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5925_WalterBedellSmith
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beetle smith october august senior officer united_states_army served general chief staff allied invasion italy world war chief staff western_europe smith enlisted private world war commissioned second lieutenant wounded offensive world war staff officer instructor secretary secretary duties involved taking discussions war plans highest level smith president strategic matters smith chief staff september acquired reputation man demanding manner capable representing sensitive missions requiring diplomatic skill smith involved negotiating armistice italy allies signed behalf chief staff position smith negotiated successfully food fuel aid sent german lines cold dutch civilian population opened discussions peaceful complete german capitulation netherlands smith met representatives france conduct surrender signed behalf world war served ambassador soviet_union smith director head cia intelligence agencies united_states smith reorganized cia structure mission gave new sense purpose cia arm government primarily responsible covert operations left cia secretary state retiring smith continued serve posts years retirement death early life born indianapolis indiana october eldest sons silk buyer wife née worked company smith called early age nicknamed beetle occasionally educated peter paul school public schools studied took job eventually left high school graduating smith enrolled father developed health problems smith left university return job support family age smith enlisted private company 2nd called twice ohio river flood indianapolis strike smith promoted corporal sergeant served staff personal life smith met married traditional roman catholic wedding ceremony july marriage long duration childless world war smith work ohio river flood led nomination officer training sent officer candidate training camp fort indiana graduation november commissioned second lieutenant assigned newly formed company 39th infantry camp north_carolina embarked europe embroiled world war new_jersey reaching brest france 23rd training british french armies entered lines june joining offensive july smith wounded shell fragments attack days later wounds smith returned united_states service general staff assigned september commissioned lieutenant regular army united_states smith sent newly formed intelligence officer regiment based ohio disbanded following signing armistice germany november february smith assigned iowa involved disposal surplus equipment supplies march transferred 2nd infantry regiment regular unit based camp dodge remaining november moved wars staff moved illinois smith aide camp brigadier general commander 12th smith worked assistant served year tour duty overseas staff fort william philippines years lieutenant promoted captain september returning united_states smith reported fort georgia march graduation june stayed instructor responsible demonstrating weapons like automatic rifle sent command kansas afterward returned detached attend graduated returned promoted major january years captain slow promotion common army 1920s 1930s officers like smith commissioned november november percent army officer corps promotions usually based modest objective promoting officers major seventeen years service met shortage posts fill world war washington general army chief staff september brought smith washington assistant secretary secretary primarily concerned records collection statistics performed great deal analysis liaison administration smith duties liaison watson senior military aide president smith promoted lieutenant colonel colonel august september secretary colonel given command 1st armored division smith secretary held washington december january mandated creation counterpart smith named secretary january conference brought creation consisted american british chiefs staff committee meeting single body brigadier provided arrangements new organization general marshall thought american required appointed smith secretary senior service time smith marshall wanted smith charge smith promoted brigadier general february assumed new post week later deputy men worked partnership create organize build organization coordinate war efforts allies canadians australians french smith duties involved taking discussions strategy highest level president roosevelt strategic matters smith frustrated watched officers receive operational commands desired later remarked year spent working secretary general staff rewarding entire career year life major general appointed commander june requested smith sent washington chief staff smith record staff officer proven ability work british natural choice post reluctantly marshall request smith took chief staff september reporting deputy chiefs staff brigadier general brigadier chief administrative officer balanced organization chief section paired deputy structure generally american british aspects example gale controlled personnel supply functions american system reported directly smith initially located london moved november december smith arriving december authorized strength smith aggressively expanded january american component strength eventually topped men women chief staff smith guarded access acquired reputation tough manager referred man pending organization smith acted chief staff february brigadier general deputy theater commander commanding general relationship smith hughes old friend tense smith later accused hughes empire building clashed trivial issues smith seldom smith conducted formal villa estate surrounded gardens large drawing rooms decorated oriental art treasures like smith female companion nurse captain following disastrous battle pass sent smith forward report state affairs smith recommended relief commander general advice replaced major general relieved assistant chief staff intelligence brigadier faulty intelligence contributing factor defeat replaced brigadier strained relations allies crisis developed reported enemy aviation operating sector absence allied air cover scathing response american troops drafted letter marshall suggesting relieved command control senior allied commanders smith persuaded send instead air chief marshal major general paid visit headquarters meeting interrupted german air raid convinced airmen general point withdrew written criticisms apologized allied invasion sicily designated overall commander ordered component commanders alexander admiral sir royal_navy cooperate command arrangement meant old british committee system drafted cable demanding unified command structure smith persuaded tear disagreements arose allied commanders operational plan called series dispersed landings based desire air naval logistical planners concerning early capture ports airfields general commander objected aspect plan exposed allied forces defeat detail montgomery forward alternate plan involved american british forces landing convinced smith alternate plan sound men persuaded allied commanders montgomery plan provided early seizure airfields satisfied fears like supply practical port resolved use amphibious trucks august smith strong flew lisbon gibraltar civilian clothes met british embassy hoped arrange terms italy join united_nations nazi_germany smith empowered draw armistice italy allied armed forces unable negotiate political matters september smith signed agreed text behalf respectively simple ceremony beneath olive tree october smith traveled washington weeks represent series meetings including president roosevelt park new_york october european theater december appointed commander invasion wished smith key members staff new assignment prime minister winston_churchill wanted retain smith deputy supreme commander mediterranean churchill reluctantly gave way insistence new year eve smith met general day later field marshal sir discuss transfer key british staff members released gale strong appeal smith refused transfer strong heated exchange resulted later complained smith behavior time senior british officer complained openly smith chief intelligence instead strong smith way long run strong assumed post deputy smith promoted lieutenant general knight commander january january set london half tons personal baggage loaded pair staff chief staff commander active planning overlord operation time staff absorbed smith deputy chief staff gale held title deputy chief staff chief administrative officer deputy chief staff air air vice marshal heads staff divisions major general major general major general major general sir morgan located headquarters london smith moved outskirts london according expressed desire headquarters inside major city camp built square feet floor space time overlord began accommodations provided officers enlisted men women smith offices subterranean complex smith office dominated large portrait marshall advanced command post established near portsmouth montgomery admiral sir headquarters located ground operations normandy controlled montgomery headquarters moved august september assumed control bradley montgomery smith soon realized mistake forward headquarters remote inaccessible lacked necessary communications equipment september ordered versailles soon possible forward began september opened versailles september followed moving air completed october remained february moved time grown size officers enlisted men american british november strong reporting possibility german smith sent strong personally warn bradley preparing offensive magnitude came shock smith defend strong criticism failing sound alarm felt strong given ample warning battle joined acted decisively committing armored divisions 12th reserve bradley objection reserves airborne divisions visited headquarters unimpressed way commanders handling situation strong recommended command armies north transferred bradley montgomery smith immediate reaction dismiss suggestion hand told strong fired pack bags return united_kingdom morning smith apologized second thoughts informed present recommendation realized military political implications knew recommendation come american officer december recommended general bradley montgomery ordered decision greatly resented americans particularly felt action command structure heavy casualties start resulted critical shortage infantry replacements crisis situation created steps taken divert men communications zone units commander lieutenant general persuaded allow soldiers volunteer service regard color race units assistance needed opportunity fighting shoulder shoulder bring victory smith immediately political implications position writing somewhat touch negro policy know handle time general marshall radical change sentence marked attached circular letter place grave difficulties inevitable statement equally inevitable result negro organization pressure group newspaper attitude colored troops organizations desires pleas negro race army perfectly willing lines mixed units white soldiers battle emergency arises years ago considered marked statement dangerous thing seen regard negro relations talked lee believes right colored white soldiers mixed company belief argue policy different convinced circular letter repercussions united_states believe duty draw attention fact statement warning happen facts use counter pressure undoubtedly placed policy revised negro soldiers serving provisional 12th attached regiments 6th grouped companies attached division arrangement generally better rated units attached negro company level unit training april nazi governor netherlands offered open amsterdam food coal shipments ease suffering civilian population smith strong representing representing soviet_union prince representing dutch government major general sir met dutch village april threatening prosecution war crimes smith successfully negotiated provision food suffering dutch civilian population cities west country opened discussions peaceful complete german capitulation netherlands follow 5th smith conduct set surrender negotiations german armed forces smith met representatives der colonel general general admiral von strong acted interpreter smith took hard line threatening terms accepted allies seal forcing remaining germans hands concessions surrender came effect smith signed surrender document french representative war ambassador soviet_union smith briefly returned united_states june august nominated smith successor commander redesignated july smith passed favor general took chief staff november summoned smith assistant chief staff operations planning soon arrival washington asked president secretary state united_states ambassador soviet_union putting smith nomination post united states senate asked received special legislation permitting smith retain permanent military rank major general smith service american ambassador success fault smith tenure relationship united_states soviet_union deteriorated rapidly cold war set smith purpose came lack flexibility soviet fears american intentions thoroughly disillusioned turned hardened cold warrior saw soviet_union secretive antagonistic state years moscow smith account time ambassador wrote forced continuing struggle free way life extend period years dare allow false sense security soviet tactic wear weak spots patience degree required smith returned united_states march offered post assistant secretary state general smith declined appointment preferring return military duty appointed commander army new_york command war smith troubled recurring stomach problem severe longer able eat normal diet suffering smith admitted decided remove stomach cure smith remained thin director central intelligence selected smith director head cia post established directors wanted job produced jackson report found cia failed responsibilities coordination production intelligence response accepted conclusions recommendations report remained implement president decided smith man needed cia smith assume post october major intelligence failure north korean invasion south_korea june started korean war took administration entirely surprise raised fears world war smith knew little agency asked deputy executive secretary recommended authors jackson report smith jackson accepted post deputy director conditions smith jackson moved agency line recommendations jackson report streamlined procedures gathering intelligence october smith asked prepare estimates wake island conference president general smith insisted estimates simple conclusive useful mere background reflected best information available unfortunately estimate concluded chinese intervene korea major intelligence failure months outbreak korean war agency produced coordinated estimate situation korea smith created new direction harvard historian led research analysis branch wartime staff created procedures followed decades smith stepped efforts obtain economic psychological photographic intelligence december smith formed agency ultimately divided function administration plans intelligence smith remembered cia successful director effective structure mission cia expansive covert action program remained responsibility quasi independent smith began bring control early january deputy director plans supervise cia separate espionage organization january intelligence functions consolidated deputy director intelligence succeeded august took august merge culture methods pay scales effective single consolidating responsibility covert operations smith cia arm government primarily responsible smith wanted cia career service war called law limited duration officer temporary assignments effectively prevented making career general staff officer schools intelligence training little peacetime career officers tended avoid work military smith consolidated training director training developed career service program appointed supreme allied commander europe asked smith serve chief staff turned request stating important post took lieutenant general chief staff later recommended elevation star rank decided general smith promoted smith omitted promotion list announced promoted smith occurred august smith retired army leaving cia february secretary state january president elect announced smith secretary state smith appointment confirmed united states senate february resigned days later smith traveled europe attempt convince british participate intervention french defeat failed reached agreement soviet foreign minister partition vietnam separate states president guatemala threatened land belonging smith ordered american ambassador guatemala cia plan coup effect accomplished following year smith left october took position served president chairman vice chairman director retiring secretary state smith continued serve administration posts member board president smith consultant president served chairman president member large recognition boss member death legacy smith approached perform voice opening scene movie hell based autobiography accepted small parts movie notably beginning dressed old service uniform narrated parts movie referring constantly foot soldier smith portrayed screen longest day countdown day television portrayed war remembrance days war years smith suffered heart attack august home washington died ambulance way entitled special honor funeral request widow simple joint service funeral held patterned given general marshall selected grave site husband section arlington national cemetery close marshall grave smith buried death smith papers kansas awards decorations source general october august retrieved august
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Walter Bedell Smith
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5927_JohnDundas(RAFofficer)
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raf officer august november british second world war fighter pilot flying ace title awarded pilot credited shooting enemy aircraft aerial combat victories born son able student academic graduation age completion studies journalist joined newspaper home county years tired life reporter joined july commissioned pilot officer west riding squadron trained pilot expense pilot training complete unit squadron raf took claimed victories remained squadron claiming german aircraft shot october awarded victories time battle credited aircraft destroyed shared destroyed probably destroyed damaged battle november believed engaged shot highest scoring ace luftwaffe time moments later shot sea pilots vanished remain missing action early life born related aristocratic families region grandson scottish liberal politician great grandson 1st earl related won scholarship age age won second scholarship christ church oxford graduated class degree winning award allowed study subsequently journalist editorial staff worked paper time recalled man indifferent personal appearance wore trousers frequently ink stained hands spill beer drinking popular newspaper younger female staff members newspaper sent czechoslovakia apart prime minister entourage travelling rome report meeting chamberlain lord halifax foreign secretary related july age commissioned pilot officer squadron raf squadron hugh john godfather set unit time squadron manned time civilians equipped bombers converted bomber fighter aircraft squadron later august equipped respected peers frequently flew commanding officer hind younger brother fighter pilot hugh wounded august recovered eventually rose rank group captain hugh survived war died second world war promoted rank flying officer january squadron positioned south coast england operations provide air cover royal_navy civilian vessels taking evacuation flew patrol following day squadron minutes readiness squadron took headed feet engaged enemy time patrol flying engaged german bomber formation destroyed score weeks squadron moved gained victory phase known july section leader led patrol convoy failing find convoy engaged german aircraft feet near portland england flying led diving attack sun claimed destroyed damaged aircraft wounded pilot france severely damaged crash landing late july night flying narrowly escaped life coming land wing struck artillery landed injury days fought continuous battles german formations noted growing intensity air battles assumed responsibility unit war diary august diary remarked far concerned nazi blitz began 8th august pilots engaged accounted august flew taking led yellow section sea near feet including lost contact squadron saw mid channel noticed climbed investigate aircraft providing cover led attack lost attacked shot received hits german rear gunners likely destroyer wing august battle repeated area shot shaking damaged forced german fighters closed fuel ammunition run low fifth victory flying ace major effort luftwaffe august christened eagle day germans began series heavy air attacks squadron flying number red section feet spotted german fighters red leader enemy instructed lead climbing sun feet saw dive bombers attacking shot dive bombing wing damaged hit dead stick landing german unit attacked badly hit squadron lost following day august patrolling feet damaged escaped cloud directed formation soon damaged bomber taking hits defensive fire returning base spotted wheels brief attack caused crash miles south west airfield machine belonged bomber wing claim september date known morning damaged knocking engines flying shared pilot officer american pilot september damaged destroying claimed shot september damaged following day claimed destroyed near bristol days later claimed probable victory battle german aircraft miles north raf despite firing second burst enemy fighter crash battle hit leg cannon round exploded cockpit flew day flew day exists having preserved october score stood award week later october destroyed feet attack radio failed unable group section noticing feet climbed attack victim crashed chased pair evaded victory aerial victory channel battle recognised highest scoring pilot unit highly regarded comrades liked passed experience younger pilots willing discuss tactics particularly squadron leader early stage war member original auxiliary pilots lamented remained sole champions auxiliary attitude november reported near southampton asked permission intercept refused approaching squadron leader asked section practice flight robinson expecting gave permission feet section contact chasing german throttle reaching healthy head start closed got yards miles france fired guns seconds german gunners determined defence port engine caught fire control sight airfield filled decided retreat credited probable victory return day november busy squadron came came approximately mean time squadrons squadron contact fighter wing led successful german ace war far minutes contact battle joined flight lieutenant heard familiar voice shout finished squadron leader heard pilot officer flying believed shot diving attack 56th aerial victory managed bail recovered momentarily distracted flew path fired short burst hitting german time sea near suggested fell victim pilot officer claim battle seen bail aircraft rescued body found moments later probably shot claimed victory saw crash sea pilot inside like body found december posthumously awarded second announced january london gazette citation flight lieutenant continued engage enemy outstanding success destroyed aircraft damaged occasion pursued enemy aircraft winchester finally destroying shown magnificent fighting spirit inspired members flight memorial known grave commemorated panel small memorial cliff path east close point final battle took place installed november 60th anniversary death aircraft flew combat number exists preserved london aircraft claimed probable kill october list victories list claims november
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John Dundas (RAF officer)
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6062_TiberiusJuliusAlexander
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alexander alexander 1st century equestrian governor general born wealthy jewish family alexandria abandoning jewish religion rose egypt employed jews brutal response ethnic violence instrumental emperor rise power participated second command early life alexander probably born early reign emperor father alexander jew held office exact meaning term debated denoted senior customs official older alexander enjoyed roman citizenship rare privilege jews alexandria passed sons business connections grandson mother emperor prominent member alexander family uncle philosopher younger brother follow father business partner import export firm marcus alexander husband princess marcus died leaving children decided differently setting military administrative career service introducing jewish historian explains remain ancestral customs traditionally taken mean judaism early age view finds support appearance character philosophical dialogues making arguments divine providence attempts recent scholars believe criticizing alexander simply decision service rome placing interests empire jewish religion continued benefit family connections enhanced emperor came power helped secure accession assassination appointed king father imprisoned released orders younger brother marcus husband daughter career despite posed jewish origin evidently connected equestrian career roman public life position known held beginning regions roman province egypt divided administrative judicial post involving military command maintained contact brother marcus trading area premature death promotion came alexander appointed province returned direct roman rule death tenure alexander predecessor marked unrest alexander jewish background marked acceptable governor trouble attested office condemn james simon sons earlier rebel named time afflicted severe famine succeeded alexander subsequent activities unknown reign served staff officer prominent general campaigns dispatched son law escort armenian king roman camp stage journey receive status client king egypt appointed prestigious posts available equestrian guard tendency equestrian appointments experience egypt commended hope able quell recurring conflicts province greek jewish populations proved short lived year assumed office saw outbreak jewish roman war aggression inevitably large jewish community alexandria outbreak ethnic violence greek assembly escalated greeks took prisoners leading jewish threaten burn assembled greeks death alexander sent calm jews warning use roman violence continued threat ineffective describes outcome violent alexander government demonstrated evidence century time administrative decisions cited known surviving issued july month death introduces measures variety abuses including inaccurate tax assessments imprisonment private creditors allusion chaotic political situation comes trust new emperor ability right past alexander making representations behalf presumably representing desired reforms price loyalty vital grain producing province successor survived long office april recognized emperor opponents beginning rally commander roman forces conducting war alexander commanded control grain shipments alexandria rome crucial importance fortunately alexander willing correspond secretly suspected modern historians include soon lover son egyptian official named july alexander decisive letter instructed forces oath allegiance emperor lead followed eastern empire anniversary accession later celebrated date siege jerusalem moved rapidly egypt leaving jewish war command time alexander proven commander experience jewish affairs sent join chief staff adviser second april jerusalem siege city walls overcome defenders held temple alexander offspring pious jewish family father donated gold silver temple gates found position command brothers sanctuary siege operation temple massive walls gates burnt ensuing council war debated destroy entire temple alexander voted majority favored preservation event difference fighting following day roman soldier burning brand chamber temple temple consumed flames later career time position rome secure details alexander career new emperor remain unclear damaged refers alexander holding position open interpretations indicate rank campaign mean held independent commanding authority according view means guard rome later years common position egypt case alexander attained position man jewish birth mention suffered stigma egyptian origin speaker satire composed late 1st early 2nd century complains passing forum statues egyptian nerve set titles image right likely reference alexander ancient modern
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Tiberius Julius Alexander
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6136_HughJohnCasey
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hugh july august major general united_states_army graduate west_point served germany occupation later returned germany attend berlin earning doctor engineering degree engineer prepared report flood control involved design construction chief new deal public works project went philippines advise government flood control early world war involved enormous wartime construction program notable lasting achievement involvement design pentagon largest office building world served general army chief engineer mountains new_guinea philippines occupation japan commanded responsible construction logistics activities forward area hoped chief engineers president passed later worked retirement chairman early life born brooklyn new_york june son heating contractor john grandparents immigrants ireland england grandfather served union american civil war killed parents irish immigrants settled pennsylvania educated graduating age won scholarship entered studied civil engineering year took competitive examination west_point held congressman chairman ranking applicants appointment enter claimed slightly older adopting brother june birthday entered west_point best friend roommate west_point played football duties mathematics decided winning games important playing helped proficient math unlike west_point grateful wrote frequently griffin progress sent football tickets younger brother wanted enter west_point griffin directly appointed class having pass examination martin served coastal artillery years medically discharged november martin later successful lawyer brothers acquired nickname pat west_point world war entry world war class graduated early june ranked class commissioned captain stationed camp virginia instructor starting september company commander 19th division moved iowa november returned student september served occupation forces june improved high school german fluent language write doctoral thesis language married daughter colonel chief surgeon american forces stationed honeymoon traveled south germany austria switzerland couple children sons daughter wars officer charge lawrence kansas substantive rank lieutenant november returned attend company officers course received civil works assignment assistant pittsburgh district took task preparing report flood control criticized engineering planning flood happened happen report shelved flood happen report recommendations adopted assigned responsibility flood control federal agencies responsible construction called lock dam september assigned job involved reviewing project studies plans specifications river harbor projects united_states including flood control hydroelectric power projects responsibility correspondence senators time designed patented floating bit navigation locks promoted substantive rank captain won fellowship study civil engineering germany years attended berlin earning doctorate engineering thesis written german movement streams returning united_states june posted maine chief new deal public works project established concrete testing laboratory mississippi political forces project came allowed die project fell served flood control surveys clay sent philippines advise government flood control worked power companies philippines conducted series surveys including detailed clay returned united_states developed plans horsepower hydroelectric project estimated cost million lieutenant colonel chief staff major general philippines presented project president approved years captain promoted major february world war returned washington october chief brigadier general enormous construction program underway meet needs world war working staff included president set standard designs barracks number new features added improve comfort safety scarce materials discovered standard man barracks small companies new triangular division fitted easily man barracks slightly increasing barracks size substantial savings reducing overall number buildings needed constructed size areas required length required roads utility lines promoted lieutenant colonel april afternoon thursday july summoned gave new special project design enormous office complex house person staff building gave monday morning design building envisaged modern story structure elevators site old washington airport ultimately pentagon largest office building world busy weekend staff design story sided structure floor area square feet twice estimated cost million president roosevelt subsequently moved site building objections away arlington national cemetery september general requested services chief engineer arrived manila october shortly outbreak war united_states japan acquired construction equipment project supervised troops retreated awarded unlike rest headquarters promoted colonel december brigadier general january relocate remained small staff officers joined sixteen members staff escape boat march service campaign philippines awarded australia chief engineer general headquarters faced enormous engineering challenges new_guinea consisted mountains jungle ports roads developed support operations provide additional expertise construction assigned staff chief rank colonel engineers worked closely australian_army counterpart general sir headquarters construction activities australia undertaken civilians attempted coordinate activities agencies fend attempts gain control aviation engineer battalions royal_australian_air_force organized construction squadrons difficulty able control activities initial need engineer units accomplish construction program soon stocks engineer supplies equipment began run low exacerbated incoming units arriving equipment numerous ships arrived ports theater ports thousands miles apart critical shortages developed concrete equipment absence proper stock control system overall coordinating agency adequate numbers engineer depot units allocation distribution supplies hand difficult tasks worst problem spare parts equipment operated clock harsh conditions soon wore broke large proportion equipment lack spare parts sent united_states took months arrive limited sources supply australia september decided japanese troops sending american regimental combat team alternate means crossing mountains possible trail known climb elevations feet present formidable obstacles took charge investigating trail reached september explored harbor taking depth native canoe set party american australians australian new guinea administrative unit native police native carriers days trail scaling heights feet concluded practical troops traverse route turned concluded harbor shallow trip total loss sighted plateau north suitable allowing troops flown awarded new_guinea logistics construction activities coordinated task force engineer hastily assembled able meet demands imposed base development challenging theater operations scale operations philippines greater purpose formed brisbane july appointed command absence chief engineer operated control moving far forward combat operations allowed developed new bases operated ready point units simply reverted allowing seamless transfer command battle men engineers members staff came ashore day advance headquarters arrived days later work began immediately airfield commenced airfields central soon captured heavy seasonal rains thwarted attempts develop central decided abandon development construct new coast site occupied headquarters need aircraft based stop japanese reinforcing island pressing lieutenant general agreed headquarters intended come ashore day landing january delayed day destroyer traveling escort crippled transport despite enormous difficulties able finish numerous projects time ahead schedule february transferred redesignated resumed old post renamed chief engineer services commander awarded legion merit subsequently awarded bronze oak leaf cluster distinguished service medal services chief engineer hoped chief engineers lieutenant general retired president passed favor instead remained japan chief engineer retirement december edited engineers southwest pacific seven volume series wartime service received number foreign awards service including philippines commander order british empire australia commander netherlands france later life chairman served positions retirement member number professional societies civic organizations died heart attack august vermont survived wife son keith son hugh killed air crash korean war father son buried adjacent arlington national cemetery daughter married major general son clay died january buried arlington national cemetery august new building dedicated honor chief engineers lieutenant general
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Hugh John Casey
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6427_ConstantineDoukas(usurper)
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greek died prominent byzantine general stopped influential court official arabs return manipulated father fleeing court constantine followed father baghdad soon escaped returned byzantium restored wise favour entrusted high military offices death emperor alexander constantine support unsuccessfully tried throne young constantine vii killed clash supporters legitimate emperor life early life career son prominent general emperor wise reigned prominent member family constantine appears sources attempted flight arab born emperor trusted aides syria constantine captured monastery holy cross near river escorted constantinople matter held senate leo attached servant constantine maintain fact making pilgrimage shrine arab frontier senators asked constantine verify truth claim swearing god emperor head refused hide truth punished house arrest pardoned leo months restored offices conceived deep came fore tricked refusing participate imperial expedition afraid punished family fled fortress near border exile constantine father ended baghdad capital leo sent secret message offering pardon returned letter fell hands confined house arrest forced convert islam followed died constantine managed escape baghdad warmly welcomed leo ceremony throne room date return byzantium unclear placed despite father revolt remained popular military successes apparently circulated predicted constantine rise throne result according leo warned young man trying emperor probably later view eventual fate reality leo trusted gifts appointed senior military positions initially named apparently succession theme risen post domestic schools commander chief army positions fought arabs attempted died succeeded brother alexander reigned little year dying june leo empress son titular emperor constantine vii sidelined reign alexander restored old adversary patriarch constantinople death alexander june constantine vii years old power struggle ensued headed regency council point launched rebellion aiming throne life source hostile patriarch nicholas reports patriarch involved byzantine sources include widespread fact according sources unaware appointed regent alexander named regency council deathbed fearful losing pre eminent position anxious military threat posed bulgarian required experienced hand helm state patriarch summoned assume throne enjoying wide support populace accepted summons headed constantinople trusted friends barely days alexander death entered capital secret night sea walls hid house father law soon joined high ranking dawn following morning constantine supporters bearing marched joined way great multitude people constantine duly proclaimed emperor people headed triumph gate imperial palace crossing iron gate hall opposed soldiers guard armed imperial fleet assembled member regency council clash followed killed including constantine son gregory nephew michael friend constantine turned tried flee horse slipped fell constantine killed arrow according patriarch nicholas died head cut presented constantine vii hand reports slightly different version according summons undertaken entire regency council proposed assume governance state constantine vii limited ceremonial duties according source proposal met refusal send second letter persuade time entered constantinople changed minds palace proclamation resolved palace finally tried enter ordering followers draw swords avoid ambushed placed killed number followers numerous supporters according according younger harshly punished blinded exiled including sought sanctuary confined monasteries common folk stakes eastern shore wife exiled husband estate younger son stephen deaths constantine son nephew meant extinction branch family relation later constantine unclear legacy despite failure seizing throne popularity meant memory preserved people aristocracy asia minor copper hand assumed identity led peasant revolt aristocracy hero elements constantine life eventually found way epic poem
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Constantine Doukas (usurper)
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6662_CyrusB.Comstock
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cyrus cyrus february career officer graduating west point served beginning american civil war assisted fortification washington transferred field eventually chief engineer siege served chief engineer significant phase career began november appointed staff grant senior aide camp appointed senior engineer assault fort fisher north_carolina assault mobile alabama successful end war earned awards honorary grades major general brigadier general close war served military commission trial conspirators assassination president abraham_lincoln dismissed commission criticism proceedings later continued took engineering projects served president early life born massachusetts february attended west_point graduated class following graduation assigned assisted design construction fortifications served instructor engineering west_point civil war service commencement civil war holding rank lieutenant transferred west_point washington assistant brig engineer charge fortifications washington later chief engineer army took field spring continued serve assistant june appointed chief engineer continued remainder succeeded appointed chief engineer faced difficult task constructing bridges proved challenging career confusion washington materials necessary construction bridges arrive virginia time army despite urgent messages went unanswered took nearly month arrive time union army completely lost element surprise confederate army dug virginia morale sunk material bridges finally arrive personally led men 50th seeing task construction bridges soldiers dangerously exposed enemy fire reorganized army spring removed chief engineer army placed command battalion engineers capacity played important role overseeing construction bridges rivers allowed advance army later facilitated retreat union forces defeated siege transferred time involved siege mississippi command arrived june set work improving siege works efforts earned grant respect soon promoted major appointed chief engineer siege successful supervision overall siege works city surrendered union forces july victory marked major turning point war union_army gained control mississippi_river impression grant significant impact career later war remained fall november assistant inspector general promoted lieutenant colonel volunteers served role march general grant staff march grant appointed general chief united_states_army moved headquarters eastern theater virginia grant asked come senior aide camp grant determined command field following directing movements army major offensive summer known campaign played key role coordinating movements corps army personally conveying grant orders corps commanders efforts particularly successful battle wilderness won grant promotion lieutenant colonel temporarily detached grant staff appointed grant post chief engineer january transfer prompted failure fort fisher december fort confederate stronghold east coast serving command assisted planning second successful assault fort fisher following victory awarded grade colonel nominated president abraham_lincoln january award honorary grade brigadier general rank january services capture fort fisher confirmed award february returned virginia role grant senior aide remain long march grant dispatched aid key siege operation time mobile alabama confederate stronghold gulf_of_mexico served assisted operations leading surrender mobile battle spanish fort battle fort april serving alabama surrendered grant battle essentially ending civil war january president nominated award honorary grade major general rank march faithful services campaign city mobile defenses confirmed award march april president nominated award honorary grade brigadier general rank march services campaign ending capture mobile alabama confirmed award post war life lincoln assassination serving grant staff called serve military commissioners oversee trial conspirators assassination abraham_lincoln eager prosecution conspirators writing death good trial proceeded disturbed secrecy military proceedings concerned violation defendants rights began openly argue case transferred civilian court president removed commission protests rationale removal explained secretary war grant potential target conspirators commissioners felt grant counted act later career served grant staff returned service remained active duty retired rank colonel course post war duty served boards commissions including new_york_city survey north northwestern lakes united_states president years prominent member bequeathed fund academy support award scientist conducting innovative work investigation electricity energy today known award granted years academy family married daughter served lincoln administration daughter born detroit michigan work survey great lakes
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Cyrus B. Comstock
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6690_FrankBuckles
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born february february united_states_army soldier surviving american veteran world war enlisted age served detachment fort riley driving near lines europe world war captured japanese forces working shipping business spent years philippines civilian prisoner war married san_francisco moved near west_virginia age worked farm age years honorary chairman world war memorial foundation chairman advocated establishment world war memorial similar war memorials end campaigned district_of_columbia war memorial renamed testified congress support cause met president white house awarded world war victory medal conclusion conflict following medal creation funeral march arlington national cemetery president barack_obama paying respects prior ceremony military honors early life education born farmer née missouri february older brothers roy older sisters grace family members lived long lives remembered speaking grandmother born father lived ancestry included soldiers frank known wood brother contracted scarlet fever frank survived died disease age attended school walker missouri later family moved oklahoma continued schooling worked bank amateur wireless operator avid reader newspapers world war interwar years months american entry world war sought enlist armed forces turned marine_corps small navy claimed flat feet fared better army accepted adult looked older years sergeant advised middle initial helpful adopted uncle sergeant suggested quickest way lines seek position driving enlisted august went basic training fort riley kansas later year embarked europe aboard troop ship war drove army england france later recalled service shortage blown bodies needed rushed nearest medical care british french troops bad shape guys age looked old tired years living dying inside dirt trench know french happy believed wrap thing month head home harvest words typical americans wants need help winning war saw war impact children france years later remember helping feed armistice escorted prisoners war germany german prisoner gave belt inscribed mit english god kept rest life promoted corporal september following honorable discharge november returned united_states aboard uss early interwar period attended dedication kansas_city missouri honor americans died world war met general armies commanded europe war attended business school found work shipping company toronto canada served new_york_city worked financial services came career chief cargo passenger ships travelling south_america europe asia 1930s german british passengers expressed fears nazis military officers told germany war witnessed effects ashore germany warned acquaintances germany country brought adolf_hitler encountered german hotel employed sea great depression army bonus father struggling farmer oklahoma dust bowl provided details decades later world war employed american president shipping companies year shipping business took manila philippines outbreak pacific war invasion philippines reportedly remained manila help resupply troops captured january japanese forces spent years months civilian santo prison camps prisoner battled starvation receiving small meal served tin cup kept rest life weight pounds developed led fellow captives counter effects imprisonment captors showed little mercy allowed grow small garden help feed children imprisoned captives freed following raid allied forces february war fluent german spanish portuguese french end learned japanese world war moved san_francisco married years later couple bought acre km2 west_virginia raised cattle ancestors named settled near centuries earlier child born world traveller settled life farm activities social events serving officer eventually president county historical society died daughter moved farm care active start 21st century continued living near west_virginia driving tractor farm age stated interview washington_post veterans day believed united_states war emergency stated country needs right way felt young way feel today asked secret long life replied hopeful key traits adding start die don interview talked exercise healthy diet survive joined actor lead memorial day parade evening life featured death year old february surviving american veteran world war following month met united_states president white house day attended opening pentagon exhibit featuring photos world war veterans defense secretary attendance summer visited wounded soldiers honorary chairman world war memorial foundation seeks refurbishment district_of_columbia war memorial establishment national world war memorial national mall named abc person week march recognition efforts set memorial efforts continued appeared congress december advocating behalf legislation oldest person testified congress armistice day veterans day appeal national memorial washington honor americans sacrificed lives world war eve veterans day american people world help asking elected officials pass law memorial world war nation capital difficult times asking elaborate fitting right memorial place commemorating great conflicts past century anniversary armistice time forward honor gratitude resolve passage legislation remained doubt opponents sought relocation proposed monument alternatively benefit district_of_columbia july senator concerned memorial lead national mall longtime member west_virginia oldest interests included member active years sons confederate veterans life member february birthday official biographer announced forthcoming documentary entitled patriot described cumulative work interviews estimated release documentary actor expected film late giving media interviews birthday february february died natural causes home age years days second oldest living man united_states time death died days later commemoration funeral meet criteria burial arlington national cemetery combat friends family secured special permission federal government accomplished help met history intervened white_house final resting place death february president barack_obama ordered american flag flown half staff government buildings including white_house day march buried arlington leading march funeral governors states likewise called lowering states flags half staff united_states senate passed resolution march honoring veteran represent extraordinary legacy world war veterans concurrent resolutions proposed senate house_of_representatives lie honor united_states capitol plan blocked speaker senate majority leader asked explanation elaborate reasons decision instead advocated ceremony people supported ceremony including daughter great grandson sir winston_churchill republican_party presidential nominee faculty students high school missouri gathered honor march home church held memorial service attended episcopal bishop west_virginia members family march ceremony held liberty memorial kansas_city missouri honor passing great war generation speaker chairman ceremony arlington national cemetery memorial chapel preceded march ceremony prior burial president barack_obama vice president paid respects met family flag coffin borne burial plot horse drawn folded flag handed daughter united_states_army vice chief staff general buried military honors plot near general armies reporter washington_post summed occasion ritual grave farewell man crowd powerful ordinary president obama vice president laborers store heads came salute deceased generation vanished millions soldiers sailors came symbolize end west_virginia march held memory attendees donations planned statue addition veteran world war oldest world war veteran world time death field veteran war following death funeral surviving world war veterans served died green died february honors awards service world war received united_states government world war victory medal overseas service bars qualified postwar service europe year received medal created qualify prisoner war medal civilian time imprisonment japanese resident west_virginia involved years including president honor emeritus officer conferred organization french president awarded france service world war united_states library congress included information experiences world wars available including minute video interview section passes home named honor west_virginia governor following month received veterans foreign wars gold medal merit liberty memorial sat portrait displayed national world war museum received scottish rite knight commander september
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Frank Buckles
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6711_JohannesS.Andersen
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july july norwegian resistance fighter second world war member nicknamed yellow cheese surname war controversial character pre war life known career criminal series incidents occurred war years incidents included working assassin war shortly war killing german prisoners war drinking war started wood furniture business supported financially vii norway friendship gained war repeatedly accused crimes war occasion convicted early life born july oslo difficult childhood son construction worker soon born norway entered period economic difficulties little construction work available led father having change jobs mason mother obsessed religion age declared ward court sent school institution gave island lake strict institution received parcels home yellow cheese cheese needed rations given boys gave parcels yellow cheese led given nickname english yellow cheese boys institution stuck rest life years transferred school home boys equally harsh institution boys rebelled police officers employed crush riot leaders taken away physical punishment common including locked away dark cellar punishment endure mother died informed days funeral led making suicide threats going warden office punished stay dark cell leaving went sea age later found work mason assistant november married worked restaurant frequented soon got apartment son got better paid job laying foundation headquarters job seek day day work harbour norway financial situation turned worse world war hire man institutional background work ditch attempt money bought liquor sold black market wife left pursue financially secure future written marriage end meantime befriended woman named nancy helped hide wanted authorities lied police interrogation cover helped practical things acquiring passport agreed ways set pursue career canada going visit time police officer recognized arrested hamburg spent time prostitutes described beautiful helped buying food criminal career norway prohibition onwards opened possibilities lucrative criminal career joined old friends days gave grand scale smuggling operations ingenious methods hiding spirits smuggled alcohol norway sea smuggling years future award winning author serving crew boats getting smuggling vessel eventually cover blown wanted man norway flee germany germany worked biggest suppliers spirits illegal norwegian market norway requested germany arrested harbour hamburg prison life harsh managed transferred hospital burning member cigarette deported police escort norway steamship ship entered escaped jumping overboard near months run recaptured years followed prison repeatedly gained considerable renown executed labelled media gentleman english gentleman criminal edition known safe cracking skills tried evade justice fled crowded court room jumping window sentence proclaimed smuggled inside chest undergo oslo recaptured shortly intending board cargo ship bound canada criminal national celebrity pre war norway nickname household sentenced prison terms times spending total seven years bars mid-1930s attempted end criminal career engaged started furniture repair business remarried march wedding born née son attempted children book published rejected inclusion number brutal scenes youths nature scenes book commended reviewer spell prison released april day germany invaded norway world war second world war early resistance work german invasion norway led life taking turn illegal activities furniture workshop weapons depot norwegian resistance movement took looting german military stores arrested germans responded rumours nazi writing norwegian national socialist party official publication stating wrong things life nazi letter published newspaper later arrested occupying authorities sentenced year prison spending half year detention techniques learned earlier criminal career managed transferred prison hospital time detention acquired false ray images tuberculosis fake illnesses captured resistance men way interrogation infected german malaria night sneak hospital operate oslo activities breaking offices stealing documents copying having shipped united_kingdom evidence torture nazi run prisons served sentence near hamburg germany wife active resistance work dealing propaganda espionage author doubts prison exploits based testimony assassin agent naval rating return norway carried assassination known informer good escape sweden active area illegal radio led arrest resistance members march executed shot december carried assassination agent wife acquaintances kidnapping killing animal hospital according later interrogation records killing carried knives crushing bones iron pipes body putting container animal dumping river confession torture included reference bullet holes found corpse recovered according historian leader norway claims having tortured mutilated cites autopsy reports german archives claims body discovered norwegian civilian june calibre bullet holes head identified dental records killing according motivated personal feelings states motives claim refuted history professor fled sweden travelled united_kingdom recruited professor work context surname war united_kingdom suggested series oslo naming targets describing plans carry killings british saw great potential agent man background group halifax bomber near oslo received parachute drop received resistance group district group spent month training resistance people weapons handling originally intended carry leading norwegian nazis foremost police minister leader refused local resistance leaders fears suggested killing ranking nazi leader approved according plan formulated don light suit enter lie office broad daylight shoot police minister head pistol change dark suit hidden underneath light disappear confusion commented plan lie survive assassination attempt won instead wanted kill lie way office home operation severely criticized letter norwegian exile government london returned united_kingdom sweden episodes behaviour oslo united_kingdom personal audience vii norway audience king london entertained exiled monarch stories king promised care war joined exiled served duration war served repeatedly attacked shipping norwegian coast resistance people norway shocked found allowed serve leading wrote shortly war book hell risk send man reputation history secret military missions great embarrassment able publish career king armed forces protested account published post war life loss wife marriage returned norway german surrender hoped reunite wife instead discovered wife arrested germans taken tortured captivity executed detention camp july buried mass grave body identified sister friend organized proper funeral later married killing controversy july killed german prisoners war thompson gun broken german barracks drinking killing german soldiers later claimed acted rage wife death norwegian court system started working case eventually reaching judge advocate defended supreme_court justice deemed necessary prosecute wanted pardon verdict spending year civilian military court systems murder case reached levels august decided case appeal months later decision non indictment despite evidence convict january general jurisdiction chief declared decision non indictment supported minister defence christian decision final royal resolution april led protests leading norwegian psychiatrist later life starting help new wife started wood product factory running years king vii personally helped money credit remaining friend patron rest king life time company hired perform maintenance work eventually retire health problems sustained war accused crimes occasions post war years acquitted court crimes charged acquitted court theft building materials time tricked lending car people broke shop strongly time crime charged fully acquitted convicted sentenced days prison selling bottles alcohol alcohol supposed factory later years involved speaking children rights institutions called institutions youths schools criminals said loss suffering naturally lead youths crime life example explain views society response children said punished having punished yellow cheese died july aged buried late book released written book released film rights story bought company employee stated book contained material motion pictures concentrate story film best works autobiography
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Johannes S. Andersen
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6896_MichaelBourtzes
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greek arabic leading byzantine general 10th century notable capture arabs fell disgrace emperor slight joined forces conspirators assassinated weeks later appears prominent role civil war emperor rebel switching allegiance emperor rebel appointed post held relieved failures war biography career prominent member family originating upper region went major clans byzantine military aristocracy 11th century proposed arabic tower near likewise ethnic origin family disputed scholars suggested arab origin advocated armenian origin date birth unknown placed mentioned late appointed emperor reigned small theme black mountain southern base newly built fortress thousand men tasked controlling northern approaches arab held city acting orders assault city absence late autumn persuaded traitor inside city surrender wall main towers promptly occupied october defended post repeated attacks city defenders days reinforcements led peter arrived secured city byzantines despite major role success reward distinctly lacking angry orders according account laying fire destroying city emperor dismissed post appointed governor angered treatment joined conspiracy involving number prominent generals discontent chief night december group conspirators including managed gain access imperial palace sea proceeded murder emperor install successor despite prominent role assassination historical sources barely mention duration reign records summer men oversaw repairs carried walls following earthquake executed murderers patriarch christopher certain placed command governor time death january stated commanded elite army career point death imperial power reverted legitimate emperors young brothers emperor sole emperor view youth inexperience government essentially continued exercised powerful immediately moved moves powerful seize throne reign supposed guardian young emperors like general important army posts east followed interpreted later historians like weaken position powerful point appointed commander troops northern syria seat titled according designed away close relationship empire senior generals facto second command relative prime candidate throne immediately appointment set deep raid controlled syria reaching returning booty spring appointed rose revolt proclaimed emperor base commanded constantinople lead force north join army governor block rebel crossing leaving son control complied marched north ensuing battle fortress province autumn combined loyalist force routed retreat according comments conduct battle attributed certainly soon deserted imperial camp joined according contemporary fled fortress theme followed persuaded come brought control commanded son constantine join city left hands arab soon overthrown arab joined summer deployed command forces operations imperial army advancing presence tribute forces impromptu fight ended bloody defeat rebels switched sides rejoined imperial army led known career years uniquely military leaders revolted continued rely entrusted critical position aftermath rebellion time november took city son submitted emperor months earlier position years led defence imperial frontier renewed bout fighting disputed control provided military assistance enabled defeat rebel help tried seize early year army advanced sent messenger claiming conflict involve byzantines messenger arrested defeating battle near laid siege days left forces led rest confront marching city aid ensuing battle men defeated followed success capturing fortress commanded nephew taking troops prisoner embarking raid byzantine territory far ash general returned unable withdrew later year time muslim population rose revolt able deported populace interior byzantine territory late summer launched expedition capturing continuing raids byzantine province returning safely damascus spring moved responding calls aid ordered come aid sent reinforcements syria byzantine army surprised heavily defeated attacked flanks battle banks september went capture continued siege personal intervention lightning campaign year failures accusations exacerbated conflict ambassador brought displeasure replaced known died autumn sons michael samuel known constantine viii blinded michael son named constantine
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Michael Bourtzes
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6922_JohnBrooks(governor)
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governor baptized march doctor military officer politician massachusetts served 11th governor massachusetts officials elected united_states trained doctor brooks officer reading massachusetts militia american revolutionary war broke led troops battles lexington concord served george_washington new_york new_jersey campaign missed illness relief force siege fort led successful assault british positions key second battle played significant role helped ideas mutiny continental_army war returned medical practice continued active state militia helping rebellion served militia war elected governor brooks popular politically moderate came era good feelings followed war retired died years later early years born massachusetts son local farmers baptized education local schools brooks studied medicine alongside free time engage military drills local boys carefully watched maneuvers british_army troops stationed nearby boston ended brooks established medical practice reading active local militia revolutionary war service gave alarm sparked battles lexington concord april brooks major reading militia marched unit response troops reach concord british took road boston credited beginning running battle took place brooks later described day difficult life joined continental_army major troops sent night june missed day sent colonel request reinforcements continued serve siege boston transferring 19th january brooks subordinates unit formed fast friendship british withdrawal boston brooks regiment saw action october battle white plains general george_washington retreat new_jersey afterward brooks ill camp army engaged battle december november transferred 8th promoted lieutenant colonel 8th massachusetts forces led relief siege fort upstate new_york present battles second battle october brooks gained reputation assault capture fortifications british right winter brooks valley forge served leading drill master brooks temporarily named adjutant general army followed british new_jersey engaging transferred 7th massachusetts november lieutenant colonel commandant june resigned regiment involved garrison duty new_england new_york_city area end service brooks elected master travelling lodge travelled continental_army brooks played prominent role events concerning army pay known conspiracy officers delivered letter drafted officers participated hearings army delegation outlined issues officers new_york carried letters army headquarters took actions orchestrated washington supporters ideas mutiny accused apparently falsely informing washington conspiracy washington tipped unrest writes details lacking brooks actions motivations critical days conspiracy february march describes role affair crucial brooks original member cincinnati served secretary president massachusetts society vice president national society served offices death post revolution war war brooks returned medical practice taking office member elected revived revolution militia rose position major general command commanded division major general rebellion year elected year term captain elected state convention ratified united_states_constitution secretary war henry offered brooks position brigadier general reorganization united_states_army headed general brooks refused appointment went instead friend elected second year term captain offered position brigadier general united_states_army george_washington war threatened france refused war brooks state militia adjutant general rank major general governor massachusetts brooks politically served state legislature number years governor announced retirement caucus chose candidate refused nomination nomination offered lieutenant governor turned nomination choice caucus cast candidates brooks proposed house speaker initially refused nomination convinced committee caucus accept won election won reelection annually retired public service politics state dominated despite general decline nation brooks adopted moderate positions denied opposition democratic republicans opportunities vigorous opposition included republicans patronage appointments courted republican politicians national level including president association leadership massachusetts writes brooks came non partisan massachusetts panic granting maine massachusetts introduced strong party system state joined republicans calls constitutional convention citing state constitution requirement maine allocated representation legislature reason brooks lobbied idea arguing legislature draft proposed amendments convention held despite efforts amendments produced convention eventually approved leaders managed block substantive reforms sought consequences panic rise particularly boston political faction known group composed primarily working class men unhappy state party leadership led split eventually lead final collapse state brooks announced seek reelection election saw victory republican party leader carry boston lost strongholds state brooks leading member years serving president retirement politics president president years involved governor brooks died march buried salem street burying ground family grave marked large erected honor family legacy brooks married children died young sons active united_states military sons marine_corps lieutenant killed action battle lake son brooks lieutenant colonel army killed explosion florida maine towns brooks established founded named
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John Brooks (governor)
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7069_SekulaDrljević
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september november politician lawyer born town earned doctorate degree law minister justice finance outbreak world war interwar period leading member movement proponent theory ethnic group distinct serbs founded leader following axis invasion yugoslavia april began italian authorities occupying montenegro july proclaimed attempt establish axis aligned puppet state triggered immediate uprising september italian authorities sent camp italy anti fascist revolt escaped camp months later way german held half croatia summer created moved montenegro agreed formation commander commanders later ambushed murdered behalf men later joined withdrew austrian border crossed austria wife ended camp displaced persons agents discovered november early life political career born september village near town having finished law school earned doctorate degree minister justice finance brother time loyalist served minister cabinet balkan wars renowned skills world war captured austro hungarian forces interned camp hungary grew strongly opposed leader montenegro king released war moved worked lawyer leading member movement sided time frequently croatian politicians good friends founded quickly party sole leader foremost expressed support unity yugoslavia stressed montenegro loyalty serbian argued nation necessarily need single state hinted support restoration montenegro independence consequently demanded yugoslavia internal boundaries organized match borders balkan states prior attempted found election unable lack time resistance authorities ran unsuccessfully elections counties ran successfully elected elected representative electoral list helped solve political rift politician resulting formation democratic_party coalition following year unsuccessfully attempted dissuade attending prior assassination politician world war leader april axis forces invaded yugoslavia montenegro invaded forces germany italy germans attacking italians albania germans later withdrew leaving italians occupy area western portion yugoslavia exile italy appointed leader led croatian state croatia called croatian combined modern day croatia modern day parts modern day serbia italian german quasi authorities led subsequently implemented policies jewish population living borders new state creation axis puppet state known proclaimed july state headed italian regent led supporters july proclamation prompted outbreak anti italian uprising montenegro led local communists partisans nationalists having assumed power previous day established entity territorial component organized followers fight yugoslav partisans september dismissed office italians believing life endangered revolt sent camp italy idea independent montenegro abandoned italians opted military months later escaped smuggled german controlled area surrender italy september moved administrator german run concentration camp summer relocated created assistance germans published pamphlet titled serbs croatian blamed supposedly aggressive policies past modern problems balkans presented ethnic serbs race pointed similarities jews proponent theory ethnic group distinct serbs following axis occupation yugoslavia early stated opposed stated ottoman slavery liberty gave new advanced notion people descended ancient wrote races communities blood people creatures history language people belong slavic linguistic community blood belong peoples according contemporary science european races peoples descended identity certain cultural forms peoples way south retreat death spring visited parts montenegro held safe conduct agreement elements details agreement unknown appears agreed men cross aligned retaining operational command suspicious intentions tried forces sending sick wounded keeping fit troops south river following defeat battle field north sub units forced negotiate directly leaders forces movement units appears trap attacked captured way meeting april taken prison near gathered field alongside prisoners arranged followers select officers non intellectuals execution selected loaded boats taken killed concentration camp nearby marsh forces reasons forces motivated mass terror committed muslim population southeastern bosnia opposed support union serbia montenegro ran counter left leader majority men integrated withdrew austrian border second half troops surrendered british quickly turned yugoslavia hands communists managed evade capture wife sought refuge camp displaced persons austrian town november followers discovered murdered legacy rearranged lyrics patriotic song celebrate creation puppet regime established july declared war criminal trials chosen national anthem montenegro additions intact protested selection alleged fascist works battle custom military diplomatic union montenegro serbia balkan conflicts serbs
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Sekula Drljević
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7456_Al-JarrahibnAbdallah
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ibn arabic arab nobleman general tribe course early 8th century times governor armenia legendary warrior lifetime best known campaigns culminating death early career according born jordan probably followed ibn ibn iraq fought rebellion years later appointed governor governor iraq remained post replacement ibn turn named deputy iraq left appointed successor governorship remained march april dismissed months office complaints native converts islam despite conversion obliged pay poll tax replaced deputy ibn notable event tenure beginning covert missionary activity agents return iraq fought alongside ibn suppression rebellion ibn main phase second arab war began winter year launched invasion armenia inflicted crushing defeat army local governor ibn february march response sent syrian troops armenia placing command offensive swiftly successful driving fought way north western coast recovering advancing capital tried defend city ringing citadel wagons arabs broke apart stormed city august inhabitants killed enslaved managed flee north arabs took town approached near modern despite successes arabs achieve decisive result main army remained intact constant threat like forces dependent cities supplies coupled fact rear insecure forced abandon attempt capturing retreat south asked reinforcements promised send troops failed sources obscure activity led campaign north true date campaign response raided south february inflicted crushing defeat battle rivers cyrus lasted days followed success capturing inhabitants obliged pay received charter rights return campaign brought lands muslim muslim commander march pass process expedition secured muslims flank possible attack conversely gave muslim army second invasion route territory new replaced brother ibn recall death mixed performance replaced governor armenia energy campaigning failed produce desired results time dismissal arabs lost control northeastern thrust defensive having defend invasion returned offensive pass arab sources report reached far capital modern historians consider soon forced defend invasion general unclear moved pass succeeded bypassing arab forces laying siege capital muslim troops families gathered news development forced hastily withdraw march south rapid march rescue outside city walls day battle december army annihilated falling field command passed brother unable prevent check raids reached far south experienced general ibn command soon succeeded driving invasion leadership future war concluded nominal arab victory death caused widespread muslim world particularly soldiers achieved legendary status lifetime general impressive physical presence according tradition tall entered great mosque damascus head suspended lamps military prowess celebrated hero islam
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Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah
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7807_AsadibnAbdallahal-Qasri
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ibn ibn ibn died prominent official serving twice governor ibn descendant prominent arab family brother powerful governor iraq reign tenure came wake day severe defeat hands tried reconcile local muslim rule initiated tax reforms address grievances native converts islam enjoyed good relations local nobles began convert islam influence military expeditions tenure targeted mainly local princes avoided direct confrontation dismissal successors reversed policy reconciliation resulting large scale anti arab rebellion major defeat battle followed complete collapse arab position outbreak major rebellion led appointed second time late brought fresh troops province managed suppress uprising rebel leader escaped capture expedition brought intervention head army despite initial arab setbacks invasion succeeded inflicting defeat person turning army despite death months later success instrumental preserving muslim rule blow prestige led murder soon collapse power time policy native population laid foundations eventual acceptance muslim rule origin member clan great grandfather ibn said traditions chief times islamic prophet muhammad accounted muhammad companions traditions hostile family report jew runaway slave grandfather early prominent supporter father sided second eventually pardoned reigned governorship immediately rise throne brother appointed important post governor iraq responsibility entire held turn named governor brothers according prominent men period arrival found province predecessor muslim ibn attempted campaign suffered major defeat called day hands risen muslim rule historian wrote muslim defeat marks period history arab conquests practically aggressive expedition arabs years greater importance blow struck arab prestige roles reversed onwards arabs found defensive gradually ousted district situation followed policy consolidation limited military activity focusing enforcing muslim control minor local avoiding direct confrontation muslims main enemy campaigned northeast forced submit convert islam going subdue region central afghanistan year campaigned confronted called aid local ruler tradition holds retreated went campaign success year according suffered heavy defeat true events military ventures moderately successful importantly failed address growing danger support local princes threatened expel arabs time tried local population hoping prevent supporting continued predecessor policy appointing men known honesty fiscal agents reforms tried stop discrimination especially native converts islam stopping collection measure opposed arab settlers according helped discourage turks couple years keeping muslims despite efforts good relations local iranian land owning class taxation remained heavy burden subject populations greed cruelty arab iranian tax collectors alike meant fertile field missionaries local nobility ancestor dynasty said converted islam time eldest son named governor honour rebuilt city destroyed ibn muslim following revolt transferred arab garrison troops nearby resumed decade practice sending envoys chinese court obviously linked threat turks chinese regarded agents chinese emperor sent deliver arab rule said built village near descendants held times dismissed office december january anger chief representatives greatest arab tribes publicly demanded dismissal naming ibn deputy returned brother iraq second governorship replaced ibn continued policy reversed leading outbreak scale rebellion coupled renewed attacks reduced arab presence able recover successor presided disaster battle crippled army time death muslim holdings reduced parts military defeats long held grievances government food famine led outbreak rebellion early led uprising involved arabs native princes especially hitherto loyal spread quickly rebels capturing new governor managed check advance capital forced seek terms position remained wrote asking placement iraq appointment new governor substantial reinforcement province syrian troops accepted recommendations instructed send governor early renewed rebellion time pressure local way gain time arrive agreed truce promised support demands early arrived governorship time accompanied syrian troops according 11th century historian imprisoned money failing campaign rebels immediately took field soon gained upper hand succession victorious costly battles supporters success aided long standing personal relations local arab tribal leaders continuing tribal rivalries opposed count support fellow traditional enemies tribe soon defected divided forces sending syrian troops main army located remaining marched fortresses rebel forces surrendered pardoned garrison followed soon abandoned retreated finding refuge princes aid laid siege major crossing point face forces troops cross retreated garrison managed defeat retired eastwards mountains followed success garrison surrender promises amnesty double pay led expedition recover lost aftermath failed city returned destroying city irrigation canals year forces cleared mountains remnants supporters including relatives blockaded fortress commander men surrendered according men executed defenders including women children sold slavery year moved capital decision influenced number factors traditional pre islamic capital remained eyes local population lay closer concentrated military activities settled reliable removed politics time captured executed leaders movement known led troops north campaign ruler allied captured fortresses land regent called aid army arrival caught arab troops widely dispersed countryside surprise precipitated flight followed attacked annihilated arab baggage train sent ahead timely arrival main army saved baggage train remnants sides settled winter quarters arabs remained instead retiring north emerged hiding joined advantage dispersal arab army winter quarters resume advance early december led army strong comprising contingents virtually native ruler south bypassed marched hoping raise princes revolt failed king joined approaching forces muster advance caught guard came near accompanied men rest having scattered forage ensuing routed barely escaped fled north detachments south largely destroyed ending threat victory sent expedition possibly prince turmoil previous year taken opportunity capturing expedition successful returned arab rule short later february died brief illness far ibn succeeded temporarily july ibn named governorship legacy second governorship crucial importance future victory possible collapse muslim rule ended threat writes turning point fortunes arabs gave signal downfall power defeat blow prestige encouraging domestic rivals backed secretly chinese assassinated early realm collapsed civil war leaving muslims opponent region time excellent personal relationship native nobility strengthened ties arab government writes able attract influential elements lands fact largely success struggle turks influence led conversion islam local rulers like possibly practically confined ruling classes limited territories direct arab control credits beginning process true reconciliation achievement greatly honoured later generations attested work 10th century historian successor ibn able build work restore arab position muslim pre western sealed withdrawal chinese influence outbreak rebellion
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Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
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7887_JonathonBand
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band admiral sir born february sea lord chief naval staff senior serving officer royal_navy serving sea lord commander chief fleet sea lord band firm advocate creation new ships meet new threats maintain status royal_navy world leading naval forces early life born son victor band attended independent schools preparatory school age thirteen entered royal_navy undertaking sea training far_east returned undergraduate programme studied years gaining early naval career graduating exeter band served junior officer appointments hms confirmed rank sub lieutenant september mid 1970s undertook exchange programme united_states_navy served board guided missile cruiser longer service promoted lieutenant january following warfare training served years principal warfare officer operations officer board frigate hms appointment included deployments west_indies commanded nearly years british coast served flag lieutenant commander chief fleet period involved war promoted rank commander june assumed command frigate hms frigate operated nato waters time operational experience surface ship towed passive attended soon appointed defence staff promoted captain june left commanded responsible helping equip type frigate squadron assistant director programmes period saw implementation options change review member appointed aide camp queen april sea command aircraft carrier period included operational deployments adriatic supported intervention united_nations nato operations bosnia elevated flag rank promoted rear admiral returned assistant chief naval staff appointment included period strategic defence review heavily involved royal_navy contributions review left appointment december assumed position team leader training study january rank vice admiral commander chief fleet tour deputy commander chief fleet band promoted admiral served commander chief fleet responsible preparation operation ships submarines aircraft royal_navy based august november post involved planning iraq war nato command commander appointed knight commander new year honours spoke crew efforts achieving longest deployment time submarine turbulent away months stated huge credit submarine equivalent going twice world march spent weeks touring naval facilities ships caribbean including antigua celebrations celebrating british victory battle band attended ceremonies fleet review interview stated important internationally celebrates fact great club people joint respect sea greater connecting medium world ocean sea lord february band took positions sea lord chief naval staff admiral sir press statement set navy priorities 21st century taking post sea lord professional head royal_navy band proponent sustained surface capability creation new ships maintain royal_navy world leading navies include new type destroyer programme designed replace current aircraft carriers june went fact finding diplomatic mission pakistan met head head army chief staff following day met president november attended press conference moored river_thames announced 25th anniversary war commemorated miles time zones london june february journalists briefing warned royal_navy needed billion meet future foreign policy demands appealed government additional funding navy annual operating budget spend building modern ships later interview daily_telegraph said increase cent fleet day day budget necessary pay better sailors wages running ships improved accommodation threatened resign head navy government failed agree pay new aircraft carriers programme previously promised government gave ahead new aircraft carriers band said significant decision invest future able deliver air power world entirely content country navy deserves powerful navy future entirely right large player world scene awarded honorary degree law appointed order bath birthday honours succeeded sea lord july later professional life early band patron aim commemorate 100th anniversary scott race subsequent deaths polar party ross ice shelf deputy lieutenant hampshire november non executive director cruise company april band non executive director british arm american defense contractor produce aircraft utilized new aircraft carriers younger brother personal life married daughters live portsmouth
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Jonathon Band
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7973_KurtBrändle
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kurt january november military aviator world war fighter ace credited enemy aircraft shot combat missions majority victories claimed eastern claims western born civilian motor powered aircraft pilot volunteered military service luftwaffe posted 53rd fighter wing claimed aerial victories western given command 2nd group 3rd fighter wing fighting eastern awarded knight july aerial victories july august claimed aerial victories southern sector eastern claiming 100th aerial victory awarded knight oak leaves august july achieved aerial victory august transferred western fighting killed action november west amsterdam netherlands body washed ashore near december early life career born january state father master field precision mechanics following school learned trade surgical instrument maker worked father firm early youth enthusiastic flying volunteered military service luftwaffe december participated number exercises promoted second lieutenant reserves december civilian life attained pilot license worked flight instructor instructor trained roughly students logged starts flight hours military aviator addition passion motor power flight pilot early passed examination aircraft construction year trained fighter pilot fighter wing named martyr nazi movement february served 22nd flight training regiment transferred reserve force active service promoted lieutenant june transferred 53rd fighter wing world war world war europe began friday september german forces invaded poland received 2nd class april claimed aerial victory shooting air south total claimed victories france wounded takeoff maintenance test flight crashed injuring head spent weeks military hospital recovering hospital claimed second victory royal_air_force raf august august tasked leadership 5th squadron following fourth aerial victory awarded 1st class september officially appointed squadron leader september november claimed 6th 7th aerial victories awarded luftwaffe fighter pilots silver gold june bulk air elements moved northern germany june aircraft given maintenance overhaul prior moving east transferred present day russia june june crossed soviet support invasion soviet_union opened eastern claimed victories end october credited aerial victories unit relocated western october based netherlands moved mediterranean theater december based airfield flew combat missions raf awarded gold gold february days later march promoted captain group commander appointed group commander 3rd fighter wing named world war fighter ace killed action malta april time stationed rest refit relocated eastern late participate located left wing assigned airfield scored victory relocation claiming reconnaissance bomber aircraft date accumulated victories awarded knight des july aerial victories day claimed 53rd aerial victory shot claimed multiple victories day victories july took tally claims july took score july filed claims numbers ace day time july shot enemy aircraft aerial victories august total july august claimed aerial victories southern sector eastern 100th victory august 17th luftwaffe pilot achieve century mark achievement awarded knight oak leaves des mit august officer soldier honored presentation adolf_hitler personally promoted major march april claimed aerial victories july day battle claimed victories taking total claimed aircraft shot july included aerial victory war defense death early august withdrawn eastern service spent month training northern germany arrived airfield near amsterdam netherlands september november shot fighters escorting formation mission targeting wilhelmshaven later day killed action west amsterdam netherlands following attack group airfield counter attack assumed shot factory number fighters command wing commander body later washed ashore near december buried heroes cemetery amsterdam field grave day later remains moved january time december time cemetery block row grave awards 2nd class april 1st class september flying luftwaffe fighter pilots silver gold june gold february knight oak leaves knight cross july oak leaves august
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Kurt Brändle
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Warfare
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8121_MilitarycareerofBenedictArnold,1781
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military career military career consisted service british_army arnold changed sides september plot surrender key continental_army outpost west_point exposed spending rest recruiting loyalists new regiment called sent men late december general sir virginia instructions raid richmond establish strong fortification portsmouth landing virginia january raided richmond day raiding nearby communities returned portsmouth troops established fortifications remained late march reinforcements led general arrived phillips took command forces arnold served resumed raiding operations aimed potentially establishing permanent presence richmond fought spirited militia defense late april timely arrival continental forces prevented taking richmond phillips continued raid ordered effect junction general marching north_carolina phillips died fever arnold briefly command arrived week later arnold returned new_york suffering french american movements apparent general clinton sent arnold raiding expedition early september connecticut attempt draw american resources away virginia arnold raided port detachment troops involved bloody fort operation command arnold held december general released parole surrender sailed england command british troops arnold command great deal respect officers actions virginia connecticut criticized allegations primarily interested money circulated new_york arrival england unable acquire new commands army resumed business trade activities died london background born family port city british colony connecticut interested military affairs early age serving briefly seeing action colonial militia french indian war embarked career businessman opening shop engaging overseas trade owned operated ships sailing west_indies europe began impose taxes colonies arnold businesses began affected resulting violent opposition eventually joined married local woman children died infancy died arnold left children care sister hannah home continental_army service arnold distinguished early war participating capture leading raid fort saint jean near montreal led small army cambridge massachusetts expedition wilderness present day maine wounded climactic december leading siege quebec april took military command montreal directed american retreat arrival british reinforcements forces formed rear guard retreating continental_army headed south arnold organized defense led fleet defeated october battle actions arnold number friends larger number enemies army power structure congress established decent relationships george_washington commander army command army different times dispute moses commander 2nd boiled court martial summer action gates superior prevented arrest leveled disagreements lower level officers political connections conflict resulted ongoing suggestions brown particularly vicious publishing claimed arnold money man god sacrifice country december washington sent arnold coordinate defense rhode_island british occupied newport inadequate supplies militia training offensive action possible february arnold passed congress promotion major general route philadelphia discuss matter stopped visit family fought rearguard battle british raiding party left leg injured philadelphia arnold threatened resign issue rank learned fallen sent north assist defense hudson_river valley helped lift siege fort august played key roles battles september october stripped command battle dispute come arnold competitor rank glory midway second battle rode battlefield led troops spirited attack british suffering injuries leg arnold recovered injuries walked cane rest life washington gave military command philadelphia british withdrew city actions increased political opposition inquiries affairs began loyalist married daughter man shortly opened negotiations general sir major offering services resigning philadelphia command anger poor treatment congress local opponents sought acquired july command west_point key continental_army base hudson_river plans taking easier british systematically weakened defenses plot exposed september capture american forces major arnold fled new_york given commission brigadier general british_army major hanged spy greatly british british_army service british gave arnold brigadier general commission annual income pounds paid plus annual pension plot failed wife settled new_york loyalist eventually overcome charm arnold began recruiting new loyalist regiment young sons unit paper general clinton assigned arnold lead expedition chesapeake_bay force began shape november december rumors city officers refusing serve british soldiers new_york held arnold responsible death popular major arnold preparations chesapeake_bay expedition interrupted scheme hatched george_washington kidnap arnold plan lee sergeant major staged lee unit new_jersey british lines new_york late october convinced arnold senior officer supposed contact covert working new_york work kidnap arnold observing arnold habits plan developed executed night december arnold ordered troops including embark transports december scuttled attempt participated start expedition finally managed escape weeks later return lee unit washington lee rewarded richly convinced retire military service risk hanging role affair captured virginia arnold force troops arrived virginia january landing troops january captured richmond surprise went virginia destroying supply houses mills activity brought virginia militia led colonel initiating arnold return portsmouth hold port relative inactivity holding port led arnold request change command reinforcements arrived march led served took command clinton issue orders recalling arnold accompanied phillips new raiding expeditions virginia countryside force advanced defeated militia force led battle late april arrival richmond continental troops sent oppose arnold prompted phillips begin making way portsmouth route ordered commander british southern army return join force phillips fell ill way died fever arnold commanded army arrived colonel wrote clinton arnold officers wish general command disregarded advice arnold locate permanent base away coast later surrender shortly arrival arnold suffered severe attack returned new_york arnold time virginia things happened negative impact reputation wrote letter lord british colonial secretary criticizing clinton conduct war word communication reached clinton arnold met return new_york reception assignments perform administrative tasks arnold attempted writing find letter given extremely sorry second incident dispute naval counterpart captain distribution prizes captured expeditions arnold attitude refused leave port respond reports transports carrying troops bay incident widely known arnold got new_york prompting officer write arnold hurt discovering fondness cash attached acquisition arnold stint virginia demonstrated target patriot wrath revenge virginia governor issued large reward capture washington gave orders hang arnold captured arnold phillips went join phillips died arnold tried open communications letters returned washington wrote conduct meets refusing correspond arnold conversation officers sent prisoner exchanges arnold said asked happen captured response cut leg wounded country service hang rest boot monument honoring role includes representation arnold left boot new london return new_york june arnold variety proposals continuing attack economic military targets including west_point order force americans end war clinton interested arnold aggressive ideas arrival new troops led authorized expedition port connecticut near arnold childhood home september long birth second son arnold force men raided burned captured causing damage estimated british casualties high nearly quarter force sent fort killed wounded rate clinton claimed ill afford victories arnold reported killed wounded official report unofficial casualties occurred claim like expedition capture included american allegations british attackers slaughtered surviving garrison surrendered garrison numbering killed seriously wounded arnold position influence fort remained new london observed action fort river somewhat blamed sides affair later years surrender october arnold requested permission clinton england lord thoughts war person word surrender reached new_york arnold renewed request clinton granted december arnold family left new_york england london aligned advising king george iii renew fight americans house_of_commons expressed hope government arnold head british army sentiments true honor british officer holds life afflicted arnold anti war gotten upper hand parliament forced resign government lord north falling long arnold applied accompany general going new_york replace clinton commander chief request went attempts gain positions government years failed forced reduced pay non wartime service reputation came criticism british press especially compared major celebrated patriotism particularly harsh critic said arnold mean mercenary having adopted cause sake convicted charge turning posting wrote satisfied purity conduct think case power country suddenly place situation aim despite repeated attempts gain command positions british_army saw military duty resumed business activities engaging trade based new_brunswick london died london buried military honors
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Military career of Benedict Arnold, 1781
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8489_AlanCharlesworth
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air vice marshal september september senior commander royal_australian_air_force raaf born tasmania graduated served 2nd light horse regiment queensland transferring air_force pre war flying career spent squadron undertook series survey flights australia earning early wartime commands included squadron western_australia december promoted temporary air commodore following year took north western area darwin control air operations led appointment commander order british empire following end world war retaining wartime rank took charge newly formed assumed command new_south_wales posted japan later year chief staff organised support raaf units involved korean war returning australia raised acting air vice marshal final appointment retiring air_force commanding london leaving military served director recruiting late 1950s later judge associate died home victoria early career born tasmania september son wife youth attended entering won silver trophy awarded college champion athlete years running appointed company sergeant major received sword honour graduating lieutenant later year following service adjutant 2nd light horse regiment queensland transferred royal_australian_air_force raaf flying officer january classmates pilots course victoria fellow graduate training flight march stalled spun field injuring killing instructor recovering subsequently involved accident future lieutenant general governor new south wales plane flipped landing came rest upside fence man badly hurt graduated pilot july posted squadron january took experiments test throwing aircraft flight air_force permanent january promoted flight lieutenant following month april married couple daughter month posted united_kingdom attachment royal_air_force raf attended serving raf survey flight british returning australia posted squadron taking command round australia aerial survey conducted phases association doctor study britain experience raaf leading expert photographic reconnaissance utilised search potential oil fields phase survey took place january february employing seven air_force personnel nos squadrons photograph sites southern queensland despite aircraft damaged gale northern new_south_wales returning base expedition considered success second phase lasting july september team australia new_south_wales queensland western_australia returning final phase december explored tasmania awarded leadership survey described milestone country exploration following survey work appointed staff officer photography melbourne returned final posting squadron september raised temporary command unit overall charge training flight november december ended disaster crashed near new south wales pilot burned death incidents year led questions raised level flying safety raaf march raised wing commander took command squadron operating world war raaf reorganisation following outbreak world war september group formed sydney november appointed senior air staff officer continued serve position group formed march posted western australia command august promoted temporary group captain september senior administration officer newly established perth january following year september took bombing sale victoria handed group captain august briefly taking charge brisbane appointed air officer commanding headquartered park sydney december responsible maritime patrol anti submarine warfare coast new_south_wales southern queensland japanese submarine activity decreased months prior taking command concerned allied ships observed general procedure ships seldom minority merchant ships identify aircraft raaf patrols settled predictable pattern easy submarine captain avoid promoted temporary air commodore august following month appointed north western area nwa darwin replacing air vice marshal adrian king cole stage war allies advancing north tempo operations darwin area decreased immediately raised concerns wing operated squadrons fighters warning higher command morale drop given active role war transferred southern australia rest october wing received orders depart nwa forward base join raaf main mobile strike force leave squadrons disposal including heavy bomber unit squadrons meantime nwa supported assault attacks enemy ports oil facilities shipping dutch_east_indies operations continued november december april sent japanese convoy led cruiser bombers damaged cruiser subsequently sunk allied submarines month nwa attacked targets java lead commenced july area command strength bomber wings transferred postwar career small wartime raaf commanders considered suitable senior roles retained rank air commodore following cessation hostilities appointed commander order british empire king birthday honours conspicuous service operations japanese leading north western area command year relinquished command briefly took charge posted britain undertake course returning australia inaugural commandant april school transferred new_south_wales following year took overall command june year succeeded fellow graduate air commodore chief staff japan workload increased considerably outbreak korean war june need supply raaf contribution conflict chiefly squadron october following death combat squadron leader temporarily transferred tokyo administer squadron composite wing formed task return australia june promoted acting air vice marshal appointed headquartered melbourne end tenure raaf wartime area command system transformed structure based function geography result formed training command october returned command london later life completing term london retired air_force december honorary air vice marshal following year appointed technical advisor committee organising summer olympics melbourne served director recruiting combined services later judge associate retirement home victoria died september survived wife daughter accorded air_force funeral cremated
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Alan Charlesworth
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8501_NigelCullen
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june march australian fighter ace world war serving royal_air_force raf credited sixteen aerial victories killed action born newcastle new_south_wales living london seen action spanish civil war joined raf following outbreak world war served initially transport pilot squadron middle_east seeking fighters posted squadron flying claimed axis aircraft unit converted nicknamed physical bulk awarded destroying enemy aircraft single sortie february credited victories engagement march day shot killed escort duty albania regia age early career born newcastle new south wales june son david originally wife hero boy uncle future major general taken england early age parents attended studying fired love adventure competed racing later saw action member spanish civil war suffering wound stomach necessitated england caught friends reluctant talk conflict wars future fought air living joined royal_air_force raf granted short service commission acting pilot officer august completing probation following promoted flying officer december shortly outbreak world war posted middle_east early wartime service squadron transport unit passengers freight egypt transport duties sought fighters long able effect transfer squadron flying type war began fighter pilot joining squadron fighter tactics pat leading british aces war nicknamed colleagues imposing physique described fellow pilot big smiling long armed giant irresistible offensive spirit fearless october detailed search single missing allied truck failing locate vehicle spotted italian ground attack aircraft south immediately engaged gaining credit probably destroying italians reported aircraft returning base squadron greece following month assist resisting italian invasion achieved confirmed victory engined bomber near december promoted flight lieutenant day january claimed second kill day offensive patrol albania fourteen squadron attacked bombers reported destroying firing aircraft shot section claimed fighter bomber successive days february respectively recorded victories mission february albania sending flames escorting allied bombers discovered formations nearby shot later remarked hadn left slightly wounded hand bullet raf claimed italian aircraft destroyed including february italian sources reported shot killing pilot damaged combat later destroyed fire attempted forced landing february attacked engined taking greece simply attempting prevent getting airborne refused stop destroying second pass result add official score italian plane flight time destruction hurricanes time squadron began february total aerial victories stood enemy aircraft destroyed plus probable earned reputation extreme aggression air favourite tactic duel head intended victim aircraft firing closing speed miles hour quoted saying interesting pull away colleagues reportedly said came fight single enemy aircraft left sky battle came home guns opened score hurricane february shooting escorting light bombers albania day described greatest air battle period officially credited shooting italian planes engagement record unit combat report read battle right albania found got went flames found formations took aimed starboard engine caught fire crashed flames climbed crashed flames attacked climbing got caught fire went flames immediately fired cockpit took fire rolled crashed come home achievements february raf successful day campaign awarded italian sources recorded damaged february shot claimed raf fact claimed multiple kill march comrades chased group bombed greece catching retreating bombers south west squadron claimed destroyed probable credited destroying probably destroying italians reported bombers lost following day march flying hurricane escorting group near southern albania bombed target italian warships return flight flight lieutenant ordered hurricanes hunt pairs warships number italian fighters seen lone attacked occasion reported shooting watching spiral moment second jumped hurricane seen aircraft crashed near australian killed years old citation london gazette march february officer pilot formation aircraft attacked large force enemy bombers escorted fighters displaying remarkable skill flight lieutenant shot enemy aircraft ensuing action destroyed enemy aircraft consistently shown great resource courage official history australia war puts number victories thirteen total score commonly estimated sixteen sixteen half buried park memorial cemetery albania appears australian war memorial canberra
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Nigel Cullen
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Military people (A –F)
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8931_LouisH.Carpenter
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february january united_states_army brigadier general recipient medal honor actions american indian wars dropped college enlist union_army beginning american civil war enlisted soldier commissioned officer following year american civil war participated fourteen campaigns primarily 6th regimental commander 5th end civil war held rank lieutenant colonel colonel volunteers received commission lieutenant carpenter received medal honor actions indian wars serving 10th noted times gallantry official dispatches civil war transfer east served primarily western frontier engaged native american tribes dealt types explored vast areas territory texas arizona spanish american war commanded occupation force military governor cuba continuous years service country retired army october brigadier general retirement speaker writer early life family direct descendant great great great grandson notable immigrant november sussex england april philadelphia pennsylvania came america early way barbados eldest son children born 2nd mary carpenter born new_jersey family moved philadelphia attended attended philadelphia started attending younger brother served union army private later commissioned second lieutenant later lieutenant captain major volunteers military service american civil war july junior year carpenter dropped joined fighting sixth cavalry regiment private union_army later known army carpenter trained infantry soldier capable riding horse battlefield mounted scout horse soldier carpenter like steep learning curve proved difficult frustrating year conflict participated chased went completely union_army june caused great psychological concerns union cavalry commanders men horse soldiers far second best compared confederate cavalry rapid expansion east chaotic beginning civil war officers elected men appointed politically resulted commanders tools techniques pre war cavalry inadequate resulting steep learning curve costly men supplies slowly chaos came tactics leaders proved worthy challenge union horse soldiers cavalry tough proved adept mounted horseback pistols confident battle proven leaders seven days battles june july carpenter commissioned second lieutenant july actions leadership campaign series engagements better understand carpenter role military organization following brief provided details order battle initially major general major general june commanded divisions commanded following list 6th cavalry regiment documented battles engagements june july carpenter participated battle pivotal carpenter company commander july acting executive officer regiment virginia june battle station 6th right wing mill virginia june engagement near virginia june battle virginia june battle pennsylvania july battle maryland july engagement maryland july small engagement maryland july battle maryland july battle june opposing cavalry forces met near virginia confederate major general stuart surprised dawn combined arms force cavalry divisions cavalry troops including 6th carpenter company infantry stuart barely repulsed union attack required time inconclusive battle largest predominantly cavalry engagement civil war time battle proved time union horse soldiers like carpenter equal southern counterparts battle july reports slow moving confederate wagon train vicinity pennsylvania attracted attention newly commissioned ordered 6th major scout locate wagons resulting carpenter action major july field orchard sides road near union directed officers took hasty defensive positions slight ridge carpenter troops threw mounted charge 7th opened fire federal supported 6th 7th virginia charged clearing force ridge inflicting heavy losses general jones union forces pursued retreating miles gap unable eliminate quarry major wounded attack unable escape captured small groups reformed miles field action harassed virginia giving impression vanguard larger force carpenter acting executive officer regiment carpenter fight small regiment stood crack brigades stuart cavalry stand considered history helped influence outcome battles fought regiment cut pieces fought squadrons regarded advance large body troops senior officer brigades later criticized severely delayed inferior force regiment stand brigades caused problems union rear areas officers 6th escape deadly melee july private later sergeant irish immigrant serving received medal honor july actions day citation reads seized regimental flag death standard bearer hand hand fight prevented falling hands enemy commander eyewitness documented private duty behavior day carpenter second lieutenant lieutenant conduct actions time period mentioned official reports dispatches april major general appointed command newly promoted general chief lieutenant general carpenter aide camp similar today executive assistant known officer unknown influence carpenter concept deploying union cavalry effective independent roles long range raids carpenter treatise battle yellow tavern suggests influence later called richmond raid beginning overland campaign went immediate superior head told grant let loose operate independent unit defeat stuart prominent able cavalry officer south grant intrigued convinced value request battle yellow tavern major called strategic raids june late june deep july considered clear union victory defeat resulting death stuart clear raid best follow raids diverted confederate forces required deal needed despite carpenter supporters written raids caliber successful raids hindered union effort lack reconnaissance intelligence provided long carpenter served currently known carpenter mentioned personal memoirs major books lieutenant colonel carpenter promoted lieutenant september transferred department ohio accepted commission lieutenant colonel volunteers united_states colored troops 5th lieutenant colonel arrived camp nelson kentucky october majority colored slaves slaves 5th united states colored cavalry absent men field led lieutenant colonel major general preparing attack virginia 5th officially organized october battle late september led raid southwest virginia salt works near town virginia october led white troops black troops battle despite outstanding effort coloured troops raid ultimately failed quickly retreated day wounded troops black white left field battle october unknown number surrendered wounded union soldiers killed confederate regular home guard irregular soldiers special directed black troops war crime captain partisan rangers later found guilty murdering white black soldiers battle october hanged dead confederate soldiers civil war tried war crimes union forces route camp nelson brief engagement october kentucky days later carpenter faced defeated defiant union troops returned camp nelson october reports black flag behavior colored troops white officers frightened men widely reported press problems carpenter executive officer 5th charge training getting african american recruits ready combat basic drill weapon training conditioning helped build confidence carpenter faced problem non commissioned officers chosen ranks entire regiment recent slaves carpenter found difficult find men handle tasks assigned scarcely colored men enlisted regiment read write wrote carpenter captain letter carpenter solution granted superiors involved placing white non commissioned officers colored combined literacy program african american corrected problem time problem rifles issued 5th muzzle loaded infantry rifles mounted use loaded horseback carpenter taught tactics involved fighting going concept mounted infantry fight final problem white officers promoted ranks command colored troops despite efforts training carpenter attrition real solution junior officers winter raid december general ordered 5th participate raid southwestern virginia resulted engagements involved 5th kentucky december tennessee december near virginia december second battle december near virginia considered union victories division commander ordered 5th white units left flank union line lieutenant colonel second command carpenter led soldiers forward confederate defensive works opened heavy fire advancing union troops included pound rifled cannons union charge fell carpenter seen giving clear orders reform rallied men mighty 5th rushed forward break defensive line carpenter ordered men dig night fell volunteers went lines rescue wounded december morning cold rainy light fog second day began copy multiple union charges union center able breach center confederate pushed rebel counterattack carpenter led mounted rescue force colored soldiers save white soldiers trapped near cover bridge left flank carpenter attempts rescue soldiers trapped soldiers captured later afternoon released giving parole later day confederate reinforcements delivered wild rebel charge union left flank white unit adjacent 5th completely routed 5th flank threatened ordered fall carpenter tried maintain orderly retreat colored soldiers remembering murder comrades battle broke ranks rescue wounded comrades retreat threatened rout union reinforcements arrived bolstered union line night confederate forces forced retire lack ammunition day union forces buried dead helped wounded costly victory marked raid afternoon december union forces attacked virginia confederate forces overwhelmed 5th 6th entered cold vengeance outnumbered confederate forces retreated awaited promised reinforcements union forces hastily attempted destroy vital salt works destroyed boiling sheds damaged portions railroad failed destroy damage actual salt wells general claimed victory retreated virginia confederate forces completely surround carpenter role strangely missing letters documents simply note months production carpenter later wrote long letter home battle men responded ambush january colored troops company command 2nd lieutenant assigned thousand head cattle camp nelson stock yard louisville kentucky men assigned rear spread herd cattle men bringing rear january near ambushed confederate union troops able fire muzzle loaded infantry rifles powder armed shot carried quickly closed distance colored soldiers bringing rear wounded escaped harm playing dead hiding overturned wagon box forward group panicked fled hour ambush local citizens found dead wounded soldiers stretched near road soldiers later found dead wounds exposure nearby men took wounded men town men severely wounded expected live total soldiers died route louisville later determined union soldiers murdered trying surrender disarmed remainder union wounded left die freezing cold soldiers remained missing final accounting flint town ambush fled louisville authorities camp nelson carpenter immediately ordered heavy escort mounted arrived scene october took surviving wounded hospital louisville locals reported happened boasts confederate led captain murdered shot union soldiers captured mass grave located effort find missing men carpenter wrote report documented names known encouraged hunt prosecution command 5th mid february colonel regimental commander 6th promoted brigadier general volunteers moved division duties reorganization command resulted lieutenant colonel 5th took 6th carpenter took command 5th regiment 5th regiment attached 1st division district kentucky department ohio february regiment subsequently served december march later period time regiment performed scattered garrison duties reportedly hunted rebel end civil war course civil war carpenter served campaigns battles related peninsula campaign maryland campaign campaign raid rear army wilderness final battles kentucky south west_virginia reconstruction fighting stopped reconstruction began carpenter texas october reported historical sketches carpenter stayed arkansas 5th march little fighting state martial law imposed military closely supervised local government enrolled vote excluded confederate leaders period time supervised free elections tried protect office holders early versions violence carpenter men face low level civil hostility violence uneasy transition period trying peace rebels resented occupation colored soldiers carpenter saw ugly racism daily best maintain peace carpenter promoted colonel volunteers november battles 5th summary battles 5th october battles carpenter present command structure october virginia battle october kentucky engagement december kentucky engagement december tennessee flanking movement december virginia battle december virginia battle january ambush retirement 5th 5th commander colonel volunteers final regimental review march arkansas names officers men listed officially missing action presumed murdered october read final time regiment officers including carpenter discharged ceremony days men mustered regiment officially retired march official losses october march killed action died service disease wounds causes carpenter reverted rank lieutenant returned home philadelphia leave leave reported new 10th january carpenter elected companion united_states assigned insignia number indian wars frontier service 10th cavalry regiment buffalo soldiers civil war carpenter serving lieutenant volunteered cavalry duty negro troops raised 10th formed kansas african american regiment end july companies enlisted men recruited departments missouri arkansas life pleasant fort commander openly opposed african americans serving life new troops difficult sought regiment transferred subsequently received orders moving regiment kansas began morning august completed day afternoon august carpenter accepted rank captain july took command african american troops company 10th 10th regiment composed black enlisted men white officers typical era carpenter assigned newly formed july served original buffalo soldiers thirteen years near continuous conflict native americans southwest united_states carpenter dispatched philadelphia recruit non commissioned officers late summer fall efforts contributed high level veteran soldiers core non commissioned officers carpenter men respected company lowest documented rate charge known fair firm consistent learned saw understood hardships racial men faced service 10th campaigned defended ability train lead notable set standard cavalry units battle island september lieutenant colonel mounted party white scouts attacked dawn seeing viable route retreat stand river attacked force indian warriors sand island action indians primarily supported members tribe war chief killed battle dispatched simpson jack seek help fort wallace miles away able reach fort wallace rescue plans quickly rescue parties went different routes find endangered party led lieutenant colonel carpenter charge cavalry regiment relieved september shot thigh breaking leg forehead expected survive day battle beaver creek october weeks carpenter returned fort wallace survivors command ordered troops 10th cavalry forth escort major new command supplies beaver creek near carpenter supply train command attacked force indians sign present carpenter seeking defensive posture closer beaver creek advanced short period supply wagons area possible mounted fought mobile delaying action command carpenter men rushed inside took defensive firing line gap wagons entered carpenter command massive aimed repeating rifles hit waves mounted indians hit cannon filled musket balls number warriors bullet breaks returned fire nearly warriors died warriors yards wagons demise indians carpenter defense renew attack carpenter accomplished primary task sending scouts find location incident arrived fort wallace october carpenter command traveled miles week routed mounted indians delivered needed supplies new commander completed effectively professionally command gallantry fight beaver creek officers men buffalo soldiers thanked general general field order official dispatches washington captain carpenter colonel efforts september october carpenter seven 10th cavalry soldiers awarded medal honor service frontier defense 10th regimental headquarters remained fort gibson march moved state oklahoma arrived april old indian village inhabited tribe general selected site nearby military post carpenter rest ordered establish build time following month august post given fort civil war brigadier general classmate friend killed action june camp supply attacked raiding party intent stealing cavalry mounts pursued ambushed warriors carpenter troops flanked indians forcing withdraw august carpenter involved fierce attack focused destroying buildings settlement carpenter patrolled area aggressively engaged groups warriors setting prairie fires settlement different points increasingly violent assaults native americans numbers ranging different points defensive lines decisive feature engagement charge captain carpenter men routed body warriors commanding position rear defenders june 10th left elements proceeded big tree carpenter involved capture escort warrior medicine man big tree oklahoma general present fort inspection tour present colonel native american leaders tried raids train raid murder united_states civil court instead military court deny rights prisoners war tried common criminal texas near military leaders fort given written information indian agent killings raid plans arrest indians involved hidden foot main office building carpenter mounted waiting nearby sat porch reviewing situation waiting indians arrive indians came boasted told indians arrest signal given came forward pistols hand supporting pulled rifle blanket pointed ready problem quickly disarmed trigger pulled attempt escape quickly subdued carpenter mounted decided men criminals tried civil court carpenter told carpenter faced problems associated including possibility indians rescued followers angry settlers transport civilian court transport hid red blanket wagon base thumb bone allowed slip wrist sang death chant small hidden knife found separate searches stabbed driver survived falling wagon grabbed soldier mortally wounded escape attempt tried found guilty sentenced death sentences life years violated parole raiding sent state texas despair later killed presented witnesses non involvement returned reservation accepted lived sadness warrior exile later christian eventually minister baptist church chief supervised torture burning captives went converting people christ days cruel acts white man recorded concluded tales note god acts defense august carpenter involved fighting reservation fighting considered clashes carpenter sent support fort aggressive patrols engaged raiding parties relatively peaceful indians reservation targets hostile indians increasing positive status 10th sent texas established april exception carpenter troop stationed fort davis map making carpenter heavily involved campaign warrior chief band january carpenter directed scouting missions isolated bordering united_states mexico surrounding area american high desert far west texas making raids scouts helped provide reliable maps drawn areas operation finding mapping area critical step campaign attacked nearby wagon train captain carpenter pursued orders carpenter stop international border mexico colonel commander traversed hot desert narrow valleys reaching morning august mounts worn forced march miles hours resting getting water carefully placed men ambush positions carpenter cavalry troops arrived reinforcements posted reserve short distance south spring settled wait indian scouts brushed away sign presence little clock afternoon slowly approached springs danger halted men hostile sights appearing ready bolt soldiers wait opened fire initiative men scattered withdrew range people needed water believing soldiers present attacked immediately battle progressed sent warriors flank soldiers carpenter charged forward companies sent scattering canyon stunned presence strong force desperate need water repeatedly charged attempts reach spring cavalry defenders bolstered carpenter companies stood firm attempt break soldiers conducted near nightfall failed followers withdrew westward mountains carpenter companies pursuit darkness halted effort august carpenter captain second command companies headed deny source water early light day saw string wagons rounding mountain spur southeast miles distant crawling plain sent band warriors riding mountains attacked wagons held load provisions fort davis company infantry riding wagons warriors met rifle fire wagons defensive positions alerted indian scouts carpenter companies charged rescue attack warriors fled confusion southwest rejoin main force moved deeper ambush ready scattered warriors able avoid august texas_rangers indian scouts located main supply camp sierra rangers joined carpenter attack guarded carpenter attack scattered indian guards secured head cattle provisions pack animals increasing pressure short food importantly water began head south main groups august carpenter trail pursuit horses tired campaign chase slow carpenter divided command company texas_rangers route took rest command route august reached indian scouts reported crossed border mexico evening carpenter arrived later ordered rest near river october life state mexico survived warrior sister continued fighting captured miles terrain charted carpenter officers added plus miles new roads miles telegraph lines scouting expeditions took buffalo soldiers terrain documented american west excellent maps provided carpenter officers showing scarce water holes mountain passes grazing areas efforts carpenter 10th cavalry completed adverse weather limited supplies primitive equipment day alert unexpected hit run raids native american types fort commands august carpenter holding rank captain colonel served commanding officer later served period command fort june july carpenter transferred promotion major february july battlefield carpenter court absent leave previous day proved absence secretary war carpenter duties member sixth civil war neglected issue orders carpenter time allow reach 5th annual veteran reunion major carpenter commanding officer duty contingent soldiers secretary war 25th anniversary late career spanish american war carpenter served director fort riley kansas lieutenant colonel school formed basis practical instruction enabled officers men participated study duties soldier garrison camp march served president united_states_army united_states_army conducted experiment integrate indian soldiers units primary object employment utilize talents warriors dangerous tribes significant number sent fort riley starting late received training cavalry tactics classes english unfortunately probably lack patience united_states_army partly language difficulties racial discrimination experiment failed discontinued carpenter lieutenant organize command composed indians scott commanded inception release duty noted discipline native american troops disbanded soon final review director carpenter promoted lieutenant colonel july transferred august serving fort riley kansas transferred september promoted colonel stationed june commissioned brigadier general volunteers duration spanish american war general carpenter commanded 1st division commanded tampa florida later ordered cuba occupy force consisting 3rd georgia volunteers troops station cuba carpenter appointed military governor province remained capacity june discharged reverted regular army rank colonel colonel carpenter promoted october brigadier general retired day request having served years retirement retiring army carpenter went home philadelphia married children updated completed book father started family research publishing immigrant ancestor spent time writing civil war service time work known raid resulting general mortally wounded basic reference gave talks wrote articles organization composed veterans union_army served american civil war brigadier general carpenter died january home place philadelphia buried family plot new_jersey honors awards military career carpenter earned medal honor indian campaigns received promotion bravery mentioned dispatches civil war received promotion mention military dispatches indian campaigns medal honor citation rank organization captain company 10th place date indian campaigns kansas colorado september october entered service philadelphia birth date issue april citation campaigns especially combat october forced march september relief known danger largely superior forces indians military promotions private july company 6th cavalry corporal november company 6th cavalry sergeant february 6th cavalry promotions carpenter received series promotions gallantry service ranks lieutenant july captain united_states september winchester virginia major united_states march gallantry lieutenant colonel united_states march service civil war colonel united_states october kansas indian wars lieutenant colonel october colonel november 5th brigadier general known commands commanded 5th colored cavalry regiment commanded fort davis west texas nebraska virginia director kansas appointed revise cavalry tactics commanded fort texas command spanish american war military governor cuba clubs member retrieved october society retrieved october historical society retrieved october philadelphia pennsylvania retrieved october
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Louis H. Carpenter
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9369_JohnBrunt
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captain december december english recipient victoria_cross highest award gallantry face enemy awarded british commonwealth forces served italy second world war twice decorated bravery action killed mortar fire early life born december farm priest near thomas née began education village school elder sister named born younger sister born october family moved farm near john grew older fearless nature apparent week read comic featured instructions teach swim day asked canal went farmland sister stop taken clothes jumped canal finally arrived home mother wanted know clothes john responded teaching swim got older attitude occasion found swinging dutch barn feet old enrolled streak quickly apparent slipped tea remembered school contracted resulting need wear glasses enthusiastic played cricket hockey rugby water polo wrestling pupil school tackle playing rugby injuring older man knee process family moved school holidays young john known village come home reckless individual thought highly helped train assisted father spent days helping hop harvest military career joined british_army left school training private queen received commission second lieutenant january posted north_africa commissioned served instead posted having friendly captain officer boat africa september regiment landed italy given command platoon company unit subsequently moved south east establish base farm near river military cross december january commanded battle patrol saw near constant action early hours december received orders destroy enemy post based houses yards north efforts break enemy line crossed crossed river times troops took calling brook intense minute bombardment led section assault houses contained enemy soldiers house provided resistance grenades tommy guns managed kill enemy troops outside house inside belonging thirty minutes intense fighting patrol withdrew having man killed wounded rest section pulled remained sergeant private retrieve wounded soldier actions awarded january sick bed rear hospital pleaded doctors allowed leave attack given permission leading patrol heavy fire hospital hours later concussion piece split helmet carried fighting non commissioned officer forcibly led away line end campaign said commented friends won victoria_cross resting syria egypt returned italy july having promoted temporary captain appointed second command company early december regiment operating near fighting german troops retreating north italy night december regiment began attack town evening december taken village near heavy fighting established defensive positions actions engagement awarded victoria_cross citation award appeared supplement london gazette february reading morning having won battle acclaim regiment captain eager return offensive keeping alert trouble breakfast prepared men meal hours standing doorway platoon headquarters having tea friends stray german mortar bomb landed feet killing outright celebrated 22nd birthday days buried war cemetery italy commonwealth war grave victoria_cross announced posthumously february victoria_cross presentation december king presented parents buckingham palace father met sir 15th commander ceremony said expect know men awarded medal alexander replied unexpected day son legacy sister gave birth boy named honour heroic uncle september kent arms public house kent named honour pub changed horse local outrage original restored pub small housing development called built military career awarded star british war medal display lincolnshire collections lincoln altar rail soldiers chapel george dedicated memory regiment july victor comic featured cover story named page strip based actions won opened funds raised college holds photograph copy citation displayed outdoor plaque memory unveiled
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John Brunt
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9805_ArthurJamesDingle
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arthur mud october august rugby union centre wing won caps england played county durham oxford_university born raised county durham attending head boy excelled sports especially rugby went study oxford playing rugby college team final year played varsity match scored try selected england february ireland picked oxford year graduating returned master played scoring tries season hat tricks county durham helping reach county championship finals picked england scotland france international matches outbreak world war member oxford officers training corps second lieutenant 6th battalion east yorkshire regiment took bay landing gallipoli campaign august battalion took hill august great loss life forced tactical withdrawal august ensued disaster britain allies killed following day defending trench earlier captured commemorated memorial missing dead early life born october hole county durham eldest son née reverend brother arthur attended head school displayed cricket rowing rugby went oxford read theology anticipation ordained rugby career oxford played college captained team final year played saturdays joining school friend club soon selected play oxford centre winning blue varsity match spectators december cambridge clear favourites win oxford lost previous games leadership oxford won decisive victory leading half time second half tries described magnificent sealed victory following season november oxford hosted south african team touring united_kingdom france played centre close contest south_africa coming win convincing victory cambridge little later oxford favourites win varsity match add winning series unable play injury missing game went odds got england national team face ireland february playing centre alongside selected play oxford times described debut performance strong defence altogether success described fair lacking finishing power poor england gained easy victory failed turn opportunities points picked match scotland march season graduated played richmond surrey returning durham master old school played captained team county level played durham significant helping team reach finals scoring seven matches total scored tries season durham early season england played south winning outstanding performances johnson played final trial england won selection nations came match scotland replacing roberts left wing poor game prior encounter ireland scotland match march described english team best visit scotland having defeated wales ireland england beat scotland close fought game scotland wind opened scoring half try england half time break england got lead victory certain scotland responded closed gap point leg broken tackle england playing fourteen men managed hold winning triple crown calcutta cup opening minutes missed try scoring opportunity knocked pass positive impact parts game england international test british soil world war players went killed including died day kept final match tournament france england overwhelmed france defeat french crowd behaviour visiting team times critical performance weakest failed passes slow getting stride outbreak world war competitive rugby matches suspended despite captain invitation organised match april team day military personnel including contributed try victory team mates day england international die action war international appearances military service school master exempt military service having member oxford_university officers training corps having set sought permission enlist commissioned august temporary second lieutenant east yorkshire regiment promoted temporary lieutenant december regiment sent gallipoli took landings august battalion soon took small hill loss lives days later temporary captain battalion captured great loss life tactical withdrawal august acting commanding officer men company battalion involved major assault recapture hill ended disaster shot temple killed dawn august defending captured trench overwhelming odds possible recover body england team mates played scotland final calcutta cup match start war died john lines commemorated panels memorial missing rugby commemorated monument include william englishman memorials church durham college richmond oxford rugby club tournament played schools adopt rugby winning team awarded cup
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Arthur James Dingle
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9929_JuanJoséCastelli
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july october argentine lawyer leaders revolution started argentine war independence led ill fated military campaign born buenos_aires went school real san buenos_aires city argentina graduated lawyer cousin introduced public administration rio planned revolution replace absolute monarchy new ideas age enlightenment led buenos_aires patriots revolution ended removal power known speaker revolution speech open held buenos_aires appointed committee member sent end counter revolution succeeded ordered execution supporters commanded establishment revolutionary government today aim freeing indigenous peoples african slaves signed truce spanish betrayed caught unprepared result suffered major loss june returned buenos_aires imprisoned losing battle died shortly tongue cancer biography early life studies born buenos_aires children born venetian doctor relative trained shortly expulsion attended real san buenos_aires customary children family ordained chosen sent study influenced works especially fellow student men later influence public life south_america including focused studying philosophy theology father died abandoned career felt strong rejecting mother proposal sending study spain enrolled studies alongside cousin enrolled modern learned ongoing french revolution new ideas age enlightenment learned rebellion oppression indigenous peoples influenced actions future campaign returning buenos_aires visited witnessed use slave labor mines returned buenos_aires established legal firm family home represented causes uncle associations met befriended brother associate married seven children angela political steps intellectuals received secretly distributed copy declaration rights man citizen french revolution returned studies europe appointed perpetual secretary new shared similar ideas spanish trade monopoly rights natives attempted appoint interim secretary assistant faced strong opposition merchants delayed appointment ill stay europe forced extended leaves work wanted successor resigned similar opposition election delegates elected rejected merchants associated port conflict lasted year prominent local merchant wrote memorandum recommending finally confirmed office royal decree rejected post high workload seen insult merchants influential backed pair projects arrived spain proposed creation patriotic literary economic society lodge publication newspaper newspaper published buenos_aires named projects short lived lodge established activities banned royal decree instructed withdraw support newspaper closed published secretary publication telegraph journal advance concept speak inhabitants released new newspaper shortly staff editorial staff meetings house discussing ideas technical improvements agriculture removal trade restrictions development manufacturing topics newspaper published biographies founding fathers united_states british invasions introduced claimed represent british_empire support proposals published aimed latin american colonies actually british spy gathering information spanish colonies bearing promises british support created native secret society organized purposes henceforth known party independence included major contributors newspaper spy eventually discovered expelled disclosed unaware associates moved farm modern buenos_aires neighborhood farm agriculture fields small brick factory lived influential people like attorney meetings secret society continued unaffected departure june mother died mourning city learned british landing party independence caught surprise invasion british proclaimed respect religion ownership order freedom trade mention concerning ideals arranged interview british asking promises standing asked british government support attempt gave answers saying instructions effect explained recent death prime minister rise liberals power needed orders understood british force annex city british_empire resigned avoid swearing allegiance britain liberated buenos_aires short time later helped escape hoping influence eventual second invasion implement reforms supported second british invasion ended patriot hopes british support fought allies successful defense city local increased political power higher military role dispute newly appointed led attempted advantage new situation influence support accusing aiding escape kept military bodies armed napoleon invaded spain starting war king spain favor son ferdinand vii napoleon captured appointed brother king spain instead series transfers spanish crown known spanish people organized government resist french occupation months claimed supreme authority spain colonies situation encouraged princess charlotte spain claim regency spanish american colonies context plotted constitute local government similar project shared natives head proposed alternative support plans princess charlotte supported held ideas argued project practical means achieving independence spain circumstances september wrote letter charlotte signatures charlotte rejected support party independence sought establish constitutional monarchy headed charlotte preferred retain power monarchy consequently denounced letter organized detention letters charged high treason lawyer won doctrine sovereignty people claimed spanish american lands personal possession spanish colony approach old districts context argued power spain rightful king authority said people spain bring indies obedience premises argued successfully regency offered sister captive king denying legitimacy ferdinand vii act treason legitimate political project resolved spanish american people intervention spanish january rallied battalions plaza attempted mutiny laid hopes independence attempt battalions faithful regiment battalions remaining ones conquered plaza ordered forces withdraw supported accusing sought remove opposed reasons hoping maintaining social dominance opposed interests deposed defeated power increased banished spanish militias attempted coup disbanded new arrived july replace group agree react proposed resumption idea creating governing headed spanish insisted plan appoint charlotte regent constitutional monarchy proposed military coup head finally accepted perspective delayed taking action better opportunity revolution news fall arrived group headed led process leading revolution important leaders time discarded plan expel coup état discussions decided request open emergency popular assembly negotiated senior nobleman convinced needed permission rodriguez went office fort previously denied support premise disappearance appointed longer right hold position outraged appearance came armed appointment reacted harshly demanded immediate reply request open brief private conversation prosecutor gave consent leaving personal safety said lord person family americans interview returned house inform supporters new situation known speaker revolution great activity week memoirs witnesses participants mention venues taking activities negotiated visited fort times gave pressure time held secret meetings house planning actions militias barracks describing events called interested novelty revolution open held debated continue office replace opinion held continue spain conquered france meant rule americas counter argument based doctrine sovereignty people employed defense insisted absence legitimate authority sovereignty returned people govern idea dismissing ultimately prevailed buenos_aires authority decide new form government elect provisional government congress deputies called cities final decision disputes exercise provisional government argued proposal form decisive vote appointment adding sought add supporters power allowed perform maneuver anticipated approved end rule formed president stay power members priest merchant bulk natives rejected proposal accept remain power different title suspicious intentions believed little achieved resigned day pressure force resign came power night gathered home rodriguez compiled list members governing presented armed men occupied plaza access points list included balance representatives different local politics finally reported longer command assumed power led radical positions close friends visiting daily described associates sharing projects deep political social economic revolution based higher freedom spanish american described pragmatic men willing reward allies punish enemies revolution meant capital called comparing actions reign terror french revolution similarities revolutions france buenos_aires largely superficial steps expulsion judges shipped spain pretext lives danger execution hearing news change government prepared counter revolution city routed militia captured leaders couple skirmishes initial orders send buenos_aires capture decided execute decision taken resolution signed members priest consent death penalty measure found strong popular resistance governor popular execution priest leader counter revolution rejected decided carry original orders transferred prisoners buenos_aires order excluded bishop banished instead commissioned enforce execution order said hope weakness general fulfilled determination finally necessary demoted assistants elected secretary client campaign doctor head escort right finding prisoners ordered presided execution governor governor adviser execution took place boundary bishop shot compelled spiritual assistance convicted witness execution commissioned execute verdict shooting returned briefly buenos_aires met secretary war congratulated conduct appointed member representing power direct operations left series instructions government hands patriots earn native support shoot president governor case capture received similar orders capture execute defeated rebels revolution rebellion similar revolution took place modern instructed rescue draft soldiers command left buenos_aires suppress revolutions suspicious soldiers disarmed sent prisoners mines supervision soldiers died month work mines campaign upper peru received popular san despite formal good reception difficulty obtaining troops food money guns took political leadership expedition displacing replaced colonel informed revolted support threatened royalist forces intercepted letter governor executed support letter mentioned royalist army led marching advanced defeated sent men cannon strengthen forces reinforcements achieved victory battle allowed patriots control unopposed men sent eventually lead years later richest cities open called withdraw territory military strength prevail santa fled received requesting locals swear allegiance requested royalist generals submit arrangements operation capture carried exclusively surviving members mines incorporated honors executed plaza claimed died happy spanish flag hand safe royalist land jail participation revolution escaped join ranks army knew background appointed secretary set government presided change regime entire region planned reorganization reform proclaimed end native slavery natives granted political rights equal forbade establishment new parishes avoid common practice guise spreading christian doctrine natives forced religious orders authorized free trade land workers mills decree published spanish established bilingual schools indian chiefs participated anniversary revolution celebrated paid tribute ancient encouraged people rise spanish despite welcome aware aristocracy supported auxiliary army fear instead genuine support november requested authorization military operation cross river border control cities argued urgent rise economy depended largely districts lost power area main royalist stronghold threatened plan rejected risky complied original orders december banished decision sent approval vocal domingo business associations arranged act arguing influenced accusations support began decline mainly favourable treatment natives determined opposition church attacked public secretary buenos_aires compared leader reign terror french revolution abolished mandatory form public service bordered slavery wished end resigned point buenos_aires disputes worsened requested moderate actions went ahead positions shared officers chaplain sergeant major planned kidnap deliver buenos_aires trial command army north juan accept plan informed conspirators attempt carry knew resignation wrote letter asking defeated planned march buenos_aires letter sent common postal service decided send instead members ousted exiled point order proceed facto truce attack army tried turn situation formal agreement imply recognition legitimate agreed sign armistice days allow time agreement actually time reinforce army june truce effect advanced royalist troop attacked positions declared truce broken declared war peru royalist army crossed june starting army waited near plains patriotic left wing commanded faced bulk royalist forces center hit soldiers patriotic soldiers recruited surrendered fled recruits switched sides battle helped ensure defeat refusing join conflict casualties substantial left disbanded pursued fleeing patriots captured victory inhabitants welcomed army quickly leave provinces resistance prevented proceeding buenos_aires moved post received orders return buenos_aires trial time notified new orders issued confined took charge deposed soon left buenos_aires confined san_juan commenced governing required return buenos_aires found political isolation newspaper blamed defeat sought punishment supporters divided supported ideas longer able help suffered tongue cancer long trial progressively difficult speak died october trial underway legacy largely ignored historiography argentina historians focus instead disputes described passing supporter despite role revolution clear leader revolution instead result convergence diverse factions shared desire remove different historians highlight different specific factions largely ignored support indigenous rights ongoing issue country religious ideas strongly affect way perceived notable biography spanish champion written increased public awareness historical novel spanish revolution eternal dream famous wrote chapter book argentina moved television documentary film argentina
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Juan José Castelli
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10056_LuisDaoízyTorres
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uses spanish naming customs paternal family second maternal family february madrid spanish artillery officer leaders signalled start spanish war independence surname derived town descended long line spanish gentry associations dating great grandfather married daughter count los spent early life palaces owned family born receiving catholic education trained saw action spanish north_africa commended bravery promoted lieutenant served french short lived war captured refusing serve french army imprisoned release served participating convoy duty americas rewarded promotion captain tired sea rejoined artillery regiment subsequent duties included assisting manufacture new guns horse artillery attending signing treaty france participating invasion portugal returned madrid leader assisted civilians resisting french efforts remove royal family spain defence barracks action day spanish army fought french ultimately unsuccessful inspired spanish war independence died fighting commemorated national hero ancestry oldest known ancestor named town fought spain members family subsequently served militia including fought battle las decisive christian victory turning point ancestors fought 15th century war 16th century conquest naples 17th century flanders great grandfather sheriff gibraltar century forced hand territory british family subsequently moving changing surname grandson martin married daughter count los son born palace owned family early life born february baptised day lived childhood palace spending summers house renamed educated san jesuit college age parents decided officer families considered career suitable gentleman father able arrange necessary enter artillery corps permitted commissions entered cadet february graduated ensign february according entrance report dark brown hair large eyes small stature feet tall school excelled mathematics sports particular fencing able speak french english italian latin addition native spanish graduation assigned royal regiment artillery puerto santa maria able use considerable private income property farms owned family gibraltar supplement official salary army career volunteered help defend given command artillery battery remained north_africa assist defence spending time unit miners commended superiors including artillery courage zeal battles promoted lieutenant february spain joined coalition revolutionary france participated war march captured french counterattack november held prisoner war turned offer freedom commission short artillery officers peace ended war france spain july released way spain signed second treaty san france great_britain beginning anglo spanish war july placed charge commanded admiral british blockading squadron defence involved attack british rate hms powerful later year short trained officers service aboard gun ship sailed twice vessel americas escorting time assisted ship captain acting translator negotiations foreign officials found time write short treatise instruction soldiers sailors whilst ship havana cuba november reading issues gazette surprised find promoted captain march whilst sea enjoy long trips away spain requested land based posting serving initially lieutenant infantry joining newly formed july stayed aboard seen action ship battle december ordered general sat committee headed decide design oversee production new light guns horse artillery agreed marriage ceremony taking place spring year commander spanish attended signing treaty agreement spain france split portugal smaller states franco spanish force invaded portugal enforce treaty moved regiment madrid took command battery 2nd company sources 3rd company palace duke known men command grandfather relative age good temperament treaty french troops began arrive spain occupy strategic points marshal ordered madrid troops began taking control main palaces barracks city spanish troops garrison presence french garrison resented populace restrained fighting duel french soldier insulting spain tavern crowd hearing french plans send members spanish royal family away france gathered outside royal palace madrid protest known fighting started british consul recorded french troops firing musket crowded square fighting spread madrid french troops dispatched possession spanish barracks secure arms ammunition highest ranking officer barracks found command officers men sought reinforcements regimental headquarters returned 3rd company men officers orders local remain barracks operate french forces captain decided french troops hostile spain defend barracks french interference time large crowd civilians gathered barracks requesting weapons oppose french ordered opened cannon soldiers armed civilians command arrangements defence barracks battery pounder guns placed main gate facing street loaded shot military civilian crews small detachment french stationed near barracks captured weapons ammunition distributed civilians according hunter french troops advanced street possession barracks fired killed halted await reinforcements occupy neighbouring buildings soon french commanding officer general men area french battalions including unit assaults guns repulsed captured french colonel wave french troops reached artillery lines fired barracks killing defenders including charging fixed hunter claimed shot hip continued issue orders despite wound wounded twice whilst fighting french sabre said stabbed bayonet killed whilst approaching french officer waving white flag truce dying dragged away men continued fight barracks buildings surrendering request spanish captain general spanish held superior french numbers hours years old died years continuous service aftermath french surgeon said insisted treating tending men efforts vain buried alongside men spearheaded uprising alongside killed artillery officer managed escape members went city asking resistance stop morning calm restored marshal convened military tribunal chaired general morning try sentence found possession potential weapon lost lives artist witnessed aftermath executions painted famous painting commemorate event fighting executions claimed french spanish lives inspired resistance french country signalling start spanish war independence death wife entered convent legacy commemorated leader initial resistance french rule spain remembered monuments country ashes involved dos uprising transferred los madrid construction monument originally served memorial lost lives dos november king redesignated memory died war serves spain national tomb unknown soldier plaque erected spot house stood replaced twice statue depicting pivotal moment decided orders resist french monument commemorating liberty died stands spot executions contains representations monument stands studied artillery academy madrid statues lions stand outside spanish congress deputies building popularly known military honour awarded years artillery officer award memory services nation preceding years honorary sabre presented monarch ceremony held
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Luis Daoíz y Torres
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10120_EdwardPorterAlexander
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april military engineer railroad executive author served officer united_states_army later american civil war rising rank brigadier general alexander officer charge massive artillery bombardment preceding charge day noted early use signals observation balloons combat civil war taught mathematics columbia spent time nicaragua wrote extensive memoirs analyses war received praise insight military memoirs confederate published extensive personal account military training participation civil war rediscovered long death published fighting confederacy early life career alexander known friends porter born washington georgia wealthy distinguished family sixth children brother law alexander graduated west point class cadets second lieutenant engineers briefly taught engineering fencing academy ordered report brig utah war expedition mission ended reach alexander returned west_point participated number weapon experiments worked assistant major officer assigned inventor code wig signal flags aerial alexander promoted second lieutenant october alexander met married april eventually children born twins born unnamed girl died infancy prior naming alexander final assignments near san_francisco california civil war service learning home state georgia alexander resigned commission join captain engineers organizing training new recruits form confederate signal service ordered report brig virginia chief engineer signal officer june battle bull run alexander history use signal flags transmit message combat long distance stationed atop signal hill troop movements signaled brigade col evans look left position turned receiving similar message sent timely reinforcements turned tide battle favor alexander promoted major july lieutenant colonel december period chief ordnance command managing supplies ammunition later active signal work intelligence gathering dealing extensively spies operating washington early days peninsula campaign alexander continued chief ordnance fought battle assumed command army alexander charge pre positioned ordnance lee offensive seven days battles alexander continued intelligence gathering observation balloon mill june ascending times returning valuable intelligence position union_army alexander continued charge ordnance second bull run barely missed capture federal cavalry col escaped maryland campaign ammunition wagons captured best known played prominent role important battles war served different artillery capacities starting role november leaving lee staff command battalion corps artillery reserve promoted colonel december instrumental arranging artillery defense heights battle december proved decisive factor confederate victory rest corps located suffolk virginia alexander accompanied flanking march battle artillery proved decisive alexander famous engagement july battle command artillery corps day effectively control artillery army despite brig formal role chief artillery lee conducted massive hour bombardment arguably largest war guns union position unfortunately poor quality confederate delayed planned shells number guns properly ranged rear areas sustained damage lines general effectively alexander charge launching famous charge placing young colonel enormous pressure determine union artillery defenses suppressed alexander blame lee defeat writing lee sic fight chief artillery alexander accompanied corps northern georgia fall reinforce personally arrived late participate battle served chief artillery subsequent early returned corps virginia remainder war rank brigadier general february served battles slipped lee army cross assault alexander able guns quickly lines repel main attack siege alexander adapt artillery tactics trench warfare including experimentation types mortars convinced union forces attempting tunnel confederate lines able act june wounded shoulder departed medical leave georgia informed lee suspicion unsuccessful attempts locate activity caught surprise ended significant union defeat alexander returned army february supervised defenses richmond retreated lee army alexander famous proposal army disperse surrendering lee alexander later wrote suggestion incident described proposal guerrilla war alexander describes proposal memoir fighting confederacy army ordered woods rally north_carolina way man state arms report governor later life surrender alexander briefly joining finding longer desired georgia plantation life youth taught mathematics columbia served executive positions charlotte columbia executive superintendent savannah president louisville nashville railroad president late 1880s georgia alexander friends spent hours hunting ducks alexander estate president cleveland appointed alexander commission tasked fixing boundary nicaragua costa_rica view possible construction canal dug central_america alexander spent years head commission headquartered coastal village nicaragua completed work satisfaction governments returned october wife ill nicaragua died shortly return november october alexander married wife niece alexander selected confederate veteran speech alumni day centennial celebration june speech received reprinted entirety june edition referred speech decidedly feature alumni day audience included president alexander commander general war alexander respected author wrote magazine articles published military memoirs confederate critical narrative praised altogether best critique operations long death realized alexander produced military memoirs sought professional work military history analysis long effort editing collection personal memoirs started compiling time nicaragua behest family earlier memoirs edited published posthumously fighting confederacy personal general unlike confederate officers early alexander bitter theories south doomed fail given overwhelming superiority north willing express writing criticisms prominent confederate officers including general lee historians regard alexander memoirs objective sources produced civil war called fighting confederacy superb personal narrative good deal analysis lee operations dramatic revealing important source general fellow officers alexander books include alexander died savannah georgia buried georgia popular culture alexander portrayed film prequel gods generals alternate history novel remain alexander continues career brigadier general long wins civil war instrumental defending union invasion second war united_states
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Edward Porter Alexander
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10300_Abdal-RahmanibnMuhammadibnal-Ash'ath
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ibn arabic commonly known grandfather distinguished arab nobleman general early notable leading failed rebellion east distinguished family tribal nobility played minor role second served governor appointment governor iraq eastern provinces relations iraqi nobility quickly strained appointed commander huge iraqi army called army subdue troublesome ruler vigorously resisted arab expansion campaign behaviour caused army rebel agreement army started march iraq way mutiny developed fledged anti rebellion initially retreated rebels superior numbers quickly defeated drove rebels seized supporters started revolt gained widespread support regime especially religious scholars known readers tried negotiate terms including dismissal rebel leadership pressured rejecting terms subsequent battle rebel army decisively defeated syrian troops pursued survivors fled east rebels captured governor fled fate unclear accounts hold long pressure surrender executed sources claim committed suicide avoid handed enemies suppression revolt signalled end power tribal nobility iraq henceforth came direct control regime loyal syrian troops later revolts ibn failed success revolution syrian dominance iraq broken life origin early career descendant noble family kinda tribe grandfather better known nickname hair important submitted muhammad rebelled wars defeated pardoned married sister went participate crucial battles early muslim conquests instrumental forcing ali abandon military advantage submit arbitration later led quarter died father muhammad far distinguished serving unsuccessful tenure governor involved second supporter killed campaign like father sources ambiguous role held responsible arrests muslim ibn mother daughter ibn brothers fought campaigns according young accompanied father participated political activities revealed hiding place muslim ibn authorities fought campaign father killed reportedly executed persuaded ibn execute captured followers revenge disappears record years ibn defeated killed ibn october like followers apparently went early brother command campaign threatening retreated far larger army led went governorship appointment iraq appointed trusted capable new governor iraq crucial post given region rule expanded cover entirety eastern including entrusted horsemen campaign rebels ibn large group benefited tactical skill inflicted number defeats forces advised general ibn pursued displayed great caution order avoid falling trap result governor ibn wrote criticizing leadership responded giving command attacked army suffered heavy defeat losing men fleeing killed lost horse managed escape help friend reached journey remained hiding granted pardon despite setback relations friendly initially son married sisters gradually men estranged sources attribute pride foremost tribal nobility aspirations leadership records adopted title faithful implicit challenge implied false believers addition claimed figure south arab tribal tradition expected raise domination hostile remarks look walks like cut head conveyed served hostility outright mutual hatred according reports indicative arabic sources tendency explain historical events incidents relating persons actual relationship men especially given fact served number posts culminating appointment lead clear quickly unpopular general series measures according rebellion introduction syrian troops dynasty iraq use iraqi troops campaigns reduction iraqi troops pay level syrian troops campaign rebellion governor ibn suffered severe defeat semi independent ruler known drew arabs deep country cut managed great difficulty suffering losses particularly contingent response sent iraqi army east equipment allusion proud manner soldiers composed army known history different generals appointed succession command appointed instead view bad relations sources report appointment came surprise uncle approached suggested nephew revolt appointment suggests relied fear inspired check modern scholarship hand holds portrayal great personal animosity men likely exaggerated unclear joined army outset according alternative tradition sent punish local leader refused help governors taking leadership army led united local troops rejected peace offer marked contrast predecessor direct assault began systematic campaign secure surrounding mountainous heart kingdom slowly captured villages fortresses installing garrisons linking task withdrew bust spend winter received messages informing break operations replied described series arrogant offensive messages ordering penetrate heart fight enemy death called assembly army leadership informed orders immediate advance decision refuse obey went assembled troops repeated instructions calling decide troops clearly resented prospect long difficult campaign far iraq denounced proclaiming deposed swore allegiance instead brothers governor ibn refused join rebellion hastily concluded agreement victorious coming conflict accord generous treatment defeated provide refuge rear secure left representatives army set return journey iraq picking soldiers stationed garrisons way time army reached clear revolt evolved mutiny blown anti uprising troops oath reasons rebellion source discussion theories modern scholars moving away personal relationship suggested rebellion linked efforts non arab converts islam secure equal rights arab muslims rejected view main source revolt seeing instead reaction general particular syrian regime represented notably low born scholars seen manifestation tribal northern arab southern arab tribal groups prevalent time poem certain celebration rebellion shows religious tribal motivation rebel troops denounced friend devil portrayed champion tribes northern arab hand points insufficient evidence purely tribal motivations revolt movement led largely simply reflects fact dominant element main commander analysis rejected evident religious dimension revolt especially participation known readers religious sides found contexts appear specific religious grievances notably accusation ritual prayer clear revolt began simple mutiny governor impossible demands troops time army reached religious element emerged represented given close interaction religion politics early muslim society points religious element quickly dominant seen difference oath allegiance sworn beginning revolt exchanged army declared intention enemy god men defend book god prophet error fight regard blood prophet remained head uprising writes point impression control revolt slipped hands comments urged spite banished spirits called came rushing sweeping thing interpretation different rhetoric actions followers reported sources ready willing compromise continued fight alternative great mass followers motivated discontent regime religious terms far willing carry struggle death aware distinction suppressing revolt pardoned arab clans executed tens thousands marshes sided rebels fight control iraq informed revolt requested reinforcements unable stop advance rebel army reported numbered cavalry infantry january overwhelmed advance guard news defeat withdrew possibly hold city left nearby entered february month series skirmishes fought forces generally held upper hand finally early march armies met pitched battle initially prevailed end ibn carried victory rebels fell especially forcing withdraw taking troops cavalry found citadel occupied ibn officer forced assault lieutenant tried unable hold city populace opened gates exchange pardon days withdrew follow forces arrival large numbers anti volunteers taking control executing people despite pledge pardon marched april army harassed cavalry reached city set camp right bank secure lines communication syria response left army reportedly strong approached army set camp armies fortified camps digging trenches engaged skirmishes true numbers force difficult position army considerably outnumbered rebels reinforcements syria constantly arriving position difficult resupply provisions meantime progress sufficiently alarmed court sought negotiated settlement despite contrary advice sent brother muhammad son envoys proposing dismissal appointment governor iraqi towns raise pay received inclined accept radical followers especially refused believing offered terms revealed government weakness pushed outright victory negotiations failing armies continued skirmish sources report lasted days engagements lasted september armies met battle initially held upper hand prevailed end shortly sun set men broke scattered failing rally troops handful followers fled took farewell family comments contrast discipline organisation largely syrian support lack qualities opponents spite religious flavour opposition recurring pattern civil wars period victorious entered tried executed rebels pardoned submitted admitting revolt meantime supporters ibn recaptured headed ibn captured remained month setting meet armies met river weeks delivered final blow launching simultaneous attack rebel camp sides main army attacked portion army guided shepherd crossed marshes launched camp rear caught surprise rebel army nearly annihilated rebels drowning river attempt flee death following renewed defeat fled east survivors sent troops ibn intercept caught twice men managed fight refused entry agent arrested bust true word came bust forced release taking treating honour assumed command supporters assembled meantime support seized punished faced approach troops ibn followers urged hopefully able recruit followers sit attacks died political situation changed pressure group men defected returned follow rebels remained choosing leader soon confronted defeated local governor ibn released belonged tribes related sent rest executed meantime quickly effected surrender offering terms garrisons surrendered struggle remained safe protection fearing raise revolt sent letters mixing threats promises secure surrender finally gave exchange lifting annual tribute years accounts end differ version holds executed died illness head cut sent widespread account holds confined remote castle anticipation warden threw castle warden death aftermath failure revolt led control iraq founded permanent garrison syrian troops situated regardless social status deprived real power governance region coupled reform salary system hitherto salary calculated based role ancestors early muslim conquests limited actively participating campaigns army composed measure injured interests regarded attack institutions addition extensive land irrigation works undertaken lower iraq limited proceeds went clients iraqi nobility result political power mighty soon broken rebelled ibn old style iraqi champions support ambivalent revolt defeated supported rebellion remained content role local dignitaries held posts early famous family later members philosopher uprising ibn ali broke promising right restoration distribution revenue end distant campaigns restore rule according deserted critical moment defeated discontent government continued revolution iraq rose support rebellion rule welcomed army october followed immediately proclamation
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Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath
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10503_KeithElliott
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april october new_zealand soldier served second world war awarded victoria_cross highest prestigious award gallantry face enemy awarded british commonwealth forces actions born farm manager second world war began volunteered service abroad second new zealand expeditionary force posted 22nd battalion saw action battles greece crete north_africa sergeant november new prisoners war position overrun germans freed months later serving platoon commander awarded promoted second lieutenant sent home new_zealand discharged returning civilian life resumed farming career priest shifted lower half years serving number churches chaplain retired died years later age early life born april new_zealand children farmer wife educated nearby firstly unable complete formal schooling drop work family farm years later began managing large farm second world war tried enlist hearing outbreak second world war initially declined poor state teeth successful later attempt january joined raised service overseas posted commanded victoria_cross winner world war lieutenant colonel battalion embarked middle_east diverted england transit arrived england june remained rest year garrison duty england promoted lance corporal early redesignated 2nd sent greece allied contingent set counter likely invasion germans battalion positioned shortly invasion commenced engaged advancing german tanks new withdrew day beginning gradual retreat country evacuated crete april defending airfield german attacked airfield abandoned evening displeasure platoon holding positions allies eventually evacuated egypt week later wounded arm skirmish enemy north_africa division following fighting greece crete promoted lance sergeant platoon sergeant november platoon attached headquarters 5th security november men captured headquarters overrun elements lieutenant general allies spent months harsh conditions captivity liberated south african troops lost considerable weight time prisoner war rejoined 2nd syria contracted malaria missed hasty recall egypt subsequent fighting recovery rejoined 22nd battalion july time battle battalion short commissioned officers found acting platoon commander forthcoming operation capture commencing attack early morning july battalion reached ridge began digging discovered new passed german tanks advance previous evening spotted tanks began advancing 22nd battalion position dawn notified commanders nearby believed tanks british disregarded warning german tanks began attacking battalion positions performed actions led award victoria_cross citation read dawn july battalion belonged attacked flanks tanks heavy tank machine gun shell fire led platoon commanding cover ridge yards away sustained chest wound formed men led dominating ridge yards away came heavy enemy machine gun mortar fire located enemy machine gun posts right flank section attacked right flank led seven men bayonet charge yards open ground face heavy fire captured enemy machine gun posts anti tank gun killing number enemy taking prisoners section came fire machine gun post left flank immediately charged post single handed succeeded capturing killing enemy taking prisoners assaults sustained wounds legs badly wounded places refused leave men reformed handed prisoners increased thirty arranged men rejoin battalion owing quick grasp situation great personal courage leadership nineteen men survivors company battalion captured destroyed machine guns anti tank gun killed great number enemy captured thirty prisoners sustained casualty men brought nearest advanced dressing station 22nd battalion bar platoon killed captured fighting battalions participated battle incurred heavy losses managed link elements commander recommended evacuated hospital spent months recovering wounds returned battalion september september learnt award previous day divisional commander major general commissioned field second lieutenant shortly presented ribbon lieutenant general ordered return new_zealand likely desire military authorities harm way following recent capture division winner unhappy sent home friends remained field uncomfortable attention received public arrived new_zealand remained modest achievements discharged december resumed farming later life february married couple met war children continued farming interested career encouraged friend chaplain military began training february priest took north chaplain nearby entailed joining rank chaplain 4th class years moved number parishes lower spent periods time city mission wellington present unveiling memorial egypt years later attended centenary celebrations london authored book life dog collar retired april moved died cancer october survived wife children buried military honours medal donated victoria_cross school later loaned display victoria crosses medals stolen museum december february announced medals recovered result reward offered
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Keith Elliott
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10568_JohnDoukas(megasdoux)
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greek member family relative byzantine emperor senior military figure reign governor secured imperial possessions western balkans serbs appointed fleets turkish suppressed rebellions crete cyprus recovered western coast byzantium biography early life born circa second son ton son john wife maria bulgaria granddaughter bulgaria john brother law married sister rebellion norman mercenary john elder brother michael grandfather estates demanded hostages return releasing wounded father held captive elder agreed imprisoned michael managed escape younger john remained defeat capture turks later year father died john remained grandfather estates raised learned rebellion informed departed joined forces officially proclaimed emperor governor recovered strategically important adriatic port city occupied installed military governor local province john remained replaced son emperor brother tenure apparently successful john repelled serbian incursions according captured king restoring power client byzantine_empire john managed restore order region albania suffered greatly byzantine norman wars previous years surviving correspondence archbishop testimony success john departure post expressed nostalgia time governorship asked advice appointment campaigns turks recalled constantinople john appointed post commander chief byzantine navy known usually credited hold post evidence existence late holder named john tasked naval threat posed turkish byzantine vassal built fleet seized islands raided proclaimed emperor participating condemned leo john set forth island troops marched coast point opposite island crossed fleet recovered meet combined byzantine force laid siege months offered island exchange safe passage john agreed turks set sail ships arrived attacked managed escape fleet captured sunk victory reinforced defences led fleet recover islands conquered returning constantinople return constantinople tasked late early suppression revolts crete cyprus rebellion subdued easily news imperial fleet approach caused counter coup cyprus initial resistance overcome captured soon installed island new governor fleet returned constantinople surrender byzantines named john commander chief byzantine army tasked recovering turks avoid conflict facilitate negotiations given custody wife sultan daughter captured john gave command fleet marched short siege agreed surrender city exchange safe departure guarantees inhabitants safety readily accepted took possession city naming governor assume duties murdered muslim enraged sailors fleet people city unable restored order massacre run course left experienced general city entire fleet secure city continued campaign john marched south defeated turkish garrison long battle took captives islands installed john army turned inland took cities philadelphia entrusted reached opened gates marched fortresses installing governor reached turks survived fled having caught surprise army defeated took booty later life longer mentioned campaign known monastic documents point retired monastery assumed monastic date death known dated mentioned alive explicitly mentioned having died
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John Doukas (megas doux)
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10645_CharlesBlackader
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major general september april british_army officer world war commanded indian brigade western territorial brigade dublin appointed command 38th welsh division western position held retiring ill health originally joining army junior officer active posting late 1890s served attachment west african frontier force closely followed service boer war commanded company defence efficient regarded administrator commanded series detached stations addition regimental duties years eventually rising command outbreak world war commanded battalion western formation superior officer promoted early succeeded commander brigade led withdrawn france posted second line brigade training united_kingdom sent dublin following rising presided number resulting courts martial including signatories later year ordered france command 38th welsh division formation suffered heavy losses remained division years helping efficient fighting unit division significant successes days offensive late point longer command home earlier year died shortly war aged early life born richmond surrey september father teacher small number boarding pupils come army family taught bristol moving private tuition mother born germany family come later describe half french childhood moved richmond southampton father headed education department taught returning france studied regarded generally promising pupil marks highest administrative academic subjects lower drawing physical education left august joined second lieutenant battalion sailed posting bermuda weeks arrival departure delayed remaining london marry ceremony took place october registry office biographer notes clearly child born half months wedding early wedding unusual junior officer period average army officers marry mid wife spent year half bermuda daughter born april moved nova scotia battalion transferred shortly arrival march promoted lieutenant march second daughter joan born april year later battalion transferred time west_indies appointed adjutant officer responsible administration wing battalion force companies stationed jamaica late battalion moved south_africa shortly arrival returned england promoted captain december west_africa boer war late service west_africa officers recruited newly raised attached described anxious work threw fully organisation force months arrival battalion able deployed successfully operations local slave traders active service saw mention despatches saw early appearance skill administration management mark later career left west_africa january successful posting ill health officers sent died contracted malaria suffering attack spent months leave recover sailed command company 1st stationed south_africa joined company early october saw action battalion days outbreak second boer war battle hill october battle 30th boer forces surrounded battle began month siege battalion remained town broken occasional skirmish relief column arrived end february following advance stationed october second prolonged period garrison duty broken occasional raids battalion area responsibility extended april appointed commandant railway station associated staff following battalion railway line july transferred new post railway station responsible civilian concentration camp outside town camps frequently crowded badly supplied reports survived camp clear efficient administration applied home posting december adjutant battalion volunteers approved august subject released duties south_africa transfer delayed leave home june sailed board troops returning coronation edward vii twice mentioned despatches war received queen south africa medal awarded home service india august took appointment adjutant 1st spend years primarily administrative post senior regular officer attached battalion responsible organisation training end tenure promoted major september left india months later join regular 1st battalion shortly arrival appointed command fourth administrative posting years returned england battalion end moved camp summer applied chief constable leicester meant leaving army succeed job went lawyer army officer career police settled life home posting active social sporting calendar fellow officer battalion won garrison tennis cup years running recorded good showing sports diverse soccer passed exams tactical fitness command battalion given command battalion promoted lieutenant colonel september world war august outbreak world war india commanding 2nd service 20th brigade 7th division division sent france seeing action trenches october december force command staged successful attack german trenches attack overshadowed beginning german attack following day remained reserve brigadier commanding promoted command january january given temporary rank assuming command led wave attack battle march attacking battalions reached objectives delayed strong resistance clearing german trenches brigade halted let second wave pass attack men awarded victoria_cross commended corps commander general wrote learned respect trust judgement manner handled brigade good report written brave modest men write force taken heavy losses trailing battalion flank 39th rifles lost half men officers brigade repulsed heavy attack morning march settled relatively static position second wave attacks success saw action night leading battalions met heavy resistance forced attack corps rested quiet sector september deployed initial attack divisions leading attack indian brigade battalions 2nd right flank whilst attack successfully crossed man land cover barrage right flank brigade caught defensive wire battalion successfully way german trenches brigade lost momentum dug withdrawn result major action command indian troops end november left france ireland transferred command 1st lincoln 2nd division january second line division formed new volunteers volunteered overseas service result generally priority given line counterpart tasked home defence duties formed duplicate lincoln leicester brigade second line battalions regiment rushed ireland response april new brigade saw active service following rising believed british authorities responsible tried military courts ninety sentenced death eventually executed senior officer chaired number courts martial including seven signatories appears found task difficult trial reported commented hardest tasks condemn death finest characters come wrong state things makes man like rebel don wonder pupils 38th welsh division june ordered leave brigade france described news unexpected posting like july removed command 38th welsh division failure hitherto limited attacks early stages battle poor communication division corps headquarters named preferred replacement corps commander overruled command temporarily given division successfully took objective severe losses week command 7th taken permanent command division raised strong sense liberal patronage officers personally appointed result political convenience taken priority military selecting officers new officer outside welsh liberal able sack subordinates saw fit division standard improved significantly saw service ridge early stages battle september onwards kept relatively quiet defensive sectors division trained period april able mount limited brigade size attack whilst involved heavy losses clear success way possible years earlier late relieved command replaced younger officer apparently incompetence age described achievements excellent illness according fallen ill dog command 38th division build past training fight days offensive great success november appointed command ireland service war appointed aide camp king companion order bath commander awarded belgian french died liver cancer heart failure april queen military hospital london survived wife daughters leaving small estate memorial regimental chapel leicester cathedral march result research circumstances death accepted commemoration commonwealth war graves commission united kingdom book remembrance june grave found cemetery 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Charles Blackader
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10704_JanKarolChodkiewicz
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jan september lithuanian military commander polish lithuanian commonwealth army field lithuania lithuania prominent military commanders polish lithuanian commonwealth era coat arms family played major role commander commonwealth forces campaign polish swedish war polish war polish ottoman war famous victory battle dealt major defeat swedish army time size died lines battle besieged days ottomans gave siege agreed negotiate biography early life born exact date birth unknown son jan lithuania daughter polish magnate family student brother continued studies abroad visited returning polish lithuanian commonwealth started military career soon returning commonwealth raising men gained military experience fight rebellious uprising field conflict participated battle april siege near appointed elder subsequently assisted chancellor great crown victorious campaign participated battle october campaign given year high office second commander chief lithuanian detachment polish lithuanian commonwealth army war north year later accompanied north commanded lithuanian units right wing commonwealth army victorious battle late july year war sweden oversaw fighting theater return poland april captured modern defeated swedish forces september achievement great victory near modern september barely troops heavy cavalry polish annihilated swedish army times size force feat received letters pope paul catholic royalty europe sultan turkey persia soon afterward rewarded rank addition number royal land grants great victory virtually fruitless owing domestic commonwealth parliament failed agree raising funds needed war effort remained loyal king helped defeat rebellion commanded right wing royal army july insurgents defeated unrest grand lithuania fighting rebellious magnate negotiated settlement king fresh invasion recalled relieved recaptured improvised small fleet dealt surprise blow battle wars east south wars broke instigated war unpopular lithuanian exception fact displeasure public significant lost royal favor time eventually differences subsided sent operating near soon polish lithuanian forces started garnering victories capture like grand crown planned grand polish lithuanian tasked king advance moscow neglected pay maintenance army result units fought inconclusive battles fall retreated disappointed outcome estranged king criticized campaign years period defended commonwealth gains area dealt unrest lithuania till crown prince arrived reinforcements war assume offensive character army nominally commanded practice experienced command took fortress october siege december subsequent year prove successful marked end conflict polish war sooner ended treaty hastily dispatched southwards defend southern frontier turks opening phase polish ottoman war defeated polish forces killing army turks led person advanced polish frontier opposed commonwealth forces numbering half detachment crossed september entrenched fortress directly path ottoman advance resisted sultan thousand army month cost victory life days siege raised ottomans decided open negotiations aged suffering illness start campaign died fortress september body transported buried october years later summer widow arranged june year moved new chapel body evacuated uprising returned new tomb assessment remembrance polish historian wrote entry chief members great era renowned talent organizer notes possessed iron able impose troops command efficient commander respected feared beloved troops notes energetic explosive composed great era disliked competed life particularly involved politics commonwealth high office wealth gave significant influence political influence base support lithuania gather support military plans increased size army personal life dominated warfare lines political scene lithuanian particularly family politicians held responsible passing taxes support army wanted career acquired significant wealth funded number churches prestigious buildings worked including funding college strongly believed service state rewarded land grants time use money pay army military expenses private life remembered proud individual stressing identity member lithuanian nobility family man devoted family son marriage died aged died remarried wedding november shortly departing final campaign year daughter anna married lithuanian magnate poems works praising written lifetime religious work dedicated works written years death characters epic novel war polish appeared works julian usually portrayed patriot military genius
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Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
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10797_HughCloberryChristian
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hugh christian sir november officer royal_navy saw service american war independence french revolutionary wars details early life obscure appears served initially english channel mediterranean obtaining rank captain going north_america commodore christian flag captain years saw action naval engagements american war independence returning britain end war spent period active employment receiving post second captain aboard lord howe flagship gun hms queen charlotte spanish armament temporarily left crisis outbreak french revolutionary wars led return christian stepped join promoted rear admiral commander chief west_indies given task transporting large troop convoy twice attempted crossing atlantic twice forced severe ravaged fleet wrecked number merchant ships convoy attempt succeeded fleet destination active troops naval forces capture islands returning england second command cape good hope succeeding commander chief following year died command november family early life christian descended residents born father captain whilst mother poet followed father navy spending time english channel mediterranean details early service survive took lieutenant examination received commission january married resident march promoted master commander american war independence christian received promotion flag captain december took command gun flying broad pennant sailed december command squadron seven ships line fleet overall command lord escorting trade convoys colonies suffolk assigned west_indies bound convoy suffolk arrived leeward_islands february christian remained west indies serving vice admiral battle july christian led van british attack suffolk lost seven killed wounded returned england replaced rear admiral retaining suffolk flagship end intelligence reached parker french ships sighted sailing northward parker sent intercept chasing hours captured revealed gun gun gun added royal_navy christian action december helping capture destroy large french convoy martinique took engagements martinique admiral april engagements took place suffolk lost man killed wounded shifted flag gun clashes christian transferred command gun frigate helped capture present battle september returned west_indies formed sir fleet christian present battle january attached centre division fleet fought april end war christian sailed north jamaica july admiral fleet arriving new_york september returning port royal hood fleet february following year spent months cruising area returned england hood april left active service following end war signing treaty paris presumably receive employment spanish armament recorded appointed second captain aboard lord howe flagship gun hms queen charlotte tensions meant paid end year christian found ship french revolutionary wars outbreak french revolutionary wars early provided christian employment recommissioned second captain lord howe stepped post august following year commissioner june advanced rear admiral blue appointed commander chief west_indies station instructed fleet convoy transports carrying soldiers operations french dutch colonies duly hoisted flag aboard gun hms prince george assembled squadron transports numbering merchants carrying men making largest troop convoy leave england date attempts cross atlantic fleet leave november departure having delayed late season delay proved disastrous days departing westerly gale blew fleet driving ships port merchants wrecked heavy loss life bodies washed coastline portland christian shifted flag gun hms glory deeming prince george badly damaged sea gathering fleet set sail attempt cross atlantic december ships encountered severe caused considerable damage forcing warships merchants struggle port january convoy successfully crossing wrecked captured enemy ships storms alluded christian christian shifted flag time gun waited repairs ships completed merchants gathered attempt reach west_indies ashore invested knight companion order bath february march left bound west_indies voyage successful arrived bay barbados april joined forces station current commander sir days later took command christian assembled forces april sailed invade detachment troops lieutenant general sir invasion successful island surrendered british christian went use naval forces support reduction capture islands later years christian succeeded commander west_indies rear admiral arrived late june christian returned england october aboard advanced rear admiral white february appointed second command cape good hope station later year duly sailed post gun succeeded admiral station commander died november year age wife seriously ill died months later having heard husband death created peer chose title lord honour ancestor politician died patent reached buried cape sons daughters wife rear admiral
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Hugh Cloberry Christian
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10817_EustathiosDaphnomeles
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greek early 11th century byzantine distinguished byzantine conquest bulgaria ranks prominent successful generals thirty year war emperor samuel bulgaria helping end long conflict capturing bulgarian leader biography main source describing life bulgarian campaigns emperor late 11th century chronology problematic reconstruct came landed aristocracy asia minor centuries provided byzantine military elite traditional historiography places appearance circa adriatic port city said surrendered local magnate byzantines head fleet took possession city given unclear narrative possible episode reflects later appointment military governor city participated subsequent conflicts greatest feat capture bulgarian leader given prominent position work following defeat battle bulgarian resistance began collapse bulgarian commanders surrendered retreated followers royal estate naturally strong highland position continued resist rejected bribes threats byzantines days byzantine army emperor remained nearby waiting surrender point local crowds gathered palace feast nearby initiative resolved end escorts climbed way estate announced believing come intended forge alliance retreated wooded gardens private discussion hidden associates sprang bulgarian general blinded carried upper story palace assembled crowds stunned react recovered gathered underneath building crying revenge addressed managed convince resistance lay arms seek emperor pardon capture brought end long conflict byzantium bulgaria according paul secured reputation prominent successful generals bulgarian wars following feat appointed grateful emperor given wealth reward accused prominent governors balkans overthrow emperor iii favour accused recalled constantinople beaten banished known
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Eustathios Daphnomeles
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10959_DavidB.Bleak
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february march soldier united_states_army korean war bleak rose rank awarded medal honor highest military decoration united_states actions near south_korea june born idaho bleak dropped school combat deployed korea mission north chinese territory bleak patrol came heavy attack fortified chinese positions despite wounded bleak rushed chinese troops multiple times killed chinese soldiers hands assisting wounded soldier grenade blast bleak credited saving patrol wounded ensuring members returned allied lines actions awarded medal honor years preceding following military service bleak worked numerous jobs idaho wyoming working dairy farmer truck driver meat cutter retiring radioactive waste technician died disease complications hip fracture biography born february née young idaho remote farming community seventh children dropped high school worked time farmer railroads grew dissatisfied life idaho eventually decided enlist army hoping world bleak grew height feet tall weighed pounds described humble quiet life bleak member later life active practicing member military career bleak entered army november attended basic combat training fort riley kansas selected medical duty completion training bleak assigned medical company attached shortly bleak assigned unit selected deployment korean war moved camp california advanced medical training preparation deployment shipped korea january shortly bleak promoted sergeant unit assigned mountainous area near south_korea 38th parallel point war fronts largely stabilized duty area characterized constant low level trench warfare continued battles ground produced high casualties bleak served field assisting troops lines instead units medal honor action june bleak patrol sent north probe chinese forward positions attempt obtain chinese prisoners war interrogation bleak volunteered accompany man patrol platoon mission send sparsely feature called hill chinese forces known operating patrol left united_nations lines june cover darkness preceded attack west intended distract chinese forces patrol ascended hill came heavy chinese automatic weapons fire struck lead elements injuring soldiers bleak rear formation rushed forward treated stabilized soldiers hit initial volley followed remainder patrol continued mission attempted continue hill chinese soldiers nearby trench opened fire injuring soldier according witness reports bleak rushed trench dove chinese soldier hands broke soldier neck killing bleak confronted second soldier reportedly grabbed neck fatally crushing chinese soldier approached ensuing bleak combat knife stab kill soldier bleak returned patrol attempted treat wounded members soon chinese hand grenade bounced helmet soldier standing landed nearby bleak tackled soldier covered larger frame protect grenade injured ensuing blast patrol continued mission successful capturing chinese prisoners descended hill return lines ambushed group chinese hidden trench automatic weapon soldiers wounded attack bleak attempted run hit leg bleak dressed wounds men hit critically spite continued chinese fire injury bleak picked wounded soldier began carry hill attempted withdraw wounded soldier bleak confronted chinese putting wounded soldier bleak reportedly surprised chinese soldiers charging smashing heads force fractured pushing way eventually men patrol returned lines wounded bleak credited saving patrol promptly treating wounded aggressively attacking killing chinese soldiers subsequent life bleak reportedly suffered nerve damage result leg wound wounds required returned duty july tour korea ended shortly event finished serving japan october awarded medal honor ceremony white house president retired army leaving military end korean war bleak returned idaho later moved wyoming took jobs truck driver grocery store meat cutter eventually married children wife moved moore idaho ran dairy farm years eventually worked way retirement mid-1990s chief hot cell technician responsible spent nuclear fuel rods died march lost rivers district hospital idaho disease complications hip fracture died day medal honor recipient time death grandchildren great grandchildren following death bleak cremated remains scattered idaho site supposedly favorite fishing location family later placed honor idaho medical clinic fort oklahoma named bleak following death governor oklahoma declared june sergeant 55th anniversary bleak accomplishments june bleak family presented medal honor displayed alongside fellow idaho recipient awards decorations bleak awards include medal honor citation bleak field awarded medal honor korea decoration posthumous recognized deaths army navy sgt bleak member medical company distinguished conspicuous gallantry courage duty action enemy medical volunteered accompany reconnaissance patrol committed engage enemy capture prisoner interrogation rugged slope key terrain group subjected intense automatic weapons small arms fire suffered casualties wounded continued advance patrol nearing military crest hill attempting cross fire swept area attend wounded came hostile fire small group enemy concealed trench entering trench closed enemy killed bare hands trench knife moving saw concussion grenade fall companion quickly shifting position shielded man impact blast later wounded struck hostile bullet despite wound undertook evacuate wounded moved hill heavy burden attacked enemy soldiers fixed closing grabbed heads carried helpless hill safety sgt bleak courage actions reflect credit keeping honored traditions military service
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David B. Bleak
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11001_BenedictArnold
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january january june general american revolutionary war originally fought defected british_army general american obtained command fortifications west_point new_york future site overlooking cliffs hudson_river british occupied new_york_city planned surrender british forces plan exposed september commissioned british_army brigadier general arnold born connecticut merchant operating ships atlantic_ocean war broke joined growing army outside boston distinguished acts intelligence bravery actions included defensive delaying tactics battle island allowing american forces time prepare new_york defenses battle connecticut promoted major general operations relief siege fort key actions pivotal battles suffered leg injuries ended combat career years despite arnold successes passed promotion officers claimed credit accomplishments adversaries military political circles brought charges corruption acquitted formal inquiries congress investigated accounts found congress having spent money war effort arnold frustrated bitter alliance france failure congress accept britain proposal grant self governance colonies decided change sides opened secret negotiations british july awarded command west_point arnold scheme surrender fort british exposed american forces captured british major carrying papers revealed plot learning capture arnold fled hudson_river british sloop war vulture narrowly avoiding capture forces george_washington alerted plot arnold received commission brigadier general british_army annual pension sum led british forces raids virginia connecticut war effectively ended american victory winter arnold moved london second wife received returned merchant business sons richard henry new_brunswick returned london settle permanently died years later quickly united_states treason betrayal betrayed leading british army battle men commanded earlier legacy recalled ambiguous nature memorials placed honor early life born second children connecticut january named great grandfather early governor colony rhode_island father grandfather older brother died infancy sister hannah survived adulthood siblings succumbed yellow fever childhood siblings order birth august april hannah december august mary june september april july elizabeth november september arnold descendant maternal grandmother ancestor presidents arnold father successful businessman family moved upper levels society arnold enrolled private school nearby canterbury expectation eventually attend yale deaths siblings years later contributed decline family fortunes father took drinking time fourteen money private education father alcoholism ill health kept training arnold family business mother family connections secured cousins brothers daniel operated successful general merchandise trade lasted seven years arnold attracted sound drummer attempted enlist provincial militia service french mother refused permission sixteen enlist connecticut militia marched albany french besieged fort william henry northeastern new_york indian allies committed atrocities victory word siege disastrous outcome led company turn arnold served days commonly accepted story arnold deserted militia service based uncertain documentary evidence arnold close mother died father alcoholism worsened death wife youth took responsibility supporting father younger sister father arrested occasions public refused communion church eventually died businessman arnold established business connecticut help successful able rapidly expand business money borrowed family homestead father sold deeply debt sold year later substantial profit formed partnership young merchant bought trading ships profits sale homestead established lucrative west_indies trade time brought sister hannah established manage business absence traveled extensively course business new_england quebec west_indies command ships arnold fought duel honduras british sea captain called damned yankee good manners gentleman captain wounded exchange gunfire apologized arnold threatened aim kill second sugar act stamp act severely curtailed trade colonies act prompted arnold join chorus voices opposition taxes led entry secret organization afraid use violence oppose implementation unpopular parliamentary measures arnold initially took public demonstrations like merchants continued trade stamp act exist effect defiance act arnold faced financial ruin falling debt creditors spreading rumors point took legal action night january arnold members crew watched crowd man suspected attempting inform authorities arnold smuggling arnold convicted conduct charge fined relatively small shillings publicity case widespread sympathy view probably contributed light sentence february arnold married daughter sheriff acquaintance membership arnold local son born following year followed brothers richard henry margaret died early revolution june arnold fort following capture household lived dominated arnold sister hannah arnold benefited relationship partner business position sheriff shield arnold creditors arnold west_indies took place march wrote shocked wondered good god americans asleep giving liberties turned philosophers don immediate vengeance early revolutionary war arnold began war captain connecticut militia position elected march company marched northeast following month assist siege boston followed outbreak hostilities lexington concord arnold proposed action seize new_york knew poorly defended issued colonel commission immediately rode west arriving disputed present day vermont time participate men capture followed action bold raid fort saint jean river north connecticut militia force arrived june arnold dispute commander control fort resigned massachusetts commission way home learned wife died earlier june authorized invasion quebec urging arnold passed command expedition arnold went cambridge massachusetts suggested george_washington second expedition attack wilderness route present day maine arnold received colonel commission continental_army expedition left cambridge september men arnold arrived november difficult passage men turned died route men joined small army participated december assault montgomery killed arnold leg shattered chaplain carried makeshift hospital arnold promoted brigadier general role reaching quebec maintained siege city replaced major general april arnold traveled montreal served military commander city forced retreat advancing british army arrived quebec presided rear continental_army retreat reported person leave british arrived directed construction fleet defend defeated october battle actions saint jean played notable role delaying british advance actions arnold number friends larger number enemies army power structure congress established decent relationships george_washington commander army command army dispute moses commander 2nd boiled court martial summer action gates arnold superior prevented arrest leveled disagreements lower level officers political connections resulted ongoing suggestions brown particularly vicious publishing claimed arnold money man god sacrifice country general washington assigned arnold defense rhode_island following british seizure newport december militia poorly equipped consider attack british arnold took opportunity visit children near home spent winter boston unsuccessfully courted young named february learned passed congress promotion major general washington refused offer resign wrote members congress attempt correct noting good officers lost persisted making politically motivated promotions arnold way philadelphia discuss future alerted british force marching supply depot connecticut organized militia response connecticut militia general led small contingent militia attempting stop slow british return coast battle wounded left leg arnold continued philadelphia met members congress rank action coupled death wounds sustained action resulted arnold promotion major general restored promoted amid negotiations issue arnold wrote letter resignation july day word arrived philadelphia fort fallen british washington refused resignation ordered north assist defense arnold arrived camp new_york july august dispatched force relieve siege succeeded use ruse lift siege arnold indian messenger sent camp british brigadier general news approaching force larger closer actually convinced indian support abandon forcing effort arnold returned hudson taken command american army retreated camp south distinguished battles general gates removed field command battle following series escalating disagreements disputes culminated shouting match fighting second battle arnold operated gates orders took battlefield lead attacks british defenses severely wounded left leg late fighting arnold said better chest instead leg surrendered days second battle october response arnold restored command arnold interpreted manner act sympathy wounds apology recognition wrong arnold spent months recovering injuries allowing shattered left leg set leaving inches shorter right returned army valley forge applause men served participated recorded soldiers sign loyalty united_states british withdrew philadelphia june washington appointed arnold military commander city americans philadelphia arnold began planning capitalize financially change power engaging variety business deals designed profit war related supply movements protection authority schemes exactly uncommon american officers arnold schemes frustrated powerful local politicians eventually amassed evidence publicly air charges arnold demanded court martial clear charges writing washington having service country little expected meet returns arnold lived philadelphia prominent figure social scene summer met year old daughter judge loyalist business british occupied city courted british major british occupation philadelphia arnold married april circle friends found methods staying contact battle lines despite military communication enemy communication effected services philadelphia merchant plotting change sides early signs arnold unhappy situation country future november general wrote general told general arnold unpopular days later received letter arnold arnold lamented situation country particular moment citing currency army internal fighting congress country problems predicting impending ruin things soon change time early arnold met testimony british commission apparently erroneously placed meeting arnold june said went secretly new_york tender arnold services sir ignored instructions arnold involve plot crossed british lines went new_york loyalist working colonial governor new_jersey son franklin introduced major named british spy chief beginning secret correspondence arnold wife willing culminated year later arnold change sides secret communications conferred general clinton gave broad authority pursue arnold offer drafted instructions arnold initial letter opened discussion types assistance intelligence arnold provide included instructions communicate future letters passed women circle aware letters contained instructions written code invisible ink passed july arnold providing british troop locations strengths locations supply depots negotiating compensation asked losses given services continental_army general clinton pursuing campaign gain control interested plans information defenses west_point defenses hudson_river began insist face face meeting suggested arnold pursue high level command october negotiations ground halt furthermore patriot arnold family threatened arnold rebuffed congress local authorities requests security details laws court martial court martial consider charges arnold began meeting june delayed december general clinton capture new_york throwing army activity react number members panel judges ill disposed arnold actions disputes earlier war arnold cleared minor charges january arnold worked months fact washington published formal arnold behavior early april week congratulated arnold march birth son commander chief occasion officer rendered distinguished services country present case sense duty regard declare considers conduct convicted actions improper shortly washington congressional inquiry expenditures concluded arnold failed fully account expenditures incurred quebec invasion owed congress largely unable document significant number documents lost retreat quebec angry frustrated arnold resigned military command philadelphia late april offer surrender west_point early april approached arnold possibility giving command west_point discussions washington subject borne fruit early june arnold reopened secret channels british informing proposals including assessment conditions west_point provided information proposed french american invasion quebec arnold know proposed invasion ruse intended divert british resources june arnold inspected west point way home connecticut care personal business sent highly detailed report secret channel reached connecticut arnold arranged sell home began transferring assets london new_york early july philadelphia wrote secret message clinton july implied appointment west_point assured provide drawing works west_point loss major returned victorious siege charleston june general clinton immediately caught news clinton concerned washington army french fleet join rhode_island fixed west_point strategic point capture spies keeping track arnold verify movements excited prospects clinton informed superiors intelligence coup failed respond arnold july letter arnold wrote series letters clinton expected response july letter july letter complained british appear trust threatened break negotiations progress july wrote making explicit offer surrender west_point price rose addition losses payment delivered response letters delivered philadelphia businessman british command west_point august arnold obtained command west_point august received coded letter clinton final offer losses difficulties getting messages lines knew days agreement offer arnold letters continued detail washington troop movements provide information french reinforcements organized august finally delivered clinton agreement terms washington assigning arnold command west_point gave authority entire american controlled hudson_river albany british lines outside new_york_city route west_point arnold renewed acquaintance arnold knew sides owned house near western bank hudson miles south west_point established west_point arnold began systematically weakening defenses military strength needed repairs chain hudson ordered troops distributed arnold command area west_point furnished washington request washington complaints lack supplies writing wanting time tried drain west_point supplies siege likely succeed subordinates long time associates arnold unnecessary distribution supplies eventually concluded arnold selling supplies black market personal gain august arnold sent letter accepting clinton terms proposing meeting member thought trust comic twist went new_york unaware significance letter offered services british spy took letter connecticut suspicious arnold actions delivered head connecticut militia general parsons laid aside seeing letter written coded business discussion days later arnold sent letter similar content new_york services wife prisoner war eventually meeting set september near ferry meeting thwarted british river fired boat having informed impending arrival plot exposed arnold finally met september smith house morning september colonel charge outpost point fired ship intended carry new_york action sufficient damage retreated forcing return new_york overland arnold wrote passes able pass lines gave plans west_point captured near saturday september named papers exposing plot capture west_point found sent washington arnold intentions came light washington examined convinced commanding officer delivered colonel send arnold west point major member washington secret service insisted order prisoner intercepted brought reluctantly recalled lieutenant delivering arnold custody sent lieutenant messenger arnold arrest arnold learned capture following morning september received message custody papers carrying sent arnold received letter waiting washington planned breakfast shore ordered row anchored took new_york ship arnold wrote letter washington requesting given safe passage family philadelphia request washington granted presented evidence arnold activities reported washington remained calm investigate extent suggested negotiations general clinton fate major willing exchange arnold suggestion clinton refused military tribunal hanged new_york october washington men new_york attempt capture arnold plan nearly succeeded failed arnold changed living quarters prior sailing virginia december arnold justified actions open letter titled published newspapers october letter washington requesting safe passage wrote love country present conduct appear inconsistent world seldom judge right man actions switching sides british_army service british gave arnold brigadier general commission annual income pounds paid plus annual pension plot failed december arnold led force troops virginia orders clinton captured richmond surprise went virginia destroying supply houses mills activity brought virginia militia led colonel arnold eventually retreated portsmouth evacuated reinforced pursuing american army included orders washington hang arnold captured reinforcements arrived late march led served phillips led raids virginia including defeat baron death fever arnold commanded army lord arrived southern army took colonel wrote clinton arnold officers wish general command ignored advice arnold locate permanent base away coast advice later surrender return new_york june arnold variety proposals attacks economic targets force americans end war clinton arnold aggressive ideas finally authorized arnold raid port connecticut september long birth second son arnold force men raided burned captured causing damage estimated british casualties high nearly quarter force killed wounded clinton declared ill afford victories surrender october arnold requested permission clinton england lord thoughts war person word surrender reached new_york arnold renewed request clinton granted december arnold family left new_york england london aligned advising king george iii renew fight americans house_of_commons expressed hope government arnold head british army sentiments true honor british officer holds life afflicted arnold anti war gotten upper hand parliament forced resign government lord north falling long arnold applied accompany general going new_york replace clinton commander chief request went attempts failed gain positions government years forced reduced pay non wartime service reputation came criticism british press especially compared major celebrated patriotism particularly harsh critic said mean mercenary having adopted cause sake convicted charge turning posting wrote satisfied purity conduct think case power country suddenly place situation aim new business opportunities arnold son richard moved new_brunswick speculated land established business trade west_indies arnold purchased large tracts land area acquired city lots delivery ship lord sheffield accompanied accusations builder arnold cheated arnold claimed merely agreed ship delivered late voyage arnold returned london bring family lawsuit unpaid debt fighting away paying settle loan taken living philadelphia family moved arnold created series bad business deals petty lawsuits suit won business partner following townspeople burned house children watched family left return london december july arnold fought duel earl earl honor house_of_lords outbreak french revolution arnold outfitted continuing business west_indies hostilities increased risk imprisoned french authorities guadeloupe amid accusations british narrowly hanging escaping blockading british fleet guards helped organize militia forces british held islands receiving praise landowners efforts behalf hoped work earn wider respect new command instead earned sons land grant acres near present day ontario death january arnold health began decline suffered condition attacked leg point unable sea leg constantly walked cane physicians diagnosed having visit countryside temporarily improved condition died days june age legend deathbed said let die old uniform fought battles god forgive having story arnold buried mary church london england result clerical error parish records remains removed unmarked mass grave church renovations century later funeral procession boasted seven mourning coaches state carriages funeral military honors left small estate reduced size debts undertook clear considerable gifts illegitimate son grandson legacy united_states arnold contributions american independence largely popular culture synonymous traitor 19th century arnold began immediately betrayal public biblical themes invoked wrote sold man arnold millions described arnold actions black hell early biographers attempted describe arnold entire life terms morally questionable behavior major biography arnold life treason published historian particularly harsh showing arnold character allegedly formed childhood experiences authored series biographies mid-19th century began biography arnold traitor born social historian notes 19th century progressed story arnold betrayal portrayed near mythical proportions national creation story invoked conflicts increased years american civil war washington argument union life george_washington pointing unity new_england southern states led independence possible holding west_point southern leaders compared arnold explicitly idea treason published article describing confederate leaders men directing treason shines white saint fictional arnold carried strongly negative overtones children tale entitled cruel boy widely circulated 19th century described boy stole eggs birds nests pulled wings insects engaged sorts cruelty grew traitor country boy identified end story place birth given connecticut given depictions arnold negative theatrical treatments 19th century explored seeking understand connection arnold treason continued 20th 21st centuries episode bunch george washington peter assigned role arnold school play simpsons halloween specials arnold included jury damned figures like richard_nixon ownership soul owner national_basketball_association subtly invoked arnold upset announcement leaving team gilbert company lowered price posters bearing james likeness referring year arnold birth novels related american revolutionary war feature arnold character series treats positively covering military campaigns canada canadian historians treated arnold relatively minor figure difficult time new_brunswick led historians controversy resentment legal conclude disliked americans loyalists points arnold descendants ended establishing deep roots country leading settlers later lands west established settlements descendants adopted arnold surname spread canada long british scarlet military jacket buff lining continues owned descendants held reportedly passed generation eldest male family family marriage arnold sons later served british_army captain lieutenant raised family active british_army lieutenant lieutenant general lieutenant colonel captain tributes memorial arnold battlefield preserved mention donated civil war general inscription boot monument reads memory brilliant soldier continental army desperately wounded spot winning decisive battle american revolution rank victory monument occupied statues morgan fourth niche grounds west_point plaques commemorating generals served revolution plaque bears rank date major general born historical marker massachusetts commemorates arnold expedition quebec historical markers bearing arnold moscow maine western bank new_york maine house arnold lived central london bears plaque describing arnold american patriot church arnold buried england commemorative stained glass window added faculty club framed original letters written arnold hang walls
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Benedict Arnold
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11142_FrederickBrowning
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lieutenant general sir boy december march senior officer british_army called father british airborne forces commander deputy commander operation market garden september planning operation said think going bridge far olympic competitor husband author educated commissioned second lieutenant guards world war fought western awarded conspicuous gallantry november september aide camp general sir war competed winter olympics switzerland team finished tenth married july second world war commanded led operation market garden travelling participate assault december chief staff admiral lord september january military secretary january treasurer royal princess elizabeth edinburgh ascended throne queen elizabeth_ii treasurer suffered severe nervous breakdown retired died mansion inspired wife novel march early life born december family home london house later demolished way expansion allowing claim later life born piano department son wine merchant wife nancy née sibling older sister early age known family tommy educated grandfather attended joined world war sat entrance examinations november achieve necessary scores required subjects schools including position recommend students nomination head master forward way entered december graduated june commissioned second lieutenant guards joining exclusive regiment wartime required personal introduction interview regimental commander colonel sir initially joined guards training departed western august transferred 5th reserve battalion october left join 2nd battalion time acquired nickname boy time served company major winston_churchill churchill arrival given job showing company trenches discovered churchill gave churchill england trench fever january hospitalised weeks rejoin october participated july october november distinguished battle received order generally given officers command rank captain junior officer like lieutenant awarded regarded officer missed award victoria_cross citation read conspicuous gallantry devotion duty took command companies officers casualties reorganised proceeded consolidate exposing heavy machine gun rifle fire hours placed line strong state defence conduct officer assault especially praise successful handing relieving unit entrenched strongly fortified position entirely energy skill awarded french december mentioned despatches september aide camp general sir returned regiment promoted temporary rank captain appointed adjutant guards november inter war period granted substantive rank captain november retained post adjutant november posted guards depot posted adjutant adjutant sovereign parade ride horse named vicar steps satisfactory explanation second world war enduring tradition horses great difficulty going steps ramp provided horse return members staff time included close friends relinquished appointment adjutant april promoted major following pattern tours duty away regiment alternated sent course posted guards workload light allowing plenty time sports competed championships failed olympic selection olympic man team brake man injury incurred training accident prevented participation winter olympics competed winter olympics switzerland team finished tenth keen sailor competing harbour purchased motor boat foot cabin cruiser named read novel loving spirit impressed graphic depictions coastline set left boat moored winter returned april collect heard author book impressed appendix operation invited boat short romance proposed rejected believe marriage smith went explained living marriage disastrous career proposed accepted married simple ceremony july marriage produced children daughters son christian known kits promoted lieutenant colonel february appointed commanding officer guards battalion deployed egypt returned december term commander ended august removed guards regimental list remained pay september promoted colonel february second world war airborne troops mid given command hampshire infantry brigade consisting battalions rank brigadier 43rd brigade preparing join france pre june division assumed defensive posture february commander 24th mission defend london attack south november promoted major general appointed commander new role instrumental adopting assigned artist major design famous emblem warrior riding winged horse designed uniform false style incorporating opening neck reveal regulation shirt tie worn medal collar patches rank capped grey kid gloves highly polished belt stick worn field qualified pilot henceforth wore wings designed supervised newly formed division underwent prolonged period expansion intensive training new brigades raised assigned division new equipment tested considered airborne warfare visionary proved adept dealing demonstrated overcoming bureaucratic obstacles airborne forces expanded size major difficulty getting 1st ready operations shortage aircraft royal_air_force neglected air transport war available aircraft airborne troops conversions obsolete bombers like air chief marshal sir particular felt worth drain resources prime minister winston_churchill united_states_army chief staff general visited april treated demonstration involving available aircraft wing raf general aircraft meeting chaired churchill asked required stated needed aircraft 1st battle ready churchill directed air chief marshal sir find required aircraft portal agreed supply halifax bombers tow new larger general july travelled united_states toured airborne training facilities american counterpart tendency lecture americans airborne warfare friends americans felt british americans equipment particularly transports returning united_kingdom arranged joint exercise conducted mid september coming close reaching strength informed allied invasion north_africa place november found argued larger airborne force utilised vast distances comparatively light opposition provide opportunities airborne operations commander chief general sir won arguments agreed 1st place command general command allied troops participating invasion brought operational strength partly cross posting personnel newly formed provided sufficient equipment resources brigade departed north_africa beginning november results british airborne operations north_africa mixed subject detailed report airborne troops operated including shortages photographs maps troop carrier american lacked familiarity airborne operations dealing british troops equipment felt inexperience handling airborne operations extended resulting felt employed aggressively greater strength shortened tunisia campaign months called red german troops fought pointed brigade honour given enemy seldom won battle finest fighting troops title officially confirmed general sir henceforth applied british airborne troops january appointed companion order bath relinquished command march new post major general soon clashed commander major general asked plans allied invasion sicily replied available scrutiny approved commander lieutenant general protested backed chief staff supported forced dealings british_army successor commander sold commander general sir landing seize road bridge south syracuse objections operation ignored attempts discuss airborne operations corps commanders directive montgomery discussion concluded effective airborne advisor equal rank army commanders september travelled india inspected 50th met major general commander airborne special force held series meetings general sir commander chief india air chief marshal sir air officer commander chief lieutenant general sir general officer commanding eastern army discussed plans improving airborne establishment india expanding airborne force division result discussions subsequent report 44th formed october sent experienced airborne commander india command replacement commander montgomery selection major general officer airborne experience choice 1st controversial saw ruthless manipulative empire builder opposition brigadier general assistant division commander recalled travelled england november cautioned general senior british airborne officer major general told empire builder assessment came agree operation market garden assumed new command december directive announced title force correspondence bear official title verbally known referred corps commander promoted lieutenant general january december officially commander april commanded august retaining command corps deputy commander army despite poor relationship disliked american officers including commander preparations cancelled operations disagreement risky operation caused threaten resignation differences military culture regarded order forced committed action operation market garden september rift severe repercussions concerned forward drop days drops day restricted number combat troops available day disagreed british drop zones proposed air vice marshal group raf felt distant bridge felt unable challenge airmen evidence brought intelligence officer major 9th division 10th division area confident led subordinates believe according commander informed airborne troops hold bridge days responded hold added think going bridge far boy landed tactical headquarters near use aircraft corps headquarters lift criticised half carried signal equipment operation contact british 1st major general taylor headquarters envisaged unit signals section hastily assembled weeks lacked training experience pack carried bears framed print praying hands major general commanding critical writing diary september lacks standing influence judgement comes proper troop experience staff superficial british units apparent tops lack know dirt learn hard way war staff criticised decision secure high ground attempting capture bridge took responsibility noting personally gave order effort effect capture grave bridges soon possible essential capture hold battle awarded order class polish government exile critical evaluation contribution polish forces led removal commanding officer polish 1st writers later claimed failure market garden field marshal montgomery attached blame subordinates acknowledged failure told chief imperial general staff sir like event connor transferred theatre events took different course admiral lord supreme allied commander need new chief staff owing poor health lieutenant general turned initial request lieutenant general lieutenant general offered post accepted considered qualified post staff college training held staff job noted reservation believe highly services corps commander mentioned despatches second time awarded legion merit degree commander united_states government served december july soon came regard american deputy brought staff europe headquarters headquarters developed relationship lieutenant general sir matters came head attempted replace victorious commander lieutenant general sir resulting relieved instead slim took replaced commander friend general sir services created knight commander order british empire january major military post military secretary september january later life january treasurer royal princess elizabeth edinburgh officially retire army april appointment recommendation lord nephew duke edinburgh head princess personal staff duties involved summer olympics deputy chairman commandant british team commodore stepping elected admiral death king george inherited throne queen elizabeth_ii staff redundant queen served large staff monarch domestic staff remained continued serve queen mother remainder reorganised treasurer head office moving new larger office buckingham palace like duke served office constitutional role followed sporting cultural scientific interests involved set preserve famous ship administration duke edinburgh award june attended coronation queen elizabeth_ii drinking war chronic led severe nervous breakdown july forcing resignation position palace known taking mistress breakdown brought light london confessed wartime affair services knight commander advanced royal victorian order retreated mansion inspired novel leased restored appointed deputy lieutenant cornwall caused scandal influence drugs alcohol involved automobile accident people injured fined forced pay court medical costs died heart attack march legacy portrayed film bridge far based events operation market garden copy uniform measurements original opened years located built named remained depot museum moved sold housing development
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Frederick Browning
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11199_HaroldAgnew
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march september american physicist best known having flown scientific observer hiroshima bombing mission later director joined university_of_chicago helped build world nuclear joined worked generator war ended returned university_of_chicago completed graduate work returned worked nuclear test head served democratic new mexico state senator scientific adviser commander europe director resigned president chief executive officer general died home california september early life education born denver colorado march child pair attended entered chemistry strong athlete pitched university won championship left january credits graduate beta bachelor_of_arts degree june received scholarship yale_university japanese bombing pearl harbor brought united_states pacific war girlfriend fellow graduate attempted join persuaded sign papers instead head physics department persuaded come university_of_chicago deputy head credits graduate remain married denver went chicago secretary head children daughter nancy son john worked involved construction chicago initially worked instrumentation source received high dose radiation work bricks witnessed controlled nuclear chain reaction went critical december moved march went men generator particle parts parts shipped new_mexico met rode trucks hauling worked secretary initially secretary secretary head later division rest war job experiments group experimental work wound transferred working group role monitor yield nuclear explosions devised method measuring yield nuclear blast dropping pressure readings plane june issued army uniform dog utah flown task install yield measurement instrumentation boeing aircraft great atomic bombing hiroshima august johnson flew scientific observer great piloted tailed gay instrumentation aircraft later recalled dropped remember sharp turn right caught blast got badly shaken brought movie camera took existing movies hiroshima event seen air war ended entered university_of_chicago completed graduate work stayed family post war housing shortage received degree doctor philosophy phd degree writing thesis beta fellow students chicago time included lee years doctorate hand returned worked weapons development assigned weapons project project engineer nuclear test head served democratic new mexico state senator state senator elected senators served unpaid receiving dollars new_mexico legislature convened days numbered years days odd numbered years able continue working taking leave pay attend attempted reform new_mexico liquor laws specified minimum mark unsuccessful law reformed commander europe held number time advisory position military years member chairman united_states_army member army director employees took time great change predecessor rebuilt laboratory scratch war people brought approaching retirement developed underground test program completed acquired trained class managed responsibility development submarine launched missiles iii intercontinental missiles proud work high explosive nuclear weapons safer handle support development dried 1970s energy crisis laboratory explored types alternative later life resigned president chief executive officer general position held letter resignation president wrote decision influenced dissatisfaction university administration policies lack advocacy total program frustration consider continuing distribution defense program funding chaired served white_house science councillor member nasa professor recipient award receive member proponent tactical nuclear weapons pointed vietnam required hundreds sorties destroy conventional weapons nuclear weapon job article bulletin atomic scientists argued fusion reactions bombs provide tactical advantages conventional weapons especially massive armor component possessed eastern citing conclusions reached argued affecting armor tank produced fusion blast penetrate vehicle matter tens minutes hours kill crew completely ineffective bomb reduced damage selective fashion weapon providing clear advantage military defender nearby non maintained new nuclear weapon design certified nuclear testing reliability testing problematic letter wall_street_journal commented significance allegations chinese nuclear espionage long nation demonstrated nuclear capability means delivering bombs doesn matter little smaller painted color red white blue wrote suspect information published open national sic useful nations computer codes received illegal means died october diagnosed chronic died home california september watching football television survived daughter nancy son john arranged cremated ashes interred bbc interview stated quarters nuclear arsenal designed legacy
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Harold Agnew
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11237_PierreMarieBarthélemyFerino
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august june paris general politician france born son low ranking officer military french revolution went france received commission troops deposed strict discipline immediately reinstated rose rapidly ranks general staff helped push austrians bavaria summer campaign covered retreat france later year defending rhine bridge units crossed safety commanded southern wing participated battles napoleon awarded senator raised count empire engraved family born valley near border section known time birth rule father officer called regiment served austrian military seven years war entered austrian military service captain promotions military responding perceived time french revolution moved france acquired commission french army service french revolutionary wars august named lieutenant colonel called rhine command named general brigade december august general division command advance guard deposed maintaining discipline strictly immediately reinstated assigned command appointed lieutenant general army rhine commander right wing force participated battle helped push austrian army bavaria summer campaign defeated lake subsequent austrian resurgence maintained right flank protective cover main army french retreated southern germany august september year participated french withdrew defended rhine crossing north swiss city french units crossed river safety attempted royalist coup accused having royalist removed command restored active duty army french continued rigorous discipline known troops maintained good order despite abuses troops occurred rhine region late commanded army called november assumed command organized army planned invasion southern germany war second coalition commander led division passed marched familiar territory campaign division secured right flank main force battle march troops remained outside primary battle zone retreat portion column cut army captured french withdrawal secured flank steps west small village western point near guarded main army austrian approach switzerland march maintaining austrian forces approaching switzerland command baron division participated simultaneous assault hours engagement center assaulted austrian left stopped overwhelming numbers tried attack initiating assault followed attack woods sides road columns attacks repulsed finally added column assault resulted austrian reformation line cannons center firing heavy respond run artillery ammunition troops fixed charged village capturing despite heavy fire massive numbers forced relinquish village darkness relationship napoleon immediately coup napoleon appointed commander 8th division member grand officer respectively napoleon appointed senate florence count empire appointed military governor netherlands organized relationship restoration member french senate voted request napoleon participate days napoleon return exile restoration maintained honors rank awarded certificate citizenship allowed continue sit new died paris june engraved paris
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Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
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11280_PećanacChetniks
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known black irregular military force operated german occupied territory serbia leadership war lord loyal german backed serbian puppet government eventually denounced traitor yugoslav government exile germans concluded detachments inefficient unreliable little military aid germans puppet government disbanded organisation september march interned time killed forces loyal rival background named commander fighter later distinguished fighting ottoman_empire macedonia balkan war fought october served sergeant second balkan war fought june august saw combat world war led bands serbian fighting bulgarian austro hungarian lines prominent figure movement interwar period leading role notorious organisation region modern day macedonia served commander member parliament present leader deputies killed politician june prior shooting accused deputy responsible massacre muslims president opening membership organisation younger members served world war grew organisation 1930s nationalist veterans association focused protecting veterans rights aggressively partisan political organisation members period formed close ties far right government milan known hostility popular conservatives formation shortly axis invasion yugoslavia april navy requested prepare guerrilla operations guard southern area serbia macedonia pro pro region given arms money managed arm men valley southern serbia force remained intact german occupation serbia supplemented strength refugees fleeing macedonia early summer detachments fought bands time considerable period detachments identified term formation communist led yugoslav partisans gave interest resistance late august came agreements serbian puppet government german authorities carry attacks partisans kept structure detachments simple commanders selected personally consisted officers peasants orthodox priests teachers merchants known black collaboration occupation forces august concluding arrangements germans received letter rival leader proposing arrangement control south control areas declined request suggested offer position chief staff recommended detachments join organisation meantime arranged transfer thousand serbian act german august issued open proclamation dear people portrayed defender protector serbs referring units called detachments formed approval come command demanded individuals hiding forests return homes immediately acts sabotage directed occupation authorities cease suffer punishment death september subordinates broke ranks join partisans fighting germans serbian mountainous region previously loyal subordinate began attacking local stations armed bands muslims end october germans decided stop unreliable elements attached remainder serbian auxiliary forces october sent request head serbian puppet government trained officers supplies arms salary funds time requests fulfilled german liaison officer appointed headquarters help coordinate actions january according german data officers men paid supplied fell short maximum authorised strength men included thousand november month sought permission italians forces eastern montenegro refused italian concerns april serbia general der issued orders giving unit numbers detachments placed command local german division area command post orders required deployment german liaison officer detachments engaged operations limited movement outside assigned area supplies arms ammunition controlled germans july arranged yugoslav government exile traitor continuing collaboration ruined remained reputation developed balkan wars world war dissolution germans found units inefficient unreliable little military aid regularly clashed rivalries german germans puppet government commenced disbanding september dissolved end year detachment disbanded march followers dispersed german auxiliary forces german labour units interned prisoner war camps deserted join recorded activities months followed interned time serbian puppet government accounts capture death vary according account leaders followers captured forces loyal february killed days remained custody write war memoirs executed source states assassinated june loyal books websites
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11346_EdwardFord(physician)
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physician colonel sir april august australian soldier academic physician played important role anti malaria campaign second world war medicine australia war best known war ford wrote thesis malaria control awarded doctor medicine degree director professor concurrently holding positions retirement education early life edward ford born victoria april son wife née armstrong job leaving telegraph boy joined april later working accounts branch age enrolled arts course soon switched medicine supported continuing work night graduated bachelor surgery degrees residency ford lecturer anatomy university senior lecturer anatomy met shared encouraged passion books ford later australian medicine jones ford interested physical later tropical medicine moved sydney lecturer obtained graduate diploma year travelled conducted study sexually transmitted disease people administration returned australia darwin military career june early months second world war ford volunteered service commissioned major receiving service number march sent middle_east commanding officer 1st soon engaged diagnosis variety hitherto uncertain diseases july ford unit moved syria attached 3rd casualty clearing station providing capabilities larger general hospital available ford returned australia march promoted lieutenant colonel august appointed assistant director corps combat danger ford available supplies australia shipped new_guinea australian forces fighting desperate campaign japanese new drug tested middle_east found effective initial dose followed hourly intervals found rapidly relieve symptoms permit travel new_guinea numerous tropical diseases posed threat health fitness troops fighting biggest medical problem malaria december ford took case commander chief commander general sir ford hour history dangers malaria needed said think understand colonel ford don things troops suffer trying tell sir ford replied don things won bloody troops suffer liked officers spoke like effect soon felt night appearance growing labour force clearing hitherto obscure delays supplies provision special officer speed vital items destination emphasis laid personal responsibility ranks brought welcome changes great importance recognition principle patients suffering malaria far possible retained treatment new_guinea sent australia wrote article malaria newspaper men proper precautions malaria worst enemy new_guinea wrote bite gradually epidemic disease began drop ford mentioned despatches distinguished services march ford appointed melbourne charged responsibility army overall effort malaria march director promoted colonel services officer order british empire military division july skill energy initiative high order transferred june war served time director war ford wrote thesis malaria control awarded doctor medicine degree received fellowship allowed study gained distinction ford director professor concurrently holding positions retirement addition dean faculty medicine fellow senate acting vice chancellor november march involved establishment medical school member council wartime army service recognised appointment fellow later served vice president fellow london london london honorary fellow january created knight bachelor awarded medal granted honorary doctor letters ford collected books curator library death donated items library today books collection found libraries ford library named honour published australian medicine ben predicted work reason ford permanently recalled study historiography australian medicine ford married died home new_south_wales august cremated papers mitchell library sydney found sydney
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Edward Ford (physician)
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11536_ErnestAlbertCorey
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bars december august distinguished australian soldier served bearer world war enlisted january allocated initially posted grenade section bearing duties twice awarded military medal devotion duty aiding wounded soldiers twice person awarded military medal times born new_south_wales employed leaving school january member men recruiting march enlisting returning australia armistice discharged medical grounds employed number jobs enlisting militia battalion service second world war died buried military honours section early life born december new_south_wales eighth child wife ellen née educated leaving martin january marched member men recruiting march enlisted january majority members march allotted world war following training camp embarked overseas september aboard port sydney 4th reinforcements arriving england spent months 14th training battalion camp near wiltshire joining february france posted grenade section company took capture april brigade action near suffering heavy losses commanding officer 55th called volunteers assist thirty men volunteered seventeen hours assisted carrying wounded approximately kilometres dressing station awarded military medal action following engagements 5th division spent months reserve moving sector belgium regular bearer decorated bar military medal actions september subject heavy artillery machine gun fire frequently ventured man land tend wounded winter posted sector granted leave united_kingdom february leave ill spent ninety days hospital rejoining battalion july shortly allies launched offensive germans august 55th battalion involved capture september received second bar military medal september subject heavy machine gun artillery fire continually assisted wounded aid promoted corporal september placed charge battalion led battle north september attended wounded exposed fire continued direct bearer parties action wounded receiving wounds right groin thigh engagement awarded bar military medal evacuated casualty station operated receiving transfer general hospital operated sent hospital bristol england repatriated australia april medically discharged june later life returning employed contract moving canberra employed camp september catholic_church married pair later daughter marriage dissolved worked office cleaner enlisted service second world war september posted 2nd years medically discharged private october went series jobs including employment cook survey party leading hand canberra crippled soon admitted private nursing home died august buried military honours section medals displayed hall australian war memorial medals copies military medal bars viewed member years memorial following donations people memorial plaque erected plaque moved committee involved relocation decided erect based painting australian war memorial depicting bringing wounded soldiers heavy shell fire world war local artist sculptor commissioned undertake project constructed steel concrete erected war memorial area april inscription memorial reads
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Ernest Albert Corey
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11558_ThomasFarrell(general)
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general major general december april deputy commanding general chief field operations manhattan_project acting executive officer graduated degree civil engineering world war served 1st engineers western awarded french war instructor west_point resigned commissioner canals state new_york head construction engineering world war returned active duty executive officer went china burma india theater help build january chose second command manhattan_project observed trinity test bombing gunnery range august went supervise bombing hiroshima nagasaki led teams scientists inspect effects atomic bombs appointed chairman subsequently worked consultant projects member evaluation board advisor united_states representative korean war returned active duty serving assistant general manager manufacturing oversaw vast increase commission production capabilities retiring worked preparations new york world fair early life born december new_york fourth children farmer wife margaret née raised family acre farm father apple orchard raised pigs dairy cattle children helped farm delivering milk stayed adults graduated professional job working seeing irish workers bosses staunch supporter organized labor worked panama canal joined married departing france joined rank second lieutenant departed new_jersey august assistant supply officer rank lieutenant captain regimental supply officer october subsequently rank major commanded january july finally july participated offensive battle offensive 1st engineers main role maintenance roads construction bridges 1st division area detachments employed torpedoes clear paths barbed wire battle committed line infantry leadership action followed awarded citation read extraordinary heroism action serving france october october ordered hold hill strongly held enemy forces major great skill courage determination led battalion attack seized held vital point despite fact attacked greatly superior numbers sides nearly surrounded strong enemy forces showed extraordinary determination regain highly important position held hill reinforcements reach darkness fallen october fearless leadership utter disregard safety complete devotion duty raised morale battalion high pitch inspired acts great endeavor awarded palm actions 1st battalion received citation commander armistice germany november 1st engineers participated occupation basing 1st engineers returned united_states august september war joined served instructor west point resigned remained reserves governor new_york appointed commissioner canals state new_york head construction engineering considered possible candidate replace retire great depression led vast expansion public works activity nationally new_york major projects new_york included new york world fair construction airport world war construction united_states returned active duty february rank lieutenant colonel act colonel executive officer point army embark national task prepare necessary accommodations training facilities vast army created enormous construction program shortages delays costs poor living conditions construction sites newspapers began publishing accounts charging incompetence worked new simplified procedures centralized provided flexibility needed projects time enormous expenditures demanded awarded legion merit services china burma india september lieutenant general created special coordinate activities china burma india theater home colonel appointed committee oversee construction creation line communications india china largest engineer undertaking war number new units trained united_states specifically task reorganization later year chief engineer china burma india theater december head promoted brigadier general january organized command divisions districts charge work inside india construction responsibility colonel addition work support deployment bombers china india involved construction expansion series air bases required twice size older forced divert resources construct inch oil pipeline airfields bridge fast following rivers northern burma pick selected production discontinued favor bailey bridge technical arguments won production view difficulties obtained bailey bridges british sources end major bridges decision controversial washington shift terminus inch oil pipeline calcutta order avoid crossing rivers dangers concentrating vulnerable installations calcutta area awarded distinguished service medal manhattan_project december secretary war ordered director manhattan_project find deputy concerned happen officer army told matter duty told colonel commander choice replied choice site code remote new_mexico facilities housed main group researchers responsible final assembly bombs physics atomic bomb extended tours bombing gunnery range chosen site trinity test signing commented recall asked going sign shouldn handle took heavy ball hand felt growing warm got certain sense hidden power wasn cold piece metal piece metal working inside maybe time began believe fantastic tales scientists told nuclear power observed trinity nuclear test control located yards test tower report test president july stated effects called unprecedented magnificent beautiful terrifying man phenomenon tremendous power occurred lit peak ridge nearby mountain range clarity beauty described seen imagined seconds explosion came air blast pressed hard people watching followed immediately strong sustained awesome warned feel things dare forces previously reserved words inadequate tools job present physical mental psychological effects witnessed realized assumed special responsibility combat operations served target committee acting chairman absent july arrived guam coordinate project local commanders tasks brief general army joined rear admiral represented captain commander informally joint chiefs decision making authority nuclear mission notified little boy bomb ready use august weather permitting space week crashed burned runway parsons concerned crashed little boy fire cook explosive detonate weapon catastrophic consequences parsons raised possibility bomb flight agreed good idea asked parsons knew sir don parsons conceded got afternoon learn bombing hiroshima august generals parsons observers sent detailed report brought forward date attack good weather predicted august signed bomb love kisses bomb loaded pre flight inspection fuel pump found faulty meaning gallons imp gal fuel bomb bay tank carried took difficult decision continue mission view weather number problems faced mission crews day mission carried successfully surrender japan august attacks directed prepare teams inspect effects atomic bombs hiroshima nagasaki begun assembling required personnel equipment arrived hiroshima air september group equipped portable headed included brigadier general japanese rear admiral acted translator colonel head medical section remained hiroshima september surveyed nagasaki september october greatly impressed damage atomic bombs extensive japanese preparations allied invasion planned prior surrender post war promoted rank major general october remained deputy commander manhattan_project retired active service april appointed chairman mayor recommendation aftermath war providing public housing especially returning veterans major priority city unlike projects time new_york_city public housing racially segregated writing declared new_york public housing projects demonstrate whites live served member evaluation board advisor representative korean war returned active duty army served july transferred successor organization manhattan_project assistant general manager manufacturing role oversaw vast increase commission production capabilities construction new eventually triple production nuclear weapons left active duty army february subsequently worked consultant projects worked preparations new york world fair children thomas barbara peter stephen thomas graduated west_point class received silver star medal reached rank captain killed february army port repair ship named honor peter graduated west_point class served army vietnam war commanded 56th air defense artillery offensive retired army rank colonel daughter woman nevada elected united_states house_of_representatives serving granddaughter served nevada state treasurer died saint mary hospital nevada april wife died year ironically man spent lifetime building things principally remembered destruction hiroshima nagasaki
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Thomas Farrell (general)
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11665_PhilH.Bucklew
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december december professional american football player went united_states_navy officer served navy special warfare units world war serving twice awarded second highest decoration world war completed phd columbia_university went command seal team early stages vietnam war authored report predicted use waterways rivers routes supplies personnel initially dismissed report later source increase use navy seals direct action missions retired captain worked consultant company private sector died series strokes known father naval special warfare california bears early life born raised columbus ohio attended went attend cincinnati earned fame football player tight end college played left founded coach years united_states entered world war naval career world war volunteered military service naval reserve december day japanese attack pearl harbor reported norfolk virginia training commission ensign soon joined raiders elite force combat swimmers scouted beaches amphibious landings ensign served invasion north_africa november july commanded scout boat landings sicily operation awarded participated landings italy operation awarded unit transferred england support imminent invasion normandy january officer swam ashore night collect sand samples target beach later referred mission planners needed know sand support heavy vehicles occasion brought yards beach swam rest way hid water watch time patrols going ashore collect sand samples useful intelligence day june commanded scout boat assigned lead wave tank carrying landing craft landing craft accompanied tanks sea saw sea conditions dangerous launching tanks unfortunately radio report ignored tanks awarded second leading wave tank carrying landing craft beach scout boat occasion combat heavy surf enemy fire remained station guide boat day directing assault waves giving supporting fire german positions rescued soldiers landing craft destroyed drowning laid bow boat pulled drowning men water strength arms final assignment world war took china scouted chinese coast later moved inland help train equip chinese fight japanese moved partisan group gathering intelligence japanese way large size inability speak chinese partisans disguised deaf mute japanese learned american spy labeled big mission complete calcutta india closest friends scouts athletic backgrounds pro tackle played quarterback notre dame football team nfl football player killed action post world war married fiancée left active duty years complete education columbia_university columbia worked navy instructor coached football team returned active duty completing serving bases united_states korea vietnam june assigned commanding officer beach unit naval amphibious base virginia served capacity late turned boats boats flew korean flag manned american sailors command lieutenant commander assigned korea operating base group help cia conducted harassment psychological operations north_korea years service facing mandatory retirement staff reductions navy creation seal teams president selected command consisted seal team underwater demolition teams ironically qualified vietnam early american forces actively engaged captain behest admiral took mission determine counter staff traveled delta interviewing dozens vietnamese military personnel american advisors border witnessed openly moving supplies inside despite neutrality report described communist effort criticized south vietnamese response inefficient inadequate suggested halting require coastal blockade augmented extensive patrolling internal rivers frontier addition recommended navy establish viable means controlling rivers implementing patrols navy initially disregarded conclusion placing emphasis north vietnamese navy launched operation market time refused consider implications report ironically effectiveness market time caused north vietnamese predicted greater force use rivers frontier logistics region able conclude build necessary launch attacks early report impetus deploy seal teams direct action missions command seal team assigned pentagon served retirement post military life legacy retirement remained area served representative louisiana boat building company called father naval special warfare members naval special warfare community military authors written memoirs published wheelchair bound stroke attended ceremony naval special warfare center california named october inducted 34th member photograph hangs city hall died hospital virginia suffering strokes buried arlington national cemetery citation citation president united_states_of_america takes pleasure presenting lieutenant junior grade ensign reserve extraordinary heroism distinguished service line profession scout boat officer action enemy forces amphibious assault july achieving high degree success capable training scout boat crews entire attack force lieutenant junior grade participated actual invasion outstanding courage illumination hostile weapons proceeded hazardous waters located designated beach directed assault boat wave utterly shore battery machine gun fire repeatedly struck vessel lieutenant junior grade guiding subsequent waves proper beach conduct action reflects great credit keeping highest traditions second citation citation president united_states_of_america takes pleasure presenting lieu second award navy cross lieutenant junior grade reserve extraordinary heroism distinguished service line profession officer charge scout boat amphibious assault france june embarked craft approach strongly defended cost lieutenant junior grade successfully accomplished highly important mission locating designated beaches despite rough surf continuous enemy fire led wave tanks going close beach taking station guide firing boat rockets tanks target objectives support landings moved closer direct guns suspected hostile machine gun nests houses beach subsequently face heavy enemy opposition rescued wounded personnel burning landing craft regulated flow traffic morning afternoon day conduct action reflects great credit keeping highest traditions military awards decorations medal navy achievement medal presidential unit citation navy unit navy good conduct medal china service medal american defense medal american campaign medal pacific campaign medal world war victory medal navy occupation service medal national defense service medal medal vietnam campaign medal palm korean medal vietnam campaign medal quote
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Phil H. Bucklew
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11788_MaryBell(aviator)
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aviator december february australian aviator founding leader volunteer organisation provided support royal_australian_air_force raaf world war helped establish women auxiliary australian air force largest women wartime service country grew number members born tasmania married raaf officer obtained pilot licence given temporary command formation passed inaugural director favour corporate executive bell refused post deputy director resigned subsequently rejoined served final months war husband later farmers nicknamed died age seventy early life born december tasmania daughter english born clerk wife emma attended commencing work solicitor office age fourteen married royal_australian_air_force officer world war veteran gallipoli andrew brighton victoria march daughter early bells lived britain john attended acted raaf liaison officer royal_air_force interested aviation teens mary learnt fly england april qualified grade private pilot licence returning australia female gain pilot licence victoria march following year australian woman qualify ground engineer bells moved brisbane john queensland manager having left raaf mary leader members volunteered assist aircraft maintenance times war determining objectives met existing organisation july formed new paramilitary group elected bell commander soon expanded national organisation leading state chapter australian commandant bell wrote air vice marshal acquainted husband aviation circles advocating establishment women branch raaf similar raf things pointed female volunteers supporting air_force driving nursing clerical duties women voluntary organisations members keen support military arguing personnel provided ready pool skilled staff auxiliary services saving government time money training labour world war australia having declared war september met november discuss letter postponed taking action bell continued lobby women groups seeking support war effort free male staff overseas july new chief air staff air chief marshal sir invited produce proposal women auxiliary supervised husband john rejoined air_force war outbreak wing commander raaf headquarters melbourne mary recommended forming new service air force act permit women enlist duration war conditions similar raaf members short term contractual basis radical idea time place suggested volunteer reserve citizen force augment enlisted women effectively existing seen placing emphasis personal command senior air_force officers including recently promoted director group captain opposed women service raf member appreciated proved worth championed establishment women auxiliary australian air force bell appointed raaf staff officer administrative rank section officer acting flight officer february order organisation going formally established march women branch armed service australia similar organisations army navy bell led months existence recruiting approximately women june officers appointed members corporate executive appointed director bell deputy director effective june air vice marshal chose basis management background notwithstanding aviation experience familiarity raaf considered bell flag obtained great deal publicity alienated including daughter founding member initial intake staff bell chose resign learning appointment stay report outside service fraternity later rejoined request condition received promotion higher flight officer original officer resigned bell passed later describing thorough effective obvious choice director bell returned october served mainly despite recommendation july enlisted permanent staff women enrolled month contracts benefits entailed pay thirds male organisation grew rapidly peaking strength members october cent raaf personnel end war total women served comprising thirty cent ground staff filling trades previously occupied men later life ranked flight officer discharged request april husband john acting air commodore left raaf october year largest australia wartime women services disbanded september bells farmers victoria tasmania retiring survived daughter died tasmania february buried memorial park cemetery near devonport husband died
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Mary Bell (aviator)
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12343_Cutzinas
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greek tribal leader played major role wars byzantine_empire tribes africa middle 6th century fighting byzantines staunch byzantine ally stages rebellion remained imperial vassal murder new byzantine governor life mixed stock father mother came population north_africa following north_africa byzantine empire war uprisings native tribes occurred north african provinces mentioned eyewitness historian leaders rebellion province alongside spring rebels defeated byzantine military commander solomon battles forced flee west mount sought protection local ruler disappears record time according epic poem roman african writer ally byzantines friend solomon year rebellion suppressed solomon tribes mount quickly spread rose leadership time opposed revolt brought people reading uncertain byzantine military solomon killed battle year byzantine position africa rebels late joined march capital main stronghold byzantine government africa secretly agreed byzantine governor battle joined revealed byzantine commander turn contact planned gain time prepare advised children hostage event launched uprising thoroughly failed suppress resulting execution governorship plans revealed changed sides allied giving mother son hostages armenian commander sent pursue scoring victory rebel forces near winter new byzantine governor commander chief arrived africa followers joined participated expedition saw defeat submission shortly received supreme roman military rank summer accompanied campaign tribes battle advocated attacking rebel forces byzantine army heavily defeated risen revolt winter pro byzantine leader dispute threatened spill open armed conflict intervention prevented official john effected reconciliation spring participated campaign according head men divided units thousand strong number possibly includes byzantine troops placed command campaign leaders crucial suppressing near mutiny byzantine troops earth strategy support enabled overcome crisis lead army forces fought ensuing battle fields decisive byzantine victory fell revolt crushed surviving leaders submitted remained vassal receiving regular pay byzantine authorities january new africa refused hand money murdered prompting uprising children
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12370_StephenJ.Chamberlin
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december october lieutenant general united_states_army served world war general army assistant chief staff staff officer charge plans operations born kansas december graduate west_point new_york world war aide camp major general commander new_jersey army officers received war attended command kansas served staff attended posted staff army hawaii assistant chief staff assistant chief involved vast construction program depots coastal defenses united_states rearmed prior entry world war january sent australia assistant chief staff general general headquarters role responsible planning overseeing execution major operations including new_guinea philippines borneo campaigns director commander retired september employed chief security arnold air force base tennessee died october early life born kansas december appointed west_point new_york entered march graduated june commissioned second lieutenant 16th infantry stationed san francisco regiment moved texas transferred 8th infantry february served fort william philippines promoted lieutenant july battalion adjutant october assistant post october january december june promoted captain acting june september world war united_states involved world war aide camp major general commander new_jersey officer charge troop movements march married daughter new_york corner madison avenue east 44th street simple ceremony attended sarah sister captain best man promoted major june distinguished service line profession dispatch officer port new_jersey army officers receive world war awarded citation read president united_states takes pleasure presenting medal stephen army exceptionally distinguished services government united_states duty great responsibility world war acting dispatch officer port new_jersey november september major displayed marked ability handling movements troops port assigning units detachments camps convoys ships thorough organization hard work arranged smooth working troop movements prevented congestion camps piers enabling transports sail appointed time appropriate number troops september appointed commander california appointed division assistant chief staff prepare role attended course following armistice germany sent tour france belgium wars aftermath world war reduced rank captain february promoted major july year later posted panama canal zone initially transportation officer returning united_states january joined staff georgia transferred 22nd infantry fort georgia february attended command kansas graduating honor graduate duty followed june july national_guard virginia july july washington camp perry ohio publicity officer served staff commanded battalion 22nd infantry attended july june graduation posted staff army hawaii serving assistant chief staff years major finally promoted lieutenant colonel august returning united_states july assistant professor military science tactics high schools los_angeles world war assistant chief construction branch time united_states embarking military buildup response international situation culminated outbreak world war september major component build vast construction program depots coastal defenses million allocated construction known assistant chief staff major general asked estimate cost house additional men estimate received head save cost moore decided paint disagreed grounds paint reduce maintenance costs president intervened directed buildings painted result order placed gallons imp gal paint resulting million budget promoted colonel february commenting war construction program wrote actually phenomenal standard set americans glory far dollars concerned construction effort hold marshall plan courageous performance charge emergency defeated expenditure millions long range picture january appointed assistant chief staff australia arriving air washington january soon chief staff australia major general successor lieutenant general promoted brigadier general february general arrived australia march supreme commander newly established included australia april formally established general headquarters appointed assistant chief staff highly rated members staff gang group officers escaped philippines outsider responsible planning overseeing execution major operations including new_guinea philippines borneo campaigns member staff later recalled outstanding staff quiet determined aggressive defending position challenged fine sense timing integration manipulated separate planning teams parallel paths objective necessary paths map change direction objective defined long run terms planners set basic sequence events major commanders participated planning process coordinating adjusting smooth conflicts considering huge distances involved necessity working humid heat islands performance apparent ease characterized operations reflected planning process occasions required sudden pressing shift direction delivered great patience met finely turned operational plan guarded position late differed planners brigadier general proposed landing bay thought bypassed felt risky newcomer known years took proposal directly approved furious fired military secretary challenges working australians mode planning entirely different approach found source frustration difficult extract information nonetheless established good working relationship australian deputy chief general staff lieutenant general began looking new chief staff replace lieutenant general considered rejected giving post deputy chief staff february briefly acting chief staff june services awarded september american major generals honorary commander order british_empire work australia later life june october director commanded receiving promotion lieutenant general january chairman general officer committee researched role race army produced report favoring continuation segregation maintenance limited number african americans serve uniform retired september employed chief security arnold air force base tennessee died orange california october buried section site arlington national cemetery wife sarah subsequently interred papers pennsylvania
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Stephen J. Chamberlin
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12688_HughBoyleEwing
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hugh hugh october june diplomat author attorney union_army general american civil war member prestigious family son thomas eldest brother foster brother brother law general ambitious officer held strong sense responsibility men command combined west_point experience civil war system officer election wartime service characterized incidents unique impact history political connections helped save reputation brother law went north successful generals went trusted subordinate campaigning eventually led near high ranking regular army officer intrigued present battle brigade saved flank union_army late day campaign accidentally came personal correspondence confederate president president eventually ruined reputation present kentucky major general reign terror worked oppose harsh policies civilians hampered ended war independent command sign held confidence superiors acting concert trap confederate north_carolina war spent time ambassador netherlands noted author died family farm early life career hugh born lancaster ohio educated military academy forced resign eve graduation failing engineering exam major embarrassment family member cadet corps close friends future union generals father appointed open seat gold rush went california joined expedition ordered father secretary interior rescue immigrants imprisoned sierra heavy returned dispatches government completed course law settled practiced law moved young brother brothers law kansas began lands roads government housing quickly established leading law firms financially powerful land agency married young daughter large district_of_columbia family prominent settlement history maryland soon afterward took charge father salt works ohio civil war april governor appointed brigade inspector ohio volunteers served western virginia colonel 30th august november brother law relieved command disgrace aided younger sister making rounds denying media claims insane personally lobbying president sister argued requests men material kentucky denied washington charges insanity conspiracy orchestrated adjutant general eventually political influence family assistance returned command president abraham_lincoln praised talent conduct publicly large group important officers later banished thomas meaningless post recruiting duty commanded regiment brigade led assault drove enemy summit midnight day received order placing command brigade colonel temporary command division commander major general elevated command replacing fallen major general killed earlier day brigade placed extreme left army according report commander left wing general brilliant change saved left completely driven placed sick leave chronic promoted november transferred west served campaign leading assaults fall placed command division given command formed advance army carried prior command led raid resulted destruction georgia refurbished increase south manufacturing capability considered reliable division commander aftermath command wrecked confederate president turned davis personal correspondence brother law sent copies letters people known ohio documents published permanently reputation president new_hampshire release coincided pierce book old home early pierce written davis madness northern letters uncovered stated justify sustain way extent uphold cruel unnecessary war true purpose war states destroy property october placed command occupation forces louisville kentucky unfortunate serve reign terror martial law declared times august ordered soldiers 26th kentucky select men taken prison louisville kentucky shot unknown august suspected confederate taken louisville executed general declared innocence sought pardon refused pardon men shot autobiography describes incident october colonel struck member regiment sword enlisted soldier fallen march immediately confronted words table staff drinking ohio wine long bottles smoking presented old time german scene told tolerate german custom treating common soldiers applied men officer preserved discipline taking care troops collectively individually colonel quickly apologized general respected discipline german regiment preferred different atmosphere command better suited americans capable recognizing military tradition units unique needs general ordered north_carolina planning expedition river operate lee surrendered suffered attack received treatment times confined chair likely illness commander louisville madness kentucky major general march leaving army experienced painful attacks rest life periods days career president appointed minister holland served appointment drawn speaker house urged president recalled replaced brother told president hugh acting badly having represented prominent politicians ohio including senator possible nominate close personal friend post nonetheless request recall general acted possibly influence sister husband general close friend president grant eventual return united_states retired farm near lancaster ohio died old age author black list tale early california castle air gold plague works
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Hugh Boyle Ewing
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12908_PearlCorkhill
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march december australian military nurse world war trained nurse sydney enlisted june serving france 1st 3rd assigned 38th near august august camp heavily bombed enemy aircraft remained calm continued tend patients despite danger bravery awarded military medal seven australian nurses decorated world war following armistice went work nurse public hospitals donated large collection father photographs early life born march second child photographer née growing family ranch near southern new_south_wales sister lives extensively recorded father professional photographer educated attending public school town undertook nursing training private hospital sydney qualified general nurse military years june enrolled staff nurse left aboard june arrived egypt july year assigned 1st assisted treatment soldiers involved march group nurses sent aboard castle hospital ship arriving early april sent aboard train destined 2nd train poorly equipped missing amenities toilets water women forced washing cologne time british hospital looked forward returning australian hospital boys australian soldiers found british nurses day year landing gallipoli australian nurses commemorated occasion wore tree leaves gave small cigarettes matches australians interned hospital gifts went serve 1st june remainder year january went england leave february served july exception leaves england october paris february sent join 3rd briefly posted 38th june serving 3rd months posted august military medal deliberately sited close line possible injuries caused battle required urgent attention time travel field hospital allowed seven miles line considered extremely dangerous having nurses attend stations debated military result proximity station come enemy attack case 38th august suffered heavy air raid german forces room destroyed camp hit numerous bombs despite heavy attack attending wounded time remained calm continued aid patients actions recommended later awarded military medal war office 23rd august majesty king pleased approve award military medal lady distinguished service field recorded staff nurse pearl courage devotion occasion enemy air raid continued attend wounded regard safety enemy aircraft overhead example greatest value alarm patients initially deserved award concerned having purchase new dress wear meeting king award heavily celebrated men described letter mother today word came awarded sent bottle champagne drank health medical officers giving dinner honour event deserve don like having face old george mary medal cost new mess dress suppose wearing left australia later service day following action august posted 1st went leave united_kingdom retained service 1st london august promoted rank sister october continued serve hospital returned australia january discharged june later life memorial commemorating efforts war erected presented medal governor general lord foster following war went pursue nursing career serving nurse hospitals australia overseas senior sister district hospital new south wales donated large collection father photographs thousand piece collection personal photographs pictures area later create book taken engagement calendar skilled lead centenary supper cloth duty example decorative crafts era number photographs taken duty donated australian war memorial died december new_south_wales unmarried
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Pearl Corkhill
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13201_StefanCzarniecki
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coat arms february polish nobleman general military commander career rose petty nobleman magnate holding highest offices commonwealth unprecedented commonwealth history july received office january weeks death given office military commanders crown remembered accomplished military commander regarded polish national hero status polish history acknowledged mention polish national anthem significant contributions fighting russo polish war polish swedish war use guerrilla warfare credited main reason eventual polish victory war biography early career born family estate southern poland nobility family date birth assumption documents exist prove doubt historians noted historians accept date historian argued father soldier participated wars late 16th early 17th century eventually polish queen austria historian notes family limited life chances points owned villages small town family wealth small siblings sixth brothers divided parts family resources stretched thin involvement queen court allowed boost son careers court influence able serve young known childhood family afford send university abroad brothers embarked early military career attended jesuit college achieving solid secondary education finishing schooling royal prince future king poland afford equipment needed join unit learned art war serving mercenaries joining companion junior cavalry officer spring officer age eighteen took battle commonwealth army stopped ottomans ended polish ottoman war years brutal mercenaries impact strategy years use means necessary including civilians achieve victory time took arms brother received nomination light cavalry regular army recruited siblings including unit served campaigns participating battle took uprising fought later polish swedish war light cavalry reconnaissance diversion raiding enemy territory serving brother promoted august year participated battle nearly killed years learned observing mastery military arts commanded polish army served poland swedish opponents earlier fought polish swedish war ended enlisted forces continued fight participating battle joined commonwealth forces fight new polish king war lasted war learned western tactics foreign mercenary troops december commanded raiding unit successfully raided russian lines spreading terror disrupting supply lines burned achievements war advanced rank light cavalry unit received land near war moved prestigious unit likely reduction royal army served private formation later served military adviser possibly accompanied king vienna married later year fought uprising rebellious participating battle led cavalry charge instrumental polish victory earlier year served military delegate parliament warsaw struggles years serve south eastern border home city took battle commonwealth forces dealt crushing defeat served seven army cavalry unit charge proved decisive moment battle bringing fame year light cavalry unit held rank took active battles uprising noble polish prisoners fell hands battle quickly participated defense surrendered september captured released autumn aftermath treaty served military judge member staff meeting new king poland fighting battle battle received title elected military deputy january according returning witnessed massacre polish prisoners aftermath battle scene reject notions compromise enemies commonwealth likely desired outcome notes historian questions presence concludes conclusive proof present massacre escalated hostilities surrounding hatred illustrating letter wrote soon battle promised military forces gathered given leave alive later year received territories king office crown led unit ukraine held lands attrition troops high campaign wounded continued suppression campaign following january took battle called ukraine warsaw king respected experience requested presence new war council convened discuss thread war sweden time reputation significant passed resolutions efforts reclaim ukraine held consideration ottomans temporarily allied commonwealth received office position member senate poland swedish sweden invaded poland distinguished defence eventually surrendered good terms retreating army remained loyal polish king army including senators temporarily joined vocal support king time found refuge abroad considering instrumental continuing support polish king rewarded lands office royal army led guerrilla warfare swedish troops type campaign authored despite objections time returned serve mobile swedish forces significant firepower proved vulnerable guerrilla style warfare defeated battle mid february later inflicted defeats notably battle april year tide war turned times year defeated battle battle defeats limited cases able retreat army good order direction popular rising swedish troops proved highly successful advice battle warsaw fought subsequent strategy ill effects defeat despite support king seen older established noble family arrogant newcomer prevented getting office year instead early year received office extraordinary title general vice commander royal forces position unofficial like authority field crown went accomplished commander magnate family commented famously salt fields hurts fact family built fortune salt trade agriculture smaller built military service money politics military experience decided office final battles instrumental defeating forces george battle aided danish swedish war fighting battle conclusion adjusted long outstanding differences poland sweden transferred eastern frontier war russia distinguished campaign won victories battle battle battle campaign marked popularity king attempted involve unpopular plan bypass traditions royal elections poland instead chose successor polish throne favored life previous king reputation unpaid military took dive criticized entire ransom russians paid prisoners military representatives demanded sanctions levied campaign took place end led army russians siege successful new uprising forced polish troops fall july received office january appointed field receiving news nomination desired years wounded called king feared magnate banished start rebellion recent wound infected died february near weeks receiving supreme distinction legacy received state funeral warsaw interred tomb chapel church founded left estates nephew long wealth gathered instead foundation family remembered able polish commanders times called greatest polish military expert hit run tactics notes longest serving major polish military commanders era participated large battles commanding seen instrumental defeating successful battles russians career rising simple noble family rank wealthy magnate unprecedented commonwealth history legend begun growing lifetime hero poems songs negative rumors popular years life survived death period enlightenment poland written poets writers biography cemented legend hero rescuing poland anarchy invasion legend stronger times poland 19th century artists polish period symbol patriotism reminder military successes appears poem significant portrayal trilogy particularly second book time pursuit retreating denmark particularly crossing entire army danish isle commemorated song polish napoleonic eventually polish national anthem words commemorating marine excursion island time second polish republic modern historical work begun analyzing history account begun emerging wrote foremost soldier noted faults brutality greed modern historiography includes works notes major figure polish history discussed extensively polish historiography subject interest foreign historians concluding major persona polish european history
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Stefan Czarniecki
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13279_ArthurS.Carpender
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october january american admiral commanded world war graduate sailed world commanded landing force went ashore honduras participated united_states occupation veracruz adjutant commander destroyer uss action november world war engaged boat forced surrender start world war commander destroyers atlantic fleet july arrived commander task force naval forces based western_australia september appointed commander later renamed led battle following year oversaw fleet operations operation commanded ninth naval district january august retiring november promotion rank admiral early life direct descendant early settlers new colony born new_brunswick new_jersey sixth seven children wife née october educated concord new_hampshire new_brunswick appointed senator graduated time serve years service sea commissioned reported duty crew new battleship uss minnesota battleships sent president epic voyage world transferred uss commissioned ensign united_states navy june amidst backdrop banana wars commanded man landing force ashore honduras january help protect american citizens period unrest days ashore force returned ship leaving march involved fitting new battleship uss utah like naval officers day acquired nickname chips traditional nickname ship carpenter days wooden ships married new_brunswick april marriage produced children world war participated united_states occupation veracruz april mexican revolution adjutant formed sailors florida utah arkansas landing mid morning april sailors remained fire early morning began advance veracruz series street fights captured town shortly noon april town cleared defense lines established handed united_states_army troops april returning united_states assigned washington june helped fit commission new destroyer bath maine served member crew march assumed command destroyer uss action november engaged boat forced surface compelled surrender engagement awarded december aide commander european waters august reported help fit new destroyer uss assumed command ship commissioned september ship sailed europe october escorting convoy wars returned united_states april member judge advocate general naval training station great lakes august assumed command uss reported naval submarine base new london training june posted commander august returned washington served ashore years executive officer december assigned new_york october march assumed command destroyer uss following familiar pattern shore duty alternating sea duty served washington followed years executive officer light cruiser uss attended newport rhode_island returned june chief staff assumed command cruiser august february officers training corps illinois world war returned sea duty september helped fit new destroyer squadron commanded september director officer personnel capacity helped foster careers officers december promoted rear admiral commander destroyers atlantic fleet july arrived reported vice admiral commander assigned replace captain command naval forces based western_australia known task force main naval forces based west submarines remained took great interest submarine operations like saw soon came heard run things wrote ready shoot sailor sight haven write home september succeeded commander role reported commander chief admiral directly commander chief southwest pacific area general new post came promotion rank vice admiral senior naval officer theater admiral sir vice admiral senior small assumed command consisted cruisers destroyers submarines reluctance risk ships habit communicating directly king going general headquarters brisbane aroused soon find involved similar conflicts october rebuffed request transport troops refused adequate survey coast making dangerous sail night movements area day subject attack japanese aircraft survey conducted october began making way coast escorted occasion november turned similar request commander general sir escort small transports imperial_japanese_navy subsequently relented somewhat starting december small ships escorted carried deliver vital supplies march chief staff major general spoke admiral king expressed dissatisfaction march known colloquially navy remained small acquired amphibious force command rear admiral eventually time strength paper route australia united_states observing capabilities boats evacuation philippines encouraged use initial results disappointing effective use battle sea march oversaw seventh fleet operations early stages advance main japanese base crisis arose reluctant reinforce australian position situation increasingly lieutenant general sir grew frustrated attitude appealed turn took matter september agreed use high speed transports send additional battalion crisis passed told lieutenant general resented navy letting australians replaced admiral november services awarded navy appointed honorary commander order british empire recommendation australian government grand officer netherlands returned united_states commanded ninth naval district january august awarded second legion merit later life naval assignment navy retired navy november promotion rank admiral lived retirement washington death january buried arlington national cemetery papers held
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Arthur S. Carpender
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13615_HughBoustead
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colonel sir april april british military officer modern diplomat served numerous posts countries including ambassador son tea sri_lanka began career royal_navy soon joined british_army fight trenches world war earned military crosses following appearance summer olympics spent years explorer prior appointed commander served world war embarked diplomatic career retirement published autobiography years prior death early life born april sri_lanka son local tea later director educated attended prior onset world war began conflict royal_navy having attained rank january promoted acting deserted post month later leave simon town engage trench warfare member south_africa earned battle july citation 2nd conspicuous gallantry devotion duty intelligence officer showed great skill initiative posting fine leadership good disposition largely contributed success operation received honour george united_kingdom august transferred days later posted 2nd battalion promoted lieutenant august returned september bar followed actions august fighting alongside citation april read south african force 2nd conspicuous gallantry 25th august manner personally handed lewis guns assisted beating hostile cavalry attacks example greatly inspired lewis gun sections russian regiment attached 26th july time officially physical training infantry gallantry eventually led earlier career boxing champion lightweight division service british army recruited captain british team modern summer olympics finished joint 14th field competitors olympic appearance continued military career transferring serve beginning november seasoned explorer participated british expedition expedition organized expedition explored desert traversed greenland promoted rank captain march served general staff officer grade july november promoted local major february culminated appointment commander later year promoted local lieutenant colonel october awarded majority january appointed officer order british empire king birthday honours ended november returned regimental duty substantive rank captain retired april begin career spent years district commissioner rejoined military following onset world war raise train command local lieutenant colonel commander led units helped restore emperor throne actions conflict recommended august received december mentioned despatches date world war service officially ended december honorary rank colonel conflict served diplomat countries including prior spending years resident adviser post held position development secretary appointed political agent equivalent ambassador post held promoted knight commander order british empire new year honours year presented later life following retirement went lecture tour united_states eventually settled asked oversee stable horses published autobiography received addition receiving bar appointed companion order michael queen birthday honours awarded george military medal palm died april age having married death british claimed greater impact cement ing relations british arabs
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Hugh Boustead
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13691_CharlesFryatt
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december july british executed germans attempting ram boat ship captured netherlands court sentenced death civilian non international outrage followed execution near belgium body honours united_kingdom early life born december southampton son charles attended late 1870s family lived mary southampton later moved essex attended wife seven children girls boy children olive victoria charles younger charles later followed father merchant navy training leaving school entered marine serving county joined great eastern railway father officer rose ranks serving ships command appointed master boat attack march command great central railway ship attacked german boat ship chased nautical miles assisting vessel knots normally pushed knots arrived burnt funnels great eastern railway presented gold watch feat watch inscribed presented captain chairman directors mark appreciation courage march 2nd later month charge unsuccessfully attacked boat march captain ordered stop ship near seeing boat surfaced torpedo ship ordered steam ahead proceeded try ram forced crash dive action compliance orders issued winston_churchill captains merchant ships orders included treating crews boats prisoners war consideration policy submarine warfare white flags ignored churchill order stated survivors boats shot convenient taking prisoner captain surrender ship prosecuted british germans aware orders found copy capturing ben october second action awarded gold watch admiralty watch inscribed presented admiralty master brussels recognition example set vessel attacked german submarine march 28th presented certificate admiralty praised house_of_commons capture june brussels left bound lights shown beach fired passenger reported remained deck signalled shore german destroyers surrounded brussels passengers told prepare orders given official papers destroyed successfully brussels taken germans radio destroyed escorted crew sent civilian camp near berlin july reported dutch newspaper charged sinking german submarine germans knew sunk time trial active service constantinople flotilla basis charge inscriptions watches tried court martial july held town hall found guilty sentenced death sentence confirmed kaiser executed firing squad buried small cemetery outside germans burying belgian grave later visited diplomat sir british ambassador netherlands wife execution notice published dutch french german announcing death signed admiral translation execution notice reads follows notice english captain merchant ship southampton belong armed forces enemy attempted march 28th destroy german submarine running condemned death judgment day executed ruthless deed signed von admiral commandant july 27th german post war confirmation april named chairman sentence execution shooting captain given sentence court martial proceedings july contains violation international law commission apologizes hurry judgement enforced commission ruling unanimous members legal review panel opinion sentence severe infringement international law reaction july british prime minister issued statement house_of_commons deeply regret appears true captain murdered germans majesty government heard crime laws nations war coming cruelty population occupied districts france stress military defeat renewed policy terrorism impossible course atrocities proceed majesty government desire repeat resolve crimes shall help time arrives determined bring justice criminals maybe position occupy cases authors system crimes committed guilty question immediate action taken engaging earnest attention government hope soon announce house_of_commons lord chairman denounced execution sheer brutal murder mayor opened fund erect permanent memorial similar fund opened netherlands united_states new_york_times denounced execution deliberate murder called german netherlands described execution arbitrary holland called murder inspired hatred revenge switzerland said monstrous maintain armed forces right murder civilians civilians guilty crime defending dutch branch presented great eastern railway memorial tablet erected liverpool street station memorial unveiled july exactly year execution scrap value brussels donated cost great eastern railway awarded widow pension government granted extra pension paid entitled immediately usual offered educate seven children king expressed execution letter letter wrote action captain defending ship attack enemy submarine noble instance resource self reliance characteristic profession incident inspired australian film murder captain funeral body returned united_kingdom burial coffin landed dover transported london july funeral held paul cathedral hundreds merchant seamen merchant seamen fishermen attended representing government members admiralty cabinet band great eastern railway augmented played dead march eternal father strong save sung blessing given route coffin liverpool street station lined people buried upper coffin carried station church gun carriage widow presented insignia posthumously awarded posthumously awarded belgian maritime war cross street named captain place forced border germans wing known named honour public house nearby named captain honour canada feet high named honour captain feet high named honour ship commemoration exhibition held hall 100th anniversary execution exhibition runs july
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Charles Fryatt
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13991_Umaral-Aqta
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ibn ibn ibn ibn handed greek found greek byzantine sources semi independent arab death september time greatest enemies byzantine_empire eastern frontier prominent figure later arabic turkish epic literature biography belonged tribe established western time muslim conquests played important role affairs frontier zone byzantine_empire frontier father little known surrendered byzantines fortress obtain release son held captive probably appears campaign campaign waged retaliation large scale raid previous year byzantine emperor arab border including territory laid waste campaign took men great arab victory battle july provided refuge surviving members fleeing persecution byzantium allocated area fortresses leader turned separate allied launching frequent expeditions byzantium conjunction independently forces participated major raid inflicted heavy defeat army led byzantine chief minister battle late engaged warfare neighbouring armenian lord named finally protracted bloody conflict recorded having defeated expedition led byzantine emperor carried number successful raids byzantium swept themes reached great byzantine army base unable stop expedition launched raided way taking prisoners returning home launched major raid reached black_sea port returning head captured livestock years later major force invaded splitting main force byzantine army emperor bishop meadow men headed north sack port city return encircled byzantines killed battle september splinter army escaped son defeated captured commander district according news death celebrated leader ali ibn arrived iraq provoked riots populace baghdad cities angry government perceived incompetence death marked end military threat byzantium city remain muslim hands years succeeded son grandson forced surrender city byzantine general cultural legacy like protagonists arab byzantine wars figures arab byzantine legend arab epic romance tale major figure role diminished cast villain tale bias favour rivals heroic characters traditions influenced story cycle ibn sons included thousand nights features later turkish epic literature centred heroic figure inspired real life general main heroes byzantine literature regarded probable prototype grandfather eponymous hero epic poem greek scholar suggested origin eponymous hero song german scholar finds identification unlikely points reference short armed arab leader tale reflect folk tradition based finally 10th century scholar reports meadows gold viii muslims portraits displayed byzantine churches recognition
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Umar al-Aqta
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14044_JeanAugustinErnouf
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august september french general colonial administrator revolutionary napoleonic wars demonstrated moderate abilities combat commander real strength lay organizational logistical talents held posts chief staff military administration joined military private september september promoted lieutenant brigadier general commanding officer accused counter revolutionaries restored rank napoleon appointed governor general french colony guadeloupe following suppression widespread slave insurrection able order agricultural production british overwhelmed colony brief engagement forced returned france prisoner exchange charged treason napoleon enraged loss colony british court empire fell retained honors received command second restoration held administrative position occupation zones later elected military career completing school received entered military service private revolutionary army commissioned lieutenant infantry 1st september captain march aide camp north july promoted rank lieutenant colonel initial successes lower rhine war coalition sent strengthen french position duke york laid siege blockaded town belgian border insufficient garrison fend british assembled force thousand men joined marched relief led column attack british camp september day year new republic raised rank appointed september chief staff advice commander chief discovered unfortunate position forest compelled retreat subsequently lifted siege action earned promotion december order aggressive pursuit recalled disgrace suspended suspicion counter revolutionary reinstated end reign terror appointed chief staff held administrative posts including stint helped develop geographical military maps action switzerland appointed chief staff crossed rhine river british historians called violation treaty resulting war second coalition march army renamed marched engaged force march march battles manpower superior french numbers respectively overwhelmed french lines commander army unable concentrate forces sufficiently counteract numbers withdrew late march took command returned paris request troops replaced commander served chief staff swiss campaign saw action central switzerland french victory caribbean appointment grand officer shortly afterward sent guadeloupe captain general colony restore order wake slave rebellion campaign year restored order agricultural production base guadeloupe dealt largely refugee escaped previous years mastered swedish island rebels taken refuge coordinated british american shipping confiscated vessels proceeds sale amounted million evidence suggest actively encouraged permitted earlier practice british american shipping british officers later found open commissions signed suggested granting commissions pirates services rendered ships sailing guadeloupe bore captured sloop war hms encouragement task complicated failure treaty outbreak war britain protect guadeloupe raised coastal batteries british capture martinique marked critical point french guadeloupe blockaded sides naval forces british french civilians soldiers reduced near starvation january british initiated invasion guadeloupe sir naval force landed british troops command lieutenant general called eastern islands attacked sides end january force mounted spirited short defense february transported britain repatriated france prisoner exchange irritated loss guadeloupe british napoleon accused abuse power treason spent months captivity france courts debated proceed restoration restoration suspended proceedings lack evidence entered service created saint louis august year appointed inspector general infantry january went capacity march received command 1st corps general command charles duke napoleon return inspection away command napoleon landed cannes landing soldiers army banner beginning days mere news napoleon escape troops caused charles duke panic returned learned chosen imperial cause left paris napoleon rescinded honors titles dismissed post military april napoleon final defeat battle second restoration summer restored rights property later years granted title baron commander entitled wear red right shoulder left hip automatically received pension hereditary nobility granted son grandson knights november received command located occupied allied troops condition second treaty paris role maintain harmony residents foreign soldiers elected obtained permission sit left command eligible retirement july died paris september family married november son december october military commander napoleonic wars wife parents 19th century historian alfred
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Jean Augustin Ernouf
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14223_MarianosArgyros
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greek byzantine member family monk supported assumption sole rule constantine vii allowed leave monastery enter imperial service held succession senior military commands fighting southern italy local rebels balkans tried oppose takeover imperial throne general assuming control constantinople arresting father ensuing clashes hit head died day august life origin palace eldest son general active decades 10th century brother married daughter emperor counted supporters regime risen power regent young constantine vii married daughter december position crowned senior emperor consolidate hold power possibly aiming ruling dynasty family raised eldest son christopher emperor younger sons stephen constantine proclaimed emperors christopher died constantine vii remained sidelined stephen constantine assumed increased prominence formally ranked brother law college emperors elderly drafted leave constantine vii senior emperor following death greatly upset sons started planning seize power coup état stephen apparently constantine reluctant partner context mentioned december time monk according 11th century historian earlier honoured trusted supported coup brothers december successfully deposed father exiled monastery island weeks later support populace constantine vii managed joined father exile appears changed sides time participated arrest reward constantine vii sole ruler freed monastic vows raised rank post count stable abandonment monastic habit earned nickname etymology unclear command southern italy disappears scene sent head troops themes macedonia expedition southern italy dated modern scholars rebellion broken local byzantine themes involving imperial vassal city state naples byzantine expeditionary force encircled besieged naples city surrendered took governance byzantine provinces italy attested governor charter privilege monastery time following raid war broken sources report proposed joint action byzantium appears focused suppressing rebellion engaging war byzantine envoys went offered renew extend existing truce determined expose collaboration enemy emulate achievements father refused dispatched new forces sicily ibn brother ibn spring summer fleet clashed defeated byzantine fleet battles followed raids coast aftermath raids travelled court person sought truce exchange resumption payment tribute annual release prisoners war taken east agreed terms warfare resumed soon byzantine admiral destroyed mosque built raided termini returned court second embassy going sicily apparently delivered local governor agreed tribute reception presented letter constantine vii confirming terms agreed embassy time rejected terms result breakdown negotiations constantine vii sent massive expedition italy commanded land troops brothers victorious following arrival byzantine reinforcements fleet left suffer return sicily longer mentioned italy led embassy september led conclusion year truce powers command balkans death defeated raid taking prisoner connection operation refers theme macedonia west position equivalent domestic schools west command western european troops unclear means permanent appointment hoc position macedonia temporary overall commander detachments european themes likely documented younger held post domestic west fighting arabs east time march emperor unexpectedly died leaving young sons emperors powerful general brother leo decided seize throne opposed guardian young emperors seeking support offered high command east potentially throne aid suggested trying win popular nephew lieutenant john refused took letter straight uncle summoned armies emperor early summer army advanced constantinople tried stage coup constantinople men regiments armed prisoners war opposed populace resulting clashes streets populace especially enraged tried forcibly remove elderly father sought sanctuary august reportedly hit head thrown woman nearby house roof mortally wounded died day supporters rapidly prevailed forced flee august crowned senior emperor guardian
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Marianos Argyros
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14278_Abu'l-AswarShavuribnFadl
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ibn ibn ibn muhammad ibn member dynasty eighth ruler today western prior ruled city armenia northeastern turkey autonomous lord capable warrior wise ruler engaged conflicts neighbours rule involved affairs armenian collaborated byzantine_empire conquest remnants byzantines later turned survived successive sought revolt infant great great nephew rebels invited family moved rule dynasty reached undertook successful campaigns georgia limits power exposed failure devastating raids time reign witnessed rapid rise extension control vassal gained control armenian capital patronage association paved way dynasty decline death november biography origin main historical source work ottoman historian died considered family origin view widely accepted modern scholars family founder briefly seized control early family moved main muslim town seized muhammad sons brothers ruled city second son youngest brothers fourth ruler long reign expanded family control parts armenia capturing succeeded eldest son turn murdered son arabic persian hybrid old persian contains form iranian possibly knight lord records time death total reign territories lasted years territories clearly refers rule known sources meaning ruler city city kingdom armenia left death dispute sons inheritance suffered devastating raid effectively cut remainder armenian kingdom aftermath city appears sought protection ruler base pursued virtually independent course brother later nephew focused armenia connected armenian houses having married sister king second son bore typically armenian focus affairs domain mentioned takeover main family seat activities period main sources derive opponents byzantines recorded history armenian nobleman embroiled dispute sons came fearful displeasure horsemen sought protection initially welcomed gave high position soon came killed lieutenant departed supporters despite time attacked david army numbering impossible according captured david able assemble broad alliance david fielded troops sent men king sent king georgia sent david secured public backing albania result defeated evicted died time son succeeded began consolidating position chief danger throne byzantine_empire early 11th century armenian bequeathed kingdom empire death emperor sent troops capture managed repel attack political turmoil constantinople gained couple years new emperor came throne determined secure byzantine claims armenia end contacted called attack rear agreed exchange guarantees retain conquests request granted imperial faced assault forced visit constantinople kept hostage surrendered byzantines notwithstanding previous promises immediately taking possession emperor requested vacate fortresses conquered refused large army constantine containing numerous marched let approach opened irrigation canals flooded plain city stuck mud easy prey inflicted huge casualties byzantine force constantine responded placing constantine charge armenia instead attacking new byzantine leadership concentrated efforts recovering forts captured fell byzantine army modern resisted september outbreak rebellion led forced army recall constantinople peace treaty hastily concluded agreed raid byzantine territory recognize authority emperor successful resistance end byzantine advance armenia helping preserve independence smaller armenian realms soon regional balance power permanently altered large scale raid tempted welcome allies byzantines equally likely threat demonstrated attack shortly late early authors suggested later date byzantines launched offensive according contemporary byzantine historian byzantines called violated previous agreement raided byzantine lands ruler remained byzantines devastated far iron bridge forcing renew previous oath hand great nephew son hostage nephew died troubled reign years succeeded infant son actual power hands chamberlain barely months group elders opposed new regime policies deposed called assume control agreed abandoned exposed byzantines city left hands series governors appointed son ruler city surrounding regions ruler set things order entered taking possession lands fortresses point career achieved considerable reputation ruler warrior prince later wrote known mirror princes came spent years court participate christians having spent years court according host great king man firm clever courageous pure faith far sighted estimate shared byzantines likewise calls clever anybody capable enemies tactics policies writes takeover restored dynasty life nearly died strong situation subjects army orderly according seized unidentified fortress garrisoned men neighbouring rulers vassal initially impact light successor appeared time received delegation isolated muslim stronghold christian georgian kingdoms following death far ibn ali locals evicted sons asked assume control city ruler inclined accept warning action disperse limited forces refusal occupied evicted event highlighted limitations power demonstrated invasion pass year inhabitants carried slaves according account response threat built wall moat suburb capital gates installed new fortification carried preserved monastery modern georgia original gates installed time relations neighbour abruptly deteriorated linked family ties predecessor married daughter ruler launched series invasions spring captured castle marched capital defeated forces battle plundered camp captured daughter treasure withdrew july returned raid year invaded captured number fortresses local tribes went return peace treaty signed june july returned exchange gold sultan invaded took led raids area capturing unidentified fortress best armenia according records handed control reports transfer unnamed records fortress granted son successor immediately return dispersal army crossed pass october allied inhabitants raided killed volunteers raided gates moving raid troops preferred remain protection walled cities face raiders field reached way turning north prisoners taken died november buried main mosque succeeded eldest son announced heir oath allegiance bay taken family army people apart sons unnamed daughter wife reign represented dynasty fall began immediately death strengthened grip region visited person extract enormous tribute reign troubled point captured held months managed capture overthrown son iii turn deposed turkish assigned control ended family rule junior line led son continued govern initially later georgian branch maintained independence end dynasty
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Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl
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14327_BattlerecordofArthurWellesley,1stDukeofWellington
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battle record 1st duke wellington field marshal 1st duke wellington september leading british military political figures 19th century referred duke wellington led successful military career napoleonic wars starting career commissioned officer infantry seeing action rose rank purchasing commissions common practice british_army wealthy officers continued rise status fame result ability commander participated number military campaigns achieved tactical strategic decisive victories india countries western europe faced defeated napoleon commander chief war best known battle led anglo allied force decisive victory battle military career speculation historians biographers battles wellington actually participated career military historian identifies major battles involving british_army wellington command seventeen military historian comments wellington fought battles prior easily contested precise number battles known established records dispatches reports dating events present separate military actions including assortment meeting engagements pitched battles skirmishes minor engagements career ordered countless remote engagements whilst serving napoleonic wars britain played major role securing europe french occupation commissions promotions wellington ensign march highland regiment foot aide camp october purchased commission lieutenant december regiment junior officer transferred 41st regiment soon avoid duty june transferred 12th prince wales cavalry regiment obtained commission captain june regiment having served regulation minimum years major april 33rd yorkshire west riding regiment having served years purchased final commission lieutenant colonel september age promotion attained september experienced battle french battle 33rd promotion colonel came june sent 33rd india fought fourth anglo war commanding victorious actions winning war serving governor promoted major general april receive news september whilst india wrote regiment commanded nearly years scarcely away found best behaved body men army gained success india second anglo war succeeded colonel 33rd held napoleon attempt prevent continental europe trading britain resulted sweden denmark portugal closing ports june napoleon pressured denmark resulting british naval bombardment copenhagen seizure danish fleet prevent falling french hands brief role danish land forces battle helped secure denmark later disapproved bombardment saying taken capital greater ease promoted lieutenant general april june given command men set invade revolutionary napoleon invaded portugal spain intent preventing continued trade britain replaced spanish royal family brother madrid spanish resisted french occupation leading portuguese british support august entered war men head british forces peninsula sir killed battle january british_army having driven peninsula disarray wellington sent secretary war memo insisting british force british troops sent defend rebuild portugal military strength proposal approved embarked lisbon april appointed head forces portugal motion supported government prince regent george wellington hold july promoted general applied peninsula final promotion field marshal came june following success battle broken remaining french hold spain wellington awarded marshal partially designed prince regent kind allied commander wellington appointed head british forces april following death sir second invasion portugal french remained continue war years engaging french armies portugal spain north france napoleon returned europe appointed overall commander anglo allied forces better known days following napoleon escape exile attempt retain power despite battles years duty shortly battle hearing approximately casualties dead dying saying hope god fought battle close victory great cost broke fighting spirit marked end long service overseas notable military career returned british politics leading statesman appointed master general ordnance commander chief forces wellington fight wellington understanding logistics prove valuable leading expeditionary force french invasion portugal spain adept planning long marches unknown territory understanding thousands men manage efficiently huge supplies required adequately feed sustain army secure supply lines portuguese coast vital importance maintain ability fight french april wellington returned portugal british portuguese troops command spain numbered despite french troops having dispersed garrisons spain located protect supply communication lines militia remnants support wellington faced overwhelming odds war number soldiers enlisted britain rarely exceeded wellington british soldiers command men king british trained command british politicians opposed war europe favoured withdrawal hampered muster larger force defeat napoleon served wellington awareness defensive strategy essential initially ensure british_army survived roughly strong army percent british relatively low number majority veterans shipped napoleon sent north_america serve final months war united_states wellington faced armies formed disbanded french force having conquered europe expanded led napoleon reformed multiple smaller mobile armies october peninsula french grouped multiple armies operating chiefly area order secure portugal spain forces commanded french senior generals chosen elevation napoleon armies command napoleon brother king commanded armies high degree independence wellington arrived lisbon army composed volunteers british troops better trained french counterparts required repeatedly practice firing live rounds encountering combat napoleon personally campaigned spain october january taking guard troops left disastrous failure invasion russia napoleon weakened forces spain early veteran troops peninsula germany shore losses subsequently remaining troops second line quality experience equipment new recruits french wellington army consisted combat arms infantry cavalry artillery engineers played valuable role peninsula building lines defensive line forts built protect lisbon making preparations war wellington main combat arm trained infantry cavalry cannons highly competent inferior french guns number quality force wellington aimed defend portugal took offensive strategy beating french advanced madrid arriving august abandoned capital defeat spanish government wellington commander chief allied armies providing extra spanish troops completely undefeated lost major battle greatest defeat came hoped prevent french forces concentrating losing men causing french casualties forced raise siege retreat calling worst retiring winter quarters received reinforcements brought regular army men wellington began final offensive june advanced north france french longer fighting spain defend border ultimately battles august april war french lasted years wellington finally managing drive french shortly april word reached wellington napoleon april war peninsula wellington army marched estimated miles fought engagements portugal spain consequences helped bring downfall napoleon resulting peace europe battle record large number battles attributed wellington leave impression present command actions case entrusted officers engage enemy remote locations attended person similarly wellington usually command rear guard actions advances despite army engaging engagements lack presence absolutely certain position unconfirmed records accounts included battle record key opponent flags key outcome indicates decisive victory
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Battle record of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
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14481_FrederickBirks
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august september welsh born australian world war soldier recipient victoria_cross highest decoration gallantry face enemy awarded members british commonwealth forces born served years australia serving non commissioned officer landing gallipoli battle commissioned second lieutenant september advancing alongside corporal forced garrison surrender captured sixteen men attack actions later recognised victoria_cross following day killed shell attempting save men early life born wales august groom wife mary née williams family lived garden cottage lane end youngest siblings years old father died coal mining accident attended local anglican school awarded medal years absent late known adventurous active boxing association football local left school fourteen entering workforce steel nearby thought enlisted staying service years august migrated australia friends sailed london melbourne went work tasmania stayed friend brother south_australia victoria later late march age nineteen started relationship sixteen year old lived susan kept contact service apparently lost contact time known lived suburb adelaide lodged world war enlisted august weeks war started trained camp assigned 2nd field ambulance 2nd field ambulance boarded melbourne october set sail egypt stopping albany unit arrived egypt december gallipoli campaign unit incorporated sent action landing cove providing medical support 2nd brigade sent assisted attack battle carrying wounded heavy shell rifle fire areas unable reach devotion duty good work earned military medal recommendation june wounded returned service day remaining gallipoli september france unit sent france promoted lance corporal april served bearer battle july engaged duties australian british forces fought supremacy village day continually led squad village exposed heavy shell fire commended constant good services recommended military medal announcement decoration supplement london gazette november later presented military medal lieutenant general sir promoted temporary wagon orderly corporal august rank substantive days later unit moved away line opportunity return visited old school gave turkish flag attained gallipoli following return france hospitalised days rejoined unit february commissioning took classes australian 1st division school france commissioned second lieutenant 6th battalion served battalion earlier bearer began serving characterised mud battlefield widely example attrition warfare commonwealth german forces suffering heavy casualties failing sir general command offensive victoria_cross battalion ordered attack capture german line parallel men moved positions night september coming fire gas shells september incident free battalion preparing attack day known early morning 20th light fell battlefield germans sent battalion position battalion advanced resistance met corporal taking machine gun positions group officers rushed strong post attacked bombs corporal seriously wounded continued reaching rear forced occupants surrender led attack series edge fought machine gun bombs assisted reorganisation consolidation australian men drifted away unit day september enemy response movement allied artillery buried men platoon attempted dig men standing exposed shell aimed post killed save legacy actions subsequently awarded victoria_cross announcement november citation read 8th november majesty king pleased approve award victoria_cross offices non commissioned officers man 2nd late imp force conspicuous bravery attack accompanied corporal rushed strong point holding advance corporal wounded bomb 2nd went killed remainder enemy occupying position captured machine gun shortly organised small party attacked strong point occupied enemy killed officer men captured consolidation officer magnificent work parties units operations wonderful personal bravery 2nd kept men splendid spirits killed post shell whilst men buried shell grave china wall near memorial constructed old school wales funded largely contributions local people school demolished memorial moved outside stands remembrance sunday local branch continues place memorial portrait fred display australian war memorial canberra alongside victoria_cross remembered museum belgium cloth hall service war earned star british war medal victory medal
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Frederick Birks
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14745_NikephorosPhokasBarytrachelos
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greek heavy neck armenian georgian neck byzantine magnate major member family try claim imperial throne son general younger great nephew emperor played active role father failed rebellion death father sought received pardon known general launched rebellion revolt gathered widespread support leaders led assassination august rebellion collapsed quickly life son general younger older brother leo spring following murder great uncle emperor father tried raise rebellion new regime family base dispatched lieutenant able lure away supporters forced surrender explicitly mentioned sources probably shared father fortune exiled island rest family role revolts death rise throne recalled lead imperial forces old rival rebelled seized asia minor early loyalist forces proved victorious spring forcing flee byzantium eastern muslim neighbours finding refuge court baghdad released baghdad tried raise revolt contacted common undertaking imprisoned finally launching uprising proclaiming emperor august september named time sources father sent secure military aid confront loyalist general landed rear raised army eastern provinces secured georgian soldiers david defeated soon news reached death father battle april demise led immediate collapse rebellion returned country troops dispersed homes fled fortress mother resided imprisoned held brother leo supported candidacy emperor old weary preferred struggle submit emperor exchange like received pardon allowed retain privileges leo hand tried resist base city inhabitants surrendered rebellion death heard summer general spring engaged campaign georgian king conspirators aimed overthrow replace issue precedence unresolved lead rebellion quick downfall held prestigious post theme held office title according report contemporary christian arab historian great numbers family influence provoking rebellion men particularly threatening emperor took control threatened cut rear leave stranded enemies conspirators said contact george purpose withdrew safety fortress according sent envoy rebel leaders aiming distrust according emperor appointed new governor sent suppress revolt envoy accomplished task unknown august arranged meeting murdered servants armenian sources report killed king son david followers severed head sent mounted stake public display following death rebellion collapsed arrested forced monk released threat rear swiftly decisively defeated george imposed terms supporters uprising imprisoned released death succession younger brother accused surviving member great family possibly son nephew plotting throne blinded
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Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos
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14792_CyrilBassett
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january january new_zealand recipient victoria_cross highest award gallantry face enemy awarded british commonwealth forces new awarded born bank worker world war began member new_zealand volunteered service abroad posted saw action opening day performed actions led award medically evacuated sickness shortly battle later served western finished war second lieutenant returned banking profession recalled active duty second world war served home time taken active duty december promoted rank lieutenant colonel commander signals retired banking career justice peace devonport died age early life born january printer wife completing formal education worked clerk joined later assigned years later transferred world war world war broke intention join royal_navy mother family history service british_army convinced enlist particularly tall initially rejected lack height persisted attempt enlist eventually joined assigned embarked main body middle_east october initially based egypt period training landed cove april opening day unit immediately set work laying communication lines early courage fire noted consideration gallantry award later campaign promoted corporal august series turkish positions gallipoli planned break stalemate developed initial landing august attacked prominent hill overlooking battlefield battle lasted days captured brigade second day command section unit laid maintained telephone lines brigade headquarters lines continuous gunfire time wounded bullets passed fabric fighting battle section collected major brigade headquarters nominated victoria_cross citation victoria_cross read follows corporal conspicuous bravery devotion duty ridge 7th august attacked established ridge corporal daylight continuous heavy fire succeeded laying telephone line old position new subsequently brought notice excellent work connected repair telephone lines day night heavy fire citation incorrectly refers actions august following day captured days battle evacuated gallipoli poor health suffering spent months england june rejoined unit western france later year participated commissioned second lieutenant wounded twice time france returned new_zealand late started formally discharged interwar period returned banking career war managing branches later retained link military rejoining placed retired list officers manager branch married union producing daughters second world war called result outbreak second world war placed active duty captain required serve overseas instead worked signals remaining new_zealand promoted major february active war service ended december achieved rank lieutenant colonel commander signals later life legacy returned eventually retired civilian resumed banking profession retired remained active community devonport justice peace died january shortly birthday ashes buried survived daughters wife gifted death displayed according daughter rarely spoke achievements wasn fact learn father award studied gallipoli primary school modest achievements expressed embarrassment recipient remains awarded lifetime member recognition rank time won awarded annually outstanding corporal trophy statue
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Cyril Bassett
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14806_ThompsonCapper
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major general sir october september highly decorated senior british_army officer served distinction second boer war divisional commander world war battle shot sniper line assault division german positions died day casualty clearing station wounds lungs grave nearby active vigorous soldier wounded months death accidental grenade shortly wound king george service command division field marshal sir commented death distinguished capable leader death severely felt keen military historian collected papers currently stored hart centre military archives king college london early career born october william civil servant sarah daughter industrialist thompson elder brother john born young age sent england education attended commissioned east lancashire regiment junior officer employed home service years whilst serving regimental adjutant captain attending staff college transferred unit india india saw action regiment attached force sent indian border relieve trapped british force years later major action advisor egyptian unit anglo egyptian army travelled final campaign war operations participated battle force fought culminating battle south african service following year regiment engaged africa transported south_africa serve second boer war performed duties distinction years heavily engaged defeat participating relief remained south_africa engaged operations boer forces armistice commanding flying column cape colony promoted substantive major december following war conclusion promoted awarded return home awarded queen south africa medal recognition long service colony twice mentioned despatches staff career experienced staff officer given post professor promoted colonel december transferred india commandant substantive colonel suggested initiated jealous colleagues college ability teacher retained position teaching lessons russo japanese war importance attacking dash best means overcoming entrenched positions came contact numerous important figures world war work including admired spirit self sacrifice duty instead idea playing safety seeking avoid getting trouble amassed collection military literature research teaching promoted temporary brigadier general married mary son work staff college recognised award companion order bath brief period half pay permanent rank colonel transferred india ireland commanded 13th returned ireland briefly year later aftermath incident support friend early briefly emergency summer promoted substantive posted regular 7th division sent western world war opening months war organising new division placed command work involved task meant division ready action october october 7th division arrived german forces began push area race sea initially forced division covered belgian withdrawal held line near town months 7th division embroiled bitter fighting battle crucial stopping german advance lost men times later stated night night sheer force personality shattered fragments battalions fighting line tomorrow service men provided battle awarded knight commander order michael early remaining lines winter men held german advance given respite early arrival territorial divisions rest periods seriously wounded april struck shoulder jam tin bomb demonstration improvised grenades held lines temporarily replaced general returned england 7th division july late september division assigned participate fortified german positions advancing september furious german opposition 7th division held times visited view enemy captured trenches urging men final assault stayed view field struck sniper bullet fired houses line advance thought abandoned assault failed discovered retreating units taken number casualty clearing station rear british lines bullet penetrated lungs doctors gave hope survival major general sir died following day september casualty clearing station division lost men killed wounded days fighting following death killed charging german lines horseback story persisted despite eye witness accounts contrary buried british lines grave commonwealth war graves commission commemorated war memorial essex spent uncle rector collected papers donated available researchers contain wide selection primary materials concerning warfare early twentieth century
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Thompson Capper
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14968_FrederickH.Dyer
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july september served drummer boy union_army american_civil_war war wrote war rebellion complete record regiment formed union_army histories battles fought taking years background born lost parents childhood july age years civil war friend ran away school intention joining army friend aunt provided guardian consent enlist minor friend decided sign carefully assumed friend surname avoid traced returned school july having passed routine physical examination drummer boy company 7th army life continued serve company remaining years war unknown actively participated fighting likely helped wounded engagements 7th connecticut equipped december making better equipped fight armed slower muzzle loaded rifle regiment saw action battles service including february bluff bermuda june richmond campaign june january battle farm september october second battle fort fisher january battle wilmington february july regiment mustered service war having ended april post war years stopped false war attended grammar school connecticut education left soldier age commercial traveller occupation maintained fourteen years moving cities states pennsylvania new_york moved philadelphia manufactured sold veterans married delaware moved pittsburgh fall moved washington pennsylvania whilst living washington went business frank ward forming ward ran moved business residing cities settling family cleveland ohio set temporary residence iowa dedicated working isolation compiling collection million names dates intense years remained promote office moving boston massachusetts family member republic patriotic society civil war union veterans time started acquire details union regiments job commercial traveller brought touch veterans officials gathered official figures statistics collected expanded areas regiments details formations battles movements similar data began research official records state capitals continued speaking soldiers high standing officers expressed interest comprehensive welcomed future publication utilized official materials available years information gathering moved single room start producing worthy print seven revisions taking seven months piles notes produce accurate account union army working day night sleeping bed placed close desk producing page manuscript published february personally funded wrote promoted work printed iowa total copies issued single volume edition measuring inches imperial spanning pages consisting parts number organization chronological record campaigns battles engagements actions skirmishes etc united_states contains photographs union soldiers officers maps drawings uniforms battles civil war includes recruitment medical form personal letters original bound morocco leather cloth sold apiece equivalent terms received civil war veterans historians alike praised accuracy value compared official military records death died september aged survived wife children buried boston massachusetts new veterans lot avenue unmarked grave request interred monument stating serve memory life long monument away works original publication reprinted times popularity civil war historians enthusiasts editions follows war rebellion new_york includes new introduction new introduction press
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Frederick H. Dyer
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15758_DanielJ.Callaghan
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july november united_states_navy officer received medal honor posthumously actions naval battle career spanning years served country wars served ships years service including escort duties world war filled shore based administrative roles later came attention president appointed naval aide years later returned command duties early stages world war killed enemy shell bridge flagship uss san francisco surface action larger japanese force battle ended strategic victory allied early life born july san_francisco california son businessman family devout roman catholic younger brothers later career navy brothers studied san_francisco elder graduating class graduated assignment board armored cruiser uss california command turret twin inch guns promoted rank ensign second assignment destroyer uss promoted years service developed reputation sailor noted avoiding heavy alcohol consumption regularly attending mass dedication naval gunnery apparent years later captains write devotion duty sound judgment ability inspire loyalty subordinates resulted constant steady increase efficiency mentioned batteries recent battle practice inch guns largest percentage hits ship fleet years naval service oakland california married july son born california october july way alaska broke unable continue mission initially blame fell apparently ordered incorrect parts suspended duty ordered appear court martial subsequent investigation found man responsible error received reinstated months later appointed commanding officer stress trial appeared left mark age years hair turned gray world war posting cruiser uss new november following entry united_states world war april new_orleans escorted cargo ships crossing atlantic_ocean time met surgeon later significant impact career according biographer played pivotal role rescue disabled british liner coast ireland times hauled aboard cruiser liner times cruiser size times cable parted captain abandoning job dan strength cooperation men finally secured cable hours new_orleans stayed stricken vessel hauling danger finally handing base following war settled georgetown washington years wife young son time worked warrant chief petty officers navy served aboard newly commissioned battleship uss idaho commencing october family moved oakland began serving fire control officer idaho left idaho june returning shore duties years taking position lieutenant uss colorado colorado transported shipment gold australia returning united_states assignment position gunnery officer board uss mississippi captain wrote scarcely report favorably officer excellent generally particularly looks acts gunnery officer highly successful recommend detail left mississippi july worked naval years served aide commander chief fleet promoted rank commander june served executive officer working uss portland president asked physician recommend position naval aide recommended appointed role july fill years promoted rank captain october world war early stages world war roosevelt released command cruiser uss san_francisco roosevelt wrote great regret letting captain leave naval aide given satisfaction performed duties varieties real efficiency shown real understanding problems service relationship rest government april promoted rank rear admiral appointed chief staff commander south pacific force vice admiral november commander led forces engagement battle bridge uss san francisco incoming enemy fire killed command staff november time navy admiral killed action world war received medal honor posthumously efforts battle following explosion lieutenant commander assumed operational command san_francisco earlier battle rear admiral killed commanders lost staff despite deaths senior officers battle ended strategic victory allied criticized putting ships superior radar systems ends column flagship directing battle flagship bridge instead radar plot issuing battle plans captains issuing confusing orders battle analysis battle led rapid improvement techniques fighting poor visibility particularly adoption combat information centers buried sea survived wife son brother later navy vice admiral captain uss missouri commander order president roosevelt scott posthumously awarded navy medal honor honors awards medal honor medal honor citation read extraordinary heroism conspicuous duty action enemy japanese forces night november balanced strength numbers desperate determined enemy ingenious tactical skill superb coordination units command led forces battle tremendous odds contributing decisively rout powerful invasion fleet consequent frustration formidable japanese offensive directing close range operations face furious bombardment superior enemy fire power killed bridge flagship courageous initiative inspiring leadership crisis grave responsibility keeping finest traditions gave life defense country son lieutenant junior grade time accepted father medal honor behalf honors prior receiving medal honor awarded awards admiral include world war victory medal posthumous awards purple heart world war victory medal legacy navy named ships uss ship commissioned november sponsored widow sank late july result attack second ship commissioned august class named american killed world war sold taiwan years later listed missing manila american cemetery philippines newport rhode_island named honor named street admiral california named monument san_francisco including bridge uss san francisco died honors comrades
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Daniel J. Callaghan
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15895_IsaacDavis(soldier)
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soldier february april militia officer commanded company massachusetts battle american revolutionary war months leading revolution davis set unusually high standards company terms equipment training company selected lead advance british regulars men entirely outfitted american advance british old north bridge davis killed american officer die revolution davis davis monument town common inspiration minute man sculpture old north bridge sculpture french attempted model iconic national symbol biography early life family davis born february village mary gibson davis married born october children boys girls preparations war early inhabitants protested taxation policies established protests eventually resulted military occupation provincial capital boston massachusetts consequently caused unrest september military governor general dissolved placing province martial law formed extra legal govern province outside rule king october recommended town establish company specially trained militia ready short notice event boston attempted movements november formed company davis elected captain determined company equipped british soldiers provincial companies unlike professional soldiers equipped use close combat typically loaded powder horns slow method suited hunting battle davis employed skills outfit nearly man company bayonet saw men supplied cartridge boxes allowing company load quickly british finally davis emphasized training company improvised shooting range house high standards terms equipment training company best prepared massachusetts according tradition davis man believed seen numerous indicated die forced battle representative delivered speech davis house_of_representatives speech described incident allegedly took place days davis family returned home find owl davis musket according ill bad sign sober conclusion time davis went battle lose life concord early spring planned expedition large gunpowder weapons kept concord massachusetts april issued orders hand picked companies boston relieving usual duties concluding british movement imminent messenger provincial sons liberty sent concord april warn inhabitants supplies removed concord companies alert days british marched boston night april dispatched approximately british regulars command lieutenant colonel sons liberty boston convinced british troops attempt capture provincial leaders lexington massachusetts paul rode night april warn adams soldiers marching boston lexington british force encountered resistance lexington militia skirmish ensued killed british soldier wounded following action british marched concord word british movement reached dawn april likely delivered resident concord sons liberty alarm spread began gather davis home waiting arrive men paper hair flour appear like gentlemen met british battle prepared davis wife noticed especially somber said little men joked getting shot british soldier davis reminding soon killed davis formed company ordered march according wife witnesses shortly stepping davis ordered company halt returned door tell wife good care children soon crossing concord company passed farm colonel commanded provincial troops concord morning small detachment british soldiers searching farm supplies davis considered attacking orders muster rest provincial militia near diverted company road avoiding british farm marching past tavern belonging widow brown boy named lived widow brown tavern saw davis company pass tavern recalled years later drummer played song called white reference white ribbon worn scots revolutionaries tradition davis favorite marching song little evidence support notion tradition musicians played later davis company led advance british old north bridge supported primary source accounts davis company reached area approximately companies militia consisting men concord lincoln gathered small hill overlooking bridge approximately british regulars occupied bridge shortly davis arrived called council officers present determine attack regulars bridge concord majority british force searching supplies found little decided burn wooden gun carriages discovered near old north bridge saw smoke thought british burning town decision attack soldiers holding bridge davis company taken designated position left provincial line placed company rear attack line advanced company lead captain company concord asked brown lead attack brown responded knowing davis company equipped cartridge boxes asked davis company lead advance slight variations davis response recorded response given man afraid following orders davis moved company right line faced right advanced old north bridge column men abreast head column davis major concord col remained hill men marched fire british bridge watching approach surprised soldier later said advanced greatest yards bridge regulars fired warning shots hit wounded warning shots british fired disorganized volley shot heart private killed volley seeing casualties commanded fire fellow soldiers god sake fire returned fire causing british immediately retreat concord legacy february shortly 75th anniversary petitioned funds build large monument legislature appropriated project foot tall stone completed fall dedicated october remains davis soldier killed lexington later battle moved interred beneath monument base monument stone brought vicinity old north bridge concord according inscription stone davis head fell killed centennial battle concord statue called minute man placed approximate site death statue public work sculptor best known statue abraham_lincoln lincoln memorial commissioned generic provincial soldier french inspired story modeled facial features statue photographs descendants davis currently display town hall model statue base statue inscribed stanza written rude bridge arched flood flag april breeze farmers fired shot heard round world statue minute man musket hand resting remains iconic symbol found massachusetts state quarter corporate seal route patriots day april today recreated company citizens visitors called davis trail seven mile route concord traverses roads use woodland trails path established group researched historic route cleared portions path longer use placed markers trail added national_register_of_historic_places
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Isaac Davis (soldier)
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15906_HughDownman
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hugh january officer royal_navy saw service american war independence french revolutionary napoleonic wars eventually rising rank admiral spent american war independence spell french captivity ship wrecked coast chasing enemy frigate promoted lieutenant shortly outbreak french revolutionary wars served distinction operations mediterranean served fought battle cape vincent shortly battle rewarded command going capture fighting attack larger vessel promoted post captain given frigate command operated mediterranean performed services nobles monarchs italian states went command ships line flag captain took capture cape colony operations left active employment end wars france briefly returned service promoted flag rank following year continued rise ranks reaching rank admiral death family early life born devon uncle hugh physician poet obtained nephew offer serve aboard gun took offer joining ship command captain october served aboard years leaving ship august joining wrecked march chasing french ship rest crew taken prisoner french exchanged january went serve aboard captain moving gun time flying broad pennant commodore october year fleet sent lord howe relieve gibraltar brief encounter spanish fleet followed october men wounded french revolutionary wars little known activities years peace followed appearance february fleet commodore promoted lieutenant serving march returned england start commencement french revolutionary wars joined gun went mediterranean served commodore squadron present occupation toulon assisted attack tower september helping reduction cut french guns battery later led party seamen marines scaling cliff place gun overlooking enemy defences actions received thanks lieutenant general advanced rear admiral april shifted flag gun hms windsor castle bringing second lieutenant moved gun hms victory flagship admiral lord hood returned hood preparing return mediterranean aboard victory ordered strike flag victory went mediterranean private ship flagship rear admiral sir saw action naval battle islands july battle cape vincent february command months july promoted rank commander appointed command gun brig hms cruises capturing number enemy vessels february encountered large enemy mounting guns carrying men sailing attacked reduced crew owing master men absent command prize taken earlier ships fought days second exhausted supply shot resorted firing nails pieces iron opponent having observed difficulty captain master marshall secured spanish crew prize deck took prize crew small boat come assistance fierce fight driven suffering losses killed wounded recaptured prize master compelled abandon returned lisbon carry repairs time command captured altogether mounting guns carrying men efforts protecting british trade merchants presented letter thanks piece plate valued santa reward good service advanced post captain december appointed command gun hms santa frigate recently captured spanish november year operating company hms captured gun lisbon station captain succeeded given ship instead cut vessels january february taking command small squadron blockading town surrendered days destroyed fortifications went land duke naples evacuated gallery ahead invading french services italy received presents money rings july conveyed troops egypt received order crescent time captured vessels sailing egypt carrying general napoleon staff took command gun flagship sir lisbon station flag captain paid portsmouth july requested serve flag captain aboard gun station spent months november took command gun flying broad pennant commodore sir supported operations lieutenant general sir capture cape colony landed head party marines sent home despatches announcing capture colony sent rio resumed command old ship supported british assaults present capture returned home carrying general paid september went ashore prison ships princess charlotte appointment prison ships moored portsmouth task carried january given command gun hms princess attached fleet north_sea took destruction gun french frigate conveyed fleet east carried cruises north_sea november landed marines support went visit princess paid spent years active service later years family legacy briefly returned active service taking command gun hms windsor castle commanded promoted flag rank advanced vice admiral admiral received service pension year january died seat hampshire married youngest daughter portsmouth june couple son reverend daughters caroline caroline married sons joined navy joined army distinguished baltic campaign war twice mentioned despatches vice admiral lieutenant general superintendent cousin admiral politically ardent supporter whig opposed henry son robert number years powerful admiralty attributed political interest cause period unemployment having reached flag rank described strict accomplished gentleman read temperate whilst serving mediterranean apparently especially disliked obituary noting fact slight judgement character formed
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Hugh Downman
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15998_EldaEmmaAnderson
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emma anderson october april american physicist health researcher world war worked manhattan_project princeton_university prepared sample pure laboratory graduate professor physics milwaukee college war interested health physics worked established professional certification agency known early life born wisconsin october born wisconsin wife née born germany siblings numbers early age young actually sought teacher shift interest science later partially influence older sister assistant chemistry instructor family certain expectations younger daughter supported academic endeavors anderson earned bachelor_of_arts degree master arts physics taught iowa dean physics chemistry mathematics professor physics milwaukee college head physics department career anderson completed phd writing thesis low energy levels atomic vii viii immediately finishing phd anderson requested time position milwaukee college order conduct war research related manhattan_project long anderson recruited continue work specifically new location anderson studied basic parameters including analyzing time delays associated absorption work entailed working upwards sixteen hours day accomplishments anderson prepared sample pure laboratory lived dormitory older women dormitory age charge worked night wearing jeans shirt usual attire woman time following war anderson left returned teaching milwaukee college involvement atomic physics led interest health effects radiation left teaching begin career health physics tennessee years old joined chief education training spent career helping establish new training program health physics teaching advising graduate health physics outside necessary obligations anderson known helping students problems academic personal lending helpful guidance cases anderson known given loans students share drink times anderson organized international course field stockholm organized similar courses belgium mumbai supported establishment serving secretary pro charter secretary eventually president society established professional certification agency known despite contracting anderson remained career maintained position years eventual death fighting breast cancer anderson moved tennessee chief education training led team responsible training headed anderson assisted administrative support anderson worked faculty members nashville tennessee create master degree program health physics institution death legacy anderson married children developed died nearly years later tennessee breast cancer possibly result work radioactive materials april anderson buried green lake cemetery wisconsin survived sister niece anderson obituary covered press scientific journals tributes written colleagues students anderson honored year annual meeting presented young member society named honor publications anderson low energy levels vii foot multiple range grazing review scientific instruments anderson cross sections anderson measurements cross section function energy range new_mexico anderson absorption cross sections range new_mexico anderson energies physical review physical review scattering slow physical review studies physical review anderson manual protection civilian defense anderson units radiation public health reports anderson education training health anderson punched card system liquid underground studies proceedings radioactive transactions anderson supplies anderson development preparation set gamma standards anderson assignment report training course health bombay india november december anderson date sample fuel bodies general anderson october use product retention studies proceedings second conference nuclear chemistry tennessee anderson high temperatures fuel matrix pile experiments general anderson product retention characteristics certain proceedings anderson product trapping nuclear science engineering product release single crystal particles transactions anderson advanced type fuel systems annual report april march general anderson transactions
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Elda Emma Anderson
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16142_DanielE.Barbey
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vice admiral december march officer united_states_navy served world war world war graduate participated united_states occupation nicaragua united_states occupation veracruz serving war plans section bureau navigation washington world wars developed interest amphibious warfare produced fleet training publication landing operations doctrine united_states_navy navy bible amphibious operations remain use world war commander atlantic fleet supervised amphibious training conducted appointed organize new amphibious warfare section charged responsibility coordination amphibious training development production new generation landing craft january assumed command amphibious force southwest pacific force planned carried amphibious assaults september july war commanded world war born portland oregon december graduated commissioned ensign june assignment aboard armored cruiser uss california participated united_states occupation nicaragua transferred destroyer uss lawrence engineering officer participating united_states occupation veracruz remained lawrence promoted lieutenant junior grade june serving engineering officer later executive officer commanding officer october engineering officer serving central american mexico waters received letter secretary navy ship service mexican revolution involved fitting destroyer uss stevens december executive officer commissioned accelerated wartime promotion system promoted lieutenant june wars assigned naval base cardiff wales january naval port officer cardiff july august transferred london november naval port officer constantinople turkey october operations officer flag secretary rear admiral commander detachment turkish waters high commissioner turkey ceased naval port officer july continued flag secretary admiral bristol time served delegate turkey observer returning february served briefly cargo ship uss assistant engineering officer battleship uss oklahoma pacific promoted lieutenant commander october continuing pattern alternating duty afloat ashore spent years officer charge returning atlantic engineering officer light cruiser uss cincinnati june february june executive officer oil tanker uss spent years aide superintendent rear admiral june june commanded destroyer spent years inspector ordnance mare island naval ammunition depot california promoted rank commander september february posted battleship uss new york damage control officer briefly commanded commander pacific june assigned war plans section assignment worked plans developed interest amphibious warfare studying reports japanese amphibious operations second sino japanese war particularly intrigued photographs special landing craft bow ramps produced fleet training publication landing operations doctrine united_states_navy navy bible amphibious operations remain use world war promoted captain february world war amphibious warfare assumed command new_york pacific january returned atlantic chief staff rear admiral commander atlantic fleet included embryo atlantic fleet supervised amphibious training 1st conducting coast north_carolina admiral commander chief fleet appointed organize new amphibious warfare section charged responsibility coordination amphibious training burgeoning amphibious craft construction program involved development production new generation landing craft promoted rank rear admiral december january assumed command amphibious force southwest pacific force established headquarters aboard attack transport uss set building small training command major amphibious force capable carrying strategy supreme commander general amphibious advance australia philippines march stroke pen amphibious force meeting time question lucky officer vii amphibious force inherited amphibious training center port new_south_wales nearby queensland henry allen poor state repair trailed oil slick went use combat zone australian assault transports known infantry moment valuable risk forward areas augmented flotilla new craft tank tank small number high speed transports directed navies use common doctrine written assumption available carry beach parties doctrine required modification start new_guinea campaign landings operation presented great difficulty islands known half assault troops experienced problems encountered clearing sand bar entrance decision land night withdraw dawn order avoid encountering japanese aircraft highlighted inexperience crews deficiencies training unloading activities coral fringed dragged fortnight landing elected night approach dawn landing approached beach set bombers score bomb hit near misses uss badly damaged bullets fragments ship beached total loss afternoon attacked force japanese aircraft lockheed assist uss hit killing crewmen australian troops weeks later called landing confident promised air support decided night landing landing ships clearing beach dawn major general commander assault troops doubted find correct beach dark proven correct events proficient conduct night landings fortunately time japanese air attacks failed sink damage amphibious ships landings awarded citation read president united_states_of_america takes pleasure presenting united_states_navy extraordinary heroism distinguished service line profession commander seventh fleet attacks japanese occupied new_guinea september september singular skill inspiring courage rear admiral personally led forces relentless air attacks directed brilliantly executed landings ultimately resulted victory forces sound tactical knowledge fearless leadership inspiring devotion duty displayed keeping highest traditions battle involved number marked use australian combat appearance landing ship dock carry making debut necessary cross coral reefs fire support provided equipped rockets proved successful modified purpose casualties evacuated specially modified equipped hospital ships time participated providing fully trained naval beach party time contrary doctrine affiliated particular operation saw use innovation landing craft control officers attempt land force rubber boats total failure repeated afterward received properly equipped amphibious command ship uss blue ridge acquired experienced deputy rear admiral commanded assault employed order meet army requirement reconnaissance force campaign personally directed landing bay beaches proved unsuitable diverted follow forces told war correspondent number amphibious commander world admiral critical carried nearly personnel tons stores vehicles area resulting accumulation stores immediately beach included fuel ammunition stored lone japanese aircraft bombed dump set fires explosions men killed wounded loads stores destroyed japanese bombers attacked torpedoed cargo ship uss ship severely damaged towed half cargo board operations awarded citation read president united_states_of_america takes pleasure presenting rear admiral united_states_navy exceptionally distinguished services government united_states duty great responsibility commander january building developing organization men material battle rear admiral succeeded bringing forces command high state combat readiness months enabled enter new_guinea operation peak efficiency working closest cooperation associated planning determined aggression aided essentially overcoming japanese resistance numerous landing operations rendered support forces firmly established strategic positions vital area inspiring forceful leader contributed success campaigns new_guinea brilliant administration responsibilities period reflects highest credit philippines campaign paid visit washington june discuss needs trip left europe observe invasion normandy wait admiral king return discussions king emphasised intention advance proceed scuttled september recommended descent july amphibious ships arrived allow divide assumed command formed rear admiral group formed rear admiral invasion naval commander vice admiral expected continue command amphibious forces preferred commander vice admiral senior opinion experienced end compromise reached amphibious forces participating overall command awarded second citation read president united_states_of_america authorized act congress july takes pleasure presenting lieu second award navy distinguished service medal vice admiral united_states_navy exceptionally distinguished services government united_states duty great responsibility commander action enemy japanese forces july february initiating series executed operations vice admiral forces command effected successful surprise landings july july september establishing effective striking distance philippines commander october participated distinction highly successful operation gained forces commander january shared equally commander southern attack force credit brilliant amphibious operation finally assured conquest inspiring leadership outstanding performance duty planning execution vital operations vice admiral upheld highest traditions promoted vice admiral december directed assaults southern philippines borneo conducted amphibious operation war landings borneo july known planned conducted amphibious operations landing million australian american soldiers marines wartime service awarded australia day australian government honored honorary commander order british empire presented australian embassy washington australian ambassador united_states post war war replaced commander continued task landing occupation forces south_korea providing training transportation support forces attempted prevent forces embroiled chinese civil war march commander atlantic fleet september commander fourth fleet briefly returned far_east february chairman fact finding mission evaluate strategic requirements returned march commandant 10th naval district commander october final assignment commandant 13th naval district retired vice admiral june retirement years retirement published memoirs wartime service amphibious navy died naval hospital washington march papers naval historical center washington navy named class frigate honor launched louisiana widow december decorations vice admiral ribbon bar
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Daniel E. Barbey
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16155_EustathiosArgyros(generalunderLeoVI)
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general greek died byzantine prominent generals emperor wise member family rise high posts fought distinction arabs east possibly connection flight arabs soon appointed post oversaw settlement armenian lords march empire eastern frontier promoted commander imperial bodyguard late fell disgrace shortly died poison apparently suicide way estates life son founder noble family known life prior turn 10th century imperial service early man recorded connection murder april byzantine historians praise intelligent man account best generals historians experts byzantine consider true founder family glory life known time evidently succession unknown military commands reached according rank theme significance term debated normally designate second command military governor theme suggested account high title actually mentions scored successes arabs east likely reference great byzantine victory arabs december overall command fell disgrace exiled details reasons offered exile interpreted modern scholars connected failed rebellion flight arabs soon disgrace related flight happened likely son constantine escaped arab exile returned constantinople pardoned emperor leo appointed border theme position notably inferior rank held previously family strong connections hailed received return imperial service number armenian lords brothers established march empire eastern border particular founder theme main byzantine leaders wars arabs years late promoted rank highest court dignity open member imperial family post watch commander imperial bodyguard replaced year later fell leo suspicion ordered return family estates reason unknown according result armenian lords welcomed empire frequently went arabs way died taking poison servants buried summit historian suggested poisoning agent powerful court likely suicide sons leo served palace personal emperor arranged father body transferred burial monastery district founded father family sons leo hold senior military commands including post domestic schools commander chief son known participation married daughter emperor probably grandfather great grandfather emperor iii identity modern scholars like flight lord high admiral betrayal african arabs und islam und consider identical contemporary admiral active years mainly reference 11th century historian pursued career army fleet identification rejected scholars like byzantines les sur les institutions byzantines furthermore admiral given surname modern works distinguish general reject surname entirely according der definitive decision longer main argument different persons careers admiral likewise experienced tumultuous career accusations treason rehabilitation renewed disgrace unlikely man entrusted senior posts
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Eustathios Argyros (general under Leo VI)
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16157_Domentziolus(nephewofPhocas)
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nephew greek greek nephew byzantine emperor appointed general east uncle reign senior byzantine military leaders opening stages byzantine war defeats opened way fall armenia invasion overthrown captured escaped harm biography background exact unclear known brothers named suggested younger father shortly accession younger raised titles general east better known general byzantine war elevation throne recognized byzantine governor province allied gathering forces waiting reinforcements appointed sent predecessors defeated killed battle recalled imprisoned according fell persian ambush able escape surrounded troops persuaded surrender guarantees personal safety nonetheless executed burning alive time important byzantine city fell encouraged cease simply raiding byzantine provinces instead attempting conquer launched concurrent invasions armenia byzantine forces persian having suffered heavy casualties previous confrontations unable oppose raids little chance reinforcements concluded peace treaties attempt secure control provinces balkans stripped balkans military forces persian policy balkans facing slavic invasion notably persian force able secure control concentrated efforts second heavily defeated vicinity modern able recover ceded byzantium continued respective efforts conquer armenia conquest armenia complete led invasion forces bypassed called attempted face invaders killed combat possibly managed capture modern main city area forces able raids way vicinity constantinople downfall regime opened elder revolted situation quickly dire loyalists defense failed persian forces armenia syria provinces rebel byzantine forces held africa egypt occupying northern towns syria blues settling differences open conflict areas syria jews christians constantinople crowds love liquor implying alcoholism approaching persian immediate threat rebels africa having secured control egypt proceeded invade syria cyprus large fleet younger son set sail constantinople supporters sicily crete joining campaign rebels reached constantinople october forces available defend city bodyguard irregular forces blues city racing factions commander chose moment reveal allegiance having apparently secretly time changed sides constantinople fell relative ease younger new byzantine emperor executed loyalists sentenced death pardoned released known family according married lady named sons tale given following asks visit wife children saint promises children boys male female slaves household brought blessing slave girl long ill troubled hidden demon beats breast demon declares saint laying ground foot neck turned eyes east silent prayer end prayer recited aloud time slave girl remained completely cured later gave birth sons saint conception son immediately followed saint prayer emperor patriarch farewell returns monastery died tale occur prior date
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Domentziolus (nephew of Phocas)
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16390_RobertL.Eichelberger
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march september general officer united_states_army commanded world war graduate west_point saw service panama mexican border joining awarded repeated acts bravery siberia war transferred attended command secretary working chief staff united_states_army general superintendent west_point instituted number reforms cutting activities horseback riding close order drill modern combat training cadets participated military exercises alongside national_guard units acquired training facility gave cadets chance qualify pilots west_point commander march corps june august abruptly sent led american australian troops bloody notable victories commanding general newly formed led invasion clearing islands july forces defeated japanese august began year stint retired army end early life born ohio march youngest children farmer lawyer grew acre family farm established grandfather graduated entered joined gamma delta fraternity persuaded father law partner congressman ohio 8th congressional district appoint west_point entered west_point june class distinguished ultimately wore stars general officers including poor student high school ohio_state cadet lieutenant graduated class commissioned second lieutenant 25th infantry june transferred 10th infantry fort indiana july march 10th infantry san_antonio texas formed undertake offensive operations border war mexico september sent panama canal zone panama met daughter chief justice panama canal zone supreme court brief courtship married april returning united_states march posted 22nd infantry fort porter new_york sent mexican border based douglas arizona promoted lieutenant july september missouri world war following american entry world war april promoted captain june posted 20th infantry utah commanded battalion september transferred newly formed camp pike arkansas senior infantry instructor 3rd officers training camp camp pike february assigned washington assistant brigadier general promoted major june july graves appointed commander 8th division based california scheduled sent france days graves took initially assistant chief staff route california learned graves 8th division destination changed bound siberia instead president agreed support allied intervention russian civil war graves command departed san_francisco august assistant chief staff graves instructed mission political military accordingly maintain strict neutrality found thrust complex political diplomatic military environment soon arriving appointed nation responsible allied strategy convinced america objectives siberia necessarily french british allies far clear actually especially agree american policy called protecting trans railway control admiral forces considered murderers awarded repeated acts bravery assigned citation read extraordinary heroism action june july serving assistant chief staff siberia july capture american troops american platoon detailed clear hostile patrols commanding ridge halted enemy fire seriously wounding members patrol colonel regard safety armed rifle voluntarily covered withdrawal platoon june imminent danger life entered partisan lines effected release american officer enlisted men exchange russian prisoner july american column fired mountain pass colonel voluntarily assisted establishing firing line prevented confusion total disregard safety raised morale american forces high pitch services siberia awarded promoted lieutenant colonel march graves prevented receiving members receive order sacred treasure order rising sun siberia gave chance observe hand impressed saw training discipline concluded properly led match american troops withdrawn april wars instead returning united_states following service siberia assistant chief staff like officers aftermath world war reduced rank permanent rank captain june immediately promoted major day joined march travelled japan moving philippines march head established intelligence offices met president finally returned united_states assigned major disappointment failure general staff eligibility list national defense act required officers list promoted brigadier general concluding prospects promotion infantry poor urging adjutant general major general transferred july continued work april posted fort ohio assistant davis offered nominate place command joined officers july students seated sat officer topped class major students class included graduated distinguished graduate quarter class stayed command student graduation posted washington sent west_point adjutant promoted lieutenant colonel august april secretary working chief staff united_states_army general transferred infantry july remained secretary october rank colonel august new chief staff general offered command 29th infantry demonstration regiment based fort georgia turned away infantry years infantry officers jealous instead accepted command 30th infantry prestigious unit stationed san francisco officers resented attaining command regiment age departing took brief course infantry 30th infantry took series major training exercises years world war training united_states promoted brigadier general october month received orders deputy division commander minute orders changed major general watson president appointed superintendent west_point taking position met successor chief staff general warned courses command drastically shortened order meet needs expanding army west_point suffer similar fate course relevant army immediate needs superintendent attempted bring west_point twentieth century cut activities horseback riding close order drill substituted modern combat training cadets participated military exercises alongside national_guard units acquired training facility required cadets undergo basic flight training gave cadets chance qualify pilots west_point concerned dismal state west_point football team watson able persuade surgeon general united_states_army weight restrictions allow heavier players recruited hired coach team time marshall came believe talents wasted west_point opposed watson wanted remain west_point marshall told watson chances promotion major general adversely affected denied chance command division watson added promotion list president sign manner promoted major general july united_states declaration war japan december applied transfer active command given choice new divisions chose activated south_carolina march divisions given generals attended training course fort chief staff chose officer attended ohio_state west_point fellow member gamma delta fraternity period command brief june commander corps chief staff awarded legion merit service corps consisted 8th 30th given initial task arranging demonstration dignitaries including winston_churchill marshall sir sir demonstration judged success trained eyes noted flaws days division commanders relieved commands nominated command american forces ordered conduct training amphibious warfare 3rd 9th 30th infantry divisions chesapeake_bay cooperation battle august orders abruptly changed supreme commander requested corps headquarters sent command major general originally detailed assignment marshall informed richardson intense feelings service australian command assignment appear corps headquarters ready overseas service training amphibious warfare experience working marshall selected job instead happy assignment especially found richardson knew general know going difficult departed australia august members staff corps controlled american divisions australia major general based queensland promoted lieutenant general october decided establish corps headquarters corps came command lieutenant general sir meeting australian commanders noted combat british north_africa usually considered americans best inexperienced disturbed level training received american divisions instead training jungle warfare following united_states warned chief staff major general divisions expected meet veteran japanese troops equal terms decided september proceed new_guinea inferior camp fears realized suffered reverse confident capture difficulty poor staff work inaccurate intelligence inadequate training japanese resistance frustrated american efforts americans found confronted network sited prepared japanese positions accessible swamp americans failure damaged relationship australians threatened entire campaign small party corps headquarters flown port pair november ordered assume control battle according told grim voice putting command sending bob want remove officers won fight relieve regimental battalion commanders necessary charge battalions charge companies fight time essence japanese land reinforcements night general breezy said reports american soldiers throwing away weapons running enemy stopped short spoke emphasis wanted assignment bob said want come alive moment looking pointed finger goes chief staff day party flown assumed command troops relieved replaced division artillery commander brigadier general relieved officers appointing year old captain command battalion officers privately denounced ruthless prussian set example moving troops lines sharing hardships danger despite risk wore silver stars knew japanese targeted officers wanted troops know commander present seriously wounded shoulder appointed command wounded december left american general forward area assumed personal command division senior general present served command australian lieutenant general referred letters grand colleague fall placed command allied force assembled reduce remaining japanese positions australian major general chief staff battle continued january price victory high 32nd division lost dead wounded hospitalized tropical diseases principally malaria men referred division cemetery square january flew port warmly welcomed herring day flew battle received generals received citation like herring served like created honorary knight commander order british empire recommended medal honor nomination disapproved officer staff colonel submitted recommendation directly informed outside immediate staff officer criticism conduct operations personal gallantry led grave considerations time relief command new guinea campaign february lieutenant general headquarters arrived australia planning little scope corps sized operations found training role preparing arrived hawaii 32nd 41st infantry divisions returned future missions asked released command united_states_army release later asked released command ninth united states army refused job went west_point classmate instead given responsibility visit australia september visited sydney melbourne dinner lord prime minister australia canberra january informed charge operation landing bay 24th 41st infantry divisions march cancelled favor landing force operation meant japanese defenses bay risky outside range land based air cover cover instead provided aircraft carriers meant operation adhere strict hoping avoid repeat planned operation implemented thorough training program emphasized physical fitness individual initiative small unit tactics amphibious warfare operation went mainly surprise achieved japanese present area poor intelligence led inability clear beaches backed swamps supplies beaches fuel ammunition stored instances april single japanese plane ignited fuel dump caused fire resulted casualties loss cent ammunition appalled felt let staff offered transfer assistant division commander post turned offer june summoned headquarters battle landed going badly airfields promised available support american hands found japanese present larger numbers originally reported caves overlooking airfield sites americans better trained equipped japanese employed new tactics avoiding costly maximum toll ground gained seeing situation concluded fuller badly nonetheless relieved number officers felt performing battle ground orders fuller task force commander relieve division commander fuller requested relief obliged recommendation fuller replaced brigadier general unimpressed performance concluding tactics better fuller delayed capture island hand thought sufficiently highly performance award silver star learned selected command newly formed arrived august took officers corps colonel assumed control operations december day announced organized resistance ended troops included old command months sixth army killed japanese soldiers estimated remained alive island killed january entered combat landing major general january near san_antonio major general 11th days later combining manila great movement assumed personal command operation involved advance manila lightly equipped advance rapid progress halted prepared positions outskirts manila awarded silver star final operation war clearing southern philippines including major island effort occupied soldiers rest war weeks conducted major minor amphibious operations clearing august instance japanese formed self help guard protect women rape duty ordered armoured vehicles battle array streets arrested leaders leaders received long prison terms awarded oak leaf cluster distinguished service medal services commander corps second command philippines occupation japan received oak leaf clusters silver star medal bronze star medal air medal received number foreign awards including grand officer swords netherlands grand officer france grand officer palm belgium order ecuador philippines grand officer retirement death nearly years service retired rank lieutenant general december moved north_carolina lived wife rest life suffered number health problems including diabetes removed appeared series articles campaigns actually written subsequently expanded articles book jungle road tokyo book sold reasonably requested copies traveled hollywood served technical consultant west point day band played altogether happy results turned hand writing articles far_east newsweek gave away worked lecture circuit giving speeches experiences gave campaigned richard_nixon united_states congress recognition service promoted number officers commanded armies similar higher formations general distressed fuller hurt angry relieved commands felt fault turn real imagined tried talk refused speak eventually decided write tell book destroy myth forever purpose gave papers historian published letters dear miss general war pacific maintained warm wartime relationship herring herring wife mary stayed exchanged regular letters underwent surgery september complications set died pneumonia following day buried military honors arlington national cemetery military decorations medals united_states awards oak leaf cluster distinguished service medal oak leaf clusters medal silver star oak leaf clusters legion merit bronze star medal air medal mexican border service medal victory medal american defense service medal pacific campaign medal world war victory medal army occupation medal source inventory foreign awards knight commander order british empire distinguished service order officer swords officer rising sun japan order sacred treasure palm ecuador distinguished service star liberation medal legion honor officer inventory dates rank
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Robert L. Eichelberger
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16569_Andranik
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commonly known armenian february august armenian military commander statesman best known key figure armenian national liberation movement active armed struggle ottoman government late 1880s joined party militias sought defend armenian living ancestral homeland area known turkish western armenia time ottoman_empire revolutionary activities ceased left ottoman_empire unsuccessful uprising left disapproved cooperation party years later armenian genocide led armenian volunteers bulgarian army ottomans balkan war early stages world war commanded armenian volunteer battalion led army ottoman_empire revolution russian army retreated left armenian outnumbered turks led defense early forced retreat eastward turkish forces stood near future armenian capital dominated declared independence armenia signed treaty ottoman_empire armenia gave rights accepted existence included small area hoped independent independently fought turkish armies helped armenia left armenia disagreements armenian government spent years life europe united_states seeking relief armenian refugees settled california died years later greatly admired national hero numerous statues erected countries streets squares named songs poems novels written making legendary figure armenian culture early life born february ottoman_empire today turkey means armenian paternal ancestors came nearby early 18th century settled avoid persecution turks ancestors took surname honor hometown mother died year old elder sister took care went local worked father shop married age wife died year later giving birth son died days birth situation ottoman_empire worsened reign sought unify muslims rule arrested assaulting turkish help friends escaped prison settled ottoman capital constantinople stayed working carpenter began revolutionary activities province joined arrested taking assassination constantinople police chief known anti february escaped prison joined newly created defended armenian villages attacks turks units occurred named killed people went largest city major center armenian culture time headquarters located returned entrusted extensive powers large supply arms dozen russian joined went area operating forces established semi independent armenian areas ottoman government representatives leader main leader 1890s killed months later committed atrocities killing priest young men women children village replaced head armenian irregular forces villages command region semi independent armenian lived sought kill captured reportedly took medal given earned undisputed authority small groups armenian conducted armed struggle ottoman state tribes situation deteriorated european powers stood indifferent armenian question article treaty berlin intended ottoman government carry delay improvements reforms demanded local requirements provinces inhabited guarantee security remained according attention european powers macedonia russia mood armenian question november clashed ottoman troops later known best known episodes revolutionary activities attempt ottoman government suppress activities gained influence region turkish soldiers sent band turks chased eventually men numbering monastery early november regiment command besieged fort like monastery turkish generals leading army men asked negotiate surrender weeks resistance negotiations armenian clergy foreign took companions left monastery fled small groups according dressed uniform turkish officer went rounds entire guard talking excellent turkish time showing way men breaking siege monastery gained legendary stature provincial popular men led came refer intended attract attention foreign plight armenian peasants provide hope oppressed eastern provinces according political thinking took shape setting activity diplomatic intrigue uprising exodus demanded ottoman government stop harassment implement reforms armenian provinces concentrated mountainous area km2 overwhelming armenian majority armenian households traditionally considered main operational area region state revolutionary turmoil local refused pay taxes past seven years tens including held meeting quarter manage future defense armenian villages possible turkish attacks suggested widespread uprising opposed view suggested small local uprising armenian lacked resources suggestion eventually approved meeting chosen main commander uprising clashes took place january supported ottoman government turkish offensive started early april estimated soldiers armenian local armenian men killed intense fighting survived resumed fight armenian civilians killed months uprising left homeless villagers forced exile uprising weeks fighting cannon bombardment armenian villages ottoman forces suppressed uprising outnumbered armenian forces times minor clashes occurred according came near organising uprising shaking ottoman power armenia empire lose territory idea intervention far russia wrote international attention russo japanese war uprising went largely unnoticed european powers russia july august reached got sailing ships escaped persia van september leaving little heroic memory states forced leave avoid killings lower tensions wrote left ottoman_empire sought gather new resources find practical programs armenian struggle immigration conflict persia moved met armenian leaders left russia traveled europe engaged advocacy support national liberation struggle geneva published book military tactics work activities strategies uprising february march went vienna participate fourth congress turkish immigrant political groups europe discussed approved negotiations later armenian genocide overthrow sultan strongly denounced cooperation left party asked constantinople nominate candidacy ottoman parliament election declined offer saying don want sit distanced active political military affairs years balkan war settled met leaders including revolutionary pledged work jointly oppressed peoples armenia macedonia balkan war led company armenian volunteers volunteer corps bulgarian army ottoman_empire shared command opposite approximately fought ottoman_empire given rank lieutenant bulgarian government distinguished battles including helped capture turkish commander honored general disbanded men war bulgaria serbia retired village near lived farmer august world war outbreak world war july russia france britain germany ottoman_empire austria left bulgaria russia appointed commander armenian volunteer battalion russian government november august took head commander armenian battalion volunteers battalion particularly stood battle april victory russian armenian forces command general effectively stopped turks invading armenian genocide underway ottoman_empire end war virtually living ancestral homeland dead forced exile ottoman government estimated million died process ending thousand years armenian presence major resistance turkish atrocities took place van turkish army besieged city local leadership kept armenian volunteers reached van forcing turks retreat unit entered van subsequently helped russian army control southern shore lake van summer armenian volunteer units went recruit volunteers continued combat november march support city captured russians february recognition lieutenant general successes russian army numerous locations significantly associated fighting armenian battalion headed praised brave experienced chief understood combat situation described head militia enjoying great prestige volunteers situation drastically changed russian government ordered armenian volunteer units prohibited armenian civic activity resigned commander armenian battalion despite earlier russian promises plan region integral russia possibly russian peasants wrote russian armies firm control armenian plateau summer longer need according russia armenian volunteers interests armenian volunteers disappointed russian policy left july russian revolution turkish february revolution positively accepted ended rule known set south april initiated publication newspaper armenia editor non partisan turkish armenian newspaper december remained sought help armenian refugees ottoman_empire search basic needs provisional government decree civil administration holding key positions local began rebuild devastated russian army units gradually soldiers deserted returned russia october revolution chaotic retreat russian troops escalated ottoman_empire signed armistice december ending hostilities soviet russian government formally acknowledged right self determination turkish january march russia signed treaty brest central powers large areas eastern_europe concentrate forces whites russian civil war december russian divisions region russian command authorized formation command general corps positioned line van city people corps divisions russian commanded turkish western armenian division georgian forces patrolled area black_sea states thousand men defended mile secured half million russian regulars december commanded armenian forces january appointed commander western armenian division given rank major general command unable defend long turks captured city march forcing evacuate delegation turks holding conference march april turkish forces according walker overran temporary establishment armenian rule hope recently raised wrote battle quickly decided struggle hand turks captured largest city retreated passed arrived early april turkish forces reached pre war international borders unit able battles republic armenia ottoman forces effectively stopped declared independence russian armenian lands condemned denounced angry favored good relations russia instead refused acknowledge according treaty dusty province salvation seeking years early june departed thousands refugees traveled arrived june subsequently tried help armenian refugees van iran sought join british forces northern iran encountering large number turkish soldiers retreated july proclaimed integral russia welcomed armenian soviet leader turkish forces moved armenian special striking division moved mountainous region set defense relations deteriorated arrived critical moment refugees estimated force men established effective control region september role crucial connection point turkey region centers armenian resistance treaty remained surrounded muslim villages controlled key routes connecting different parts according initiated change armenian land destroying muslim villages trying key areas armenian state late accused killing innocent peasants demanded withdraw armenian units area wrote presence district armenia party today general men miracle saved thousand armenian inhabitants district complete forces fall stated massacre peaceful activities protested ottoman general threatened government retaliation actions armenia prime minister said control forces ottoman_empire officially defeated world war armistice signed october ottoman forces evacuated november end october year forces concentrated moving sure local support fighting mid november received letters officials asking postpone offensive days ton allow negotiations muslims region according time lost proved crucial late november forces headed main city major armenian cultural center intense fight forces broke surrounding villages early december away received message british general suggesting retreat world war armenian military activity adversely affect solution armenian question soon considered peace conference paris british returned region left limited control british mission command arrived december insisted council act local matters sparked discontent ardent pan soon appointed governor unrest region wrote large armenian majority remained pre soviet soviet period trust word british officer departure winter isolated snow refugees intensified famine epidemic conditions gave way inflation december withdrew way met british officers suggested armenian units stay winter agreed proposal december group armenian leaders met conference concluded cope influx refugees spring agreed logical step relieving tension refugees adjoining district evacuated ottoman armies conference called british provide refugees interim major arrived limited supplies money donated support refugees end february ready leave suggested soldiers leave railway station rejected plan march left traveled deep moved plain thousand week march men horses reached railway station met assistant minister military affairs assistant minister offered visit rejected invitation believed government betrayed responsible loss homeland people vulnerable threats left district earlier soldiers dismissal local armenian forces requested support april reached seat religious center helped troops prepare disbanding strong division soldiers result disagreements government diplomatic british disbanded division handed belongings weapons april left accompanied officers went special train according news journey traveled station crowds waiting glimpse national hero left armenia time met georgia foreign minister discussed georgian armenian war translation years traveled europe united_states seeking support armenian refugees visited paris london tried persuade allied powers occupy visit france bestowed title president late led delegation united_states lobby support mandate armenia fund raising armenian army accompanied general directed campaign raised relief armenian war refugees returned europe married paris best man moved united_states settled california short story armenia armenian american writer described arrival wrote looked california depot day arrived said man neat suit clothes little feet tall solid strong old style armenian white expression face ferocious kind novel describes life changed leaders leaving armenia settled city california basement house converted hotel sword rifle military uniform hung wall kept horse brought america steamship weapons uniform grey black boots lion like personal wealth come possess life business longer weapons spent free time making small wooden chairs hotel people refusing buy quality american bought simple ones use death february left reside san_francisco unsuccessful attempt regain health according death certificate found california records died august california september city wide public attention accorded funeral new_york_times reported members armenian community attended memorial services hall new_york_city initially buried funeral planned remains armenia final burial arrived france soviet authorities refused permission allow remains enter instead remained france second funeral service held church buried cemetery paris january early armenian french governments arranged transfer body paris wrote transfer initiated armenia prime minister body moved armenia february placed sport concert complex days taken funeral service interred military cemetery february speech ceremony armenia president described greatest sons armenian nation prime minister foreign minister soldiers year old attendance memorial built grave phrase general engraved legacy recognition public image considered hero lifetime influential american newspaper described armenian washington year independent wrote heroic fighting defense turks letter noted armenian writer praised soviet statesman armenian origin wrote memoirs surrounded halo glory considered national hero worldwide seen legendary figure armenian culture surveys conducted inc asked prominent armenian people characters armenian history folk culture suitable national hero leader present time placed second respondents giving activities attracted criticism instance writer stated doesn right statue real republic left armenia wrote popular hero finds term national hero describing unacceptable generally seen pro russian soviet figure soviet period legacy armenian national heroes diminished reference dangerous represented independence especially prior prominent soviet armenian author wrote essay reading soldier notes wrote generation knew little continued knowing means know modern armenian history 100th anniversary celebrated memorials statues memorials erected world including romania paris cyprus robinson paris bulgaria russia memorial exists california died statue erected village near russia removed day apparently pressure turkey earlier announced boycott winter olympics statue remained standing statue armenia erected village statues erected armenia independence soviet_union found district near outside armenian capital armenia statues stand villages numerous streets squares inside outside armenia including argentina bulgaria paris section state highway running entirely connecticut named general metro opened station renamed founded soon closed building reopened september named according inspired new generation volunteer regiment named general operated armenia conflict organizations groups armenian named september bulgaria armenia football match armenian fans brought giant poster pictures armenian officer murdered lieutenant text poster read children heroes work manuscripts pages long known memoir written returned armenia united_kingdom sent paris order published sent 1960s safe keeping civil war moved greece england manuscripts finally sent culture minister century parted culture figured prominently armenian literature fictional character western armenian writer wrote poem entitled published geneva book published lifetime pen published book wars occupied constantinople famed armenian american writer wrote short story titled armenia included collection short stories based armenian writer novel white based prominent armenian poets 20th century wrote poems titled statue published death novel suppressed years published tight soviet control publications relaxed 1960s 1980s author collected folk stories completed novel story published numerous songs described hero song legend main figures featured armenian patriotic songs performed dozens songs dedicated including like eagle features popular song pieces armenian patriotic folklore documentaries produced include france directed played main role general directed narrated minute long documentary armenia awards military career awarded number medals orders governments countries medals sword moved armenia given armenia published works combat commands suggestions remarks recommendations geneva boston general paris weekly battle episode armenian revolution boston memoirs written
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16594_ConstantineDiogenes
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constantine greek died prominent byzantine general early 11th century active balkans served distinction final stages byzantine conquest bulgaria emperor occupied high commands balkans arrest result participation conspiracy emperor iii imprisoned forced enter monastery committed suicide conspiracy father emperor biography notable member noble family played important role 11th century byzantium began career commander western reign campaigns bulgaria participated decisive byzantine victory battle july subsequently succeeded commander rank making second senior general empire balkans following death bulgaria october dispatched region vanguard emperor main army campaign constructed fortress attested founder inscription conquest completed led troops fertile plain captured prisoners livestock soon placed charge west tasked pursuing bulgarian ruler set ambush informed time led rest troops aid scattering death february charged remaining centres bulgarian resistance took named commander authority extended vassal serbian title possibly serbia greek attested seal attributed ordered subdue sermon ruler consolidate byzantine control northern balkans consequently invited sermon meeting estuary river danube accompanied hidden sword clothes struck sermon marched army taking possession town sermon wife sent captive constantinople succeeded overall byzantine commander conquered bulgaria capacity repelled large invasion year withdrawn south retained nominally role overall commander attested seal naming bulgaria serbia married anonymous daughter brother emperor iii accused prominent balkan generals emperor princess transferred east soon affair confirmed recalled constantinople imprisoned beaten publicly conspirators later forced enter monastery placed convent apparently continued planned advantage absence campaign east escape balkans plot leaked metropolitan conspirators arrested brought palace interrogation committed suicide throwing wall confess torture fellow conspirators constantine son successful general eventually rose emperor
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Constantine Diogenes
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16635_UrošDrenović
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serbian november military commander region croatia world war following german led axis invasion yugoslavia april joined yugoslav partisans distinguished initial uprising authorities capturing august subsequently led partisan 3rd detachment eventually sided royalist commander april defeated partisans fled concluded alliance fight partisans continued oppose partisans death allied bombing raid early life born near finished teachers college area prior outbreak war reserve officer world war uprising matter months german led invasion yugoslavia april uprisings began occur newly created axis puppet state croatia july decided launch general uprising occupying forces yugoslavia rebellion broke bosnia july included local uprisings southwest bosnia spread organisation initially swept leading rebellion august distinguished planning leading capture rebels town recaptured forces days later blamed troops citing poor discipline anti muslim september battalions fighters formed region 3rd battalion commanded unlike battalion commanders region allow appoint political companies area largely free activity sway elite arrested muslim communists area confronting senior members partisan staff september german occupied serbia partisan leadership decided military organisation occupied yugoslavia result october november detachments formed existing units 3rd battalion appointed deputy commander responsible territory central bosnia region strong pro currents companies detachment organisations commanders members political activists region muslims easily accepted mass rank file peasants leading ideology despised muslims according historian diplomatic feelings check necessary october staff 3rd detachment attempted win muslim village gaining agreement contribute armed men detachment deal bulk detachment attacked village rest detachment prevent battalion burning looting november meeting staff 3rd detachment advocated collaboration italian occupation forces basis italians protecting serbs rejected senior members staff position force abandon idea meeting refused commit 3rd battalion fight italians pressure agreed advise neighbouring battalions italians moved territory return staff 3rd detachment agreed refer force military detachment december senior members concluded percent command staff support leading role uprising partisan staff later observed staff 3rd detachment effort remove elements ranks stop early february took leading role conference intended bring 7th declared partisan structure argued expelled meeting supporters battalion returned fold february meeting leaders 1st 2nd 4th battalions 3rd detachment met decided bring partisan movement organising attack italian garrison pressure rank file formally participated attack able prevent success allowing italians past battalion attack partisan rear according partisan sources italians forces partisan plan alliance response highly effective pro partisan units defected second half april partisans responded aggressive military action unit led offensive shock anti battalion formed earlier month wholly loyal reliable troops offensive end detachment took refuge april defeated commanders signed agreement agreement points requiring hostilities come end forces protect villages partisans units assist fighting partisans agreement required restore religious civil rights serbs turn issued declaration recognized sovereignty argues agreement reached military political necessity writes driven confluence serbian croatian national interests mutual desire acceptance respect needed partisan advances long time foes sought help time facing national political disgrace losing support serbs authorities considered alliance mean continue partisan units april authorities recognised rights troops remain armed order fight partisans agreement soon public entire press public opinion remained divided force mid month signed agreement croatian general staff officer agreeing cooperate fighting partisans soon emerged important leaders western bosnia summer order established significant parts italian occupation zone detachment leaders principal political headquarters recognized italians early summer italian commander allowed delivery arms munitions supplies leaders bosnia concluded alliances june included historian observes operation seen function mutual fear partisans emphasizes uncertainty distrust accompanied june numbered men awarded order star king peter based recommendation leader following italian capitulation agreed actions performed close cooperation local german units informed end year units stationed inhabited areas october team 1st battalion 4th division began working alongside northwest bosnia operating forward reconnaissance groups developing contact anti communist farmers eye partisan troop movements serving year positioned command following year band trusted fully war according considered death killed allied bombing raid organise ceremony year commemorate actions ceremony attended officials entity representatives municipality books documents news
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Uroš Drenović
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16791_MatoDukovac
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october september leading croatian fighter ace world war credited confirmed kills joined air_force independent state croatia following axis invasion yugoslavia april luftwaffe flew combat missions eastern tours eastern spanned october november february june october march defected soviet_union september returned yugoslavia november worked flight instructor italy april left italy captain arab israeli war flew combat missions israel american following war emigrated canada started family died toronto early life born october town near austria-hungary avid pilot entered class belgrade graduated april rank commenced pilot training october year world war german led axis invasion yugoslavia april served 2nd squadron airfield defeated occupied axis powers member armed forces newly created croatia croatian joined air_force independent state croatia croatian april rank initially posted personnel department headquarters june formed fight alongside germany invasion soviet_union july air component legion formed known croatian consisted bomber group fighter group formed members swore oath loyalty adolf_hitler subject german disciplinary regulations wore luftwaffe uniforms attending luftwaffe training schools fighter group sent eastern designated squadron iii 52nd fighter wing transferred pilot school germany september october april underwent advanced training june transferred fighter pilot school october seven pilots joined operating flying fighters october minute flight afternoon day new members unit flying veteran pilots victory november flying 12th mission escorting dive bombers mission companion intercepted fighters downed attackers city register confirmed aerial victory unable build success time days later rotated personnel endured year constant combat men break months commencing return journey february collecting aircraft german occupied poland february flying flew february eastern changed significantly absence strategic initiative passing soviets second tour march transferred flew missions second tour following day april took patrol area shot bell days later late taking catching downed fighter engagement soviet aircraft witnesses confirm claim later day pilots escorting group medium bombers came soviet fighters flying boats black_sea claimed witnessed following morning patrol pilot near came fighters claimed pilot aircraft hit retire later day pilot engaged claimed witnessed april attacking shipping force land aircraft engine problems flew mission different aircraft later day black_sea downing bomber april flew escort mission ground attack aircraft fighters attacking shipping near pilots assisted sinking small vessels april accounted escort claimed victory patrol days later seen separated fight sank small vessel following day pilots escorting group tried intercept formation pilot claimed soviet fighters destruction witnessed morning mission saw claim encountered near afternoon pilot escorting encountered group seven ground attack aircraft fighters engagement aircraft damaged force landed claiming following morning sortied escort mission force landed time near claims morning escort mission evening following evening shot escorting claimed escort mission liaison aircraft reinforcements arrived form pilots served tour eastern pilots meet success claimed fighters southeast days later pilots surprised west claiming claim witnessed escort mission accounted pilots flying soviet airfields remaining pilots questioned luftwaffe withdrawn commander replaced end second tour eastern claimed confirmed unconfirmed kills later confirmed tour luftwaffe decided replace remaining pilots newly trained men veterans joined fighter training graduated october newly promoted pilots arrived october equipped deployed airfield commenced combat missions october days later scored victory tour downing south days claimed november successful day entire war pilots claiming aircraft loss including claimed day aircraft badly damaged escorting fighters crash landed near escaping followed claim november november moved days later downed end november approach winter reduced flying operations halt downed december near 30th 31st confirmed aerial victories january added tally february flew sorties downed second shot fifth mission shot crash landed injuring spine evacuated field hospital returned soon walk days later find pilots fit duty despite pending arrival newly trained pilots loss pilots mid march led luftwaffe decide attempting maintain futile men sent home tours accounted total soviet aircraft confirmed unconfirmed aerial victories seven later confirmed beginning july luftwaffe decision newly promoted group veteran fresh pilots began way eastern transported romania aircraft provided july pilots advised disbanded despite august moved airfield took delivery beginning september flew lithuania preparation rejoin september pilot defected soviets taking airfield soon announced spelled end remaining members withdrawn infantry men eventually released infantry duties early allowed return assigned november soviets handed yugoslav partisans offered position flight instructor following month returned belgrade conversion fly fighters worked flight instructor february constant insults directed fellow personnel owing service prompted apply transfer april posted 1st instructor august tiger flew adriatic defected time italy placed refugee camp del later life legacy began expressing increasingly anti jewish beliefs following war joined arab israeli war captain squadron based lebanon flew combat missions american equipped ground attack rockets pound bombs following end arab israeli war emigrated canada settled toronto started family worked founder largest croatian organisations canada canada died toronto september scoring croatian pilot world war life controversy surrounding exact number aircraft downed croatian wartime documents discovered belgrade death credited confirmed kills source indicates tally confirmed kills unconfirmed total included following aircraft records noted unconfirmed claim
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Mato Dukovac
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16841_JohnBraham(RAFofficer)
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raf officer bob april february royal_air_force raf night fighter pilot fighter ace second world war born april leaving school teenager worked local clerk bored civil life joined raf year short service commission december began basic training march advanced training august december completion flight training posted squadron raf based learned fly squadron began organise specialised night fighter unit august way gained victory august remained success battle september squadron equipped continued operations blitz claiming destruction enemy aircraft end awarded continued operate anti pilot blitz ended ace september having achieved victories awarded bar november june promoted squadron leader october claimed enemy aircraft destroyed awarded flew missions time claimed damaged boat destroyed promoted wing commander given command squadron raf undertook sorties german occupied europe point received second bar june september gained seven victories including possibly german night fighter aces consequently awarded bar squadron soon converted february transferred operations staff group raf permitted fly operation week achieved victories june awarded second bar war came end june shot pair single engine german fighters captured spent rest war prisoner liberated highly decorated claimed destruction enemy aircraft addition claimed damaged probable victories probable victories confirmed german records making unofficial total enemy aircraft destroyed achieved night successful british pilot twin engine aircraft victories claimed night tally night fighter pilot war offered permanent commission initially accepted having resigned commission march enlisted briefly struggling find career support family emigrated canada family enlisted having held office retired military life began working civilian continued work death brain aged early life born april somerset father methodist minister earned qualifications reverend doctor theology studying king college london served pilot world war educated preparatory school moved public school somerset attended schools southern england moved country london built age feet inch metres weighed stone kilograms natural gifts successful boxer years months passed education lancashire frequently absent owing father ministerial appointments forced family continually relocate consequently concentration grades declined left grammar school age months return struggled find work era great depression considered moving abroad join british overseas territories briefly entertained training sailor gain experience worked clerk greater manchester police life administrative clerk turned british armed forces fulfilling career raf training aged applied short service commission raf course lasted years commission designed find young aviation enthusiasts right physical academic qualities flying officers surprise application accepted commission dated march service number commission enabled enter rank pilot officer training mainly consisted introduction flying civilian organisations contracted raf successful candidates advanced military training december began flight training normal pilots undertake solo flights hours dual instruction flight instructor progress slow solo flight hours dual instruction march flew solo time began officer instruction completion course moved begin training military aircraft assigned elected fighter pilot began training completed advanced flight training august began final phase training fury completed training formation flying gunnery practice months graduating december squadron squadron raf based flying february squadron equipped bristol disappointed trained reaction news request transfer refused squadron spent months converting august convert hurricane outbreak war squadron reverted night fighter daylight fighter operations soon earned nickname bob stayed service career chosen christian radio sign distinguish multitude unit second world war raf squadrons beginning equip airborne radar devices pioneering technology known aircraft interception unknown squadron aircraft fitted squadron continued practice struggle adapting night fighter tactics great pilots relied basic tactics usually meant search lights seek time squadron called defend britain air attacks august collapse netherlands belgium france june british night fighter defences weak difficulties night fighting evident performance night fighter squadrons shot error correctly identify aircraft crashed caught search lights low level return fire german bombers inflicted loss whilst squadron succeeded bring german aircraft identification friend foe devices fitted british aircraft switched experienced technical prompted question reliability occasion hydraulic pipe fractured flying caused landing gear fail prompted force land time joined gunner observer fly frequently home defence august battle britain intensifying battles far daylight leaving night fighter crews frustrated based lincolnshire operating satellite airfield unit formed group raf defending british air space north london night august took patrolled area piloted contained air gunner trained radar operator directed aircraft held closed fast gunner succeeded damaging aircraft sufficiently crew saw crash sea identified interaction enemy occurred dropped bombs airfield destroying damaged survived attack september squadron began convert rugged heavily armed twin engine aircraft equipped airborne interception radar shape radar sets luftwaffe began campaign british industrial cities known blitz november squadron unit fly september spend nearly entire month hospitalised car accident flew wartime operation november squadron leader led mission flew operations month enhanced skills completing blind flying course taught pilots fly low visibility conditions service awarded january combination developments eventually culminated success march achieved surprise attack knocking engines cannons jammed radar operator eventually guns second burst blew bomber range yards narrowly avoided debris engagement lasted minutes achieved success approaching slightly target followed radar operator instructions visual sighting identifying aircraft patch eclipsed stars position attack attacking downed close range short bursts cannon fire victory confirmed crashed neighbouring richmond london dead pilot sent luftwaffe preferred british design wore shot blitz ended luftwaffe moved forces support invasion soviet_union june air raids second half small numbers german aircraft attacks britain german night fighters attempted intercept operations england disrupt bombing germany june claimed probable personnel saw crash lost contact ground control having area operations fearing lost pursuing low barrage balloons ended chase claimed probable records claim night raf fighter german records list bombers failing return regular radar operator july gained victory day july destruction ace september shooting fifth victory claimed october followed october november claimed enemy aircraft awarded bar promoted flight lieutenant having little leave rested prevent exhaustion posted operational training unit january left involved car accident removed duty injured austin travelling left road speed night celebrating success passengers officers girls wounded women later died hospital recovered bob survived duty march engines cut forcing emergency landing day second flight ended aircraft engines catching fire managed conduct safe landing time gregory frequently visited squadron germans sending small scale formations bomb selected targets britain known operating night june borrowed destroyed raiding canterbury soon posted squadron july acting squadron leader flight commander unit damaging august destroyed 28th mark vii victory witnessed personnel visit radar station near coast august attacked destroyed flying english channel waves pilot succeeded making violent manoeuvres german aircraft damaged momentarily passed hit volley defensive fire caused port engine catch fire forcing crash landing near operator flight injured bullet found passed seat missing inches awarded october tally standing enemy aircraft destroyed receiving award celebrating pub attempted drive home whilst crashed traffic island drinking driving criminal offence police charged damaging public property fined equivalent weeks wages car crash success claimed english coast nights october night destroyed enemy aircraft probable damaged successful raf night fighter pilots recognition experience given command squadron raf december year old wing commander went operator gregory flying officer distinguished flying medal weeks later january claimed squadron moved cornwall february carry night patrols brittany france daylight patrols atlantic approaches protect aircraft march claimed locomotive destroyed soon promoted acting wing commander april attacked german boat firing rounds cannon target causing large fire operations damaged boats damaging squadron moved chosen purpose built night fighter squadron operate germany occupied europe bomber support role equipped new radar picked radar given german night fighter radar number equipped radar effective recently introduced mark vii operations started june given greater impetus battle intensifying losses german night fighters increased immediate success destroying netherlands june days later claim damaged guns jammed successes awarded second bar june june squadron claimed enemy fighters destroyed damaged loss noted continuous operations gregory arranged rested squadron operational planning officer replacement flight lieutenant successful operation took place night august participated group support decided best employ british night fighters freelance role instead operating known german airfields elected outward bomber stream german airfields netherlands germany belgium hoped echoes radar attract enemy aircraft divert bombers flew wave wave reached netherlands raf fighters contact attracted enemy night fighters night fighter wing taken command finished war successful night fighter time air victories led flight echo turned engine trouble radar radar operator picked emissions german fighters radar gained shot air victories killed witnessed action attempted engage dispatched pilot member crew survive considered shooting crew member likely seen parachute aircraft persuaded nearly struck debris victim habit opening fire close range resulting debris closely following reason firing close range high state fatigue state barely eyes open ahead satisfied current score rate lack action september consequently flew number missions ground targets successful night fighter pilots ordered engage activities exposed excessive risk particular mission decided hunt enemy rail transport failing find enemy aircraft paris line intercepted locomotive exploded hit attacked struck trees damaged underside fuselage maintained control flew home unusual return strange caused collisions objects sortie shipping salt water opened panel housing cannons intention replacing spent ammunition awarded bar september nights later september whilst carrying operation encountered identified engaged downed enemy aircraft hit ground exploded gained contact enemy aircraft catch witnessed crash explosion nearby source suggests victim crash german ace victories flying collided german fighter trying evade night claimed victim identified german ace august victories fighter drowned minutes fired claimed damaged frank 17th 18th 19th successful night fighter aces second world war aerial warfare wishes rested operations posted october attend staff officer course resisted complained directly commanding time hill refused request denied plea operation days posted group raf daylight months remained inactive february posted group raf wing commander night operations attached 2nd staff officer able persistence persuade commanding officer air vice marshal allow free lance operations loaned squadrons group asked permission radar operators transferred group headquarters fly frequently borrowed aircraft squadron raf february took claimed german destroyed south paris daylight sortie carry radar fitted navigational aids allowed accurate navigation night sorties location enemy aircraft exceptionally difficult hunting daylight strange experience march flew mile trip northern france weather attempts shoot airfields proceeded spotted flying landing circuit feet closed rapidly dispatched 20th air victory denied chance operate night fighter pilot time intense activity january luftwaffe initiated series strikes british cities response british offensive germany german air arm met severe losses operation march gregory returning mile trip hit ground fire england engine having burned days later attended buckingham palace awarded second bar wife joan father attended days later received permission daylight sortie squadron leader joined occasion flight engineer flew pick target occasion denmark luftwaffe kept number operational units region flew norfolk nearer destination conserve fuel sortie near sighted aircraft far away battle zones germans expect attacked enemy attempt defend transport shot second tried crash landing nose wings ensure destruction gun cameras filmed action fired rounds april returned france lacking radar sought large airfields sure enemy aircraft flew looking intelligence suggested operating atlantic convoys encountered fell victim brief burst fire days later returned denmark occasion squadron borrowed polish mission encountered near lighthouse feet fired second fire caught fire nose sea exploding impact trainer followed second victory mission germans tracked radar appeared scene soon cloud base feet effected escape hiding fired bursts fire encountered light ground fire directly returned following day days later returned pick joined squadron raf raid paris formal bomber pilot training days later near engaged ground attack mission spotted carrying drop tank wing rockets low level fired yards enemy accelerated escape fire slowed catching hit crashed wreckage fields 27th victory evidence judgement impaired taken leave war began admitted short tempered family spent previous years leading flying long hazardous operations enemy territory collected navigator flight lieutenant group headquarters borrowed squadron flew norfolk refuel spent time old unit squadron spent night denmark caught minute chase shot 28th victory repeated operation time took operating copenhagen line spotted near giving chase found attack presence clearly detected german radar hit port wing fuel line disappeared ignoring damage closed zero feet bounced mound managed hit enemy aircraft burst flames stalled crashed near range close yards nearly collided loss fuel chase damage coupled damaged propellers collision ground meant chances reaching england slim climbed high altitude miles coast broadcast emergency message received broke half took watched tail wings remain afloat retrieved gregory air sea rescue royal_navy sank sections aircraft remaining afloat regardless venture june received final award second bar summoned commanding officer wait cleaned properly dressed gave stern fashion given agreement operation taken definitive answer 29th victory eased tension invited bar beer fly bar reflected contribution success taken events warning thrill ranger operations addictive attempted turned poor weather operations flown june normandy landings western dormant activated flew normandy times bomber groups june counted successful operations prisoner war unlike gregory events believed war continued trained combat pilot engage enemy costs experience allowed greater chance survive odds new pilot acknowledged fortune forever continued fly operations deep enemy denmark daylight june collected squadron australian navigator flew norfolk refuel took headed danish coast sea spotted likely seen german coastal ships neared land noticed slight aircraft radio speakers meaning tracked radar difficult enemy track changed course frequently ranger operations depended surprise clearly lost clouds visibility improving decided continue decided head home flying island spotted building big flag pole car parked outside entrance believing contain importance attack building destroyed car departing area reached west coast long spotted approaching fast east shot machines uncertain experienced pilots cloud cover faster single engine fighters long decided turn fight head attack pilot missed second struck port wing engine cannon fire causing large fire instrument panel cockpit window shot missing inches sea feet tried use fire stop fire german pilot shared philosophy ensuring kill shooting enemy aircraft came hit crash landed aircraft beach miles hour free hid sand aircraft fuel tanks exploded pilot flew feet moment believed going fire relief flew contemplated escape instantly german soldiers running crash landed near radar station enemy soldiers crash site quickly germans fired shots direction hit captured searched germans found pistol taken crashed german bomber received captors believed attack thought grabbing gun fighting german guards finding friendly making sweden tension eased taken barracks offered synthetic german coffee soon pair luftwaffe officers arrived escorted cell airfield near taken border train germany sent luftwaffe interrogation centre near frankfurt journey train stopped air raids day night german guards clear disdain british airmen civilians saw carriages stations insults death threats shouted painted british allied airmen terror message civilians point group drunk german soldiers threatened tried forcing way carriage crowded train feared life situation restored young officer shouted order stop interrogation centre poorly fed physically weakened german technique weakening resistance interrogation germans prepared file famous raf personnel based information british newspapers knew happened career private life interrogated aide german questioned british defences resume operations jokingly advised steer clear pilot shot fighter wing arrived meet air victories figure interpreter provided promised buy allies won war statement came shock believed firmly german victory came respect differences aside learned lost parents british air attack surprised german dismissed fact words war fighter pilots bomber war shook hands parted airmen sent luftwaffe prisoner war camp near germany near polish border remained january advance forced march germany fed red_cross parcels civilian population fleeing soviets near village division recently action shared rations reached february received food hot water depot reached bremen february success british_army north western europe necessitated evacuation april liberated elements british_army postwar career return britain welcome family found exceptionally difficult live short temper manifested journalists came family home searching war story print despised publicity physically ejected property decision shut media life likely explains successful aces virtually unknown britain outside raf political climate country reduced winston_churchill black market set indefinite feature post war britain 1950s stayed raf joined tested developed existing new night fighting equipment massive reduction raf mimicking early 1920s disillusioned flying reduced save costs removed activity drawn raf initially managed regular flights belgium raf retained large bases awarded order crown palm wartime work arrangement short lived cut half coupled declining standard living low wages resigned raf march applied join heard decision contacted commanding officer soon persuaded return raf rank flight lieutenant pay acting wing commander followed period years non flying appointments london resigned raf second time decided afford pay sons private education wing commander salary britain joined rank wing commander better pay june sailed canada immediately appointed staff officer operations training near montreal taught fly carry fight types weather flew fast occasions north american sabre lockheed altogether flew times appointment miles north toronto october july commanded squadron flying canada involved mid air collision losing wing unable canopy ejected canopy safety sustaining head injuries summer family moved paris appointed senior officer europe shape flew patrol skies belgium west_germany variants lockheed tenure shape ended accepted invitation victor june air battle germany attempted locate years england business hamburg shipping firm learned survived war alive persuaded german consul bath forward letter correspondence followed circumstances permitted meeting learned english sufficiently allow communicate wrote scramble spite world tension counted company friends remainder career flew world canadian policy pointed amalgamation canadian armed forces unified service worse cancellation canada arrow end canada plan build fighters ambitions test pilot resigned january settled nova scotia wife sons flown hours types aircraft willing retire interested history joined area superintendent served years december experienced sudden onset complained submitted hospital health declined rapidly died brain february age personal life father reverend raf chaplain mother housewife suddenly contracted pneumonia died december coincidence night involved car accident young woman died met night months married father april days 21st birthday squadron granted permission low fly past celebrate planned honeymoon somerset war interrupted returned unit reverend died roughly years old marriage joan produced sons eldest michael entered captain retiring starting year career civilian robert colonial police officer subsequently police officer youngest son david died january list victories identified certainty
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july january senior german nazi official held rank und general der lieutenant general chief responsible recruiting world war served german_army world war wounded times awarded iron cross class immediately war leader militia native joined lost interest right wing politics 1920s training working physical education teacher late 1920s rejoined member paramilitary clashed leaders joined initially responsible physical education region soon transferred staff head sports office appointed head recruiting office taking chief following year significant extent father implemented recruiting structures policies assisted controls conscription extended recruiting volunteers scandinavia western europe ethnic germans outside finally peoples way reflected ideas racial purity sponsored protected friend placed command unit convicted criminals subsequently committed war crimes areas operated clashed senior officers senior officers recruiting methods skills largely responsible growth total divisions war end undertook roles stages war continuing chief key role allowing direct economic activity east role proposed plan kidnap eastern european children ages plan subsequently carried response august appointed military commander slovakia responsible suppressing revolt following month appointed chiefs staff militia chief prisoner war camps final months war commanded german forces alps included remnants units helped recruit surrendered troops near promptly arrested tried convicted war crimes sentenced years imprisonment sentence soon reduced years released serving half years release advocated rehabilitation worked manufacturing businesses died hometown early life involvement born july son saw mill owners née children attended elementary school junior high school teacher training volunteered military service beginning world war rose rank infantry time discharge wounded times awarded iron cross class considered cent disabled time discharge war brothers died killed action executed spy united_states temperament conservative politics fitted leadership role married maria née joining arrested briefly held custody adolf_hitler hall november trained worked physical education teacher despite injuries lost interest politics years rejoining paramilitary january career limited ideas politics leadership nazi seizure power january found suitable lead operations involved rounding jews political april clashes younger leaders meant career met dead end peers criticised ambitious nature lack self reflection beginning july worked training chief school inspector near senior official recruited recommendation initially appointed oversee sports physical training moved personal staff head sports office behalf world war imprisoned years offences minor release prison influence ensure join fight spanish civil war july appointed chief recruiting department quickly developed powerful tool ambitions according german_army initially dismissive idea combat troops quoted commander chief army von saying militarily trained shouldn play soldiers played key role directing fifth column crisis czechoslovakia skills displayed marked highly suitable recruiting role later claimed come idea combat troops wearing camouflage jackets hunting days suggested commander forms camouflage issued author doubts account achieved rank initial rank joining based service chief initial expansion prior outbreak world war responsible organising civilian political organisation war began clear departments looking troops performed poorly invasion poland deficiencies organisation equipment training obvious specifically chief held responsible soon way head recruiting unified recruiting system main organisations police august negotiated recruiting agreement created strong recruiting young men following polish campaign hitler approved expansion combat troops divisions bringing strength reinforced regiment achieve goal commencement planned invasion france low countries needed partially trained personnel recruiting transferring men forces control ran concentration camps combat trained police reinforcements adding men existing regiments expanded force approved ceiling including trained replacements new divisions division later given commanded inspector commanded commanded und der december promoted chief significant extent father term coined agreement dated march new term smooth friction combined new formations new found authority recruiting matters irritated chiefs districts previously responsible function came head chief refused recognise delegate district referring low ranking empire builder series letters berlin came power influence waned outbreak war conscription members police ultimately threatened arrest delegate intervened personally february stating unpleasant consequences throw support recruiting organisation supremacy recruiting firmly established recruits despite success negotiate opposed attempts expand turn early chief der high command number issues recruiting reflecting strong influence hitler april promoted according intended army war intended reduced seven active reserve divisions created recruiting structure army controlled draft willing allow recruits maintain divisions want expansion look outside time numbered originated post areas outside borders germany april germans invaded occupied denmark norway opening source recruits quick exploit invasion france low countries resulting regiment joined dutch belgian flemish regiment time recruiting regiments delegates focusing gaining ethnic german volunteers outside men subject controlled draft recruited help son law political leader weeks invasion belgium appointed president german sponsored pro nazi belgian political party worked bring influence able achieve months prior invasion country axis april recruiting work flemish croatian communities facilitated friction end filled authorised new recruits kept signing young men create reserve replace older field divisions supplement pool continued recruiting police regiments control strengths approved hitler continued create friction potential recruits forces control range methods diverted manpower younger age groups targeted areas outside subject recruiting controls imposed recruiting restrictions came head june chief operations staff initiated investigation recruiting operations result held military district headquarters aware inquiry advised inquiries success giving example believed exceeded june men fact true figure boasted recruiting campaign signed men hitler authorised recruiting division period justify actions pointed fact french surrender hitler ordered release age meant strong formation remarkably successful despite obstacles placed path having recruited nearly men mid january end june fresh troops sufficient replace released categories late july knew future assured hitler considering invading soviet_union organisation august reorganised focus better main role recruiting creating separate sections deal recruiting inside outside section developed briefing received chief expectations upcoming invasion soviet_union included raising fourth division expansion brigade realised fall short manpower needs year problematic relationship responsible organising training wanted small elite corps knew hitler needed divisions possible meant formations lesser quality initial efforts integrating recruits western europe scandinavia inadequate insufficient emphasis training appointing officers non commissioned officers ranks new recruits paid attention retention ranks members national armed forces liaison home territories mail researched report failures soon issued detailed instructions handling new recruits moment joined obvious sources manpower nearly troops regiments consisted youths conscription age older regiments control deployed german occupied europe political police security functions carried clearly capabilities september unit deployed area occupied poland established defensive positions provided guards jewish labour camp late order ensure instructions carried established special camp occupied recruits brought physical standards prior training attempt address concerns commanders quality recruits ability integrated units composed recruits sent camp included ethnic germans outside dutch created network offices german occupied europe ensure welfare families recruits influence local communities support recruiting prepare potential recruits network activities strongly resisted ethnic germans german arm responsible guiding ethnic german communities outside unhappy work supporting recruiting abolish authorised end basis formation fourth division casting source recruits struck idea enlisting convicted criminals concentrated commanded friend returned spain reinstated der reserve march founded responsible recruitment men encompassed camp network recruiting offices established occupied europe separate department separate sections leadership recruiting education regional sub sections april expanded divisional strength following commencement invasion soviet_union commenced sixth division formed regiments designated infantry regiments new divisions initial strength thirds original divisions renamed division expectations recruiting network continued increase casualties began mount earnest west europeans early april hitler agreed creation authorised strength men recruited flanders netherlands formation push autonomous flemish dutch region significant proponents union netherlands exploiting actually working hitler idea incorporating flanders wallonia unified autonomous entity end april ordered obtain new recruits end hitler recruitment lifted allowing essentially free hand limited time misleading new recruits length service obligation signing new troops years old meet target called eligible members intensified efforts recruit western europeans initiative proved disappointing total coming source total finnish combat veterans volunteered join period sent join national june commencement hitler decreed recruit foreigners service eastern wanted legion raised occupied countries western_europe interested recruiting people decided large numbers potential pro german recruits available races occupied countries directed explore manpower source result decision permitted recruit dutch flemish swedish norwegian danish men domain national numbered maximum strength idea poorly managed new recruits badly treated german instructors news reached home territories flow volunteers dried november completed light infantry training sent join 2nd swore personal oath hitler subject rules regulations members wore national symbols place failed carry commitments men national enlisted combined abuse german staff instructors negative impact morale willingness men volunteer national fully recovered despite intervention behest division encouraged success achieved romania help son law proposed recruiting sphere communities romania hungary yugoslavia contained million ethnic germans little proposal time yugoslavia overrun axis romania hungary joined pact immediately lightning quick defeat yugoslavia april pressed accept renamed withdrawn prepare way germany yugoslavia romania gathered ethnic german volunteers smuggled country content fairly minor recruiting effort proposed raise seventh division ethnic germans yugoslavia long term plan end faced partisan led uprising yugoslavia hitler authorised raising division foreign divisions dramatically change composition remainder war division formed existing controlled militia drawn ethnic germans willingness local ethnic german population volunteer service outside homeland initially struggled attract volunteers applied ultimately approved conscription basis archaic law general january issued order titled unit formally incorporated later year judge issued arrest warrant chief intervened saying better shoot poles savage country governed decent manner baltic weeks invasion soviet_union teams begun recruiting baltic volunteers police units forming security battalions volunteers recruited battalions split approach recruiting baltic region continued units line fighting year decided exploit nationalists baltic states order gain access recruits lukewarm initial proposal casualties started mount changed mind approved formation despite initial proposed formation approved end recruiting meantime suffered casualties february particularly replace turned attention agreement enlisted ethnic german recruits hungary march campaign ongoing april promoted september complained stating recruits medically unsuitable enlisting fact ethnic hungarians late romania combined form division november chief advised proposal received hungarian division financed selling emigration permits jews national national attached fought eastern early unable replace losses survivors incorporated authorised hitler end regiments new division formed survivors legion legion supplemented transfers new recruits occupied west european countries broken replacements number formations states mainly motivated anti communism historian observes national legion recruits motivated political ideological according motives west european recruits paid mere lip service idea joined anti communist cause november orders issued conversion divisions following month hitler ordered formation divisions new divisions raised named february told needed stronger ideological training result issued series pamphlets racial ideology including described certain peoples mentally lower animals february following approach german youth leader division raised told idea approved hitler commence planning appoint commander new division telling march upgraded division april losses tunisia allowed recruit foreign workers objections minister armaments war production august recruited labourers completed selection june promoted und general der later month new division 12th division officially activated july awarded silver end integrated wider drew badge reward sporting prowess skills highly prized members result approved august believed actually awarded end national significantly expanded dutch regiment form independent revamped flemish contingent assembled gave french volunteer regiment france end war formations given divisional status despite fact grew brigade strength complaints quality recruits effect approach concluded agreements hungary romania imposed puppet regimes croatia effectively conscription ethnic germans territories german occupied territory serbia annexed poland parts soviet_union ethnic germans arbitrary manner end quarter strength baltic divisions baltic legion complete training developments overtaken west european eastern like west european decided combine baltic larger formations resulted consisting elements 1st formed parts 2nd origins men infantry brigades formations purely baltic long new volunteer brigades formed committed battle upgraded divisional status baltic division authorised manpower security battalions man maintain new divisions ordered conscription men officers non commissioned officers liable service included divisions 15th 1st 19th 2nd 20th 1st divisions later combined divisions fought defence encircled destroyed subsequent fighting balkan muslim divisions february ideals racial purity significantly division raised clearly outside racial ethnic manpower muslim community bosnia 13th 1st croatian went action february limited value especially outside area operations eastern bosnia achieved successes proved competent counter operations partisans eastern bosnia division earned reputation brutality combat operations atrocities committed jewish civilians security zone attacks northern eastern bosnia left hundreds possibly thousand civilians dead spring summer muslim divisions raised 21st 1st 23rd 2nd croatian muslims divisions significant combat value muslim divisions dissolved end division time balkan muslim experiment divisions raised ukrainian russian hungarian men demonstrating racial longer entry requirement april recruiting campaign began living polish territory austrian prior ukrainian nationalists referred sub human matter months resulting division 14th 1st brief period desperate fighting members division escaped destruction outstanding combat division saw action early directed governments hungary state transfer serving armed forces amounted troops approach repeated face mounting casualties soviet security units manned russians combined form divisions 29th 1st russian 30th 2nd russian reached regimental size division handed saw combat second saw action western late white brigade march saw action period late eastern european formations raised converted existing smaller units included 25th 1st hungarian 26th 2nd hungarian 31st volunteer division number smaller formations brigade regimental size units transferred increased size taking russian prisoners war boost numbers wartime activities july appointed liaison officer convinced appoint chief political operations long wanted responsibilities placed hands appointment meant sabotage resistance domination economy population east appointment took effect august lasted january role proposed plan kidnap eastern european children ages june issued orders implementing idea prisoners war july responsibility administration german prisoner war camps transferred followed failed attempt hitler life earlier month turned faithful head chief quickly delegated responsibility september responsibility formally transferred act integrate new responsibilities bureaucracy instead allowed camps continue staff procedures war claimed reluctant new responsibility told hitler resulting dressing claimed hitler told destroy stored red_cross supplies stop red_cross block arrival red_cross supplies camps asserted hitler wanted according quietly avoided carrying orders countered plan luftwaffe establish centres major cities human shields air raids authors observed claims independently verified testimony refuted claims concluded claims actions assist unbelievable noted raise claims trial war autobiography claims verified extent work protect group high ranking important held castle april total including nephew british prime minister winston_churchill arranged evacuated transported south handed advancing troops uprising august uprising broke german puppet government state revolt centred high low mountains rebellion led members government included elements british trained uprising relying rapid advance state despite fact soviet armies kilometres away time revolt began reach rebels time august appointed military commander slovakia held sway weeks september advised awarded iron cross second class work slovakia replaced relinquished role military commander slovakia september appointed organise germany chief staff germany situation deteriorated hitler decided form local militia defend communities september hitler appointed private secretary head form given responsibility military organisation equipment new militia delegated chiefs staff organisation resisted attempts remained largely control local recruiting conducted field command months war western allies concerned hitler concentrate remaining forces alps idea lines potential refuge russians fortress fears existence alpine fortress resulted diversion strong forces southern parts plan fact surrender ceremony german general der general commander sixth told german troops cut alps commanded remnants including fragments 17th division 35th intended surrender separately american forces days delay managed locate regimental commander near south following day arrested assessments described competent ruthless war time ardent anti proponent historian described skilled bureaucratic blunt manner expression humour known nicknamed der play god german word god referred phrase praise god nickname duke reflecting origins ultimately responsible large numbers foreign recruits joined despite fact preferred field command trusted senior recruiting skills meant kept chief war exception short period higher police leader german client autumn attempted uprising september number non germans soon minimal force included divisions majority non germans divisions exclusively manned half personnel outside war crimes trial arrest remained allied custody pending trial military tribunal war crimes initially defendant proposed prisoners war trial eventually included known subsequent trials final indictment defendants lodged november trial commenced january judges presiding powers ended april indictment counts formed indictment crimes peace common plan conspiracy war crimes murder ill treatment prisoners war count stricken trial war crimes crimes humanity atrocities offences committed civilian populations slave labour membership criminal organisations evidence trial claimed aware war prosecution produced evidence present infamous speeches explicitly spoken jews defence counsel claimed client believe word regard jews speech lawyer went attempt actions claiming cold war bore strong parallels nazi fight jews possibility fight soviet_union near future war wrote article national believe says europe stands end fight instigated jewish world parasite strongest enemy claimed unit commanded text second speech uncovered cast dubious light claim displayed remorse actions majority tribunal declared impossible believe testimony knew plans destroy jews heard final solution war court accepted claim saved lives allied safety hitler orders shot held hostages court determined orders placed danger order intervene behalf question contrast found guilty transporting hungarian jews concentration camps recruiting concentration camp guards stated evidence considered half breed unfit judgement acquitted counts parts counts acquitted count convicted count relating murder french division killed death hands french resistance october parts count relating involvement conscious participant concentration camp program conscription nationals countries convicted count seven relating children youth slave labour program including convicted count judge powers handed opinion stating view responsible murder sentence review counts convicted sentenced years imprisonment received credit nearly years custody awaiting trial observes given status defendants body evidence sentences given indicted trial light sentences reviewed war criminals responsible providing advice high commissioner germany january determined reduce sentence years imprisonment stating appeared convicted murder given greater weight active save lives allied officers men hitler orders held hostages explain held responsible murder despite majority finding tribunal bore command responsibility murder released prison december having spent total half years custody release release prison worked native managed curtain rail factory contributed articles monthly right wing journal published occasionally wrote articles encouraging greater consideration members wife children wolf died january awards received following awards medals life books 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Gottlob Berger
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september july american academic soldier served president retired united_states_army lieutenant general seeing action world war world war founding fort hood countries france philippines united_states awarded service medals including second highest military decoration bruce interred arlington national cemetery early years bruce born september missouri smith family moved texas child finishing high school bruce attended agricultural mechanical college texas known required member undergo military training bruce earned doctorate laws military service world war shortly graduation united_states entered world war june bruce joined united_states_army second lieutenant served officers training camp texas completing training sent combat france saw action france near operation near offensive fighting offensive following fighting france division germany occupation force relatively young age achieved temporary rank lieutenant colonel government france awarded medals awarded citation read presented major extraordinary heroism action near france july near october night july major bruce personal reconnaissance ahead troops heavy flanking machine gun fire pushed forward outpost lines heavy artillery machine gun fire touch company october personal reconnaissance left flank division heavy shell fire continual gained information enabled place battalion cover exposed flank wars bruce married couple home texas near bruce taught military science tactics children decades bruce continued serve army served panama participated historical work served general staff textbooks military doctrine knowledge military tactics attending command world war following outbreak world war bruce assigned organize new tank destroyer center chose texas new camp named fort hood general september promoted major general following year commander leadership group participated campaigns guam philippines division responsible taking main port japanese held island day battle area island december december division estimated killed japanese soldiers taken prisoners americans killed wounded missing action service government philippines later awarded philippine liberation medal april ordered seize island islands army use island airfields support assaults okinawa islands japan day battle secure island japanese soldiers civilians killed americans killed wounded missing battle famed war correspondent killed sniper bruce men buried island later monument despite fact japanese tried destroy airfields army engineers able fully operational mid japan surrendered bruce served military governor transferred commander occupying korea returned october deputy army commander stationed fort sam houston texas primary responsibilities assist training activities states bruce commandant norfolk virginia early july promoted lieutenant general july retired army july bruce decorations included oak leaf cluster air medal purple heart bruce president houston texas september month retiring military service succeeded interim president shortly arriving bruce noted university missing considered fundamental chapel student use located campus remarked director religious activities religion entirely education foundation build moral character year took office bruce began investigating interest building religious center chapel complex school years negotiations religious denominations operated campus bruce engineered consensus university build center based model new religious center single chapel shared groups office space group center opened named bruce bruce appointed chancellor university addition duties president following year organized consisting prominent november governing board sought state support university grown rapidly bruce leadership bruce tenure university curriculum standards faculty improved university better known retired later years bruce president mason bruce retired school year moved north_carolina died july buried arlington national cemetery state texas erected historical marker memory fort hood addition interstate temple named general
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17214_Abdallahal-Battal
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arabic hero died muslim warrior arab byzantine wars early 8th century participating campaigns launched byzantine_empire historical facts life scarce extensive pseudo historical legendary tradition grew death famous figure arab later turkish epic literature biography known origin early life later accounts claim hailed damascus family given usually known tribal affiliation suggests arab origin context suggests convert islam meaning servant given new converts early islamic times suggested person certain recorded byzantine chronicler campaign actual personal alternatively simply according historical sources appears annual raids campaign commanded ibn son reigning reigned led vanguard penetrated far city captured razed army went unsuccessfully lay siege considers capture ranks greatest successes arms byzantines period capture ibn later accounts 10th century place alongside failed siege constantinople arab accounts siege semi legendary impossible know report contains truth commanded raid little known probably failure remembered death battle arab hero ibn year campaigned alongside ibn raiding far byzantine army certain constantine tried confront muslims defeated constantine took prisoner appearance major campaign involving tens thousands men launched byzantium ibn deputy governor commanded strong cavalry force ibn led main force force reached far confronted defeated byzantines emperor person arab generals thirds army perished legend military career particularly distinguished quickly subject popular tales fame grew 10th century established heroic figures arab byzantine wars meadows gold viii ranks muslims portraits displayed byzantine churches mark respect 10th 12th centuries alleged role siege constantinople embellished persian historian mystic number fictional anecdotes accepted historical corpus time ibn use children byzantines entry pretending messenger discovery byzantine plans stay convent shielded byzantine soldiers took married finally death battle burial attended emperor leo hand beginning ibn contemporary ibn succession muslim critical introduced accounts life particular regarded poor confused material suitable exploits subject arabic language tale turkish epic tradition composed 12th century draw common arabic tradition significant differences turkish tale including uniquely persian influences including supernatural elements folk tradition motifs romance muslim place century associate epic cycle died result particularly associated city region role wars byzantium taken hero tales presented islamic extent turks adopted following conquest prominent turkish national hero symbol conquest asia minor stories reworked ottoman periods subject considerable body folk tales cult developed figure especially supposed tomb major centre pilgrimage early 20th century drawing pilgrims far
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Abdallah al-Battal
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17514_JohnBaskeyfield
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november september english recipient victoria_cross highest award gallantry face enemy awarded members british commonwealth armed forces born initially butcher called army served unit sicily italy returning united_kingdom division deployed operation market garden fought subsequent defending perimeter days battle commanded pair anti tank guns destroyed enemy tanks crews killed subsequently fired guns killed body identified war known grave early life born november trent england son daniel trained worked butcher early years second world war received papers february age second world war joined served 2nd battalion anti tank platoon accompanied north_africa took operation borne element division landed italy operation spent weeks fighting way country sailing england operation market garden attempt secure string bridges netherlands british 1st polish 1st tasked securing bridges final objectives operation airborne forces dropped september aware 9th 10th divisions near rest refit presence added substantial number tanks self propelled guns german defenses allies suffered heavily ensuing battle small force managed hold end road bridge overrun september rest division trapped small pocket west bridge evacuated september allies failed cross rhine remained german control allied march advance owing shortage aircraft allies planned fly entire division days split lifts day day unit arrived day remaining balance arriving second lift battalion anti tank guns flown day major general original plan envisaged 1st securing drop zones subsequent lifts end day allied advance stalled small group 1st mainly elements lieutenant colonel able reach bridge 1st unable penetrate outer suburbs city advance stalled order support lift sent forward morning september second lift arrived later day sent forward arrived outskirts night anti tank platoon kept divisional area early hours morning september attack launched narrow river railway line order force passage bridge support weapons left rear unable suitably deploy dark narrow confines urban surroundings face strong enemy positions armour attack british routed withdrawal remnants battalions fell disarray main divisional positions gathered defensive units lieutenant colonel sheriff thompson commanding officer 1st light artillery regiment forcibly stopped panicked troops major form defensive screen half mile positions sector designated thompson force thompson actually sent major forward command outlying troops later day german forces determined attacks force september starting soon dawn charge pounder anti tank guns defending junction southernmost road guns faced joined north covered likely enemy approach road open ground north east right flank east covered anti tank gun commanded initial german assault gun crews destroyed tanks self propelled gun advanced allowed armour come yards positions ordering crews fire nearby houses dealt attacking infantry course action crew killed wounded badly injured refused evacuated later german attack worked gun loading laying firing fired round round enemy fire gun action second gun crew similarly disabled engaged self propelled gun rounds killed shortly fire german tank men fell new positions later day thompson force eventually renamed force thompson wounded september force continued hold perimeter allies withdrew night september victoria_cross citation victoria_cross appeared supplement london gazette november reading 23rd november king pleased approve posthumous award victoria cross trent september battle charge pounder anti tank gun enemy developed major attack sector infantry tanks self propelled guns obvious intent break overrun battalion position early stage action crew commanded responsible destruction tiger tanks self propelled gun thanks daring complete disregard safety allowed tank come yards gun opening fire course preliminary engagement badly wounded leg remainder crew killed badly wounded brief respite engagement refused carried spent time attending gun shouting encouragement comrades neighbouring trenches short interval enemy renewed attack greater cover intense mortar shell fire manning gun continued fire round round enemy gun action time activity main factor keeping enemy tanks bay fact surviving men vicinity held kept action undoubtedly magnificent example outstanding courage time time enemy attacks launched driven finally gun knocked intense enemy fire pounder gun nearby crew killed proceeded man single handed gun engaged enemy self propelled gun approaching attack soldier open ground assist killed succeeded firing rounds self propelled gun scoring direct hit rendered ineffective whilst preparing fire shot killed shell supporting enemy tank superb gallantry praise remaining days stories constant inspiration ranks danger ignored pain supreme fighting spirit infected witnessed conduct devotion duty characterised actions legacy liberated april grave registration units moved area began locate allied dead men buried war cemetery body identified cemetery unidentified records unidentified soldiers instead inscribed memorial commemorates allied servicemen killed august end conflict known grave awarded battle including major commander british battalion receive engagement second world war victoria_cross displayed twice life size memorial statue erected festival heights trent named changed march academy having come special measures local church artist painting action filmmaker spent years making short film role battle entitled tree site second gun corner named
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John Baskeyfield
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17704_ErnestRadcliffeBond
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march november called commander british soldier later policeman famous service married year old remained death bond experienced commander newly formed later anti terrorist branch merged notable achievements bomb squad negotiating rise eventually members major event negotiated commander street siege people taken hostage members demanded plane ireland bond answering demands refused saying police going deals gunmen surrendered event success police casualties early life born march lived close community john street father shipyard worker mother née bond apprentice french left school military career bond joined british_army september entering 2nd battalion scots guards objective fight short engagement police officer sent palestine help plan outbreak world war stayed battalion serving norway sergeant short time guards commando served group units command fighting middle_east time bond promoted rank sergeant unit disbanded north_africa original battalion scots guards fighting north_africa bond joined detachment special service brigade bond parachute training mission egypt airfields conditions crashed desert prisoner war remainder conflict reported spent years jail military career police career bond released imprisonment axis entered warrant number realising pre war ambition beat years working division division division patrolling decided enter experienced promotion detective sergeant began develop reputation skill detective bond rapidly experienced joined rank bond joined newly formed january concern bond unit commander june promoted position unit served bond theoretically meant kept secret called commander bombed journalists claimed known days appointment press lauded commander mystery hunt angry brigade new political group small group claimed responsibility small bombings began november bombing bbc van formation bomb squad comprised men rest decline came conspirators arrested trial conspirators denied bail bond opposed judge custody week concerns police reached member later said police framed guilty man bond called old fashioned defendant told certain sooner later somebody killed success awarded queen police medal promoted deputy assistant commissioner operations bombing campaign ongoing december bond saturated centre london police officers members took people hostage street following police chase involved shoot december terrorists called police routed bond refused demands plane fly ireland proclaiming going getting plane ireland going deals gunmen gave december surrender sparking fears bond called episode bond operation regain hostages retired following year received order british empire new year honours list retirement february served police years conduct time bond received commissioner courage determination course investigations personal life bond married year old née october daughter dock worker bond time sons daughters survived bond retired interests remained died november died cancer home
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Ernest Radcliffe Bond
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17982_DavidM.Shoup
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december january decorated general awarded medal honor world war 22nd commandant marine_corps retiring prominent critics vietnam war born indiana impoverished family joined military financial reasons rising ranks interwar era twice deployed china chinese civil war served iceland beginning involvement world war staff officer pacific war unexpectedly given command 2nd marines led initial invasion awarded medal honor served campaign later high level military logistics officer reputation hard driving leader rose senior leadership marine_corps fiscal affairs logistics recruit training selected commandant president later served administration reformed corps emphasizing combat readiness fiscal efficiency perceived officers opposed military response events cuban missile crisis bay pigs invasion strongest opposition involvement opposition grew strength retired military hostile strategy conflict excessive influence corporations military officials foreign policy high profile criticism later spread include military industrial complex saw american culture historians consider statements opposing war pointed high profile leveled veteran vietnam war early years born december indiana family lived farm moved live new farm age enrolled competitive high school advanced curriculum excellent student maintaining high marks french english physics history additionally involved activities including basketball class president senior year graduated later referred impoverished upbringing indiana regarded friends met freshman year later said instantly attracted competitive academics athletics dated high school married high school attended awarded edward rector scholarship giving tuition mathematics joined delta fraternity maintained high marks narrowly failing selection criteria beta society track field rifle teams competed wrestling football teams won indiana marathon waited tables washed dishes worked cement factory help pay expenses lack funds compelled year junior year teach school expenses strained contracted severe case pneumonia incurred hospital bills opted reserve officers training corps offset living expenses later recalled reason joined military graduated early age progressive ideas indiana politicians rural fighting interests big businesses developed anti attitude skepticism american foreign policy influenced small town background outspoken opponent unnecessary use military force felt use troops economic consideration wrong viewpoint carry entire career junior officer blade honors society conference new_orleans louisiana heard speech major general commandant marine_corps offering commissions marine_corps interested officer candidates shortly commissioned second lieutenant applied offered commission marine_corps august resigned commission army traveled kentucky chicago illinois physical exams august arrived marine_corps barracks commissioned second lieutenant commenced marine officers basic school maintained previously considered military career chosen military officer pay service excelled athletics early career coach recreational athletic teams addition regular assignments quickly established demanding leader commanders subordinates despite nonsense demeanor commanded later recalled ability morale sense humor sported cigar trademark line service april officers pulled training accompany detachment marines sent china protect american interests instability chinese civil war embarking san_diego 10th marines contingent play primarily defensive role engage military action personally opposed mission feeling americans china exploiting people contingent landed shanghai june aboard initially conducted shore patrol american sections city july battalion moved protect american interests chinese nationalist troops threaten seriously ill remained hospitalized announced troops leave briefly returned shanghai oversee foreign troop departures 4th marines departed china december following assignment returned united_states completed training spent short marine bases virginia pensacola florida san_francisco california june september served marine detachment aboard uss maryland coached boxing wrestling squads following duty assigned ordered sound navy yard washington promoted lieutenant month later served temporary duty idaho new_jersey june returned went china november serving briefly 4th marines shanghai soon reassigned guard taught post pistol rifle teams shoot won major competition time observe troops gaining great respect discipline came case pneumonia evacuated china duty october promoted captain july entered junior course completed served instructor years june joined 6th marines san_diego promoted major april world war staff officer assigned 1st moved iceland supporting occupation prevent nazi german forces threatening replacing outgoing british 49th west riding brigade continued garrison country months time japanese attack pearl harbor december service iceland awarded letter ribbon february given command 6th marines united_states war 1st moved new_york_city new_york march disbanded moved battalion san_diego july named operations training officer 2nd promoted lieutenant colonel august following month accompanied division wellington new_zealand aboard oversaw training briefly attached 1st october observer campaign new georgia campaign june assignment wounded action evacuated experiences observed amphibious warfare techniques useful later war transferred staff commander 2nd tasked help plan invasion aggressive leadership style complement offensive strategy superiors seeking taking tasked drawing initial plans designating landing beaches 2nd marines overseeing rehearsals colonel commander 2nd marines suffered nervous breakdown invasion smith promoted colonel gave command regiment spite lack combat experience invasion commenced november maryland flagship invasion force met heavy resistance beaches destroyed shore fire proceed transportation ashore struck legs received grazing wound bullet neck spite wounds rallied marines led ashore able coordinate troops beaches organize began push inland anticipated japanese counterattack continuously organized aggressive attacks defenders noted bravery conflict second day attack organized advance inland despite heavy casualties american troops afternoon winning battle reinforcements began arrive force night relieved colonel division chief staff commanded 2nd marines remainder campaign years later cameo appearance movie sands reprising actions night originally brought movie technical advisor leadership assault push inland awarded medal honor role planning invasion awarded legion merit device awarded purple heart combat wounds suffered course campaign years assault remarked operation doubt minds ashore final outcome battle seventy hours considerable enemy exact price pay returned memorial battle american japanese troops died subsequent wartime service december chief staff 2nd training hawaii upcoming invasion june performed staff officer assisting planning battles divisional staff officer managed find occasion forward fighting instance trapped forward observer post fellow officer later recalled midst japanese attack remained calm awarded second legion merit device work campaign end operations returned united_states october served logistics officer washington remained post rest war cold war era august commanding officer pacific june assigned 1st camp chief staff july transferred served commanding officer april assistant fiscal director capacity served major general general ordered general establish new fiscal office independent hill authority hill clashed frequently nonetheless able establish new independent promoted brigadier general april july fiscal director marine_corps involved fiscal strategy hearings established programming system officers researched thought programs bringing congress idea met resistance marine leaders favored going hill figure details programs serving capacity promoted major general september began brief assignment inspector general ordered following incident involved accidental drowning recruits training march marine leaders investigating favored recommendation covering incident supported overhaul recruit training marine_corps response following served inspector general marine_corps september returned camp june commanding general 1st commanding general 3rd marine division okinawa march following return united_states served commanding general october time served president 2nd commandant marine_corps major general unexpectedly nominated commandant marine_corps president behest secretary defense prepare duty promoted lieutenant general november briefly assigned duties chief staff elevated general january assuming post 22nd commandant marine_corps later serve administration administration leadership overhaul gates officials viewed corps internal alienated services condition combined reputation gained ribbon creek incident decided needed replaced gates believed strong leader steer corps right direction selected lieutenant generals major generals senior rank lieutenant general considered likely position position commandant openly position retired immediately selected reportedly protest officers emphasized military readiness training inter service cooperation differed political climate time rapidly gained reputation extremely demanding critical poor performance especially marine generals leaders blunt criticism saw poorly performing officers extent considered bully favored feared officers spent time political affairs felt reduce influence military industrial complex immediately appointment sought place new officers key positions attempt overhaul leadership marine_corps disagreed new appointments transferred senior officers encouraged retire later wrote felt weight direction military strategy sought lower level marine officers seeking career advancement budget strategy year service commandant served administration military budget policy dominated new look policy strong nuclear favored conventional warfare forces focused united_states wars korean war end result spending cuts force reductions marine_corps election kennedy major change military strategy adoption flexible response strategy saw return conventional military forces nuclear war kennedy administration increased civilian participation defense policy building new secretary defense sought inter service cooperation favored approach military budget feeling military susceptible influence large corporations arguing expensive unnecessary programs kennedy administration brought emphasis conventional warfare sought use increased funds improve military logistics credited entirely new system financial management supply inventory management created new data processing functions combat service support branches cold war conflicts outlook cold war conflicts greatly influenced upbringing frequently opponent military action soviet_union refused fall referred hate communists movement indicating fight required circumstances avoided prejudice senator criticized military training troops communism regarded criticism interference appealed secretary navy matter dropped behest kennedy administration integrated warfare combat doctrine favor idea appointed adviser opposed military action cuba warning attempt intervene militarily initially involved aware plans invasion asked cia officer furious learned cia marine supplies permission finally learned intent cia officer colonel contacted night invasion pleading appeal kennedy air support following failure operation blamed thought unfair aware early planning later warned armed response cuban missile crisis noting difficult invade country prepared team marines invade cuba necessary unanimously recommended quick knock missiles discovered kennedy subsequently sought advice evaluating implications position intended limited gained kennedy confidence called private supported test ban seeing nuclear war strongly opposed military intervention beginning threatened american backed government rejected calls armed intervention deployed task unit ordered cautioned involvement toured october opposed program efforts train army republic vietnam opposed plans combat vietnam later said responsible military man knowledge war staunch opposition involvement great impact kennedy assassination november indicated wanted end involvement seeing internal struggle appreciated fiscal experience outlook called kennedy kennedy relations strained particularly following cuban missile crisis called privately biographer wrote kennedy favorite general turn supportive kennedy kennedy asked remain commandant second term declined order allow advancement marine generals later life opposition vietnam war retiring military december took job life insurance company remained influential administration johnson considered taking adviser february trip vietnam invitation declined johnson appointed early disbanded january submitting report unable directly influence johnson administration expanded involvement vietnam war increasingly wary felt influence cia big businesses foreign policy debate senator wanted testify measure blocked senator began publicly attacking policy speech delivered community college students california world affairs day believe dirty bloody dollar soaked fingers business nations depressed exploited people arrive solution unfortunately revolution violent type refuse share peaceful method american style don want don want americans forum relatively small initially received little publicity february submitted speech senator entered speech grew popularity interview elaborated felt war worth life limb single american remained firmly opposed involvement vietnam rest life retired high ranking officers including generals joined pointed criticisms regularly pages newspapers went war american government business military leadership feared conflict endangered nation historical identity argued increasing troop levels vietnam strategic problems noted vocal military member oppose war argued vietnamese forces involved civil war nationalists opposed foreign military intervention opposed strategies associated troop notably air campaign saw aggressive measure causing civilian casualties draw soviet_union conflict feared american interests including economy suffering involvement war losing prestige internationally opposition war increased time initially pushed negotiated settlement later supported country strategy took effect increased air operations remained opposed strategy nuclear war china soviet_union criticism attracted press war stalemate highly publicized discourse anti war movement testimony points speech saying felt opposition war likely increased april retired colonel criticism national security policy article published accused america aggressive country ready execute military plans seek military solutions problems political disorder potential communist threats areas interest said given way new aggressive defense establishment united_states book titled elaborated criticisms said country seeking military solutions issues resolved politically accused military leaders war career advancement accused veterans group veterans foreign wars armed forces establishment blamed american education system saw independent thought stressing obedience joined vietnam peace publicly endorsed anti war veteran group war reduced visibility anti war movement criticism prominent public arena senators urged white_house listen criticisms broader critique american society seen extreme officers simply criticized strategy war opposition war garnered resentment officers marine_corps met criticism mentally unfit actions sharply criticized journalist marine articles said going sour general close friends stopped speaking years december lost favor johnson administration activities monitored patriotism called question media speaking writing diminished faded public eye military withdrawal vietnam war stayed public spotlight suffered illness late life died january alexandria virginia buried section arlington national cemetery legacy general service dress uniforms display honors decorations destroyer uss named additionally received following decorations medal honor citation rank organization colonel commanding officer marine_corps troops november president united_states takes pride presenting medal honor colonel united states marine corps service set forth following citation conspicuous gallantry risk life duty commanding officer marine_corps troops action enemy japanese forces november severely shocked exploding enemy shell soon landing pier suffering painful leg wound infected col exposed terrific relentless artillery machine gun rifle fire hostile shore rallying hesitant troops inspiring heroism led reefs charge heavily fortified island reinforce hard pressed held lines arrival shore assumed command landed troops working rest constant enemy fire days conducted smashing attacks strong defended japanese positions despite obstacles heavy casualties brilliant leadership daring tactics devotion duty col largely responsible final decisive defeat enemy fighting spirit reflects great credit
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David M. Shoup
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18001_GordonBennett(general)
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general lieutenant general april august senior australian_army officer served world war world war despite highly decorated achievements world war commanded battalion brigade level youngest general australian_army bennett best remembered role february pacific war commander 8th escaped men prisoners bennett military career waned rose command corps commanded troops battle escape caused controversy resulted found command citizen soldier world war bennett worked insurance industry conclusion hostilities pursued commercial interests continuing serve military time capacity commanding brigade divisional level retired army world war turned farming remained active world business military commentator dying age early life bennett known gordon born melbourne april south african born school teacher australian born wife sixth children attended father taught teenager having given year scholarship mathematics year old completing competitive examination accepted train turned bennett volunteered serve militia australia reserve military force joining 5th recruit officer completing month time course appointed provisional second lieutenant posted regiment company victoria continued work time devoted spare time military duties rose rank quickly reaching major age adjutant regiment outbreak world war bennett volunteered serve securing release pay appointed second command 2nd victorian assigned 1st division short period training began embark europe prior departure overseas bennett engaged met dance canterbury engagement gift bought miniature photo set gold frame bennett carried picture jacket pocket serving overseas later saved life western german bullet gallipoli transit result training camps united_kingdom diverted egypt intention complete training moving western later date decision allies force passage dardanelles interrupted process allocated landing april bennett fought southern flank led men battalion advanced position south lone pine directing defence position bennett wounded shoulder wrist forced retire beach treatment turkish forces counter attacked evening 6th battalion force isolated killed man including bennett younger brother instead accepting evacuation hospital ship having wounds treated bennett returned battalion early selected reinforce british forces second battle transferred boat bennett advanced battalion impossible conditions bennett officer 6th 2nd brigade survive advance unscathed lucky led charge turkish bullet hit ammunition wore exploding ammunition knocked feet unharmed handful men achieved advance attack commander day battalion returned shortly bennett command battalion confirmed promoted lieutenant colonel june july bennett battalion occupied line period reduced tempo fighting stalemate developed august allies launched august offensive break stalemate involved supporting attacks start battle best known attack 6th required similar attack neighbouring turkish position known german officers trench machine guns australian positions far north attempts capture trench failed attempt organised bennett resolved lead commander major general consulting corps commander lieutenant general agreed abandon attack losses totalled killed wounded following attack bennett battalion withdrawn line briefly relieving 1st brigade successfully captured lone pine august offensive failed fighting occurred following month reinforcements shape 2nd division arrived original australian units relieved basis including sent bennett hospitalised stay hospital received word appointed companion order michael returned sought return ordered sail england aboard transport treatment bennett mentioned despatches twice service gallipoli western bennett spent christmas southampton returning egypt early january rejoined battalion stationed defending canal arrived began period reorganisation expansion saw experienced units 1st division split provide newly formed split help form late february march 1st division moved france transfer infantry formations western bennett subsequently led 1st 3rd brigades captured town july 6th 8th battalions 2nd brigade moved occupy ruins endure prolonged artillery bombardment bennett battalion headquarters log received direct hits shells survived debris accumulated shortly bennett relocated finally demolished july bennett protested conditions men endure reporting men shelled hold attack launched firing line headquarters heavy guns town swept line buried capture bennett suffered casualties considerable margin battalions 1st division bennett continued serve commanding officer acting commander mid november bennett took brief leave london reunited sailed melbourne father meet november married short honeymoon scotland bennett returned december given command promoted brigadier general youngest general australian_army commanded brigade remainder war western leading brigade notable actions including road actions bennett serving wife remained england returned briefly november july war ended returned australia couple month old daughter bennett remained europe june briefly touring rhine viewing london victory parade escorted husband lord commander marched service western bennett received awards received montenegro appointed companion order bath received mentioned despatches times attitude regular officers temperament tendency act clearing actions superiors resulted criticism senior officers wars return australia bennett lived canterbury wife daughter sought return civilian life appointment terminated offered old position having time leave pay serving overseas unhappy eventually offered position sydney moved family later purchased textile factory worked clothing manufacturer public appointed chairman role able help returned soldiers appointed administrator commissioners president australia involved conservative political groups australia league bennett remained active military continuing serve militia reorganised following conclusion process served commander appointed command 2nd division promoted rank major general ensuing years increasingly small permanent staff corps transferred list amidst increasing tensions europe came conflict wrote number newspaper articles expressing concerns defence policy efficiency regular officers world war world war broke bennett passed command position going general chief general staff general sir opposed bennett given active command bennett biographer australian dictionary biography comments temperament considered unsuitable semi diplomatic command involved british generals bennett scathing british officers australian regulars bennett instead given command australian version july took command white death canberra air disaster august bennett appointed commander newly formed replacing promoted white role february 8th division headquarters brigades 22nd posted malaya february request british australia contribute troops bolster garrison amid growing concerns war japanese plans formulated pre war singapore strategy 27th brigade dispatched august division brigade 23rd brigade remained australia relations bennett superiors subordinate brigade commander good lodge comments bennett dealings british senior officers especially general officer commanding malaya lieutenant general devoid harmony december japanese invasion malaya began bennett found command hoc force known included australian 27th brigade 22nd transferred indian units bennett command engaged early stages fighting initial japanese attacks fell british indian units thai border japanese pushed defenders advanced australians fought actions january significant came australians experienced local success forced withdraw singapore rest allied forces end month singapore bennett command included australian brigades 22nd 27th allocated task defending north western sector island february japanese launched assault concentrating sector held bennett troops weight fell 22nd brigade area fought fend japanese divisions eventually forced withdraw centre island 27th brigade initially managed hold sector subjected follow assault february 22nd fell forced withdraw heavy fighting followed week eventually allied troops pushed island singapore urban areas february began surrender negotiations japanese night bennett decided duty escape singapore surrender handed command 8th junior officers local europeans bennett crossed east coast sumatra transferred launch sailed proceeded car west coast sumatra bennett flew java australia arriving melbourne march fall singapore largest capitulation british military history shocked australians resulting capture australians indian british soldiers bennett escape initially regarded publicly prime minister issued statement read desire inform nation proud pay tribute efficiency gallantry devotion forces struggle expressed confidence leadership conduct complete duty men command country remained men end completed connection surrender took opportunity risk escaping military particularly senior bennett criticised leaving troops april promoted lieutenant general given command perth time important post possibility japanese invasion australia faded bennett told given active command transferred soon published account campaign critical british officers opinions later challenged australian officers including unsuccessfully tried prevent book publication retirement active service bennett began writing sydney newspaper correspondent remained concerned soldiers met group recently freed 8th division prisoners war arrived sydney transport majority soldiers welcomed hung sign ship read want bennett later car gesture support postwar inquiries controversy bennett actions public war ended released japanese captivity got bennett wrote letter accusing command permission delivered letter release convened court lieutenant general found bennett justified handing command leaving singapore veterans 8th division generally loyal bennett protested finding november prime minister appointed justice commission concluded bennett order surrender lodge wrote questioning bennett personal courage concluded action bennett stated reason leaving singapore learned defeat japanese let british indian troops obliged communicate knowledge military authorities proved proficient commanders malaya tactics outdated important wish lead australian army consuming given early command prejudice regular officers ambition professional judgement important point career goals convinced blame failure lay lieutenant colonel military lawyer published opinion royal commissioner based report interpretation international law discuss general bennett action standpoint australian military law placed obligation remain post military retirement bennett later purchasing property living deteriorating health following sold orchard moved sydney travelled singapore wife attend opening war memorial travelled japan meet officers fought malaya wrote number articles military topics served board number companies chairman directors insurance died august survived wife daughter state funeral andrew cathedral body cremated diary bennett kept serving malaya held
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Gordon Bennett (general)
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18102_PećanacChetniks
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known black irregular military force operated german occupied territory serbia leadership war lord loyal german backed serbian puppet government eventually denounced traitor yugoslav government exile germans concluded detachments inefficient unreliable little military aid germans puppet government disbanded organisation september march interned time killed forces loyal rival background named commander fighter later distinguished fighting ottoman_empire macedonia balkan war fought october served sergeant second balkan war fought june august saw combat world war led bands serbian fighting bulgarian austro hungarian lines prominent figure movement interwar period leading role notorious organisation region modern day macedonia served commander member parliament present leader deputies killed politician june prior shooting accused deputy responsible massacre muslims president opening membership organisation younger members served world war grew organisation 1930s nationalist veterans association focused protecting veterans rights aggressively partisan political organisation members period formed close ties far right government milan known hostility popular conservatives formation shortly axis invasion yugoslavia april navy requested prepare guerrilla operations guard southern area serbia macedonia pro pro region given arms money managed arm men valley southern serbia force remained intact german occupation serbia supplemented strength refugees fleeing macedonia early summer detachments fought bands time considerable period detachments identified term formation communist led yugoslav partisans gave interest resistance late august came agreements serbian puppet government german authorities carry attacks partisans kept structure detachments simple commanders selected personally consisted officers peasants orthodox priests teachers merchants known black collaboration occupation forces august concluding arrangements germans received letter rival leader proposing arrangement control south control areas declined request suggested offer position chief staff recommended detachments join organisation meantime arranged transfer thousand serbian act german august issued open proclamation dear people portrayed defender protector serbs referring units called detachments formed approval come command demanded individuals hiding forests return homes immediately acts sabotage directed occupation authorities cease suffer punishment death september subordinates broke ranks join partisans fighting germans serbian mountainous region previously loyal subordinate began attacking local stations armed bands muslims end october germans decided stop unreliable elements attached remainder serbian auxiliary forces october sent request head serbian puppet government trained officers supplies arms salary funds time requests fulfilled german liaison officer appointed headquarters help coordinate actions january according german data officers men paid supplied fell short maximum authorised strength men included thousand november month sought permission italians forces eastern montenegro refused italian concerns april serbia general der issued orders giving unit numbers detachments placed command local german division area command post orders required deployment german liaison officer detachments engaged operations limited movement outside assigned area supplies arms ammunition controlled germans july arranged yugoslav government exile traitor continuing collaboration ruined remained reputation developed balkan wars world war dissolution germans found units inefficient unreliable little military aid regularly clashed rivalries german germans puppet government commenced disbanding september dissolved end year detachment disbanded march followers dispersed german auxiliary forces german labour units interned prisoner war camps deserted join recorded activities months followed interned time serbian puppet government accounts capture death vary according account leaders followers captured forces loyal february killed days remained custody write war memoirs executed source states assassinated june loyal books websites
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18298_CorneliusH.Charlton
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july june soldier united_states_army korean war posthumously received medal honor actions near south_korea june born coal mining family west_virginia moved new_york_city world war enlisting high school served occupied germany occupied japan administrative duties requesting transfer african american transferred segregated 24th infantry regiment fighting korean war battle hill near village took command platoon commanding officer injured leading successive assaults hill continued lead attack despite mortal wounds chinese troops occupying destroyed saving platoon actions awarded medal following years honored numerous times given spot arlington national cemetery family claimed racial discrimination controversy attracted national attention finally arlington biography early life born west_virginia july eighth children born coal née housewife briefly moved west_virginia live brother arthur family moved new_york_city new_york superintendent apartment building enrolled friends family knew indicated desire join united_states_army young age high school parents allow drop enlist wanting fight world war parents refused graduated high school remained committed joining army parents signed papers allowing year old enlist military career left basic combat training november african american entered army time segregated president ordered military executive order units remained facto segregated african americans service units non combat duties years troops fully integrated graduating basic training assigned allied occupied germany served opted enlist assignment military engineering battalion maryland assigned given administrative job okinawa engineering group indicated desire fight korean war requested transfer line unit south_korea subsequently assigned 24th infantry regiment regiment facto segregated units entirely african american men led white officers arrival september regiment plagued poor performance accusations division commander major general requested unit disbanded finding regiment arrived regiment early regarded suspicion officers leaders unit sergeant squad leader 3rd platoon quickly impressed unit company commander natural leadership ability soon squad considered model unit platoon sergeant commander recommended battlefield commission medal honor action late early june launched operation concentrated effort push chinese north korean troops north south_korea advanced operation 24th infantry saw slow advance operation attempting advance encountering strong resistance july 24th infantry took heavy casualties forced withdraw reserve positions 1st moved continue advance june moved capture hill near village hill protected heavily entrenched chinese infantry mortars hill attempt advance hill company took heavy casualties 3rd platoon leader mortally wounded took command platoon reorganized attack heavy fire eventually forced company hill times led platoon hill face intense chinese mortars infantry fire spite mounting casualties platoon slow progress single destroyed chinese positions killed chinese soldiers rifle fire grenades advance wounded chest refused medical treatment pushed company forward continued lead attack platoon times separated unit subsequent accounts noted continued advance holding chest wound hand leadership platoon managed overcome chinese infantry positions spotted chinese bunker far hill chinese mortars firing recounted private class men platoon decided destroy bunker known words let urged platoon forward charging formation ahead rest soldiers final action advanced hill location chinese mortars firing repeatedly chinese troops wounded final time grenade continued firing position destroyed subsequently died wounds inflicted grenade credited saving platoon heavy fire mortars burial honors parents presented medal honor march secretary army renamed new_york based ferry boat traveled september west_virginia renamed bridge honor interstate park area named gardens planted honor gardens site annual memorial day gatherings local neighborhood residents killed korean war honored new barracks complex forces korea south_korea named honor united_states_navy commissioned watson class vehicle cargo ship sister served ship sponsor controversy burial death offered burial plot arlington national cemetery arlington virginia custom routinely afforded medal honor recipients army later claimed administrative error family believed omission racial discrimination instead buried segregated cemetery west_virginia military offer arlington family refused grounds oversight discrimination instead offered bury cemetery march military honors ceremony attended army generals honor guard buried african american controversy received national coverage written los_angeles_times november following efforts medal honor winners finally arlington national cemetery remains currently reside awards decorations awards decorations include medal honor citation second african americans awarded medal korean war posthumously honored actions 24th infantry regiment african americans nominated medal honor spanish american war world war veterans later nominated nominations seen delays unit commanders refused submit nominations sgt member distinguished conspicuous gallantry duty action enemy platoon attacking heavily defended hostile positions commanding ground leader wounded evacuated sgt assumed command rallied men spearheaded assault hill personally eliminating hostile positions killing enemy rifle fire grenades continued slope unit suffered heavy casualties pinned men led forward shower grenades despite severe chest wound sgt refused medical attention led daring charge carried crest ridge observing remaining advance situated reverse slope charged hit grenade position devastating fire eliminated routed defenders wounds received daring exploits resulted death courage superb leadership self sacrifice reflect highest credit infantry military service
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Cornelius H. Charlton
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18428_HughieEdwards
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sir august august senior officer royal_air_force governor western australia australian recipient victoria_cross highest decoration gallantry face enemy awarded members british commonwealth armed forces serving bomber pilot royal_air_force raf edwards decorated victoria_cross efforts leading bombing raid port bremen heavily defended towns germany highly decorated australian second world war born edwards joined royal_australian_air_force year later granted short service commission raf serving second world war gained permanent commission continued career raf war retired rank air commodore returning australia appointed governor western australia early life edwards born august children welsh parents hugh wife jane née emigrated australia named father referred middle family edwards received initial education attending achieved academically later claimed good memory high intelligence edwards reluctantly forced leave school age fourteen family finances longer support described shy confident introspective imaginative stage life gained employment shipping office clerk onset great depression edwards found unemployed gaining job horse racing stable position entailed taking horses beach morning swim attending twice weekly race meetings lifelong interest horse racing consequently emerged time later working brief period factory enlisted australian_army march posted 6th heavy battery rank private period edwards active australian rules football played matches leading club cricket garrison team career selected flying training royal_australian_air_force raaf point cook transferred raf granted short service commission pilot officer august posted bomber squadron appointed adjutant squadron march flying bombers received promotion flying officer august edwards near scottish border flew storm metres aircraft forced metres edwards ordered navigator rear gunner aircraft metres effort jump clear parachute bomber radio mast ensuing crash sustained head injuries badly broken leg saved extensive surgery left leg shorter accident declared unfit flying duties april posted squadron active service outbreak war promoted flight lieutenant second world war edwards commanding officer squadron replacing previous incumbent killed anti shipping raid time squadron engaged series daylight operations germany occupied countries principal targets enemy shipping power installations yards locomotives yards june acting wing commander edwards led search enemy shipping soon sighted convoy anchored near launched attack low level bombs striking ton ship subsequently awarded action july edwards led daylight attack operation wreckage port bremen heavily defended towns germany edwards force attacked height feet telephone wires high voltage power lines bombers successfully penetrated fierce anti aircraft fire dense balloon barrage fire port resulted loss attacking force edwards brought remaining aircraft safely hit serial hit times actions raid earned victoria_cross citation edwards victoria cross appeared london gazette july read 22nd july royal_air_force king pleased victoria_cross officer recognition conspicuous bravery acting wing commander squadron wing commander edwards handicapped physical disability resulting flying accident repeatedly displayed gallantry highest order pressing home bombing attacks low heights strongly defended objectives 4th july led important attack port bremen heavily defended towns germany attack daylight clouds afford approach german coast enemy ships sighted wing commander edwards knew aircraft reported defences state readiness brought formation miles overland target flying height little feet passing high tension cables carrying away telegraph wires finally passing formidable balloon barrage reaching bremen met hail fire aircraft hit destroyed successful attack greatest skill withdrew surviving aircraft loss execution operation planned personally knowledge risks entailed wing commander edwards displayed highest possible standard gallantry determination july edwards took squadron malta order conduct operations axis shipping carrying reinforcements italy tripoli unit remained area october returned britain participating goodwill mission united_states appointed chief flying instructor operational training unit january assuming command squadron august time edwards married pair later son anthony daughter sarah promoted temporary wing commander september december edwards participated daylight bombing raid netherlands despite heavy opposition bombers successfully damaged destroyed targets gun posts members raid decorated including edwards awarded receive second world war promoted acting group captain assumed command bomber station february despite senior position continued participate operations august promoted war substantive wing commander end european campaigns sight edwards transferred pacific theatre ceylon group captain january mentioned despatches appointed senior administrative staff officer serving position conclusion war later career edwards continued career post war raf granted substantive rank squadron leader september posted staff officer malaya november february served short period returning malaya air adviser general officer commanding september posted station commander raf base remained awarded officer order british empire services south east asia returning britain june undertook month course receiving year posting senior personnel staff officer group promoted wing commander july posting senior instructor leadership course lincolnshire subsequently appointed station commander suffolk promoted group captain january edwards station commander raf base iraq crisis critical time iraqi revolution july returned britain october command acting rank air commodore awarded companion order bath new year honours promoted substantive rank air commodore july appointed aide camp queen elizabeth_ii march final appointment raf director establishments london january retirement september later life governorship returning australia edwards wife cherry died married pair said complement left leg knocked car sydney edwards right flying accident edwards relinquished position appointed governor western australia sworn january appointed knight commander order michael following october involved controversy following wife public comment australian state governor honour conferred queen recommendation federal state governments governor queen representative state seen highly inappropriate especially given government day led policy recommending defeated april incoming sir happy necessary recommendation governor edwards official role america cup challenger couple visitors governor estate man consumed wanted house apparently found arrested police charges laid ill health forced edwards resign vice appointment april went live sydney continued semi retirement commercial interests august way attend test match sydney cricket ground edwards unexpectedly collapsed died ashes buried cemetery perth state funeral sydney victoria_cross display australian war memorial canberra november life size bronze statue depicting edwards unveiled governor western australia kings square named honour
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Hughie Edwards
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18673_ThomasCubitt(BritishArmyofficer)
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british_army officer general sir april british_army officer late nineteenth early twentieth centuries commanded division world war retirement served governor bermuda youngest son family rural gentry norfolk joined requested colonial service spent years africa involved creation west african frontier force served number campaigns northern nigeria shortly outbreak world war appointed deputy commissioner mounted series campaigns state requested transfer western commanded infantry battalion brigade promoted command 38th welsh division early led division armistice marked success following war held series peacetime commands germany egypt england governor bermuda held position retired family background born great april thomas son major wife daughter captain royal_navy family resided hall estate near major came family rural gentry attended rugby jesus college cambridge entering british_army ensign saw service indian mutiny returning england act adjutant volunteer battalions retired army later served justice peace chair local district council eldest brother attended oxford entering civil service later serve private secretary conservative politicians secretary state war secretary state war middle brother studied cambridge appear active public career sister helen married german economist early career attended brother julian attend university studied commissioned service india course requested transfer colonial posting sent west_africa appointed commander artillery formation alongside promotion captain whilst nigeria closely involved formation west african frontier force saw active duty number expeditions including staff officer colonel january expedition defeat culminating command battalion mounted infantry campaign service africa mentioned despatches times including august promoted rank awarded returned regimental duties united_kingdom served ireland world war july appointed deputy commissioner officer commanding disastrous battle colonial administration seeking restore british control inland areas planned commanded series operations winter destroying forts shortly arrived world war broken winter campaign requested transferred europe request granted took early replaced way home services africa appointed companion order michael companion bath promoted colonel turned opportunity staff posting western request line command briefly commanded 8th service battalion early assuming command 57th brigade april brigade saw service spring offensive early appointed command 38th welsh division late early june previous commander fallen ill officer 38th infantry battalions met early june shortly took command described large fierce looking major general rows eye proceeded exact type position unit trench apparently pet topic fire flow language manner speech impact contemporaries line officer described watching october offensive clearing traffic jam merely magnificent language colleague early days artillery described perpetual joy soldier world picturesque language gave offence absolutely natural fitted occasion circumstances proved suitable following failed raid visited battalion officers collectively time demanding damn raid damn proper job god damn raiding damn officers receiving end tired dissatisfied seen exhibition senior officer regardless personal style credited achieving desired results mounted successful costly attack april command mounted major operations battle albert august october successful division demonstrating flexibility improvisation highly effective tactical doctrine division performance sufficiently good rank effective british divisions days offensive postwar career remained 38th division end war march transferred command british_army rhine shortly august posted 54th east division egypt remaining october final units sailed england appointed command presidency eastern india year married née wood widow officer returned england remaining half pay took command 53rd welsh division formation transferred command 2nd division regular formation promoted lieutenant general appointed governor bermuda holding post years retiring promoted general death held ceremonial position colonel commandant died leaving estate
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Thomas Cubitt (British Army officer)
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18740_TheodoreKomnenosDoukas
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greek died ruler rest macedonia western power rule sons john distinguished byzantine aristocratic family related imperial known life conquest constantinople dissolution byzantine_empire fourth crusade following fall constantinople served founder years called half brother michael founded independent michael died sidelined brother illegitimate son assumed governance state continued brother policy territorial expansion allied serbia expanded macedonia threatening capture latin emperor opened way gradual culminating city fall ruler quickly declared emperor challenging emperor claims byzantine imperial throne advanced outskirts constantinople final attack seat reduced delayed year amassed army constantinople diverted bulgaria ambivalent ally threatened northern flank defeated captured battle spent seven years captivity meantime succeeded brother quickly lost macedonia albania bulgarian bulgarian vassal proper power seized returning exile released daughter married quickly managed regain control having blinded captivity disqualified occupying throne installed eldest son john emperor remained facto regent state tried regain support negotiated settlement reached gave left john invited visit welcomed treated great honour effectively detained spring year marched tow sent negotiate son convince accept rank recognize john died succeeded younger son unpopular annexed influenced nephew launch attack campaigned forced michael come terms taken prisoner sent exile died early life career born son paternal grandparents daughter byzantine emperor reigned uncle father emperors iii cousins members family preferred use surname contemporaries variously called grand usually found ruling family evidently preferred associated successful disastrous reign medieval writers later hostile pro historians refers defeat early life obscure followed asia minor fourth crusade captured constantinople founded service relatively unknown brief reference letter written writes took dangers sake fortresses enemies subdued rule distinguishing receiving rewards ruler modern scholars identified certain appears lord successor leading resistance northwestern death view questioned argues evidence assumption conversely established service time invited half brother michael michael founded independent greek michael wanted aid son future illegitimate michael half brothers considered lack ability rule allowed leave bound oath allegiance heirs going married children ruler michael engaged campaign expansion chiefly expense east initial conquered recovered traditional view historians events marked michael allegiance sworn historian argues michael later remained theory michael assassinated servant late illegitimate young trouble boy according boy mother spent duration reign exiled capable extremely ambitious notwithstanding oath expand state expense eventually recover constantinople revive byzantine_empire secure northern flank allied serbia clans political orbit michael closer ties developed ruler died leaving widow promptly remarried year greek magnate serbs abandoned michael attempt pursue northward expansion instead pursued alliance serbian prince directed keeping check ties serbia solidified marriage brother sisters sought sons likelihood eldest son heir michael second daughter refused marriage second cousin mother daughter iii tried suggesting groom half sister maria vetoed proposal similar grounds finally married daughter anna winter position strengthened expanded territory northern macedonia possible region captured michael death local bulgarian ruler unclear extent expansion involved direct conflict bulgarian held plain old capital likely approaching greek historian noted capture seat eponymous particularly important standing state aspirations sponsored election distinguished throne repay support claims byzantine imperial inheritance rival claims following fourth crusade orthodox clergy main greek states effectively separated convened elected successor vacant patriarch constantinople election questionable legitimacy turn meant imperial title open challenge crowned michael local bishops emerged domains carry administration church largely independent patriarch ambitious soon pre eminent western bishop sought strengthen autonomy ecclesiastical affairs including appointment bishops local sees patriarch interference policy ambitions independence rivalry brought branches open quarrel based patriarch began appointing bishops sees refused accept despite close ties exploited rivalry advantage secure traditionally jurisdiction aside objections managed brother renamed consecrated archbishop serbia took care let affect relations serbian ruler drive macedonia local ruler sworn enemy abandoned ally allied bulgaria facing possible attack preferred common cause married niece wife capture peter successes macedonia worried opened way attack weakened death founder ruled regency son campaign asia minor took contact preparing march suddenly died june probably malaria poisoning second wife maria bulgaria suggested death henry followed pope fourth crusade month later major stroke good fortune removed eminent capable opponents barons elected cousin king philip france new receiving news election peter assembled small army knights foot horse set france crowned rome set sail april peter landed promised conquer return venice wife flanders sailed constantinople norman invasion sicily peter intended capturing follow ancient albania macedonia control process commonly accepted version events resisted success casualties mounted peter forced raise siege start march march proved difficult harsh terrain open hostility local population western sources richard stress loyalty local population days army confronted peter requested talks papal assured goodwill support western sources claim offered recognize catholic_church support peter planned participation fifth crusade offered food guides mountains peter glad receive unexpected help agreement concluded soon let guard fell peter count william latin nobles taken captive peter army scattered small bands trying survive chronicler western sources hand claim captured followed modern scholars including french according view offered acknowledge peter city fall ambush defeat historian remarks important version correct outcome lost quickly peter capture according actions motivated factors led regard peter threat peter attempt return venice failed moment ill future peter recognition rights half brother opened way william power rulers claimed strengthened particularly given presence exiled nephew court time court resented increased papal interference greek affairs especially aftermath mission cardinal previous papal constantinople actions deepened rift greeks wars capture true course events unexpected victory echoed greek world greatly enhanced standing usually hostile forced admit history feat great help romans conversely dismayed sent letters latin princes greece peter son law king hungary urging engage secure release peter wrote andrew french bishops crusade threatened letter contingents crusade assembling late eager profit crusade recover pressure bore fruit march released offering assurances loyalty pope changed policy point forbidding harm hoping secure release prisoners lesser barons freed peter senior lords remained captivity death unknown died probably september capture peter left major latin states greece constantinople hands female arriving constantinople gave birth peter posthumous son stopped quickly came appreciate wealth strength arranged marriage daughter heir politically ruler secured eastern border offering daughter marriage widowed second time launching final stroke took care secure southern flank appointing brother governor energetic governor constantine effectively shielded domains threat soon recovered turned attention clearing remaining latin presence culminating surrender great castle years captured fortresses controlled entrance surrender late cut land connection constantinople left words island midst possessions fall appeared imminent ordered horses troops supplies adriatic ports sent letters constantinople urging assistance went italy seek aid received pope rome march emperor soon crusade proclaimed troops began gather italy meantime embroiled warfare supported brothers challenge new emperor detachments assembling crusade arrived summer joined facto regent preliminary operations late early laid siege city effort promote crusade come meantime pope urging venice emperor frederick promised aid pledged assist called latin princes southern greece join effort crusade finally assembled march instructions rule possibility coming terms true word april robert sent army siege latin generals learned disastrous defeat main latin army hands battle lifted siege constantinople intercepted men latin army killed taken prisoner double disaster destroyed pope plans crusade envisaged land rear engaged robert army time prospective leader crusade fell ill november pope forced postpone crusade departure spring news latin defeats crusade exhausted defenders surrendered city december crusade relieve sailed march landed army soon allegedly greeks poisoned local water supply william succumbed remnants army left greece hoped recover realm help died emperor capture traditionally second city byzantine_empire constantinople major stroke greatly boosted standing regarded superior openly claimed byzantine imperial title putting purple boots reserved emperor major supporters eminent metropolitan letter patriarch declared regarded god sent regent emperor later wrote wife expressing hope able assist imperial coronation coronation controversy according byzantine custom coronation emperor place constantinople performed patriarch constantinople latin hands patriarch resided turned restored removing latin recognized patriarch legitimate refused perform rite despite pressure brother constantine submit preferred return exile response march convened council bishops domains chaired council approved declaration composed achievements liberation greek lands catholic priests restoration orthodox bishops imperial descent declared council recognized emperor armed declaration loyal perform coronation instead appears assumed addressed imperial title immediately capture date actual coronation unknown french scholar places period june april greek rejects reasoning obvious reason delay coronation long suggested crowned immediately council hand based letters suggests date april august narrowed date emperor began setting court new capital court titles relatives followers brothers constantine raised rank long serving chief minister number old byzantine aristocratic families sought refuge appointed provincial governors alongside members local aristocracy title unlike earlier times civilian governors little military authority awarded titles exclusive titles came held city secure new capital instituted guard initially reacted proclamation emperor offering recognize sort lands rejected publicly assumed byzantine emperors romans coronation deepened rift western greeks expressed sphere tried limit blame writing patriarch expressed privilege emperor claimed successor ancient independent authority bishops tried find compromise acknowledging overall authority patriarch requesting administrative autonomy right appoint bishops domains gave patriarch months reply suggested proposals forced recognize supremacy pope instead replied having condemn assumption imperial title conflict escalated appointed candidate vacant expelled bishop instead elected friend bishop attacked directly response composed letter insisted ecclesiastical autonomy challenged legality claims result churches lasted expansion following coronation rulers claimed imperial title control constantinople latin emperor young ambitious bulgaria shadow strength following lost territories asia europe soon reduced constantinople captured spring advanced eastern macedonia western seizing attempt pre block advance constantinople answered summons inhabitants taken city crossed blockaded city agreed surrender army allowed withdraw asia ships provided capture opened path constantinople order secure northern flank concluded alliance sealed second marriage brother maria illegitimate daughter time turned concluded peace treaty exchange territorial concessions pact sealed marriage daughter latin baron summer led army constantinople reaching towns leading latin army heavily wounded clashes constantinople attacked unprepared siege mighty news william landing forced break operations return west reasons unknown renew attack constantinople years instead occupied domestic affairs taking care improve relations stop lead sixth crusade sent company greek troops serve frederick italy time presided relations venice governor cargo venetian ship issued august prohibiting venetian merchants practising commerce realm january year robert died leaving throne year old brother regency taking governance state latin empire stood moment offered alliance marry daughter regency lend assistance attacks latin barons viewed offer offer opportunity constantinople instead negotiations eventually chose year old energetic john regent bulgarian offer failed served open rift nominal ally clearly directed september agreed year truce regent border running line bulgarian captivity finally late began assembling forces including contingent troops sent projected final attack constantinople troops marched east spring unexpectedly turned army north followed valley bulgaria motives sudden change debated contemporary later historians like denounced sign likely suggestion hitherto undefeated battle desired check bulgarian power avoid possibility striking rear engaged besieging constantinople caught surprise reacted rapidly allegedly text broken treaty spears flag rallied troops met battle april ensuing crushing victory bulgarian ruler took officers captive aftermath bulgaria emerged power balkans deprived energetic ruler empire collapsed months macedonia albania fell bulgarian rule boasted inscription capital occupied land greek serbian alike apparently remained greek hands annexed extinguished process spending rest life court brother managed escape took throne domain reduced city family core territories brother constantine recognized son law allowed maintain internal autonomy purposes client bulgarian time michael son returned exile quickly succeeded apparently support local population taking control forced recognize michael recognized token conferred title reality michael fully independent quickly ceased acknowledge seized order preserve freedom manoeuvre counter attempts subordinate turned brother rivals brought end ecclesiastical acknowledging legitimacy superiority based patriarch remained captivity seven years initially treated honour point captivity accused plotting blinded result customary byzantine punishment treason means potential political rivals according contemporary letter written hebrew initially ordered jews carry deed jews territory wealth fund campaigns spared refused carry enraged thrown cliff finally released recently widowed fell love sole unmarried daughter immediately marriage released allowed depart wished return final years recovery soon set free returned lacking escort followers disguised order enter city secret contacted old supporters favourites organized conspiracy soon ousted took city byzantine custom barred assuming imperial office installed son emperor coronation ceremony remained real ruler empire son john appears interested religion inclined enter monastery emperor persuade named emperor god given gift rightful emperor romans imperial descent deposed sent exile asia minor wife maria allowed return father despite actions overthrow daughter son law reports remained favourably disposed passionate love remain exile determined avenge secured passage turkish lands welcomed agreed support secured loyalty early ships set sail greece landing near received widespread support province local governor michael son law allowing raise army short time occupy faced option open civil war eventually came terms dividing territories renounced allegiance received john kept remaining parts macedonia far west constantine confirmed secure position michael concluded treaties powerful prince submission brothers agreement continued pursue policies independently died michael moved quickly occupy june year died leaving throne seven year old son coupled increasingly deteriorating situation development left pre eminent ruler region obvious candidate capture constantinople undertaking moves constantinople realized need settle affairs particular ambition capability feared issued invitation assurances safe conduct visit accepted treated great honours deferred uncle table reality prisoner allowed leave court preparations swing campaign spring crossed europe head army accompanying honorary prisoner facing resistance army fleet arrived city garrison inhabitants resisted success army lacking heavy siege equipment settle drawn blockade soon news arrived invasion asia minor forced break campaign return emperor kept news secret sent son negotiate john reportedly willing surrender city outright father convinced hold better terms end days negotiations john allowed control renounced imperial title accepted title allowed remain son john ruled years death retired supervised affairs state john death raised younger son place sent embassy announce succession terms agreed john religious enjoyed favourites married women remained charge governance quickly unpopular leading citizens began viewing direct rule favour things came head autumn died leaving country hands regency younger brother quickly attacked bulgaria months captured eastern northern macedonia took advantage opportunity expand albania northwestern macedonia close campaign november informed conspiracy deliver exchange traditional rights privileges city readily granted sent envoys calling appear person camp suspicious intentions refused marched days conspirators opened gates army city quickly captured captured exiled macedonia placed governance grand domestic isolated power refuge apparently remained events final throw death secured turned offering marriage alliance michael eldest son granddaughter maria offer enthusiastically accepted michael wife young couple engaged michael abandoned family ambitions remained ambivalent alliance influence nephew turn spring michael launched sudden attack city resisted successfully spring year crossed europe campaign michael turned north capturing received news arrival withdrew besieged captured stronghold soon area stalemate broken generals defected followed shortly ruler forced michael come terms fortresses captured remaining holdings macedonia marriage alliance furthermore explicitly demanded handing ambassadors met offered young hostages granted title soon allowed return moved prisoner asia minor died shortly assessment modern biographer described energetic ambitious statesman inherited ancestor endurance persistence intelligence diplomacy ability adapt furthermore points despite great ability ambition recover constantinople rivalry actually hampered delayed restoration byzantine_empire decades legacy left lasting mark political western greeks remarks memory victories title byzantine crown lived northern greece hearts descendants years come continued uncle rivalry delaying recovery constantinople restoration byzantine_empire rulers continue challenge revived empire uphold claim byzantine throne family wife children married king serbia emperor married succeeded ruler
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Theodore Komnenos Doukas
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Warfare
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Military people
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Military people (A –F)
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18920_TheodoreKomnenosDoukas
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greek died ruler rest macedonia western power rule sons john distinguished byzantine aristocratic family related imperial known life conquest constantinople dissolution byzantine_empire fourth crusade following fall constantinople served founder years called half brother michael founded independent michael died sidelined brother illegitimate son assumed governance state continued brother policy territorial expansion allied serbia expanded macedonia threatening capture latin emperor opened way gradual culminating city fall ruler quickly declared emperor challenging emperor claims byzantine imperial throne advanced outskirts constantinople final attack seat reduced delayed year amassed army constantinople diverted bulgaria ambivalent ally threatened northern flank defeated captured battle spent seven years captivity meantime succeeded brother quickly lost macedonia albania bulgarian bulgarian vassal proper power seized returning exile released daughter married quickly managed regain control having blinded captivity disqualified occupying throne installed eldest son john emperor remained facto regent state tried regain support negotiated settlement reached gave left john invited visit welcomed treated great honour effectively detained spring year marched tow sent negotiate son convince accept rank recognize john died succeeded younger son unpopular annexed influenced nephew launch attack campaigned forced michael come terms taken prisoner sent exile died early life career born son paternal grandparents daughter byzantine emperor reigned uncle father emperors iii cousins members family preferred use surname contemporaries variously called grand usually found ruling family evidently preferred associated successful disastrous reign medieval writers later hostile pro historians refers defeat early life obscure followed asia minor fourth crusade captured constantinople founded service relatively unknown brief reference letter written writes took dangers sake fortresses enemies subdued rule distinguishing receiving rewards ruler modern scholars identified certain appears lord successor leading resistance northwestern death view questioned argues evidence assumption conversely established service time invited half brother michael michael founded independent greek michael wanted aid son future illegitimate michael half brothers considered lack ability rule allowed leave bound oath allegiance heirs going married children ruler michael engaged campaign expansion chiefly expense east initial conquered recovered traditional view historians events marked michael allegiance sworn historian argues michael later remained theory michael assassinated servant late illegitimate young trouble boy according boy mother spent duration reign exiled capable extremely ambitious notwithstanding oath expand state expense eventually recover constantinople revive byzantine_empire secure northern flank allied serbia clans political orbit michael closer ties developed ruler died leaving widow promptly remarried year greek magnate serbs abandoned michael attempt pursue northward expansion instead pursued alliance serbian prince directed keeping check ties serbia solidified marriage brother sisters sought sons likelihood eldest son heir michael second daughter refused marriage second cousin mother daughter iii tried suggesting groom half sister maria vetoed proposal similar grounds finally married daughter anna winter position strengthened expanded territory northern macedonia possible region captured michael death local bulgarian ruler unclear extent expansion involved direct conflict bulgarian held plain old capital likely approaching greek historian noted capture seat eponymous particularly important standing state aspirations sponsored election distinguished throne repay support claims byzantine imperial inheritance rival claims following fourth crusade orthodox clergy main greek states effectively separated convened elected successor vacant patriarch constantinople election questionable legitimacy turn meant imperial title open challenge crowned michael local bishops emerged domains carry administration church largely independent patriarch ambitious soon pre eminent western bishop sought strengthen autonomy ecclesiastical affairs including appointment bishops local sees patriarch interference policy ambitions independence rivalry brought branches open quarrel based patriarch began appointing bishops sees refused accept despite close ties exploited rivalry advantage secure traditionally jurisdiction aside objections managed brother renamed consecrated archbishop serbia took care let affect relations serbian ruler drive macedonia local ruler sworn enemy abandoned ally allied bulgaria facing possible attack preferred common cause married niece wife capture peter successes macedonia worried opened way attack weakened death founder ruled regency son campaign asia minor took contact preparing march suddenly died june probably malaria poisoning second wife maria bulgaria suggested death henry followed pope fourth crusade month later major stroke good fortune removed eminent capable opponents barons elected cousin king philip france new receiving news election peter assembled small army knights foot horse set france crowned rome set sail april peter landed promised conquer return venice wife flanders sailed constantinople norman invasion sicily peter intended capturing follow ancient albania macedonia control process commonly accepted version events resisted success casualties mounted peter forced raise siege start march march proved difficult harsh terrain open hostility local population western sources richard stress loyalty local population days army confronted peter requested talks papal assured goodwill support western sources claim offered recognize catholic_church support peter planned participation fifth crusade offered food guides mountains peter glad receive unexpected help agreement concluded soon let guard fell peter count william latin nobles taken captive peter army scattered small bands trying survive chronicler western sources hand claim captured followed modern scholars including french according view offered acknowledge peter city fall ambush defeat historian remarks important version correct outcome lost quickly peter capture according actions motivated factors led regard peter threat peter attempt return venice failed moment ill future peter recognition rights half brother opened way william power rulers claimed strengthened particularly given presence exiled nephew court time court resented increased papal interference greek affairs especially aftermath mission cardinal previous papal constantinople actions deepened rift greeks wars capture true course events unexpected victory echoed greek world greatly enhanced standing usually hostile forced admit history feat great help romans conversely dismayed sent letters latin princes greece peter son law king hungary urging engage secure release peter wrote andrew french bishops crusade threatened letter contingents crusade assembling late eager profit crusade recover pressure bore fruit march released offering assurances loyalty pope changed policy point forbidding harm hoping secure release prisoners lesser barons freed peter senior lords remained captivity death unknown died probably september capture peter left major latin states greece constantinople hands female arriving constantinople gave birth peter posthumous son stopped quickly came appreciate wealth strength arranged marriage daughter heir politically ruler secured eastern border offering daughter marriage widowed second time launching final stroke took care secure southern flank appointing brother governor energetic governor constantine effectively shielded domains threat soon recovered turned attention clearing remaining latin presence culminating surrender great castle years captured fortresses controlled entrance surrender late cut land connection constantinople left words island midst possessions fall appeared imminent ordered horses troops supplies adriatic ports sent letters constantinople urging assistance went italy seek aid received pope rome march emperor soon crusade proclaimed troops began gather italy meantime embroiled warfare supported brothers challenge new emperor detachments assembling crusade arrived summer joined facto regent preliminary operations late early laid siege city effort promote crusade come meantime pope urging venice emperor frederick promised aid pledged assist called latin princes southern greece join effort crusade finally assembled march instructions rule possibility coming terms true word april robert sent army siege latin generals learned disastrous defeat main latin army hands battle lifted siege constantinople intercepted men latin army killed taken prisoner double disaster destroyed pope plans crusade envisaged land rear engaged robert army time prospective leader crusade fell ill november pope forced postpone crusade departure spring news latin defeats crusade exhausted defenders surrendered city december crusade relieve sailed march landed army soon allegedly greeks poisoned local water supply william succumbed remnants army left greece hoped recover realm help died emperor capture traditionally second city byzantine_empire constantinople major stroke greatly boosted standing regarded superior openly claimed byzantine imperial title putting purple boots reserved emperor major supporters eminent metropolitan letter patriarch declared regarded god sent regent emperor later wrote wife expressing hope able assist imperial coronation coronation controversy according byzantine custom coronation emperor place constantinople performed patriarch constantinople latin hands patriarch resided turned restored removing latin recognized patriarch legitimate refused perform rite despite pressure brother constantine submit preferred return exile response march convened council bishops domains chaired council approved declaration composed achievements liberation greek lands catholic priests restoration orthodox bishops imperial descent declared council recognized emperor armed declaration loyal perform coronation instead appears assumed addressed imperial title immediately capture date actual coronation unknown french scholar places period june april greek rejects reasoning obvious reason delay coronation long suggested crowned immediately council hand based letters suggests date april august narrowed date emperor began setting court new capital court titles relatives followers brothers constantine raised rank long serving chief minister number old byzantine aristocratic families sought refuge appointed provincial governors alongside members local aristocracy title unlike earlier times civilian governors little military authority awarded titles exclusive titles came held city secure new capital instituted guard initially reacted proclamation emperor offering recognize sort lands rejected publicly assumed byzantine emperors romans coronation deepened rift western greeks expressed sphere tried limit blame writing patriarch expressed privilege emperor claimed successor ancient independent authority bishops tried find compromise acknowledging overall authority patriarch requesting administrative autonomy right appoint bishops domains gave patriarch months reply suggested proposals forced recognize supremacy pope instead replied having condemn assumption imperial title conflict escalated appointed candidate vacant expelled bishop instead elected friend bishop attacked directly response composed letter insisted ecclesiastical autonomy challenged legality claims result churches lasted expansion following coronation rulers claimed imperial title control constantinople latin emperor young ambitious bulgaria shadow strength following lost territories asia europe soon reduced constantinople captured spring advanced eastern macedonia western seizing attempt pre block advance constantinople answered summons inhabitants taken city crossed blockaded city agreed surrender army allowed withdraw asia ships provided capture opened path constantinople order secure northern flank concluded alliance sealed second marriage brother maria illegitimate daughter time turned concluded peace treaty exchange territorial concessions pact sealed marriage daughter latin baron summer led army constantinople reaching towns leading latin army heavily wounded clashes constantinople attacked unprepared siege mighty news william landing forced break operations return west reasons unknown renew attack constantinople years instead occupied domestic affairs taking care improve relations stop lead sixth crusade sent company greek troops serve frederick italy time presided relations venice governor cargo venetian ship issued august prohibiting venetian merchants practising commerce realm january year robert died leaving throne year old brother regency taking governance state latin empire stood moment offered alliance marry daughter regency lend assistance attacks latin barons viewed offer offer opportunity constantinople instead negotiations eventually chose year old energetic john regent bulgarian offer failed served open rift nominal ally clearly directed september agreed year truce regent border running line bulgarian captivity finally late began assembling forces including contingent troops sent projected final attack constantinople troops marched east spring unexpectedly turned army north followed valley bulgaria motives sudden change debated contemporary later historians like denounced sign likely suggestion hitherto undefeated battle desired check bulgarian power avoid possibility striking rear engaged besieging constantinople caught surprise reacted rapidly allegedly text broken treaty spears flag rallied troops met battle april ensuing crushing victory bulgarian ruler took officers captive aftermath bulgaria emerged power balkans deprived energetic ruler empire collapsed months macedonia albania fell bulgarian rule boasted inscription capital occupied land greek serbian alike apparently remained greek hands annexed extinguished process spending rest life court brother managed escape took throne domain reduced city family core territories brother constantine recognized son law allowed maintain internal autonomy purposes client bulgarian time michael son returned exile quickly succeeded apparently support local population taking control forced recognize michael recognized token conferred title reality michael fully independent quickly ceased acknowledge seized order preserve freedom manoeuvre counter attempts subordinate turned brother rivals brought end ecclesiastical acknowledging legitimacy superiority based patriarch remained captivity seven years initially treated honour point captivity accused plotting blinded result customary byzantine punishment treason means potential political rivals according contemporary letter written hebrew initially ordered jews carry deed jews territory wealth fund campaigns spared refused carry enraged thrown cliff finally released recently widowed fell love sole unmarried daughter immediately marriage released allowed depart wished return final years recovery soon set free returned lacking escort followers disguised order enter city secret contacted old supporters favourites organized conspiracy soon ousted took city byzantine custom barred assuming imperial office installed son emperor coronation ceremony remained real ruler empire son john appears interested religion inclined enter monastery emperor persuade named emperor god given gift rightful emperor romans imperial descent deposed sent exile asia minor wife maria allowed return father despite actions overthrow daughter son law reports remained favourably disposed passionate love remain exile determined avenge secured passage turkish lands welcomed agreed support secured loyalty early ships set sail greece landing near received widespread support province local governor michael son law allowing raise army short time occupy faced option open civil war eventually came terms dividing territories renounced allegiance received john kept remaining parts macedonia far west constantine confirmed secure position michael concluded treaties powerful prince submission brothers agreement continued pursue policies independently died michael moved quickly occupy june year died leaving throne seven year old son coupled increasingly deteriorating situation development left pre eminent ruler region obvious candidate capture constantinople undertaking moves constantinople realized need settle affairs particular ambition capability feared issued invitation assurances safe conduct visit accepted treated great honours deferred uncle table reality prisoner allowed leave court preparations swing campaign spring crossed europe head army accompanying honorary prisoner facing resistance army fleet arrived city garrison inhabitants resisted success army lacking heavy siege equipment settle drawn blockade soon news arrived invasion asia minor forced break campaign return emperor kept news secret sent son negotiate john reportedly willing surrender city outright father convinced hold better terms end days negotiations john allowed control renounced imperial title accepted title allowed remain son john ruled years death retired supervised affairs state john death raised younger son place sent embassy announce succession terms agreed john religious enjoyed favourites married women remained charge governance quickly unpopular leading citizens began viewing direct rule favour things came head autumn died leaving country hands regency younger brother quickly attacked bulgaria months captured eastern northern macedonia took advantage opportunity expand albania northwestern macedonia close campaign november informed conspiracy deliver exchange traditional rights privileges city readily granted sent envoys calling appear person camp suspicious intentions refused marched days conspirators opened gates army city quickly captured captured exiled macedonia placed governance grand domestic isolated power refuge apparently remained events final throw death secured turned offering marriage alliance michael eldest son granddaughter maria offer enthusiastically accepted michael wife young couple engaged michael abandoned family ambitions remained ambivalent alliance influence nephew turn spring michael launched sudden attack city resisted successfully spring year crossed europe campaign michael turned north capturing received news arrival withdrew besieged captured stronghold soon area stalemate broken generals defected followed shortly ruler forced michael come terms fortresses captured remaining holdings macedonia marriage alliance furthermore explicitly demanded handing ambassadors met offered young hostages granted title soon allowed return moved prisoner asia minor died shortly assessment modern biographer described energetic ambitious statesman inherited ancestor endurance persistence intelligence diplomacy ability adapt furthermore points despite great ability ambition recover constantinople rivalry actually hampered delayed restoration byzantine_empire decades legacy left lasting mark political western greeks remarks memory victories title byzantine crown lived northern greece hearts descendants years come continued uncle rivalry delaying recovery constantinople restoration byzantine_empire rulers continue challenge revived empire uphold claim byzantine throne family wife children married king serbia emperor married succeeded ruler
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Theodore Komnenos Doukas
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18933_JohnCunningham(RAFofficer)
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raf officer john cat eyes july july royal_air_force raf night fighter ace second world war test pilot war nicknamed cat eyes explain successes avoid communicating existence airborne radar enemy born midst world war keen entering aviation industry teenager temporarily father wishes avoid military approached company accepted engineering candidate concurrently joined member county middlesex squadron began training august flew solo march received wings summer gradually established test pilot gaining considerable flying time different types aircraft august rejoined squadron equipped version operator serve gunner radio operator war contribute victories july squadron designated specialised night fighter unit receive airborne interception radar promoted squadron leader september autumn subsided blitz began squadron equipped rugged heavily armed night november claimed victory time blitz ended june destroyed enemy aircraft claimed probable victories damaged prolonged rest period promoted wing commander appointed command squadron raf time tally reached enemy aircraft destroyed early added victories probable damaged combat career ended aerial victories probable damaged spent remainder conflict staff officer positions end war europe attained rank group captain war joined continued test pilot career flew world jet flew commercial jets time early 1960s continued flying industry late 1970s worked executive director retiring recognition wartime exploits contribution civil aviation appointed commander order british empire retirement nearly financially ruined ran financial difficulty forced live end life died days shy birthday early life born south london july midst world war father worked fort based birmingham rose position company secretary married family owned engineering company supplied fabric company heavy machinery 1920s grandfather lord mayor family located john born elder sisters mary younger brother william john attended preparatory school subsequently pupil public school school holiday took flight experiences encouraged enter officers training corps school personal tragedy occurred father died school particularly mathematics field keen entering aviation industry teenager joined aircraft company apprentice began engineering career projects invited assist building concurrently joined member county middlesex squadron recommendation friend family began training august flew solo march receiving commission pilot officer received wings summer met time year old electrical engineer later severe aerial gunner radar operator john successful air battles subsequently junior test pilot working light aircraft alongside company founder son chief test pilot company short test pilots caught eye flight experience grew reflected promotion flying officer december time john began care test flying manufacture design test pilots continued career march called readiness squadron munich crisis time squadron flying demon displeased converted machines fitted machine guns forward facing firepower long range fighter dubious value german expose aircraft originally intended bomber told sufficient night fighter role intended use variant april john returned test flying april narrowly escaped life alongside men safety taken minor air test response spins prototypes anti spin parachute preceding tests carried need resort safety measure aircraft left hand spin recovered climbing feet aircraft right hand spin engine cut nose aircraft stalled entered flat spin asked john tube try escape situation controls proved non responsive efforts decided parachute declined nose recovered spin engine left wind propeller started engine aircraft began descending airmen dangerously close range fortunately descended faster rate destroyed hit ground took pictures wreckage parachute exemplified cool nature response nazi soviet pact august raf test flying complete declaration war september growing tension europe war likely john forced commit raf raf trained felt far use raf test flying aircraft second world war august rejoined squadron equipped version john enthusiastic flying turret eliminated reduce weight increase speed flying suits cockpit heated caused discomfort crews winter period radios short range caused communication problems cockpit multi difficult clean liable reflect light cooperation hazardous unit unspecified problems blind flying instruments squadron incurred losses owing inexperience crews flying patrols north_sea essex number result difficulties aircraft january moved flew adorned finland sweden assist country soviet invasion promoted flight lieutenant march april squadron flew escort carrying winston_churchill lord admiralty paris attend meeting german invasion denmark norway unit time war consumed engaging intensive training wash included operation laying operations long relocated airfield flew sorties english channel patrols intensified recorded contact enemy france june night squadron july squadron designated specialised night fighter unit squadron receive airborne interception radar sent number radar sets friend crew mate saw opportunity join program promised bright future radar operator join january intervening period squadron frequently frustrated limitations magic boxes slow catch german bombers enemy given advantage flew night june luftwaffe flew major operation area victories claimed summer promoted acting squadron leader september commanding flight month unit received heavily armed powerful commanding officer second man fly went stage relation gun sight sight projected ring light spot centre small sheet glass directly pilots head spot centre provided aiming point ring variable diameter helped judge rage needed attack target light brilliance control ineffective rotating fraction produce maximum brilliance cause spot douglas formed met regularly discuss operational problems experienced aviator invited attend invited air views meeting referred meet gun sight expert engineering expertise assessment issue hall design hall later managing director years later worked ground control interception carrying exercises acquaintance chief air staff dropped douglas men keen hear experiences crew sets added mass produced operating frequency metres equipment consisted receiver control panel indicator unit system fixed nose aerial double shape pair protruding leading edge wing cannon pair elevation located wing surfaces near raf starboard indicator display consisted ray tubes displayed elevation bearing set range limitation miles circa feet minimum range detection usually feet closer ranges target merged transmission pulse obscured altitudes feet returns ground objects swamp tubes operators like left fair scales markings early sets position heading enemy plane height range bring range target usually mile bomber team specifically position directly astern underneath enemy german bombers carried dorsal gunner difficult locate enemy black colour landscape usually country swallow outline approaching night fighter approached enemy prove hazardous throwing pilot aim approaching slightly allowed attacking pilot avoid tactics allowed close range fire usually sufficient end engagement quickly successfully rival night fighter ace tactic cat eyes summer sit idle frustrated autumn battle subsided having failed gain air superiority luftwaffe resolved bomb british ports industries change german strategy began blitz phase aerial campaign night november luftwaffe raided birmingham germans hoped follow attacks highly effective raid november led aircraft bomber wing city took night hampshire patrol north london direction raid known ordered proceed temporary radar operator ground radar operator enemy aircraft crew forced westward search lights attracted attention able contact guide soon visual confirmation tell tale sign aircraft blank patch sky surrounded cluster stars keeping enemy blind spot flew adjusted speed match german pilot closing range fired cannons exploded hitting ground near victim flown claimed destroyed interrogation german survivors affirmed circumstances granted victory wait month victory december sent bombers led attack manchester enemy aircraft dark identified machine flying feet saw feet engaged enemy miles south enemy climbed feet following opened fire yards fire bomber high crew bombs france crash landed crew wounded machine written crew unaware victim night fighter supposed shot ship january nearly added germans attacked cardiff city heaviest raid war engaged spread aerial masts rear fuselage indicative expended ammunition working cannons cannon jammed clouds feet angle degrees machine returned france wounded gunner received credit probable victory january claimed damaged operator awarded january achievements including night sorties february invitation chief air staff arrived ordered report senior officers met summoned hangar time laid eyes flew prototype february greatly impressed controls generally pleasant handling characteristics concluded type fitted equipment perfect replacement claimed victory february luftwaffe carried air attacks devon engaged crashed outside bomber belonging completely destroyed crew killed fifth victory time march twice enemy aircraft claim damaged night april accounted fourth enemy aircraft claimed identity aircraft likely factory number code mission raid crew posted missing action night april fighter ace intercepted bombers attacked portsmouth portland harbour crashed channel crew squadron raf pilot flight lieutenant ward claimed victory saw glow fired hit sea credited victory crash squadron war diary acknowledged fact entry night nights later april accounted followed plus probable victory april possible victim later mission crew members killed pilot squadron claimed machine crashed lost crew channel stab machine lost northern france crew abandoned damaged aircraft accounted near portsmouth april successful night shooting bombers victories patrol near south coast engaged shot rounds returned sent patrol second sortie took headed south southampton busy employ granted request investigate cone directed attack duly shot crashed derelict houses southampton sent enemy lost contact appearing southampton spotted closed yards shot crashed area 9th victory code belonging piloted crashed road southampton killed action taken prisoner war april having downed enemy aircraft night fighting operations decorated distinguished service order accounted nights later achieved victory 12th king george accompanied king appeared hill far king met congratulated airmen success asked night king driven station outside tour facility eager impress king drove dispersal prepared patrol luftwaffe began operations night attacking liverpool took flight path patrol area took intercepted north controller asked king outside opportunity witnessing battle king heard results engines cannon fire code eventually crashed near south pilot survived pilot badly burned flight engineer killed gunfire night june accounted luftwaffe completed major raid blitz german bombers lost night following morning promoted temporary squadron leader propaganda early british press permission allowed approach write experiences reasons lack censorship morale early stages blitz perception civilian population germans attack britain night publication exploits attempt assure public raf fighting imposing losses luftwaffe singled attention purpose contribution success virtually ignored want allow enemy learn airborne radar german night fighters equipped devices large scale later legend created explain successes instead night fighter ace allowed publish picture read exceptional allowed dark visually ability domestic cat said diet provided allowed maintain excellent night vision ensuing public accepted cats eyes tag necessary deception propaganda story served purpose populace released public january success night defences told germans raf improving techniques new premier night fighter aces raf appreciate press attention case stemmed deeper religious convictions combat killing priest war cooperate biographers approached exploits described print war war actively lime light country best selling newspapers asked interview declined embarrassment father gave interviews famous son stories forthcoming newspapers soon lost interest certainly aware result press attention competitive rivalry developed book scramble mentioned pride night surpassed score permanently wing commander dynamics air war changed june german invasion soviet_union opened eastern german bomber force heavily committed theatre fighting mediterranean north african theatres diverted german air strength operations luftwaffe britain changed dramatically small numbers bombers hit run attacks selected targets near coast remainder replacing mass raids preceding autumn winter decline pace operations train new crews practice leadership different day fighter counterparts day unit fly formation engage enemy communicate radio follow directions example commanding officer combat position lead way night fighter lone hunter took crew operate air instead ensure proficiency battle teaching men master aircraft constantly touch scientists tracked new developments took new crews generate confidence machine night pilots learn fly instruments adverse weather conditions sustained periods contributed use mock interception target aircraft flown regularly flew operations flying new powered engines interception july hit return fire engines caught fire far sea flew base extinguished fire wheels landing following month greater success night august intercepted claimed damaged second confirmed model coded belonging fell sea north west found body washed ashore august september caught downed 15th victory awarded bar september time acting wing commander winter passed relative inactivity spring began campaign germany earnest attack adolf_hitler enraged attack ordered luftwaffe begin strikes began called april engaged damaged operating exeter able escape cloud specialist german unit operating new navigational aids allowed fly navigate thick cloud rain deliberately operated weather proved difficult night fighters interception night attempting usual tactic british crew approached suddenly tight left hand turn allowing gunners fire broad bomber disappeared mist asked help tracked flying north near engaging german pilot managed turn head position dive past upside continually evaded turning underneath near impossible angles came understand dealing soon turning match began german attempted escape twisting diving forced feet lost contact ground hid signal returned base news soon came crashed slopes apparently broken clouds feet vertically ground near isolated village intelligence later determined machine code bomber impact pilot squadron leader killed crew unique victory fired guns minute chase following episode promoted temporary wing commander june following downing 16th enemy aircraft received bar july feats destroying enemy aircraft firing single bullet diving cloud great speed drove enemy aircraft ground soon ordered staff positions compulsory order fighter pilots men considered fit operational duties departed middle chance test new inch viii radar range miles kilometres new radar radical improvement information displayed single tube ground echo reduced seen screen flying low interfere overall picture director training units left staff officer group headquarters instructors job operational training unit managed persuade deploy headquarters group raf training organisation promoted squadron leader awarded distinguished flying medal pair remained grounded months january tour allowed operations given command squadron raf equipped based selected operator radar set displayed entire picture small ray tube set left instrument panel gave composite image duo decided control interception initial stages reached point enemy action ranges free pilot looking ray tube night march luftwaffe active late contact contact climbed box operated box shape separated evenly spaced markers fighter given box flew allotted marker beacon lights illuminated target formed cone pick contact soon contact closed cannons jammed sitting time trying vain encourage guns fire german crew suddenly away furious quarters squadron got airborne seen enemy ground influence small night fighter community bring personnel old unit currently cornwall new viii radar uniform facility took command smooth bluff nose dome dish antenna time luftwaffe sending increased numbers fighters england night low level able hit coastal areas speed agility meant difficult prospect intercept german pilots respects lack flying experience units carry radar short range aside small mirror pilot night lost probably fifth squadron june intercepted far airfield controller crew room commanding officer closing enemy aircraft heading london heard aircraft brief burst fire followed explosion later learned pilot fast bomber wing thrown canopy code fell deployed parachute picked crew broken arm night august claimed september proved 19th victory claim year seen crash sea achieved 20th final air victory night january chasing france near shooting machine code belonging crashed killed january luftwaffe initiated filed claims offensive lasted night february claimed damaged near lost destruction attributed pilot night february claimed probable victory landed surviving attack night fighter code returned crewmen injured missions nearly shot closing astern gunners suddenly opened fire took manoeuvres single round struck nearly shattering glass fragments struck face later removed field hospital later captured german crew told intelligence officers new radar rear german aircraft detect night fighters bombers difficult surprise encounter enemy pursuit near french coast march awarded bar citation describing example praise april decorated soviet_union 1st class promoted wing commander war substantive september serving series staff positions remainder war group captain march relinquished command squadron appointed group captain command night operations group raf youngest hold rank asked report company test fly commented machine ideal night fighter familiar workings recommended cockpit extended allow navigator fuel tanks enlarged type formidable test flying carried sortie normandy british sector june began enemy aircraft unable hold contacts june flying bomb offensive began tasked assisting interception coordinated efforts group raf engaged operations occupied europe concerned dangers bomb exploding damaging attacking fighter commanding officers current group captain ace enemy aircraft shot forced bail nose split open operations long august bomber support missions end war spent time flying europe meeting commanding officers units took advantage position fly types chance operate flew frequently trips soon took leave visit mother ireland staying sister mary niece lost husband killed action italy remained group capitulation germany july sent far_east group created collection raf forces recover singapore japanese flew malta cairo baghdad soon arrived learned atomic attacks japan september japan surrendered second world war offered permanent commission raf feared career stayed administration policy making staff courses committees mean flying secondary occupation decided return company asked raf release previous summer refused formally november joined december post war activities relinquished raf commission officially august retaining rank group captain remaining constituted permanent rank squadron leader reformed old auxiliary squadron request took active running serving reserve officer retirement reserve squadron leader august awarded salary company expanded enormously war number employees rose turnover company gone million war million supported factories took title chief test pilot supervision served pilot consultant series deals countries keen employ visited deliver advise british airborne radar design swiss presented grip control column mounted wooden stand withdrew vampires retired machine invited celebrate years swedish service september killed test flying thames estuary taken time deliver vampire switzerland learned morning swiss newspapers breakfast geneva missing knew family contacted father son john killed collision flying agreement senior took dead pilot post earned year march set world flight altitude record feet metres ghost powered vampire flight lasted minutes reaching feet minutes following year went test world jet flew flew highly successful export carrying recently widowed princess margaret hour tour alps point supervised queen mother took controls members squadron later night anxious piloted aircraft continued test fly prototypes built late 1950s october travelled united_states received president prestigious american trophy services civil aviation december appointed member board company sold merged company instrumental development worked managing director met iron gun sight later acted consultant advisor company sought increase revenue selling aircraft china insistence postponed retirement years complete series aircraft sales announced industry consumed nation manufacturers accident whilst flying november surrey flock snowy birds collided british aircraft takeoff engines forced emergency landing aircraft mph runway perimeter airfield public road collided car carrying passengers killed died board suffered crushed remained chief test pilot accident formed awarded trophy services recognition wartime exploits contribution civil aviation appointed commander order british empire retired british retirement devoted aviation affairs charitable nature building retirement fund appointed chairman sir charity devoted helping young people aspirations aviation number years senior raf officers attracted investing unfortunately commitment unlimited liability lloyd ran financial difficulty faced enormous debts forced live end life died days shy birthday july sale medals following death service medals flying memorabilia passed medals subsequently sold raise funds september
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John Cunningham (RAF officer)
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18968_ArthurF.Devereux
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april february captain massachusetts volunteer militia prior civil war colonel union_army civil war notable expertise proficiency instruction military drill 19th command played important role filling breach union lines charge active service concluded awarded honorary rank brigadier general appointment president february rank march confirmation april early career born salem massachusetts attended west_point father served adjutant general massachusetts father interest military matters likely influenced career graduate west_point instead moved chicago illinois pursue career business years old chicago soon moving chicago business partners young man age business unsuccessful long career law massachusetts peace time militia soldiers highly successful involved adjutant later confederate general civil war eventually governor kentucky interested method drill inspired units fought north_africa wore elaborate uniforms influenced militia units united_states wore similar uniforms french counterparts emphasized precision drill formed company known placed supervision men frequently consulted practice precision drill later civil war command 11th regiment famously union_army officers killed war salem company returning massachusetts eventually elected captain company company prestigious massachusetts militia unit long history having established inspired enhanced salem company prestige transforming unit training members precision drill company gave exhibition drill massachusetts large crowd distinguished guests declared marvel precision civil war 8th massachusetts april salem company assigned 8th months service regiment arrived maryland april immediately arrival designated company 8th massachusetts ordered aboard uss constitution protect vessel attack confederate time constitution serving training ship original frigates warship important national symbol navy soon towed constitution salem company board new_york_city vulnerable returning maryland company rejoined 8th massachusetts aiding repairing railroads serving guard duty outside baltimore 8th massachusetts mustered service august 19th massachusetts having completed term service immediately sought involvement new regiment august commissioned lieutenant colonel 19th massachusetts commanding officer regiment col great respect expertise military drill placed training 19th massachusetts supervision prepare regiment action enlisted aid members company serve drill masters winter service picket duty vicinity washington 19th massachusetts attached army placed sick leave seven days battles missed unit severe action unit involved second battle bull run august september 19th massachusetts division took infamous charge confederate lines division virtually surrounded suffered heavy casualties col wounded action col suffered severe wound required extended absence army place took command 19th massachusetts promotion colonel effective november 19th massachusetts played significant role july confederate forces attempted massive frontal assault union position known charge attack managed breach union lines small place spot referred high water mark confederacy position reached confederate troops charge failure charge regarded major turning point civil war 19th massachusetts happened union infantry regiments positioned high water mark regiment placed slightly south trees served target confederate units charge 19th massachusetts line 42nd new_york units second line defense brigade confederate charge struck union position gap union line opened 19th massachusetts brigade adjacent brigade commanded brig seeing break turned colonel 42nd new_york gap said moment rode called broken shall replied 19th massachusetts 42nd new_york filled gap entering hand hand combat brutal fighting 19th massachusetts captured confederate regimental flags personally delivered brigade commander battle following detached regiment assist draft service massachusetts fall command garrison camp long island brigade command returning army november placed command capacity selected lead dangerous charge planning november fortunately attack called forced resign command february according historian family considerations nominated president february award honorary grade brigadier general rank march services war confirmed award april family post war life time resignation married massachusetts sons daughters went business career war boston new_york eventually settling wife children cincinnati ohio ohio representative ohio legislature wife pursued career journalism writing editorials social column publications best known female journalists time decades 19th century family played key role defining elite social circles cincinnati published cincinnati social register notable residents city assisted daughter later took mother mantle wrote influential social column early 20th century according recent journalist cincinnati years died february interred cincinnati
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Arthur F. Devereux
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19147_FriedrichFoertsch
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friedrich friedrich december german general serving world war second inspector general der born joined military service serving infantry final battles world war earned iron cross second class end hostilities joined war later accepted world war held senior staff positions including chief general staff awarded knight des september leadership defensive battles taken prisoner war post war trial initially received death sentence later years hard labor intervention caused release joined newly formed served senior positions including assignment shape nato paris appointed inspector general position held retirement died december biography born district father government employee der und attended gymnasium secondary school received volunteered military service assigned military career took path older brother later general der shortly end world war participated battles und positions northeast awarded 2nd class brother joined war accepted end serving ensign promoted second lieutenant april lieutenant february adjutant iii 3rd light infantry battalion 17th infantry regiment october served 12th machine gun company regiment transferred war academy fall promoted april treaty versailles imposed severe restrictions germany military strength largely versailles restrictions adolf_hitler rise power began renamed expanded time served military headquarters appointed company chief october promoted major august transferred general staff iii november position held outbreak world war fall officer general staff 60th infantry division participated invasion france relieved position transferred chief staff attained rank november june promoted time appointed officer general staff 18th army earned gold support heavy fighting northern sector eastern appointed chief general staff december promoted june months later received knight des appointed chief general staff end january promotion followed march capitulation german forces taken prisoner war sentenced years imprisonment war crime charges destruction cities art june according court permitted destruction cities troops destruction historical art memorials released captivity october helped secure release german prisoners war decade end war joined holding rank initial task leadership appointed commanding officer april posted shape nato paris deputy chief fundamental planning office succeeded second der april command compulsory military service extended months command political scandal led resignation widely read german periodical published article prepared defense nato maneuver called fall exercise nato forces demonstrate resist possible attack soviet_union forces maneuvers demonstrated repel attack article exposed sorry state retired star general december retirement wife children lived died december awards 2nd class 2nd class 1st class gold knight september chief general staff grand officer star medal long service award 4th 1st class commander france legion merit usa
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Friedrich Foertsch
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19528_OliverEdwards
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january april machine company executive inventor volunteer officer union_army american_civil_war raised springfield massachusetts edwards moved illinois young man pursue career manager manufacturing start civil war adjutant 10th later aide camp brigadier general couch fall took command 37th colonel led unit numerous major battles including july placed command provisional brigade sent assist spring placed command brigade briefly placed command division service campaigns edwards awarded honorary rank brigadier general later promoted grade brigadier general awarded honorary rank major general rank april service war edwards returned career manufacturing notably manager massachusetts machine gun company england early career edwards born springfield massachusetts son edwards early age strong interest mechanics attend college obtained springfield age edwards moved american midwest establish eventually settling warsaw illinois partner new known civil war service adjutant start civil war edwards returned massachusetts intention enlist private early june recruited company men springfield 10th 10th massachusetts edwards offered officer commission lieutenant assigned role adjutant primarily administrative position assisting colonel commanded regiment edwards saw little action service 10th fall regiment primarily occupied building fortifications vicinity washington time january brig command division 10th massachusetts belonged asked edwards aide camp edwards occupied administrative position assisting couch coordinating movements division 37th massachusetts august edwards promoted major recalled massachusetts assist organizing 37th regiment organized edwards promoted colonel command 37th massachusetts regiment arrived washington week september soon attached army assigned 2nd brigade edwards seen numerous battles experience field commander combat occurred december regiment played minor role fight brigade held reserve battle edwards 37th massachusetts took second battle engagement 37th occupied extreme left union line exposed dangerous position battle extended 37th holding ground 37th massachusetts fought battle july day fighting 37th assigned new position battle line route confederate heavy preceding charge began unlike union regiments took cover 37th forced march new position bombardment taking heavy casualties edwards credited keeping regiment courage dangerous march new_york draft riots july 37th massachusetts small number regiments army hand picked duty new_york wake draft riots time 37th reached new_york worst rioting ended strong presence required peace october time new_york edwards commanded brigade stationed fort hamilton brooklyn hearing presence massachusetts troops spark violence edwards requested permission place regiment prominently guards draft office intending demonstrate bravery men face threats despite rumors presence edwards regiment violence brigade command returning army october col edwards 37th massachusetts took settled winter camp rest army spring 37th engaged rapid series severe battles attempted grind confederate army capture confederate capital richmond battle wilderness edwards ordered lead 37th massachusetts dangerous charge check confederate advance provide cover brig retreating division edwards led 37th forward cleared yards ground surrounded retreat regiment orderly keeping constant fire edwards direction regiment suffered percent casualties engagement participating edwards promoted command 4th brigade edwards commanded unit remainder including engagements close july edwards brigade organized divisions transferred command took summer fall turning point campaign union_army came battle winchester virginia september engagement edwards temporarily promoted command 1st performed earning attention subsequently commandant winchester december president abraham_lincoln nominated edwards award honorary grade brigadier general rank october gallantry battle battle winchester confirmed award february embarked southward offensive october asked edwards marshal general edwards preferred retain command brigade return edwards brigade returned army midst long siege april edwards brigade union unit break confederate works outside evacuated fortifications edwards personally received surrender city mayor president nominated edwards grade brigadier general rank president present nomination edwards promotion senate january edwards mustered january senate confirmed promotion february july president nominated edwards award honorary grade major general rank april capturing confederate lieutenant general son captured 37th command entire brigade confederate soldiers battle creek virginia confirmed award july close war edwards continued service army remainder offered permanent position declined resigned commission january mustered day post war career war edwards returned warsaw illinois wife married september leave army children julia spent years warsaw returned massachusetts continue career manufacturing edwards hired massachusetts eventually general superintendent company time edwards patented number including florence ice florence oil resigned position returned warsaw went early retirement years plans changed offered position general manager machine gun company england company manufactured guns invented united_states rights purchased british_army edwards managed company years poor health required resign return warsaw retirement remaining years spent pursuing leisure interests supporting organizations republic edwards died warsaw april
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Oliver Edwards
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19582_ClarenceRansomEdwards
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ransom edwards january february american general known chief commander early career edwards born cleveland ohio son local merchant graduated class graduation west_point edwards appointed second lieutenant 23rd infantry years edwards served posts including cleveland ohio commanding guard tomb president fort davis stationed fort porter met member family included fort named married promoted lieutenant february serving detached service known received honorary degree following stint detached service edwards returned 23rd infantry fort clark serving captain command company later regimental spanish american war philippines outbreak spanish american war edwards moved regiment new_orleans louisiana given rank major assigned mobile alabama later tampa florida alabama command major general invasion cuba unable obtain transport january edwards appointed adjutant general general staff accompanying philippines participated campaigns philippines including edwards received silver citation stars gallantry action campaigns killed december edwards accompanied remains washington burial knowledge conditions philippines promoted lieutenant colonel named chief affairs promoted colonel named chief new retained office time risen rank brigadier general edwards named commander 6th brigade fort russell wyoming october brigade moved texas february response mexican revolution february edwards commander 1st barracks hawaii served commander forces panama canal zone february april world war outbreak world war edwards placed charge comprising new_england states august promoted major general given task organizing 26th division division arrived france september complete american division division complete american division combat february remained days going days west_point edwards earned reputation sharp contentious commander particularly despised edwards enemy general 26th division relief near april edwards found fault saw accused 1st division leaving classified documents enraged favored came incident july second battle corps commander found 26th division lack heroism fought depend commanders especially edwards unit edwards final demise came october reported incident involving information soldiers obtained german soldiers germans expressed belief war soon reluctant continue fighting edwards thought reporting enemy poor morale instead gave excuse rid edwards zeal supporting national_guard reported incident took opportunity act personal relieve edwards command later career edwards return united_states assigned command headquarters boston september reverted rank brigadier general placed command 2nd brigade based camp taylor kentucky promoted major general june given command corps area headquartered boston served retired december nearly years service following retirement edwards served president grocery company father founded edwards member served commander general daughter died pneumonia maryland october wife died january edwards died february boston massachusetts buried arlington national cemetery arlington virginia honors awards military honors distinguished service medal posthumous presented spanish war service medal philippine campaign medal silver citation stars victory medal legion honor france palm france belgium swords poland distinguished service medal citation citation president united_states_of_america authorized act congress july takes pride presenting posthumously united_states_army exceptionally distinguished services government united_states duty great responsibility world war having organized general edwards commanded distinction days active service high qualities leadership devotion duty displayed responsible marked morale command marked tactical ability energy largely brilliant successes achieved operations enemy february november general edwards died february honors edwards received honorary doctor laws degrees collection papers archived boston open research middle school massachusetts named honor statue edwards stands grounds connecticut state capitol carries massachusetts located campus camp edwards training camp located massachusetts named
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Clarence Ransom Edwards
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19988_PatrickCleburne
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burn march november irish born american soldier best known service american_civil_war rose rank major general born ireland served 41st regiment foot welsh regiment british_army failing gain entrance emigrated united_states years later beginning civil war sided progressed private soldier local militia division commander participated successful military campaigns especially strategic ability gained nickname west killed battle franklin early life born ireland second son middle class physician anglo irish ancestry patrick mother died months old orphan followed father study medicine failed entrance exam response failure enlisted 41st regiment foot british_army subsequently rising rank corporal years later bought discharge emigrated united_states brothers sister spending short time ohio settled arkansas employed readily accepted town social order time close friends later parallel course men formed business partnership buy newspaper december wounded street fight members following debate shot turned shot attackers killing attackers hid collapsed street left recovered appeared grand jury respond charges brought afterward went parents house mississippi citizen practicing lawyer popular local residents service issue reached crisis sided southern states choice love slavery claimed care affection southern people adopted crisis mounted joined local militia company rifles private soldier soon elected captain led company seizure january arkansas left union rifles 1st later designated 15th arkansas elected colonel promoted brigadier general march served battle kentucky wounded face ball pierced left cheek smashed teeth exited mouth recovering time participate retreated namesake state late promoted division command served battle stones river division advanced miles routed union right wing drove final line defense promoted major general december campaigns tennessee soldiers fought battle battle near conducted rare night assault successfully resisted larger union force northern end battle gap northern georgia men protected retreated georgia troops received official thanks actions campaign strategic use terrain ability hold ground failed talent movements enemy earned fame gained nickname west federal troops quoted blue flag battlefield general referred shining sky late obvious confederacy losing war growing limitations manpower resources dramatically called leadership forth proposal slaves enlist secure southern independence plan include black equality suggesting legislation ensure relations blacks whites change proposal met silence meeting word leaked went officially recognized letter outlining proposal satisfy negro standard war shall receive freedom race change race weakness position strength slaves fight stood masters good battle great sea fight christians checked forever spread europe slaves portions fleet promised freedom called fight critical moment battle fought civilization owes brave slaves experience war far half trained fought half trained yankees said slavery fighting true deny slavery enemies fighting merely establish superiority centralized form government rights liberties death legacy prior campaigning season engaged mobile alabama marriage killed ill conceived assault opposed union fortifications battle franklin south nashville tennessee november seen advancing foot union line sword raised horse shot accounts later said found inside federal line body carried aid station confederate war records indicate died shot abdomen possibly bullet went heart found body picked clean valuable items including sword boots pocket watch according letter written judge post war remains laid rest rose hill cemetery columbia tennessee urging judge staff officer law partner remains moved near tennessee remained years observed march tennessee campaign led commented place like buried great beauty resemblance irish homeland returned adopted hometown arkansas fanfare buried confederate section maple hill cemetery overlooking mississippi_river corps commander learned loss division defended odds broke line attacked numbers resisted onslaught save grave geographic features named including alabama arkansas city texas location killed franklin tennessee reclaimed known patrick confederate cemetery memorial cemetery georgia named honor general popular culture subject graphic novel plays prominent role novel dawn major character alternate history novel shattered nation alternate history novel american_civil_war prominent song rebel sons erin subject handful biographies including west civil war anthology shining brightly edited
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Patrick Cleburne
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20042_RussellFoskett
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october australian aviator flying ace second world war born suburb sydney employed clerk enlisted royal_australian_air_force accepted pilot empire air training scheme completed training australia transferring service north_africa subsequent aerial engagements officially credited destruction axis aircraft awarded appointed command squadron raf transferred killed october aircraft developed engine trouble forced bail parachute failed open early life born sydney suburb new_south_wales wife née educated going study later gained employment clerk credit department youth active scouting sport particularly hockey member gordon district hockey club represented new_south_wales second world war training september enlisted royal_australian_air_force service second world war accepted flight training empire air training scheme received initial flight instruction initial training school completing course november advanced leading posted depot december embarked sydney bound africa disembarked january following week voyage allocated completed week stint unit proceeding graduating school posted advanced flight instruction march promoted acting sergeant following day april awarded flying badge fully qualified pilot north_africa promoted substantive rank sergeant june transferred middle_east following day spent weeks headquarters prior moving operation training unit july posted squadron raf flying north_africa commissioned pilot officer march promoted acting flight lieutenant july appointed flight commander squadron following month commanding officer squadron later commented time man born leader required enthusiasm aggression humour life energy november led squadron sortie formation dive bombers escorted ensuing engagement seven shot additional probably destroyed damaged shot axis aircraft hit fire forced landed aircraft minefield safely extracted formation british_army area returning squadron evening resumed flying duties following morning subsequently awarded actions engagement announcement accompanying citation award published supplement london gazette december reading 4th december royal_air_force king pleased approve following awards recognition gallantry displayed flying operations enemy distinguished flying cross acting flight lieutenant royal_australian_air_force squadron day november officer led squadron attack formation dive bombers heavily escorted fighters combat shot probably destroyed damaged flight lieutenant displayed great skill daring destroyed enemy aircraft hit landed safely joined squadron night following morning resumed flying duties officer participated large number sorties displayed inspiring leadership squadron continued undertake sorties squadron late march operational tour came end promoted acting squadron leader posted staff officer headquarters group located palestine service headquarters lasted october appointed commander squadron raf based town squadron equipped consisted mixture commonwealth personnel addition contingent pilots administered led squadron operated north_africa middle_east noted outstanding fighter pilot commander time consequently mentioned despatches awarded wings king squadron equipped february year aircraft scored final victory war june involved sweeping sortie crete engaged ensuing battle managed shoot opposing aircraft libya october squadron relocated greece october returning base following operation developed engine trouble islands attempted bail aircraft altitude low parachute open consequently killed body later recovered buried sea commemorated malta memorial younger brother royal_australian_air_force navigator killed operation berlin previous february time death officially credited tally axis aircraft shot command squadron appointed officer order british empire posthumously announced supplement london gazette january february father edward attended ceremony sydney presented late son decorations duke gloucester
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Russell Foskett
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20229_PetarBaćović
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serbian april reserve army officer lawyer commander occupied yugoslavia world war summer april headed cabinet puppet belgrade july appointed leader commander eastern bosnia collaborated italians germans actions yugoslav partisans commanders carried numerous muslim catholic civilians sympathetic partisan movement april captured near elements croatia leaders apparently trap according sources taken area concentration camp killed early life born village province ottoman_empire occupied austria-hungary father commander prior world war major reserve studied law legal work governor immediately prior outbreak war world war summer headed cabinet german installed puppet german occupied territory military commander serbia leader direct control independent bands occupied yugoslavia corresponding leaders letter following agreement april left belgrade went join operating eastern bosnia axis puppet state croatia croatian sent permanent representative main bands montenegro offensive mid early june took joint italian montenegro offensive partisans included operations eastern led forces fighting partisans region border italian occupied montenegro german occupied serbia troops fought alongside led detachment led puppet government approval germans forces fought alongside italian 19th infantry division main formations involved joint offensive led face assault outnumbered partisan forces withdrew montenegro eastern southeastern bosnia undertook partisan long march western bosnia end submitted report troops significant amounts weapons equipment received italians italians summer order established significant parts italian occupation zone detachment leaders including principal political headquarters recognized italians early summer commander mario agreed delivery arms munitions supplies july acting military organizers informed vast majority equipped small arms italians combined group number italian zone stood march looking opportunities create national corridor connecting groups operating italian occupied areas montenegro western bosnia june advance aim creating national corridor offered send placed control transfer forces created opportunity strike major concentration partisan strength time western bosnia conference july held conference near attended group commanders purpose meeting establish operation leaders appointed commander eastern replacing captured executed partisans late february appointed commander western bosnia historian believes idea anti partisan offensive discussed conference potential response agreement concluded italy june agreement heralded major italian occupation forces large areas including areas bosnia south italian german line leaders believed reduce area operate italian consent second day conference travelled nearby conferred commanders agreed set goals strategy achieve creation destruction partisans removal catholics muslims non recognition collaboration germans temporary collaboration italians weapons munitions food addressed crowd announcing cells village eastern establishing greater serbia days appointment commander demanded replaced appointed commander previous commander arrested belgrade april allies opposed control favoured political strictly military organisation wanted continue alliance regime forged opposed control wanted remain independent freely kill muslims damaging standing people close association activities soon conference negotiating corps headquarters staff proposed offensive partisans western bosnia august advocating creating trying movement model defended interests peasants muslim landowners interwar period august continued effort eliminate external enemies purge ranks ordered subordinate commanders corps brigades submit lists individuals suggestions deal brigade commanders required send assassins kill person labelled letter croatian meaning murder hours receiving demanded killing exclusively use knife capture muslims august commanded drawn mainly acting orders attacked captured eastern town abandoned partisans june occupied forces hour battle units entered began muslim population town regardless gender age according initial reports total people killed including members women children later reports stated killed capture days seized reported traces massacre removed formally announced responsible looting killing shot days capture wrote occasion uniform compromised muslims perished suffered dead wounded field near eastern bosnia muslims burned number villages killed number partisan september completed tour units reported morale population excellent actions partisans drawing populace month killed coastal town reports plain forces conducting planned operations kill drive muslim catholic population reports stated attacks towns western skinned alive catholic priests killed men razed villages operation subsequent end august issued units ordering prepare large scale anti partisan operation alongside italian troops september aware unable defeat partisans tried persuade italians undertake large operation partisans western bosnia met september urged undertake operation soon possible clear partisans area offered aid condition provided necessary arms supplies successful obtaining arms promises action proposed operation faced opposition leader cautious italian high command nearly cancelled promised cooperate muslim anti partisan units went ahead involvement participated italian led operation involved thrust fought alongside italian 18th infantry division advanced line german forces drove north offensive openly announced plans destroy entire muslim villages smaller towns captured combined italian force command participated enthusiastically operation burning muslim villages killing civilians october muslims razed villages alleging aided partisans october reported operation slaughtered muslims soldiers returned enthusiastic according historian incomplete data shows civilians victims listed source states people killed mainly children women elderly mentions estimate victims attributes fact estimates refer different territories objected massive civilians threatened halt italian aid end requested violence croatian muslim population immediately stopped stop supplying food daily wages formations members perpetrators violence criminal situation continues severe measures undertaken massacre angered government italians order withdraw discharged altogether later sent northern aid forces operation beta later followed month italians forces captured surrounding month massacre wrote self critical report hoping distance actions troops october issued appeal partisans blamed establishment partisan movement jews earth blamed partisans destruction traditional society religion morals claiming women young promoting partisans led jews muslims month staff issued appeal claiming controlled serbia montenegro bosnia partisans found places bosnia urged defect return good serbs contribute creation free state bands committed atrocities muslims november operations northern late september early october held talks muslim leader agreed recruit muslims ranks muslim militia later fought partisans axis led case white offensive early distinguish december estimated percent muslim november december italians helped relocate northern relocated later january conferred title ailing late january forces northern committed massacre civilians town near split following death february chief staff vowed continue policy closely collaborating italians partisans february proclamation signed issued declared people bosnia serbia montenegro partisans areas declaration denounced partisans criminal band paid jews declaration called partisan rank file kill political join claimed hundreds comrades surrendering day realised betrayed communist jews february operating northern italian anti communist command july leader contacted establish willingness work jointly germans italians given new yugoslav government exile established london reported contact threatened exclude organization maintained contact partisans cairo london return yugoslavia mid february accompanied special operations executive colonel coast south evacuated royal_navy travelled cairo london represented king peter wedding march british government decided withdraw support allowed return yugoslavia british mission headed safely evacuated occupied territory detained british thoroughly searched local authorities suspected robbery occurred yugoslav cairo money jewelry letters carrying flown landed airfield northwest shortly landing coincided armstrong departure demanded armstrong held hostage belongings returned personnel airfield refused armstrong allowed depart incident later month helped organize independent group national resistance wanted contact british forces expected land southern adriatic coast september warned headquarters muslims joining partisans large numbers lacked food ammunition suggested request allied occupation yugoslavia risk losing war politically militarily assessed population partisans supported major abandoned urged restraint dealings germans italians warned seen openly october partisan troops took belgrade germans soon lost serbia center movement breakdown movement early longer loyal withdrawal death joined forces trek alongside detachments commanded large number refugees totaling force formed 8th consisting 1st 5th 8th 9th divisions earlier argued best course action wanted withdraw albania greece told prepare allied landing return king establishment national government time joined northeastern bosnia critical leadership argued strongly remaining troops remained decided independently arranged meet near western bosnia assist movement order safe conduct agreement elements details agreement known appears troops meant cross aligned retaining operational command apparently tried sent sick wounded river keeping fit troops south river began moving command westwards harassed troops partisans reached north combined force defeated strong force armed german supplied tanks following defeat sub units induced negotiate directly leaders forces movement appears trap attacked captured way meeting according exactly occurred capture clear subsequently killed serbian orthodox priests according sources april taken prison near gathered field alongside prisoners arranged followers select officers non intellectuals execution selected loaded boats taken seen reported killed concentration camp marsh vicinity website lists having killed camp forces reasons forces motivated mass terror committed muslim population southeastern bosnia opposed support union serbia montenegro ran counter
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Petar Baćović
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20316_WilliamF.Dean
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august august united_states_army major general world war korean war received medal honor actions july battle south_korea dean highest ranking american officer captured north korean war born illinois dean attended graduating commission army reserve officer slowly rising ranks inter war years dean worked desk job world war transferred later commanded final days war awarded dean known commanding 24th infantry division outbreak korean war dean led division weeks unsuccessful delaying battles north led division making stand confused retreat city dean separated soldiers badly injured eventually captured north remained north korean custody near remainder war end conflict dean returned united_states hero welcome retired army soon lived quiet life death early life education dean born august illinois worked german descent siblings brother named david sister named elizabeth dean states biography interest military began young age seeing cadets performing military drill childhood dean interested physical fitness began running activities continue life jobs included selling magazines spending money growing dean town main graduating high school dean applied rejected tried enlist united_states_army world war young parents permission mother refused dean instead attended studying pre law time took variety jobs including san_francisco docks briefly worked police chief august dean originally sought attain doctor law degree completed bachelor_of_arts degree berkeley joining army career inter war career dean member berkeley commissioned second lieutenant given active duty commission infantry october assignment 38th infantry regiment utah posting dean took interest polo owning training dean moved panama canal zone coaching boxing basketball teams competing dean returned attending fort georgia serving tank battalion taking course tank school dean assigned 30th west_coast time dean served commander northern california dean moved headquarters california following appointments dean attended kansas assigned post hawaii years following stint dean attended fort field officer course dean promoted captain major promotion dean assigned washington war general staff junior member assistant secretary executive officer ground forces headquarters department concerned acquisition new weapons electronics training literature world war following entry world war dean promoted temporary rank lieutenant colonel colonel promoted brigadier general later year head held office briefly assigned assistant commander major general late division sail dean went despite injured shortly departure accident claimed lives soldiers dean promoted major general late landed france september trained month entering combat october relieved vicinity east seventh united_states_army drive secure passes division hit heavy counterattack forces nazi_germany october attack repulsed 44th remained sector weeks november attacked northeast advancing east capturing november division pushed liberate french 2nd armored division returned attack taking entering division commander major general injured relieved command december dean promoted command division month division caught german_army offensive known fort captured germans december forced retreat defensive positions east december 44th threw attempts germans cross aggressive defense area continued february march division moved worms germany march wake 44th relieved 3rd march crossed attack capture germany march shifting west bank division crossed river early april engaged week period training returning lines division resumed attack april conjunction 44th took april crossed attacked southeast austria taking drive pursuing german forces pass 44th city surrendered 19th german_army surrendered day division involved processing german prisoners day dean troops took prisoners war surrender german army dean awarded leadership division war short period occupation duty returned united_states july began training deployment intended dean lead division planned invasion war came end took place operation subsequently cancelled dean oversaw division relieved command november disbanded end month relieved command dean assigned organize direct command classes october dean appointed commander military forces south_korea deputy military governor lieutenant general commander korea job temporary forces transitioned south independence headquartered seoul dean maintained political control country august new south korean government elected occupation ended dean commander overseeing movement south_korea bases japan january dean division japan island moved serve chief staff lieutenant general october dean returned division command took command 24th korean war delaying action outbreak korean war june dean division closest ground unit general army ordered walker deploy division south_korea quickly possible resist advancing forces north_korea dean ordered send advance battalion division air south_korea mission advance resist leading elements effort delay possible remainder division followed sea dean given command forces korea division numbered men vehicles time july dean organized man task force smith components 21st infantry regiment ordered korea advance force task force smith advanced dean landed july set command post brigadier general assistant division commander brigadier general commander deputies dean ordered forward act forward commander task force smith began digging resist north korean troops advancing capture seoul task force smith subsequently defeated north battle day pushed defeat task force smith dean ordered 34th infantry regiment elements division conduct delaying actions south disappointed frustrated result badly defeated briefly resisted north retreating disarray dean angered poor performance 34th infantry regiment battle allegedly upset regiment retreated quickly attempting delay north considered ordering regiment north immediately fearing unit ambushed dean replaced commander colonel ordered north encountered north korean resistance immediately disorganized forced withdraw north outnumbered dean troops forces weapons heavy destroy north korean tanks following retreat scattered retreated rest 34th infantry regiment located ordered probe north city meet advancing elements north korean 4th infantry division advancing following victories dean command ordering rest regimental commander moved north join newly arrived colonel friend dean dean ordered martin command 34th infantry regiment morning july dean walker arrived outcome begun night discovered martin killed regiment defeated fleeing disarray ordered dean ordered rest 21st infantry conduct final delaying action july delayed north defeated forced july dean ordered division regiments 19th 21st 34th infantry regiments cross destroying bridges establish defensive positions dean formed line facing east held heavily battered reserve southeast stood major transportation hub seoul giving great strategic value sides division attempting stand place conduct delaying action north korean forces converge unfinished infantry regiments wartime strength strength deployment heavy losses preceding weeks reduced numbers men left having suffered casualties 19th men men 24th artillery formations division total strength severely reduced men vehicles arrived korea beginning month 19th 34th regiments engaged north korean 3rd division west july july regiments suffered casualties men committed july walker ordered dean hold july establish defensive lines forming perimeter north moved july north korean forces entered site 24th headquarters dean personally led division stand north quickly surrounded city moved west north south days 34th infantry fought advancing north bitter house house fighting north korean soldiers continued infiltrate city disguised farmers remaining elements 24th pushed block block radios unable communicate remaining elements division dean joined men lines hunting tanks help new shaped charge armor piercing inch super production weeks war point dean personally attacked tank hand grenade destroying repeatedly directed fire armor city exposed north korean fire american forces pulled gradually suffering heavy losses allowing north korean 3rd city freely north south west roads repeatedly attempted establish defensive lines repeatedly pushed numerically superior enemy separation end day july dean ordered headquarters 34th infantry withdraw dean remained assisted troops evacuating city convoy ready leave convoy troops moved city fought north korean dean small force soldiers followed edge city final elements 34th infantry leaving city vehicles ambushed vehicles destroyed machine guns mortars forcing americans retreat foot ensuing fight dean wrong turn separated rest american forces dean small force eventually city past north korean outside city dean stopped tend wounded soldiers wrecked truck ditch attempted escape ran north korean forced continue foot crossing climbing nearby mountain confusion dean separated group going water wounded man dean fell steep slope knocked unconscious regained consciousness found head broken shoulder days dean mountains trying reach safety going food medical treatment feet tall dean weighed pounds war reduced pounds month august south pretended guiding safety led ambush north korean soldiers miles south miles west dean attempted fight north kill easily took weakened dean prisoner july dean missing appointed church commander promoted major general dean widely believed killed october forces captured north korean soldier named near lee assigned live dean month interpreter lee interviewed late military leaders generally thought dean dead imprisonment dean taken local police headquarters kept cage overnight north korean troops initially aware identity dean taken prison camp given food medical treatment began suffering dean transported main north korean prisoner war camp seoul american prisoners attempted identity secret quickly recognized south korean administrator worked war dean moved given larger living quarters underground north korean facility remained sick owing poorly prepared food air raids north intensified dean moved north lived guards began daily primarily aimed forcing military intelligence making sign written condemnation intervention korea dean refused senior north korean military leaders continued october eventually gave dean cooperate intimidated threats dean continued suffer illness related poor food given interpreter interrogated october north korean leaders threatened harm dean cooperate actually tortured dean took playing chess guards allowed exercise daily kept american prisoners remainder confinement dean later wrote extensively capture imprisonment autobiography general dean story claimed north considered war criminal discussions problems capitalism united_states dean later said tried commit suicide feared break torture critical intelligence north aware plans operation feared reveal information north torture remained defiant refusing information acting laughing threats given better treatment prisoners north_korea regularly fed rarely subjected initial capture tried times escape failed moved forces took returned entered war forced forces dean contact outside world interviewed december australian journalist correspondent belgian newspaper interview time dean definitively confirmed alive prisoner rest world dean recounted incident autobiography title friend visit end war dean claimed autobiography visited numerous news claimed lived remainder time prisoner relative comfort july armistice agreement dean remained north_korea prisoner war weeks armistice worked returned forces operation big switch september later life death dean returned united_states received hero welcome presented number decorations including medal honor unaware awarded dean maintained think experience particularly heroic asserted feel deserved award actions korea given tape parade new_york_city return october grand marshal tournament roses parade january months return korea dean assigned deputy commanding general sixth united_states_army california dean held post years retired active duty october retirement dean awarded combat badge line service world war korea dean lived quiet life berkeley california retirement died august age buried wife personal life dean met salt_lake_city utah friends injured fall dean polo tour fort douglas married couple children born born june married army captain attended dean maintained athletic lifestyle life picking running young coaching basketball later years played tennis maintained steady athletic majority life insisting imprisonment later life dean maintained self outlook actions korea maintained feel deserved medal honor time korea dean later said wouldn awarded wooden star commander autobiography opted instead highlight command decisions regretted making contend heroes korea awards decorations dean decorated numerous times world war korean war service awards display medal honor citation congress voted award dean medal honor actions defense medal presented president february dean wife son daughter dean reported missing action korea thought dead rank organization commanding general 24th date korea july entered service california born august february dean distinguished conspicuous gallantry repeated risk life duty command unit suddenly relieved occupation duties japan combat faced ruthless determined enemy highly trained overwhelmingly superior numbers felt duty action man military experience knowledge clearly result death personally attacked enemy tank armed hand grenade directed fire tanks exposed position cover observed artillery small arms fire town finally overrun refused safety leaving leading elements remained organizing retreating forces directing seen assisting wounded place safety actions indicate dean felt necessary sustain courage resolution troops examples excessive gallantry committed threatened portions magnificent response unit willing cheerful sacrifice knowledge certain cost history success phase campaign large measure dean heroic leadership courageous loyal devotion men complete disregard personal safety legacy dean highest ranking prisoner war korean war highest ranking medal honor recipient story capture imprisonment north recorded numerous publications initial capture covered july photo essay detailing life december discovered alive article story imprisonment featuring image magazine cover subsequently received attention press multiple media outlets attempted interview dean north rarely allowed photos little information status released showed good condition release dean story lee told dean ways actions tank dean knocked remained destroyed memorial fight hometown newly renovated bridge named inducted national_register_of_historic_places dean death uniform personal items donated program created memorial dean gym campus designating room dean room dean uniform medals including medal honor housed university selected dean alumnus year
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William F. Dean
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20392_EthanAllen
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january january february farmer businessman land philosopher writer lay theologian patriot hero politician best known founders state vermont capture early american revolutionary war born rural connecticut allen frontier upbringing received education included philosophical teachings late interested buying land embroiled legal disputes surrounding territory legal setbacks led formation allen led campaign intimidation property destruction drive new_york settlers grants american revolutionary war broke allen boys seized initiative captured september allen led failed attempt montreal resulted capture british authorities imprisoned aboard royal_navy ships new_york_city finally released prisoner exchange release allen returned grants declared independence resumed political activity territory addition continuing resistance new_york attempts assert control territory allen active efforts vermont leadership recognition congress participated controversial negotiations british possibility vermont separate british province allen wrote accounts exploits war widely read 19th century philosophical documents relating politics vermont formation business dealings included successful farming operations connecticut early iron works land speculation vermont territory land purchased allen brothers included tracts land eventually twice married children early life childhood born connecticut born child joseph english descent family moved town cornwall shortly birth cornwall grew allen father quest freedom religion time turmoil separating churches differing particular proper form conversion works grace lifelong interest philosophy ideas emerged backdrop father involvement debates father refusal convert grace boy allen excelled quoting bible known meaning passages seven siblings survived adulthood joined family allen birth brothers prominent figures early history vermont known allen childhood town cornwall frontier territory time allen reached teens area difficult area living began resemble town wood frame houses beginning replace rough early settlers died time death landowners area ran successful farm previously served town allen father death begun studies minister nearby town salisbury goal gaining admission allen brother recalled young age allen curious interested learning marriage early adulthood allen forced end studies father death volunteered militia service response french movements resulting siege unit received word route fort fallen turned french indian war continued years allen apparently participate military activities presumed tended farm year owner iron salisbury married woman years senior nearby town july settled cornwall moved following year salisbury infant daughter allen bought small farm proceeded develop iron works expansion iron works apparently costly allen forced sell portions cornwall property raise funds eventually sold half interest works brother allen brothers sold interest iron works october accounts allen marriage unhappy wife religious prone criticizing barely able read write contrast allen behavior flamboyant maintained interest learning spite differences marriage survived mary death allen mary children reached adulthood allen exploits years introduced wrong justice system recurring feature life incident brother went farm neighbor pigs escaped land seized pigs neighbor sued animals returned allen pleaded case lost allen fined shillings neighbor awarded shillings damages called court salisbury smallpox procedure time required town moved salisbury allen met doctor living practicing provincial boundary new_york doctor years older allen taught younger allen great deal philosophy political theory allen able bring young appreciation nature life frontier young allen eventually decided collaborate book intended attack organized religion young convinced allen worked manuscript young moved away area taking manuscript years later young death allen able recover manuscript expanded reworked material eventually published reason man moving remained salisbury ran general store death allen movements years poorly documented known living massachusetts spring son joseph born invested lead asked leave july authorities official reason known biographer suggests religious differences allen tendency played role departure briefly returned salisbury settling nearby sheffield massachusetts younger brother likely visits new hampshire grants occurred years sheffield family home years allen absent extended periods early new_hampshire governor selling land grants area west new_hampshire laid somewhat dubious claim grants sold relatively low prices land land kicked king george issued order resolving competing claims new_york new_hampshire favor new_york new_york issued land grants overlapped sold insisted holders grants pay fee new_york grants fee approached original purchase price holders land rich cash poor great deal resistance demand situation grants deteriorated point figures new_york authority physically threatened driven area allen asked assistance holders grants originally northwestern connecticut including remember baker relatives allen group grant holders asked allen defend case new_york supreme_court presented allen big stage leadership unusual known contemporaries willing step forward control trial allen hired represent interest began july pitting allen politically powerful new_york grant holders including new_york lieutenant governor case chief justice supreme_court presiding case trial brief outcome court citing issued nature refused allow introduction grants evidence departing news allen visited offered allen payments described diary payment going people quiet allen denied taking money actions appeared honor request according allen account outraged left visitors threats indicating attempts enforce judgment met resistance historians believed allen took actions held grants evidence issued grants asked defense grants held began working defense trial july acquired price grants acres land allen return settlers met tavern discuss options discussions resulted formation local militia companies surrounding towns allen named colonel commandant cousins remember baker captains companies meetings resulted creation committees safety laid rules resist attempts new_york provincial government establish authority included denying sent province ability survey land grants land owned grants allen participated actions drive away spent time exploring entire territory probably ranging far north site selling connecticut properties began buying wild lands north territory sold profit southern settlements grew people began north friction provincial government rose notably october allen company boys drove group scottish settlers near allen detained settlers forced watch newly constructed ordered leave saying way complain damned governor god damn governor laws king council assembly settlers protested language allen continued threatening send troops new_york hell response new_york governor issued arrests responsible eventually price heads participants including allen allen comrades countered issuing offers years situation deteriorated governor boys exchanged threats truce offers writings frequently written allen language boys continued drive incoming tenants new_york granted lands away incidents involve individuals times boys extensive property damage driving tenants march harsh treatment settlers property allen boys prompted increase rewards allen persisted actions new_york issued tenants number business cousin remember baker brothers formed basically land speculation organization devoted purchasing land known success business depended successful defense grants early purchases company included acres land partners land sold profit settlements company land grown city outrage renewed governor passed law containing harsh provisions clearly targeted actions mob vermont historian called act savage probably parallel legislation country provisions included penalty death interfering magistrate meetings people unlawful purposes grants boys countered rules forbidding grants holding office honor profit colony allen spent summer writing pamphlet entitled brief narrative proceedings government new york relative obtaining jurisdiction large district land westward connecticut river length justified page arguing position allen work historian describes rebellion print printed connecticut began selling giving away copies early westminster massacre allen traveled northern parts grants early custom hunt game land opportunities days return news came blood finally shed land disputes resistance activity taken place west march small riot town westminster east mountains resulted death men allen troop boys traveled westminster allen influence town convention adopted strongly resolution authorizing drafting plea king remove oppressive jurisdiction preparation petition assigned committee included allen week westminster convention ended allen committee worked petition american revolutionary war began early revolutionary war late april following battles lexington concord allen received message members irregular connecticut militia planning capture requesting assistance effort allen motivated patriotic describes account events realization action improve political position grants disputes agreed help began rounding men massachusetts connecticut met allen discussed logistics expedition men joined allen boys morning allen elected lead expedition dawn raid planned small companies detached boats allen took main contingent north hand cove prepare crossing afternoon unexpectedly arrived scene commission asserted right command expedition assembled men refused acknowledge authority insisting follow allen lead private discussion allen arnold reached accommodation essence arnold allen troops attack fort boats finally crossing men lake allen arnold concerned dawn approaching decided attack early dawn small force marched fort surprising lone allen went directly fort commander quarters seeking force surrender lieutenant assistant fort commander captain awakened noise called wake captain time demanded know authority fort entered allen later claimed said captain said great finally emerged chambers fully dressed surrendered sword rest fort garrison surrendered firing shot raids john detachment boys command went nearby fort crown point captured small garrison following arrival men recruited arnold captains arrival schooner taken arnold men sailed north raid fort john downstream lake small british warship reported prisoners anchored arnold raid success seized sloop supplies number allen shortly arnold departure raid decided successes southern end lake hold fort john end boys climbed began rowing north days significant food forgotten provision boats allen small fleet met arnold way near foot lake arnold opened stores allen hungry men tried dissuade allen objective noting likely alarm raised troops way allen likely determination arnold persisted allen men landed scouted situation learned column regulars approaching attempt ambush troops significantly outnumbered tired company allen withdrew river men collapsed exhaustion slept night awakened british discovered began firing river boys panic rowed speed expedition returned days later men greatly disappointed effort risks took promoting invasion following allen failed attempt men drifted away presumably drawn needs home farm arnold began asserting authority allen control crown point allen publicly announced stepping commander remained hopeful going commander department undoubtedly shall rewarded according merit congress wanting affair effectively voted strip abandon forts allen arnold protested measures pointing leave northern border wide open proposals congress provincial bodies carrying invasion quebec allen instance wrote lay life men proper artillery montreal allen attempted correspondence people quebec indians living attempt sway opinion revolutionary cause june allen warner appeared congress philadelphia argued inclusion continental_army congress directed general appointed lead army work new_york provincial government establish pay regiment consisting boys paid army rates service july allen warner case new_york despite fact royal governor placed price heads agreed formation regiment following brief visit families returned spread news allen went join warner raised regiment allen loses command boys regimental companies grants raised held vote determine command regiment wide margin elected lead regiment given command positions allen given position regiment thorough rejection allen wrote connecticut governor old men came reject conceive saved new_york rejection likely causes people grants tired disputes new_york tired allen behavior success enhanced finally failure attempt widely seen reckless ill advised attributes appreciate regimental leader warner viewed stable choice commanded respect history warner later actions revolution notably seen confirmation choice meeting end allen took rejection stride managed convince warner permit accompany regiment civilian scout capture american invasion quebec departed august september army occupied miles fort john prepared september sent allen massachusetts major involved capture countryside montreal spread word arrival indians successful gaining support quebec governor general reported injured returned expedition days later brigadier general assumed command invasion illness montgomery likely wanting camp sent time raise regiment french speaking accompanied small number americans set traveling countryside turning follow saint lawrence river montreal recruiting upwards men september brown company guarding road montreal met according allen account events came plan brown lead forces attack montreal allen men crossed saint lawrence night brown men cross river general alerted allen presence mustered man scattered allen force captured men capture ended participation revolution imprisoned british general learning allen capture wrote consequences arising allen imprisonment known allen captivity known account time contemporary records available tend confirm aspects story allen placed aboard brig anchored montreal kept solitary confinement chains general according allen ordered treated severity october went prisoners transferred adamant sailed england allen wrote voyage power english merchant london man cruel disposition arrival england crossing conditions allen prisoners imprisoned castle cornwall treatment poor allen wrote letter ostensibly describing conditions suggesting congress treat prisoners held way unknown allen british prisoners included general captured trying escape montreal letter came hands british cabinet faced opposition british establishment treatment captives taken north_america king george decreed men sent america treated prisoners war january allen men board sailed ireland people learned famous port took collection provide men clothing supplies following year spent prison ships american coast point aboard anchored new_york visitors captain entertained allen reports sign recognition likely new_york governor knew august allen prisoners temporarily ashore halifax owing extremely poor conditions aboard ship food crew prisoners short rations rampant end october allen new_york british having secured city moved prisoners shore considered officer gave allen limited parole financial assistance brother lived comfortably action august learned death young son joseph smallpox according prisoner account allen learning son death arrested violating parole placed solitary confinement remained vermont declared independence campaign hudson_river met block near august transferred admitted general quarters invited eat drink general british field officers allen stayed days treated day allen exchanged colonel conducted exchange colonel american general prisoners appointed general george_washington following exchange allen reported washington valley forge colonel continental_army reward zeal cause country manifested long cruel captivity occasions given military pay month rank meant active role called allen allen services requested eventually payments stopped return home following visit allen traveled salisbury arriving learned brother died previous week brother caring allen family farm died spring following capture death allen close hit hard set news impending return preceded met honor military war hero learned vermont republic declared independence constitution drawn elections held allen wrote homecoming passed flowing bowl rural friendship day went arlington family brother prominence vermont politics risen considerably allen captivity politics allen spent years involved vermont political military matters family remained arlington spent time road avoid wife shortly arrival vermont assembly passed act sweeping measure allowing auction republic property owned known allen appointed judges responsible deciding property subject seizure law law successful collecting revenue vermont impose taxes allen personally escorted convicted law albany turned general transportation british lines supposed protested new_york governor actually clinton considered vermont new_york want honor actions vermont stark custody men disagreed clinton eventually dispute way george_washington essentially agreed stark desperately needed general services prisoners eventually transported west_point remained easy imprisonment allen service judge vermont brief continued report local action efforts included naming brother apparently trying allen land time action somewhat surprising attempted purchase allen release halifax traveled new_york allen parole furnished goods money allen engaged war words printed crossed british lines eventually reconcile early governor clinton issued proclamation stating state new_york honor grants settlers recognize new_york political jurisdiction vermont territory allen wrote pamphlet response entitled sic address inhabitants state vermont hand governor state new_york typical style governor issuing romantic calculated woods people clinton response recovered temper issue proclamation little different allen pamphlet circulated widely including members congress successful casting case positive light allen published account time captivity narrative colonel captivity containing travels remarkable occurrences written published information curious nations published serial book instant best seller available today largely accurate notably capture leader negotiations british allen appeared early september behalf vermont seeking recognition independent state reported vermont expansion include border towns new_hampshire congress reluctant grant independent vermont allen participated brother vermont governor negotiations governor quebec ostensibly prisoner exchanges establishing vermont new british province gaining military protection residents negotiations details published described opponents vermont formal charges laid involved later years war ended treaty paris united_states operating resisted significant action respect vermont allen historic role important public role vermont affairs declined vermont government dominated allen families territory rapid population growth allen brother died relatively young age allen wife mary died june consumption followed months later born daughter close allen marriage strained allen felt losses deeply poem wrote mary published publication reason years recovered manuscript worked youth young widow living albany began develop work published reason man work typical allen target religious political specifically targeted christianity attack bible established churches powers replacement organized religion espoused mixture naturalist views man acting free agent natural world historians disagree exact authorship work writing contains clear indications allen style book complete financial critical failure allen publisher forced pay publication costs volumes printed sold rest eventually destroyed fire publisher house conservative future president yale opined style crude vulgar sentiments style arguments conclusions premises mere force allen took financial loss criticism stride observing critics attacking second marriage allen met second wife young widow named brush early brief courtship february came notably loyalist background including notorious acts inherited land vermont marriage happy children settling effect allen remainder years embark great adventures notable exception land claims connecticut based owners granted titles land claimed connecticut area pennsylvania area claimed pennsylvania refused recognize connecticut titles allen promised land traveled area began stirring pennsylvania authorities long time nemesis governor clinton new_york proposing new state carved disputed area counties new_york entire affair resolved pennsylvania agreed honor connecticut titles allen approached support rebellion western massachusetts cause spite offer crown king massachusetts felt trying debts later years independent vermont continued experience rapid population growth allen sold great deal land proceeds land lack cash complicated vermont currency problems placed strain relatively free hand spending exacerbated cost publishing reason construction new home near mouth threatened prison occasion times reduced borrowing money calling old debts ends meet allen family moved longer small frontier settlement small town allen liking larger community frequented tavern began work essay universal characterized appendix reason essay earlier writings affirmed perfection god creation credited reason way bring man closer universe work published long death primarily interest students movement work death february allen traveled south hero vermont workers visit cousin collect load hay evening spent friends acquaintances spent night set morning home accounts return journey entirely consistent allen apparently suffered fit route unconscious time returned home allen died home hours later regaining consciousness buried days later funeral attended dignitaries vermont government large numbers common folk turned pay respects man considered champion allen death nationwide headlines gazette wrote local hero patriotism strong attachment appeared uniform breast great man worth character public lament loss man rendered great service positive number expressed different sentiments allen ignorant died mind horror despair opinion newark new_jersey reverend yale expressed satisfaction world longer deal man recorded new_york governor clinton reaction news family allen widow gave birth son october eventually remarried allen youngest sons went graduate west_point serve united_states_army daughter achieved notice converted entered convent grandson served union_army general american civil war claimed mother bear strong resemblance father disappearance grave marker early 1850s original plaque marking allen grave disappeared original text preserved early war historian 1840s vermont legislature authorized placement foot column vermont granite cemetery following inscription exact location cemetery remains unknown vault beneath contains time capsule time monument erection allen life found spite numerous attempts locate efforts members historical groups years followed rumored come photographs grandson general extant course mother said resembled allen nearest potential images included claimed noted revolutionary war era turned reference portrait possibly found writing allen captivity new_york described like figure robust large framed man worn confinement hard fare recovering flesh spirits suit blue clothes gold laced hat presented enabled appearance rebel colonel seldom met man possessing opinion stronger mind mode expression notwithstanding allen frontier spirit composition appeared man honor memorials allen final home called allen homestead museum situated allen homestead available viewing guided tours ships united_states_navy named honor 19th century fortifications civil war fort arlington virginia cavalry outpost statue allen represents vermont national hall united_states capitol city park montreal borough commemorating capture bears spirit tour boat operating allen trademark furniture manufacturer founded vermont amtrak train line running new_york_city vermont named added national_register_of_historic_places publications allen known written following publications allen narrative colonel captivity isbn edition captivity treatment british isbn edition edited narrative colonel captivity isbn edition available amazon march allen reason system natural religion isbn government new_york brief narrative proceedings government dean essay universal essay reprinted sections bound edition notes
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Ethan Allen
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20424_LesClisby
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les june australian fighter ace world war serving royal_air_force raf credited sixteen aerial victories killed action combat career lasting matter months australia ace war born south_australia joined royal_australian_air_force mechanic later accepted flying training graduated pilot chose commission raf arriving britain assigned squadron flying recently introduced posted france following outbreak world war achieved aerial victory april known highly aggressive fighter pilot threw combat odds day period commencing credited destroying german aircraft awarded earlier victories shot flames buried france early career born south_australia june second children carpenter wife née attending les studied engineering evening classes joined royal_australian_air_force raaf mechanic later accepted flying training course victoria april flying formation encountered problems subsequent inquiry found plane loss lack experience graduated pre war arrangement british australian governments volunteered transfer royal_air_force raf sailed europe july august granted year short service commission pilot officer assigned squadron sussex unit operated new speed miles hour machine guns wing training active social life wrote family young lady home adelaide fiancée world war outbreak war september flying officer days later squadron deployed northern france accompanied autumn winter amidst called war succession small clashes took place allied air forces luftwaffe achieved aerial victory april twin engined fighter following day vicinity claimed opened began score heavily estimates remarkable run kills days ranging thirteen destroyed bombers aircraft struck friendly fire french anti aircraft battery ace following day shot german fighters rudder hurricane damaged enemy gunfire breaking combat found bomber drifting took shot forcing land landed nearby tried escape chased german crewmen field firing revolver capturing rugby tackle forced surrender gunpoint proceeded march french authorities rejoining squadron recorded wanted according time magazine reporting exploit weeks later commanding officer remarked bit uncommon pilots bring prisoners known extreme aggression air rushing combat odds credited destruction aircraft claiming reconnaissance planes identified action support historic raid bridges near dutch belgian border achievements day earlier successes awarded citation london gazette june flying officer reported missing day april officer pilot hurricanes attacked shot following day destroyed officer engaged enemy shot enemy aircraft flying officer displayed great courage occasions described cheerful addicted flying premature lines face months air air combat experience considered seasoned squadron scoring ace australian born ace war known giving vent patriotic feelings homeland way raaf personnel served raf permitted continue wearing original dark blue australian uniform wore exchange lighter coloured british variety refused raaf uniform regardless teased condition simply respond wearing raaf uniform went action flight thirty having destroyed german heavy fighters seen going cockpit trailing smoke flames evidently hit cannon fire initially posted missing comrades flying officer plane seen losing height action french later found burnt hurricanes vicinity identified died knowing awarded fellow pilot later said australian thrown reckless abandon magnificent way estimates total number victories short career range common official score attributed sixteen loss raf documentation chaotic retreat france meant squadron records combat claims reconstructed memory surviving personnel date death unclear sources including commonwealth war graves commission claiming following day regardless exact date raf ace war lost action buried military cemetery north eastern france appears australian war memorial canberra
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Les Clisby
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Military people
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20500_RudolfFrank
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august april military aviator world war night fighter ace credited enemy aircraft shot combat missions victories claimed western nocturnal defense missions royal_air_force born frank volunteered military service luftwaffe finishing school following flight training posted 3rd night fighter wing awarded knight april following 42nd aerial victory weeks later april crew attacked exploded fatally damaged aircraft frank ordered crew bail unable save received posthumous promotion second lieutenant awarded knight oak leaves early life career frank born august borough located southwest suburbs frank older sons attended elementary school enrolled secondary school built mid level attained school leaving certificate boy frank wanted pilot world war begun september volunteered military service luftwaffe following basic military training took flying instruction pilot school qualified fly october transferred 1st night fighter school near munich 1st specialized night fighter pilot 2nd squadron command squadron leader lieutenant world war frank posted 1st supplemental training squadron 3rd night fighter wing february unit stationed airport initially flew radio operator private assigned permanent radio operator frank formed crew assigned 1st squadron stationed command unit equipped variant heavy fighter frank promoted rank march night fighter pilot frank flew operational combat mission success flew second mission missions claiming aerial victory night july mission started intercepted royal_air_force raf crashed kilometers miles north achievement frank awarded 2nd class july claimed second victory shot northwest victory credited anti aircraft artillery august frank flown night fighter missions achievement awarded bronze bronze promoted sergeant credited second victory september wellington shot northwest claim achieved victory page shot january near northeast days later claimed armstrong shot west frank awarded 1st class april months later june silver june took combat mission attacking british bomber wellington halifax aircraft hit defensive fire tail gun position destroyed aircraft group relocated july flew missions night fighter variant claimed wellington shot september crashed vicinity victory flying mission suffered engine problems frank forced landing damaging aircraft ended year seven confirmed victories credit victory frank claimed occurred march flying shot short south contact enemy bombers lead victories frank flew missions target practice mission april right landing gear collapsed landing causing damage aircraft days later error landing approach crashing causing damage frank avoided official crash april frank transferred located underwent conversion training designed long distance night fighter operations frank training old unit relocated netherlands unit received newer version equipped radar frank returned conversion training assigned fly personal aircraft claimed lancaster near antwerp june days later june intercepted shot force returning mission cologne came minutes frank claimed 13th victory wellington june attempting attack shot crew forced bail july shot halifax bomber north antwerp 14th victory overall unit relocated france july frank awarded honor luftwaffe der luftwaffe august flying claimed aircraft shot august received credit short shot berlin following operational mission awarded gold gold august time man crew augmented member referred air mechanic air gunner august frank shot british bombers halifax northwest lancaster east separate combat missions september aircraft hit right engine enemy fire forced belly land wilhelmshaven suffering damage aircraft claimed 20th victory night september added victories october received gold gold day aircraft hit german anti aircraft artillery frank forced landing engine posted december ended year aerial victories credit british night fighter shot frank crew berlin december managed bail unharmed knight frank claimed victories lancaster wellington january near having promoted staff sergeant frank assigned stab headquarters unit command wing commander lieutenant colonel frank previous transferred 1st night fighter wing continued operations designation february frank ace day shooting lancaster bombers way attack leipzig sent mission night fighters march achieve victories claimed victories march lancaster shot near halifax near mission attacking bomber damaged bomb probably released bomber penetrated right wing damaged engine frank managed bring aircraft bombers shot march took frank total aerial victories luftwaffe successful night war march entire night fighter force credited destruction enemy aircraft night frank credited bombers brought total achievement senior staff sergeant frank awarded knight des april presentation commander headquarters april frank went short vacation home wife lisa female air force following vacation frank claimed victories april halifax shot north later day short operation death posthumous honors frank assigned factory number april flew aircraft operationally days later night april crew radio operator air mechanic took mission intercept incoming bombers heading crew spotted attacked bomber vicinity netherlands bomber severely hit cannon fire exploded frank 45th aerial victory debris lancaster tore right wing frank lost control aircraft gave order bail safety frank failed time killed crashed kilometers southeast frank buried german war cemetery row grave funeral attended parents crew fighter operations leader holland area airfield sector commander july frank posthumously awarded knight oak leaves des mit soldier officer receive award april lent submitted request recommending frank promotion second lieutenant commander 2nd fighter division supportive request frank posthumously promoted april aerial victory credits frank credited aerial victories claimed combat missions ace indicates aerial victories frank ace day term fighter pilot shot single day awards decorations aviator badge 2nd class july 1st class april der luftwaffe august pilot luftwaffe silver june gold january gold october oak leaves knight cross april pilot oak leaves july pilot
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Rudolf Frank
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20664_NathanielDance
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dance sir june march officer long varied career merchant vessels making numerous india fleets east aware risks valuable ships sailed preyed foreign navies having captured franco spanish fleet campaign american war independence greatest achievement came napoleonic wars having appointed commodore company fleets came french squadron rear admiral raiding british shipping area aggressive tactics french commander thinking british convoy escorted powerful naval forces french decided risk attacking convoy dance compounded deception taking lightly armed merchants chasing french away despite considerable force having saved convoy certain destruction dance hailed hero rewarded money spent years life comfortable retirement family early life dance born london june son wife elizabeth successful lawyer city shortly birth abandoned wife live actress time established successful actor playwright family instead cared james father paternal grandfather prominent architect lived grandfather went sea patronage high ranking official smith support dance rose ranks service having india mediterranean west_indies making ninth voyage india officer combined spanish french fleet captured ship august dance taken spain spent months parole commander lord january making india aboard appointed commander new ship earl sailed china january voyage home sailed rest fleet january bound england virtue dance appointed commodore fleet country ships east fleet assembled richest date carrying estimated value million approximately million present day terms dance taken seriously ill bombay outward voyage recovered time sail convoy fleet naval escorts east heavily armed merchants carrying nominal batteries guns match disciplined professional naval forces listed armament carried illusion greater strength fake painted hulls hope distant observers gun ships royal_navy time fleet approached february dance convoy include east country ships portuguese merchant ship vessel australia provided small armed brig escort vessel dissuade pirates hope confront french warship neared entrance straits suspicious sails sighted south west dance sent ships investigate soon discovered squadron consisting gun heavy frigates corvette dutch brig battle having identity ships dance signalled merchants form line battle continued heading french closed attack dance delay gather ships stronger east stood french weaker country ships merchants continued straits followed trying gauge strength convoy ships convoy expected taken dance manoeuvres painted suspected warships escorting confirmed suspicions dawn february forces raised colours dance ordered brig lead ships blue rest convoy raised red system national flags use british ships implied ships blue warships attached squadron admiral merchant ships protection french appearing reluctant attack morning february dance ordered ships increase speed breaking sailing formation effect making convoy appear intimidating decided attack afternoon french observed moving cut ships convoy dance promptly hoisted colours ordered largest ships led ship come close french advancing sail endured fire french closed firing close range french abandoned attack turned fled press sail dance hoisted signal general chase merchant fleet pursued french squadron hours dance broke returned original heading fleet resumed course having met british ships line admiral fleet february escorted far convoy met british merchants escorted britain royal_navy warships arriving august rewards achievement convoy merchants escaping loss french squadron going far attack drive pursue predators widely hailed signal victory declared sufficiently express opinion skill commander fleet practice naval engagements provided emergency prepared plans attack defence manoeuvres french admiral render adopt conduct worthy experience science approved veteran orders plans executed captains command scarcely exceeded renowned naval exploits dance received approximately present day terms pension year approximately year present day terms plate worth ceremonial sword worth silver captains rewarded captain royal george received sword plate captains received sword plate money paid officers command ordinary receiving approximately present day terms dance credited actions command largely responsible victory writing reply award circumstances service absence convoy chief command fleet care good fortune enabled supported perform trust fidelity loss employers public opinion public rewards far sensible liberal spirit generous measured pleased term grateful sense conduct particular utility exploit individual merit claim dance received went comfortable retirement dying march age
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Nathaniel Dance
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20697_RogerCurtis
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admiral sir 1st june november officer british_royal_navy saw action battles extensive career punctuated number highly controversial incidents curtis served american revolutionary war french revolutionary wars highly praised conflict bravery fire great siege gibraltar saved spanish lives great risk career suffered aftermath glorious june heavily criticised conduct influential figures including popularity fell involvement highly controversial courts martial ultimately curtis career stalled popular successful officers secured active positions napoleonic wars curtis relegated staff duties ashore action died inherited second son later admiral fleet modern historians viewed curtis cautious officer period attacking tactics admired contemporary opinion divided influential officers expressing admiration curtis contempt early career born gentleman farmer wiltshire named wife curtis travelled portsmouth joined royal_navy aboard final year seven years war curtis action treaty paris soon transferred aboard service west_africa years curtis moved assistance portsmouth sloop newfoundland curtis joined frigate moving ship line promoted lieutenant shortly promotion curtis joined small brig newfoundland spent years operating coastline familiar local geography peoples region report wrote lord curtis opined inland regions barren coast ideal place seasonal fishery formed good opinion native people healthy peaceful lifestyle curtis numerous coast formed close links tribes missionaries region notes despatches presented accusations later surfaced observations notes local officer captain time canadian waters curtis friends governor curtis patron assisted transfer new_york following year american revolutionary war underway curtis promoted commander given sloop hms curtis performed new command year later promoted noticed lord howe howe curtis captain flagship men close friends curtis returned britain eagle refused carry order sail ship far_east refusal earned lord sandwich december year married punishment curtis unemployed years secured new frigate service mediterranean ordered gibraltar brilliant attacked superior spanish squadron close fortress forced escape british held curtis lieutenant complained extensively captain refusal leave port enemy shipping passed harbour curtis waiting ship relief convoy met safely gibraltar bringing supplies defenders great siege gibraltar progress curtis personally opposed british possession gibraltar took command marine unit siege attack spanish floating batteries september curtis took men harbour small boats engage enemy operation curtis witnessed destruction batteries british able rescue hundreds burnt drowning spanish sailors water rescue effort carried close proximity enemy force constant danger burning spanish ships boats debris caused casualties crews lord howe relieved siege brought celebrated curtis britain service society figure featuring newspaper prints came attack published pamphlet accusing lack nerve time brilliant curtis sent morocco renew treaties country remained gibraltar accepting spanish peace treaty delegates war end brilliant paid curtis remained employment peace commanding portsmouth placed half pay speculated period conducted secret mission scandinavia ensure british supplies naval materials region event war spanish armament curtis briefly flag captain hms queen charlotte howe soon transferred captain deal outbreak deadly infectious fever successful controlling disease later published advisory pamphlet techniques officers follow faced aboard ships french revolutionary war service outbreak french revolutionary wars curtis returned joined lord howe head channel_fleet howe led fleet sea search french grain convoy month fruitless searching discovered left harbour sailing meet convoy howe gave chase gradually closed rearguard fighting inconclusive actions atlantic campaign june howe caught french fleet brought battle battle glorious june action hard fought curtis ship heavily engaged fighting french ships line simultaneously closing stages battle aged howe retired cabin curtis given responsibility flagship consequently fleet day exactly curtis fault established series unusual decisions british failed pursue defeated french fleet allowing battered french ships escape sent admiralty concerning action praised certain officers excluded awards presented captains served battle given based praise captain received report omitted excluded medal celebrating victory honours howe ultimate responsibility blamed curtis slight rumoured taken decision abandon pursuit subsequently penned report howe curtis subsequent actions increased distrust felt fellow officers curtis granted role action captain faced court martial national disgrace considered failure engage enemy battle curtis stood prosecutor case subsequently dismissed ship effectively service result curtis prosecution captains overlooked subsequently described curtis creature manners confidence attacks grasp honours profits come view years following battle curtis brief periods command hms powerful hms invincible hms formidable promoted rear admiral raised flag hms prince prince curtis led blockade brest fleet mutiny overall command naval operations succeeded destroying driving french force sent support irish rebellion culminating present later year joined lord squadron ships line soon vice admiral retired ashore staff service curtis remaining career based series shore stations initially cape_town reportedly hated promoted admiral subsequently employed britain civil affairs majesty navy role important position curtis performed introducing beneficial reforms service curtis eldest son roger post captain navy died suddenly duty years naval service curtis took final command commander chief portsmouth performed significant duty presided highly controversial court martial examining conduct lord battle roads battle failed support captain lord missed opportunity destroy infuriated attempted block proposed vote thanks awarded reduced victory parliament responded demanding court martial pass judgement actions fought glorious june friends years curtis counted authority strong favour accused instructions admiralty curtis officers judging case found favour trial inevitably ended court behaviour marked zeal judgement ability anxious attention welfare majesty service curtis retired trial died years later peaceful retirement followed year later wife shortly death order bath surviving son inherited experienced post captain lost ship battle grand port subsequent court martial eventually admiral fleet highly controversial career noted number prominent public disputes resulted bitterness curtis fellow officers brave actions gibraltar prompted naming archipelago small islands australia tasmania islands apparently given physical similarity gibraltar modern authors criticised curtis caution time officers applauded bravery contemporary opinion divided despite detractors knew service mediterranean described able officer man named honour port curtis queensland australia named curtis assisted repairs ship hms investigator cape_town october book sources royal_navy history isbn editor robert fleet battle blockade isbn editor robert victory isbn james william naval history great britain volume reissued isbn web sources curtis sir roger national biography subscription required curtis sir dictionary
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Roger Curtis
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