degree promoted lieutenant having graduated served tour responsibility regiment new missiles promoted captain went train ammunition technical officer posted northern_ireland involved explosive ordnance disposal inspection duties returning cross served adjutant tour cyprus attached united_nations peace keeping force studied guided weapons staff college promoted major september posted paris british liaison milan anti tank missile programme rejoined company commander promoted lieutenant colonel june returning staff college later year member heavily involved command staff course cross returned germany command previously adjutant company commander double post appointed commander supply role posted kuwait later iraq gulf war iraq cross appointed commander late organisation army amalgamated newly formed cross transferred promoted colonel having completed earlier returned served bosnia nato high command cross promoted brigadier june appointed director distribution army post director army result organisation based hampshire end took command balkans responsible supplying british contingent nato led force time commanded later renamed returned april told returning balkans january role responsible humanitarian effort aftermath war establishing maintaining refugee camps macedonia albania tasked commanding multinational troops coordinating humanitarian efforts personnel united_nations high commissioner refugees multiple non governmental organisations speaking service later called challenging demanding deployment time come face face large scale humanitarian crisis went challenging military working alongside large numbers civilian agencies army needed learn better work organisations need said widely recognised outside military recognition service balkans cross appointed commander order british empire new year honours list january august cross attended promoted major general star rank appointed director general defence supply chain director general responsible establishment united_kingdom joint force component forthcoming operations iraq involved planning invasion country early british representative later following invasion deputies american lieutenant general cross involved coordinating reconstruction country following fall government senior british officer involved post war planning country shortly invasion iraq appeared frost speaking presenter role praised military campaign went talk challenges rebuilding country saying think relative terms badly feared agreed insufficient people ground ensure security aftermath invasion removal government later deeply critical planning post war iraq stated attempted raise issue insufficient planning politicians overly concerned warnings aid agencies massive humanitarian crisis aftermath invasion event admitted optimistic state iraqi infrastructure breakfast frost interview drew analogy london imagine going london ministry building completely furniture completely people windows blown trying find people work equivalent finding worked getting work beginning pay salaries beginning encouraging come work bound bit time cross given honorary title colonel commandant april october appointed general officer commanding iraq commander british_army combat personnel iraq war retired active service january retaining honorary title colonel commandant april given ceremonial appointment pioneer regiment volunteers retirement cross retirement visiting professor british universities including serves advisor number organisations army advisor defence advisor companies non executive chairman british security company serves director following retirement cross attacked foreign policy iraq calling plans fatally flawed shortly general sir chief general staff time invasion recently retired called plans bankrupt interview cross praised planning invasion removal said keen thought carefully postwar aspects going military campaign think public knowledge handled thought executed lived consequences december cross publicly testified iraq inquiry having previously argued proceedings held public eventually gave evidence post war planning prior invasion iraq stating urged prime minister aide delay invasion days prior beginning conflict cross told sir inquiry chairman preparations iraq removal thin went tell inquiry confident secure military victory offered view begin campaign coherent postwar plan interview independent january cross speaking post war iraq claimed lot senior generals frustrated didn sufficient resources singled blair secretary state time invasion criticising system funding allocated iraq campaign personal life cross christian converted christianity leave posting cyprus visited jerusalem easter weekend inspired retired british_army officer met convert converting considered leaving army said interviews reconciled beliefs military service british_army community recognises issue spirituality goodness justice evil wrong probably far licensed lay reader church_of_england involvement number christian organisations including trustee british foreign bible society president interview said moral component fighting power leadership ethics culture people fight embedded element justice lose moral component lose think collectively west gone years pretending moral component important don need biblical foundation life challenge written subject house publication aimed generating professional debate described ideas secular army dangerously wrong rewrite motto girl guides removing reference god married couple live surrey sons serving royal_navy daughter grandchildren cross lists interests golf sailing walking reading writing having written chapters introductions books papers
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Tim Cross
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24890_JohnWilliamFinn
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july sailor united_states_navy chief petty officer received united_states military highest decoration medal honor actions attack pearl harbor world war chief aviation stationed naval air station earned medal manning machine gun exposed position attack despite repeatedly wounded continued serve navy commissioned ensign reverted chief petty officer eventually rising lieutenant retirement later years appearances events celebrating veterans time death finn oldest living medal honor recipient living recipient attack pearl harbor early life born july california finn dropped school seventh grade enlisted navy july shortly seventeenth birthday completed recruit training san_diego brief stint ceremonial guard company attended training naval station great lakes graduating december april san_diego area having assigned naval air station north island initially worked aircraft repair aviation working anti aircraft guns served series ships uss lexington uss houston uss jason uss uss cincinnati finn promoted chief petty officer highest enlisted rank navy time years active duty later commented promotions everybody thought boy wonder right place right time chief finn served patrol squadrons san_diego washington panama attack pearl harbor december finn stationed naval air station island hawaii chief aviation charge men primary task maintain weapons flying boat squadron morning sunday december finn home mile aircraft heard sound gunfire finn recalled neighbor alert knocked door saying want squadron right away drove catching sight japanese planes sky way found attacked fire finn men trying fight machine guns mounted firing inside planes guns mounting improvised stands finn later explained things control machine gun squadron painter said alex let gun knew experience firing machine gun painter finding platform gunnery training finn attached caliber machine gun pushed platform open area clear view attacking aircraft fired japanese planes hours seriously wounded attack ended total received distinct wounds including bullet right foot injury left shoulder caused lose feeling left arm got gun started shooting planes finn said interview shooting planes target said cases japanese pilots faces despite wounds finn returned later day receiving medical treatment helped arm surviving american planes actions earned medal honor awarded world war formally presented decoration september admiral courage duty ceremony took place pearl harbor board uss enterprise finn commissioned served limited duty officer rank ensign reverted enlisted rank chief petty officer eventually lieutenant aboard uss retired navy lieutenant september later life legacy shortly death finn resided acre km2 ranch near california wife foster parents native american children causing embraced tribe people san_diego wife died member retirement appearances events honoring veterans march attended national medal honor day ceremonies arlington national cemetery aid walking sticks stood president barack_obama laying ceremony tomb unknown soldier later day finn guest white house visit white_house time meeting sitting president june crowd family friends came celebrate finn 100th birthday presented american flag flown aircraft carriers active service called hero interview finn responded damned hero stuff bunch guess got understand kinds heroes chance hero position finn died age morning buried wife cemetery memorial service surviving medal honor recipient attack pearl harbor oldest living recipient aviation received medal death fellow world war veteran oldest living medal honor recipient namesake headquarters building commander patrol reconnaissance force marine_corps base hawaii named finn honor boat bring visitors uss arizona memorial named year named buildings naval training center san diego named john alice finn office plaza february secretary navy ray announced destroyer named uss john finn honor awards decorations finn received following awards decorations medal honor citation extraordinary heroism distinguished service devotion duty attack japanese naval air station territory hawaii december promptly secured manned caliber machine gun mounted instruction stand completely exposed section parking ramp heavy enemy machine gun fire wounded times continued man gun return enemy fire vigorously telling effect enemy bombing attacks complete disregard personal safety specific orders persuaded leave post seek medical attention following aid treatment obviously suffering pain moving great difficulty returned squadron area actively supervised returning planes extraordinary heroism conduct action considered keeping highest traditions
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John William Finn
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24977_JovanBabunski
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serbian december february known serbian commander serbian balkan wars world war following murder brother nephew joined band took command units men engaged bulgarian ottoman forces outbreak balkan war joined wounded fighting village second balkan war joined serbian volunteer detachment fought battle world war detachment fought austro hungarian forces summer later fought ordained french general men captured german submarines crews war strong force helped authorities suppress bulgarian resistance towns committing atrocities process considered famous commanders time died february early life born village central macedonia near december sources state born youth earned nickname derived near birthplace located began education age attending bulgarian language elementary school time teacher displeased father responded taking son serbian taken continue education belgrade studying belgrade worked serbian language teacher towns region guerrilla activities brother nephew killed seeking revenge joined band year defended right bank bulgarian insurgents protected persecuted villages bulgarian ottoman attack actions leading serbian chiefs macedonia song trumpet plays serbian composed honour following successful command forces attack group commanded ottoman authorities declared forces left ranks returned civilian life later arrested ottoman authorities quickly escaped prison year returned balkan wars world war fought balkan war wounded skirmish ottoman turkish forces village serving commander second balkan war fought serbian volunteer detachment battle outbreak world war formed detachment placed command major unit went fight austro hungarians late summer later destroyed railway bridge prevent austro hungarian forces crossing men returned macedonia fought bulgarian autumn assigned town joined serbian forces fighting bulgarian division managed hold nearly month despite suffering heavy losses serbian army retreat albania winter men withdrew greek island joined forces assigned involved guarding lake later detachments participated capturing enemy soldiers gathering intelligence french general awarded medal following capture german submarines crews men recipient post war war given command force men helped authorities suppress resistance towns time forces command committed atrocities macedonia albania atrocities carried targeted local leaders sympathetic bulgarian bands including enslaved locals turned forced labourers armed forces summer serbian yugoslav authorities decided bands state aims region armed forces deployed maintain order southern territories state serbian professional soldiers sent macedonia died february falling horse getting legacy described historian exceptionally courageous determined considered famous commanders time monument dedicated constructed blown world war street neighborhood belgrade bear adopted surname descendants great grandfather great great grandfather david
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Jovan Babunski
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Warfare
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25020_JuanJoséCastelli
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july october argentine lawyer leaders revolution started argentine war independence led ill fated military campaign born buenos_aires went school real san buenos_aires city argentina graduated lawyer cousin introduced public administration rio planned revolution replace absolute monarchy new ideas age enlightenment led buenos_aires patriots revolution ended removal power known speaker revolution speech open held buenos_aires appointed committee member sent end counter revolution succeeded ordered execution supporters commanded establishment revolutionary government today aim freeing indigenous peoples african slaves signed truce spanish betrayed caught unprepared result suffered major loss june returned buenos_aires imprisoned losing battle died shortly tongue cancer biography early life studies born buenos_aires children born venetian doctor relative trained shortly expulsion attended real san buenos_aires customary children family ordained chosen sent study influenced works especially fellow student men later influence public life south_america including focused studying philosophy theology father died abandoned career felt strong rejecting mother proposal sending study spain enrolled studies alongside cousin enrolled modern learned ongoing french revolution new ideas age enlightenment learned rebellion oppression indigenous peoples influenced actions future campaign returning buenos_aires visited witnessed use slave labor mines returned buenos_aires established legal firm family home represented causes uncle associations met befriended brother associate married seven children angela political steps intellectuals received secretly distributed copy declaration rights man citizen french revolution returned studies europe appointed perpetual secretary new shared similar ideas spanish trade monopoly rights natives attempted appoint interim secretary assistant faced strong opposition merchants delayed appointment ill stay europe forced extended leaves work wanted successor resigned similar opposition election delegates elected rejected merchants associated port conflict lasted year prominent local merchant wrote memorandum recommending finally confirmed office royal decree rejected post high workload seen insult merchants influential backed pair projects arrived spain proposed creation patriotic literary economic society lodge publication newspaper newspaper published buenos_aires named projects short lived lodge established activities banned royal decree instructed withdraw support newspaper closed published secretary publication telegraph journal advance concept speak inhabitants released new newspaper shortly staff editorial staff meetings house discussing ideas technical improvements agriculture removal trade restrictions development manufacturing topics newspaper published biographies founding fathers united_states british invasions introduced claimed represent british_empire support proposals published aimed latin american colonies actually british spy gathering information spanish colonies bearing promises british support created native secret society organized purposes henceforth known party independence included major contributors newspaper spy eventually discovered expelled disclosed unaware associates moved farm modern buenos_aires neighborhood farm agriculture fields small brick factory lived influential people like attorney meetings secret society continued unaffected departure june mother died mourning city learned british landing party independence caught surprise invasion british proclaimed respect religion ownership order freedom trade mention concerning ideals arranged interview british asking promises standing asked british government support attempt gave answers saying instructions effect explained recent death prime minister rise liberals power needed orders understood british force annex city british_empire resigned avoid swearing allegiance britain liberated buenos_aires short time later helped escape hoping influence eventual second invasion implement reforms supported second british invasion ended patriot hopes british support fought allies successful defense city local increased political power higher military role dispute newly appointed led attempted advantage new situation influence support accusing aiding escape kept military bodies armed napoleon invaded spain starting war king spain favor son ferdinand vii napoleon captured appointed brother king spain instead series transfers spanish crown known spanish people organized government resist french occupation months claimed supreme authority spain colonies situation encouraged princess charlotte spain claim regency spanish american colonies context plotted constitute local government similar project shared natives head proposed alternative support plans princess charlotte supported held ideas argued project practical means achieving independence spain circumstances september wrote letter charlotte signatures charlotte rejected support party independence sought establish constitutional monarchy headed charlotte preferred retain power monarchy consequently denounced letter organized detention letters charged high treason lawyer won doctrine sovereignty people claimed spanish american lands personal possession spanish colony approach old districts context argued power spain rightful king authority said people spain bring indies obedience premises argued successfully regency offered sister captive king denying legitimacy ferdinand vii act treason legitimate political project resolved spanish american people intervention spanish january rallied battalions plaza attempted mutiny laid hopes independence attempt battalions faithful regiment battalions remaining ones conquered plaza ordered forces withdraw supported accusing sought remove opposed reasons hoping maintaining social dominance opposed interests deposed defeated power increased banished spanish militias attempted coup disbanded new arrived july replace group agree react proposed resumption idea creating governing headed spanish insisted plan appoint charlotte regent constitutional monarchy proposed military coup head finally accepted perspective delayed taking action better opportunity revolution news fall arrived group headed led process leading revolution important leaders time discarded plan expel coup état discussions decided request open emergency popular assembly negotiated senior nobleman convinced needed permission rodriguez went office fort previously denied support premise disappearance appointed longer right hold position outraged appearance came armed appointment reacted harshly demanded immediate reply request open brief private conversation prosecutor gave consent leaving personal safety said lord person family americans interview returned house inform supporters new situation known speaker revolution great activity week memoirs witnesses participants mention venues taking activities negotiated visited fort times gave pressure time held secret meetings house planning actions militias barracks describing events called interested novelty revolution open held debated continue office replace opinion held continue spain conquered france meant rule americas counter argument based doctrine sovereignty people employed defense insisted absence legitimate authority sovereignty returned people govern idea dismissing ultimately prevailed buenos_aires authority decide new form government elect provisional government congress deputies called cities final decision disputes exercise provisional government argued proposal form decisive vote appointment adding sought add supporters power allowed perform maneuver anticipated approved end rule formed president stay power members priest merchant bulk natives rejected proposal accept remain power different title suspicious intentions believed little achieved resigned day pressure force resign came power night gathered home rodriguez compiled list members governing presented armed men occupied plaza access points list included balance representatives different local politics finally reported longer command assumed power led radical positions close friends visiting daily described associates sharing projects deep political social economic revolution based higher freedom spanish american described pragmatic men willing reward allies punish enemies revolution meant capital called comparing actions reign terror french revolution similarities revolutions france buenos_aires largely superficial steps expulsion judges shipped spain pretext lives danger execution hearing news change government prepared counter revolution city routed militia captured leaders couple skirmishes initial orders send buenos_aires capture decided execute decision taken resolution signed members priest consent death penalty measure found strong popular resistance governor popular execution priest leader counter revolution rejected decided carry original orders transferred prisoners buenos_aires order excluded bishop banished instead commissioned enforce execution order said hope weakness general fulfilled determination finally necessary demoted assistants elected secretary client campaign doctor head escort right finding prisoners ordered presided execution governor governor adviser execution took place boundary bishop shot compelled spiritual assistance convicted witness execution commissioned execute verdict shooting returned briefly buenos_aires met secretary war congratulated conduct appointed member representing power direct operations left series instructions government hands patriots earn native support shoot president governor case capture received similar orders capture execute defeated rebels revolution rebellion similar revolution took place modern instructed rescue draft soldiers command left buenos_aires suppress revolutions suspicious soldiers disarmed sent prisoners mines supervision soldiers died month work mines campaign upper peru received popular san despite formal good reception difficulty obtaining troops food money guns took political leadership expedition displacing replaced colonel informed revolted support threatened royalist forces intercepted letter governor executed support letter mentioned royalist army led marching advanced defeated sent men cannon strengthen forces reinforcements achieved victory battle allowed patriots control unopposed men sent eventually lead years later richest cities open called withdraw territory military strength prevail santa fled received requesting locals swear allegiance requested royalist generals submit arrangements operation capture carried exclusively surviving members mines incorporated honors executed plaza claimed died happy spanish flag hand safe royalist land jail participation revolution escaped join ranks army knew background appointed secretary set government presided change regime entire region planned reorganization reform proclaimed end native slavery natives granted political rights equal forbade establishment new parishes avoid common practice guise spreading christian doctrine natives forced religious orders authorized free trade land workers mills decree published spanish established bilingual schools indian chiefs participated anniversary revolution celebrated paid tribute ancient encouraged people rise spanish despite welcome aware aristocracy supported auxiliary army fear instead genuine support november requested authorization military operation cross river border control cities argued urgent rise economy depended largely districts lost power area main royalist stronghold threatened plan rejected risky complied original orders december banished decision sent approval vocal domingo business associations arranged act arguing influenced accusations support began decline mainly favourable treatment natives determined opposition church attacked public secretary buenos_aires compared leader reign terror french revolution abolished mandatory form public service bordered slavery wished end resigned point buenos_aires disputes worsened requested moderate actions went ahead positions shared officers chaplain sergeant major planned kidnap deliver buenos_aires trial command army north juan accept plan informed conspirators attempt carry knew resignation wrote letter asking defeated planned march buenos_aires letter sent common postal service decided send instead members ousted exiled point order proceed facto truce attack army tried turn situation formal agreement imply recognition legitimate agreed sign armistice days allow time agreement actually time reinforce army june truce effect advanced royalist troop attacked positions declared truce broken declared war peru royalist army crossed june starting army waited near plains patriotic left wing commanded faced bulk royalist forces center hit soldiers patriotic soldiers recruited surrendered fled recruits switched sides battle helped ensure defeat refusing join conflict casualties substantial left disbanded pursued fleeing patriots captured victory inhabitants welcomed army quickly leave provinces resistance prevented proceeding buenos_aires moved post received orders return buenos_aires trial time notified new orders issued confined took charge deposed soon left buenos_aires confined san_juan commenced governing required return buenos_aires found political isolation newspaper blamed defeat sought punishment supporters divided supported ideas longer able help suffered tongue cancer long trial progressively difficult speak died october trial underway legacy largely ignored historiography argentina historians focus instead disputes described passing supporter despite role revolution clear leader revolution instead result convergence diverse factions shared desire remove different historians highlight different specific factions largely ignored support indigenous rights ongoing issue country religious ideas strongly affect way perceived notable biography spanish champion written increased public awareness historical novel spanish revolution eternal dream famous wrote chapter book argentina moved television documentary film argentina
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Juan José Castelli
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25924_ManuelBelgrano
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june june usually referred argentine economist lawyer politician military leader took argentine wars independence created flag argentina regarded main country born buenos_aires fourth child italian businessman came contact ideas age enlightenment university spain time french revolution return notable member population buenos_aires tried promote new political economic ideals found severe resistance local rejection led work greater autonomy country spanish colonial regime unsuccessfully promoted aspirations regent ruler period spanish king ferdinand vii imprisoned war favoured revolution removed power elected voting member took power delegate led ill fated campaign troops defeated battles defeated campaign initiated chain events led independence retreated vicinity possible royalist attack created flag argentina approve flag slow communications learn weeks later reinforcing army north knowing strategic disadvantage royalist armies coming ordered evacuated entire population san counter offensive battle resulted key strategic victory soon followed complete victory royalist army battle deeper incursions upper led defeats leading second order replacement commander newly arrived del approved use flag national war flag went diplomatic mission europe seek support revolutionary government returned time declared argentine independence promoted plan create constitutional monarchy descendant head state proposal support provincial delegates strongly rejected delegates buenos_aires approved use flag national flag took command army north mission limited protecting san royalist advances prepared army alternate offensive buenos_aires invaded moved army southwards troops january died june words reportedly country biography ancestry born buenos_aires june father house located near santo domingo convent santo domingo street streets modern names streets respectively city small lived wealthiest baptised following day born america considered social class father town italy translated spanish form later changed literally denoted good production changed spanish domingo european merchant authorised america contacts spain rio_de_janeiro britain promoted establishment son lead years later mother born city del argentina family second richest buenos_aires sons died managed family business arranged daughters married merchants trusted agents oriental spain living male sons followed different paths domingo canon local cathedral joined military meant follow father work developed interests brother continued family business european studies completed studies san school learned latin philosophy logic physics literature graduated domingo sufficient success merchant send sons francisco study europe expected study commerce decided study law successful attained prestige pope allowed study forbidden literature books deemed books way came contact authors like forbidden spain studied near intellectual elite spain time heated discussions ongoing french revolution principles equality freedom universal scope declaration rights man citizen criticism divine right kings constant topics debate supporters ideas thought spain remade similar principles critics thought rejected proponents outdated ideas spanish enlightenment slightly different french respected religion monarchy despite new influences remained strong catholic studied living languages political economy public rights authors influenced translated book agricultural kingdom spanish main interest works authors ideas referred public good popular prosperity like south american students interested stated new wealth came nature agriculture economic activity generated income needed state interfere time south_america plenty natural resources strict state economy developed idea principles stated applied development approach influenced promoted study particular cases thought absolute freedom promoted tempered moderate intervention state provision free education time europe president academy devoted roman legislation forensic practice political economy work short time return buenos_aires june elected perpetual secretary new local institution dealt commercial industrial issues crown date later known argentina economist day remain office deal commercial disputes promote agriculture industry commerce having freedom big changes economic system big efforts improve education influenced believed true wealth countries human best way promote education maintained frequent discussions committee members merchants strong interests involved commerce proposals influenced free trade ideas time thought merchant freedom buy best accommodated natural supplied best price able earn best profit proposals rejected committee members supporters domingo successes creating geometry drawing academy created influence future merchants work best interests nation nautical drawing ones provide youth prestigious lucrative careers schools situated easily supervise development schools place years closed ruling spanish monarchy considered unnecessary luxury colony felt buenos_aires able maintain tried promote agriculture production following experiences friend proposed reserves wheat help control price tried leather recognised product country order promote commercial potential proposals accepted designed system prizes achievements boost local economy agriculture system work expected met requirements prize given helped create newspaper city directed worked edited nearly issues newspaper closed conflicts authorities like criticisms jokes parodies worked directed newspaper explain economic ideas manufacturing finished goods raw materials manufacture avoiding luxury goods raw materials produced extracted locally vital products owning merchant navy newspaper specialised philosophy history geography statistics revolutionary principles presented essays symptoms caught time europe sickness forced long leaves work suggest cousin similar ideas possible replacement leaves rejection committee members delayed approval british invasions appointed captain urban militias instructed spain prepare defences possible british portuguese attack worked longer interested pursuing military career requested create militia counter possible british attack interest intervention military conflict took place british arrived men took buenos_aires starting british invasions moved fortress soon heard warning gathered men launch resistance required knowledge men marched disorder ordered single british cannon shot write later autobiography regretted having basic knowledge militia work taking city spanish authorities requested pledge allegiance british crown thought members leave city join agree british request refused said wanted old master master avoid forced pledge allegiance escaped buenos_aires sought asylum chapel mercedes british army defeated army direction spanish authority restored expected british return city started prepare possibility returned buenos_aires command appointed sergeant command started study military strategy conflicts officials resigned sergeant served command new british attack took place july battle served field assistant division commanded successful resistance british resumed work discontinued military studies knowledge french brief interview defeated proposed british support movement rejected offer considering britain readily remove support lucrative option europe case revolutionaries helpless spanish counterattack main proponent political movement rio response recent developments europe spain war france spanish king ferdinand vii deposed imprisoned appointed king spain french led partial power vacuum legitimacy new king rejected parties purpose movement replace authority deposed king sister ferdinand living rio_de_janeiro project supported means achieve autonomy independence spanish colonies new world kept fluent mail communication convinced join project project found strong resistance married prince portugal people trick conceal portuguese different political ideas supporters shared ideas enlightenment power monarchy project forgotten new arrived europe replace failed convince benefits plan aimed instead convince refusing confirmed spanish king appointed lacked legitimacy refused proposal handed command resistance later convinced new allow edit new newspaper allowed gather revolutionary leaders excuse discussing development newspaper supported allowed foreign trade port previously spanish ships allowed ruling strongly rejected spanish merchants lawyer wrote representation economic essay convinced maintain free foreign trade historians suggest essay actually work work draft written able present work held political office past opposition rejection resigned work april moved countryside short time later received letter friends requesting return buenos_aires join revolutionary movements revolution war developing favourably spain ship arrived news defeat disbanding recognised spanish king appointed people thought longer authority tried conceal news gathering newspapers brought ship managed explained european developments public members despite having given original idea plotted remove replace advice waited news defeat spain action representing military intellectuals got interview request open getting answer called military leaders requested support refused grounds lacked legitimacy patriots insisted request finally accepted massive demonstration following day ensured word open held political leaders present armed men filling plaza ready invade case attempted disruption indicated signal supported stance cousin speech explaining concept sovereignty people subject spain time voting proposal coupled supporters joint proposal removal creation government prevailed attempted power spite result creating president rejected revolutionary leaders population great state turmoil ended disbanded replaced included local politicians autobiography declared previous knowledge included appointment took surprise accepted role political line expecting use government big changes social order making located building purpose instructing military appointed protector supported members execution counter revolutionaries defeated historians suggest promoted creation operations plan secret document written set harsh ways achieve goals consider document literary discredit suspect document result collaborative writing expedition months creation appointed chief commander army sent gather support oriental days later goal specific aim informed patriotic party strong small army control information went possible goals promote new government stay friendly terms buenos_aires unaware july general assembly discussed decided reject pledge allegiance spain headed north nearly men expecting gather people end soldiers regiments joined route later sent reinforcements soldiers army welcomed population way receiving donations new recruits ultimately army composed nearly men consisting infantry cavalry divided divisions piece artillery end october army stopped solved old border conflict set territories belong organised urban layout chapel school november army arrived coast near island took measures benefit natives living missions authority speaker gave civil political rights granted lands authorised commerce lifted restriction taking public religious office requested later seek authorization changes future point army moved stronghold attack terrain gave clear advantage governor river nearly metres wide effective natural barrier crossed patriotic army long distance land supplies swamps hills rivers lakes force army march slowly making possible retreat difficult crossed boats december task force soldiers forced flee saw army hill despite greatly outnumbered ordered attack moral strength soldiers started patriots briefly held upper hand eventually superior numbers prevailed deaths soldiers taken prisoner wanted continue fight officials convinced retreat army left closely watched combined armies armies nearly thousand soldiers barely attacked sides march greatly outnumbered losing unequal fight refused surrender reorganised remaining men ordered secretary burn documents personal papers prevent falling enemy hands arranged troops artillery fire minutes soldiers disperse barrage stopped requested armistice telling arrived aid conquer considering open hostility met leave province accepted grounds remaining group leave province day campaign complete military defeat aftermath conflict led replace local declare independence spain rule broke ties buenos_aires stayed isolated years creation flag argentina defeat government buenos_aires issued series conflicting orders requested fight return city judged defeats charges formulated appointed head replacing banished troops accept started requested possible royalist attacks created batteries independence freedom realising patriots fighting colours created argentina light blue white use approved reasons colours usually considered loyalty esteem virgin mary created flag colours hoisted near february day appointed replace army north travelled found officials nearly soldiers quarter hospitalised minimal artillery money officials diego cities hostile army encountered way royalist general orders command retreat fighting prepared base santo improved hospital created military tribunal later moved knowing resources launch attack approve use flag created initially unaware flag blessed priest second anniversary revolution found flag approved away asked keeping great victory months later royalist general advanced north thousand men prepared invade outnumbered larger armies organised great exodus city entire population city retreat army leave value animals crops housing september proper formation columns provided victory royalist task force men commanded retreat fighting thought mean loss northern provinces instead continuing convinced people stand forces increased nearly soldiers command obtained victory battle time replaced second provided greater support second called assembly year soon taking power intended declare independence enact national constitution failed political disputes members measures national flag allowed use blue white flag flag defeat garrisoned city men reinforcements government intended gather men march border battle new approved banner decisive victory ending capitulation army victories ensured argentine authority northwest stopped royalist advance central territory number invasions campaign widely considered decisive campaign upper peru june set base army men prepare attack moved resigned replaced zone tried revert bad impression left previous campaign initiated good relations natives plan attack sides aid armies armies near men obtained important advantage defeating getting possession papers gave insight patriotic plans taken surprise october initially gained upper hand royalist troops started flee saw patriotic armies following reorganised forces returned battle won barely survivors said soldiers lost battle fighting victory betrayed going enemy ranks triumph matter flag nation swings hands gathering army received reinforcements ready engagement troops better situation november forced withdraw remains army second reacted sending command army north second command san reinforce battle weary soldiers illness travelled rendezvous quickly possible met relay gave freedom implement changes took command regiment second later supreme director requested return buenos_aires judged defeats refused send poor health finally agreed send march temporarily settled await outcome trial time wrote autobiography soon charges dismissed definite accusation formulated new government diplomatic abilities sent mission europe negotiate support independence declaration independence spanish king ferdinand vii returned throne started grave consequences governments americas sent europe seek support spain britain sought promote son spain regent end refused act interests diplomatic mission failed learned changes ideology taken place europe previous visit influence french revolution great consensus making republican governments government napoleon preferred form constitutional britain noticed european powers approved south american revolutions approval compromised countries started fall anarchy returned buenos_aires government worried defeats political stir generated appointed head army shortly thomas resigned new supreme director signing santo pact aforementioned army retired sent command army north strong support case designating replace decided man know america integrity natural talent military knowledge far army concerned think best south_america met july explain results diplomatic mission europe thought local monarchy help prevent anarchy end simply independence spain felt declaration independence easily accepted european powers created system end formulated plan monarchy ruled noble thought generate support indigenous populations repair actions taken spanish proposal supported deputies provinces found strong rejection buenos_aires accept capital city july congress finally signed declaration independence spain flag created law regulating accepted national flag plan discussion congress delayed states emergency provinces caused war august took command army north limited people resources ordered avoid trying advance north stay defensive state task prevent moving south supreme director supporting alternative plan designed create making crossing defeat chile control chilean navy attack royalist stronghold years buenos_aires war requested return armies conflict refused accepted arrival governors signed day truce start peace negotiations health bad state point refused resign thinking morale army suffer presence moved frontier able north needed health continued given unlimited leave work supreme director handed command moved met daughter year old governor deposed stay taken prisoner led uprising attempted doctor objected delicate health sentence changed simple imprisonment took control government immediately released returned buenos_aires parent house time ended authority starting period known anarchy year june age died poverty war consumed old wealth paid doctor clock carriage possessions requested robes buried santo domingo convent dying said spanish state anarchy experienced city death largely unnoticed newspaper time note death written government representation funeral students institutions arrive following days news started known following year political context chaotic minister organised massive state funeral presidency body santo domingo moved september government commission included ministry interior ministry war president commission convent descendants interior health inspector army president doctors arsenal war revealed number preserved bones pieces wood nails bones placed silver plate following day great controversy press newspaper announced stolen pair teeth returned following day declared intended tooth friends took biographer personal life met sister age father approve relationship bankruptcy father arranged wedding daughter distant relative worked selling clothes opposed revolution returned spain leaving wife buenos_aires allowed return relationship dispatched followed took saw battle thought pregnant time son born july adopted husband married shortly met briefly considered getting married war forced married man relationship ended briefly restarted near buenos_aires delicate state health learned given birth daughter del born children recognised said children thought mention order protect mothers children result relations moral standards society day accepted requested brother appointed heir look newborn daughter diseases records diseases experienced youth illness dates time return buenos_aires worked experienced symptoms caught stay spain treated prestigious physicians city disease forced long leaves work stays treated condition eventually improved suspected year growing eyes invited king spain cure offered year leave paid wages rejected giving priority work nation personal health later safe size military career blood ill participate battle thought originated digestive system caused stress respiratory system sporadic condition chronic eventually cured revealed autopsy experienced malaria second campaign informed government disease difficult work talk treated doctor employed local species medicinal plant disease lasted stay britain health improved treatment having left endemic zone experienced stomach disease having low production worsened harsh military conditions including long periods little food references disease lead death case year letter directed declared having problems chest lung right leg later letter confirmed situation specified started april gravity condition led doctor advanced returned buenos_aires died sullivan performed autopsy revealed high levels fluid multiple right liver grown normal levels problems lungs heart family tree father mother works political thought vast intellectual awareness important topics age studied europe versatile capable understanding spanish english french italian indigenous languages allowed read influential books age enlightenment understand social economic technical political cultural religious changes prompted new ideas helped promote ideas press work rejected perspectives favouring latin driven concept common good regarded ethical value considered public health education work common good religion share completely ideas french revolution instead tempered ones spanish enlightenment notably remained held strong religious beliefs roman catholic theology conservative agreed existing state things modified republic france united_states constitutional monarchy like britain economic fields influenced principles economic doctrine considered nature source wealth result works reform proposals oriented improving agriculture livestock manufacturing free trade maintained fluent contact cities developing view led increased work largely areas territory maps designed period later prove great help crossing introduced new crops promoted use local fauna livestock production protected weaving industry increasing production cotton considered local crop similar quality cotton europe promotion education politicians advocate development important system report head suggesting creating schools agriculture commerce school agriculture teach important topics crop rotation specific ways work crop methods harvesting preservation seeds identification time previous attempts teach agriculture banished concerned higher education primary education promoted creation free schools poor children schools students learn read learn basic thought help raise people willing work reduce promoted creation schools women learn weaving reading aim generate intellectual women prevent ignorance learn things valuable daily living strong catholic aligned catholic perspective rejected mixed sex education contrast concern public education interrupted military campaigns rewarded victories equal gold kilograms rejected taking prize money considering patriot seek money wealth gave year assembly instructions build primary schools san laid series instructions methods requirements selection teachers schools built declared money lost included debt buenos_aires province decade later translations historian stated held deep admiration george_washington leader president united_states worked translation george_washington farewell address spanish language started working battle destroyed papers including unfinished translation prevent falling enemy hands resumed work finished battle sent buenos_aires publication george_washington farewell address considered important texts history united_states talks importance keeping national unity key maintain independence prosperity freedom ideas shared population legacy considered greatest heroes argentina history monument complex national flag memorial built honour flag park surround seat national celebrations flag day june anniversary death province declared honorary capital argentina august reference cruiser general sunk war named largest base navy small town province argentina bears small towns departments avenue leads flag memorial bear additionally northern neighbourhood buenos_aires city carries museum argentine flag protected glass case deteriorated condition claim original raised time ensign abandoned hidden inside small church near battle retreat flag given argentina authorities genoa italy commemorative statue end historiography biography autobiography wrote time stationed long remained unpublished biography written del general historical general authored wrote exile del sacramento work high political bias historian wrote spanish history scope expanded simple biography detailed instead argentine war independence work followed great man theory linking success war independence figure buenos_aires book included autobiography discovered book criticised contemporary argentine authors born provinces dismissed great man theory maintained work provinces argentine independence important buenos_aires criticised work general general historical general general dealt answer historical studies revolution books written provided biography different angle book debate las historical debate historical history replied argentina new history argentina considered history art form considered science rejecting historical backed primary sources disputes considered starting point studies currently held appears number history argentina appeared time according effect later included highest value circulation argentine number political military figures include later allowed current argentine displays series modified small details
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Manuel Belgrano
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25990_GeorgeThomasCoker
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born july retired navy commander honored leadership prisoner war vietnam war distinguished eagle scout noted devotion scouting serving navigator shot held prisoner war camps years release continued serve navy retirement returned active participation scouting personal information born texas family moved new_jersey new_jersey high school state wrestling champion weight class played high school varsity football newark new_jersey attended wrestled participated aviation officer cadet program commissioned ensign united_states_navy release vietnam returned college graduated political science studied education mathematics married children daughters son scouting life grew new_jersey troop catholic_church january stated passion scouting things got years point times remember scout oath names family members older brothers involved scouting involved joined late completed program joined troop troop dozen members time members time troop formed unit making joined unit worked summer camp joined navy october returned released captivity scouts biggest supporter troop members local citizens turned hundreds greet visited local scouting units inactive scouting busy naval career got involved son joined family settled virginia den leader boys earned arrow light highest recognition moved troop later including son troop adults asked position served years member served lodge adviser lodge december december honored distinguished eagle scout award august military career navigator served naval flight officer years united_states_navy entered october entered active service new_jersey november serving retirement september following graduation attended school florida followed advanced jet navigation training georgia following graduation receiving wings completed additional training navigator deployment took aircraft attack radar control facility miles northeast face automatic weapons fire extremely difficult weather conditions directed pilot aircraft managed ordnance system electronic equipment provide protection strike group attack inflicted significant damage protected dug radar station equipment radar stations operation target described actions awarded navy medal awarded actions following day july airplane diverted attack north vietnamese torpedo boats heading destroyers area scene called altitude dive angle allow pilot focus attacks enemy boats turn concentrated fire aircraft enemy ship hit sunk second suffered near miss citation notes lieutenant superb courage face great danger contributed success mission hour long battle ships sunk aircraft awarded navy medal actions coordinated aircraft attack petroleum storage tanks august consisting waves firing combination pound bombs rockets attack series attacks north vietnamese oil storage depots dating june despite heavy anti aircraft fire provided accurate guidance pilot altitude dive angle operating attack navigation radar system electronic despite adverse weather conditions actions contributed attack destroyed facility storage tanks prisoner war 55th bombing mission lieutenant junior grade serving navigator operating uss pilot jack shot august flying near aircraft hit surface air missile blew right wing ejected aircraft went flat spin tracked crew descended lost sight poor visibility crew feet ground feet altitude miles inland flat terrain landed mile apart landed large rice populated area captured armed villagers soon landing hours ejected american aircraft thorough search despite moderate heavy unable spot signal emergency held number different camps area including facility outskirts known zoo forced endure torture called wall prisoners forced stand facing wall cell hands head time sounded morning sounded night weeks knee injury suffered ejected worsened taken hospital infection drained day respite wall torture continued months called probably worst experience vietnam captivity notable resisted considered reference resistance captivity citation cited fierce resistance significant reasons north vietnamese eventually abandoned harsh treatment prisoners served chaplain fellow prisoners captivity providing spiritual guidance counseling efforts awarded legion merit july devised unusual ingenious methods allow fellow prisoners communicate camp assisting collective efforts resist demands improving morale american allied heroic achievement awarded bronze star medal combat year air_force captain conceived escape plan escape cells nearby swim night hide day estimating days reach mouth river boat sea hoped flag ship united_states seventh fleet estimating days escape rescue removed cell escaped prison night october climbed roof prison block jumped roof escape tied avoid separation jumped near bridge night miles downstream dark hid mud river edge recaptured hours escaped spotted fishermen shore early morning handed soldiers held prison returned days later effort escape north vietnamese camp awarded navy highest award heroism actions attempted escape prisoner war citation reads extraordinary heroism extremely daring escape solitary confinement cell prisoner war october period particularly harsh treatment lieutenant commander prisoner executed escape man team despite high risk brutal possible loss life night opening cell door removing door bolt inside room proceeded wall blocks housing bridge walking bridge edge swam downstream night sunrise buried effort remain concealed later discovered recaptured severely beaten hours banished solitary confinement half years october effective held placed special facility courtyard soon nicknamed located mile away added prisoners facility nicknamed senior officers youngest junior isolated known gang separated captives placed solitary confinement leadership resisting captors men kept solitary confinement spent years concrete cell measuring feet feet light kept clock locked night guard remained december spent years captivity number different prisons march released operation homecoming vietnam era released order capture second large release group days captivity years years solitary confinement years spent time camps retired navy july october promoted lieutenant captivity designated naval flight officer having redesignated captivity awarded decorations ceremony san_diego california navy navy mayor presented key city awarded aggressive leadership director retiring navy names fellow future senator john_mccain film faith fathers film based memoir title faith fathers documentary film hearts minds critical role vietnam war featured briefly time filming recently returned half years north vietnamese camps american prisoners war endured torture captors film shows homecoming parade honor hometown new_jersey tells assembled crowd steps city hall need arose ready send war answering student question vietnam looked like responded wasn people pretty people backward primitive mess time magazine criticized lack balance film portrayal noting camera records south vietnamese political prisoners american lieutenant experience humiliation torture fellow commander said george heroes real reason home bad guys wanted country real reason released military decorations awards military awards include navy cross silver star medal legion merit combat distinguished flying cross medal inch gold star combat purple heart inch gold star service medal air medal bronze device navy inch gold stars combat combat action ribbon navy unit medal national defense service medal vietnam service medal inch silver stars inch bronze stars republic palm republic unit citation palm republic vietnam campaign medal device retirement addition continued scouting activities involved supporting years december elected commander local chapter association serving head virginia state association wife active church civic activities counseling young married couples time reflecting wartime experiences veterans day tribute said tested don know capable great deal realize set mind look special guy went realizing bigger incredible room prison publisher date november room september
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George Thomas Coker
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25994_JohnCapper
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major general sir december senior officer british_army late nineteenth early twentieth century served north west frontier south_africa world war instrumental development tank experienced engineer involved numerous building projects years india pioneered development britain helped establish command military training establishments britain involved large scale military planning pivotal establishing tank important feature british_army described possessing poor communication skills earning nickname stone age attitude ideas junior officers played vital role development deployment armoured vehicles british_army india burma south africa born india civil servant wife sarah december returning england early age education attended leaving enrolled went study chatham subsequently commissioned lieutenant capable engineering officer served india burma years career principally employed military public construction projects performed position promoted captain attached force dispatched campaign tasks supervise construction road wheeled vehicles pass campaign successful conclusion promoted major transferred south_africa wife son john returned england arriving south_africa outbreak second boer war deputy assistant director railways vital job given lengthy dangerous supply routes war fought received rank lieutenant colonel commanded locally raised units eventually commandant returned england june following end hostilities previous month october appointed companion order bath settled family appointed commander based command col james having briefly organisation commandant time split moved new site nearby retirement superintendent given rank colonel retained factory complete development britain military second purpose built shed supervised british_army activities took wider interest anticipation new took civilian sport flying competitions initially assistant later balloon wife assistant included man lifting war developed early work conducted fact finding visits usa wife befriended wright brothers involved protracted ultimately futile negotiations buy wright machine undertook successful flight british london went modify parodied punch second second smaller experimental called baby immediate success baby later modified long successful career oversaw army briefly flew secret trials scotland flight lasted seconds crashed wall sustaining cut head year flew british built earned title british_army ironic achievement command pinned personal hopes achieved autumn government conducted formal inquiry military aviation return early order present evidence argued strongly promising future forms especially army superiors committee form decided small scale experiments continue work stopped formally ceased contracts ran end march soon removed command army new civilian superintendent appointed remained command left friends offered support efforts new exhibited stating built order col transferred command chatham marking end career world war remained chatham september lack experienced officers forced transfer france early months world war brigadier general deputy inspector lines communication given post chief engineer corps july promoted major general chief engineer october following deaths senior officers battle including younger brother sir promoted overall command 24th division remained command division months including periods heavy fighting battle son john killed action serving division spent extensive periods time sections line gained extensive battle experience cost high casualties reward service command division presented commander french government recalled england initially run training centre july hold position director general newly formed operational command tanks hands commander heavy branch tanks introduced year design manufacture inadequate tactics deployment non existent job shape organisation unit efficient battlefield force improve mechanical reliability develop effective tactics role given nickname stone age subordinates considered unwilling accept new innovations tank tactics fact able worked general develop plan large scale armoured assault german lines known plan subordinates based rigid adherence military hierarchy consequent failure communicate ideas rank services director general knight commander retirement july left commanded took command number area france flanders september lieutenant governor took command island military installations held post years time colonel commandant july knight commander retiring remained associated governor associations retained second world war joined remained duty unit post war retired fully remained shortly death widowed died leaving daughter collected papers brother thompson instructor donated college london available researchers
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John Capper
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26188_CharlesCrombie
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march august australian aviator flying ace second world war born brisbane working enlisted royal_australian_air_force completing flight training australia canada flew european mediterranean asian theatres tally axis aircraft shot additional particular attack january intercepted formation japanese bombers india despite aircraft set early engagement shot bombers severely damaged forced bail awarded action returning australia late promoted squadron leader posted flight instructor operational training unit killed flying accident august early life born brisbane queensland march grazing farmer indian born british wife née daughter lieutenant general sir youth educated completing schooling employed family property near queensland enlisted allotted 11th light horse regiment service unit time obtained rank sergeant second world war training european middle eastern theatres ambition pilot royal_australian_air_force undertook instruction civil flying completing course enlisted air_force initially posted transferring raaf park june advanced leading following month attached empire flight training school finishing stint unit posted depot september ceremony days later married couple later son october weeks wedding embarked ship sydney bound canada arrived weeks later completed additional months advanced flight training commissioned pilot officer january set sail united_kingdom days later attached royal_air_force squadron unit flew operational sortie june promoted flying officer month continued serve squadron october time flown total operational sorties european theatre including raids germany brest france transferred mediterranean posted squadron raf october operating egypt malta flying piloted foray unit october end year destruction axis aircraft additional squadron continued operate north_africa middle_east adding aircraft tally january transferred time squadron raf stationed india operating support operations burma campaign arrived new post january promoted flight lieutenant days later time left middle_east accorded official tally axis aircraft shot evening january airborne india navigator warrant officer approximately pair intercepted formation japanese bombers flying flew aircraft group initial attack drew fire bombers setting starboard engine despite damage pushed ahead assault shot bombers flames burning engine began sweep ordered moss bail continued assault shooting second bomber turning attention efforts penultimate aircraft badly damaged reached base time sought fourth final machine petrol tank exploded forced clothing landed god awful swamp walked hours reached army unit area returned squadron result cool courage awarded deserved distinguished service order moss receiving accompanying citation decorations supplement london gazette february reading 19th february royal_air_force king pleased approve following awards recognition gallantry displayed flying operations enemy distinguished service order flying officer royal_australian_air_force squadron distinguished warrant officer squadron pilot observer respectively flying officer warrant officer moss flown night flying operations united_kingdom middle_east india destroyed enemy aircraft damaged night january destroyed formation japanese aircraft compelled abandon aircraft set fire engagement flying officer warrant officer moss displayed great courage determination devotion duty completed final patrol squadron april moving days later later month carried raids burma attack japanese troops area second assaulting japanese shipping announcement awarded published supplement london gazette decoration came result high standard courage whilst flying squadron middle_east carrying patrols low level attacks enemy bases addition personal destruction axis aircraft piloted final sortie war july operational tour finished embarked australia august arriving melbourne september time tour completed accorded official tally aircraft shot additional home duties death return australia posted duties instructor operational training unit december march piloted brisbane new_guinea flying aircraft local area period days testing machine returning richmond new south wales promoted acting squadron leader september chief flying instructor operational training unit heading group sections aircraft celebrate victory europe day aircraft operational training unit detailed newcastle new_south_wales headed group comprised followed final aircraft group piloted flight lieutenant concluded successfully formation returned base group neared pilots orders carried attack installation called men office result august flying test flight completed flight returned base coming land problem occurred engines fell short runway killed resulting collision survived wife year old son funeral attended personnel operational training unit subsequently buried war cemetery fellow operational training unit instructor later described best pilots air force
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Charles Crombie
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26472_WatTylerCluverius,Jr.
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december october admiral united_states navy president died surviving officer sinking graduate joined crew board ship suffered explosion havana harbor sinking maine helped spanish american war war participated number ships including uss philippine american war served uss took united_states occupation veracruz commanding battalion battleship uss north world war commanded laying anti submarine barrage north_sea awarded commandant attended aide secretary navy curtis promoted flag rank commandant norfolk navy yard commanded june november chief staff commander chief united states fleet commandant ninth naval district fourth naval district retiring navy january retirement president returned active duty world war secretary naval office member capacity involved awards naval career born new_orleans louisiana december son tyler wife née manning attended appointed maryland entered days naval cadets rank exist years law serve years eligible examinations rank ensign graduation june posted cruiser joined crew board february ship suffered explosion havana harbor way water waist deep darkness path wreckage joined survivors deck rescued city washington survivors officers loss maine helped spanish american war saw action conflict number ships including uss participated second battle commissioned ensign served philippine american war uss served uss newport engaged daughter rear admiral families knew usher wedding hannah sister olive april married ceremony marriage produced daughters elizabeth betty martha son iii son naval officer daughters married naval officers respectively sons law later served court martial duty commander torpedo boat uss commander uss june uss october joined torpedo boat uss year promoted lieutenant posted battleship uss maine namesake ship sinking survived engineering officer involved sea trials cruisers uss colorado senior engineer monitor senior engineer newly commissioned uss mississippi shore duty followed member short time navigator uss massachusetts old battleship training ship judge advocate attended conference officers naval war college newport rhode_island august inspection officer lieutenant commander posted battleship uss north march july october took united_states occupation veracruz commanding battalion landed returning ship executive officer july commander uss posted engineering instructor november responsible conversion steamer massachusetts ship commissioned december renamed january steamed britain june spent rest world war laying anti submarine barrage north_sea laid anchored mines returning united_states december awarded exceptionally service duty great responsibility commanding officer uss engaged laying mines north_sea officer officer commander commanded cruiser uss baltimore february june post held left attend naval war college graduating chief staff commander pacific fleet commanded cruiser uss seattle june december following usual pattern sea duty alternating shore duty posted office chief naval operations aide secretary navy curtis sea duty followed captain cruiser uss west_virginia promoted rear admiral captains promoted year commandant norfolk navy yard commanded june november chief staff commander chief united states fleet admiral flew flag battleship uss texas ship son law parsons serving commandant ninth naval district navy representative chicago sea command june commandant fourth naval district post held retirement january later life retirement president succession classmate died february announced priority complete building program envisaged predecessor began named memory returned active duty world war secretary naval office member capacity involved awards worcester chosen colleges college training program returned worcester war ended oversaw establishment unit campus october returning train navy reunion philadelphia seriously ill train stopped taken hospital died surviving officer buried arlington national cemetery wife hannah died survived daughters son
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Wat Tyler Cluverius, Jr.
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26626_StephenVBáthory
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stephen hungarian pronounced romanian hungarian commander judge royal rose power hungary king death sided later defeated prince john battle result cruelty especially deposed king died shortly family history family powerful influential hungarian noble family 14th 17th century branches family produced princes king poland belonged powerful family branch family coat arms granted career took bitter defeat battle decided support iii throne supreme commander army infantry cavalry inexperienced military leadership actual leadership shared serbian waged war bosnia sent free certain king new campaign involve hungarian troops assistance small serbian contingent wrote cousin prince stephen iii wait merge armies merging failed movement hungarian troops resulted stephen defeat battle july august armies merged helped stephen rid turks consultation took place city invaded southern army stephen aid attacking eastern men offensive began early november defeated strong army border armies lost men november captured capital met stephen swore eternal allegiance presence pledged pursue great crusade turks november reported town officials hands added aside soon join november fell army november prince time stephen retreated return army reclaim throne december met battle possessed small army killed battle battle bread field governor late august ottoman expedition bosnia commanded invaded force men turks moved quickly land giving little time gather militia ban promised aid approached turkish raised camp plain totally unaware way early morning october appeared heights brook ali forced stand ground order secure eventual evacuate booty ordered army prepare battle supported second line comprised right flank hungarians comprised left flank heavy cavalry placed middle ottoman leaders disagreement preparations battle delayed hours idle waiting confident arrive minute gave order attack opened attack routed followed fate wounded killed later hungarian line pressured retreat centre charged heavy cavalry fell horse alerted companions interpreted bad advised turn retreat mountains ignored advice head cavalry charged ottoman line great force routing ali charged cavalry fierce battle took place lasted hours seriously injured wounds horse killed surrounded wall corpses barely holding life lose battle army appeared hill drums making noise serbs assisted numerous king charged turks turks taken surprise slaughtered furious renewed attack managed save turks survived massacre fled mountains majority killed local population ali spoke romanian peasant clothes fled turks died battle lost hungarians commanders troops dancing dead companion aftermath accused excessive cruelty disposed died shortly family return rule princes
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Stephen V Báthory
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26876_JohnEmiliusFauquier
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bars march april canadian aviator second world war bomber command leader commanded squadron later squadron raf course war bush pilot prior war joined flight instructor joined squadron fly operationally rest war taking drop rank occasion return active command tours operation participated dozens sorties europe early years born ottawa ontario march educated entered investment business montreal quebec joined flying club earning commercial pilot licence formed quebec prior second world war flown hours pilot command bush operations second world war joined flight lieutenant completed advanced course served instructor training plan instructors short period england training center posted squadron returning difficult weather conditions bombing berlin squadron night november forced land aircraft non operational airfield result temporarily suspected spy february promoted acting wing commander given command squadron awarded gallantry shortly transferred operations overseas headquarters staff duties served short term group taking command squadron february operation august bombing raid german military research facility acted deputy master bomber making passes target awarded september leadership raid soon raid promoted acting group captain squadron member group january flew sorties completing second tour operations squadron awarded bar promotion acting air commodore rank operational flying mentioned despatches december voluntarily reverted group captain begin tour operations time commanding officer squadron raf squadron led december end war command conducted raids submarine targets end war europe awarded second bar command squadron historian novelist remembers history canada air_force world war doubt toughest commanders saw job getting available aircraft target night operations patience incompetence compromise goal ground crews thought world thought world took granted remembering bottles beer treats worked particularly hard considered canada greatest bomber pilot postwar war returned private business inducted canada aviation hall fame july traveled calgary alberta minister defence observe official flight lancaster captained garrison pilot crew members captain brian wartime lancaster flight engineer died friday april
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John Emilius Fauquier
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27019_PercyCherry
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june march australian recipient victoria_cross highest decoration gallantry face enemy awarded members british commonwealth armed forces award granted posthumously cherry actions attack french village strongly defended german forces born australian state victoria cherry moved tasmania age seven family took apple orchard expert apple skilled rifle shot member franklin rowing club commissioned second lieutenant infantry regiment served drill instructor outbreak war enlisting march served gallipoli transferring western early march cherry decorated following attack led party capturing german machine gun posts killed german shell day following victoria_cross action early life cherry born june victoria wife elizabeth née seven years old family moved tasmania took apple orchard near cherry attended local state school thirteen received private tuition worked father expert apple fourteen won local case making competition packing thirty cases hour joining cherry soon sergeant later second lieutenant drill cadets different districts age sixteen won president trophy gold medal best shot rifle range franklin rowed franklin rowing club played franklin brass band sang anglican church choir cherry joined commissioned infantry regiment second lieutenant world war march western march outbreak war cherry sent assumed duties drill instructor march enlisted allotted qualified infantry officer considered young commission instead june battalion embarked brisbane egypt cherry aboard arrival battalion spent months training desert cherry promoted company sergeant major august september battalion landed gallipoli played defensive role december injured bomb wounds face head cherry evacuated egypt commissioned second lieutenant december days later withdrawn gallipoli evacuated egypt cherry rejoined preparation service western remaining egypt time cherry selected attend machine gun course march completion transferred 7th machine gun company france commanded company august wounded duel german officer german officer leading attack cherry position exchanging shots neighbouring shell holes eventually rose firing simultaneously german officer hit cherry neck mortally wounded cherry return cherry approached dying man pulled package letters pocket asked cherry censored posted cherry promised german handed letters words ends died shortly result wounds cherry evacuated england treatment promoted lieutenant august cherry returned unit november following month temporary captain transferred 26th battalion commanding officer rank confirmed february march involved battalion actions village march cherry led company attack german held position situated villages artillery fire failed adequately cut lines advancing troops cherry led section men wire found break gap rushed machine gun posts capturing single handed turned fleeing germans wounded actions engagement cherry awarded published supplement london gazette april victoria_cross march 7th brigade tasked capture engagement cherry earn victoria_cross artillery barrage opened village continued minutes allowing infantry close plan cherry company storm village battalion companies encircled assault cherry split company sections commanded section placed lieutenant company soon action cherry section captured large fortified farm edge village entered muddy main street australians came heavy fire houses lining road adjacent stable yard cherry rushed stable yard fierce developed germans surrendered cherry men moved found main resistance coming large crater spotted white chalk crossroads village centre germans stout defence holding advance cherry sent messenger mortars delay cherry decided rush position cover rifle grenade fire capturing crater found lieutenant wounded taken command second section wounded reduced men capturing crater cherry pushed village party emerged buildings far stiff fight ensured group germans dug outs road company able meet fellow units bypassed village established north east area cherry orders fall reserve disregarded counter attack forthcoming march germans launched strong counter attack heavy artillery fire point cherry noticed germans firing yellow australian positions gunners found fired away position german attempts retake cost 7th brigade casualties day abandoned counterattack death legacy afternoon march shell burst sunken road east killing cherry men buried road cemetery grave citation cherry posthumous award victoria_cross appeared supplement london gazette reading 11th majesty king pleased approve award victoria_cross officers man 2nd late imp force conspicuous bravery determination leadership command company detailed storm clear village officers company casualties carried care determination face fierce opposition cleared village enemy sent frequent reports progress held time enemy strong point organised machine gun bomb parties captured position leadership bravery set wonderful example men having cleared village took charge situation beat heavy counter attacks enemy wounded refused leave post remained encouraging hold costs officer killed enemy shell cherry victoria_cross presented father governor tasmania sir october photograph cherry unveiled headquarters victoria_cross currently display australian war memorial medals
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Percy Cherry
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27339_MarijaBursać
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serbian august september member yugoslav partisans world war yugoslavia woman proclaimed yugoslavia born farming family village near invasion yugoslavia axis powers creation croatia april supported partisan resistance movement led like women village collected food clothing supplies partisan war effort member yugoslavia september following august appointed political company 1st harvested crops valley admitted end summer partisan february joining newly formed brigade fought areas served nurse september wounded leg throwing hand grenades attack german base northwestern bosnia transported field hospital sang partisan songs wound soon developed died hospital september proclaimed people hero yugoslavia following month schools streets organisations named memory following war commemorating service partisan cause early life born august village near region north western sector renamed yugoslavia area inhabited primarily ethnic serbs muslims forming percent population oldest children wife raised sheep cattle family farm like village girls school boys attended elementary school age fourteen later helped mother agricultural work skilled weaving spinning completing month course elementary school opened teacher member outlawed organised public library reading sports clubs cultural artistic group established secret cell communist organisation area ideological convictions earned following village youth including brother authorities soon aware activities removed february world war april yugoslavia invaded sides axis powers led nazi_germany april germans italians hungarians country fascist puppet state croatia including modern day croatia modern day parts modern day serbia proclaimed april italian german quasi controlled croatian nationalist movement policies eliminate state ethnic population mass killings forced serbs killed june atrocities accelerated formation large resistance movements occupied yugoslavia serbian nationalists led colonel founded members known led decided belgrade july launch nationwide armed uprising members led forces known partisans pro partisan activity july local leaders organised partisan detachments armed rifles seven light machine guns immediate vicinity detachment men previously established camp nearby forest weapons supplies village active women collecting food clothing insurgents serving camp july partisans liberated beginning uprising days parts liberated stage little control villagers took arms liberated area constant attack defended partisans surrounding positions women joined collecting food clothing supplies partisans clothes wool cloth joined yugoslavia september september italian troops captured partisans retained control area villages end branch members men served partisan units women including joined labour companies support war effort literacy course organised female members attended villagers gave agricultural products milk cream eggs italians receiving salt rice return practice strongly condemned gathered people villages hall school january dissuade trading enemy members spoke began speech interrupted comments threats young man audience moment group men stormed hall wooden poles ensuing chaos shouted hinder women fled windows early joined village committee women major affiliated women organisation june partisans labour company clearing rubble repairing houses town company helped working land families men away fighting partisans july partisan units composed fighters serbia montenegro came helped carry wounded field hospitals mountains active members organisation met house partisan held territory expanded significantly included valley late july valley primarily non population fled advancing partisans feared propaganda partisan command engaged young people western harvest wheat crops valley transporting storage facilities workers young women organised military style units merged mid august battalion appointed political brigade guarded partisan units brigade completed work despite attacks enemy planes admitted end summer beginning president village committee youth yugoslavia yugoslav partisan came end january major axis offensive partisans code named german consulting head regional committee decided form partisan brigade battalion experienced fighters additional manpower consist recovered partisans wounded ill older men previously combat units young male female volunteers battalion intended play primarily defensive role stage established february members included women volunteers assigned transferred following month september fought germans italians anti communist commended courage skill combat served nurse february march axis offensive brigade experienced constant enemy attacks food shortages cold deep snow transferred military kitchen brigade headquarters beginning spring month returned company insistence ill time later sent home recover germans fortified base near village base members croatian infantry division artillery battery secured roads september 2nd 3rd battalions 10th battalion directed attack volunteered throw hand grenades machine gun nests protecting base company commander objected appeared ill insisted throwing grenades partisan battalions attacked base directions september group grenade throwers destroyed came fire destroyed received leg wound carried exposed area partisans overran portions base retreating arrival german reinforcements brigade reportedly captured mortars heavy machine gun light machine guns rifles mobile radio enemy soldiers reported german soldiers missing attack germans described night attack eerie female partisans shouts forward battle major offensive action 10th participated liberation belgrade battle heavily wounded partisans carried field hospital village kilometres away rugged terrain journey took days sang partisan songs lost blood wound developed field hospital poorly equipped treat died september buried military honours deputy spoke behalf 10th final eulogy delivered brother leader district committee legacy people hero yugoslavia october woman receive honour proclamation published october issue yugoslavia iii decision yugoslavia proposal conferred hand grenade 10th example heroism fights ultimately gave life freedom people charging enemy trenches village yugoslav writer wrote poem title interpreted defiant play words entered history legend poetry yugoslav lands according author war schools streets organisations yugoslavia named belgrade neighborhood bears comic strip published serbian daily newspaper defense comic strip project graphic artist strip combines events life verses poem left wing visual symbolism
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Marija Bursać
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27522_ArthurCumming(RoyalNavyofficer)
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royal_navy officer admiral sir february officer royal_navy born nancy france sir general british_army received naval education portsmouth served mediterranean north_america promoted lieutenant actions syrian war remained mediterranean_fleet appointed sloop stationed south_america whilst detached command small september seven men boarded portuguese slave ship subdued man crew brought rio_de_janeiro expected promoted efforts overlooked resented decision rest life spent time navy experimental squadron promoted commander november command stationed west_africa captured slave ship saw active service russians war frigate hms promoted post captain april subsequently transferred company able capture baltic_sea port firing shot end war took command ironclad floating battery arrived black_sea peace agreed returned time queen_victoria fleet review appointed captain frigate remained ship end royal_navy career november served channel_fleet baltic_sea admiralty propeller trials trips americas including quickest passages record bermuda appointed companion order bath served aboard duke wellington achieved flag rank february promoted rear admiral served port admiral naval commander chief remaining continued receive promotions vice admiral admiral retired navy retirement lived hall near derby appointed knight commander queen_victoria golden jubilee celebrations june died london february early life born nancy france father general sir arthur entered portsmouth january passing course discharged august ship sloop hms served mediterranean presumably serving lisbon passed examinations eligible position lieutenant promoted rank mate april early stationed navy stone frigate portsmouth housed gunnery school syrian war march appointed mate frigate commanded commodore squadron sent intervene britain syrian war reached ship april war begun egypt attempted claim independence ottoman_empire ali invaded syria took control forcing young request help european powers great_britain austria prussia russia agreed assist issued ultimatum ali demanding withdrawal ottoman possessions syria return hereditary egypt detached patrolling carry ultimatum alexandria august ultimatum refused european allies intervened naval war responsibility britain austria played active role arriving september fire shells support landing ottoman troops attempting capture fort september landing marines troops september capturing september september arrived main egyptian southern division supplies depot alongside wasp sms austrian ships proceeded bombard citadel surrounding fort september force ottoman troops landed strong defending force continued resist bombardment resumed reinforcements british marines austrian troops landed alongside british sailors fort overrun entire garrison captured mentioned despatches bravery action admiralty rewarded promotion rank lieutenant dated days action remained theatre leaving malta october saw action syrian war continued november transferred hms princess charlotte rate ship line commanded flagship commander chief mediterranean_fleet november january transferred appointed lieutenant commanded rate new flagship mediterranean_fleet having succeeded commander chief posting mediterranean_fleet serving june gun rate south_america november appointed newly built gun sloop command posted south_america september cruising command ship encountered large portuguese company vessels british slave trade outlawed royal_navy viewed pirates liable arrested ships confiscated positioned cut retreat ram boat moment wary intentionally killing royal_navy officer men changed course shortly able shoot captain captain killed crew thrown confusion able board vessel followed marine sailors fit deck time men able drive strong fully armed crew lock beneath got rest crew aboard ordered portuguese crew anchor cable changed course events chose involved instead escape displaced tons found carrying slaves having left africa ships set sail rio_de_janeiro arriving september slaves transferred hulk crescent supervision sir said witnessed shocking particularly slaves suffering infected smallpox aboard slaves included children babies women crew slaves continued die month recovered set free event recorded memoirs sir hoped promoted commander result action given unusual circumstances danger involved event reported london merely commonplace capture reward fact resented rest life instead received period followed attack smallpox long england remained nominally october experimental squadron posted brig hms october serving captain march day appointed rate commanded served flagship father admiral sir commander chief plymouth april transferred rate command flagship devonport transferred july second rate captained remained aboard november alongside previous ships queen vessels sailed trial lasted july september supervised rear admiral trial series attempted compare new methods ship building traditional ones received promotion commander november command gun sloop warship powered steam engine screw propeller captained february april west coast africa whilst command captured brazilian slave october married adelaide stuart child war saw active service russians war february received command frigate hms promoted post captain april transferred command served aboard baltic_sea february company command captain conflict sailed harbour contained russian merchant vessels defended force soldiers cannon went ashore flag truce meet town governor demand handing merchant ships hours governor refused comply russian troops left town shortly governor stated whilst order harbour key permitted enter harbour proceeded finding control entire town inhabitants men took merchant vessels firing shot ships sent prize crews prussian port conflict saw service port period april responsible boarding vessels returned england appointed ironclad floating battery orders sail black_sea carried orders arrived end war returned united_kingdom spring remained captain battery commanded april floating batteries ironclad ships appear fleet review hms appointed captain gun frigate commissioning remained ship end royal_navy career november vessel initially channel_fleet duties visited plymouth devonport reunited old commander rear admiral sir temporary flagship january order carry west_indies replace vice admiral sir commander chief north_america west indies station left devonport february arrived bermuda days hours later completing quickest passages record time feat impressive fact relied entirely sail power engaging steam engines nautical miles destination whilst ran aground tore times damaged career returned plymouth july heading steam yard july ran aground beach whilst trying avoid merchant brig tow bermuda grounding found damaged feet ordered transport replacement garrison return journey august ship ran aground whilst charge pilot necessitating repairs september sailed antwerp provide british presence salute queen_victoria passing port trip south_america april carried rear admiral new appointment commander chief returning rear admiral sir return ordered america transporting guns shot stores hit storms newfoundland forced turn plymouth damaged losing boats damaging rigging equipment said leak like necessitated period repair set brazil time encountering storms damaged repaired dock saw service baltic participated propeller trials admiralty decommissioned sold appointed companion order bath november year royal_navy served role additional captain command captains frederick time victory served flagship port admiral portsmouth transferred hms duke wellington flagship march remained duke wellington harbour service duties february admiral service aboard duke wellington ended promotion rear admiral february served port admiral appointed february commander chief remained east indies march promoted vice admiral march promotion admiral came january retired service april retirement lived mainly hall near derby keen patron including surgeon william served aboard captained glasgow squadron wrote vice admiral 1st baron commander chief lord lord commissioner admiralty recommend promotion appointed knight commander queen_victoria golden jubilee celebrations june early victim identity theft march man stole goods worth equivalent approximately current terms nice jewellery shop thief identified shop owner admiral sir presented card coat arms printed having small purchase thief requested bring large quantity diamond rings necklace rooms choose present wife high status neighbourhood pile notes thief showed allowed thief jewellery adjacent room able escape thief caught sir died london february survived wife buried surrey
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Arthur Cumming (Royal Navy officer)
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27558_BenjaminFreakley
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born august retired united_states_army lieutenant general professor policy advisor virginia commissioned infantry officer served operation operation iraqi freedom operation enduring freedom afghanistan retiring retirement began career education early life originally virginia graduated applying admission military schools citadel west_point ended graduating west_point class military career commissioned second lieutenant infantry assigned aide camp commanding general washington sent west_germany serve 30th infantry regiment operation worked war plans served battalion executive officer 7th infantry regiment operation found serving operations officer 1st brigade 24th infantry division operation commanded serving staff positions placed command found commanding operations group serving staff positions joint staff served assistant division commander found involved combat iraq second time operation iraqi freedom iraq chief infantry fort time commanded 10th deployed afghanistan commanding general combined joint task took command remained retired post military career retiring army professor special advisor university president awards decorations received following awards named policy leader year
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Benjamin Freakley
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27806_WilliamG.Farrow
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september october lieutenant participated raid born graduated high school attended joined training program november commissioned july february volunteered participate took place april year captured japanese completion bombing mission tried crew members sentenced death executed firing squad ashes recovered interred arlington national cemetery posthumously received multiple awards early life born south_carolina september father employed cigarette company north_carolina mother born daughter wealthy tobacco warehouse owner age sixteen william eagle scout graduated high school went attend fall received pilot training south_carolina november joined july following year obtained aviator badge commission second lieutenant kelly field texas following completion mitchell training program sent oregon member february following squadron transfer january volunteered participate attempt japanese result attack pearl harbor time mission secret target unknown volunteers april training places united_states crews respective aircraft departed san_francisco aboard uss mission took place april piloted named bat hell sixteenth final aircraft depart aircraft targets included oil tank aircraft factory bombed intended land japanese beacon direction capture death sixteen hours departure aircraft fuel exhausted crew near japanese controlled china japanese captured members crew subjected imprisonment interrogation torture men subsequently tried sentenced death crew members sentences life imprisonment sentences men including stood night execution men permitted write final letters mail letters receiving japanese japanese pass letters wrote letters mother friend letter addressed mother wrote given returned christian way real angel brave strong sake love mom depths heart don let remember god right let chin brave strong sake insurance policy bag small tent columbia read want know taking faith god complete dawn october men taken public cemetery near shanghai shot japanese firing squad following bodies ashes taken war ended men ashes recovered letters found secret file war ministry building tokyo interred honors grave honors posthumously given multiple awards included order sacred purple heart awarded prisoner war medal authorization congress given members prisoner war april
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William G. Farrow
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28047_RichardBarrons
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general sir born retired british_army officer commander april retirement april early career spent staff field posts europe far_east spent time working education sent germany served tour duty balkans returning took staff position went tour northern_ireland military assistant chief general staff served balkans afghanistan early days staff position iraq brigadier served second tour northern_ireland time brigade commander appointed assistant chief staff commitments senior staff position promoted major general deployed iraq second time time baghdad responsibility joint operations served briefly sent afghanistan second time headed unit provide incentives soldiers surrender later deputy chief defence staff operations military career commissioned second lieutenant probation university september studied philosophy politics economics oxford completed university time army officer june commission confirmed promoted lieutenant served positions europe far_east staff position london promoted captain november took master degree attended british_army staff college field officer promotion major september sent germany position chief staff deployed balkans served briefly balkans desk officer battery commander battery 1st regiment royal horse artillery included tour duty northern_ireland promoted lieutenant colonel june promotion served bosnia military assistant chief general staff went command headquartered deployed balkans end appointed chief staff 3rd united_kingdom division immediately deployed afghanistan division assisted establishing serving afghanistan returned attend promotion colonel june deployment iraq chief staff stationed high command promoted brigadier december june promotion posted northern_ireland commanding belfast position held years northern_ireland appointed assistant chief staff commitments day today responsibility british_army operations attained general officer status promoted substantive rank major general appointed deputy commanding general iraq posted baghdad responsibility overseeing joint operations conducted multinational force having served iraq returned staff post april chief staff appointment short lived october deployed afghanistan short notice establish force unit effort persuade fighters rejoin society offering alternatives fighting jobs training role hand picked commander troops afghanistan defended controversial scheme interviews saying buying insurgents battlefield idea community turning later interview said absolutely convinced time right opportunity people aren going realize keen position february assistant chief general staff deputy chief defence staff operations rank lieutenant general january announced appointed commander april paid salary department making highly paid people british public sector time april handed command general sir work authored book business general transform business seven secrets military success published guest speaker including university_of_oxford chairman firepower appointed colonel commandant personal life married daughters honours decorations appointed member order british empire recognition service operations republic yugoslavia promoted officer order british empire new year honours april promoted commander order british empire recognition distinguished services afghanistan period april september appointed knight commander birthday honours awarded queen valuable service services iraq previous year second coming recognition service northern_ireland awarded degree officer recognition distinguished services coalition operations iraq
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Richard Barrons
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28059_MichaelJ.Daly
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september july united_states_army infantry officer received united_states military highest decoration medal honor actions world war received medal single eliminating german soldiers including german patrol destroying machine gun nests resigned year fight world war sent europe participating day landings day invasion fought germany wounded received battlefield commission second lieutenant returned combat participated action earned medal honor presented medal honor ceremony white house president went hometown started family businessman died cancer home age early life born september new_york_city resided entire life connecticut year wife lived county ireland father colonel world war world war veteran recipient nominated medal honor twice receive great grandfather irish immigrant mayor new_york_city 1890s brothers sisters military service world war graduated joined army neighborhood attended west_point new_york classmate academy admission mediocre student having severe disciplinary problems continuously placed special confinement walking punishment tours resigned appointment year fight world war sent europe eighteen year old infantry private trained england took day landings father volunteered serve war sent regimental commander france participated drive france wounded germany sent england recover recovered rejoined lines reassigned given battlefield commission second lieutenant april lieutenant command company 15th infantry regiment day led company advance germany single engaged german forces times unit passed city square german machine gun opened fire causing casualties rushed position killed gunners advancing ahead men came german patrol preparing use rocket launchers ambush american tanks attacked despite outnumbered killed patrol members machine gun opened fire close range picked dead man rifle killed man german crew april shot head bullet entered ear exited opposite cheek sent england eventually united_states time father wounded france evacuated united_states medal honor subsequently promoted captain august awarded medal honor recovering wounds continue receive treatment attended ceremony white house president formally presented medal addition medal honor received silver stars device purple hearts commenting medal honor citation speech later said lose courage times pray morning god strength courage right later life returned discharged army began business career worked briefly salesman oil company starting manufacturer representative business neighborhood involved operations medical center serving hospital board directors thirty years trustee helping obtain financial support hospital democrat supported political careers brother judge friend city politician dismissed suggestions run office married wallace great granddaughter 1950s children michael brother died federal judge connecticut gained prominence lawyer helping win convicted killing mother highly publicized case 1970s death burial died cancer home july funeral held july buried military honors 10th west point performed ceremony ceremony included round volley west_point sounding military helicopter flying cemetery awards decorations exact list authorized military awards recorded army unknown fire service records approximately million individuals military service records destroyed blaze consequence follows incomplete list military awards confirmed thought awarded medal honor captain official medal honor citation reads early morning april led company shell battered sniper infested wreckage germany fire caught unit exposed position ordered men cover forward bullets shot man continuing advance head company located enemy patrol armed rocket launchers threatened friendly armor went forward secured point opened fire germans immediately target concentrated machine pistol rocket fire rubble continued shoot patrol killed enemy continuing far company entered park men advanced german opened warning killed gunner completely exposed position directed fire remainder crew dead final duel wiped rifle fire range yards engaging single handed fire fights desperate armed enemy voluntarily taking major risks protecting men opportunity killed germans enemy wiped entire enemy patrol heroism lone bitter struggle enemy forces inspiration americans took honors medical center connecticut plans new emergency wing honor connecticut state representative proposed legislation section north bound south bound captain proposing bill representative said naming highway honor respected resident extraordinary service people united_states encourage legislature adopt proposal legislation house bill reads follows act renaming segment interstate route enacted senate house_of_representatives general_assembly convened segment north bound south bound renamed captain connecticut veterans inducted time living received medal honor veteran world war received extreme heroism leading infantry company shell battered sniper infested wreckage germany april following distinctive military service involved veterans community affairs serving founding hospital foundation provided decades volunteer service handicapped children town served member
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Michael J. Daly
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28127_GeorgeScratchleyBrown
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august december united states air force general served chairman capacity served senior military adviser president united_states secretary defense commanders unified specified commands responsible executing decisions worldwide readiness employment combat forces united_states_army navy air_force marine_corps early life born new_jersey august son army officer graduated west_point class wife née army brown lived succession different towns military bases played american football varsity team freshman fort brown texas later junior senior years kansas league catholic high school interstate league brown younger brother tim set sights attending west_point father advised taking year college graduating high school brown enrolled engineering joined alpha fine played polo enlisted field artillery battalion rising rank corporal father able secure congressional appointment kansas brown entered july west_point brown future army lieutenant general brown played polo captain team senior year west_point team lost final princeton_university year cadet captain regimental adjutant liked joined cavalry graduation like father standing class low appointment cavalry instead commissioned second lieutenant infantry graduation june volunteered training west_point met army like alice met george party father thrown sons graduates class george alice dated year married marriage produced children boys girl world war brown commenced basic flight training arkansas august went texas second phase training final phase completed kelly field texas received pilot wings march officially transferred april promoted lieutenant june assignment flight training field louisiana member flew moving organization florida flew patrol conventional bomber training aircraft august flew group join served positions group including commander group operations officer group executive officer promoted captain october major february lieutenant colonel august high casualties rapid expansion air_force paved way fast promotion brown superiors felt deserved outstanding performance combat leadership skills surprised rapid advance rank father brigadier general serving north_africa time brown arrived temporarily detached elder brown wanted know young like colonel executive officer took operation tidal wave low level bombing raid oil romania august second groups raided temporary base libya flew directly heavy defenses attack target lead plane flown group commander lieutenant colonel shot brown took command battered led attack target journey received actions mission services combat skies europe awarded distinguished flying crosses french palm brown appointed assistant operations officer april promoted colonel october having completed required missions rotated united_states november alice shocked discover guy fact requested overseas assignment come home checked knowing tour air_force turned request january brown deputy assistant chief staff texas cold war february brown posted field louisiana served major general assistant chief staff operations brigadier general time brown received mediocre effectiveness report december joined field new_york assistant air chief staff operations later chief branch july assistant deputy operations brown commander air force base washington july group operated flying aircraft west_coast japan outbreak korean war june mission acquired great importance july assumed command 56th fighter wing michigan flown fighters learned fly lockheed shooting star north american sabre lockheed january brown assistant director operations south_korea director july brown returned united_states assumed command pilot training wing williams air force base arizona june entered august service school attended graduating west_point graduation june served executive chief staff united_states_air_force general brown promoted brigadier general august selected military assistant deputy secretary defense new secretary defense rank major general brown commander air force base new_jersey august september selected organize command joint task force joint chiefs staff unit formed base new_mexico test weapon systems military services order avoid effort staffed personnel services assistant chairman general recommendation predecessor role lieutenant general brown promoted rank august time vietnam war involved handling crisis august brown assumed command seventh air_force deputy commander air operations vietnam rank general seventh air_force commander responsible air_force combat air strike air support air defense operations southeast_asia position advised matters pertaining tactical air support coordinated united_states air operations area responsibility according commander general like brothers general felt brown relationship finest ground theater commander air subordinate seen complete trust end service clear outset understood finally personal friend life resources wholly committed fulfilling theater job responsibility shoulders brown tour vietnam ended september commander headquarters air force base maryland job involved handling number troublesome projects including chairman later life recommendation secretary air_force president richard_nixon appointed brown chief staff united_states_air_force effective august arab israeli war broke october brown realized quickly run short like bombs ammunition waiting approval secretary defense ordered squadrons electronic counter measures capability delivered israel tons bombs ammunition believed brown supplies reached israel remain chief staff long appointed chairman effective july chairman brown responsible handling turkish invasion cyprus incident final act war vietnam dealt oversaw panama canal treaty term chairman brown commented occasions firstly audience october french reporter israel burden pentagon believed reason continual military aid jews having control america banks newspapers elected officials exact words strong wouldn believe coming equipment possibly congress support don worry congress care congress somebody country know banks country newspapers look jewish money brown comments duke subsequent president reported page washington_post november speculation brown asked resign nominated second year term went serve new president brown known speech offended asked comment interview newsweek opinion replied longer world power got generals bands reaction britain mixed like lord condemned brown remarks like lord acknowledged truth remarks brown said israel burden united_states predicted iran important military power middle_east brown diagnosed cancer retired ill health june died grow air force hospital air force base maryland december buried arlington national cemetery far survived wife children awards decorations
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George Scratchley Brown
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140_HughFoliot
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medieval related predecessor served priest papal judge unsuccessful candidate wales appointed time office attended ecclesiastical duties occasionally serve royal administrator helped found hospital died months long illness early life possibly son wife roger held knight fees probably born hugh related manner predecessor canon frequent witness charters little known tenure office served papal judge delegate times king john candidate david wales elected failed candidacy bishop february john appointed king having ability appointment normally appointment recently died time comes patronage theologian future bishop members cathedral chapter sent king court secure permission chapter hold election elected june consecrated october canterbury new bishop accompanied bishop winchester pilgrimage des travelled spain shrine known accompanied statement medieval chronicler destination certain rome discounted spent tenure office diocese rarely attending royal court assigned governmental duties december assumed duties took custody castle surrendered royal castles ousted des power appointed determine size royal forest gloucestershire founded hospital devoted helped found house order cathedral reorganised offices chapter died august illness began spring buried tomb survives appointed younger brother thomas offices diocese treasurer cathedral chapter
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Hugh Foliot
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321_Berhtwald
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died ninth archbishop_of_canterbury england documentary evidence names abbot election archbishop begins continuous series native born previous anglo saxon succeeded reign period archbishop coincided end long struggle regain year delay death election efforts select canterbury election went presided councils attempted settle issue finally succeeding second council recipient surviving letter close western_europe early life little known ancestry early life born middle seventh century abbot monastery kent charter dated names abbot charter king kent earliest surviving original anglo saxon charter election archbishop canterbury vacant years death elected office july long vacancy resulted disturbed conditions kingdom kent time kings fought control succession kingdom disputed rival outside kings including raided plundered kent eventually secured throne early names time election named king kent date vacancy occurred point having problems desired archbishop_of_canterbury contemporary biographer stephen says wished succeed canterbury supported translation canterbury despite desires translation happen consecrated june having travelled france archbishop canterbury archbishop went continent probably feared election supported kings bishops travelled rome obtain support pope wrote number anglo saxon kings bishops support archbishop letters survive authenticity doubted mainly preserved post norman conquest canterbury dispute historians come regard letters genuine gave symbol archbishop authority archbishop appears involved governance church establishing tenure sussex pagan kingdom england converted christianity consecrated bishop time office king kent law church taxation proponent predecessor view canterbury entire island britain operated closely kingdom secured exemption church taxation laws issued law code dealt ecclesiastical matters including marriage sunday pagan worship law code resulted royal council held privileges church issued composed privilege usually referred privilege claimed grant monasteries kent exemption non clerical control actually ninth century time office coincided efforts regain york reverse division york smaller opposed desire restore separated york regaining old problems begun predecessor expelled north taken opportunity divide large york number smaller appealed rome inherited dispute presided biographer relates story king enemies offices possessions likely story managed secure concessions tried broker compromise offer end retire cease acting bishop rejected compromise appealed pope years later council arranged receive place york usually dated held mentions consecrated number bishops including bishop rochester letters preserved sent bishop asking abbot ransom slave letter addressed bishop london survives main interest second letter oldest surviving letter close surviving western_europe second letter relates attended dated kingdom threatened charter witnessed mentions supposed council numbered known fake witness list based legitimate 8th century charter longer survives likewise charter witness relating known 9th century based actual documents council death legacy died january verse survives placed tomb canterbury subsequently feast day january little evidence extensive cult activity exists main evidence late medieval entry calendar continuous series native born england previous anglo saxon canterbury
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Berhtwald
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536_ÆlfricofAbingdon
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old english died november known late 10th century archbishop_of_canterbury previously held offices abbot likely abbot election canterbury continued hold canterbury death altered composition canterbury cathedral chapter changing clergy serving cathedral secular clergy monks left ship king england ships early life son earl kent monk likely abbot abbot abbey historians believe held office abbot history names abbot lists record indirect abbot grant land personally instead office held archbishop previously taken land revert death bishop archbishop brother succeeded abbot bishop rose possibly continued hold office abbot bishop elevated canterbury translated moved appropriate ecclesiastical ceremony canterbury april held received permission king elevated canterbury continued hold canterbury death story brother chosen canterbury refused stems confusion historians generally hold entire episode appointment canterbury caused clergy cathedral chapter reaction chapter sent members rome ahead tried secure monks pope gregory appoint candidate royal permission monks instead arrived rome appointed received symbol archbishop authority witnessed edward martyr abbey helping lead edward story told introduced monks cathedral church christ church canterbury replacing secular taken foundation ninth century said command pope story originally dates soon originated monastic historians canterbury unclear likely performed marriage ceremony king emma normandy later tradition held consecrated bishops david wales true meant extending canterbury jurisdiction new territory predecessor wrote letter duties bishops sure churches letter urged justice dealings help fight moral ordered composition life saint life predecessor archbishop_of_canterbury acted royal judge ordered case local death legacy died november buried later translated survives left ships people wiltshire kent best equipped men going king dedicated end 10th century death considered saint feast day november
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Ælfric of Abingdon
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Philosophy and religion
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848_HughofWells
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hugh wells hugh wells died february medieval began career diocese bath served successive bishops joining royal service king john england served royal administration elected lincoln john pope innocent iii november hugh went exile france remained returned england continued serve john john son king spent time diocese introduced new administrative methods diocese working improve educational financial clergy secure predecessor saint medieval writer accused hugh opposed monastic houses monks little evidence bishop biased death february parts estate left religious houses including early life hugh son edward wells elder brother wells bishop bath hugh year birth unknown probably old man death fact left residence march death implies impaired old age appears witness documents late death hugh continued service bishop end hugh canon hugh brother given title implying attended university hugh called making unlikely received schooling hugh keeper king seal serving deputy simon wells wells keeper great seal simon relative hugh helped secure positions hugh royal administration hugh royal clerk royal named wells april held diocese lincoln diocese london service involved administrative innovations term chancellor episcopal appointments hugh rewarded somerset including treasurer house primary residence right collect taxes fines hundreds somerset served royal diocese lincoln vacant collecting revenues went king bishop hugh royal diocese bath similarly vacant hugh elected lincoln april papal command cathedral chapter elect new bishop lincoln bishop summer hugh brother king john urging king settle pope innocent iii pope king negotiations papal representatives got king november hugh brother continued support king john years fellow bishops deserted king late year hugh left king service went exile election aroused papal suspicions royal influence innocent sent exiled archbishop_of_canterbury investigate hugh circumstances election investigate rumours hugh daughters results investigation satisfactory hugh consecrated december performed hugh exile france returned england july known activity exile writing dated november drawn near paris hugh attended papal held rome number english bishops english soon return council hugh served royal judge serving justices royal justice later employed king ambassador helping negotiate king louis viii france status hugh worked secure predecessor saint occurred affairs archbishop_of_canterbury hugh ordered refrain contact jews decree royal decree county affected ordering residents refused interact jews activities hugh active diocese including supervising monastic houses resulted hugh abbot 12th chronicler accused hugh biased monks called monks hammer religious little evidence hugh singled monks persecution reason paris dislike bishop fact chronicler abbey compromise hugh legal disputes dealing right appoint hugh credited creating new diocese largely basis surviving documents dealing known research shown number assumed founded instead earlier foundations hugh augmented hugh worked improve educational level clergy refusing allow candidates installed lack education bishop worked improve conditions poorer clergy diocese attempting ensure clergy diocese live previously thought hugh sent set articles inquiry clergy articles shown produced hugh successor administration diocese hugh introduced new methods recording documents system modelled introduced separate registers registers rolls charters like roll royal undertook survey diocese hugh supported building campaign ordering money collected diocese likewise ordered similar collections parish churches diocese churches benefited sorts collections bishop offered helped build bridges death legacy hugh died february episcopal residence park buried february north aisle written new mentions brother niece named left family household number monasteries diocese left specific divided poor religious houses students teachers oxford_university jewish converts poor episcopal hugh register survives lincoln cathedral archives parts published canterbury records person receiving clerical status new holder
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Hugh of Wells
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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1123_DoreenValiente
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january september english responsible writing early religious tradition author poet published books dealing related subjects born middle class family surrey began practicing magic teenager working translator park second world war married twice period developing interest war began practicing ceremonial magic friend living learning initiated tradition founder soon high helped produce adapt important texts charge goddess incorporated early book shadows resulted followers leaving form short lived investigating tradition initiated went work clan later broke group eager promote defend religion played leading role pagan 1960s 1970s decade saw briefly involve far right politics keen hunter proponent earth mysteries regularly writing articles topics magazines 1960s onward authored number books subject contributing publication works friends works early advocate idea practice requiring initiation pre existing contributing encouraging research religion early history living brighton years worked partner initiate member silver final years served patron sussex based centre pagan studies prior death cancer magical artefacts papers bequeathed friend entrusted charitable trust having significant influence history widely revered community mother modern subject biographies biography early life born january southern english town surrey father civil engineer lived mother wood harry came methodist background baptised custom time argument local vicar later claimed close relationship parents characterised highly conventional heavily focused social climbing childhood moved surrey according later account early spiritual experience staring moon family moved late mother left father took live maternal relatives southampton began practicing magic aged performing spell prevent mother harassed worker came believe worked early knowledge magical practices derived books found local library parents concerned behaviour sent convent school despised school left age refusing return wanted art school instead gained employment factory moving work clerk second world war senior assistant officer capacity working translator park relation work sent town barry met greek entering relationship married january june serving aboard sunk boat west african coast declared missing action presumed deceased widowed number short term jobs wales possibly cover intelligence work october transferred intelligence service offices berkeley street area london involved message london met entered relationship fled spanish civil war fought later joining wounded battle evacuated england married couple moved mother living worked chef later husband suffered racism war foreign associations developing interest began practicing ceremonial magic friend flat obtained magical recently deceased doctor member alpha splinter group attempted learn hebrew language uses forms ceremonial magic point selected magical particularly interested book great beast biography founded religion following read copy theory practice found local library alongside practical experience religions having attended services local christian church familiar idea pre christian witch cult surviving modern period works believed religion extinct autumn read article reporter illustrated magazine titled britain discussing recent opening folklore centre mentioned museum director resident witch intrigued article wrote letter turn contact wrote letters forth eventually suggesting meet home friend fellow lived far area left meeting gave copy novel high magic aid describes account middle ages allegedly order gauge opinion ritual nudity present tradition invited house initiated ritual stood altar read book shadows set prehistoric monument wiltshire witnessed performing ritual lent ritual sword owned placed monument heel stone rite told husband mother visit initiation feared approved later year invited visit flat shepherd bush met members met near north london soon rose high historian later commented formed second great creative partnership life recognised material book shadows taken ancient sources initially claimed works confronted claimed text received fill sources took book shadows permission rewrote cutting lot sections come fearing infamous reputation wrote queen moon queen stars invocation use ritual inspired song found wrote chant use dancing circle rewrote act greatest single contribution version charge principle expression spirituality coming years spent summers relied deal affairs sent meet artist wanted produced spare subsequently described harmless little letter wrote prompting met interested learning insisted lie informing longstanding family hereditary practitioners aided preparing second non fiction book meaning focusing particular sections accusations tabloid press increasing desire publicity ending negative caused conflict members like felt repeatedly communicating press security enthusiastic young people brought girlfriend stating pair hard find factions emerged led broadly anti publicity group led pro publicity grove drew list proposed rules craft partly designed publicity seeking home responded necessary series rules existed point produced laws limited control angered later realised simply response proposed laws summer split according followers gospel according believed real traditional lived according pagan studies scholar experienced great lives breaking formed grove high priest following tradition albeit laws believed entirely invention failed breaking amid arguments founders husband mother moved basement flat southern coastal town brighton moved flat nearer town centre befriended resident journalist shared interest supernatural attracted attention local press claims practitioners black magic operating area remained good friend roberts death heart disease got touch friendship remaining good terms death left early 1960s developed correspondence sheffield husband finally meeting couple visited brighton mother death august felt open eager spread information britain began interact press sending letter newspaper interviewed involvement 1960s began producing articles subjects regular basis magazines light fate prediction capacity began appearances television radio involved newly formed second president resignation letter welcome included issue newsletter published august gave speech halloween dinner october speech proclaimed public appearance form arguing created named came communicate journalist conducting research book sixth sense began visiting local libraries archives order investigate history sussex basis research press published book lives book today identify practicing interested scholar contained research history folklore county sussex collected archival research published work historian interpreted evidence light theories claimed pre christian religious movement survived present emerged later related books published subject remarkable feature book remains date produced prominent modern witch embodies actual original research records trials people accused crime early modern period produced manuscript book titled witch collection poems biographical introduction published publishers believing commercially viable learned non article subsequently struck correspondence suggested pool respective traditions declined offer expressing motives conduct began correspondence course run associate course instructed tradition known halloween initiated ritual overseen howard entering lowest rank course beginning copy teachings received able identify sources howard drawn tradition introduced pagan witch mutual friend ceremonial met gathering held claims come hereditary family impressed charisma desire avoid publicity emphasis working outdoors invited join clan sixth member dissatisfied openly committing adultery constantly insulting point calling night long knives point openly criticised left clan words rose challenged presence rest told fed listening night long knives sick little soul better things shortly committed ritual suicide authored poem dead witch memory remained contact widow members clan gray proceeded work occasion regency group founded members clan pagan national publications living brighton took employment branch boots appeared bbc documentary power witch devoted featured prominent year involved founding pagan british pressure group campaigned religious rights november developed moon inauguration ritual local branches use day chaired national meeting held developed principles came central pagan interpretation religion adherence belief sense nature april husband died taken interest later claimed theirs unhappy relationship newly widowed soon local council decided home unfit human relocated council accommodation mid-1960s tower block square brighton flat described visitors cramped filled thousands books met member apartment block residents committee entered relationship initiated working partner regularly explored sussex countryside went holidays considering moving joined operating local area established high early 1970s member far right white nationalist political party national eighteen months designed banner local branch biographer suggested party outlook appealed strongly patriotic values hoped serve political equivalent pagan movement time member extreme far right group allowed membership national lapse sending letter local branch stating respected leader friends group critical party opposition women liberation gay rights sex education lauded progressive causes suggested joined groups order investigate reporting britain intelligence agencies early 1970s read heavily influenced embracing view lines british landscape earth energies inspired began searching lines area brighton began magazine authored articles book reviews came public emergence sign age arguing religion ally feminist movements order establish better future planet publishing company brought second book abc provided overview topics related published natural magic discussion believed magical associations weather stones plants elements natural world published tomorrow proclaimed belief ideal age espoused hypothesis explained reader initiate establish offered book poetry declined publish believing sufficient market publication submitted book short stories witch ball declined publish struck friendship living ireland agreed publish original contents book shadows order combat variants released original material appeared books way published recommendation works identified differences early book identified older sources drew believed later scholars profoundly grateful trio undertaking task opined publications alongside tomorrow helped contribute enabling reader set appendix way published result investigations old woman claimed involved academic historian recently suggested invented old attempt hide fact invented sought discovering old real person biographer described greatest known moments autobiography final years mid-1980s began writing autobiography focused place history published work dismiss witch cult theory undermine belief survival highlighting false claims instead perceived religion value modern era provided foreword book published written member clan lived brighton expressed view likely wrote number chapters better known came correspond wide range people pagan communities met american greatly admired visits britain communicated american scholar pagan studies investigations early disagreed kelly invented instead insisting witch cult discovered centre pagan studies pagan organisation based sussex hamlet established founders wife centre patron gave lectures group died leaving grief stricken final public speech annual conference held november praised work early twentieth century urged community accept health deteriorating diagnosed diabetes terminal cancer increasingly friends primary days moved requesting publish anthology poems death died september body kept barn night held invited included pagan rite completed coffin cremated brighton intentionally low key affair media publicity wishes ashes scattered sussex woodland magical artifacts manuscripts including book shadows bequeathed centre public disagreement book poems published posthumously followed enlarged second edition personality characterised handsome woman striking dark haired looks possessed strong independent personality gift poetry ritual noted tall reserved preferred background friend described sensible practical decent honest importantly pragmatic writer described plain woman slight friendly eye life remained believer witch cult theory despite fact academically 1970s strong dislike unexpected visitors refuse answer door knocked avid fan football closely followed world cup refusing open door visitors watching competition television enjoyed betting horse races favourite foods included cheese baked potatoes reception legacy community internationally known mother modern disliked moniker believed influence profound far reaching characterised gifted expressed view best known books subject highlighting appeared reading lists ritual composed proved highly influential religion constitute core element legacy kelly asserted deserves credit having helped transform craft hobby handful eccentric international religious movement describing major personality development expressed view enduring greatness lay fact completely strong dedicated finding declaring truth world state complete confusion events organisations organised day event central london dedicated sixteen speakers pagan community came talk event sell death received offers substantial amounts money buyers seeking purchase parts collection entrusted collection artefacts inherited newly established charitable trust foundation designed prevent collection broken sold allowing future researchers start protecting making accessible available people research learn enjoy group chairman appointed trustees june unveiled blue plaque tower block final home ceremony speech given mayor brighton preceded open ritual brighton led
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Doreen Valiente
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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1346_Ralphd'Escures
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died october medieval abbot bishop rochester archbishop_of_canterbury studied school abbey entered abbey abbot friend took death chosen archbishop canterbury chapter canterbury election involved assembly lords bishops meeting king henry england received pope travelling rome retrieve archbishop rights canterbury liberties english church claimed authority wales scotland time pope suffered stroke july left partially unable speak clearly time death october surviving english translation sermon delivered preserved manuscript sermon survives latin manuscripts early life son wife half brother surname known older scholarship attested fourteenth century possibly resulted confusion successor canterbury studied school abbey entering abbey martin house founded montgomery families abbot house election attended abbot time england soon paid visit england visit daughter house involved surrender state delivered keys castle king henry england took refuge england demands homage declined homage pope urban ordered clergy homage robert demanding heavy taxes fled bishop subjected robert demands passed time england friends attended translation remains durham body declared saint remains visited abbey probably try assert elected canterbury appears archbishop household june succeeded bishop rochester having nominated death consecrated august deathbed april acted administrator canterbury april chosen archbishop windsor king wanted doctor italian abbot nobles bishops objected norman appointed bishops desired monk close henry compromise chosen secular clergy bishops favoured monk served royal clerk bishop reconciled bishops selection archbishop_of_canterbury noteworthy chosen chapter canterbury election involved assembly bishops meeting king selected solely king solely bishops chapter received pope travelling rome retrieve difficulty pope persuaded grant attempting assert papal jurisdiction brought england letters complaining translating bishops papal permission refused entry england king allowing appeals pope ecclesiastical issues pope demanded payment payment direct penny household england took professed fidelity canonical obedience pope submit papal demands fact supported king henry opposing pope demands archbishop championed rights canterbury english church claimed authority wales scotland writing pope church canterbury ceased provide pastoral care britain ireland rights advised bishop new built granted contributors refused archbishop york obedience archbishop_of_canterbury canterbury york dispute depended king demand submit later appealed force obey refusal brought dispute pope supported visited rome unable obtain interview pope fled city invading imperial army taken ill face trip rome time feared die recovered continue rome fruitless trip despite instructions successors archbishop continued refuse died eventually consecrated pope issue remained unresolved feuded york appears clear considered crisis settled england visiting rome took neutral position regards issues pope emperor refused bernard bishop david royal chapel king chief advocated place royal chapel according ancient custom king insist won confrontation involved ecclesiastical affairs attended provincial held final years legacy suffered stroke july removing celebrating mass death partially unable speak clearly involved decision making agreed king alexander scotland suggestion lords consulted london successfully asserted right celebrate king new marriage attempts roger salisbury instead damage stroke unable perform ceremony roger attempt successfully insisted choosing bishop winchester performed marriage died october canterbury buried nave october nephew john clerk later appointed canterbury death john elected rochester regarded witty man struggle york illnesses effects stroke turned years person said educated loved people william lover ready find fault find fault occasional wrote sermon feast survives latin manuscripts probably thought written shown surviving english translation sermon preserved manuscript latin version translation originally spoken french version edited published monks christ church canterbury search documents relating privileges canterbury documents copied manuscript survives seal usual form bishop seals standing including performing right hand holding left seal took form pointed oval
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Ralph d'Escures
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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1411_LeoMartello
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september june american witch gay rights activist author founding member form modern pagan new religious movement drew heritage lifetime published number books subjects reading born working class italian american family massachusetts raised roman catholic interested teenager later claimed relatives initiated tradition inherited ancestors conflicts statements independent evidence claim 1950s based new_york_city worked beginning publish books paranormal topics early 1960s publicly began identifying stated involved new_york riots gay man involved gay rights activism member leaving following internal founding member authored regular column gay witch newspaper founded networking organization auspices organized witch took place halloween despite opposition new_york_city parks department campaign civil rights founded anti league later renamed visited england initiated high continued practicing 1990s retreated public life eventually cancer early life youth born september massachusetts raised small farm rented father italian immigrant following economic turmoil great depression forced land moved worcester massachusetts massachusetts leo baptized roman_catholic_church parents divorced soon unable care father sent catholic boarding preparatory school attached worcester run assumption spent years school later describing period life studied age began making radio appearances writing stories magazines later claimed experienced psychic phenomena child sparking interest early teenage years begun studying card reading gypsy named later claimed father informed grandmother psychic known great witch hometown sicily italy according account worked folk card reader attracted hatred local catholic clergy related occasion killed magic threatened husband paying protection money related father told cousins new_york_city wished meet proceeded according account informed ancient italian religion old religion identifying possession psychic powers initiated tradition 21st birthday making swear oath reveal secrets moving city studied produced proof support claims independent evidence anonymous woman known informed researcher 1980s told initiated tradition simply embraced 1960s order earn living pagan studies scholar expressed criticism claims noting extremely doubtful tradition passed family instead suggested instructed tradition folk magic later embellished form cousins constructed form passed entire scenario new_york_city based new_york_city founded continuing direct organization served treasurer worked freelance corporate clients published column titled tells years ran supplied articles subject different magazines city began frequent gay scene awarded doctorate non organization clearing house registered ministers year founded taking role pastor continue began focus writing new philosophy published book pen personality discussed manner reveal personality writer corresponded california based encouragement anderson established circa claimed summer moved morocco researched history resulting publication cards returning moved apartment new_york_city writing book written stars book psychic protection prevent began attending gatherings operated point high founded church lord lady rose leo acknowledged elder publicly revealed claiming gained permission intent negative publicity receiving published year published hidden world public activism july attended open meeting new_york branch appalled society negative reaction riots gay people audience accepted homosexuality mental illness accusing self proceeded publish thoughts essay stated homosexuality problem problem society attitude gay rights activists rejected approach favored stance police authorities founded elected group supported stance condemned rotten dirty capitalist conspiracy dominated american society volunteered producing articles group newsletter come wider press involved campaign village_voice decision ban word gay advertisements magazine preferred term wanting break previous gay liberation organizations embraced term gay dismissing sounding like nail file structured system consensus difficult group reach conclusions issue heated arguments commonplace meetings november group membership voted provide political financial support armed african american leftist group heavily controversial given nature resulted walk senior members including month invited private meeting members resulted formation continuing emphasis taking approach conventional american society authority group tightly organized structured focused exclusively attaining equal rights gay lesbian people businessman agreed invest new venture newspaper written aimed country gay community launched december gay soon gained readership contributed regular column known gay witch reaching widest audience date variety articles appeared founded issued set explain wider public serve resource contact april appeared documentary series town performing rites assistants year saw new_york substantial gatherings festival arts earth day celebration christopher street gay liberation day parade events inspired desire hold public celebration acting auspices late summer approached new_york_city asking permission hold witch sheep meadow south end october department refused stated community gather regardless capacity private individuals threatened police action gained legal assistance informed breach amendment department subsequently reversed decision event went ahead inspired victory founded organization devoted campaigning religious rights eventually renamed aren authored essay titled witch manifesto likely influenced refugees demanded roman_catholic_church face tribunal crimes committed accused early modern period pay modern community actions decade authored column magazine titled basket pun similarity young gay named contacted requested initiation inexperience religion turned developed friendship introduced initiate long time partner ill medical complications occasion performed healing ritual assistance come known regular store opened new_york met founder decided introduce resulting initiation tradition spring thompson later fell unconfirmed accounts claiming lent money pay october founded tradition termed early initiate taking nemesis tradition turn welcomed tradition initiated degree system november friends craft conference held new_york april moved england months initiated trained degrees sheffield run husband continued encourage acceptance homosexuality pagan community article titled gay pagan magazine expressed view sexually insecure viewed religion simply ritual means prominent male endorse feminist female variants promoted later life 1990s retired public work noted faded prominence head movement tradition gained new public advocate died cancer june estate personal life hungry piercing eyes face dark angel mouth like bear trap described colourful figure known humor described loving man stating know honor challenge noted appearance typically wearing second hand clothes beliefs defended growing rise 1970s criticizing deemed continual repression women pagan movement espoused view pagan involved government military critical espoused division white magic black magic commenting racial overtones advocating view racist aware historians criticized witch cult hypothesis stood claims believing cult passed oral tradition evaded appearing sources studied historians thought lied origins beliefs quoted pagan journalist book drawing moon having stated let assume people lied lineage let assume current scene historical basis fact remains exist claim spiritual lineage going thousands years ancestors publications
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Leo Martello
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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1571_Nothhelm
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died medieval correspondent gathered materials canterbury historical works appointment attended ecclesiastical matters including holding church councils later felt author number works later research shown authored death considered saint early life contemporary supplied correspondence papal library following trip rome researched history kent surrounding area supplying information abbot abbey canterbury appointment saxon built london archbishop named canterbury consecrated year sent appointed owed appointment number archbishop_of_canterbury time expanding influence held drew bishops meeting dispute ownership monastery located significant feature fact king attended rendered judgement ownership secular oversight usual oversaw reorganisation took place archbishop consecrated diocese leicester firmly established action earlier attempts establish witness charter king kent addressed work asked thirty questions biblical book kings answered work written archbishop wrote requesting copy pope gregory use missionary efforts asked information mission england arrived england text subject controversy historian arguing text created roman historian refuted view historians belief text genuine considered proven death legacy died october buried considered saint feast day october writers felt author works later research shown authored writers verse eulogy uncertain date survives 16th century manuscript palace library
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Nothhelm
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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1613_Nandanar
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known saint hindu sect saint generally counted eighteenth list like devout god tale numerous times folk tales folk music plays films literature tamil society included list 8th century 12th century gives account life tale focuses attributed temple prayers said moved giant stone bull appears moved position temple said fire temple tale features temple lore religious literature related temples 19th century retelling saint life remains basis later expands original narrative adding elements oppression saint higher higher tale focus saint norms emphasize exploitation superior apart collective worship enjoys temples depicted exist sites saint icon protest rights movements accounts life prominent 8th century called literature tomorrow relates tale longing visit details life revealed eleventh century stanza recalling lives described lived said visited patron god god grace thousand priests earliest primary religious account life found tamil 12th century tamil poet brought tale public attention printed added new elements tale unknown lived exactly generally dated 7th 8th century narrates belonged kingdom presently located indian state born regarded agricultural labourers singers description considers served labourers code born poverty staunch god patron god leather maker crafted drums musical instruments served village servant town beat drums times allowed enter hindu temples stand outside temple sing praises dance strong urge pay respects icon stood outside temple huge stone bull mount sculpture generally seen temples facing blocked path vision ordered little bull complied allowing central icon cleaned surroundings temple dug pond serves temple tank honour shrine returned visited temples served god visit temple lord dance everyday day actually step holy town prohibited entry came known tomorrow finally reached boundary feared set foot town saw smoke fire sacrifices heard chants scriptures thinking dancing icon town numerous times finally succumbed fatigue slept appeared dream told enter temple holy fire god informed priests prepare day approached divine order entered holy fire chanting reappeared new form looked like sage wearing hair characteristic sacred thread worn chest body sacred ash gods flowers heaven went saw disappeared image version interpreted narrative particular granted salvation transforming superiority reinforced legitimacy ban challenged president office bearer politician unit known calls fire trail propaganda conceal truth burnt stake ardent wrote operas honour saints upper rights devotion presents grim reality suffered rebel focuses atrocities suffer hands upper opera embedded social message grants emancipation play starts term come warning higher people cry entering street higher members clashes oppose devotion lord god elders headed define duties advise confront rules tell worship folk deities instead god feel needs social norms taboo idea entering temple villainous landlord appears tale repeatedly trying norms sees desire enter temple undesirable threat social status refuses grant permission resorts violence condition saint impossible task harvesting field night aided attendant saint completes task realizes apologizes lets retained final confrontation ritual fire concludes poem saying said lord granted salvation variants stories higher especially god trapped body true form revealed fire trial tales focus strict adherence norms obedience master refusal enter holy temple strongly believe portray root cause misery fits narrative proves par superior higher god round waist interpreted legs saint merged god temple lore narrates instructed son aid digging temple tank named saint variant tells dug tank night sacred waters seeing temple early half 20th century novel includes characters argue case peers echoes ideas hindu spiritual leaders like progressive upper leaders short story places classical tale contemporary setting retelling ancient tale alludes rights movements builds tale referred work introducing non upper ruthless portrayed lover art god wants cosmic dance called appears significant female characters found earlier narratives blunt understanding quest liberation women alike unlike earlier narratives tale devoid story falls prey conspiracy priest landlord non upper hatch plot end believe god harvested crop field allusion miracle impossible task work persuade organize dance contest high dance folk dance finally climax agrees undergo fire trial earlier miracle burn flames upper succeed sending warning code longing salvation punished celebration hindu religion specially tamil month moon enters lunar mansion depicted shaved head folded hands staff like receives collective worship icons brief accounts deeds found temples images taken procession festivals water tank considered sacred believed site fire recently built mentioned book small shrine dedicated exists south west town means temple sculpture singer found temple 12th century depicting trail fire hymn saints calling holy tomorrow earlier hymn praises god served poet narrates tale poems works dedicated temple tale early fourteenth century mentions legend sanskrit work ninth chapter temple called praises god served temple seen placed centre testimony devotion miracle stone image saint temple gate keeper sculptures depicted heads leaning downwards said honour shrine created outside temple stone image looks depicted hands joined head praying scenes opera local legend digging temple tank seen shrine remembrance society influence remains limited primarily tamil speaking areas christian missionary sympathetic cause narrative legend suggest devotion saw distinction class superior means salvation salvation knowledge propagated challenged authority hero tales protest leaders prove social superiority originates birth qualities deeds people tamil leadership protested bring wall temple tale built entered gate walled gate symbol oppression discrimination protesters demanded demolition state government temple currently tale connection walled gate refused protesters demands continues inspire symbol resistance hope better future young identify recent leaders like unaware dedicated book saints including speech called true means resistance said broke barrier won way freedom form self suffering justice prayer purity character compelled god descend open eyes tale numerous times folk tales plays literature art forms like musical number tamil films titled recall tale following version silent film silent film subtitled elevation directed film film featured performed stage numerous times film starring lead courted controversy overly overtones banned gold fields protests ban lifted met personally apologized climax featured fire film released acted film presented story narrative art form released small booklet saint life children says immoral legend remembered years strategy public management anxiety way devotion cited ages play social play spiritual qualifications
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Nandanar
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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1649_HenryMartyn
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february october anglican priest missionary peoples india persia born cornwall educated college cambridge chance encounter led missionary ordained priest church_of_england chaplain arrived india april preached occupied study translated persian translated persian book common prayer india set seized fever plague raging forced stop unable continue october died remembered courage religious devotion parts celebrated lesser festival october early life born cornwall father captain agent boy educated grammar school entered cambridge autumn senior smith chosen fellow college intended bar october term hear speaking good india single missionary time read life missionary native americans resolved accordingly missionary october ordained priest served taking charge neighbouring parish missionary work wanted offer services financial disaster cornwall deprived unmarried sister income father left necessary earn income support sister accordingly obtained left india july voyage east happened present british conquest cape colony january spent day tending dying soldiers distressed seeing war come away feeling britain destiny convert world wrote diary prayed england whilst sent thunder arms distant regions globe remain proud home great sending forth ministers church gospel peace india arrived india april months stationed near october proceeded soon able conduct worship locals vernacular established schools april transferred preached british indians compound spite threats local non christians occupied linguistic study residence engaged sheets version translated persian twice translated persian book common prayer spite ill health pride fury chief ordered doctors sea voyage obtained leave persia correct wanted compose arabic version october having seen work rewarded previous day opening church left calcutta sailed january bombay ship reached port birthday final voyage death bombay set bearing letters sir men position exhausting journey coast reached soon discussion classes muslim jew jewish muslim armenian anxious test powers argument english priest visited traveled attempt present translation proved unsuccessful sir british ambassador unable bring meeting deliver manuscript present bible person later wrote letter truth said royal letter thanks ambassador learned reverend translated style sacred books easy simple completed excellent manner source pleasure august mind time seized fever temporary recovery seek change climate set constantinople intended return england regain strength recruit help missions india september started armenian servants crossed urged place place guide rode departed plague raging forced stop unable continue wrote final journal entry october read shall time place shall appear new heaven new earth shall wise enter thing men worse wild add mortality shall seen heard october died given christian burial armenian clergy heard let burn god indication zeal things god legacy devotion tasks won admiration great_britain hero number literary publications composed early testified impression career institution established india called india wrote christianity man remembered courage religious devotion parts celebrated lesser festival october based cambridge england trace history time great enthusiasm cambridge overseas missions appeal launched proposed missionary library housed henry hall erected years previously opened hall remained small collection missionary biographies books evolution present began appointed centre associate institute cambridge theological federation largest providers theological education united_kingdom today centre continues seek promote study mission world christianity developing strong links mission study centres world fulfilling aim stated founders library
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Henry Martyn
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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1696_HenryChadwick(theologian)
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theologian june june british academic church_of_england priest dean christ church cathedral oxford head christ church oxford served master cambridge person centuries headed college universities leading historian early church appointed professor universities oxford cambridge noted supporter improved relations roman_catholic_church leading member anglican roman catholic international commission accomplished musician having studied music degree level took leading revision widely board publisher years family early life born kent son died music loving mother number accomplished siblings sir served british ambassador romania brother priests despite sisters later describe educated lifelong love music appearance resulted receiving organ lessons leaving went college cambridge music scholarship expected music career highlight undergraduate musical career playing piano arrangement cambridge chose interest evangelical christianity existed school days graduated began theological training hall cambridge ordained archbishop_of_canterbury priest served evangelical parish arriving end second world war attacked german weapons provided difficult pastoral challenge assistant master married academic career cambridge fellow queens college cambridge appointment chaplain advanced position dean rising academic reputation confirmed publication project occupied days new translation introduction notes expert greek marking earlier abandonment greek music appointed editor continued editing held university appointment oxford moved oxford position associated christ church cathedral relatively young age named fellow british academy soon lecturer authority gave second series lectures authority saw appointed early anglican inquiry issues surrounding women 1960s scholars like helped oxford centre developing study late antiquity clarified classical philosophical roots christian set raising academic standards theology department particular making degree doctor genuine research degree opposed honorary award senior produced volume saw publication widely read work published imprint disappointed allowed include original publication delighted publishers german edition requested additional notes translation year appointed church_of_england doctrine commission investigating place articles anglican tradition question subscription produced report july ready year report ultimately led changes required church_of_england clergy taking new appointments appointed vice president appointed uniquely dual role cathedral dean head college period entirely happy scholarly ability sides question desire upset colleagues hard quick firm decision time dean college benefited continued programme renovation internal changes provided student accommodation position gave chance influence musical direction cathedral independent newspaper obituary writer notes retirement played piano technique equal watson new ambitious plans improving musical standards pleased able support raising funds new organ found time contribute administration wider university serving delegate pro vice chancellor period began participate discussions anglican roman catholic international commission member commission early evangelical sympathies having tempered time helped friendship master hall master anglican approach producing statements capable range interpretations enable common ground reached worked simpler historical differences impress roman catholic members commission came questions church authority able use historical background forward early church positions variety subjects true desire establish consensus basis principles revealed research scholarly output suffered pressures time editor able work major charismatic early church published music logic theology philosophy published second particular allowing draw range interests return cambridge resigned returning cambridge additionally fellow installed honorary canon gained reputation popular lecturer cambridge gave oxford subject edited lectures basis book retired settled oxford years retirement received unexpected invitation master person centuries lead college oxford cambridge second appointment head college proved experience college experiencing problems following admission female students opposed making displeasure known high table insisted coupled retirement ensured improvement atmosphere college continued second retirement oxford appointed knight commander order british empire queen birthday honours published new translation extensive notes revealing debt edited brother owen edited volumes series gregory great east west making rift church times final work research covered interests particularly classical learning christianity material topic published east west editorial advisor died oxford june reputation recognition writing obituary guardian archbishop_of_canterbury wrote anglican church said pope described anglican scholars describe generous time knowledge ready point students right direction independent credits memory personal library books foundation broad scholarship according times reviewing writing usually generous capable demolition job deserved capable preacher doubtful ability preaching non academic congregation regarded lecturer companion high table natural remote air american lecture tour noticed young women came lecture took notes end lectures asked women enjoyed told real interest subject loved hear speak character college staircase surrey novels christ church colleague based held honorary degrees universities glasgow yale leeds manchester surrey chicago harvard honorary fellow cambridge took cambridge stole given pope placed coffin funeral christ church june honour contributions study church history work making addition work involved similar conversations odds appointment archbishop_of_canterbury brother owen times reported brothers reputed turned love music led serve years chairman time company expanded scope producing hymns ancient modern took ownership leading jokes ecclesiastical heavily involved editorial process leading hymns today hymns today worship songs ancient modern hymns ancient modern new standard combined best original book single volume recent revision particularly argued inclusion spiritual music funeral publications published books articles etc mentioned particularly notable early christian thought oxford charismatic oxford introduction notes oxford church revised gregory great oxford history east west making rift
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Henry Chadwick (theologian)
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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2060_ThomasdeBuittle
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died scottish clerk papal active late 14th early 15th centuries probably originating scotland thomas took university career canon law england france taking service court pope obtained number meantime including position earliest known probably collegiate church height career came pope provided position held death background education thomas suggests strong likelihood came lands control douglas family claimed scholar canon law university_of_oxford years claim extent confirmed grant safe conduct english crown february travel study oxford year april obtained bachelor degree appears university student rolls august october thomas obtained doctorate july june witnessed foundation charter february named grant privileges new university pope august february letter vii official diocese glasgow says thomas holds chapel glasgow diocese simple cure collegiate church founded patronage lord short time february mandate issued confirming erection year previously lord founded chapel parish church erection established clerk held possible thomas senior priest erected collegiate church thomas certainly earliest known appointment death predecessor noted held papal letter indicated expected resign obtaining gift held april letter repeated thomas remained known held position proves evidence things south west scotland period scarce march thomas provided mandate sent senior clergy glasgow thomas point occupied mandate gave thomas retain control august point time resigned firm possession october time church annexed office papal career resigned papal court february exchange church parish briefly thomas obtained papal papal mandate dated october got papal provision december politically important kyle previous vicar turned alive presumably place obtained diocese january despite promising failed obtain possession successfully obtain provision church diocese diocese associated thomas spent early 15th century outside scotland employment positions probably given supplement thomas income scotland february witnessing foundation charter said hold elevated post sacred palace returned pope court spain later year found conducting business years people scotland reward service pope recognised scotland sicily provided following death previous bishop occurred june local chapter elected clerk earl douglas fill position overturned election thomas instead probably occurred douglas family senior clerk thomas resigned succeeding presumably compensation gilbert received thomas previous holdings supposed authorities thomas supported capitulation renounced allegiance pope supported adherence december based evidence clear possible douglas opposition thomas obtained possession smoothly mandate dated september ordering protect thomas successors possession lands diocese problems heard thomas found perth march request sign loyalty scotland thomas appears suffering ailing health year failed attend provincial council scottish church perth sent died point july date council december translated thomas successor professor believes death probably occurred
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Thomas de Buittle
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Philosophy and religion
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2121_Cynfarwy
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christian 7th century little known early church wales saint formally dedicated preserved settlement church feast day november date varies sources life commemoration little known certain dates birth death given saint welsh tract compiled late 18th century material older manuscripts according 19th century celtic scholar active 7th century according saint son unknown lord cornwall saint pope historian notes wales locally conferred medieval welsh saints appears roman_catholic_church church feast day patron saint north wales according 19th century welsh historian established church present church grade listed building mainly dates 19th century medieval fabric 12th century font 19th century stone feet high field church known meaning stone meaning slate modified form saint settlement church miles port known traditional date feast varies antiquarian sources place november manuscripts falls 10th 11th whilst according festival marked 7th
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Cynfarwy
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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2429_HerveyleBreton
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known died august wales later england appointed king england advancing wales unable remain diocese welsh began drive recent conquests behaviour welsh contributed expulsion new king henry wished translate normandy unsuccessful new diocese created england appointed created bishop ordered compilation house chronicle later supervised construction causeway allowed easier access early life native brittany sources state chaplain king england certain chaplain king appointed king william time recently overrun following killing robert taken hugh 1st earl chester appointment probably intended consolidate norman hold area jurisdiction diocese canterbury consecrated thomas canterbury vacant time problems welsh appear bad described situation follows welsh respect reverence bishop sharp edged sword subdue repeated host followers resisted nonetheless pressed dangers killed brother intended deal way lay hands forced rely armed bands protection welsh revolt norman rule began leadership late driven diocese welsh william states reason left revenues low remained nominally king henry england tried translate attempt unsuccessful main opposition came metropolitan refused allow norman ability decide issue pope turned decision translate exile served king henry remained vacant appointed appointment death richard abbot attempted secure elevation abbey richard death appointed oversee abbey vacancy convinced monks support richard project received approval contingent papal approval signalled approval monastery remained monastic house abbey cathedral monks abbey monks cathedral chapter pope approved translation new october bishop ordered compilation history abbey later incorporated latin reworking old english book grants compiled winchester energetic recovering feudal rights knights lands rendering knight service bishop bishop attended council council held papal royal council administrative actions remain obscure causeway island easier pilgrims visit shrine built orders insight activities bishop given surviving pipe roll record recorded owing king henry pounds provide office nephew pounds old settlement king pounds settlement case dealing bishop pounds right rid surplus knights finally pounds king allow bishop knights serve instead death died august buried august disliked described man secular tastes nephew royal chaplain appointed nephew richard recorded paying fine king land uncle given relative appointed london
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Hervey le Breton
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Philosophy and religion
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2564_Bregowine
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died august medieval archbishop_of_canterbury little known origins activities archbishop number stories told possible origins norman conquest records prior archbishop possibly owed elevation monarch records elevation canterbury mainly disputes land knowledge time office hampered destruction contemporary records death considered saint life written 12th century life stories told origins including nobleman continental saxon converted christianity came canterbury reputation owed elevation king kent stories rest works written norman conquest england contemporary records archbishop appear origins like predecessors upbringing consecrated archbishop september election took place brief period kent free dominance story owed election fit time frame wrote letters exist discuss earlier meeting men activities archbishop recorded surviving charters records protested loss church confiscated king surviving charter concerning land canterbury records gift land unfortunately early charters diocese canterbury lost knowledge activities archbishop died originally buried canterbury remains moved choir followed attempt remove remains monastery came remains placed altar south having briefly placed north later considered saint feast day august 12th century writer recorded death date august sources record death date august life later written 12th century
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Bregowine
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Philosophy and religion
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2668_Romanus(bishopofRochester)
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bishop rochester died second bishop rochester presumably member mission sent kent native consecrated bishop died drowning little known life facts career presumably came england canterbury mission kent arrived group missionaries second group consecrated bishop predecessor archbishop_of_canterbury second bishop rochester died probably drowned mediterranean_sea italy mission rome presumably happened death certainly dead bishop rochester fleeing known life facts medieval writer main source information mentioned twice time connection says consecrated place second mention concerns death left says time church rochester great need pastor bishop sent archbishop pope representative drowned sea italy mentioned manuscript version reference likely contemporary probably draws information
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Romanus (bishop of Rochester)
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Philosophy and religion
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2785_RobertJeffersonBreckinridge
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march december politician presbyterian minister member family kentucky son senator restless youth suspended princeton_university fighting following graduation prone engage lifestyle admitted bar elected illness death child prompted turn religion ordained minister year accepted pastor second presbyterian church baltimore maryland church involved number theological debates 1830s hard line member faction played influential role churches rewarded elected general_assembly brief stint president pennsylvania returned kentucky presbyterian church lexington kentucky appointed superintendent public education governor changes effected office brought increase public school attendance led called father public school system kentucky left post superintendent years professor theological seminary kentucky conflict leading civil war escalated unusual position opposed slavery support abraham_lincoln president election odds nephew tragic scenario brother brother literally played family sons joining war following war retired home died december early life born march near lexington kentucky son born senator john senator died leaving wife tend family large plantations robert soon earned reputation instance brother john physical altercation robert salt blind cousin coffee mother gave tremendous beating old slave studied education classical school operated brother chief justice followed brothers john princeton behavior problems continued year spent suspended fighting later reinstated incident princeton granted honorable release school later awarded honorary master arts degree enrolled yale_university months discovered year residency required graduation unwilling complete requirement moved new_york earned bachelor_of_arts degree following graduation returned kentucky clear direction life began attending parties social engagements visit state capital offended man challenged duel obtained pistols accepted man challenge branded dispute later settled lodge man members march married cousin bride home virginia couple children ann political heritage husband sister senator sister law south_carolina governor virginia governors service kentucky general assembly following advice older brother obtained law license january practice law suit instead decided follow family tradition seek public office campaigning seat early political career began articulate stance issues legacy states rights viewpoint stressing instead need strong states second called end slavery emphasized importance education agreed point father opposed emancipation slaves favored states rights historian robert mother mary influenced positions politically charged issue kentucky campaign controversy left dire financial straits legislators sought relieve financial burden passing law favored highest court commonwealth time declared law unconstitutional year general_assembly passed legislation dissolved court replaced new court court acknowledged valid confused public lost respect public authority general issue generally split party lines democrats generally favoring favoring issue campaign won took office come voted favor reflecting upper class status affinity establishment identified party kentucky favorite son control kentucky politics years majority general_assembly sided abolished eventually tensions faded bigger decision awaited chosen sit committee draft kentucky response crisis south_carolina reasoning actions based logic kentucky resolutions supported senator determine support words late father end sympathies sense loyalty father sided committee majority condemning south_carolina actions religious conversion ministry time general_assembly battled fever letter wife visiting relatives virginia recounted near death months finally february illness subsided told death daughter louisiana occurred month earlier illness combined news death daughter caused turn religion spring public profession faith hosted revival meeting farm decided pursue ministerial training ordained presbyterian minister april served ruling elder relocated princeton new_jersey study november succeeded brother john pastor second presbyterian church baltimore maryland tenure saw numerous converts odds brother practices employed church concerned belief doctrine limited eventually persuaded doctrines orthodox leaders movement presbyterian fold began follow footsteps brother john criticizing number speeches publications catholics baltimore sponsored edited thoroughly protestant journals baltimore literary religious magazine spirit century year long tour europe wife began april deepened disdain opined continent traced catholic particularly harsh catholic worked county drew indictment libel trial ended hung jury voted favor displeased obtain unanimous continued published anti catholic articles century united_states equally controversial internal church politics western reserve emphasizing effectively abandoning office ruling elder condemned governance presbyterian missionaries presbyterian church chief author act testimony document old new schools resented signed act testimony old school camp hoped moderate course differences old widened teachings members ejected leadership controversy elected branch general_assembly president wife ann died lingering sadness memories ann life baltimore led leave city held years offered lexington kentucky instead accepted presidency pennsylvania advice brothers john william rift brother widow relatives help account surprising decision feel return home state inaugurated president september tenure church city pennsylvania college administration apparently suit student uprising president faculty occurred end short stay school desire children living relatives scattered kentucky virginia decision resign post resignation awarded honorary school father kentucky public school system returned kentucky accepting lexington return kentucky motivated growing fondness cousin virginia hart cared children stay pennsylvania virginia widow son twice governor kentucky written exchanges included love poems robert concerned questions virginia wisdom engaging relationship despite advised sisters avoid marriage issue married april children survived adulthood disagreements children partners previous marriages exacerbated tense union ended divorce september robert managed reconcile wife remained virginia death personal turmoil hinder political accomplishments appointed superintendent public education governor sixth person hold office creation 1830s task school age children kentucky attended school thirty kentucky counties received state educational funds began reforms immediately secured general_assembly passage cent property tax education tax subject voter approval worked hard issue efforts paid tax passed margin continuing needs push legislators action enjoyed support governors served opposed state funded school system challenged helm veto educational bill general_assembly reforms manifested results educational spending increased school age children attend school ratified constitution changes effected document office superintendent election belonged democrats whig elected office tenure short unlike early reforms calls parental selection textbooks use bible primary reading material opposed abolition tuition charges unsuccessfully lobbied pay increase position salary little prospect reform leadership resigned following resignation shifted party affiliation whig know republican helped found kentucky professor civil war later life owned number slaves marriage left good supporter gradual emancipation colonization blacks early political career crisis worsened led high profile debates notably fellow uncle support abraham_lincoln president election pitted nephew vice president outbreak civil war quickly ardent supporter union position slavery sake preserving union position editor advocate position called harsh measures time accepted president lincoln immediate emancipation slaves chosen temporary chair nominated lincoln president speech hailed freshman representative inspiring given event family split issue sons joseph charles fighting union cause fighting confederacy sons law fought union daughter husband rode likely intervention kept executed following war wife refused let father law grandchildren period years november married wife white year later resigned died december extensive illness buried legacy hall named built dormitory students theological seminary residence hall upper class students nephew alma mater renovated national_register_of_historic_places story building campus named selected works knowledge god considered knowledge god considered second country protest use instrumental music worship hierarchy charm act government thoughts development presbyterian church christian pastor christ ascension gifts letter speech laying cornerstone clay monument calling illustrate posture duty united_states_of_america
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Robert Jefferson Breckinridge
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Philosophy and religion
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2849_ThomasdeRossy
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late 14th century scottish papal bishop theologian unknown unclear origin embarked religious career early years entering studying england preached conception rose patronage scotland hold scottish staunch advocate vii english backed engaged partisan preaching writing famously challenging english bishop settle issue single combat early years evidence detail early life career indicates family origin locations including angus october following request king charles france scotland received papal permission degree appearance contemporary records provides information earlier life scottish entered order minor studied seven liberal arts theology locations including preached paris likely thomas returned home country preach teach custom later writings claimed studied paris lived english seven years obtaining good understanding character pre episcopal career thomas papal court acting making payment papal chamber having obtained theology degree thomas conception virgin paris previously appointed chancellor university deliver summer lectures sentences thomas vicar general scotland running money completion studies jeopardy reason pope gregory wrote walter renowned scholar doctors grant thomas found fit doctorate theology grant enable thomas teach legally allowing burden financial problems thomas returned scotland march april received gift king scots june thomas papal court present recently elected anti pope appointed papal english irish languages july vii provided mandate wish resign right day thomas hugh sent scotland documentary evidence events leading western events allegedly election pope urban vacant death death occurred vacancy papal prior elected succeed adam election april supported election supported scottish backed vii instead appointed unwilling raised objections appointment refusal allowed consecrated july launched appeal letter thomas dated october confirmed rejected letter sent follows bishops mandate claim advanced prior diocese true bishop virtue election chapter subsequent provision impose silence provided vii duly consecrated peaceful possession cancellation appointment appear appears active england kingdom supported urban vii bishop remained close highly active supporter preached cause february military attack planned related commission granted scottish bishop lead crusade behalf england bishop certainly thomas preached english marches attempting win supporters cause authored attacking cause english support crusade took place thomas sent letter bishops england letter invited english bishop come debate preferred wrote settle matter countries single combat probably addressed known love fighting led short expedition france summer despite fight bishop apparently refused offer combat given english priest lower status thomas bishop scottish diocese records day day activities thomas thin charter survives dated july confirming grant church charter issued parish confirmed pope october present papal court december presented pope vii roll petitions series requests granted death king scottish kingdom attended coronation new king august days coronation scotland gave sermon according thomas death succession attested record series mundane transactions conducted september granted administer deputy known returned scotland appeared sources time september exact date died mystery successor appointed meaning death occurred dates bishop thomas father legitimate offspring partners known family background likewise unknown nephew obtained papal theology writings theologian known extant writings dominated political authored extant probably extant arguments scholars written including rome alexander gregory thomas focus conception stemmed days paris preached favour suggested thomas minor particularly noted paris treatment second work defense vii attack legitimacy urban contains long detailed account events preceding account partially derived work cardinal extensive use prophecy especially attributed work mentioned letter bishops england accused english supporting urban solely hatred french
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Thomas de Rossy
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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2992_RobertofMelun
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robert robert february english christian theologian taught france later studied paris teaching gave surname students included john salisbury william tyre possibly robert involved condemned teachings theological works survive strictly orthodox robert returned england appointed king henry_ii england appointed influenced decision pope following robert involved dispute king generally took king served papal royal judge early life robert born england probably known background owed place taught france robert studied succeeded teacher school john salisbury william tyre pupils paris king henry_ii england cousin later robert students probably taught later archbishop_of_canterbury certain robert went direct school returned paris took condemnation working secure small court held ending council attended robert peter court forced views trinity fellow scholar described robert great teacher sent forth like rays light great learned host students appointment teaching master arts paris years robert recalled england king henry_ii appointed consecrated canterbury december prominent recommending robert vacancy later biographers said urged king find living abroad evidence pope hand robert election reminded robert roger worcester owed alexander little evidence robert activities survives time bishop known acted papal judge delegate survive time gifts previous bishops augmented grant served royal judge role dispute conflict arose king new archbishop_of_canterbury rights king english church council held westminster october king contended question bishops supporting king robert involved conflict bishop elect envoy pope accompanied french abbot sent urge situation robert went philip probably hoped able influence robert present january king summoned council barons bishops king demanded groups swear uphold royal rights henry grandfather king henry reservations conditions attempted resist eventually submitted forced bishops swear october accused denying justice royal vassal tried council held found guilty accept sentence trial robert attempted moderate behaviour having cross symbol spiritual authority carried entered court insult king shortly trial robert king order injury went voluntary exile early exile robert received papal support summer robert accompanied papal mission king henry convey king pope alexander complaints king behaviour king preventing subjects visiting appealing alexander wished protest king treatment tried convince robert switch sides writing robert tones supporter prevailed french academics write robert criticising october ordered robert roger worcester attend france guidance dispute king informed king intended journey forbade leave england attempted sneak country february february ordered remain england king alexander theology robert theology expressed surviving works unfinished dating works problematic appears works composed revised twice probably works especially cover entire subject theology strictly orthodox christian doctrine robert known time considered key connection theology robert teachers works works robert commentator resistance bible robert opined king royal actions harmed church robert works sources citing work dealt church law appear considered lawyer training theologian furthermore years student establishment canon law distinct discipline european schools robert views main work shortened point robert known john salisbury named leading person rhetoric logic debate public robert condemned conjunction agree views nature jesus christ likewise disagreed teachings defended charges robert agree teachings methods introduction robert desire writings unnamed scholars identified modern writers death legacy robert died february supporters wrote robert died grief unable visit exile buried robert enjoyed good reputation continent knowledge teaching ability personal qualities appointment john salisbury praised robert conduct controversy john attitude old teacher robert works published volumes edited episcopal documents english number published translations sources
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Robert of Melun
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Philosophy and religion
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3261_MurphyPakiam
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murphy tan murphy nicholas born december metropolitan archbishop malaysia born ordained appointed metropolitan archbishop installed days later president singapore publisher catholic weekly newspaper herald filed judicial review herald ordered stop arabic word publication malaysian government high_court overturned government ban word accepted public apology magazine sent reporters catholic church year background born feast day popular saint children educated entered minor seminary started formation years later ordained priest served assistant priest following year posted parish priest church lady completed studies masters moral theology ethics rome return malaysia lecturer college general appointed rector college general served terms received masters guidance manila philippines served parish priest appointed auxiliary bishop titular bishop april ordained titular bishop known october succeeded resigned poor health metropolitan archbishop installation took place days later principal archbishop principal bishop soon bishop anthony president singapore december pope accepted resignation archbishop 75th birthday practice decide immediately accept resignation letter bishop service successor chosen pope decided accept archbishop resignation soon received successor archbishop julian appointed july coat arms symbols archbishop roman catholic church cross yellow background symbol jesus light world blue lines symbol holy spirit river church bible word god letter mary mother church representing saints keys symbol authority church green background new life obtained mercy peace god judicial review virtue position archbishop publisher herald weekly catholic newspaper herald publisher filed judicial review ordered stop arabic word publication malaysia home minister power impose prohibition condition printing presses publication act case herald home minister prohibited usage word grounds national security avoid misunderstanding confusion muslims december high_court overturned government ban use word herald justice home minister prohibition herald use word declaring order illegal void declared article federal constitution archbishop constitutional right use herald exercise right religions islam practised peace harmony country magazine muslim reporters small malaysian magazine participated catholic mass received photographed resulting photo published edition magazine owned sent reporters including churches special investigative report act occurred numerous editorials media criticised attorney general failure action months later march published apology roman_catholic_church christians article public apology posted website publisher accepted apology said legal action taken magazine publishers honours yang member carries title yang commander crown malaysia allows recipients use title tan title second senior federal title malaysia maximum living holders time
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Murphy Pakiam
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Philosophy and religion
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3908_PeterofCanterbury
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peter canterbury died abbot monastery peter paul canterbury later abbey companion mission kent sent peter rome convey news mission pope death traditionally dated evidence suggests present church council paris probably died date life presumed peter native italy like members mission mission dispatched pope gregory great native landed kent soon converted king kent gave land founded abbey later canterbury medieval chronicler records mission arrival england probably late peter fellow missionary sent gregory relay news successes kent request missionaries conveyed pope number inquiries proceed mission returned brought gregory replies peter abbot monastery founded canterbury originally dedicated saints peter paul later leader mission describes peter abbot word usually translated priest death peter drowned crossing english channel way place called near buried hastily nearby reports light illuminated grave night locals realised peter saint interred actual date death unknown feast day celebrated different days december january information clear mystery date death reported year months weeks thomas 15th century chronicler true year death information contradicted fact peter present convened possible died return peter considered saint feast day january cult confirmed life peter written 12th century exists manuscript form unreliable evidence peter object 15th century church town associated peter probably start cult
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Peter of Canterbury
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Philosophy and religion
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3995_Æthelhard
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died bishop winchester archbishop_of_canterbury medieval england appointed king difficulties monarchs rival southern england deposed king iii kent king secured rival making canterbury south britain died considered saint cult suppressed early life known family background early life assumed native appears historical record abbot monastery lincolnshire named diocese winchester consecrated bishop winchester canterbury translated winchester canterbury archbishop july owed appointment king presided senior bishop land archbishop king consulted york proper procedure new creation deposed king iii kent appointed died seized control kent forcing flee court son died distant relative took throne encouraged return canterbury suggested compromise status established rivalry canterbury plan allowed retain status lifetime purely ceremonial rank proposal canterbury regain status south return canterbury unable power previously stated elevated lust power presumably consideration merits plan fleeing canterbury saw differently pope praised fleeing refusing submit leo compared later roman emperor indications community considered archbishop exile troubles established change status required papal embassy succeed mainly leo resented implied criticism predecessor approved elevation embassy bore letter pope asked papal advice resolve problems surrounding canterbury letter reminded pope gregory great old scheme britain north south southern based london letter implied asking metropolitan moved london embassy carried letter survived pope agree embassy papal reply stated southern remain canterbury authorised expulsion kent persisted keeping canterbury invaded kent captured blinded imprisoned restored canterbury set restoring possessions managed secure obedience number southern bishops including called archbishop pope leo involved disputes rome unable spare attention english affairs papal decisions dispute resolved rome consult pope decline power canterbury archbishop went rome winchester carried letters pope discussions leo sided canterbury demoted papal actions indications cathedral clergy canterbury recognised elevation return exile returned england convened decreed canterbury established southern britain attended council abbot makes apparent resigned council met council presented papal decision asserted freedom churches secular authority council proclaimed power effort presided possibly died buried canterbury later revered saint feast day cult suppressed late 11th century revived
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Æthelhard
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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4100_EliasZoghby
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january january leading advocate catholic orthodox best known vatican profession faith known initiative attempted establish communion maintaining communion roman_catholic_church views topics catholic orthodox double communion dissolution marriage controversial critics labeled terrible church supporters lauded energetic visionary sought unite eastern churches biography early life ministry egypt born january cairo mother greek catholic father orthodox convert couple recently immigrated lebanon settled cairo neighborhood area church nearby parents attended siblings baptized faith raised devout household attending daily reading bible family praying office afternoon related received age sixteen parent blessing left seminary summer going jerusalem study seminary ordained priest saint anne jerusalem july following appointed professor arabic literature mathematics seminary later returned cairo parish priest egypt considered issues orthodox churches began study historical roots separation modern divisions middle eastern churches came opinion began question domination called churches rome priests egypt influenced father advocated need return proper traditions work communion elevated serving alexandria threatened arrest preventing execution sentence passed tribunal august named auxiliary bishop september appointed formally consecrated bishop november elevated alexandria cairo leader church egypt vocal proponent rights christians opposed limitations placed country law personal statutes regime imprisoned december public opposition statutes released shortly continued serve vicar egypt vatican active eastern catholic bishops participate offered pastoral nature good number focusing eastern churches relationship western christianity efforts helped shape formation disappointment adequately address needs bridge gulf catholicism encouraged uphold traditions values felt turn blind eye true following council opposed acceptance roman patriarch stating leader eastern catholic church hold subordinate latin rite office protest resigned position vicar alexandria died successor friend fellow egyptian august elected archbishop replace recently deceased installed archbishop september led small civil war kidnapped pro iranian terrorists retired october age remained active proponent following retirement urging died january lebanon funeral held january paul initiative initiatives gained visibility exchange visits orthodox met simultaneously lebanon visit catholic delegation orthodox drew attention fact original causes separation groups ceased exist way open creation stages real union churches waiting union churches agreed form separate commissions dialogue outlined views topic book reflections characterized invitation recognize fundamental common faith held alike catholics orthodox views dissolution marriage attending vatican spoke council september trauma innocent cases adultery suggested solution considers adultery abandonment causes dissolution marriage know fathers tried dissuade second marriage following advice wished innocent abandoned right tradition preserved east centuries union accepted adopted catholics progress studies brought fore doctrine qualified western ones following month patriarch declared like fathers council enjoys freedom thinks speaks personally respect heart problem church hold fast marriage publications isbn voice isbn work theology focuses role cause christian unity reflections isbn translated bishop nicholas par orient volumes anthology poetry pour notre anthology poetry autobiographical reflections christ divine mere non reproduced
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Elias Zoghby
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Philosophy and religion
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4276_MargaretMcKenna
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born anti activist raised new_jersey earned phd origins religious thought christianity 1970s began participating non violent civil arrested imprisoned actions activism continued recent years helped found addiction treatment center help people recover substance abuse use medication community service discussion bible study routes recovery early life education grew new_jersey graduating high school entered roman catholic organization women dedicated improving world access health care earned bachelor degree english small catholic women college master degree moving earning doctorate christian origins religious thought doctorate thesis traveled israel clarity activism arrested acts civil activist 1970s participated protest iran affair celebration signing constitution philadelphia easter sunday activists accessed deck symbolically missile pouring blood time banner read follow christ placed ship group charged sentenced months prison musician arrested participating die protest civilian casualties iraq war grounds pentagon virginia event referenced song hay band album crazy false dream new jerusalem modern day passionate asked desert today concluding desert inner cites moved neighborhood witnessed impact drug addiction lives residents reaction founded new jerusalem attempt treat drug alcohol addiction addition helped set community new jerusalem counseling methods influenced day time founded days stay recovering prohibited contacting outside world surrender cigarettes escorted leave building time residents occupy time community service meetings bible studies half people enter program remain days days residents actions tightly restricted required participate bible studies meetings residents graduate program months believes reason new jerusalem success community recovery community away lying shows said forces honest nearly residents graduated program inception close seventy percent reported remain drug free results traditional recovery methods
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Margaret McKenna
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Philosophy and religion
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4373_ThomasdeDundee
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called scottish held ross war scottish independence coming family educated entering career church obtained diocese glasgow diocese ross served chaplain cardinal appointed papal provision delay able position held death early biography family background thomas son named nicholas detailed knowledge thomas father lacking nicholas son robert found document dated relevant nicholas nicholas chaplain found residing located possible names referred person rate thomas father family period produced prominent family proof families early thomas recorded assisting brother obtain loan daughter marriage portion thomas father prosperous wealthy send thomas italy thomas recorded master possessing master degree probably studied alongside aforementioned exact family origin determined early career documents dating february april thomas glasgow cathedral date acting cathedral chapter glasgow arbitration conducted thomas role dean absent having travelled arbitration agreement settled glasgow date soon soon thomas inspected charters behalf called thomas son nicholas reports confirm glasgow date inspection fixed precisely time found papal court acting table companion chaplain hugh probably making use training lawyer time thomas said dean cathedral known dean william attested dean possession dean known person probably thomas unlikely dean glasgow time election appointment possible thomas papal court cathedral chapter diocese ross carrying elections successor separate elections took place period november november appears chapter elected cathedral held diocese resigned rights episcopal cardinal hugh influence secure thomas papal provision bishop november following year compensated appointed ross north political troubles scotland time year gap thomas receiving provision gaining gaining actual possession office scotland king conflict authority king english deposed king john july released thomas king edward england probably meeting thomas king edward london according source king edward told pope install thomas bishop edward proceeded judge matter having received thomas oath king edward ordered earl surrey install thomas episcopal thomas taken diocese scotland august date seal attached document recorded losses suffered following scottish rebel defeat english crown battle years 14th century thomas witnessed charters company known opponent english crown witnessed charter relating abbey issued guardian scotland acting king resurgence english power scotland thomas found operating king edward officials autumn king edward planned council advisors assist new governor john brittany thought included council appears remained pro english rising earl bruce crowned king march king robert scotland positions mirrored earl ross december king england seeking support king robert realities power scotland pushed home following year december king robert secured submission temporal protector submission acted future loyalty record bishop thomas activity following years scarce sources parliament march parliament scottish clergy declared support king robert mentioned individually possible conclude attendance attended assemblies following decade parliament held december specifically recorded present october attached seal treaty king robert king norway thomas recipient papal mandate issued june marriage king robert brother daughter ross found november arranging pay loan granted loan granted way probable occurrence sources concerned conflict parish church parish lay thomas diocese abbot claimed primary right possess papal mandate issued january chancellor ross commanding judge dispute certainly alive date dead april roger canon received papal provision ross said vacant thomas death
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Thomas de Dundee
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4388_GeorgeWashingtonTruett
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known july american clergyman pastor dallas texas president famous southern baptist writers era early life education born farm far western north_carolina seventh child entered school graduated taught georgia founded county intention making money pay law school left position academy parents texas joined attended ordained baptist ministry church preached sermon nearby texas hired president texas serve financial secretary energetic raised years completely wiped school stint school financial secretary enrolled freshman studied served student pastor pay tuition graduated june degree later serve trustee pastoral career accepted position pastor dallas september position hold death year membership increased total new members received total contributions church rebuilt times tenure expanding congregation president world war appointed president sent president month tour preach allied forces famous religious liberty delivered steps capitol washington sermon claimed united_states founded principles religious freedom separation church state course pastoral career published volumes volumes addresses volumes christmas messages worried worked cattle drives isolated family church society annual trips west texas thirty seven years traveling cattle drives preaching personal life death married fellow student june children daughters died dallas july survived wife die years later interred dallas legacy portrayed episode lone star preacher syndicated television series crossroads actress cast wife died months episode aired authorized biography written published seminary theological college named cousin founder chick restaurant chain baptist church located dallas published works jesus new_york quest souls harper brothers vital questions likeness paul isbn
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George Washington Truett
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Philosophy and religion
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4484_WilliamofYork
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william york william york late 11th century june known william english priest william unusual distinction having archbishop york twice rival relative king helped secure election york number candidates failed secure papal confirmation william faced opposition election pope managed archbishop deposed favour william worked secure restoration york finally achieved deaths retain long died shortly returning york allegedly having poisoned william death reported tomb year onwards year declared saint early life born york william son winchester chancellor treasurer king sources mother emma half sister bishop winchester illegitimate daughter count stephen father new research suggests emma daughter hunger held lands survey william born exact date birth unknown william held diocese yorkshire june february appointed treasurer york appointed yorkshire unknown date influence rich powerful father yorkshire benefit gaining offices relatively early age william apparently held offices election archbishop serving archbishop york william involved dispute king henry henry demanded accept william accompanied exile europe papal court reconciliation henry allowed return york papal ruling favour independence finally delivered election problems january william elected originally cathedral chapter york elected election set aside supporters gift secure election henry tried secure nephew stephen henry election opposed pope refused confirm archbishop retained post abbot election held january william selected candidate previous elections unknown election opposed monasteries yorkshire york opposed grounds given religious houses diocese right participate election bishop archbishop canterbury refused recognise william election allegations acquisition church positions interference king stephen pope ruled confirmed office swore oath allegations false swore oath papal found william innocent consecrated archbishop september deposition archbishop william undertook number ecclesiastical reforms popular people york needed sign archbishop authority pope received opposed archbishop determined prevent receiving william travelled rome attempt obtain election pope setback cause famous abbot religious leader exerted influence ensure william suspension sending series complaints new pope william secular powers monasteries irregularly appointed william winter eugene examined case declared william consecrated suspended office william required obtain person old charges william awaiting final decision case william took residence friends king sicily hearing suspension william supporters york launched damaging attack destroyed buildings william formally deposed archbishop eugene early deposition confirmed march election york held candidates included king candidate abbot supporters included clergy diocese including william ally william sides appealed pope pope confirmed successful candidate returned winchester city left years earlier begin career york second king stephen refused accept william deposition appointment prevented taking residence york stephen probably wished trade recognition support son stephen trying secure coronation successor lifetime defeat rival claims throne henry years pope died william travelled rome new pope restoration office pope concurred william confirmed december return york crossing bridge york procession bridge collapsed killed death month york william died june allegedly poison administered mass accused york murder summoned king tried royal court trial place stephen died trial took place william buried months death attributed intervention sweet smell came tomb damaged fire body decayed burnt fire pope iii ordered investigation rome william feast day celebrated june day death largely york traditional windows depict william crossing shows crossing boat william coat arms traditionally depicts seven college named established permission king edward home priests cathedral remains rediscovered 1960s york
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William of York
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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5278_ClementofAlexandria
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greek known distinguish earlier rome christian theologian taught convert christianity educated man familiar classical greek philosophy literature major works demonstrate influenced philosophy greater extent christian time particular secret works exist fragments suggest familiar pre christian jewish works argued greek philosophy origin non greeks claiming taught egyptian scholars pupils regarded church father like saint christianity christianity previously revered roman_catholic_church removed pope advice biography birthplace known degree certainty born according born athens tradition birth parents convert christianity displays extensive knowledge greek mythology mystery religions arisen practice family religion having rejected young man perceived moral corruption travelled greece asia minor palestine egypt journeys primarily religious undertaking greece encountered theologian identified east taught identified jew possibly reached alexandria met taught suggests head school controversial institutions school way time studied ordained pope julian virtually known life alexandria married supported writings left alexandria wrote letter commending imply living jerusalem time date location death unknown theological works trilogy major works survived collectively referred trilogy written tutor written written title suggests greece adopt christianity demonstrates extensive knowledge pagan mythology theology chiefly important exposition religion phenomenon short philosophical discussion opens history greek religion seven stages suggests men mistakenly believed sun moon heavenly bodies gods development worship products agriculture contends arose man paid reverence revenge human feelings love fear following stage poets homer attempt gods giving number finally men proclaimed men deities discussing contends objects primitive religion wood stone idols arose natural items carved following critical forms visual art suggesting artworks deadly toys criticizes greek basis deities false poor moral examples attacks mystery religions trivial rituals particular ridiculed ritual use children toys suggests points pagan deities based humans demons cites classical sources support second hypothesis like pre fathers writes favourably philosophers grounds saw flaws greatest praise reserved views god christianity figure prominent narrative contrasts song representing pagan divine christ according conversion christianity man fully participate universal truth work title tutor refers christ teacher mankind features extended metaphor christians children simply author intends christian respond love god following republic divides life elements character actions having dealt reflections christ role teaching act morally control despite explicitly christian nature work draws philosophy pagan literature homer cited times work christ like man image god shares likeness god father christ imitate christ man achieve salvation sin removed wisdom god guidance away sin manifestation god universal love mankind word play characteristic writing rooted belief relationships words deeply reflective relationships objects argues equality sexes grounds salvation extended mankind equally unusually suggests christ male female god father male female aspects described milk breast christ father supportive women playing active role leadership church provides list women considers inspirational includes biblical classical greek figures suggested progressive views gender set influenced later work argues faith knowledge required salvation according faith christ come know god second book provides practical rules living christian life argues food favour good table manners prohibiting promotes drinking alcohol following argues simple way life accordance innate simplicity christian elaborate expensive clothing argues overly passionate music believe abandoning pleasures argues christian able express joy god creation opposes wearing picking flowers ultimately kills beautiful creation god resembles crown treats sex length argues sexual unnatural main goal human sexuality homosexuality prostitution adultery pregnant women avoided act generation legitimate offspring book continues similar vein condemning grounds souls bodies seek opposes men hair male advises choosing company carefully avoid corrupted immoral people arguing material wealth sin likely distract infinitely important spiritual wealth found christ work finishes selections scripture supporting argument following prayer lyrics hymn contents title suggests miscellaneous place trilogy disputed initially intended write work complement practical guidance intellectual schooling theology systematic ordered works intended limited readership wrote books work seven survive writing 9th century found text manuscripts seven canonical books lead suggest original eighth book lost identified text purported eighth book fragments book starts topic greek philosophy consistent writing philosophy role greek similar function law jews discussion origins greek culture technology arguing important figures greek world foreigners erroneously jewish culture significant influence greece attempt demonstrate moses gives extended chronology world dates birth christ april creation world books ends discussion origin languages possibility jewish influence second book largely devoted respective roles faith philosophical argument contends important fear god foremost faith receives divine wisdom scripture true primitive philosophy complemented human reason faith voluntary decision believe crucial fundamental step closer god founded knowledge truth knowledge proceeds faith principles outside systematic structure book covers discusses marriage treated similarly rejects opposition marriage arguing men women remain sex positive good performed marriage purposes fall occurred adam eve succumbed desire allotted time argues idea christians reject family life stems luke jesus contradicted honour father mother exodus concludes rewarded motivation christian nature non christians pointless begins fourth book explanation disorganized nature work gives brief description aims remaining books fourth book focuses good christians death actively seek martyr death arguing sufficient respect god gift life ambivalent believing christian martyr virtue manner death reserved lived exceptional lives believe god father vain subject theological according way testing existence god father meaning christ object senses god beginning universal principle fifth book returns subject faith argues truth justice goodness seen mind eye faith way stresses knowledge god achieved faith ones moral faults corrected parallels earlier insistence achieved practice faith christ good deeds simply faith god matter entirely truly come know god christ god spiritual physical important beginning sixth book intends demonstrate works greek poets derived books bible order reinforce position greeks inclined cites numerous instances inappropriate appropriation classical greek writers reported second hand anonymous 3rd century work ascribed subject sin hell arguing adam perfect created given potential achieve perfection broadly doctrine holding christ promise salvation available condemned hell final extant book begins description nature christ true christian aims similar possible father son criticizes simplistic ancient religions quoting famous description african egyptian deities greek gods origins material objects representing iron wine prayer relationship love knowledge discussed characterization true christian knows knowledge universal love expressed christian reverence creator following argues vice arises state ignorance intention christian god responsible path salvation neighbor work ends extended passage contemporary divisions church works great trilogy extant work treatise salvation rich known rich man saved having begun scathing criticism effects money attitudes wealthy discusses implications rich promise eternal life unaware conflict possession material spiritual wealth good christian duty guide better life gospel jesus words taken literally seek meaning true route salvation revealed holding material wealth wrong long men careful let wealth dominate spirit important external wealth rich man saved follow material wealth value god alleviate suffering neighbor known works exist fragments including works secret tradition cover hierarchy complex universe headed face god lie seven followed angels humans according inherited christian followed christians trusted mysteries beings created god act priests identifies eyes lord characterizes forms entirely different argues members order lower orders according thousand years member order moves degree men angels elevated new position hierarchy clearly defined apparent contradiction fact seven vast number promoted order problematic modern explanation number seven meant taken literally principally significance know titles lost works list ecclesiastical history include outlines books known mentions writings including marriage prophecy attested writers difficult separate works intended write actually completed letter attributed remains debate today authentic letter ancient modern authentic main significance relating mark came alexandria rome wrote spiritual gospel entrusted church alexandria death genuine letter pushes tradition related connecting mark alexandria century legacy writer provide account life works separate sections work dedicated decidedly place argued evidence revised work provides list works biographical information extended quotation constantinople writes theology learning literary merits work particular highly critical work biblical fragments survived compared treatise like works highly featuring ideas jewish origin prevailing 9th century particular ideas deemed belief matter thought eternal originate god doctrine belief cosmic cycles creation world following extra biblical origin belief christ sense created contrary john following doctrine christ body illusion belief eve created adam sperm night belief genesis implies angels human women orthodox catholic theology angels considered seventeenth century saint catholicism found feast fell fourth december revised pope viii dropped calendar advice cardinal maintained decision predecessor grounds life little known obtained public church doctrines erroneous suspect revered saint contemporary considered saint eastern orthodox christianity somewhat limited commemorated nonetheless cathedral dallas dedicated earliest church fathers works survived subject significant recent academic work mainly focusing relationship thought non christian philosophy influence
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Clement of Alexandria
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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5300_Ceolnoth
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died medieval english archbishop canterbury later stated previously held ecclesiastical office canterbury contemporary evidence appearance history archbishop faced problems archbishop raids invasions new political situation resulting change kingdom early attempted solve problems coming agreement new protection later years office marked viking raids decline monastic life archbishop canterbury wrote end twelfth century dean canterbury previous elected canterbury story confirmation contemporary records sign associated canterbury kent region canterbury located prior elevation archbishop given length probably young man elected canterbury consecrated archbishop july archbishop deal problems viking attacks surrounding lands kent second newly kings gained control kent previously kings ruled kent presided council held attended clergy southern britain time archbishop worked concert king royal court instead council held kingston thames alliance west saxon kings agreement gave control free canterbury authority king return protection viking raids ceded right influence election kent king return received support succession son king died shortly succeeded father son follow father king centuries recovered control lands lost canterbury end result agreement kings secular churches monasteries canterbury later life death monastic life declined pressure viking attacks noticeable decline quality books works produced number monasteries died pressure raids invaders kent held councils second london later years office assisted appear acted earliest appearances office england known corresponded pope archbishop died february monastic secular life suffered later agreement set foundation operation canterbury kings england future
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Ceolnoth
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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5306_Nidan
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known welsh priest according sources bishop 6th 7th centuries commemorated saint monastery headed established church known places welsh island patron saint churches church built 19th century medieval predecessor scotland dedicated said helped establish christianity area companion dating 14th 16th century said house relics life little known detail life year place birth unknown referred according manuscript sources dated 14th century son descendant town north wales mainland present day borough celebrated warrior late 5th century deeds commemorated welsh poet associated monastery eastern tip north wales monastery referred bishop source founded church known near according tradition established reported lived near church yards away church reputed holy said monks travelled known reputed cousin north wales scotland companions said established christianity 7th century church dedicated existence link doubted author saying idea people connection real foundation according sources died inconsistent reported foundation date church commemoration old church use middle 19th century replaced nearer village reasons old church needed repair population needed church old church partially demolished new church contains sandstone inches long said contain relics date uncertain described probably 14th century recent description probably 16th century found buried altar old church feast day welsh calendar saints september scottish calendar saints november saint pope historian notes wales locally conferred medieval welsh saints appears roman_catholic_church
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Nidan
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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5312_Thurstan
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page circa february medieval son priest served kings election york elected delayed years fought attempts archbishop_of_canterbury assert york eventually consecrated pope instead allowed return england archbishop secured new bishops province henry died supported henry nephew king defended northern england invasion scots taking leading organising english forces battle standard shortly death resigned took habit monk early life son canon london named anger held son anger later mother named born region normandy father given family moved england early career held mare diocese london served henry royal clerk point early career visited vowed monk later life served henry henry obtained election august ordained december ordained priest june controversy exile archbishop_of_canterbury refused archbishop elect profession obedience southern long running canterbury york dispute started refused profession asked king permission rome consult pope henry refused allow journey personal appeal decided canterbury english king ordered submit canterbury instead publicly resigned way received letters supported york commanded consecrated profession similar letters gone pope ordering archbishop_of_canterbury news letters public resignation ignored continued considered archbishop elect years new championed case october consecrated earlier promised henry king permission granted enraged king refused allow newly consecrated archbishop enter england remained time continent company pope traveling pope visited king henry sister spiritual daughter time issued favor released york canterbury supremacy forever demanded king allow return york pope threatened england punishment papal bull length friends including succeeded henry rejoined king normandy easter escorted monastery retired active secular affairs recalled england early archbishop main weaknesses york lack bishops managed secure resurrection diocese possible compromised lord sub king scotland secured gained bishop previously ecclesiastical matters handled scottish bishops bishop native provoked wrath bishop isles previously jurisdiction new survived york new important step battle york canterbury mainly battle prestige respective sees number bishops subject archbishop important factor reputation received papal permission found entirely new diocese consecrated bishop new refused accept new archbishop_of_canterbury superior help william dispute continued carried complaints person rome twice pope ruled favour york pope based decision fact canterbury supporting documents forged supported king stephen henry death appeared stephen court easter held westminster negotiated truce england scotland mustered army defeated scots battle standard august near yorkshire direct battle created standard gave battle putting ship mast cart hanging banners mast scots invaded attempting aid daughter henry stephen rival throne january resigned entered order died february buried church legacy gave land churches diocese founded religious houses founded yorkshire founded obtained papal privilege protection giving privilege abbey helped found giving site monks expelled york helped points career tried persuade foundation patron founded predecessor york helping foundation house sincere reformer opposed election unfit men pope asked opinion elevation abbot replied consider life reputation fitting remove promote bishop london confirmed bishop nephew york accused murder william york successors york
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Thurstan
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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6651_Marie-RosalieCadron-Jetté
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marie née january april known marie canadian widow undertook charitable care struggling mothers work congregation sisters cause studied vatican pope francis declared born raised quebec married children died young moved montreal husband died cholera collaboration montreal engaged charitable care mothers time montreal mothers attracted significant social stigma operated initially home homes children later aid women worked series buildings known took religious vows women founded roman catholic religious institute known dedicated care mothers children obtained formal qualifications built convent corner street lived remainder life died death worked closely life proposed considered roman_catholic_church century later proposal effect cause opened early life born quebec january older daughters father farmer mother sister born march family roman catholic shortly birth baptized lived family home undertook brief education boarding convent located east montreal returned home loneliness weeks learn read later life appears learned write returning convent educated home crafts took communion age met travelling salesman named possibly family gathering married october brother uncle marriage time met wedding took husband known moved parents house undertook new career farmer house surrounding land donated parents condition parents allowed live death assume care sister age majority children died young prior death children born born born born born born anonymous born died born died born died born died seeking land order provide children inheritance family sold farm payment arrangement payment years waiting payments come lived rented property residing relatives children accompanied parents sister moved bought land later discovered seller relevant land leading late early majority family property following setback family moved montreal took residence borough saint joined congregation june husband died cholera victims year cholera epidemic leaving widowed responded husband death mourning wear black remainder life time eldest sons years old respectively employed eldest daughter rose engaged married july surviving children required care elderly mother following death mother maturity death remaining children found time free devote charitable activities sources describe incident influence future career living montreal visited house middle night prostitute seeking asylum sailors intentions violence hid woman night cellar fed change way life subsequently received letter woman informing woman emigrated united_states positive changes life including marriage case time montreal acquaintance met attendance saint cathedral spiritual director joined marie group formed pray conversion beginning began find crisis accommodation mothers approached confession help accommodation secret mothers carried significant social stigma time targets hostility kind woman undertook work helped women pregnancy recovery place women independent children offered women accommodation home birth child newborn baptised montreal notre dame church stand child response growing demand brought montreal burgeoning population began organised project assist mothers need crisis accommodation medical care work area efforts limited care illegitimate services existed aid mothers addition work grey address rate mothers concern roman_catholic_church activities existing religious community project hoped create new free traditions previous ties asked leading role agreed founded known operating attic house saint simon street montreal son leased widow named derived 5th century reformed chose martyr raped soldiers blessed dedicated shortly inception early conditions rudimentary consisting table chairs beds mothers called sleeping floor attic reached ladder exterior house reason new occupation unpopular mature children objected conditions dire poverty attempted dissuade new calling occasion going far begin moving belongings despite expanding operations provide accommodation seven women time july taking additional née widow addition helping mothers undertook fundraising activities behalf combined efforts attracted wealthy philanthropist provided money food later contributed building facilities moved address street owned new premises consisted storeys plus attic occupying house owner occupying expanded space provided room small chapel featuring mass held twice weekly allowed addition extra staff including second year operation host pregnant women saw birth july opened saint community placed assembled female staff program effectively established religious community proclaimed superior allowed women join community aim eventually taking religious vows designated spiritual canonical director delegated priest director later year direction later street premises expanded acquisition floor adjacent september joined community bringing large funds left late husband substantially enriched community despite additional funds women forced odd jobs outside ends meet time undertook occasional work elections held community november result appointed new superior period year named assistant december women community began wearing religious habit direction early owner street premises notified citing concern reputation new premises located corner catherine streets provided montreal businessman rent dollars year april moved new site epidemic swept montreal late montreal religious communities including staff called assist chaplain director priests religious sisters montreal killed disease died disease subsequently named father replacement director sisters january age took religious vows seven women worked attendance observers profession ceremony included leadership sisters providence founded years previously vows took religious reference role virgin mary christ women formed petitioned recognise institute recognition granted institute received ecclesiastical mandate live mercy jesus girls women situation children mothers families having difficult time institute religious community canada receive mission vows sisters traditional vows poverty obedience fourth assisting labour fallen girls women consequence form corps january elections held determine leadership new community election sister appointed mother superior councillor responsibility position left free undertake care ill including home visits visits prisons sources including book story courage compassion suggest offered position mother superior declined beginning january founders including commenced practical training young objective training better prepare sisters meet obligations fourth training lasted months concluded examination members result july women received formal certificates likely period years immediately following learned read write elected mother superior given position assistant time relationship women strained despite election result formal titles recorded referring short form religious occasion fool occasions period decisions discharge formal responsibilities imposed including barring communion election election held community late sisters liked montreal community early years institute locations sisters worked kept secret order protect single mothers public hostility prostitutes mothers occasions sisters brought church baptism garbage thrown people prayer reported leave sisters enter church sisters faced controversy public opinion medical profession initially response montreal doctors positive petitioned permission send students training granted objections sisters friction arose sisters students sisters want students present position shared mothers students rude dismissive patients combined non profit mandate friction hostility sisters montreal physicians came professional threat purchased land corner montreal use december following renovations pre existing structures land sisters moved new address work began convent institute planned building built grey stone financed borrowed money plans drawn montreal fires july destroyed homes saint cathedral result delaying construction projects city met sisters questioned fourth assisting labour abandoned consequence medical work physicians lay concerns stemmed pressure criticism montreal medical community desire expand membership sisters feared potential candidates necessity learning practicing craft took firm position retained citing general contempt held physicians sisters patients incompetence student doctors sisters primary competition expressed preference patients deal sisters doctors retreated face opposition matter raised years city montreal donated building located street convent use called corporation house use residence single mothers cared institute mothers charged rent sisters stayed late new elections held sisters mother superior given position councillor time elections gave sisters permission children baptism significant sisters supervising year requiring trip cathedral baptism widely recognised partly role mother superior partly brought community arrival understanding reflected published works time including album prepared visit institute late speech assembled community confirming eyes church receive credit congregation bestowed title mother religious confirmed second authority current mother superior community years beginning prior institute taking called practice formally recognised secondary order practice taking followed tradition originating europe religious orders place protection famous reformed roman catholic tradition took case recruited mothers wish leave care sisters recovering giving birth allowed religious vows live community particular rules dedication time program lasted mothers helped institute stayed later life death health significantly information particular conditions afflicted contradictory testimony family suggests ill years old fully recovered sources suggest known time chronic known time bright disease worsened following years symptoms observed contemporaries included difficulty breathing constant fits standing rest swollen legs displaying open case declining health ceased work stopped making house visits care ill convent spent days time convent dormitory request private room prepared moved room adjoining convent newly constructed chapel advised failing health visited april administered rites died shortly early hours april death witnessed said occasion witnessed blessed death sitting good sister sign cross asked virgin mary arranged prepare sleep high pitched voice said jesus noticed getting weaker brought light closer realized passed better life unexplained incidents associated death according book story courage compassion moment death unknown elderly sister holding observed women dormitory elderly sister recorded addressing ill telling brave confidence healed unknown sister left dormitory claims sisters mysteriously awakened night death following death wounds legs observed healed funeral held april chapel dignitaries attendance time death comprised professed religious women cause suggested mother superior gather contemporaries use possible future cause letter community said mother faith confidence protection obtain church formal declaration archbishop signed degree opening canonical inquiry beginning process roman_catholic_church ongoing eventually result elevation process overseen rome november tasked investigation cause officially opened granting title servant god steps inquiry object public cult trial drawn scrutiny secretary january decree signed acts archbishop read chancellor diocese following decree drafted presentation rome presenting evidence collected creating foundation elevation page july presented committee expert audience vatican monday december gave finding lived life heroic virtue known legacy operating presence countries multiple continents number buildings north_america named including milwaukee established toronto young parent resource centre new_york care comfort centre pregnant teens originally founded sisters care centre mothers babies childhood home today known open public months october
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Marie-Rosalie Cadron-Jetté
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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6869_AlbinofBrechin
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died 13th century university graduate known ecclesiastical career diocese centred angus east central scotland certainly native angus appears descendant david scotland earl brother king william scotland illegitimate son settled area illegitimate child career local diocese served time elected remained death biography background early career family origin unclear suggested son died son david earl david younger brother king william lion henry bore title lord given lands father strongest evidence relationship henry episcopal seal bore arms family certainly strong connections church known adam held position probably certainly suggested adam adam probable son successor died held known person hold office recorded position summer confirmed born needed papal hold office obtained papal bishop autumn early winter visited scotland styled master indicating completed years university study studied university unknown accession bishop following election successful appeal confirmation pope mandate confirmation gave details election following death gregory bishop cathedral chapter selected members elect bishop unanimously defect birth repeat earlier pope followed earlier july issued mandate confirmation senior bishops bishop took place time date given recorded task consecrated bishop bishop authorised perform episcopal early witnessed royal charter july following year july august pope wrote commanding ensure settlement diocese peacefully kept portrayed need protection period ordained abbey angus september settled long standing property dispute church abbey left scotland following month england near durham granted following death scotland july accession boy king scotland meant minority administration result politics government minority divided faction centred husband faction held faction held available sources clue pattern allegiance politics recorded activities professor suggested probably aligned faction contrast instance allegedly aligned argued probably influence time close advisor king alexander middle despite suggested allegiance bishop david issued letter protest behaviour dominated government criticised onslaught liberties church probably aftermath translation relics june court held earl april summoned bishop david appear papal order resolve dispute having cathedral performed tasks period behalf bishop bishop appointed papal instructed protect summoned lay courts account matters concerning named papal mandatory january authorised possession named pope privileges given newly provided march june assisted conducting eastern angus appears left scotland time appears active durham scotland september passed judgment vicar parish church revenues church rector period involved political controversy succession alleged papal bull dated december named papal mandatory instructions investigate claim bull denounced march rivals seized power months preceding scotland march presence recorded durham later years activities april recorded papal mandatory gave judgment dispute cathedral chapter concerning bishop rights june roger bishop ross bishop selected judge fitness appropriate following year involved controversy january papal judge delegates appointed investigate allegations allegations centred handling vacancy given abbot appointed adam relatives outcome case known unclear adam deposed confirmed attested stay cardinal later pope adrian england october july led great deal diplomatic activity scottish church involved imposed general tax english church extended scotland king forbade payment money appealed scottish clergy persuaded alexander abandon appeal reduced payments cardinal council scottish church sent delegates english church expected scottish church incorporate scottish church appear witnessed foundation charter chapel march july known recorded reference death year reported details cause location age general notes incorporation vassal god cathedral chapter probably brought near completion scottish monks formed base pre reform century monastery organised 12th century bull pope innocent february stated church called change styled proclaimed secular cathedral act predecessor said attracted english arabic scholar teach later tradition held obscure local martyr named martyr translated date given january year recorded
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Albin of Brechin
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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7012_HenryWardBeecher
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june march american clergyman social reformer speaker known support abolition slavery emphasis god love adultery trial background son minister best known age brothers sisters known activists notably achieved worldwide fame abolitionist novel cabin graduated lane theological seminary serving minister indianapolis indiana pastor brooklyn new_york soon acquired fame lecture circuit novel style employed humor dialect slang course ministry developed theology emphasizing god love grew interested social reform particularly abolitionist movement years leading civil war raised money purchase slaves captivity send rifles nicknamed fighting kansas nebraska toured europe civil war speaking support union war supported social reform causes women suffrage championed theory evolution stating incompatible christian beliefs widely rumored weekly published story affair wife associate filed adultery charges affair subsequent trial resulted hung jury widely reported american trials century long career public spotlight led biographer famous man america early life born connecticut henry eighth thirteen children born presbyterian preacher boston siblings included author activists later known father brains man america mother died henry soon remarried henry later remembered severe subject bouts depression taught school time later moved residence occupied household children later recalled interesting combination fun seriousness family poor assigned children heavy schedule prayer meetings lectures religious services banning theater dancing fiction celebration christmas family included story telling listening play henry childhood considered slow promising brilliant children stellar performance earned forced sit hours girls corner wearing cap age fourteen began training boarding school massachusetts met fellow student students later attended signed contract lifelong friendship love died cholera returning greece later named son years taste public speaking setting aside early dream going sea resolved join ministry met future wife daughter known physician january engaged years developed interest new attempt link personality traits features human skull befriended later theory best known american graduated attended lane theological seminary outside cincinnati ohio lane headed father time america famous preacher lane student body years slavery question support form gradual emancipation stand principle demand immediate emancipation henry stayed largely clear controversy sympathetic radical students unwilling father graduated early ministry august married proceeded small impoverished town indiana offered post minister received national publicity involved break new school old school split questions original sin slavery issue henry father leading proponent enemies blocked henry official confirmation minister henry refused swear oath allegiance views resulting controversy split western rival church declared independence retain pastor poverty followed caused look new position invited visit indianapolis offered ministry unusually speaker era use humor informal language including dialect slang preached preaching major success building second presbyterian largest church city led successful revival meeting nearby mounting debt led seeking new position accepted invitation businessman head new brooklyn new_york national fame continued grow took lecture circuit popular speakers country charging high fees course preaching came reject father theology combined old belief human fate god plan faith capacity rational men women purge society ways henry instead preached gospel love emphasized god absolute love human doubted existence hell rejected father leisure activities holy life stating instead man enjoyment social political activism involved social issues day notably abolition hated slavery early seminary days views generally moderate like advocated breakup union mean end slavery personal turning point came october learned escaped young female slaves recaptured father offered chance ransom captivity appealed help raise funds raised thousand dollars secure girls freedom june held mock slave auction purchase freedom young woman named sarah widely reprinted piece shall compromise compromise compromise anti slavery pro slavery forces whig senator compromise banned slavery california slave trading washington cost stronger fugitive slave act objected provision particular arguing christian duty feed shelter escaped slaves slavery liberty fundamentally incompatible argued making compromise impossible die campaigned abolitionist presidential candidate republican_party despite aid lost democrat pre civil war conflict known raised funds send rifles abolitionist forces stating weapons good press subsequently nicknamed weapons widely hated abolitionist actions received numerous death threats civil war president abraham_lincoln sent speaking tour europe build support union cause speeches helped turn european popular sentiment rebel prevent recognition foreign powers close war april invited speak fort south_carolina shots war fired lincoln personally selected stating better send deliver address occasion raising flag flag raise views advocated movement career strict following civil war leader women suffrage movement campaigned unsuccessfully delegate suffrage platform elected unanimously president sided president plan swift restoration southern states union believed captains industry leaders society supported ideas great railroad strike preached strongly wages cut stating man live bread man live bread water fit live reduced poverty remarks unpopular cries hang common labor rallies detectives protected church influenced british author embraced theory evolution 1880s identifying christian argued theory keeping called progress seeing steady march perfection god plan wrote evolution religion views writings helped gain acceptance theory america prominent advocate allowing chinese immigration continue helping delay passage chinese exclusion act argued american peoples irish seen gradual increase social standing new people required work chinese reason training habits thousand years adapted work personal life marriage married year engagement marriage happy writes year wedding embarked classic marital cycle neglect marked henry prolonged home couple suffered deaths children enjoyed company women rumors affairs circulated early indiana days believed affair young member congregation wrote story accusing affair young church member later prostitute wife patron editor confessed deathbed husband affair concealed incident lifetime members circle reported affair author collaborating book couple encounter subject dispute reportedly told friends reportedly told raped regardless initial circumstances allegedly carried affair year according historian standard gossip seven sunday evening scandal case highly publicized scandal tried charges committed adultery friend wife elizabeth confessed husband relationship charges public told wife confession repeated story fellow women rights leaders isabella publicly denounced advocacy free love outraged saw published story titled scandal case paper weekly november article detailed allegations america renowned clergyman secretly practicing free love doctrines denounced pulpit story created national sensation urging arrested new_york_city imprisoned sending material mail scandal split siblings supported henry isabella publicly supported subsequent trials hearings words drove reconstruction pages half years sensational said said american history trial released held board inquiry sued civil charges adultery trial began january ended july days unable reach verdict called church hold final hearing outraged repeated calling scandal holocaust french author planned novel affair died following year written later life legacy later life yale_university established henry taught annual courses heavy expenses trial embarked lecture tour west returned angered republican allies endorsed democratic candidate presidency arguing cleveland having fathered illegitimate child lecture tour england march suffered stroke died sleep march widely popular figure newspapers country interred brooklyn new_york legacy assessing legacy states best represented remains popular strain american culture optimism enthusiasm open minded open hearted reputation eclipsed success deeply infused rhetoric christ love americans imagine appreciation memory revolution wrought peers created sculptor unveiled june borough hall park brooklyn later relocated plaza brooklyn written poet known usa said great preacher beautiful creature laid egg hat reward holmes offered reverend called elegant creature pleased laid egg hat reward canadian published songwriter offered accurate reverend elegant creatures pleased laid eggs lap judgement day hatch preacher writings background prolific author speaker public writing began indiana edited agricultural journal farmer founders nearly years editorial contributor newspaper till editor contributions signed afterward collected published star papers experiences art nature offered thousand dollars follow sister example compose novel subsequent novel new_england published stated intent present heroine large soul child nature christian sympathy truths god natural world instead books describes resulting novel new_england romance flowers new theology amounted warmed novel moderately received critics day list published works seven lectures young men pamphlet star papers notes plymouth pulpit independent periodical editor collection letters newspaper freedom war boston fields library congress catalogue number lectures young men important subjects new edition additional lectures boston fields christian union periodical editor summer soul prayers plymouth pulpit new_england novel life jesus christ preaching evolution religion reissued isbn plymouth pulpit
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Henry Ward Beecher
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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7076_JosephSmith
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december june american religious leader founder movement smith published book time death fourteen years later attracted tens thousands followers founded religious culture continues present smith born vermont moved family burned district western new_york site intense religious second great awakening according smith experienced series visions including saw presumably god father jesus christ angel named directed buried book golden plates inscribed christian history ancient american civilization traveled americas centuries birth christ smith published said english translation plates book year organized calling restoration early christian church members church later called day saints smith announced revelation renamed church smith followers moved west planning build gathered ohio established outpost independence missouri intended center place 1830s smith sent missionaries published revelations supervised construction expensive temple collapse church sponsored violent skirmishes non caused smith followers establish new settlement illinois spiritual political leader smith city council angered destroying newspaper criticized smith power practice smith imprisoned illinois killed mob stormed smith published revelations texts followers regard scripture teachings include unique views nature god family structures political organization religious followers regard prophet comparable moses religious denominations consider continuation church organized including life early years born december vermont husband merchant farmer suffering bone infection seven younger smith years ill fated business venture years crop failures smith family moved western new_york village eventually took mortgage acre farm nearby town manchester second great awakening region religious enthusiasm camp meetings area smith parents disagreed religion family caught excitement smith later said interested religion age doubt participated church classes read bible teenager sympathetic family members smith engaged religious folk magic uncommon practice time parents maternal grandfather reportedly visions dreams believed communicated messages god smith said concerned welfare soul confused claims competing religious denominations years later smith said received vision resolved religious confusion praying wooded area near home said god vision told sins contemporary churches turned aside gospel smith said told experience preacher dismissed story contempt experience largely unknown 1840s smith understood event personal conversion vision later grew importance today event restoration gospel smith said praying night forgiveness sins visited angel named revealed location buried book golden plates artifacts including set composed stones set frame hidden hill manchester near home smith said attempted remove plates morning unsuccessful angel prevented smith reported years annual visits hill time returned plates smith family faced financial november death smith oldest brother assumed leadership role family family members supplemented farm income hiring odd jobs working treasure type magical common period smith said ability locate lost items looking stone treasure hunting including unsuccessful attempts find buried treasure sponsored wealthy farmer new_york smith brought court glass looking pretending find lost treasure result proceeding remains unclear primary sources report conflicting outcomes boarding house harmony pennsylvania smith began smith proposed marriage emma father objected smith stranger means supporting daughter money digging disapproved smith emma married january couple began boarding smith parents manchester later year smith promised abandon treasure seeking offered let couple live property harmony help smith started business smith said annual visit hill september taking emma time said retrieved plates locked chest said angel commanded plates publish translation reputed religious record early indigenous americans come americas jerusalem smith said plates engraved unknown language reformed egyptian told associates capable reading translating archaeological linguistic evidence use egyptian writing ancient america discovered smith left treasure hunting company associates believed double crossed taking considered joint property places competing treasure said plates hidden smith decided leave founding church october smith pregnant wife moved harmony oakland pennsylvania aided money relatively prosperous neighbor living near laws smith characters said engraved plates dictated translation wife february arrived assist smith harris took sample characters prominent scholars including harris said initially characters translation retracted opinion learning smith supposed received plates angel denied harris account meeting claiming instead tried convince harris victim fraud harris returned harmony april encouraged continue smith smith continued harris mid june harris began having doubts project fueled wife skepticism harris convinced smith let existing pages manuscript family members including wife harris lost manuscript copy time smith wife emma gave birth son died day smith said punishment losing manuscript angel took away plates revoked ability translate dark period smith briefly attended methodist meetings wife cousin objected inclusion practicing methodist class roll smith said angel returned plates september resumed april met replaced harris worked time manuscript april early june moved new_york continued work home friend narrative described institutional church requirement baptism smith baptized completed july smith previously refused plates told allowed men known collectively witnesses later group witnesses composed male members smith families signed statements seen golden plates witnesses said actually handled plates according smith angel took plates smith finished completed work book published march printer having farm finance soon april smith followers formally organized small branches established new_york book brought smith regional notoriety opposition remembered money digging trial baptized new members received threats mob violence smith confirm newly baptized members arrested brought trial person acquitted flee escape gathering mob probable reference period flight smith said peter james john appeared ordained higher smith authority undermined church members claimed receive revelations response smith dictated revelation clarified office prophet declared held keys mysteries revelations ability scripture church shortly conference smith dispatched mission native americans assigned task locating site new jerusalem way missouri party passed northeastern ohio followers variety converted doubling size church soon visited new_york quickly smith primary assistant growing opposition new_york smith gave forth revelation eastern boundary followers gather life ohio smith moved ohio january encountered religious culture included enthusiastic demonstrations spiritual gifts including fits rolling ground speaking smith producing revelations brought congregation authority followers practicing form smith adopted calling smith promised church elders receive heavenly power june general conference introduced greater authority high church hierarchy converts poured summer thousand vicinity expecting smith lead shortly kingdom mission indians failure missionaries sent way government indian agent reported found site missouri smith visited july agreed frontier hamlet independence center place disapproved 1830s church remained divided ohio missouri smith continued live ohio visited missouri early order prevent rebellion prominent church members including believed church missouri neglected smith trip mob ohio residents smith political power mob beat smith unconscious left dead missouri residents resented newcomers political religious reasons tension increased july forcibly evicted destroyed property smith advised bear violence attacked fourth time fight armed bands exchanged fire non killed old settlers brutally expelled county smith ended experiment changed church leading small paramilitary expedition later called aid military endeavor expedition failure men outnumbered suffered cholera outbreak camp transformed leadership future church leaders came participants camp returned smith drew heavily participants establish governing bodies church originally equal authority check groups smith gave revelation saying followers receive march temple dedication participants promised saw visions angels spoke late series internal disputes led collapse community smith blamed having promoted church sponsored bank failed accused engaging sexual relationship serving girl building temple left church deeply debt smith creditors having heard large sum money supposedly hidden salem massachusetts smith traveled received revelation god treasure city month returned handed january smith church leaders created joint stock company called act quasi bank company issued bank notes capitalized real estate smith encouraged buy notes invested heavily bank failed month result suffered intense pressure debt collectors severe price smith held responsible failure widespread church including smith closest advisers warrant issued smith arrest charge banking fraud smith fled missouri night january life missouri smith abandoned plans smith arrived missouri town new missouri church received new construction began new temple weeks months smith arrived far west thousands day saints followed smith encouraged settlement land outside settlement adam time church council expelled oldest prominent leaders church including smith explicitly approved expulsion men known collectively political religious differences old newly arriving settlers provoked tensions groups years earlier time smith experiences mob violence led believe faith survival required greater june recent convert formed covert organization called oppose anti militia units unclear smith knew activities clearly approved know delivered sermon implied place community forcibly expelled county given town fourth july celebration declared longer tolerate persecution spoke war attacked smith endorsed speech non understood threat flood anti rhetoric newspapers speeches given election campaign august tried prevent voting election day initiated war raided burned farms non towns period smith heated rhetoric encouraged followers aggressive measures smith approved impression approaching group armed men band attacked missouri state militia known governor ordered driven state unaware order october party surprised killed seventeen mill massacre following day surrendered state troops agreed property leave state smith immediately brought military court accused treason sentenced executed morning smith attorney brigadier general missouri militia refused carry order smith sent state court preliminary hearing allies testified smith including charged overt acts treason transferred jail liberty missouri await trial smith months prison ill strained relationship president rose prominence faithful organized saints illinois eastern iowa smith bore imprisonment understanding effectively trial people considered fallen prophet wrote personal defense apology activities keys kingdom wrote taken away directed followers collect publish stories persecution urged moderate april grand jury hearing smith companions escaped custody certainly sheriff guards life illinois american newspapers criticized missouri hill massacre state expulsion illinois accepted refugees gathered banks mississippi_river smith purchased high priced woodland hamlet commerce smith attempted portray day saints oppressed minority unsuccessfully petitioned federal government help obtaining summer suffered malaria epidemic smith sent missions europe numerous converts poor factory workers smith attracted wealthy influential converts including illinois general bennett connections illinois legislature obtain unusually liberal charter new city smith named hebrew meaning beautiful charter granted city virtual autonomy authorized university granted corpus power allowed smith fend missouri authorities controlled civil government city promised unusually liberal guarantee religious freedom charter authorized autonomous militia actions limited state federal lieutenant general smith major general bennett commanders controlling far largest body armed men illinois smith bennett assistant president church bennett elected mayor smith began revealing doctrine marriage closest male associates including bennett excuse seduce numerous women embarrassing rumors spiritual got abroad smith forced bennett resignation mayor retaliation bennett wrote life early years period innovation smith introduced baptism dead construction began temple place recovering lost ancient knowledge revelation promised restoration smith inaugurated revised resembled rites smith observed months earlier initiated lodge open men initiated women smith introduced service club smith predicted women receive keys kingdom smith elaborated plan kingdom longer building smith viewed encompassing settlements stakes tent refuge impending great building project summer smith revealed plan establish kingdom god eventually establish rule earth popular opinion turned unknown shot wounded missouri governor anti circulated rumors smith bodyguard shooter evidence ordered smith certain killed returned missouri smith went hiding twice months district attorney illinois argued smith missouri unconstitutional later tried acquitted june enemies smith convinced reluctant illinois governor smith missouri old charge treason law officers arrested smith intercepted party reach missouri smith released writ corpus municipal court ended attempts caused significant political fallout illinois december smith petitioned congress independent territory right federal troops defense smith wrote leading presidential candidates asked protect receiving negative responses smith announced party candidacy president united_states suspended regular sent hundreds political missionaries march following dispute federal smith organized secret council authority decide national state laws obey council select site large settlement texas california oregon live law governmental control death spring rift developed smith half dozen closest associates notably smith trusted counselor general disagreed smith manage economy said smith proposed marriage wives believing plotting life smith april formed competing church following month county seat smith june published issue calling reform church appealing political views county paper smith new doctrines gods alluded smith aspirations called repeal city charter attacked smith practice implying smith religion pretext draw women order seduce marry fearing newspaper bring countryside city council declared public ordered legion destroy press smith feared mob attack supported action realizing suppression press sooner attack libel destruction newspaper provoked arms editor longtime critic smith fearing uprising smith mobilized june declared martial law officials responded small detachment state militia governor appeared threatening raise larger militia smith city council surrendered smith initially fled mississippi_river shortly returned surrendered ford june smith brother rode stand trial riot custody charges increased treason june armed mob faces stormed jail joseph held trying secure door killed instantly shot face smith fired pepper box pistol friend lent self defense sprang window shot multiple times falling window crying lord god died shortly hitting ground shot times mob dispersed men later tried murder acquitted smith buried currently interred smith family cemetery life smith sharply criticized newspaper editors death newspapers unanimous portraying smith religious fanatic conversely foremost prophet seal testimony faith legacy impact smith attracted thousands devoted followers death millions century followed regarded prophet par moses compilation significant americans time magazine ranked smith category religious figures produced large scholarly work smith large extent result pictures different people man god hand fraud ignorance followers believers tended focus achievements religious teachings personal defects detractors focused mistakes legal troubles controversial doctrines half 20th century writers suggested smith suffered psychological disorders paranoid illness explain visions revelations modern biographers disagree ideas nuanced interpretations range viewing smith prophet normal human weaknesses pious fraud believed called god preach felt justified visions order convert people gifted product yankee environment biographers non agree smith influential charismatic innovative figures american religious history memorials smith include salt_lake_city utah campus granite marking birth place religious denominations smith death resulted succession crisis smith proposed ways choose successor clarified preference smith brother survived strongest claim followed smith brother samuel died mysteriously month brothers brother william unable attract sufficient following smith sons david claims young david council theoretical claim succession secret organization smith chosen successors left church strongest succession candidates senior member president senior member presidency church wide conference august day saints elected young led membership young surpassed million members smaller groups followed based claim allegedly forged letter appointment followed members smaller groups including smith family eventually leadership formed known century community christ members members denominations originating smith teachings number approximately million family descendants smith wives gave birth children marriage died age eldest born died hours birth twins born twins died adopted set twins julia joseph mother recently died joseph died born year earlier died malaria emma gave birth son joseph emma sons lived maturity born smith death dna testing provided evidence smith fathered children women emma life frequently denied husband taken additional wives emma said time aware revelation attributed smith read periodical emma campaigned publicly main petition thousand female signatures denying smith connected president emma authorized publishing certificate year denouncing denying husband creator participant deathbed emma denied joseph involvement stating thing spiritual taught publicly privately husband death knowledge wife knowledge smith death quickly alienated church leadership young emma feared despised suspicious desire preserve family assets inclusion church thought troublesome openly opposed marriage day saints moved west stayed married non major withdrew religion affiliated headed son emma denied smith gift belief authenticity book revelations according signal feature smith life sense guided revelation instead presenting ideas logical arguments smith dictated authoritative revelations let people decide believe smith teachings came primarily revelations read like scripture open interpretation smith followers viewed revelations teachings opinions smith actions indicate believed revelations loyal followers smith recorded revelation god having let lose pages book manuscript fearing man god revelation given voice god declaration smith subsequent revelations assumed similar authoritative style opening words people lord god book book called longest complex smith revelations organized compilation smaller books named main named narrator prominent leader tells story rise fall religious civilization beginning ending story begins family leaves jerusalem captivity eventually construct ship sail promised land divided factions people build temple live law moses teach christian gospel book explains largely work prophet military figure book closes son finishes records written golden plates christian themes work instance book teach christ coming talk star appear birth resurrection jerusalem jesus appears americas repeats sermon mount children disciples book ends come unto christ early understood book religious history indigenous peoples americas smith followers view companion bible additional witness christ akin large work modern historian called book response pressing cultural environmental issues smith times saying smith composed book drawing information available historian says work autobiographical nature smith said produced book saying translated power god implying words book states text come forth gift power god unto interpretation thereof considerable disagreement actual method exists earliest smith said pair stones said buried plates later said chocolate colored stone found previously treasure hunting said smith saw words translation stone stones hat excluding light process similar location treasure smith concealed process raising curtain room times dictated view witnesses plates lay covered table completing translation smith gave brown stone continued receive revelations stone said longer needed book drew converts church argued book lives today prophet book smith assumed role prophet jesus christ early introducing joseph prophet language authority smith revelations appealing converts revelations given confidence old testament prophet moses smith said june received revelation moses moses saw world ends thereof asked god questions purpose creation man relationship god revelation initiated revision bible smith worked sporadically remained unpublished death smith said believed bible corrupted ages revision worked restore original intent added long passages rewritten according inspiration changes involved contradictions making small changes added large lost portions text instance smith revision nearly length chapters genesis book moses book moses begins moses god purpose creation told account god earth heavens bring humans eternal life book provides enlarged account genesis creation narrative expands story ancestor narrative speaks god receives calling eventually builds city taken heaven book expands types christ effect old testament smith encouraged day saints purchase rolls ancient egyptian traveling years smith worked events allowed produce supposed translation rolls published book book speaks founding nation astronomy lineage gave account creation story smith dictated book thought lost great chicago fire fragments rediscovered 1960s translated determined book dead connection revelations according smith dictated revelations recorded revisions revelations immediately copied circulated church members smith revelations came response specific questions described process having pure intelligence flowing smith viewed wording revelations god words language suitable joseph time smith edited expanded previous revelations publishing book later smith gave varying types revelations temporal spiritual received specific individual directed church notable revelations include revelation called law containing directions missionary work rules organizing society injunction administer poor outline law revelation called vision added sin introduced doctrines life salvation theme heaven degrees glory revelation explain doctrine months later smith gave lengthy revelation called olive leaf containing themes discussing subjects light truth intelligence related revelation given christ center salvation time smith delivered revelation called word wisdom diet herbs fruits grains use meat recommended day saints avoid strong alcoholic drinks tobacco hot drinks later interpreted mean tea coffee word wisdom originally framed recommendation smith day saints strictly follow counsel later requirement smith gave great revelation organized councils served complex blueprint church structure smith revelation new recorded dealt theology family doctrine sealing marriage smith revelations dealt establishing church gathering followers building later revelations dealt revelations slowed autumn dedication smith relied heavily teachings smith moved away written revelations opening lord taught conversations letters instance doctrines baptism dead nature god introduced smith famed statements thing matter recorded casual conversation methodist preacher views teachings theology smith taught existence material including world spirit matter fine invisible mortal eyes matter smith view created destroyed creation involved reorganization existing matter like matter smith saw intelligence eternal god taught human spirits drawn pre existent pool eternal spirits experience joy joined bodies according smith work glory god create worlds inferior embodied smith initially viewed god father spirit eventually began teaching god advanced man embodied time space end life smith teaching god father jesus distinct beings physical bodies holy spirit spirit gradual acquisition knowledge according smith received eventually like god teachings implied vast hierarchy gods god having father smith gods reign unified purpose leading spirits lesser capacity share eternal life smith view opportunity achieve extended humanity died opportunity accept saving achieve accepting performed behalf smith said children died innocence guaranteed rise resurrection receive apart committed eternal sin smith taught wicked achieve degree glory religious authority ritual smith teachings rooted taught restored day restoration early christian faith lost great smith church little sense hierarchy religious authority derived visions revelations smith claim exclusive early revelation designated prophet allowed issue moses religious authority encompassed economic political spiritual matters instance early 1830s temporarily instituted form religious communism called required day saints property church divided faithful envisioned institutions established role worldwide political organization millennium smith began teaching hierarchy continuation biblical succession biblical figures appearing visions introducing high smith taught recipients endowed power high fulfilling need greater authority doctrine evolved 1830s included elaborate ceremony containing elements similar jewish tradition extended women smith clarified women ordained offices smith taught high heavenly power included sealing powers allowing high priests effect binding consequences example power enable dead marriages effective sealing powers enabled second sic according smith sealed married couples theology family early 1840s smith theology family relations called new superseded bonds taught outside marriages simply matters contract individuals married outside married limited progression fully enter man woman participate sealing ceremony second called sealing holy spirit promise fully sealed smith said sin eternal sin according smith person earth time case smith possess power sealing smith taught highest level achieved marriage ultimate manifestation marriage according smith allowed individual state god accelerating expansion heavenly kingdom smith accounts teaching doctrine early unconfirmed evidence smith church publicly rift smith issue suspected smith engaged relationship serving girl smith denied relationship insisted presumably taken wife april smith half years married sealed additional women married men generally knowledge consent husbands records circumstances unions support considered smith wives ages fourteen practice kept secret members church caused breach smith wife emma emma knew husband marriages certainly know extent activities emma temporarily accepted smith marriage women boarded smith household soon regretted decision demanded wives leave july smith dictated revelation directing emma accept marriage reconciled september emma began participating temple ceremonies political views campaigning president united_states smith opportunity political positions issues day smith considered constitution especially bill rights inspired god day saints best defense believed strong central government crucial nation thought democracy better taught monarchy ideal form government foreign affairs smith viewed brotherhood smith favored strong central bank high protect american business agriculture imprisonment murder preferring efforts reform criminals labor opposed courts martial military supported capital punishment opposed hanging preferring execution firing squad smith published pro slavery essay later opposed practice presidential campaign proposed sale public lands smith said believe blacks inherently inferior whites welcomed slaves church opposed slaves permission masters opposed smith declared instruments fulfilling statue vision book daniel secular government destroyed sword gun replaced kingdom god smith taught kingdom governed principles democratic long people chose ethics behavior statement ethics smith found 13th article faith believe honest true good men follow paul believe things hope things endured things hope able endure things lovely good report seek things smith said ethical rule lord commands taught wrong right god said thou kill time said thou utterly destroy principle government heaven conducted revelation adapted circumstances elders kingdom placed god requires right things considered understand order heaven beginning 1840s people involved conflicts missouri illinois state governments smith taught congress power law rights religion obligation follow laws deemed contrary religious privilege smith felt justified promoting despite violation traditional ethical standards
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Joseph Smith
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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7709_BonifaceofSavoy(bishop)
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bishop july medieval france archbishop_of_canterbury england son thomas count owed initial ecclesiastical posts father members family brother succeeded father count niece married king henry iii england married king louis france henry secured election archbishop tenure office spent time continent clashed bishops nephew marriage managed eliminate debt inherited taking office struggle initially helped cause later supported king death tomb object cult eventually early life elder brother count sons thomas count margaret geneva confused nephew fellow member count son elder born eleventh child parents sources state young age joined evidence unusual nobleman enter order strict discipline brother named earl richmond brother william candidate england ecclesiastical career prior father died received castle inheritance surrendered inheritance marriage niece eleanor king henry iii england henry attempted elected unable cathedral chapter elect february nominated canterbury pope confirmed appointment september attempt henry come england present following year consecrated january returned england november returned helped arrange marriage sister queen eleanor charles brother king louis france medieval chronicler said noted birth brains showed little concern spiritual duties office behaviour combined fact offended english heavily involved advancing fortunes family continent spent fourteen years archbishop outside england efforts free office debt inherited debt marks managed clear debt death securing right tax clergy seven years number bishops refused pay suspended office worked papal court exile rejected selected grounds nominated candidate richard king objected pope confirmed richard election objected selection bishop tried elevate instead hugh appealed rome upheld hugh election held church councils reform clergy london provincial court established canterbury presiding appointed controversies energetic defending liberties clashed king henry election henry clerk examined found unfit episcopal office election involved disputes king half brothers especially bishop winchester bishops resented attempts supervise affairs closely attempted province disturbed bishops protested taking amounts money visits appealed pope reaffirmed right conduct set limit taken monastery church left england returned pope decided bishops appeal favour return continued assert rights settled number disputes bishops secured obedience bishops consecrated time archbishop set court canterbury heard appeals ecclesiastical courts bishops clashed henry half brothers arrived england competed lands promotions queens relatives quarrel hospital led archbishop palace plundered kidnapped dispute settled early absent england october november spent time attempted help brothers rescue eldest brother thomas held captive member council conducted business council consisted leicester gloucester norfolk count peter actions council send exile april worked richard cornwall broker peace king henry prince edward accompanied queen prince edward marriage edward eleanor edward held church council series ecclesiastical laws published denounced royal limitations ecclesiastical courts royal consent ecclesiastical revolt royal authority similar opposition movement begun second barons war sided english bishops king henry later sided henry went france barons opposing king summoned parliament london january abroad triumph king party returned england arriving death aftermath early english gothic chapel palace dates work carried archbishop left england november returned died july buried family abbey left houses diocese canterbury differing provisions burial depending died england france near alps oddly official seal included head pagan god usual depiction archbishop death tomb center cult tomb opened body found perfectly preserved tomb destroyed french revolution remains new tomb built pope feast day july disapproved modern historians seen responsible archbishop historian says respected reforming archbishop episcopal registers survive
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Boniface of Savoy (bishop)
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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7952_RobertWinchelsey
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english christian theologian archbishop_of_canterbury studied universities paris oxford later taught influenced theologian held england chancellor oxford_university elected canterbury early initially support edward later forceful opponent king archbishop encouraged resist edward attempts tax clergy opponent king treasurer clergy occasion abbot abbot suffered fatal heart attack following election royal clerk pope king able secure archbishop exile year succession edward son allowed return england new king petitioned pope allow return soon joined king enemies bishop object return king favourite died alleged happened tomb attempt declared saint unsuccessful early life studied taught universities paris oxford rector paris chancellor oxford paris read possibly met theology purely appointed canon london unclear exactly returned england held diocese london essex london diocese archbishop election archbishop_of_canterbury died december february elected successor unusually pope king hand election april left england rome papal confirmation consecrated immediately papal vacancy eventually performed ceremony september disputes edward fearless opponent swore oath edward offended king adding declaration swearing term archbishop refused allow edward tax clergy certain levels severe pressure change mind august offered king tenth ecclesiastical revenues edward hoped collect clergy war france money requested fund continued following year clergy making contributions following issue papal bull forbidding payment taxes secular power urged clergy refuse payments edward clergy province york paid tax fifth revenues edward declared refused pay ordered property seized conceded clergy return protection paid fine fifth revenues exactly northern clergy offered way taxation royal clergy paid fines march southern clergy met long debate instructed clerk decide pay fine appears chose pay archbishop refused contribution edward seized lands returned july king reconciled westminster tried edward objected edward tax demands irritated edward opposition king treasurer king upset archbishop abbot affected suffered fatal heart attack king briefly reconciled archbishop presided king second marriage margaret france canterbury vigorously asserted authority bishops pope sussex living pope exile return barons joined demanding reforms king parliament lincoln support claim protector scotland broke alliance reasons led archbishop ally barons hostility edward adviser king took action royal clerk named pope edward sent envoys pope press claim plotting suspended archbishop february left england went papal court stayed edward death july supported archbishop death edward new king asked restored pope agreed january soon return england early archbishop joined king enemies archbishop earl people object return new king favourite england aided barons prosecution sentencing enemies appointed died legacy preacher note preaching attracted large crowds lectures theological writings date primarily time delivered number sessions survive illustrate highly orthodox views method said worked tomb canterbury cathedral efforts declared saint unsuccessful
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Robert Winchelsey
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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8156_Plegmund
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died august medieval english archbishop canterbury archbishop archbishop reorganised diocese winchester creating new sees worked scholars translating religious works death early life little known early life descent later tradition dating years death stated lived reputation scholar attracted attention king alfred great trying revive scholarship time alfred summoned court worked scholars bishop worcester working translating pope gregory great treatise old english archbishop_of_canterbury selected canterbury king alfred election recorded manuscript archbishop elected god people archbishop praised election stating help root remnants people gap time death previous archbishop_of_canterbury offered flemish monk scholar refused granted pope 9th century canterbury low point responsibilities establish authority attempt created new sees existing diocese winchester wells meant future bishop devon cornwall wiltshire diocese winchester hampshire gain approval pope iii acts pope travelled rome archbishop canterbury visit rome nearly century returned relics quality latin improved surpassing poor quality previous alfred died crowned son edward king addition religious duties involved matters state attended formal councils held dedicated tall tower new winchester death legacy died august august death considered saint feast day august cult dates 13th century
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Plegmund
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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8290_CuthbertofCanterbury
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canterbury died october medieval england prior elevation canterbury abbot monastic house evidence holding mainly dates england archbishop held church councils built new church canterbury diocese york raised died later regarded saint early life noble birth recorded elevated identification archbishop comes post conquest sources contemporary record says consecrated archbishop translated needed bishop translated given nature sources identification bishop archbishop canterbury likely regarded proven served capacity years elevation canterbury credited composition tomb predecessors cathedral church located time prior election canterbury probably owed selection archbishop influence king number appointed canterbury suggests authority expanding kent canterbury recipient long letter complained morals clergy british isles drinking alcohol anglo saxon bishops sent letters archbishop native england time archbishop longer claimed authority britain like predecessor pope sent bishop york raising york status sign enhanced status york consecrated bishops south attended bishops south england presided gathering mandated clergy explain basic christianity clerical dress control monasteries behavior clergy mandated diocese hold decisions council sent pope council report council resolutions action taken response complaints actions council gathered collection command council continued correspond sent successor held second known built church baptist canterbury destroyed fire buried new church new church located west cathedral church burial site later trials ordeal explicit contemporary reference states uses intended fact church dedicated baptist argues strongly intended new building burial practices change clear intended reasons unconnected argues change burial customs extended britain resulted burial church yards instead outside city limits custom previously main evidence theory 16th century tradition canterbury archaeological evidence change burial patterns change occur archaeological evidence reason change happened given late date canterbury tradition theory considered proven death legacy died october later considered saint feast day october buried church archbishop_of_canterbury buried abbey letters anglo saxon missionaries european continent highly educated
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Cuthbert of Canterbury
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Philosophy and religion
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8350_BrigitteBoisselier
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born known french chemist religious leader best known claim overseen creation human clone native studied chemistry france united_states earning lived near paris worked research chemist sales manager embraced group unpopular france conversion led tensions years later joined organization sought clone human service scientific director publicized lost position focused time late announced received large donation fund child supervised team scientists secret laboratory united_states soon produce human clone year project received media coverage regulatory suspicion promised imminent birth human clone late announced born public evidence soon offered declaration received significant press coverage united_states appeared television programs court florida launched child welfare investigation stated child parents withdrawn offer provide evidence public comment evidence subsequent procedures reported offered announcements widely perceived hoax impressed management public relations skill founder announced succeed group leader death subsequent years devoted group doctrines serving spokesperson early life education born catholic family france farm interested science young attended earning master degree phd chemistry 1980s moved texas received phd chemistry returned france work industrial gas company remained years time lived les worked research chemist sales manager married children late 1970s early 1990s conversion new career converted ufo religion founded french journalist usually known attending meeting spoke felt strongly completely honest joined movement left husband alleging violent behavior shortly conversion owing involvement gained sole custody youngest child believed religious motivated court transfer child custody faith led tension parents eldest child converted 1990s seen dangerous viewed disdain france resulting loss employment prominent members hostility fueled public concerns new religious movements deaths caused europe mid-1990s scientific director organization founded sought clone humans year interviewed role lost position company learned stated termination holding dual employment strained service filed lawsuit arguing victim religious discrimination suit successful won judgment losing job moved middle child son quebec eldest daughter student began travel discuss eventually high profile speaker time reached rank bishop members closest joined group promoted free love moved united_states began teaching short time moving teach chemistry association publicized february resigned academic position year contract initially popular felt association publicized origins founded march shortly sheep believing process important human species created extraterrestrial project practical level promoted practice way develop desirable eventually memories new bodies shortly launch began managing operations announced set laboratories hired team scientists said limited knowledge skilled selecting experts august politician west_virginia asked clone late son died child hunt paid helped rent science laboratory school said laboratory initially clone cattle moving humans planned use number willing abnormal bear clones high number women compensate low odds healthy child september held press conference aspiring mothers clones event announced construction laboratory described hunt wished remain anonymous received significant media attention advocate commentators initially accepted work legitimate attempt new_york_times described credible spokesperson projecting described air cool academic striking physical appearance drew particular attention developed avant garde stylish reputation contrary popular images scientists announcements media coverage early promised human child year drawing attention work prosecutor new_york began investigating compliance local medical laws said investigated claimed president concerned work laboratory hunt rented grew suspicious work contacted law enforcement spoke searched site persuaded suspend work pending legal hunt asked laboratory shut operation broke criticized seeking media attention spoke publicly saying seldom laboratory announced moving operations overseas faced legal charges connection laboratory march invited speak hearing human insistence permitted speak event garnered public attention large unconventional appearance august attended widely publicized human washington significant media attention given participants actively engaged efforts produce human clone rest attendees renowned scientists dismissed element said facilitated thwarted claims success announced press conference florida december successfully produced live born clone named eve couple canadian notes naming child eve recalls teachings aliens created humans announcement received abundant press media particularly late night comedy programs criticized glamorous appearance mocked time appeared network news broadcasts cnn provide details child family asked hired science editor abc supervise scientists doubted overcome difficulties human posed able produce healthy child said dna test forthcoming announced clones born later winter continued seek media exposure animosity grew attorney florida learned case felt hearing held eve welfare january initiated legal proceedings seeking bring clone parents court health verified attacked filing attempt child loving parents announced protest provide dna testing occurred january televised live cnn vice president lieu child parents courtroom testimony vice president said knew little clone controlled information attend hearing provided little information judge threatened contempt court charges attended second hearing january telling court child israel judge ruled court jurisdiction late january science editor announced suspected announcements hoax time held press conference announced baby parents cut contact speak press following years claimed facilitated children variety countries june reported successfully children provide evidence verify claims stated machine called attempts exhibited publicly announced evidence provided journalists skeptical story discussing management notes impossible know stated clone produced refused provide evidence argues refusal provide evidence organized hoax wish birth child taken advantage scientist hired american science journalist criticized media coverage believe represented credible group speculates coverage adherents sentiment leading banning later activism january held ceremony thanked service successor praised spreading message internationally hierarchy level serves spokesperson movement leader attempted group symbols maintains valuable ancient symbol peace associated nazi_germany taught perspective body sexuality discussed topics biological perspective arguing humans essentially robots specifically maintained program brain provide humans freedom choose possibilities emphasize sexual way positively change members stated sees pursuit method spiritual growth group highly values feminine beauty applauded maintaining appearance casting role model taken living los_angeles year began leading project fight female heads affiliated group known raises funds provide surgery women damaged project attracted criticism effectiveness aims build hospital women received surgery
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Brigitte Boisselier
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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8449_ConradIofSalzburg
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german april austria half 12th century born nobility raised clerical career court emperor member court chapel canon escorting emperor henry july sided pope eventually led exile years returned played important role major political events day including election papal played role recognition pope innocent king absence italy ordained archbishop june prince bishop influential german politics extremely energetic reformer called second founder presided assembly supervised affairs religious houses maintained strong control responsible building cemetery supervised construction numerous monasteries castles early life work came family counts distinguished relatives germany born son count mother probably daughter older brothers raised clerical career court emperor member court chapel canon military political endeavors involved revolted father explain election diet january time anti archbishop installed came accompanied brothers counts escort soldiers soldiers free display force able force pope consecrated bishop october gave july accompanied emperor henry italy brought strong military escort visit sided pope controversy conflicts imperial officials flee able return exile lived played important role major political events day including election supported fight papal played role recognition pope innocent king tensions rose views church politics visited italy crowned emperor june absence ordained archbishop directly emperor right recently confirmed pope invest bishop ordained earned stern died initially resisted election iii supported duke bavaria instead later came round support king reform administration return exile found diocese poor greatly devastated worked reform clergy particular undertook major reform cathedral clergy presided assembly supervised affairs religious houses including cathedral help administer possessions maintained strong control monasteries parish priests avoid disputes distribution administration origin steadily gained status called rebuilt expanded built cathedral chapter house created cathedral cemetery built hospitals poor city commenced construction monastery residence stood moving new archbishop residence nearer cathedral founded monasteries reformed total rule prevailed included inn inn archbishop supported exile brother patriarch seized property belonging diocese sent force soldiers forcing duke return properties later reached agreement peace friendship patriarch agreed pay properties held example followed pay present agreement reached completed construction castles started build reformed military organization administration church properties built strong fortresses defense hungary built strongholds castle expanded castle center possessions western peace king hungary followed long period stability border region died april anonymous biography known composed portrays man peace role royal elections place leading german prince bishops earned title second founder church
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Conrad I of Salzburg
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Philosophy and religion
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8786_RichardSwinefield
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died march medieval earned doctor degree holding number ecclesiastical offices including london named bishop bishop worked secure predecessor worked previously active diocese spent little time politics died buried memorial memory stands rise church come located near father stephen died brother stephen remained information family upbringing unknown day year birth earned doctor degree location university studies unknown member household went held diocese held election bishop shortly april named london having previously held unknown diocese london elected october election confirmed archbishop_of_canterbury december given custody ecclesiastical lay income producing properties january consecrated march time bishop involved politics spent time diocese rarely attended parliament usually grounds urgent business bad health inherited number lawsuits predecessor managed settle resolved dispute boundary diocese diocese welsh settlement entirely welsh bishop liking town disagreements occasion bishop threatened town submitted concerned ensure clergy treated worked ensure churches diocese granting custody candidates trying order monasteries main efforts went securing predecessor place death death legacy died march buried memorial north wall shows dressed bishop holding building given offices diocese john given gilbert chancellor possible relative held diocese record expenses bishop survived years accounts offer rare glimpse organisation expenses major household time period days covered record household moved times stops associated visiting diocese april june record shows supported scholars oxford_university record printed number times including
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Richard Swinefield
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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9049_ClaudiusofTurin
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catholic bishop death writer noted teaching radical idea time teachings attacked written works early career imperial court thought spain belief origins accusations claimed disciple bishop foothills spanish known personally bishop condemned teaching certain disciple spain uncertain received education archbishop probably tells future emperor convinced study concentrate certain portions scripture studied king called court emperor called louis surviving legitimate son court crowned heir following year died louis ruler brought empire capital city gave lectures emperor court urged lectures writing emperor member elite circle secular politicians authorities creature court sent act bishop suggested appointment theologian scholar post attendant military duties threat raids largely based need imperial supporter italy light rebellion bernard bernard illegitimate son king son louis gave italy eldest son empire sons bernard rebelled uncle support rebellion event reduced emperor prestige nobility important bishop man loyal emperor bishop found men directed pilgrimage rome accustomed christ saints images relics coming educated background greatly exposed provincial modes worship attacks use images relics crosses opposed obtain little regard authority pope belief bishops equal view later wrote teachings request emperor recorded act charter monastery dead time finished late presumed died year writings author extant works simple biblical commentaries writings personal penchant detail age common prepared commentary book genesis request emperor commentary edited vienna printed wrote commentaries books historical books gospel matthew commentary shows views expressed centuries later thought fact founded 19th century dedicated abbot possible student sent condemned assembled bishops realm commentaries unpublished commentaries sparked controversy concerning icons introduced organic metaphor state commentary proposed church body christ state body emperor imperial court familiar work later wrote received despite attempts friend condemned works condemned tried unsuccessfully regain approval eventually pen known apology directed persistent attacks identified author works previously attributed
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Claudius of Turin
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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9355_JohnPeckham
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december archbishop_of_canterbury years native sussex educated minor studied later teach theology teaching came conflict debated occasions known conservative theologian opposed views nature soul studied astronomy studies subjects influenced returned england taught university_of_oxford elected provincial minister brief stint rome appointed archbishop_of_canterbury time archbishop marked efforts improve discipline clergy estates holding clerical abuses served king edward england wales formed low opinion welsh people laws time archbishop wrote number works philosophy theology writing hymns numerous manuscripts works survive death body buried heart given burial early life came humble family possibly sussex born educated joined order oxford went studied regent master official lecturer theology paris wrote commentary sets possible years taught paris contact leading scholars time including famously debated occasions defended conservative theological position thomas forth views soul doctrine unity form condemned debates theological works later pupil turn inspired studied fields guided views value experimental science met bacon known paris oxford bacon influence seen works astronomy return england reorganization returned england teach oxford elected provincial minister england long remain post summoned rome theological lecturer papal palace likely composed super work included information preaching subject felt great importance appointed archbishop_of_canterbury pope prohibited election edward preferred candidate provided appointed pope january consecrated february laid stress discipline resulted conflict clergy episcopal act calling council reading july implement ecclesiastical reform copy hung cathedral collegiate churches offended king unnecessary intrusion political affairs ruling non residence clergy exception prepared non residence clerk needed abroad study parliament winchester archbishop compromised parliament regulation council dealing royal policies power copies taken reason archbishop backed debt italian banking family edward pope threat pope loans worked hard estates diocese held inquiry revenues set administrative structures divided seven administrative groups continually debt personal property help living expenses inherited debts predecessor allowed accumulate managed clear relations welsh notwithstanding actions relations king generally good edward sent diplomatic mission wales attempted welsh king edward given edward main issues hopeless mission end welsh resisting edward given views welsh visited welsh tour subordinate criticised welsh clergy lives conspicuous consumption heavy drinking found welsh clergy order bishop appointed help pastoral duties diocese criticised welsh people contrasting pastoral economy farming based economy england finding welsh lazy idle diplomatic duties wrote letters archbishop continued criticisms welsh people time condemning laws contrary old new testament particularly offended welsh laws sought parties crimes settle differences process english law condemned criminal problems subordinate bishop david wales tried revive scheme independent canterbury elevate metropolitan status originally forth wales defeated actions archbishop_of_canterbury manage year fight managed routed quickly ecclesiastical matters skirmishes edward clerical privileges royal power use ecclesiastical taxation continued october edward issued writ entitled specified types cases ecclesiastical courts hear included moral issues issues disputes correction sins physical attacks clergy strict interpretations canon law wrote queen eleanor use loans jewish acquire lands mortal sin felt welsh laws conflicted biblical teachings mandated clerical worn clergy include head ears shaved allowed clergy easily distinguished help archbishop forbade clergy wearing secular clothing especially military forbade effort order england reform monastic rule allow time study education monks reason custom concerns reforms drawn recruits away ecclesiastical council held ordered clergy congregations doctrine times year explain teach articles faith seven virtues command issued canon law council group known later collected doctrines comprised minimum theological knowledge archbishop considered necessary know originally latin basis inspiration pastoral works remainder middle ages eventually translated english 15th century crime holding targets clerical monastic life main method fighting system subordinate religious houses unprecedented frequency resulted conflicts archbishop jurisdiction conduct visits papal added layer complexity resulting disputes numerous legal cases resulted policy strengthened court expense lower courts fought right visit subordinate clergy quarrel involved appeal jurisdiction archbishop thomas sent rome thomas died case decided decreed clergy preach flocks times year conflict subordinate bishops mainly efforts reform attitude handling clergy contributed problem wrote things need attention absent long care order letter residence diocese competent spiritual minister temporal needs poor historian says disputes bishops conducted atmosphere bitterness perpetual ill probably owed strain character conflicts started ideals clergy concerned mundane affairs strains archbishop subordinates intensified clashes ecclesiastical secular authority edward great need income archbishop notable anti august letter bishop london ordered bishop jews london instrument ecclesiastical destroy brief time period determined bishop second letter bishop overcome bishop attention death legacy number manuscripts works philosophy biblical commentary remain extant queen eleanor persuaded write scholarly work french later described unfortunately dull little treatise poem considered finest poems written time died december buried north heart buried high altar london church tomb survives founded college kent probably college serving church works number works survived appeared print times earliest archbishop_of_canterbury registers principal records administration held palace library
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John Peckham
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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9648_HensleyHenson
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november september anglican priest scholar son member plymouth allowed school fourteen largely self educated admitted university_of_oxford gained class degree year elected fellow souls began reputation speaker ordained priest feeling minister urban poor served east end london chaplain ancient appointed high profile post vicar westminster canon wrote wing church took exception liberal theological views regarded sought unsuccessfully block appointment years largely rural diocese returned durham bishop industrial north east england including badly affected economic depression opposed strikes trade unions socialism time expression views unpopular diocese opinions church matters changed radically career strong advocate church_of_england continued establishment country official church came believe politicians trusted properly ecclesiastical matters espoused cause campaigned efforts introduce prohibition exploitation foreign workers british companies fascist nazi aggression supported reform divorce laws controversial revision book common prayer life career early years born london fourth son sixth child businessman second wife martha née fear family moved coast kent years old evangelical christian renounced church_of_england joined plymouth shielded children worst biographer describes thomas died words died happiness early age young dedicated christian felt anglican father views left calls enduring hatred protestant remarried widow lutheran pastor filled role sympathy kindness father ensuring children properly educated phrase recreated home fourteen father allowed baptised attend school rector conducted baptism undertook functions took religious instruction rector leading confirmation member church_of_england derived little educational benefit having educated widely deeply books father library rose head boy school dispute expressed passion respect opinion head ran away school gained employment assistant master grammar school lincolnshire recognised talent recommended apply admission university_of_oxford idea partly financial means declined talked round wife gave consent thomas agreed fund son studies sum allowed little pay substantial fees residence colleges university applied successfully admission student member oxford colleges eligible range university tuition cut college life felt seriously isolated concentrated studies gained class honours degree june souls quality scholarship history tutor encouraged enter annual competition appointment fellow souls university post graduate research college appointed november age membership college offered annual time reasonably comfortable financial circumstances souls later wrote welcomed generous kindness feel immediately home formed friendships enriched life biographer suggests nonetheless remained outsider arrival souls akin alien college headed warden sir father figure encouraged paper england marked fine scholar gripping speaker delivered audience aware quick tongue lead adopted maintained life practice writing lectures speaking notes preferred pen wrote fine clear hand considered writing form bad manners talking gained reputation biographical sketch wrote nicknamed added man certain right man inclined ridicule bare idea opponent wrong man thoroughly happy making use intellect stab thrust triumphant way logic adversary tandem work souls acted tutor son businessman family lived months stayed ample leisure time spent visiting local churches process left struggling questions sure religious day return oxford october went hand altar vowed god church beliefs doctrine forming inclined high influenced extreme forms suspicion proponent principle establishment maintenance official state religion secretary new counter threat proposed politicians east london poverty seen months gave strong impetus minister poor ordained took charge high church mission poor area east end london post speaking skills public debates office ordained priest shortly souls appointed vicar church gift east london large working class parish population increasing youngest vicar country large staff manage souls colleague brink church career visited noted came months ago parish dead good congregation church seat filled energy noted worked continually seven years improve parish restoring fabric church opening clubs holding popular open air services grounds high church welcomed invited preach time time central london physically strong relentless work strain physique accepted offer lord salisbury post held select preacher oxford served chaplain time writing published books ranging purely theological studies analyses church politics beliefs changed early high broad church set concerns strict wing church westminster appointment salisbury personal gift official capacity prime minister responsible appointment rector westminster canon parish church british parliament high profile appointment followed predecessors willing court controversy including eventual successor wrote brilliance speaker independence thought attracted large congregations increasingly liberal appealed wide range public opinion views offended orthodox married isabella caroline daughter scotland comments keeping usual proposed days meeting marriage lifelong children pulpit spoke view words moral monster criticised schools failed provide adequate religious instruction preaching westminster abbey attracted international attention naming denouncing british directors atrocities mass brutal treatment indigenous company rubber factories time published books collected lectures role christianity modern society theological questions character brought frequent conflict old friends colleagues offended gore order preach institute church diocese style liberal theology caused delay promotion despite obvious abilities story circulated prime minister suggested york vacant king replied damn man defender faith post dean lincoln fell vacant considered appointing decided told archbishop_of_canterbury like sending destroyer land locked pool dean bishop dean durham died hoped prime minister appoint chose january presided formal installation years spent marked controversy including objection existing divorce laws favourable men unfair women hostile changes aimed giving church control affairs regarded establishment parliamentary control opposed life liberty movement campaigned democratic government church establishment essence rested parliamentary enforcement rights church bishops priests inclusion clergy matters rule monarch supreme governor church views known disapproval socialism disbelief social reform ally religion controversy erupted found odds gore question colonial bishops committed taking service gore ally led charge appear journal devoted gifted temper beliefs reckless methods canterbury leaders strongly successfully supported accused bishops church owes deep debt gratitude spoke strongly ultimately unsuccessfully proposed wales addressed gatherings historian suggests commended prime minister row church running elevation defended right clergy express doubts virgin birth resurrection critics failed refused notice orthodox resurrection content accept tradition virgin birth contention priests right question wing church led gore doubts persuaded issue statement faith silence critics stated publicly fair minded man read series feeling brilliant powerful teacher christian faith gore followers obliged protests advice caution appointed vacant gore including failed attend service attitude hurt offended lay opinion church sharply criticised times consecrated bishop february assisted supporting bishops days later elevation controversial chiefly factions clergy general lay people supported appointment gave fresh impetus idea taking away prime minister power choose bishops gore attempted promote idea abandoned restraint words stripped gore arguments bare argued historical examples appointments church partisan disastrous crown prime minister able view national interest despite public support controversy revived feelings isolation appointment described sending armoured car orchard apple trees doubts accepting mainly rural diocese urban poor clergy gave warm welcome enjoyed working country parishes appreciated local church concerns remarked treated world equals brief time published book collection regret diocese tenure brief durham vacant death wanted dean christ church appointed pressed claims prime minister took view area needed practical skills common touch strong academic scholarship durham translated senior diocese canterbury york london october appointment challenging area grave economic difficulty important coal mining industry crisis caused falling industrial demand coal years war potential friction bishop politically odds new superior given making public statements found view speak effect silent dignity clashed occasions strong admirer prohibition publicly criticised tolerant views consumption alcohol relations bishop official residence improved markedly april head master succeeded universally loved differed points ecclesiastical practice remained warm friends beginning durham miners strike got miners individually walked extensive grounds said got easily dignitaries friction arose belief strikes morally wrong harm working people words violent dislike trade unions early concern welfare poor remained unchanged regarded socialism trade reason state provision social welfare strong advocate voluntary spending later denounced march revolutionary mob pressure condemned action subordinate given march blessing class distinction social strong criticism christian maintained duty church social reform church principal concern individual man woman spiritual welfare best known according comes time durham complained portrait makes look proud responded grace exception remarks occasion applied nonetheless ranked greater figures ecclesiastical history conspicuous cause involved time durham anglican terms national international concern broad gave strong support major revision book common prayer church prescribed forms worship services evangelical wing church opposed revision low church factions dubbed anglo catholics early bitter dispute called opposition protestant underworld despite clear majority clergy favour revision house_of_commons refused voted colleague wrote plain church possess spiritual freedom determine worship church instituted damage limitation measures permitting parishes use new text local consensus horrified saw parliament betrayal duty governance church giving pressure termed army suspicions started harbour socialist government ecclesiastical patronage prayer book turned strong proponent establishment best known critic spent time energy campaigning earlier career isolated figure colleagues agreed dismayed parliamentary vote isolated causes took 1920s wary ultra senior inviting preach bishop david permitting critical american practised wrote trail moral intellectual progress leaves minority senior clergy speaking axis powers condemned nazi anti invasion munich agreement february age seventy retired suffolk seven months later second world war began supported allies fight saw war defeat wrote deepening nazi warfare horrible shake faith essential urged compromise peace years winston_churchill impressed comments common spending years isolated figures speaking beliefs dismissed time later prime minister churchill persuaded retirement resume old duties canon overcoming old post nearly thirty years preached poor continue retired abbey later years lifelong sense loneliness compounded growing wife making conversation difficult found friendship companion lived thirty years occupied considerable retirement writing substantial work autobiography published volumes title time subsequently friends regretted publishing work thought reputation despite williams calls peculiar interest books survey campaigns controversies self deny changes stance career williams view posthumous publication edited letters better legacy delightful form content barbed fuller justice writings referred regrets life public school fact ascribed lifelong feeling outsider second regret wife unable children unofficially adopted succession poor boys paid education priest ordained died september age eighty wish body cremated ashes interred books editor view modern london london memoir right honourable sir oxford author
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Hensley Henson
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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9716_SymeontheNewTheologian
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new theologian new theologian spelled greek byzantine christian monk poet saints eastern orthodox church given title theologian john gregory theologian applied modern academic sense theological study recognize spoke personal experience vision god principal teachings humans experience literally direct experience god born byzantine nobility given traditional education age fourteen met renowned monk convinced life prayer elder guidance time thirty new theologian abbot position held years attracted monks clergy reputation teachings brought conflict church authorities eventually send exile known disciple wrote life recognized byzantine mystic freely share mystical experiences writings included collection texts early christian prayer teachings wrote spoke frequently importance experiencing directly grace god talking experiences god divine light common subject writings need putting oneself guidance spiritual father authority teachings derived traditions early christian monks writings include biography early life details life come writings written disciple born members byzantine nobility supported dynasty given birth unclear traditional time monk new initial birth ignored tradition order spiritual father writings described experiences george birth received basic greek school education age uncle recognized potential higher learning uncle helped complete secondary education court emperor brother age fourteen met called pious holy monk constantinople meeting convinced younger higher education spiritual father time began studying life prayer guidance desire immediately enter monastery asked young wait monk spent years age seven serving household according sources served emperor instead living life day reportedly spent evenings prayer putting practice writings authors given spiritual father time experience god divine light described later disc attributed experience prayers spite experience young confessed fell ways living direct personal experience god central teachings writings monks followed abbot monastery age seven entered giving life completely teacher elder ordained priest simple monk considered holy people younger extremely practices following teacher extent abbot monastery insisted leave months following elder advice left nearby described run physically time continued follow guidance years moving monk ordained priest elected abbot monastery spent years abbot attracting monks clergy reputation learning monks attracted approach attempted reform byzantine monasteries monks emperor acquired large holdings property libraries art writings teachings aimed returning monasteries traditional role early church urging monks life simplicity purity heart constant prayer strict monastic discipline aimed upset monks monastery took emotional approach worship suggesting monk shouldn tears introduction vegetarian meals unique practices discipline caused displeasure monks years abbot morning group approximately thirty monks rose drove away breaking locks monastery gate way monks took appeal patriarch sided sent monks exile pleaded behalf monks return monastery including seeking monks apologize time abbot wrote hymns divine love completed exile letters works lost wrote articles relating disputes church survived theological ethical resigned abbot appointing disciples taking solitary life monastery opposition church endured severe opposition church authorities particularly chief theologian emperor court time stephen politician diplomat reputation thorough theoretical understanding theology removed actual experience spiritual life contrast held view actual experience holy spirit order speak god time recognizing authority scripture earlier church fathers differing views source authority speak spiritual matters cause years intense conflict ending eventual exile stephen found fault especially charismatic approach support individual direct experience god grace believed direct experience gave monks authority preach sins need formal practiced teacher church authorities taught speculative philosophical perspective taught direct mystical experience teachings especially direct experience god grace brought accusations stephen responded stephen charges declaring real teach impossible direct experience god disc stephen found fault spiritual father time formal recognition saints seldom practiced revered monks informally recognized honored monasteries disciples year younger arranged celebration honoring teacher included icon service stephen honoring teacher saint opinion worth honor conflict lasted years stephen finally able bring charges honoring saint stephen believed far patriarch constantinople supported going far send candles support stephen attacked eventually able convince homage improper convincing held unorthodox beliefs compromise stephen suggested annual festival honoring elder held private monastery new theologian refused compromise declaring duty honor church fathers saints january condemned exile stephen convinced patriarch order icons removed destroyed covered backed church authorities hymns christ speaking following bishops bishops handle body seek dominate masses seen appear brilliant pure souls worse mud dirt worse kind deadly poison evil men exile death sent exile near small village near shore according account left church authorities food middle winter found deserted ruined chapel dedicated happened land owned spiritual children donated land proceeds start monastery time disciples including appealed patriarch constantinople lift order exile fear dispute reach emperor lifted exile order completely offered establish monastery archbishop important constantinople qualification restraint celebration festival day refused compromise patriarch respect gave blessing live disciples act according good pleasure remained monastery close disciples monks secular people gathered free monks discipline zeal free direct conflict church authorities continued honor clergy constantinople monks joined celebrations wrote time accessible wanted spent thirteen years life exile dying march according biographer disciple death years previously day called monks sing funeral hymns recognized saint title theologian given modern academic sense learned theology recognize speaks personal experience vision god time title reserved mainly john author gregory writer poetry opponents called new theologian creative approach supporters later church large embraced positive sense writings death writings kept alive small groups followers eventually central teachings movement copies works following centuries particularly 14th century eastern orthodox monasteries recognition greater outside official church calendar historians credit personality criticism church hierarchy emphasis direct experience god unorthodox teachings including belief monk direct experience god empowered sins wrote similar style taught traditional views early christian fathers including gregory gregory differed predecessors transparent open sharing interior experiences byzantine mystic freely share experiences given context teaching direct experience god christians faith composite work titled practical theological texts included collection texts early christian text titled methods prayer attributed describes method practicing jesus prayer includes direction correct posture breathing reciting prayer extremely unlikely wrote text scholars attribute monk believe written disciples central work life written time abbot consist thirty pieces thanksgiving given talks monks interested spiritual life services compiled likely edited widely read constantinople exile style maintains personality expressed live talks simplicity sincerity speaking heart fire obvious sequence order topics apparently collection talks given different seasons feast days saints main themes running different traditional theme early mystical especially practices faith frequently taught way reach direct experience god specific practices discussed include detachment mercy sorrow sins faith main emphasis power holy spirit transform profound mystical union god end result holy life referred baptism holy spirit compared baptism water believed christianity descended church ritual people replaced earlier emphasis actual direct experience god express strong conviction life christian mere rules include personal experience presence living christ describes conversion mystical experience divine light hymns divine love hymns divine love called hymns divine completed time exile describes vision god divine light experience divine associated god christ hymns similar theme written poetic meter rhyme began writing time finished editing thirteen years life monastery hymns totaling approximately verses hymns cover themes similar death practice virtue charity detachment especially notable hymns mystical experiences love christ described writing mystical content personal reader excerpt includes following description mystical union god light light movements fire flame miserable coming glory glory know holy spirit nature honor word race glory essence father christ god universe fall thank worthy know little power theological ethical theological ethical original written works compared writings taken talks cover positions controversial issues theology directed stephen main antagonist church church officials saw taking overly theoretical approach christianity pieces defended traditions early byzantine mystical teachings church officials time central defense view revelation scripture understood experience divine grace given pure heart cover wide range topics including defense stephen views unity presents doctrine necessity faith possibility direct experience god baptism holy spirit written exile discuss living holy life earth salvation faith good works need wants channel divine grace teachings church authorities regularly challenged teachings rooted faithful early greek fathers main traditions byzantine spirituality took intellectual approach school heart represented early monks combined different traditions inner experience synthesis new byzantine taught followers christ direct experience god early church fathers experienced taught context frequently described experiences god divine light preached monks way god grace life simplicity doctrine monks known addition placed great emphasis putting oneself complete guidance spiritual father direct experience central theme teachings writings christians actual direct experience god deep mystical experiences presented unique norm christians taught experience came prayer especially called monks traditional charismatic role church defended frequent sharing inner experiences writing encourage inner life written god gifts bestowed self beginning life present moment gratitude talent entrusted silent abundance bury talent given like evil servants oral teaching encourage gifts enjoy gifts goodness divine light repeatedly describes experience divine light writings inward outward mystical experience experiences began youth continued life came inward prayer associated feeling joy intellectual understanding light vision god writings spoke directly god experience variously pure light face reveal face like sun described light grace god taught experience associated mind completely times described light speaking kindness explaining discourse wrote light power transform shines evening change alteration form speaks works lives gives life changes light bear witness god light granted light seen received light light glory goes impossible appear light seen light seen light received light received grace received grace received light god received god christ light said live guidance spiritual father taught putting oneself guidance spiritual father essential living spiritual life relationship historical tradition especially prominent defined qualifications acting role spiritual father personal experience interior life purity heart vision god insight inspiration official priest requirement spiritual father simple monk spiritual children taught teachers empowered preach sins view brought disagreement church leaders time hymns wrote listen advice spiritual father answer god tell thoughts simple meditation hiding advice sins teachings hearing confession sins brought regular conflict church authorities particularly archbishop stephen according grace direct experience god empowered god preach sins stephen held view ordained priests authority views colored spiritual father simple monk preached gave ethical went wrote having received experience god grace careful assume debts dare having received heart takes away sin world
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Symeon the New Theologian
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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10257_BosaofYork
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york died 7th early 8th centuries educated abbey monk following removal york diocese divided leaving greatly reduced york appointed bishop removed replaced ejected returned died subsequently appears saint 8th century calendar life educated abbey subsequently joined monastery monk men educated went bishops removed york banished diocese york divided appointed greatly reduced diocese york included sub kingdom thanks support king archbishop canterbury consecrated cathedral york declared unable work consider member catholic_church lasted years favour removed predecessor returned york expelled bishop introduced communal life clergy cathedral set continuous cathedral death legacy date death unknown alive died successor named successor york john contemporary writer praised man singular merit praised responsible early education later grew household appears saint 8th century calendar york sign saint england 16th century english included list saint resting places england giving york feast day march
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Bosa of York
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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10344_FelixofBurgundy
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known died march saint bishop widely credited man introduced christianity kingdom known saint originates english people completed praised delivering province long standing originated kingdom priest monasteries founded irish missionary existence coincidence travelled homeland canterbury sent kingdom sea norfolk according local legend arrival gave possibly suffolk suffolk according helped establish school kingdom boys taught letters died march having bishop seventeen years relics translated abbey death saint english churches dedicated feast date march background early life came kingdom prevents historians identifying according ordained possible associated irish missionary activity centred particularly associated arrived leaving companions going voluntary exile arrival encouraged stay settled forced find alternative site monastery lay people sick continually sought counsel fellow monks connection ruling dynasty example associations existed time church religious establishments associations partly work disciples successor inspired found abbey suggested connection disciples strongly influenced christians northern helps explain dynasty established links notes suggestions originated including area historians connections contact king disciple collins note bishop named held suggest possibility political fugitive result losing death arrival kingdom east angles mentioned collection annals compiled late ninth century manuscript chronicle states preached faith christ east angles version chronicle manuscript written eleventh century old english latin short statement contained manuscript came region bishop called preached faith people called king received remained seventeen years describes promoted coming archbishop parts born ordained having told desired sent preach word life nation angles later sources tend differ version events described english chronicle history written 12th century states came according version story travelled reached hamlet way canterbury ordained bishop archbishop_of_canterbury arrival coincided start new period order established followed assassination years followed murder devout christian returning exile king accession decisive bringing challenges assertion sources spoke travelling england view ecclesiastical history english people implied went canterbury soon arrival court established church episcopal widely taken mean suffolk coast totally destroyed effects coastal erosion historians suggested alternative site coastal suffolk near roman fort church dedicated related started school boys taught letters provide teachers evidence school maintained later sources unclear origin teachers school established kent similar found kent mentioned founded abbey church norfolk reads english source original founder old monastery church according large size east diocese foundation second religious establishment appear probable years bishop stronger arrived ireland founded monastery probably located castle norfolk death died bishop seventeen years death probably occurred reign thomas second bishop east angles buried relics later date removed according twelfth century english historian william shrine church destroyed time later body saint looked found buried noted enthusiasm collecting saints relics apparent attempt compete rivals abbey monks escaped rowing boats thick fog carrying bishop precious remains feast day celebrated march churches dedicated saint located according customary known said visited north west norfolk built holy church village yorkshire town named saint alternative meaning suggested fiction gray arthur ancient publications isbn
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Felix of Burgundy
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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10489_TivertonPreedy
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january april english clergyman worked yorkshire london death noted work poor particularly interested use sport ministry founded church football team town modern moved london church later opened nearby mission opened boxing club mission organised dances local flower sellers recognition work appointed died years later buried 1990s supporters located restored grave early life born county norfolk second son local estate agent attended near lincolnshire entering trained minister church_of_england ordained year appointed position church centre church originally set mission tend people poverty stricken area licensed parish right engaged assist vicar time theological college keen concept sport moral values idea vogue time known muscular christianity end decided join local sporting club hoped come closer contact local people initially joined rugby football club resigned protest team decision play match good friday shortly split rugby club encountered chance group young men discussing idea forming association football club taken idea football seen area poor man sport involvement bring greater contact poor people wished help ministry end formed football club september acted principal fundraiser club dubbed played match keen supporter movement demanded high standards behaviour players refused allow play match local rivals conduct supporters responsible securing use land stadium stands refused permission hire field belonging owners brewery appeal wife owners ultimately led club granted permission play instrumental formation creation reached inaugural final surprisingly defeated departure moved london regard clergyman held town civic reception held mark departure tributes printed players presented walking stick pipe tobacco years departure club severed links church known simply spent years appointed run nearby mission extremely deprived area city time appointment mission operated converted house provided furniture use sport ministry opened boxing club mission future world champion boxed club wrestlers trained future british champion olympic games competitor organised dances girls sold flowers local streets remained contact football club founded guest honour cup final defeated lift trophy victorious team presented match ball displayed study death later years appointed recognition work time began suffer heart problems died sleep april funeral attended thousand buried cemetery obituary gazette described generous friend poor eulogy called wonderful parish priest splendid friend particular reference use sport ministry representatives club founded located grave london laid club colours restoration grave later carried
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Tiverton Preedy
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Philosophy and religion
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10643_GeorgeRipley(transcendentalist)
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october july american social reformer minister journalist associated founder short lived community massachusetts born massachusetts pushed attend father completed studies went graduate year married shortly ordained minister boston massachusetts began question traditional beliefs founding members hosted official meeting home shortly resigned church beliefs practice founding experimental called community later converted model based work community financially stable format failure hired published financially successful built national reputation taste literature death biography early life education ancestors lived massachusetts years moved family town western state moderately successful owner general store tavern prominent member community son born october ninth child family early life heavily influenced women nearest brother thirteen years older raised primarily conservative mother related sisters sent private academy run massachusetts prepare college going college spent months lincoln distant relative stepfather wanted attend conservative yale_university father pushed attend known liberal good dedicated student popular students trust establishment early time harvard sided administration student led protest poor food attempts sides prompted ridicule peers seeking socially useful role found work teacher winter vacation senior year graduated time school father home town admitting particular attachment hoped father convinced stay cambridge attend influenced professor natural religion largely interested moral philosophy termed science principles obligations duty interested liberal religious views wrote mother simple reasonable graduated year later august married fact originally kept secret parents asked sister inform shortly early career officially minister boston november influential developing religion years tenure quiet uneventful march published long article titled theologian praised attempt create religion heart based personal communion god later year published review british theologian publication review charged church elders religious forced literal acceptance requirement membership church leading theologian day responded publicly insisted disbelief ultimately denied truth christianity teacher labeled hard headed pope began public battle november open letter charging academic professional incompetence contended insist reality demand material proof spiritual matters faith needed external confirmation mainstream found dispute laid separation extreme liberal roots debate earned allies sides continued met cambridge massachusetts september discuss formation new club days later september hosted official meeting house group meeting known included francis future members include jones female members included group planned meetings times visiting maine leading early nickname club given group public participants wrote club strict sense occasional meetings like minded men women earning nickname brotherhood like minded beginning edited fourteen volumes translations meant demonstrate breadth thoughts separation church amid panic began criticize social institutions year gave sermon titled times suggesting major problem country pursuit extravagant worship wealth asked church avoid controversial topics said minister expected speak subjects mind fear charge interests congregation justice people truth bound declare offered resignation convinced stay soon decided leave ministry altogether october read word lecture purchase street expressing dissatisfaction experience specimens translations chosen managing editor publication inception working alongside editor addition overseeing distribution printing finances contributed essays reviews october resigned post prepared experiment communal living told happy seeing thoughts print truly happy attempt realize late 1830s increasingly engaged early socialist movement october announced plan form community based plans goals wrote executed light country age sunrise morning star wife formed joint stock company initial investors shares company sold apiece promise percent profits investor founding membership original community included chose massachusetts site experiment named acres km2 miles boston pamphlet described land place great natural beauty combining convenient city degree retirement freedom unfavorable influences unusual country land turned difficult farm community struggled financial difficulties built craft shops initially based ideals founders believed labor sustain community time literary scientific pursuits experiment meant serve example rest world established principles industry true equality community wrote enjoyed experience participant man named joined community age wrote life greatest far infinitely far looked gates life saw charming visions hopes free time members enjoyed music dancing card games drama costume parties skating eventually elected treasurer community enjoy experience wrote wife labor curse world outside community critical especially press example suggested desire promote order morals design overthrow marriage institution place divine law substitute proper intercourse sexes concluding secretly aiming destroy foundation society community struggling financially drafted entirely new constitution committed following closely model community supported transition left disappointed new structured daily routine emphasized leisure time trademark celebrity proponent organized conventions new_england discuss community troubled financial difficulties informal split community closure year later amassed total debt devastated failure experiment told friend understand man feel attend funeral personal life wife converted catholicism encouraged doubtful politics relationship strained 1850s writing began work freelance journalist employed taking role left vacant proponent conversion started role week wage able pay debt critic believed high moral standards literature offered good praise majority reviews took advantage cheerful style writing boost circulation amid significant competition wrote column articles discussing local personalities notable public events including speeches stayed away philosophy theology despite efforts persuade write subject told friend long lost immediate interest line speculation edited compiled handbook literature edited volume reissued sold millions immediate earnings amounted continued critical work reviewed contemporary critics sympathetic darwin reluctant convinced theories later years died remarried literary scene remainder life nature careful avoid city rampant literary feuds time public figure national reputation known taste helped establish science later years began suffering frequent illnesses including bout prevented traveling germany suffered found dead desk july work funeral included time death financially successful earned royalties nearly million biography written critical assessment built wide reputation critic contemporary publications rated important critics day including springfield republican commended scholar aesthetic technical critic knows public taste laws literature
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George Ripley (transcendentalist)
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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11137_MaximilianKolbe
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polish january august polish volunteered die place stranger german death camp located german occupied poland world war active promoting virgin mary founding supervising monastery near warsaw operating radio station founding running organizations publications october pope declared martyr charity patron saint drug political prisoners families journalists prisoners pro life movement declared patron saint difficult century efforts promote mary known mary biography childhood born january russian_empire second son father ethnic german mother polish brothers shortly birth family moved life strongly influenced childhood vision virgin mary later described incident night asked mother god came holding crowns white red asked willing accept crowns white meant purity red martyr said accept elder brother francis joined enrolled minor seminary later year allowed enter given religious professed vows final vows adopting additional maria mary sent rome attended earned doctorate philosophy continued studies earned doctorate theology sources vary active mary time student witnessed demonstrations rome anniversary celebration according placed black standard windows vatican standard depicted lying feet triumphant time countless pamphlets distributed people holy father pope attacked soon afterward organized work conversion enemies catholic_church specifically virgin mary goal added medal prayer mary conceived sin pray thee thee especially recommended thee ordained priest july returned newly independent poland active promoting virgin mary strongly opposed leftist particular communist movements taught seminary time earlier rome suffered tuberculosis forced lengthy leave absence teaching duties january founded monthly periodical knight publication based french messenger heart jesus operated religious publishing press activities grew scope founded new monastery near warsaw major religious publishing center junior seminary opened years later undertook series missions arrived shanghai china failed gather following moved japan founded monastery outskirts nagasaki later gained seminary started publishing japanese edition monastery founded remains prominent roman_catholic_church japan built monastery according beliefs best suited harmony nature atomic bomb dropped nagasaki monastery saved mountain took main force blast left japan india founded monastery closed monastery began absence publish daily newspaper alliance political group publication reached circulation nearly double weekends poor health forced return poland years later started radio station held amateur radio licence sign death outbreak world war started invasion poland germany brothers remained monastery organized temporary hospital town captured germans briefly arrested september released december refused sign given rights similar german citizens exchange recognizing german ancestry release continued work monastery monks provided shelter refugees including jews hid german persecution received permission continue publishing religious works significantly reduced scope monastery continued act publishing house issuing number anti nazi german publications february monastery shut german authorities day arrested imprisoned prison transferred prisoner continuing act priest subjected violent harassment including beating smuggled prison hospital friendly inmates end july prisoners disappeared camp prompting deputy camp commander pick men death underground bunker deter escape attempts selected men cried wife children volunteered place according eye witness assistant time prison cell led prisoners prayer lady time guards checked standing kneeling middle cell looking entered weeks starvation remained alive guards wanted bunker emptied gave lethal injection acid said raised left arm waited deadly injection remains cremated august feast day recognized servant god declared january faith pope saint pope october pope declared martyr miracle confirm july cure tuberculosis august cure attributed feast day added general 20th century depicted statues great west door london controversies recognition christian martyr created controversy catholic_church ultimate self sacrifice life certainly heroic killed strictly speaking hatred faith result act christian charity pope recognized distinction naming giving unofficial title martyr charity pope deciding overruled commission established agreed earlier assessment heroic charity wishing point systematic hatred categories humanity propagated nazi regime inherently act hatred religious christian faith meaning death accused based content newspapers involved printed articles topics plot world domination criticized activities writing organizing mass propaganda catholic_church clear anti semitic anti edge number writers pointed jewish question played minor role thought work grounds allegations denounced holocaust scholars world war monastery sheltered jewish refugees according testimony local jews came asking piece bread asked father good conscience answered yes necessary men brothers nonetheless jewish literature anti despite hundreds gratitude assistance survivors polish jewish community alleged source controversy 1980s aftermath recognized nations relics class relics exist form hairs head beard preserved knowledge served relics distributed world public second class relics personal effects clothing preserved monastery cell chapel viewed visitors influence influence found fertile ground order form continued existence movement recent years new religious secular founded inspired spiritual way missionaries mary father parallel congregation religious sisters taught basic polish sing traditional hymns sung saint native tongue according patron unique mission bring souls sacred heart christ heart mary christ pure efficient holy instrument especially estranged church views theology echo today influence vatican image found churches europe churches poland patronage museum man opened published play significantly influenced life dedicated deputy designated home community located illinois features holocaust exhibit polish senate declared year year prayer composed prayer prayer conceived
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Maximilian Kolbe
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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11145_Swaminarayan
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april june known central figure modern sect known born india began seven year pilgrimage india age years adopting journey welfare activities years months journey settled state initiated guru given guru handed leadership death held gathering taught point onwards known known developed good relationship british followers hindu denominations islam built temples lifetime appointed spread philosophy wrote book social principles died june cremated according hindu rites death appointed adopted head remembered sect undertaking reforms women poor performing fire sacrifices large scale performing estimated million followers died estimated million followers criticised people acceptance god secondary treatment women questioned critics childhood born april village near hindi speaking region india born named parents father known mother known birth coincided hindu festival celebrating birth ninth lunar day fortnight moon month march april celebrated followers celebration marks beginning ritual calendar followers elder brother younger brother said mastered scriptures including age seven travels death parents left home june age took journey travelled india parts search practiced considered correct understanding primary schools hindu philosophy find asked following questions basic categories maya journey mastered span months guidance aged master named said met king cured stomach illness result king freed imprisoned visited temple temples seven year journey travels eventually concluded village district met senior disciple years older answered questions satisfaction decided stay opportunity meet met months arrival later claimed period took severe eliminate mothers flesh blood body sign physical attachment family completely removed leadership according sect understanding concepts eternal elements mental physical discipline inspired senior received initiation october granted names new status age appointed successor leader prior death henceforth came known according sources proclaimed worship sole deity krishna krishna considered contrast sect known approach theological views krishna strongly character imagery krishna rejected elements favor worship mood majesty alike earlier teachers later known taught gathering fortnight death gave followers new known repeat rituals chanting went form meditation act called great claimed personal gods knowledge known names early reported performed described manifestation god work written disciple work piece literature written sect encouraged followers combine devotion lead pious life hindu texts rituals form base organisation founded later centuries global organisation strong roots particularly strict separation sexes temples consumption meat alcohol drugs adultery suicide animal sacrifices criminal activities ghosts rituals alcohol consumption forbidden medicinal purposes followers took vows disciple stated elements need conquered ultimate salvation devotion knowledge detachment close eleventh century philosopher critical concept non maintained supreme god divine form work views women according author early representative practice advocacy women rights personal involvement women counter practice self widow husband funeral argued human life given god taken god went extent suicide offered parents help expenses discourage female calling sin faith linked class structures women professor states free travelling india reported approached shadow woman writings like portray women beings pull men taught woman attracts attention bones blood vessels blood simply collection things attractive women depicted dirty beings pull men treatment endorsed refused interact women barred leadership positions movement causing critics label status women women allowed serve managing committees temples act trustees look temple funds members faith defensive fact practices restrict women gender equality leadership impossible female followers segregated permitted enter special sections temple reserved women separate women temples concepts pollution associated cycle lead exclusion women temples daily worship directed male listen religious given women case directed follow path lay strict rules included control male members family gave respected secure place social order time restricted live control male members family prohibited receiving instruction science man nearest relations assert serves agenda attempts women certain roles despite considerable criticism contemporary society lower women insisted education inherent right people time influential wealthy individuals educated girls private personal tuition male followers arrangements educate female family members literacy rate females began increase able spiritual subjects sect considered pioneer education females india system poor assuming leadership worked assist poor distributing food drinking water undertook social service projects opened poor organized food water relief people times drought faith largely excluded mass poor marginal peasants agricultural labourers informal sector working class banned temples beginning case separate temple created use suggest worked ending system allowing consumption food lower pollution supported political officer reported destroyed instructed collect sections society appointed people lower strata society personal members lower attracted movement improved social status eat lower lower established separate places worship lower population large numbers lowest system formally excluded temples wrote food water person lower members lower prohibited wearing sect mark forehead vast majority lower tribal population sect bounds according narrative journey upper provinces india calcutta bombay volume bishop calcutta says casts including muslims lower casts pray god difference casts live brothers page head discussion social law order situation occasions opposition law sufficiently open daring districts state rebellion state feudal sovereign english government districts adjoining got year different forts good said wild people preaching popularity reformer mentioned morality said far better learned preached great degree purity forbidding disciples look woman passed condemned theft villages districts received worst best orderly provinces said destroyed preached god considerable approaches truth hope appointed instrument prepare way gospel listening interest account map persons came tent dress peasants man large clean decent handsome shield marks wealth sixth old white beard pretty appearance dress manner ancient serving man offering sugar usual sitting ground peasants began exceeding surprise delight send proceeded person desired neighbourhood asked permission day course returned favourable answer stated truth greatly desired heard good asked disciples answered added different disciples taught regard page meeting discussion bishop bishop asked answered regard subject importance wished offence ancient hindu system people eat separately world pointing heaven cease like closest muslim disciples commander state said myth salvation taught soul male female animal sacrifices carried priests rituals fire sacrifices influenced priests consumed form meat animals solve problem conducted large scale involving priests animal sacrifices conducted strict accordance scriptures successful large scale stressed followers forbade meat consumption according followers shall kill goats living beings sacrifice performed deities ancestors non violence declared highest shall eat meat offering sacrifice shall drink liquor wine offered deity shall accept deity offering meat liquor wine offered goats living beings sacrificed establishing law order time came law order situation worst british government local kings able control killings internal conflicts events reaching preaching super natural divine power restored noted notorious criminals normal civilians criminals left evil nature started living life high moral values extent rob kill living unknown women drink alcohol strict vegetarian bombay governor sir impressed social reforms come meet personally appreciate work high moral values people helping reducing criminal vowed kill evil people kill evil nature notorious criminal time robbed treasury killed soldiers killed officers british government arrest alive network till tried steal favorite mare named despite efforts night steal master robbery shocked defeat met vast assembly confessed crime took shelter left robbery invited awarded making state guest disciple strongest rebellion turned rebellion state given share kingdom supported giving justice periodically rob villages belonging cattle escape nearby despite multiple efforts british convinced settle dispute desperate truce come know recently visited data met demise requested help truce asked permission gave permission truce political agent ratified truce sent bombay presidency approved clearly reflected influence killing temples ordered construction hindu temples built huge temples installed idols deities temples images temples built provide evidence priority krishna disciples composed poems widely sung tradition festivals introduced devotion followers conducted festivals organization traditional folk dance temple constructed land construction given following request asked follower build temple construction commenced temple built year temple followed temple temple temple time death ordered construction temples early played major role sect contribute growth development movement encouraging people follow pious religious life tradition maintains initiated single night title honour applied hindu spiritual teachers regarded having attained enlightenment highest order sect prominent included scriptures propagated general hindu texts held high authority texts written followers regarded scriptures sect notable scriptures sect include important works scriptures include authorized biography wrote february original sanskrit manuscript available translated direction revered sect bombay presidency summarised book social laws followers follow commentary practice understanding small booklet containing sanskrit verses outlining basic believed followers uphold order live disciplined moral life oldest copy text preserved library oxford_university presented indicated letter aware copy hand older text philosophical social practical teachings contained collection dialogues recorded prominent saints spoken words scripture commonly sect contains views moral conduct understanding nature self detachment material pleasure pure devotion god hindu scriptures describe necessary soul attain salvation authorised biography book contains information life teachings written completed decided permanent residence insistence sisters instructed write book life enable write childhood blessed power entire past right childhood written book verified pleased read book asked disciples relations religions maintain good relationships people religions meeting prominent leaders followers cut religious boundaries including people muslim backgrounds personal included muslims muslims wore given meeting lord leader christians india time mentions account meeting disciples accompanied mounted horses carrying swords horse guards accompanying horses muskets mentioned religious leaders meeting head small armies smaller contingent result meeting leaders gained mutual respect enjoyed good relationship temple built built acres km2 land given government british officers gave gun salute opened meeting said manifestation krishna template meeting sir governor bombay according helped bring stability region meeting gave copy copy currently housed library university_of_oxford encouraged british governor implement strong measures stop practice death succession gathered followers announced departure later died june believed followers time death left earth cremated according hindu rites prior death decided establish line successors established seats leadership seat established november appointed pass message preserve fellowship came immediate family sending representatives search formally adopted son brothers appointed office son elder brother son younger brother appointed respectively decreed office hereditary maintain direct line blood descent family administrative division followers territorial set forth minute detail document written called stated saints obey considered main pillar chief current decades death divisions occurred different succession included establishment founder left founder left 1940s followers hold spiritual successor asserting occasions revealed manifest followers believe given administrative leadership sect given spiritual leadership current spiritual administrative leader followers hold successor current leader sect following manifestation belief according biographer died following million people centres existed continents congregation recorded million majority homeland newspaper estimated members sect number million worldwide recorded mentions humans able withstand meeting god divine form god takes human form simultaneously living people approach understand love form avatar detailed statistical information available followers share belief complete manifestation superior legend tells pair cursed sage earth followers believe incarnation lord krishna images stories krishna coincided sect story birth parallels krishna birth scripture said manifestation god meeting lord bishop calcutta belief followers founder incarnation drawn criticism according professor criticized received large gifts followers dressed traveled taken vows world responded accepts gifts emancipation followers leader indian independence movement british ruled india low opinion sect criticized values thought contrary true spirit letter dated july stated sure felt seriousness robbed people incapable self defense good people gave drinking smoking end means love taught undesirable effect mix tradition teaching manifestation belief teachings criticized hindu leader questioned acceptance supreme idea visions form path attaining perfection accused followers criticised illegal collection wealth practice tricks views published early pamphlet came reaction bring furthermore believed historical fact decorated order gain followers
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Swaminarayan
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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11231_ThomasS.Monson
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born august american religious leader author sixteenth current president president considered adherents religion prophet printer trade spent life engaged church leadership positions public service ordained age served presidency church presidents president march president succeeded church president received honorary doctorate degrees awards highest given organization member organization governing body chairman appointed ronald_reagan president married parents children died biography born august salt_lake_city utah second children grew tight family mother relatives living street extended family frequently going trips family neighborhood included residents mexican descent environment says developed love mexican people culture spent weekends relatives farms teenager took job printing business father managed attended salt_lake_city fall enrolled time met future wife family came higher social class east city father felt immediate connection great uncle baptized sweden joined anticipated participating world war pacific theater sent san_diego california training moved overseas end war tour duty lasted months end war completed returned graduated cum bachelor degree business management serve time mission youth age october married couple eventually children wife died college rejoined naval reserve aim officer shortly receiving commission acceptance letter ward bishop asked serve counselor time conflicts meetings serving navy impossible discussing matter church stake president declined commission applied discharge navy granted discharge group processed korean war lee set apart months later bishop mentioning blessing likely called accepted commission taught time began career publishing job news advertising executive joined advertising operations formed later transferred beginning sales manager eventually general manager worked publish work wonder worked representative publications later served presidency young adulthood local church leadership bishop age previously served ward clerk ward superintendent counselor time salt_lake_city ward contained people including visited regularly continued visits released years service brought gifts christmas season including raised eventually spoke women time bishop men ward serving united_states military korean war wrote personal letters men weekly basis men fully involved church result communication time bishop ward meeting attendance ward june age counselor later president president replaced bishop ward following month stake presidency oversaw stake sunday school athletics budget served stake presidency june moved utah member ward building committee assignment coordinate ward members volunteer service build chapel mission president age youngest child clark born time mission president mission president missionaries serving mission number missionaries later peaking mission president presided church canadian mission supervising missionaries younger consisted ontario quebec leadership missionary work began french speaking population quebec missionary work direction immigrants places netherlands germany poland italy soviet_union hungary later general authority immigrant converts addition overseeing missionaries local stakes responsible operations church area mission president church branches divided districts direction president districts branches presided time missionaries changed local members serve presidents branches districts soon arriving mission president encouraged members remain eastern canada work build church instead migrating centers church utah alberta past assist effort increase perception church air allow better reach potential members initiated major building program replace rented halls branches met permanent structures organization stake toronto august efforts building church ontario came fruition mission area remained districts complete strengthening church ontario come dedication attended member presidency immediately returning canada called serve high council months later area supervisor stake missions included highland stakes stakes salt_lake_city east suburbs based utah member later return utah mission canada resumed work news assistant general manager printing arm press mainly non newspaper printing month later general manager time largest printing plant united_states west mississippi_river remained position called age sustained member general conference october youngest man called years years younger youngest member ordained set apart member october worked capacities world business background helped oversee operations church including chairman 1970s oversaw publication edition king james bible revised editions church scriptures containing guides overseen church printing advisory missionary executive general welfare committees continued education received master business administration degree members church responsibility overseeing church operations australia time organized stake oversaw church operations eastern_europe helped church gain access members soviet organized stake instrumental obtaining permission church build temple positions profit day saint businesses member board directors chairman board directors saint business positions served years boards businesses organizations owned served member board directors chaired bank committee years bank bought member multiple positions resigned decided general authorities leave business boards directors lone exception board saints community leadership positions mid-1950s secretary group breeders member starting served member appointed ronald_reagan presidency following death church president newly selected church president asked serve second served successor succeeded hunter counselor served death january second simultaneously served president served acting president time church president 16th president february succeeding died seven days earlier selected second respectively born fewer members church world based western united_states president million members worldwide majority membership living outside united_states canada october temples announced construction planning presidency met president bush visit salt_lake_city met president barack_obama senator oval office july presented obama volumes personal family history records notably absent meeting church leaders including obama visit utah april church spokesperson indicated absence given logistics timing meeting occurred order preserve strength church general conference upcoming weekend legacy temple president church dedicated thirteen temples temple temple dedication vancouver british_columbia temple temple temple ukraine temple kansas_city missouri temple calgary alberta temple counselor presidency dedicated seven church temples argentina temple louisville kentucky temple temple temple temple temple attended dedication church temples member presidency volunteer work continued active community civic affairs past president board member life scout explorer crew member youth served adult leadership capacities merit badge counselor member canadian scouting committee chaplain canadian member years proponent served national executive board represented delegate tokyo copenhagen served december president ronald_reagan appointed president remained initiative completed work december political involvement june presidency sent letter local congregations california urging support proposition time resources stating best efforts required preserve sacred institution marriage utah voter list listed registered republican voter awards recognition received awards related volunteer educational involvement honored distinguished alumnus honorary degree honorary doctorate laws conferred april subsequent honorary degrees include doctor humane letters june honorary doctor business honorary doctorate degree service scouting community received awards highest honor bestowed received highest honor award bestowed citation award conferred october session church general conference says assignments world leader president worked bring advancement scouting countries worked closely find ways strengthen links church national scout associations committed solid hard working volunteer scouting leadership connection centennial celebration chartered sponsor announced leadership excellence complex located west_virginia renamed awarded scouting honor medal saving life girl drowning years old chapter honored international convention worldwide humanitarian award list powerful placed listed americans admired men publications written number books compilations speeches given quotes discuss particular gospel themes wrote faith rewarded autobiographical account work leading church eastern_europe salt_lake_city utah best self salt_lake_city utah christmas gifts christmas salt_lake_city utah favorite quotations collection salt_lake_city utah live good life salt_lake_city utah search jesus salt_lake_city utah inspiring experiences build faith salt_lake_city utah personal account promises salt_lake_city utah invitation salt_lake_city utah meeting salt_lake_city utah christmas dress ellen salt_lake_city utah teachings salt_lake_city utah prophet voice messages thomas salt_lake_city utah biography rescue biography thomas salt_lake_city utah
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Thomas S. Monson
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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11319_AngelusSilesius
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july born known german catholic priest physician known mystic religious poet born raised lutheran adopted latin angel heavenly messenger epithet converting catholicism studying netherlands began read works medieval acquainted works german mystic friend mystical beliefs caused tension lutheran authorities led eventual conversion catholicism took holy orders ordained priest years later retired jesuit house remained rest life enthusiastic convert priest worked convince german return roman_catholic_church composed tracts pamphlets condemning published volumes entitled trans words church remembered chiefly religious poetry particular works published literally soul holy desires collection religious hymn texts catholics collection short poems poetry explores themes orthodox catholic context life early life education exact unknown believed born december capital earliest mention registration baptism christmas day december time german speaking province today southwestern region poland children parents married february lutheran father polish ancestry member lower nobility dedicated life military lord received king iii years son birth retired military service child mother year old daughter local physician ties court obtained early education gymnasium high school earliest poems written published formative years probably influenced recently published works poet scholar teachers poet subsequently studied medicine science year lutheran university course study embraced renaissance attended time introduced writings acquainted friends probably introduced ancient writings mystic writers living amsterdam compiling complete edition work time resided netherlands provided refuge religious scholars persecuted europe went italy enrolled studies september year later received doctoral degree philosophy medicine returned homeland physician november appointed court physician duke given annual salary recommended duke account good qualities experience medicine likely friend mentor arranged appointment given duke son minor noble village near returned region year possible brother law physician duke recommended soon happy position personal critical views lutheran doctrine especially disagreements caused friction duke members court duke characterized history lutheran coincidentally time began mystical visions public led local lutheran clergy consider death june resigned position forced resign sought refuge protection roman_catholic_church priest poet lutheran authorities reformed states empire tolerant increasing publicly attacked denounced time rulers catholic pushing advocated europe sought convert catholicism received june received took latin form angel derived greek messenger epithet took latin uncertain took added honour native honor favourite mystic author distinguish famous writers era spanish mystic writer author lutheran theologian longer occasion use death names shortly conversion march received appointment ferdinand iii probably honorary position offer official protection lutheran attackers went vienna serve likely practiced medicine conversion catholicism late sought permission catholic authorities vienna begin publishing poetry begun writing poetry early age publishing occasional pieces attempted publish poetry working duke refused permission duke orthodox lutheran court clergyman obtaining approval catholic_church collections poems published works known soul holy desire february took holy orders months later ordained priest area successful ecclesiastical states region ruled prince bishop friend appointed und counselor chamberlain time began publishing tracts attacking protestant reformation thirty essays later compiled volume collection entitled death death retired knights cross jesuit house associated church died july buried sources claim died tuberculosis consumption describe illness sickness immediately news death spread protestant detractors spread rumor hanged distributed fortune largely inherited father noble estate pious charitable institutions including importance interpretation work poetry consists largely form style dominated german poetry mystical literature baroque era according baker key conveying tendency suitable genre cope aesthetic problem mystical experience identifies describes strange mystical drawn mainly writings followers delighted specially subtle essence god instance held love god said love inferior object love going speak infinity finite form words man god man essentially poetry directs reader seek path desired spiritual state eternal material physical needs human requires understanding god informed ideas theology writings beliefs bordered caused tensions local protestant authorities introduction explained poetry especially framework catholic denied run catholic doctrine informed influences prominent writers critic literary theorist study poetry influenced loneliness especially death parents orphan early life lack personal rendering poetry exhibiting internal psychological conflict use hymns poems adapted hymns protestant catholic services early lutheran protestant lyrics attributed anonymous admit penned known criticism advocacy instances verse attributed print anonymous latin initials meaning unknown author likewise truly anonymous works later thanks ambiguous initials verses appear lyrics hymns published seventy hymns verses included christ und 18th century frequently use lutheran catholic hymns popular christian churches today modern culture series lectures entitled seven nights argentine writer poet remarks essence poetry single line wrote end great line poet seventeenth century took strangely real poetic summary said tonight said means reasoning simulated reasoning spanish german sin die rose line quoted die rose translated rose influence seen work especially poetry frequently references work line referenced work building work explored works defines theory truth phenomenal rational explanation commenting rational philosophy german philosopher mathematician contemporary called mystic poetry beautiful daring difficult metaphors inclined despite contrary principle sufficient reason american film cape fear directed played quotes verse verse context line film match context intended character uses emphasize dramatically intended victims power individual god like ability exact violent vengeance context intended man realization spiritual potential perfection substance god sense mystical divine union experience direct communion love believer god equals works poetry trans good counselor der trans soul holy desires spiritual songs shepherd christ loving spirit und trans ingenious end rhymes divine witty end rhymes divine renamed 2nd edition trans der und inn mit der procession trans representation things theological tracts writings von und der hat trans thorough examination motives confessed catholic church von den der trans writing turks causes turkish invasion des mit hat trans sweeping conversion christ want die trans broken triumph wagon tell happen dream von trans christian scriptures lovely mark god people und und trans speaks protecting speech christian scriptures und mit joseph und die den trans come reasonable eyes joseph saints catholics und der trans god reason shown von des die trans roman leadership entire general church christ die der und trans thorough handling routes faith scriptures god mere thing reason die der trans short discussion question religious liberty exist confessions accorded trans christians letter protestant universities proposes conscience der die und man der man trans knowledge home true church catholic church forever blessed des der und trans letter proving places soul death man die und trans justified conscience knowledge force true faith das man man trans rejects harmful saved catholic trans reasonable service god und doctor trans catholic farmer lutheran doctor trans words church
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Angelus Silesius
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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11797_SwamiVivekananda
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january july born indian hindu monk chief disciple 19th century indian mystic key figure introduction indian western world credited raising awareness bringing status major world religion late 19th century major force revival india contributed concept nationalism colonial india founded math mission best known speech began sisters brothers america introduced chicago born aristocratic family calcutta inclined spirituality influenced guru learnt living beings embodiment divine self service god rendered service mankind death toured indian extensively acquired hand knowledge conditions prevailing british india later travelled united_states representing india parliament world religions conducted hundreds public private lectures classes hindu philosophy united_states england europe india regarded patriotic saint birthday celebrated national youth day early life birth childhood born shortened ancestral home calcutta capital british india january festival belonged traditional family siblings father attorney grandfather sanskrit persian scholar left family monk age mother devout housewife progressive rational attitude father religious temperament mother helped shape thinking personality interested young age images deities fascinated wandering monks naughty restless child parents difficulty controlling mother said prayed son sent ghosts education age enrolled went school family moved family return calcutta student receive division marks presidency college entrance examination avid reader wide range subjects including philosophy religion history social science art literature interested hindu scriptures including trained indian classical music regularly participated physical exercise sports organised activities studied western logic western philosophy european history known passed examination completed bachelor_of_arts degree studied works fascinated corresponded translating book education studying western philosophers learned sanskrit scriptures literature principal general_assembly institution wrote genius travelled far wide come talents possibilities german universities philosophical students accounts called person memory spiritual influence joined established meeting christianity member lodge point twenties faction led active band hope tried discourage youths smoking drinking acquainted western initial beliefs shaped concepts included belief god streamlined theology strongly coloured selective reading founder strongly influenced interpretation ideas altered considerably romantic approach development new doctrines questioned central hindu beliefs like rejected authority brought neo closer line western development influenced american philosophical religious movement strongly connected emphasised personal religious experience mere reasoning theology accessible non type spirituality introducing lay systems spiritual practice regarded prototypes kind exercises west search direct understanding seen satisfied knowledge philosophy came question marked real beginning intellectual quest god asked prominent calcutta residents come face face god answers satisfied time met leader asked seen god instead answering question said boy eyes according answered question saying yes infinitely sense influenced new ideas influence brought fully contact western met met spiritual focus father died introduction occurred literature class heard professor poem excursion explaining word trance poem suggested students visit understand true meaning trance prompted students including visit probably met personally november consider meeting man mentioned meeting later time preparing upcoming examination accompanied house invited deliver lecture according meeting asked young sing impressed singing talent asked come late early went friends met meeting proved turning point life initially accept teacher rebelled ideas attracted personality began frequently visit initially saw visions mere imagination member opposed idol worship worship rejected identity absolute madness ridiculed idea tested faced arguments try truth angles replied father sudden death left family bankrupt creditors began demanding loans relatives threatened family ancestral home son family students college unsuccessfully tried find work questioned god existence found visits increased day requested pray goddess family financial welfare suggested temple pray following suggestion went temple failed pray kind ultimately prayed true knowledge devotion goddess gradually grew ready renounce sake realising god accepted guru developed throat cancer transferred calcutta later garden house disciples took care days spiritual education continued experienced disciples received robes forming monastic order taught service men effective worship god asked care monastic disciples turn asked leader died early morning hours august founding math death stopped supporting disciples unpaid rent accumulated disciples find new place live returned home adopting family oriented way life decided convert dilapidated house new math monastery remaining disciples rent math low raised holy begging math building math monastery monastic order disciples spend hours practising meditation religious day later early days monastery underwent lot religious practice math absorbed meditation strong spirit detachment days thought world existed compiled song anthology named collected arranged songs compilation finish work book unfavourable circumstances monastic vows december mother invited brother monks village aspiring monks accepted invitation went spend days christmas eve disciples took formal monastic vows decided live lives master lived took travels india left monastery hindu religious life wandering monk fixed ties independent strangers sole possessions water pot staff favourite books imitation christ travelled extensively india years visiting centres learning diverse religious traditions social patterns developed sympathy suffering poverty people resolved nation living primarily travelled foot railway tickets bought travels met stayed indians religions walks life scholars muslims christians low workers government officials left bombay chicago suggested means bliss wisdom visit west started journey west visited cities japan including nagasaki osaka tokyo china canada route united_states reaching chicago july took place september congress initiative judge gather religions world substantial unity religions good deeds religious life gatherings chicago world fair avant garde intellectual manifestation east west society invited representative wanted join disappointed learn credentials organisation accepted delegate contacted professor harvard_university invited speak harvard wrote professor urged necessity going thought introduction nation submitted application introducing monk oldest order founded supported representative member parliament selection committee classifying representative hindu monastic order parliament world religions parliament world religions opened september world exposition day gave brief speech representing india initially nervous hindu goddess learning began speech sisters brothers america words received minute standing ovation crowd seven thousand according silence restored began address youngest nations behalf ancient order monks world order religion taught world tolerance universal acceptance quoted passages different streams having sources different places water sea lord different paths men different tendencies appear straight lead thee comes whatsoever form reach men struggling paths end lead according short speech voiced spirit parliament parliament president said india mother religions represented orange monk exercised wonderful influence attracted widespread attention press called cyclonic monk india wrote divine right strong intelligent face picturesque setting yellow orange hardly interesting earnest words rich gave noted undoubtedly greatest figure hearing feel send missionaries learned nation american newspapers reported greatest figure parliament religions popular influential man parliament reported great favourite parliament merely crosses platform applauded spoke times scientific section private homes topics related buddhism harmony religions parliament ended september speeches parliament common theme religious tolerance soon known handsome oriental huge impression lecture tours toured parts guest popularity opened new views expanding life religion thousands question answer session remarked message west message east spent nearly years eastern central united_states primarily chicago detroit boston new_york founded spring busy schedule affected health ended lecture tours began giving free private classes beginning june gave private lectures dozen disciples new_york months visit west travelled twice successfully november met irish woman second visit met noted oxford_university wrote biography west visited european countries germany met offered academic positions american universities chair harvard_university similar position columbia_university declined duties conflict commitment monk success led change mission establishment centres west adapted traditional hindu ideas suit needs western audiences especially attracted familiar western traditions movements like new thought important element adaptation hindu introduction model includes interpretation offered practical means realise divine force central modern western book published instant success highly influential western understanding attracted followers europe including lord ferdinand initiated followers french woman continue work mission society filled foreign nationals located los_angeles stay america given land mountains southeast california establish retreat students called peace retreat largest american centre hollywood main centres hollywood publishes books english translations hindu scriptures texts detroit initiated established close father daughter relationship west revived work india regularly corresponded followers brother monks offering advice financial support letters period reflect campaign social service strongly wrote door door poor lower classes town teach religion let oral lessons geography subjects good come sitting idle having dishes saying lord good poor founded periodical teach later translation chapters published left india december england disciples captain way visited france italy set sail india naples december later followed india devoted rest life education indian women india independence india ship europe arrived sri_lanka january received warm welcome gave public speech east india journey calcutta triumphant travelled madras delivering lectures common people gave enthusiastic reception train travels people sat rails force train stop hear madras continued journey calcutta west spoke india great spiritual heritage india repeatedly addressed social issues uplifting people eliminating system promoting science addressing widespread poverty ending colonial rule lectures published lectures demonstrate spiritual ideology calcutta founded social service ideals based governing body consists trustees math conducts religious work math mission headquarters math founded monasteries near madras journals founded english year famine relief work begun district earlier inspired set research educational institution travelled chicago visit west asked head declined offer citing conflict spiritual interests visited attempting ideological conflict hindu movement orthodox brief visits delhi returned calcutta january consolidated work math trained disciples months composed prayer song dedicated second visit west final years despite declining health left west second time june accompanied following brief stay england went united_states visit established san_francisco new_york founded peace retreat california went paris lectures paris concerned worship authenticity visited brittany vienna istanbul athens egypt french philosopher host period returned calcutta december brief visit settled math continued works mission math work england visitors including royalty politicians unable attend japan deteriorating health declining health including diabetes chronic restricted activity death july day death early went chapel math hours taught sanskrit grammar philosophy pupils later discussing colleagues planned college math went room asking disturbed died according disciples attained blood vessel brain reported possible cause death disciples believed opening crown head pierced attained fulfilled prophecy live years cremated funeral bank opposite cremated sixteen years earlier teachings philosophy propagated essence best expressed philosophy following contrast believed absolute according neo non summarised follows giving modern interpretation soul potentially divine goal manifest controlling nature external internal work worship mental discipline philosophy free religion doctrines rituals books temples forms secondary details nationalism prominent theme thought believed country future depends people teachings focused human development wanted set motion machinery bring ideas linked morality control mind seeing truth purity traits strengthened advised followers holy faith supported believing source physical mental stamina emphasised success outcome focused thought action lectures said idea idea life think dream live idea let brain muscles nerves body idea leave idea way success way great spiritual giants produced influence legacy main representatives modern interpretation selected aspects line western traditions especially new thought successful creating new understanding appreciation outside india principal reason enthusiastic reception meditation forms indian spiritual self improvement west explained modern derive knowledge directly indirectly espoused idea religions different paths goal view criticised background emerging nationalism british ruled india ideal words social reformer patriotism gave new colour national movement india single individual period contribution new awakening india drew attention extent poverty country maintained addressing poverty national awakening ideas influenced indian leaders regarded awakened india counted hindu maintained hindu religion state cutting dead wood tradition governor general independent india said saved saved india according proponent armed struggle indian independence maker modern india influence increased love country influenced india independence movement writings inspired independence activists intellectuals years death told french nobel want know india study positive negative wrote words great music phrases style stirring rhythms like march choruses touch scattered pages books thirty years distance receiving thrill body like electric shock transports produced burning words issued lips hero inspired establish india best known research universities abroad communicated scientist influenced teachings india observed birthday january day delivered speech september world brotherhood day september india highlighted relevance teachings values modern economic environment union finance minister current president india approved principle values education project cost billion million objectives including involving youth competitions essays discussions study circles publishing works number languages west police training college renamed state police academy state technical university named airport renamed birth anniversary celebrated india abroad india officially observed occasion declaration year long events programs organised branches math mission central state governments india educational institutions youth groups film director film light tribute birth anniversary works lectures powerful writer english thorough scholar published works compiled lectures given world mainly delivered impromptu little preparation main work consists talks delivered new_york literary works according singer painter wonderful master language poet complete artist composing songs poems including favourite mother blended humour teachings language writings testify belief words spoken written clarify ideas demonstrating speaker writer knowledge meaning present day india language essay written published march issue language magazine essay reprinted book later compiled fourth volume essay refrain readers honour treat indian brother born poor lower publications printed sources web sources
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Swami Vivekananda
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Philosophy and religion
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Religion
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Religious figures
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