id
stringlengths 8
90
| text
stringlengths 528
58.1k
| page_name
stringlengths 2
99
| topic
stringclasses 15
values | subtopic
stringclasses 45
values | subjects_top_term
stringclasses 279
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28128_U.S.Route202inDelaware | route delaware route highway running delaware northeast southernmost section route state delaware passes northern runs southern terminus cloverleaf interchange near wilmington airport north pennsylvania border route passes airport concurrent coming interchange interstate point heads northeast wilmington north wilmington splits running north concord pike suburban area pennsylvania border originally chartered wilmington great valley connect wilmington pennsylvania wilmington pennsylvania border renumbered road realigned head southwest end downtown wilmington 1950s concord pike north wilmington widened divided highway realigned follow northbound southbound downtown wilmington extended south end truncated interchange north wilmington designated concord avenue extended current terminus route description begins cloverleaf interchange east wilmington airport road continuing south new castle southern terminus heads north northwest concurrent lane divided passing wilmington airport west residential neighborhoods east road passes west commercial establishments east coming intersection northern terminus past intersection median widens road intersects airport road freeway road comes interchange southern terminus splits heads east lane freeway wide median splits east freeway curves northeast interchanges southern terminus following lane freeway heads crossing freeway comes bridge amtrak northeast corridor running short distance northwest road enters wilmington curves north passing west stadium home wilmington blue rocks baseball team continues downtown wilmington crosses passing northeast corridor coming interchange provides access downtown area way point lane freeway continues northeast way northbound east way southbound west serving frontage roads continues residential areas west downtown wilmington passing southbound exit farther northeast freeway heads alignment street level comes interchange past interchange road continues north crosses heading park wilmington state parks complex freeway curves northeast passes csx reaching interchange northern terminus northern edge wilmington point splits splitting heads north lane divided area passing coming interchange northern terminus southern terminus past interchange road enters passes north american headquarters west businesses east route continues commercial areas heading point median road widens intersection garden road road median narrows road runs curves north northeast passes west concord mall reaches intersection east past intersection route runs business parks west town center shopping center east road narrows lanes passes farm fields homes reaches pennsylvania border continues state delaware annual average daily traffic count ranging high vehicles south end wilmington concurrency low vehicles intersection portion delaware south end concurrency pennsylvania border national_highway_system history wilmington chartered january build running north wilmington concord road continuing pennsylvania construction progressed wilmington known delaware taken point tolls removed portion near incorporated state highway system remainder road proposed state highway concord pike state highway remainder remaining county road year later completed state highway highway system established designated follow concord pike wilmington pennsylvania border heading north state continuing new_jersey july portion route pennsylvania border taken state redesignated time realigned wilmington head southwest concord avenue splitting way pair following southbound northbound passed downtown wilmington area turned east street end portion boulevard pennsylvania state line reconstructed portion concord pike wilmington border murphy road widened lane divided highway september construction began widen portion murphy road lane divided highway widening completed october recommendations widen pennsylvania border divided highway extended north pennsylvania border moved new way pair downtown wilmington southbound direction splitting concord avenue follow boulevard washington street northbound direction following way way market street heading north concord avenue extended south downtown wilmington interchange portion currently carries completed downtown wilmington completed downtown wilmington southern terminus truncated interchange north wilmington designated concord avenue bus extending south southern terminus extended south current terminus near wilmington airport following wilmington heading south plans build interchange north plans proposed interchange placed hold years later portion powder mill road improved alignment shifted eliminate curves intersections improved southbound transit lane added 2000s built interchange relocated northern terminus intersection north project took place cost million december project began improve interchange order reduce congestion project widened ramp northbound northbound lanes ramp southbound southbound extended modern standards ramp southbound southbound relocated cloverleaf loop directional ramp intersects intersection addition interchange ramps bridges project finished july months schedule closure august dedication ceremony mark completion project held governor senator secretary attendance project cost million percent funded federal government major intersections entire route | U.S. Route 202 in Delaware | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Southern United States |
28135_MississippiHighway9W | mississippi highway mile long state highway located northern mississippi southern terminus route north bruce northern terminus south oxford route lane undivided road entire length passes rural areas woods farms way intersects paris designated follow current alignment fully paved gravel road route description begins intersection north bruce route heads northwest lane undivided road mix woods homes road turns north reaches community banner road crosses enters dense forest curves northwest heads agricultural fields coming junction crossing route reaches community paris intersects eastern terminus intersection passes miles forests intersecting reaching terminus south oxford legally defined mississippi code history designated gravel road connecting north south oxford entire route paved route undergone alignment changes major intersections | Mississippi Highway 9W | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Southern United States |
28139_MississippiHighway198 | mississippi highway state highway state mississippi highway designation segments highway bypassed newer segments located columbia sections lane undivided roads pass small towns exception section lane divided highway running developed areas city total length sections miles originally existed gravel earth roads 1920s portions current road parts 1930s paved 1940s designated segments 1970s 1990s rerouted bypass columbia designated alignment communities section truncated east town route description legally defined mississippi code designation sections relocated completion new section begins intersection northwest heading southeast lane undivided avenue road passes wooded areas homes businesses passing south comes intersection point highway begins concurrency highways continue southeast curving east residential areas road heads commercial downtown comes intersection highway passes businesses leaving downtown heading wooded areas homes splits heading southeast continuing east past residences commercial establishments old highway east road leaves heads northeast wooded areas homes section ends intersection columbia columbia section begins intersection southwest columbia heading northeast lane undivided road passes woodland curving north columbia columbia route concurrent highway heads past businesses turning east broad street splitting heads residential areas coming intersection road continues east wooded areas homes businesses old highway east ending intersection east columbia section begins interchange interstate road continues west interchange heads east hardy street lane divided highway passes businesses highway passes south ending intersection past intersection hardy street continues east lane undivided city street section begins intersection northwest heading east lane undivided road highway heads dense forests curving southeast near homes runs short distance southwest railroad line road passes forests entering heads near mix residences businesses turns northeast cross railroad line come intersection point turns southeast form concurrency leaving dense forests running northeast canadian national railroad line road curves south ends interchange southeast section begins intersection northwest heading southeast lane undivided road heads wooded areas homes entering highway passes residential commercial areas town continues woodland development short distance northeast railroad line ending intersection section begins intersection northwest heading southeast lane undivided main street road heads dense forests homes passing railroad line highway continues rural areas heading east passing point railroad tracks run immediately north road curves southeast away tracks forests eventually entering road heads wooded areas homes turning east passing commercial downtown area highway intersects eastern terminus northern terminus road leaves crossing canadian national railroad line heading mix farmland woodland development section ends intersection east history current existed roads sections columbia gravel roads sections roads columbia ran east west southern state section road gravel road road west paved designated east portion year later portion road east paved portion current southwest columbia paved road east paved new alignment construction included northwest time road columbia paved portions road east northwest paved road west paved portion completed paved road extended mississippi replacing designations road bypassed columbia routed bypass new freeway bypass north built moved new alignment bypass routed result construction new alignment divided highway marked columbia eastern terminus section truncated major intersections entire route columbia entire route columbia entire route entire route entire route entire route | Mississippi Highway 198 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Southern United States |
28223_DelawareRoute1 | mile long state highway state delaware route runs maryland border continues state maryland route north interchange new castle county road continues north dover air force base dover lane surface divided highway occasional interchanges route heads north past atlantic_ocean runs northwest rural areas turning north continue dover reaching dover korean war veterans memorial highway lane freeway dover parallels route crossing featuring interchanges multiple times past corner freeway heads north reaching interchange interstate short distance terminus designated 1970s replacing portion following newly constructed built state highway 1920s 1930s widened divided highway 1950s 1970s 1980s limited access proposed dover wilmington area order relieve route beach traffic relief route incorporated route extended dover connect freeway dover air force base opened multiple stages cost million largest public works project delaware history concurrent designation north removed upgrades continue construction improvement interchanges widening portions road route description begins maryland border community road continues south maryland point heads north lane divided block state line route intersects eastern terminus road continues north business areas residences short distance west atlantic_ocean leaves heads running narrow strip land little bay west atlantic_ocean east route passes small area residential development goes state park road enters passes residential areas heads commercial areas briefly curves northwest turning north continuing road changes delaware avenue route runs past residences comes intersection heads east commercial center road curves northeast leaves passes east training site continuing north runs wooded areas west homes east farther north route crosses travels strip land west atlantic_ocean east comes right right access point park crosses cable stayed past bridge road passes east united_states_coast_guard station continues north state park west atlantic_ocean east route travels near fire control towers world war leaves enters point passes homes prior running business areas route comes intersection southern terminus heads north intersection turns northwest away atlantic_ocean passes residential areas commercial development road leaves continues right right interchange heads north immediately route crosses high level twin span crossing enters commercial areas intersects northern terminus access road point widens lanes road passes businesses runs sections outlet mall farther northwest route comes intersection eastern terminus southern terminus midway passes northeast outlets lined businesses route intersects travels northeast provide access cape ferry point concurrent routes run woods curving west past businesses points splits heading west concurrent access northern termini bus heads northeast past points narrows lanes bypasses nassau southwest curving northwest pass delaware coast line railroad line bridge bridge railroad line leaves area heads mix farm fields residential commercial development traveling northeast road continues agricultural areas residential subdivisions woods route crosses passes southwest golf course comes junction heads west east following continues farmland woodland southwest reaching intersection northern terminus immediately intersection road travels east runs north northwest agricultural areas route curves northwest bypasses community southwest past crosses passes near couple residential subdivisions intersecting short distance later road reaches interchange northern terminus interchange route comes northbound exit southbound entrance bus heads northwest point curves north heads eastern city route passes residential development west farmland east turning northwest wooded areas coming diamond interchange past interchange crosses continues northwest intersection eastern terminus road runs commercial development southwest wooded residential neighborhood northeast crossing northeast 10th street route passes near development comes southbound exit northbound entrance northern terminus bus northern end past interchange travels east runs mix farmland residential commercial development route intersects road continues farmland woods development road curves northwest comes intersection heads town bends north bypasses east crossing route interchange eastern terminus heads south road runs north agricultural areas passing west reaches community little heaven intersects travels east route passes near homes businesses reaches intersection heads northwest following road runs farmland woods coming right right interchange provides access crosses continues north diamond interchange southern terminus point enters city limits dover interchange route turns northwest passes asphalt plant southwest dover air force base northeast dover air force base dover air force base boundary transitions lane divided surface road freeway called korean war veterans memorial highway toll road interchange northbound exit entrance serves commercial gate dover air force base freeway passes air base golf course southwest base buildings northeast reaches diamond interchange serving main gate northeast base housing southwest route continues base residences main base prior reaching northbound exit southbound entrance eastern terminus serves north gate dover air force base runs north west passes southbound exit entrance northbound entrance serves provide access southbound northbound immediately southbound exit northbound entrance run connector heads west freeway continues north eastern edge dover comes southbound exit northbound entrance provides access downtown dover past interchange highway turns northwest rural areas comes dover mainline toll plaza passes northeast dover international comes trumpet interchange provides access road serving northern dover interchange toll plaza southbound exit northbound entrance following interchange toll road leaves dover continues wooded areas fields nearby development route heads east area passing interchange curves north crossing continues thorough rural areas short distance east reaches freeway comes trumpet interchange serving southern edge town tolls southbound exit northbound entrance highway runs east residential development west rural land east passing access curves northwest crosses heads farmland woods route crosses interchange north access rest area continues northwest rural areas west curving north crossing highway briefly travel east prior bridge run west passes east area heads north closely follows west runs rural areas residential development east freeway turns northwest away crosses passing northeast residential neighborhood coming diamond interchange provides access west east past interchange curves northeast passes turns north crosses freeway continues north short distance east past residential subdivisions comes diamond interchange pole bridge road heads west intersect southern terminus interchange tolls northbound exit southbound entrance interchange curves northwest crosses turning north reaching mainline toll plaza marks north end toll plaza widens lanes comes southbound exit northbound entrance providing access freeway turns northwest crosses delaware canal cable stayed delaware canal bridge highway passes mix fields residential subdivisions curves north come diamond interchange west point concurrent freeway running farmland passing railroad line west delaware city continue concurrent splits interchange continue freeway heads northeast surface divided highway interchange northern terminus southbound direct ramp past corner narrows lanes travels north past residential subdivisions passing new castle secondary coming interchange bear highway continues north reaches interchange freeway runs wooded areas crosses comes interchange serves mall east road point joins freeway passing west mall coming modified cloverleaf interchange ramps northbound northbound southbound southbound past freeway heads commercial areas comes interchange point freeway end continues north divided surface road annual average daily traffic count ranging high vehicles interchange low vehicles northern boundary entire length national_highway_system tolls august charges total weekends entire mile length korean war veterans memorial highway portion mainline toll dover charge weekends weekend tolls effect friday sunday addition charges toll exit southbound northbound exit northbound southbound toll exit southbound northbound tolls paid cash available motorists exiting northbound entering southbound exits north dover toll plaza entering northbound exiting southbound exit south corner toll plaza exits exit frequent user plan users trips days receive tolls tolls dover mainline toll originally week october tolls weekends increased order fund statewide transportation projects commercial vehicle tolls increased weekends time august weekend tolls dover increased order provide funding transportation projects state history south dover portion little heaven initially built highway spanned state wilmington highway proposed modern road measure roadway planned improve travel bring economic development kent sussex counties modeled great europe foot wide right way consisting foot wide roadway automobiles flanked dual lines foot wide roadways heavy vehicles foot wide roadways horses utilities buried underground horse roadways highway include agricultural experimental stations monuments future surveying revenues help pay construction roadway portions built portions planned turned state charge established construction highway began construction interrupted litigation challenging law establishing road building corporation need acquire large right way narrow proposed right way feet order compromise opponents highway addition offering properties affected highway times assessed value land years highway completed end built foot alignment foot wide roadway north designed constructed portion road north little heaven completed portion north construction completed year section entire wilmington highway completed near designated portion portion dover air force base built dover bypass bypass built atop existing bay road north present day interchange new alignment south new highway little heaven cross site called landing december end constructed causeway feet marsh east bank river process required multiple applications fill dirt dynamite create stable surface modern highway rolling lift bridge constructed widened new sections highway built foot wide concrete pavement starting relocated bypass new highway opened memorial day widened divided highway north south dover air force base lane divided bypass east constructed little heaven expanded dover air force base expanded divided highway project included replacing lane lane bridge originally county road road proposed state highway nassau year later state highway completed nassau west sections nassau proposal state highway completed construction bridge state gravel road extended providing access inlet recreational purposes january bids construction gravel road south timber bridge inlet connecting gravel road gravel road provide direct connection provide better access atlantic coast recreation ocean highway completed fall year roadway paved recommendations road north ocean highway paved year recommendations extend ocean highway south lead maryland state highway continuing delaware designated state highway system state highway continued west maryland border near maryland southern extension built maryland border gravel road swing bridge opened year work began bypass route west included bridge bypass completed addition roadway paved year new swing bridge opened previous bridge destroyed ice tides route widened divided highway nassau order provide relief traffic heading beaches intersections built entrance widening moved new alignment bypass removing concurrency bus new dual bridge constructed designated alignment divided highway portion extended north included bypass nassau divided bypass running southeast north proposal structural design began design work began widening divided highway route widened divided highway year divided southeast north completed contract awarded widen divided highway widening project completed year later construction underway divided highway included bypass completed signed concurrent east work began widen portion bypassing included new bridge truncated replacing route south end result renumbered new high level bridge carrying opened widened divided highway southwest crossing canal crossing high level bridge constructed northbound traffic designated dover concurrent designation dover air force base removed september work began million project widen midway points adding southbound lane multi use lane directions project completed june work began replace steel cable stayed span occurred steel bridge new opened southbound traffic january delaware governor senator secretary rode car bridge january northbound lane new bridge opened lanes bridge pedestrian bicycle walkway opened spring demolition bridge began spring completed spring september million project began pedestrian improvements stretch bridge nassau sees heavy pedestrian bicycle traffic summer months project added continuous segment road multiple new new improved bus stops pedestrian improvement project completed june governor secretary state representative state senator attendance ceremony mark completion project replaced grade intersections south dover grade separated interchanges intersection near dover air force base rebuilt interchange november construction began grade separated interchange interchange completed june november construction began interchange southeast interchange completed july january groundbreaking took place interchange road north governor secretary attendance completion interchange expected winter november construction began interchange beach road little heaven governor secretary senators speaker attendance groundbreaking ceremony work interchange beach road build service roads east west current route bridge carrying construction expected march groundbreaking ceremony took place build interchange road south governor senator present ceremony construction interchange expected finished plans replace grade intersections route grade separated interchanges intersections upgraded interchanges east construction interchange expected begin fall completed proposed interchange early design stage construction projected begin korean war veterans memorial highway studies conducted bypass segment dover connector dover proposed routing began north continued northwest planned cross bypass run west dover head north terminus north planning dover bypass archaeological survey conducted proposed route construction dover bypass postponed indefinitely north south extension wilmington dover studied extension proposed run north south near toll road head south cross delaware canal summit bridge reach connector near maryland border bypass dover west coming intermediate interchanges located west dover west west south summit bridge north summit bridge north south extension combination ramp tolls mainline toll barriers mainline toll barriers located north projected cost project million studies began relief route dover wilmington new highway proposed order relieve traffic heading summer planned toll road order help pay cost construction highway prior beginning construction archaeological survey conducted proposed route freeway year plans unveiled route begin south dover head north cross times passing east dover west section originally planned relief route lane road connected saw lot congestion july construction began segment freeway given designation extended northern terminus follow dover dover corner construction freeway march august year groundbreaking took place section toll road dover construction commenced august section freeway opened august bear months later freeway opened north april groundbreaking took place section delaware canal decided highway cross canal cable stayed bridge section opened april section dover air force base north opened december governor attendance opening ceremony section opened mainline toll barrier ramp tolls following completion section rerouted dover portion dover opened road signs exception speed limit signs metric units anticipation united_states converting metric system section dover exit numbers based section originally exit numbers based exit numbers portion route changed reflect december section corner opened included delaware canal bridge prior opening section bridge walk held canal following completion segment rerouted surface alignment crossed subsequently rerouted follow new interchange construction new severed south corner alignment north intersection lane road section south extended intersection building delaware canal initially plans demolish aging bridge carried canal plan drew concerns residents feared community split half instead kept refurbished southbound exit northbound entrance south delaware canal bridge built required federal legislation gave state million construction new canal bridge construction interchange dover air force base main gate commenced february project resulted relocation main gate order build interchange linking main gate base housing construction resulted facilities having constructed north gate order able handle base traffic year groundbreaking took place toll road segment south opened november subsequently rerouted points march groundbreaking took place final segment freeway interchange dover air force base main gate completed july year construction final segment resulted portion south shifted east built road service road serve properties southbound october northbound realigned new alignment south order build area shifted new southbound alignment south portion route area service road known september partial interchange opened dover utilizing existing emergency vehicle ramps interchange included initial plans highway dropped low traffic volumes building interchange purchased development rights adjacent land parcels order prevent additional development area interchange governor cut ribbon final section toll road north south section opened traffic days later result moved total cost build toll road million largest public works project delaware history building created new wetlands replace ones lost construction highway result completion final section northbound exit southbound entrance south removed traffic congestion cloverleaf interchange led improve interchange project included adding connecting ramps northbound northbound southbound southbound allowed easier merging patterns elimination lengthy ramp design construction new ring access road began february completed march newly built bridge south interchange ramp southbound southbound opened august ramp northbound northbound opened october ribbon cutting ceremony attended governor secretary plans widen additional lane direction delaware canal bridge interchange project involve widening bridges interchanges construction currently delayed funding issues project began september construct northbound auxiliary lane interchanges order reduce congestion completed shortly thanksgiving april governor secretary local officials attended groundbreaking ceremony million project rebuild interchange diamond interchange interchange delaware major intersections routes state highway route runs intersection west route provides access heading north turning west follows king avenue 2nd street southbound northbound originally road designated 1970s designated years decommissioned favor project avenue portion route roundabout added entrance delaware route miles state highway spur allows access starts southern approach bridge right right ramps providing access directions point heads west lane undivided road curving north passing bridge canal route intersects state road provides access northbound lanes point heads northeast away canal state road continues passes homes reaching terminus intersection left turns prohibited northbound major intersections entire route delaware route auxiliary route route begins midway heads southwest concurrent lane divided road passes homes businesses transitions lane road center left turn lane splits heading northwest lane undivided plantation road concurrent road heads mix farmland residential development reaching points road curves southwest comes intersection point ends road continues southwest heads north point immediately intersect head east provide access designated portion route plantation road concurrent major intersections entire route business route runs bus starts partial interchange southeast access southbound northbound interchange route heads northwest lane undivided passing residential subdivisions road continues past homes businesses passing east reaching intersection bus curves north heads northwest wooded areas passes point enters route heads business areas crosses road continues past commercial establishments turns north bus passes west heads north intersection point concurrent route lane divided bus continue north short distance end point road merges northbound partial interchange north end bus south completed state highway suggestions build bypass east connecting north town state highway leading southeast order provide better route beaches reduce traffic congestion summer months plans build bypass included construction underway bypass east completed delaware designated state highways designated boulevard south route turned west divided east city completed bus designated current alignment running concurrent southeast concurrency removed route realigned follow major intersections entire route work cited | Delaware Route 1 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Southern United States |
28352_MarylandRoute704 | maryland route maryland route state highway state maryland known highway highway runs miles eastern avenue district_of_columbia boundary east lane divided highway connects northern communities highway constructed right way abandoned washington baltimore early 1940s late 1950s early 1960s served temporary routing route freeway construction washington route expanded divided highway late 1960s early 1970s completed divided highway portion east expanded late 1990s route description begins intersection eastern avenue near eastern corner district_of_columbia highway continues south 63rd street heads south heads northeast lane divided highway city highway intersects road intersections road leads known leaving city state highway crosses intersects sheriff road oblique angle passes highway traverses meets road cloverleaf interchange highway continues city highway intersects crosses interstate access drops lanes ramp partial cloverleaf interchange unsigned interchange includes direct ramp northbound baltimore ramp westbound access southbound richmond continues northeast lane highway east reaching eastern terminus road national_highway_system principal arterial history follows abandoned right way defunct railway railroad included north south line washington baltimore branch construction electric railway began service began cities went shut converted abandoned railroad right way lane highway district_of_columbia line near pair timber bridges right way chapel road bridge carried road railroad removed junction intersection new highway authorized replacement bridge abandoned railroad non war effort highway projects federally funded world war construction new steel concrete bridge began late completed access grade separated highways junction pair way ramps named banker community leader constructed west expanded divided highway highway interchange freeway construction addition current set ramps interchange included loop ramps westbound eastbound freeway westbound freeway westbound portion south freeway marked temporary temporary route extended west washington newly completed pair independence avenue constitution avenue 2nd street remained defense highway maryland avenue city placed newly completed washington temporary removed expanded divided highway district_of_columbia boundary segment divided highway interchange extended west modern cloverleaf interchange completed year highway expanded divided highway north highway divided highway extended southwest renamed highway interchange rebuilt conjunction overhaul interchange immediately west interchange loop ramps westbound removed divided highway extended east interchange relocated junction east west axis intersection project expansion final segment adjacent portion divided highway junction list entire route auxiliary route designation unnamed mile segment old alignment junction designation assigned relocated designation road removed shopping center sits highway general location | Maryland Route 704 | Engineering and technology | Transport | Road infrastructure: Southern United States |
128_ParliamentAct1911 | parliament act parliament act act parliament united_kingdom important partly relationship house_of_commons house_of_lords act parliament act acts cited following rejection people budget house_of_commons sought establish formal dominance house_of_lords broken convention opposing bill budget eventually passed lords democratic mandate confirmed holding elections january following parliament act looked prevent budget problems widely opposed lords cross party discussion failed particularly proposed act passing irish home rule bill second general election december act passed support monarch threatened create sufficient liberal peers overcome conservative majority act effectively removed right lords veto money bills completely replaced right veto public bills maximum delay years reduced maximum term parliament seven years background parliament act way resolve contradictions creation additional peers monarch created peers vote treaty reform act passed house_of_lords dropped opposition threatened create new peers request prime minister creating informal convention lords way public house_of_commons example major bone contention main parties 1830s following intervention queen passed lords won election issue practice gave lords right demand public support present decide timing prevailing wisdom house_of_lords amend money bills house_of_commons right decide resources monarch despite apparent contradiction prevent rejecting bills outright repeal paper duties money bills consolidated single budget denied lords ability reject individual components prospect voting entire budget seemingly possibility act lords equal rights legislation compared right veto financial measures convention overwhelming majority lords liberal split attempting push significant welfare reforms considerable popular support certain cause problems relationship houses important measures considerably rejected outright example introduced education bill intended address grievances arising education act amended lords extent effectively different bill dropped bill led june resolution house_of_commons declaring lords power curtailed forward liberal prime minister hoping force election lords rejected financial bill based government budget people budget forward votes according breach constitution rights lords suggested justify position representing people january general election liberal government lost heavily remained majority help significant number irish nationalist labour mps irish nationalists saw continued power lords detrimental securing irish home rule following election lords relented budget reintroduced government passing lords april day passage lords faced prospect parliament act considerable support irish nationalists series meetings conservative opposition members agreed meetings held june november discussions considered wide range proposals initial agreement finance bills joint sitting means enforce superiority controversial areas number lords present limited liberal majority house_of_commons lords issue home rule ireland main contention conservatives looking exempt law parliament act procedure means general exception constitutional structural bills liberals supported exception bills relating monarchy protestant succession home rule discussions declared failed november government threatened dissolution parliament act passed followed threat opposition lords diminish elections december produced little change january calling second dissolution parliament contrary wishes edward died crisis progress successor asked prepared create sufficient peers matter arose meant creating new liberal peers king demand rejected lords intervention amendments lords rejected opposition showed little sign slipping led declare king intention overcome majority house_of_lords creating sufficient new peers passed lords votes votes majority reflected large number provisions included words intended substitute house_of_lords present exists second chamber constituted popular instead hereditary basis immediately brought operation request prominent cabinet member sir long title act act provision respect powers house_of_lords relation house_of_commons limit duration parliament section defined short title parliament act bill attempt place relationship house_of_commons house lords new direct issue money bills set new conventions power lords continued hold change composition lords lords able delay money bills month effectively ending ability defined public bill contained provisions dealing repeal alteration regulation taxation payment debt financial purposes charges money provided parliament variation repeal charges supply appropriation custody issue accounts public money raising guarantee loan thereof cover sort local taxes similar measures finance bills fallen criterion speaker house_of_commons bill money bill endorsing speaker certificate finance introduced poll tax certified money bill considered lords whilst finance bills considered convention parts finance bill dealing taxation expenditure act constitute money bill questioned public bills longer vetoed instead delayed years year period meant legislation introduced fourth fifth years parliament delayed election prove effective measure prevent passed specifically years second reading house_of_commons session passing bill house_of_commons session speaker conditions bill complied significant restrictions amendments ensure bill rejected twice act clear life parliament extended consent lords parliament limited maximum seven years act reduced passing parliament act parliament limited years beginning meeting parliament election practice election forced limitation dissolved monarch request prime minister noted year maximum duration referred lifetime parliament interval example held years day whilst held april held reduction parliament length seen new powers granted result lords continued suggest amendments money bills right veto instances accepted included china bill bill use lords temporary veto remains powerful check legislation relation government ireland act threat lords veto removed firmly passing bill came force outbreak world war amendments parliament act life parliament following outbreak world war parliament second world war special requirement hold election years legislation passed parliament act consent lords considered primary legislation importance highlighted jackson attorney general legality parliament act questioned challenge asserted foremost act delegated primary legislation act delegated power case act direct permission lords passed act received required consent lords act found legal act concluded primarily empowering restrict ability lords affect legislation ruling means efforts abolish house_of_lords major constitutional change act successful issue directly addressed ruling analysis parliament act seen context british constitution creating written constitution parliament chose instead usual channels response crisis pragmatic response avoided problems rules entire government commonly considered statute constitutional importance gives informal priority parliament courts regards later legislation change process happen mentioned discussion constitutional convention whilst replaced conventions role house_of_lords relies section makes sense money bills arise house_of_lords provisions section proceedings public bill completed single session fail procedure case law | Parliament Act 1911 | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
187_RoyalprerogativeintheUnitedKingdom | royal united_kingdom royal body customary authority privilege immunity recognised united_kingdom sole sovereign source executive powers british government powers exercised monarch acting initiative 19th century convention advice prime minister cabinet parliament decision required order exercised monarch remains empowered exercise royal advice prime minister cabinet practice existing precedent adequately apply circumstances question today royal available conduct government united_kingdom including foreign affairs defence national security monarchy significant constitutional presence matters limited power exercise hands prime minister ministers government officials definition royal called difficult concept define adequately particular type power exists matter common law decided courts final prominent constitutional theorist proposed nineteenth century appears historically matter fact arbitrary authority given time legally left hands crown remaining portion crown original authority act executive government authority act parliament virtue commentators follow view constitutional lawyers prefer definition given word usually understand special pre king persons ordinary course common law right dignity applied rights capacities king enjoys contradiction enjoys common subjects opinion action governance monarch statute simply covers actions person body united_kingdom undertake dissolution parliament case law exists support views notion powers exclusive nature favoured lord case difficulty expressed lord case clear distinction necessary relevant cases courts need settle question cases deal directly history royal originated personal power monarch 13th century england france monarch powerful absolute power checked feudal fourteenth fifteenth centuries early attempt define royal stated judges 16th century began monarch truly independent henry_viii successors king head protestant english church clergy rise parliament period problematic monarch predominant partner english constitution courts stopped short declaring powerful recognizing role parliament played case henry recognised noting far powerful consent parliament apparent matter taxation sir writers period pointed monarch impose taxation parliament consent time henry descendants normally followed courts despite fact theoretically bound judges regularly asking legal officers crown judiciary legal advice consent henry recognised need stable government follow law contends view law supreme view leading lawyers tudor period accepted king discretion limited areas courts imposed conditions use chosen stability came case claimed monarch divine right sit judge interpret common law saw fit led sir judiciary rejected idea stating monarch subject individual subject law gained sufficient knowledge law right interpret pointed knowledge demanded mastery artificial reason requires long study experience man attain similarly case held monarch exercise create new ones glorious revolution king james vii replaced queen husband king time bill rights drafted cemented monarch parliament specifically limited royal article holding power laws execution laws authority consent parliament illegal article confirming money use crown grant parliament longer time manner shall granted illegal bill confirmed parliament right limit use remaining evidenced act required monarch dismiss parliament certain times powers legislature monarch historic dissolution parliament important exercised personally sovereign represents greatest potential controversy normally exercised request parliament prime minister discretion following motion confidence constitutional differing views dissolution parliament possible today sir wrote dissolution involves ministers monarch dissolve parliament ministerial consent ministers refuse advice dismiss believed certain extreme circumstances monarch dissolve parliament single condition occasion arisen fair reason suppose opinion house opinion dissolution necessary wishes legislature fairly presumed different wishes nation monarch force dissolution parliament refusal royal inevitably lead government resigning convention monarch bills time royal given reign mean right refuse died george believed veto irish home rule bill writes assumed king legal power constitutional right refuse royal dissolve parliament fixed term act section act specifically states monarch power parliament affected act appointment prime minister theoretically governed royal technically monarch appoint prime minister wants appoint practice person commands majority house_of_commons usually leader political party returned parliament majority seats general election difficulties result called hung parliament party commands majority support occurred situation constitutional convention previous incumbent right form coalition government seek appointment prime minister decides retire middle parliamentary session monarch discretion usually prime minister waiting commands support majority near automatically appointed judicial system noted power affects judicial system mercy elements granting granting eliminate pains penalties criminal conviction remove convictions power commonly exercised advice secretary state monarch direct involvement use exercises power form limited form pardon sentences reduced certain conditions granting pardon subject judicial review confirmed minister courts chosen application lack thereof secretary state granting attorney general england wales equivalent scotland northern_ireland crown stop legal proceedings individual courts confirmed patents count defendant brought courts charge later date foreign affairs royal use realm foreign affairs monarch recognises foreign states statutes regulate enjoyed heads diplomatic representatives issues war peace forms international treaties monarch power annex territory island territory annexed monarch complete discretion extent government government confirmed west central gold mining company king monarch power alter british territorial waters territory freedom things practice doubtful british citizens rights island ceded germany parliamentary approval sought monarch regulate colonies dependent territories exercising orders council courts long fought monarch use power secretary state foreign court appeal ruled orders council judicial unlawful abuse power ruling later overturned british issued covered statute law common law citizens right freely leave enter united_kingdom foreign secretary courts held right review granting british citizens writ prevent person leaving country right treaties disputed power definition power unique monarch powers monarch power exercise granting honours regulation armed forces ecclesiastical appointments granting honours normally decided executive monarch person technically awards exceptions rule membership order merit royal victorian chain monarch complete discretion grant relation armed forces monarch commander chief members regulated royal statutes apply armed forces areas military discipline governed crown proceedings act monarch sole authority armed forces organisation disposition control questioned courts exercise power gives crown authority recruit members armed forces appoint commissioned officers establish agreements foreign governments station troops territory monarch appoint bishops church_of_england regulate printing licensing authorised church_of_england version bible secretary state recognised includes power reasonable steps preserve queen peace lord advocate house_of_lords took view extended things emergency necessary conduct second world war use today monarch exercises exclusively line advice government notes present queen kept closely touch exercise governmental power means weekly audience prime minister fully affairs government emphasised prime minister obligation account royal opinions simple terms govern realm crown monarch right consulted right encourage right warn role involves exercise discretion today powers directly exercised ministers approval parliament including powers declaring war making peace issue granting honours powers exercised nominally monarch advice prime minister monarch meets weekly cabinet key functions british government executed virtue royal generally usage diminishing functions progressively statutory basis limitations influential decisions house_of_lords determined limited scope use powers appeal appeal case settled appeal withdrawn crown agreed pay compensation appeal unanimous decision crown statutory defence realm regulations royal entitled occupy military purposes wartime commercial airfield south coast government argued action defend invasion courts held exercised government demonstrate threat invasion exists backed appeal held generally exercise power granted statute power government prove court exercise justified decision came attorney general house_of_lords confirmed statutory provision area powers use force extent crown particular thing accordance statutory provisions power thing principle statutory superiority extended concerning commercial airline operator licence december confirmed powers statutory provision situations power statute applied power aim statute extension came secretary state held statute come force alter statute conflict parliament wishes judicial review modern judicial review procedure superseded petition right remedy challenging validity power courts traditionally willing state powers existed appropriately applied tests use illegal constitutional scholars consider appropriate law given king irresistible absolute according forms constitution consequence kingdom parliament advisers severe account 1960s 70s attitude changing lord saying case seeing power exercised public good follows exercise examined courts power executive authoritative case matter minister generally known case house_of_lords confirmed application judicial review dependent nature government powers source foreign policy national security powers considered outside scope judicial review mercy considered secretary state reform abolition royal immediate horizon recent movements abolish role monarchy royal government unsuccessful undertook review executive powers october labour cabinet minister campaigned unsuccessfully abolition royal united_kingdom 1990s arguing governmental powers effect exercised advice prime minister cabinet subject parliamentary scrutiny require parliamentary approval later governments argued breadth topics covered royal requiring parliamentary approval instance currently parliamentary time slow enactment legislation | Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
1158_PedraBrancadispute | dispute dispute territorial dispute singapore malaysia eastern entrance previously called malaysia dispute began largely resolved opined belonged singapore belonged malaysia early singapore lodged formal protest malaysia response map published malaysia claiming singapore proposed submitting dispute malaysia agreed singapore claimed nearby countries agreed text special agreement needed submit dispute special agreement signed february formally notified agreement july year hearing held weeks november sovereignty malaysia singapore singapore argued evidence island sovereignty event court accept argument singapore contended sovereignty island passed singapore consistent exercise authority island singapore predecessor united_kingdom actions taken included selecting site constructing lighthouse requiring malaysian officials wishing visit island obtain permits installing military station island studying feasibility land island malaysia remained silent face activities addition confirmed letter claim ownership island published official reports maps indicating regarded singapore territory regarded malaysia case original title ceded united_kingdom merely granted permission lighthouse built maintained actions united_kingdom singapore respect waters surrounding island actions island sovereign letter official reports maps issued irrelevant inconclusive court ruled singapore sovereignty belongs malaysia regards court noted falls apparently overlapping territorial waters generated mainland malaysia maritime feature visible low tide belongs state territorial waters located malaysia singapore established named maritime boundary area determine ownership dispute small granite located nautical miles east singapore nautical miles south malaysia meets maritime features near island middle rocks nautical miles south consists clusters small rocks metres apart nautical miles south south west visible low tide singapore built island predecessor united_kingdom singapore ceded treaty friendship alliance august treaty straits settlements time lighthouse island constructed straits settlements british rule government india december director published map entitled boundaries malaysia showing territorial waters singapore rejected claim diplomatic note february asked map corrected late 1980s attorney general singapore tan prime minister singapore disclose documentary evidence singapore malaysian attorney general demonstrate strength singapore case dispute resolved exchange correspondence talks round talks february issue sovereignty raised malaysia singapore agreed submit dispute procedural matters singapore suggested submitting territorial dispute suggestion accepted malaysia text special agreement bring matter agreed agreement signed countries malaysia february notified court july case assigned sovereignty malaysia singapore following directions issued court parties exchanged memorials march counter memorials january replies november parties informed court letter dated january unnecessary written proceedings closed court determined drawing lots singapore present case public hearings held november singapore presenting case november malaysia november country given days respond november allocated singapore november allocated malaysia persons spoke parties singapore ambassador large singapore professor law acting singapore agent attorney general singapore counsel advocate chief justice singapore counsel advocate professor member chairman associate member advocate member chairman professor public international law university oxford member souls college oxford counsel advocate paris member paris counsel advocate paris member paris counsel advocate deputy prime minister minister minister law professor law counsel advocate malaysia ambassador large malaysia adviser foreign affairs prime minister malaysia agent ambassador malaysia netherlands agent attorney general malaysia counsel honorary professor international law university_of_cambridge member member member counsel jan professor public international law associate member counsel professor international law geneva associate member counsel college lecturer cambridge case presided vice president judge alongside judges hoc judges appointed countries judges madagascar venezuela united_states japan germany slovakia france new_zealand mexico morocco russia bench court include judges party parties exercised right choose judges hoc sit case singapore appointed india malaysia christopher south_africa singapore case singapore argued latin land belonging subject prior claim manifestation sovereignty sovereign entity denied malaysia claim island sovereignty contended evidence claimed exercised authority period began fall portuguese continued harass time similarly evidence sovereignty power influence height death sultan clear heir led instability broke away according annual report government state dissolution beginning 19th century support assertion sultan sovereignty singapore contended traditional concept sovereignty based mainly control people territory reliable way determine particular territory belonged ruler find inhabitants pledged allegiance ruler difficult respect isolated malaysia provided clear evidence direct claim actual exercise sovereign authority island addition singapore claimed old controlled maritime empire capital new occupying southern tip came existence signing anglo dutch treaty united_kingdom netherlands view anglo dutch treaty divide situated new british sphere influence dutch influence instead britain netherlands access freely legal vacuum regard sovereignty island enabling british possession following death sultan sons throne united_kingdom recognised elder son based singapore rightful heir netherlands recognised younger son based indonesia year anglo dutch treaty sent letter dated june stated complete agreement spirit content treaty concluded kings netherlands great_britain donated older brother lands assigned great_britain territory extends mainland territory brother extends islands islands whatsoever sea territory brother situated mainland basis letter singapore argued donated mainland territories retained sovereignty islands sea taking ownership event court rejected argument singapore contended selection site construction lighthouse constituted taking possession island title sovereign obtained title island accordance legal principles governing acquisition territory time title maintained united_kingdom successor singapore claimed predecessor united_kingdom demonstrated consistent exercise authority island acts instance ceremony laying foundation stone lighthouse described singapore presence governor straits settlements senior british official singapore british foreign officials sovereignty widely reported local newspapers drew response authorities significant acts included following singapore investigated waters island exercised exclusive control use island visits island including requiring malaysian officials wishing visit island scientific surveys obtain permits displayed british singapore furthermore request malaysia remove singapore flag island malaysian sovereignty malaysia request respect allowed install military station island direction government singapore studied feasibility square metres land island project sought newspaper advertisements eventually project proceeded addition singapore occasions claimed sea territorial waters occasion july chief surveyor expressed opinion singapore claim mile limit island subsequently stated official memorandum waters miles considered singapore territorial waters malaysia acceptance singapore sovereignty singapore case years malaysia silent singapore activities exercise sovereignty state challenged singapore claims having seek approval state hearing ambassador large highlighted saying key feature case constant stream singapore acts administration relation contrasted complete absence malaysian activities territorial waters malaysia silence face state activities singapore silence malaysia significant taken mean malaysia regarded territory june singapore crown colony colonial secretary wrote british adviser sultan clarify status noted rock outside limits ceded island singapore treaty entered maintaining lighthouse built international usage doubt rights obligations colony asked document showing lease grant rock ceded government state way disposed acting state secretary replied september government claim ownership singapore contended reply confirmed singapore sovereignty island title historic colony singapore self governing state left british_empire join years later singapore fully independent republic official publication meteorological information collected malaya listed singapore station lighthouse described way joint malaysian publication year singapore left federation countries began reporting meteorological information separately malaysia ceased referring maps published malaysian surveyor general director general mapping island indicated word singapore designation island singapore sovereignty hand designation island malaysian sovereignty singapore operated lighthouse news conference attended malaysia prime minister singapore prime minister malaysian leader admitted question sovereignty clear malaysia november singapore deputy prime minister refuted malaysia claim singapore attempting status quo claiming sovereignty said singapore honest law state navigational safety security arrangements environment malaysia sought alter status quo publishing map altered maritime boundaries seven neighbouring countries evidenced telegram sent overseas missions december map affect china indonesia philippines thailand singapore vietnam entity singapore took position considered single group maritime features relied island case regards group islands possible group certain circumstances regarded law unit fate principal involve rest argued maritime features rock samples showed composed light coarse granite additionally malaysia shown exercise sovereignty reefs singapore consistently exercised sovereign authority surrounding waters sovereignty belonged singapore sovereignty territorial waters malaysia case malaysia case original title time island relevant time state malaysia united_kingdom singapore displaced sovereignty contrary singapore claimed break old new ruled came existence signing anglo dutch treaty treaty effect leaving islands south dutch sphere influence territory islands north british sphere influence new months conclusion anglo dutch treaty sultan entered treaty august article treaty stated sultan sovereignty property honourable english heirs successors situated adjacent seas straits extent geographical miles coast said main island singapore ceded singapore island vicinity british lacked title evidence united_kingdom recognised prior continuing sovereignty islands malaysia challenged singapore contention new june letter sultan showed donated territories mainland retained sovereignty islands sea malaysia submitted statement territory extends islands islands read context article anglo dutch treaty guaranteed british establishment isles islands south islands mentioned islands british agreed sphere influence lay south phrase islands letter referred islands lying dutch sphere influence letter simply formal recognition claim sovereignty title island confirmed ties loyalty existed nomadic sea people past inhabited maritime areas carrying fishing piracy visited frequently evidenced 19th century letters written british officials including dated november government surveyor singapore reported need exclude built noted frequently visit rock visits encouraged trust straits neighbouring shores islands lives taken people malaysia rejected singapore argument traditional concept sovereignty based mainly control people territory stated authority states world based combination control people territory applies state established 16th century rulers recognised commanded people allegiance controlled territory people lived actions united_kingdom singapore lighthouse operator malaysia actions united_kingdom successor singapore constructing maintaining actions operator lighthouse sovereign island time ceded island united_kingdom instead merely granted permission lighthouse built maintained captain scottish prepared charts sailing instructions china cape good hope intermediate ports died merchants felt building fitting tribute early november proposed preferred sites preference expressed time november governor straits settlements wrote sultan matter letters found english translations replies dated november exist sultan said received friend letter reply desire friend perfectly understand wishes pleased intention expressed enable traders enter leave port greater confidence responded duly received friend communication understand contents friend light house near possible objection measure pleased undertaking wish guided matters government east india company liberty light house spot deemed eligible family years derived support singapore dependence wholly hope merit protection favoured company occasions consistent days later november governor wrote secretary government india recommend lighthouse sited things said rock willingly enclosed replies received sultan nonetheless malaysia argued sultan letters amounted permission united_kingdom build operate lighthouse suitable location november malaysia agent ambassador large alleged singapore trying year old arrangement singapore operated malaysia territory suggested permitted singapore upset peace stability area island located said singapore reclaimed land apart possible effects environment navigation lead potentially changes security arrangements eastern entrance according malaysian attorney general singapore raised issue sovereignty april meeting officials saying legal evidence sovereignty island produced documents support prior sovereignty island disputed statement malaysian prime minister concerning unclear position island documents singapore prime minister claimed singapore possession statement merely friendly respectful statement visiting prime minister press conference value court meant matter required discussion countries letter secretary concerning letter september secretary informed colonial secretary singapore government claim ownership malaysia submitted colonial secretary june status showed singapore authorities conviction island territory acting state secretary definitely authorized legal capacity write letter renounce confirm title territories treaties january agreement including transferred rights power jurisdiction matters relating defence external affairs united_kingdom powers federal high commissioner appointed united_kingdom state secretary acting state secretary taken reply colonial secretary letter submitted copy chief secretary evidence chief secretary high commissioner aware contents singapore actions respect sovereign singapore exercised sovereign authority ways malaysia responded indicated investigation vicinity singapore duties investigate hazards navigational safety publish information hazards capacity lighthouse operator investigating reporting maritime hazards territorial waters singapore acted accordance best practice circumstances particular investigations meant singapore ability carry based sovereignty island display british singapore island associated maritime matters marks sovereignty singapore demonstrated sovereign intent flying british singapore incident malaysia singapore sovereignty matter domestic political sensibility larger small local population installation military communications equipment plans reclaim land malaysia alleged singapore installation military communications equipment secretly learned received singapore memorial case regards singapore plans reclaim land island malaysia said reacted documents secret meteorological reports irrelevant maps inconclusive response singapore contention respect meteorological reports published malaysia indicated singapore station malaysia said fact recognised singapore rainfall station sovereignty maps published printed word singapore beneath island inconclusive assessed differently maps contained stating considered authority international boundaries maps create title incorporated treaties inter state negotiations middle rocks belong malaysia malaysia contended single identifiable entity historical record showed maritime features formally described single island islands group islands sovereignty time anglo dutch treaty fell british sphere influence treaty malaysia exercised consistent acts sovereignty limits character instance malaysian government granted petroleum concessions extended area internal confidential document dated july entitled letter chief included charts showing malaysia territorial waters features included malaysian fisheries waters fisheries act singapore protested sovereignty advanced claims began claiming belonged controversies photograph course hearing demonstrate proximity mainland malaysia produced photograph taken hill named background november singapore produced photograph taken camera human eye sees pointed appeared smaller alleged malaysia photograph taken lens exaggerated height seven times singapore attorney general said photograph attempt convey message proximity coast accurate reflection visitors looking malaysia claimed photograph obtained online blog singapore called blog unusual noting created month earlier photograph uploaded november days oral proceedings case commenced information blogger identity november malaysia said difference photographs question perspective matter worth discussing missing letters key thrust malaysia case british received explicit permission build lighthouse proved british recognised sovereignty island submitted evidenced november letters governor written sultan construction lighthouse malaysia said written singapore asking copies letters letters existed probably singapore archives file entitled letters native rulers singapore replied singapore response copies letters archives incomplete searches archives vain furthermore letters likely malaysia possession governor sent rulers malaysia case november singapore deputy prime minister minister expressed disappointment malaysia singapore concealed letters court termed disturbing distracting malaysia mention matter november decision rendered decision held votes sovereignty belongs singapore held votes sovereignty belongs malaysia sovereignty belongs state territorial waters located originally sovereignty court agreed malaysia original title rejecting singapore argument island found disputed established sovereign state certain territorial domain southeast_asia came existence known navigational hazard vital channel international navigation east west trade indian_ocean island remained local community reasonable lay general geographical scope existence old evidence competing claims islands agreed malaysia submission descriptions relationship 19th century official british reports proved sultan exercised sovereign authority islands habitat confirmed ancient original title islands including regards singapore argument traditional concept sovereignty based control people territory court observed sovereignty comprises control persons territory necessary deal point found territorial sovereignty purpose anglo dutch treaty finally settle disputes arisen united_kingdom netherlands relating territorial possessions commercial interests unlikely parties left maritime features outside spheres influence singapore contended article treaty britain agreed shall islands south islands straits fell british sphere influence included remained territorial domain new british understanding treaty confirmed letter dated march government india singapore read acquisition treaty obligations treaty concluded london march anglo dutch treaty situated north southern limits emphasis added britain position island north southern limits singapore fell sphere influence court reading anglo dutch treaty reinforced letter june sultan brother effect singapore attributed contrary malaysia submission court found britain recognised sovereignty islands article referred sultan adjacent seas straits extent geographical miles british read united_kingdom sovereignty territory sovereignty passed singapore noted certain circumstances sovereignty territory pass failure state sovereignty respond state conduct concrete display territorial sovereignty state written agreement relating court unable determine november replies sultan governor amounted place chosen site lighthouse merely permission build maintain operate lighthouse governor indicated november letter secretary government india recommend replies amounted understanding communicated sultan similarly fact britain informed decision site lighthouse seen recognition britain consent build operate longer rights island evidence court unable reach conclusion issue draw conclusions construction commissioning lighthouse stating saw events bearing issue evolving views authorities singapore sovereignty noted apart day visit followers island early june involvement project court declined accept malaysia argument singapore colonial secretary status indicated united_kingdom conviction island territory felt letter inquiry showed singapore authorities clear events occurred century earlier unsure records complete circumstances disagreed acting state secretary stated letter reply claim ownership island acted authority agreement irrelevant colonial secretary representative united_kingdom government foreign state relation time question united_kingdom having consent issuing reply assist malaysia action responding request information exercise executive authority malaysia invoked argument negotiations singapore proceedings late oral phase singapore entitled acting state secretary acted authority meaning reply clear understood sovereignty singapore authorities reason doubt island belonged united_kingdom court regarded conduct singapore investigation vicinity exclusive control visits island installation military station island proposed land malaysia correct asserting flying ensign normally manifestation sovereignty difference size recognised nonetheless weight given fact malaysia requested singapore ensign flying taken fact malaysia referred lighthouse singapore station meteorological reports omitted malaysian report favoured singapore case maps published malaysia tended confirm considered fall singapore sovereignty singapore maps respect island clear supported singapore case maps gave good indication malaysia official position matter admission finally malaysia rely maps present matter concern boundary distinct island case maps statements geographical fact particularly malaysia produced interest view court held sovereignty passed malaysia singapore sovereignty conduct united_kingdom singapore led conclude singapore gained sovereignty applied held ancient original title court held title remains malaysia successor falls apparently overlapping territorial waters generated mainland malaysia special agreement final submissions malaysia singapore asked court decide state sovereignty court mandated extent territorial waters states area question simply held low tide elevation belongs state territorial waters located reactions developments reactions malaysian foreign minister described decision creating win win situation countries forge ahead relationship deputy prime minister called judgment balanced decision malaysia partly successful territorial claims interviewed journalists singapore deputy prime minister said pleased judgment court awarded sovereignty main feature dispute singapore prime minister singapore said pleased result commented bringing dispute good way malaysia singapore resolve disagreements problems maintaining good relations malaysia day released judgment asserted territorial waters malaysia appears sovereign holder week later asked malaysian media cease word island refer decision final subject appeal june stated malaysia renewed search letter written governor sultan seeking permission build noted rules allowed case reviewed years new evidence response singapore law minister said city state wait new evidence malaysian government come malaysian members parliament urged assert sovereignty lighthouse operated singapore administration lighthouse concerns expressed near western boundary malaysia singapore assured public belongs agreement british administrators colonial singapore nonetheless malaysian agencies taken efforts stake claims islands reefs rocks features waters malaysia lose china indonesia vietnam islands eastern near indonesian border west opening june sultan pledged reclaim island takes speaking impromptu end prepared speech sultan said let reminded forget singapore belongs matter long find way island belongs said state government clearly heard sultan said elaborate september prince state sent letter claiming interests raised alleged seas surrounding hands surrendered british singapore accepting decision participating technical discussions singapore malaysian government constitutional rights responding said letter designed political mileage fully involved proceedings told everybody opinion matters foreign minister law letter late day express disappointment singapore july response questions singapore members parliament senior minister state foreign affairs stated maritime territory island included territorial sea nautical miles condemned malaysia foreign minister spirit legal structure claim unacceptable principles international law response spokesman said singapore stated claim territorial sea september reiterated claim following judgment statements clear limits singapore territorial sea overlapped claims neighbouring countries singapore negotiate countries arrive agreed accordance international law august said malaysia took view singapore entitled claim considered maritime feature meet internationally recognised criteria island land inhabited humans economic activity launch book road december chief justice commented case likely unique event history singapore unlikely singapore need seek confirmation title territory international law resolution outstanding issues malaysia singapore established named maritime boundary area determine ownership following meeting june committee agreed technical sub committee established oversee conduct joint survey works prepare way talks maritime issues area incident occurred waters provide humanitarian assistance vessels involved finally malaysian fishermen continue traditional fishing activities waters september reported joint survey works technical preparations survey provide data future discussions maritime formed meeting august decided traditional fishing activities countries continue waters nautical miles articles case concerning sovereignty critical analysis legal implications judgment issues challenges implementation malaysia singapore coastal law robert moving disputes island sovereignty decision sets stage maritime boundary law sovereignty malaysia singapore introductory note case concerning sovereignty malaysia singapore judgment coastal law sovereignty malaysia singapore archived original july study dispute influence relations singapore malaysia development southeast asian studies chinese mills state sovereignty territorial maritime disputes repercussions similarities disputes roger legal title versus promise problems private law tan case concerning sovereignty malaysia singapore singapore year book international law archived original april passing sovereignty malaysia singapore territorial dispute archived original january article law dan interpretation case southeast asian studies chinese judgment international court justice territorial disputes singapore malaysia inspirations southeast asian studies chinese news reports claim original title reproduced website november archived original january retrieved september pieces singapore case fit perfectly reproduced website november retrieved september november evidence words case turn treaties good ruling editorial reproduced december story told book scenes account year saga reproduced website books study disputed sovereignty maritime briefing vol durham international boundaries research unit isbn tommy road singapore association isbn isbn | Pedra Branca dispute | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
1959_Non-constituencyMemberofParliament | non constituency member parliament non constituency member parliament member opposition political party according constitution parliamentary elections act declared elected member despite having lost general election virtue having best performing enjoy privileges ordinary members parliament allowed vote types bills bills amend constitution motions confidence government election candidate offered seat decline scheme introduced significant modification traditional westminster system government ruling won parliamentary seats general elections independence prime minister argued scheme ensure opposition voices heard parliament according beneficial singapore younger generation chance opposition constitutional amendment initiate scheme allowed parliament constitution amended allow maximum parliament inception scheme widely criticised considered allows candidates mandate people air views parliament furthermore members opposition criticized scheme creating unequal playing field general election enabling ruling argue electorate need vote opposition candidates opposition representation parliament despite critique opposition politicians accepted seats including raised notable points parliament regards public policy issues criminal procedure education health social welfare general election brought parliament wife single member constituency general election brought different parliament seat offered east declined seat eventually accepted associate professor position non constituency members parliament non constituency member parliament candidate opposition political party despite having lost general election declared elected member virtue provisions constitution parliamentary elections act enabling unsuccessful candidates performed best accorded status called represent constituency electoral division parliament scheme introduced august constitution republic singapore amendment act act article constitution introduced constitutional amendment act maximum number set actual number declared elected general election fixed total number opposition mps elected parliament president acting advice cabinet order declared elected purpose particular general election order ceased effect dissolution parliament july need presidential order increase number removed instead maximum number parliament increased actual number declared elected following general election number opposition mps elected parliament called best general election declared elected candidates fail win general elections subject qualifying criteria elected mps singapore citizens aged names appear current register residents singapore years able speak read write official languages english tamil disqualified article constitution constitution parliamentary elections act provide minimum opposition representatives parliament polling results general election released opposition candidates receiving highest percentage votes electoral divisions elected parliament offered seats subject conditions opposition members voted parliament candidate garnered total number votes polled election electoral division contested addition group representation constituency electoral division number opposition candidates elected losing opposition candidates highest percentage votes election declared elected minimum number opposition mps number seats offered minus number elected opposition mps event group candidates offered seat group decide seven days person persons declared elected returning officer declared elected oath allegiance singapore preserve protect defend constitution republic singapore second sitting parliament session general election parliament resolution declare seat vacant filled succeeding eligible candidate general elections candidates having priority based percentage votes polled opposition members qualify allowed reject seats parliament general election opposition leaders stated want accept seats low secretary general parliamentary role enjoy rights mps allowed engage debate parliament points view allowed vote issues exception following amendments constitution motion pertaining bill amend supply bill supply bill final supply bill bills authorizing government public money motion pertaining bill amend money bill motion confidence government removal president office reasons scheme second reading bill prime minister presented parliament main scheme said having minimum number opposition members parliament scheme provide younger mps partners debating skills secondly presence opposition members parliament educate younger generation voters role constitutional opposition limits said especially important younger generation lived witnessed conflicts parliament 1950s 1960s harbour myths role opposition idea destructive opposition presence non mps parliament act check balance governmental according lee non mps ensure suspicion misconduct reported non mps readiness non members bring forth allegation corruption suspicions cover ups alleged importantly scheme introduced ensure representation parliament minimum number members political party parties forming government possessed parliament won seat election result sole opposition presence parliament initiate meaningful debate parliament unable find second motions fact absolutely opposition representation parliament general elections indicated table added impetus inception scheme criticisms scheme subject criticism opposition mps nominated members parliament parliamentary debates april increasing number mps expressed dissatisfaction lack legitimacy anti democratic nature concept instance expressed doubts scheme served raise level debate parliament said proposed politicians stood election lost sir lost lost know politicians stood certain political platforms certain political issues majority electorate considered issues politicians rejected polls allow parliament flies face logic democratic election best worst face people voted opposition introduction scheme office opposition member questioned trick ploy ruling party maintain dominance parliament argued system placed opposition disadvantage general elections number reasons restrictions vote parliament suggested presence parliament extend decorative provision debating younger generation quality parliamentary debate effectiveness scheme limited perception obliged virtue party opposition privately member benefits government proposal finally scheme criticized ploy discourage voters voting opposition mps guarantee number seats natural growth elected opposition voice parliament electorate motivation vote opposition member parliament assurance default mechanism exists best opposition low cited lack muscle real grounding reason refusal seat represent constituency denied opportunities expand influence debates sole parliament commented having bad situation better increasing solution robust political system identified lack official capacity represent people write letters behalf scheme physical base organize activities dialogues people view better politics singapore scheme regarded merely stop gap measure deal lack alternative voices parliament result ruling party alleged abuse system live television forum prime minister refuted claims real opposition stating introduced expanded scheme acknowledged desire alternative voices need opposition represent diverse views society noted free debate issues parliament scheme provided opposition politicians opportunity establish strengthen positions subsequent general elections list taking seats parliament general election held scheme introduced opposition mps elected parliament single seat available allocated decided defeated candidates seats secretary general said real object scheme persuade electorate return seats parliament parliament seat allocated party decided reject seat regarded resignation seat filled seat parliament following general election opposition elected lee declared elected december january speaker announced lost seat effect december article constitution convicted fined tax general election followed seats offered opposition members successful respective electoral divisions number opposition mps exceeded allotted seats general election seat offered accepted declared elected effect january subsequently effect july fell bankruptcy unpaid debt lost seat parliament general election year saw seat occupied general election chairman garnered votes making best loser election subsequently declared elected parliament following increase number seats parliament garnered seats general election seats offered taken contested single member constituency contested respectively notable issues raised raised debated parliament wide range issues follows notable issues mentioned november supported motion minister education stating house supports new junior college curriculum better develop thinking communication process skills engage students greater breadth learning greater diversity opening new pathways education cater different strengths interests students suggested focus creative expressing view education system focused production line workers managers instruction given singapore reached standards world economy singapore focus spirit students encourage students ask questions placed emphasis importance ensuring focus education character building stating failure education system train best best resources told going society lack compassion weak behave class behave peers followers care self interests idea able borrow savings tide periods financial difficulty rationale individuals borrow accounts buy property money losing stocks reason allowed pay bills opposed view stating important good singapore independent individuals assume risks successes investments self sufficient advent casino based vacation resorts expressed concern parliament government systems institutions place negative impact problem gambling people gambling away family assets till parliament dissolved general election held year elected mps parliament debated amendment permit organ donor receive reasonable payment medical checks insurance medical expenses loss income spoke worry bill lead organ trading idea proportion primary seeking university education increased government planning noted development countries age received degree level education number students failed gain entry local universities universities overseas suggested giving disabled individuals adult population years expressed concerns proposed constitutional amendment introduced april allow hear called mentions video mention hearing held hours person arrest felt failed adequately assure accused people allowed complain injuries sustained acts authorities response deputy prime minister minister home affairs assured mps processes place ensure accused people treated fairly example video conference accused person room police officer able happening entire courtroom secondly screen judge large enable clearly accused finally accused people complain police judge later present court following month parliamentary debates major revisions criminal procedure code suggested need improve pre trial disclosure procedures ensure victims crimes received expressed concerns community based sentencing bill eventually incorporated suggestions noted compulsory education act ensures children opportunity receive education expressed concern processes entry schools children special needs furthermore education children special needs subject subsidies students mainstream schools brought house attention fact special needs children unintentionally concerns supported articles tan eugene april legislature archived original december retrieved december tan lee constitutional implications right political participation singapore tailor making westminster modelled constitution fit asian democracy comparative law creating parliament constitution republic singapore amendment act parliamentary elections amendment act books legislature singapore isbn parliament singapore parliament isbn tan making law parliament introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan legislature constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn government state singapore isbn archived original december legislature treatise singapore constitutional law singapore isbn | Non-constituency Member of Parliament | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
2395_OptionalProtocoltotheConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen | optional protocol convention elimination forms discrimination women optional protocol convention elimination forms discrimination women international treaty establishes complaint inquiry mechanisms convention elimination forms discrimination women parties protocol allow hear complaints individuals grave systematic violations convention protocol led number decisions member states issues domestic violence parental leave forced investigation systematic killing women mexican city protocol adopted october force december protocol signatories parties genesis adopted convention elimination forms discrimination women convention outlawed discrimination women include mechanism prohibition legally enforced individual complaints mechanism suggested original drafting rejected time years later vienna declaration programme action world conference human rights suggested new procedures needed implement convention suggested right petition independent expert group produced draft containing complaint procedure inquiry procedure adopted study early idea optional protocol endorsed fourth world conference women called draft optional protocol enter force soon possible march commission status women established open ended working group produce formal draft reported years early adopted october summary convention elimination forms discrimination women discrimination basis gender parties repeal laws guarantee equality fields health employment education subsidiary agreement convention establish new rights allows rights guaranteed convention enforced articles create individual complaints mechanism similar optional protocol optional protocol convention rights persons disabilities article convention elimination forms racial discrimination parties agree recognise consider complaints behalf individuals groups claim rights convention violated complaint submitted behalf victim requires consent justify acting constitutes justification case committee ability complaints submitted behalf victims seen vital allowing women organizations human rights groups use protocol enforce convention exhausted domestic anonymous complaints complaints referring events occurred country concerned joined optional protocol permitted committee request information recommendations party binding articles create inquiry mechanism parties permit committee investigate report recommendations grave systematic violations convention committee invite relevant party respond inform measures taken result inquiry directly normal reporting process convention parties opt obligation signature ratification bangladesh belize colombia article requires parties ensure complaining optional protocol subjected ill treatment intimidation article requires parties inform citizens convention optional protocol committee facilitate complaints articles govern procedure reporting committee handling complaints articles govern ratification entry force amendment optional protocol reservations membership number parties reservations application protocol bangladesh belize colombia exercised right article protocol recognise jurisdiction committee investigate grave systematic violations convention colombia declares protocol committee require offences life personal integrity state party party protocol major states remain outside protocol united_states ratified japan participate individual communications mechanisms human rights treaties currently considering joining observing procedures functioning china currently studying problem accession optional protocol individual complaints considered complaints seven countries optional protocol came force subjects domestic violence division property forced parental leave complaints rejected lack jurisdiction exhausted domestic decisions summarised case hungary committee ruled hungary violated numerous articles convention failing adequately protect women domestic violence recommended immediately protected abusive partner hungary improve handling domestic violence cases immediately adopt committee previous recommendation law allowing protection exclusion orders recommendations implemented time hungary sixth periodic report case netherlands committee expressed concerns aspects parental leave provisions netherlands recommended dutch government collect information number women combining time employment self employment review law revealed significant number women case hungary committee ruled forced woman hungary violated convention recommended breach rights review legislation surrounding informed consent cases ensure complied international human rights standards ongoing monitoring hungarian medical facilities ensure changes practice cases deceased austria deceased austria committee ruled austrian government failing protect women domestic violence recommended strengthening implementation monitoring existing domestic violence laws greater training police inquiries committee conducted inquiry grave systematic violations article relation systematic killing women mexican city found compliance mexican government tolerance severe systematic abuses women rights committee recommended involvement federal state authorities investigation murders punishment officials involved persecution victims relatives increased violence prevention plans impact criticism impact international treaty measured ways acceptance implementation measure gained widespread international acceptance major states parties protocol second accepted enforcement mechanism optional protocol second measure number complaints dealt committee limited assessment government found protocol hardly originally expected reasoning committee unpredictable impact policy making found limited success highlighting importance effective policies protect women domestic violence forced outside areas protocol led breakthrough advancing women rights concludes greater efforts highlight awareness build trust committee complaints mechanism remain utilized protocol criticised legal academics view complaints mechanism difficult lengthy lacking transparency voluntary nature protocol non binding nature recommendations seen key limits effectiveness despite critics tend view protocol valuable flawed instrument realizing women rights | Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
2735_ConstitutionofMay3,1791 | constitution constitution polish lithuanian adopted great parliament polish lithuanian commonwealth dual monarchy comprising poland lithuania drafted months beginning october formally adopted government act document designed commonwealth political defects system golden freedoms known conferred rights nobility time corrupted politics adoption constitution preceded period gradual introduction reforms beginning election august commonwealth king constitution sought prevailing anarchy fostered country democratic constitutional monarchy introduced elements political equality townspeople nobility placed peasants protection government worst abuses banned parliamentary institutions veto mercy deputy legislation passed commonwealth neighbours reacted hostility adoption constitution broke alliance commonwealth attacked defeated war defence constitution alliance catherine great anti reform polish nobility king principal author eventually document remained force months november second poland ended existence sovereign polish state years constitution seen proof successful internal reform symbol promising eventual restoration poland sovereignty words authors testament country british historian described document constitution type europe called world second oldest codified national constitution constitution background polish traced 13th century government consensus representation established young polish state emergence parliamentary bodies followed 17th century poland legal political tradition characterized parliamentary institutions system checks state power limited idea contractual state embodied texts like concept individual liberties notion monarch owed duties subjects system primarily benefited polish nobility came known nobles democracy end golden age constitution response increasingly situation polish lithuanian commonwealth major european power century earlier largest state continent peak nobles democracy king iii court preacher jesuit condemned weaknesses commonwealth period writers philosophers execution laws reform movement led advocated political reforms son king old behalf entire republic poland free polish peasants oppression struggling reign saw highly destructive wars nobility correctly predicted commonwealth danger partition russia austria failed implement sufficient reforms state machinery increasingly dysfunctional major cause commonwealth downfall veto free veto allowed deputy legislation enacted result deputies foreign powers primarily russian_empire france deputies believed living unprecedented golden age commonwealth government century threat veto establishment immune veto declaring constituted confederation belonged prominently foreign interests 18th century force legislative outcome early 18th century poland lithuania controlled state ensuring reforms weaken privileged status golden freedoms enacted ineffective monarchs elected commonwealth throne early 18th century strong poland improve matters absolute rule practiced native tried govern intimidation use force led series conflicts supporters opponents including polish throne king conflicts took form legal rebellions king permitted golden freedoms including confederation war polish succession sessions reign passed legislation years reign session able pass legislation government near collapse giving rise term polish anarchy country managed provincial assemblies reform attempts era led individuals proved futile early reforms enlightenment greatly influenced certain commonwealth circles reign king august polish magnate deputy deeper understanding polish politics previous monarchs elected throne controlled family party backed russian military forces invited exchange passing favorable russians let enact number reforms including weakening veto ensuring longer applied treasury economic matters comprehensive reform package presented opposition prussia russia polish nobility thwarted ambitious program proposed decide motions majority voting election imposed great political position weak beginning proceeded cautious reforms establishment fiscal military introduction national customs soon abandoned opposition frederick great prussia measures authorized legislative executive improvements inspired king implemented commonwealth viewed reform suspicion neighboring powers content deterioration commonwealth thought democratic power borders reduced easy neighbors intervene directly numbered russia prussia king provoked conflict members king civil rights religious minorities greek orthodox positions guaranteed equal catholic majority worsened considerably catherine frederick declared support liberties october russian troops assembled outside warsaw support conservative king adherents little choice russian demands named unofficially presiding russian ambassador king accepted eternal principles catherine vowed protect time come poland liberties election kings right veto right renounce allegiance raise rebellion king exclusive right hold office land landowners power peasants privileges golden freedoms nobility commonwealth guaranteed cardinal laws cardinal laws rights religious passed personally guaranteed acts legislation time russia formally intervened commonwealth constitutional affairs showed disregard local resistance arranging abduction imprisonment vocal opponents foreign domination recently proclaimed policies polish lithuanian commonwealth legally practically russian_empire nonetheless minor beneficial reforms adopted political rights religious minorities restored need reforms increasingly recognized king august russian intervention encountered opposition february including young son oppose russian influence declared russia catherine formed confederation town bar focused limiting influence foreigners commonwealth affairs pro catholic generally opposed religious tolerance began civil war overthrow king irregular forces overwhelmed russian intervention defeat set scene partition treaty august signed saint_petersburg russia prussia austria treaty polish lithuanian commonwealth territory population km2 million people powers justified annexation citing anarchy commonwealth refusal cooperate neighbors efforts restore order king august yielded april called session deputies attended known partition rest aware king decision refused despite protests deputy treaty later known partition poland ratified successive 18th century commonwealth territory eventually remove poland sovereignty shocked commonwealth inhabitants clear progressive minds commonwealth reform thirty years constitution rising interest progressive constitutional reform partition polish noble sent france ask suggestions new constitution reformed poland submitted recommendations des government laws poland finished considerations government poland partition underway works advocating need reform presenting specific solutions published commonwealth polish lithuanian effective way councils conduct ordinary founder political thoughts civil liberties author lyrics political law polish nation head forge party remarks life jan great era seen crucial giving constitution moral political support new wave reforms supported progressive family king august introduced partition important included establishment ministry education world new schools opened uniform textbooks printed teachers received better education poor students provided scholarships commonwealth military modernized funding create larger standing army agreed economic commercial reforms including intended cover increased military budget previously introduced new executive assembly strong comprising limited legislative powers established giving commonwealth governing body constant session immune veto commissioned chancellor draft new legal code collaborators produced code strengthened royal power officials placed clergy finances state supervision deprived legal code improved situation non nobles townspeople peasants progressive legal code containing elements constitutional reform met opposition native conservative foreign powers adopt adoption opportunity reform occurred great called year began october deputies accordance constitution met dual number newly elected deputies joined earlier established second day body avoid veto concurrent world events appeared russia austria war ottoman_empire russians found simultaneously fighting russo swedish war new alliance polish lithuanian commonwealth prussia provide security russian intervention king august drew closer leaders reform minded passed major reforms years subsequent years brought substantial changes adopted free royal cities act formally incorporated final constitution act addressed number matters related cities expanding townspeople rights including electoral rights comprised representatives nobility clergy supported late organized warsaw black procession demanding political april fearing protests ignored turn violent france long adopted new constitution drafted king contributions king credited writing general provisions giving document final shape august wanted commonwealth constitutional monarchy similar great_britain strong central government based strong monarch wanted strongest branch government wanted gentle revolution carried violence social classes addition nobility proposed reforms opposed conservatives including party threatened violence opponents advocates draft began debate government act days early opposing deputies away easter debate subsequent adoption government act executed quasi coup état recall notices sent known opponents reform pro reform deputies secretly returned early royal guard command king nephew positioned gathered prevent opponents disrupting proceedings convened members half dual number bill read overwhelmingly adopted enthusiasm crowds outside protest submitted day small group deputies matter officially concluded protests constitutional time 18th century constitutional act passed commonwealth involvement foreign powers soon included participants great organised defend reforms enacted promote ones regarded modern style political party poland history response new constitution enthusiastic provinces party enjoyed considerable influence general support middle nobility crucial substantial provincial early supported constitution features polish constitution reflect enlightenment influences particular social contract advocacy separation balance powers branches government advocacy legislature government established aimed ensure accordance article integrity states civil liberty social order shall remain according polish american historian provisions fell french canadian left prussian far equal american constitution king august said new constitution founded principally england united_states_of_america avoiding faults errors adapted possible local particular circumstances country said polish constitution provided constitutional monarchy close english model time article acknowledged roman catholic faith dominant religion guaranteed tolerance freedom religions progressive 16th century placed poland clearly catholic sphere influence article confirmed old privileges nobility stressing nobles equal enjoy personal security right property article iii stipulated earlier free royal cities act april integral constitution personal security polish corpus act extended townspeople including jews townspeople gained right acquire landed property eligible military officers commissions public offices reserved seats seats executive commissions treasury police judiciary membership nobility easier acquire half million commonwealth substantially political power equally distributed little politically conscious active classes jews peasants article placed commonwealth protection national law step country largest oppressed social class low status compared classes eliminated constitution abolish second partition polish government begin abolish article stated power civil society derived people constitution referred country citizens time polish legislation meant include townspeople peasants nobles document individual articles introduced principle popular sovereignty applied nobility townspeople separation powers legislative executive king guardians guardians laws newly established governmental entity judicial branches advanced limiting excessive legal political nobility legislative power defined rested parliament elected appointed senate king met years required national emergency lower chamber comprised deputies provinces royal cities province royal inform legislation intended propose advance deputies time prepare discussions upper chamber comprised sources vary senators bishops governments ministers right vote senate presided king vote break ties king deputies legislative initiative matters known general laws divided constitutional civil criminal institution perpetual taxes required simple majority lower chamber upper specialized resolutions treaties alliance war peace increases national debt majority vote chambers voting jointly needed senate king veto laws passed applicable session overruled article recognized act regional assemblies passed march reducing noble classes law introduced major changes electoral ordinance previously nobles eligible vote facto meant nobles known clients local voted voting right tied property qualification lease land pay taxes closely related somebody eligible vote previously eligible nobles displeasure voting rights restored landowners military service lost rights voting limited males years age eligible voters elected deputies local county elected deputies finally explicitly abolished institutional sources government weakness national anarchy including veto replaced simple majority vote excessive influence stemming previously binding nature instructions deputies declared contrary spirit constitution subversive government destructive society new constitution strengthened powers moving country constitutional monarchy executive power according article article vii hands king council cabinet ministers called guardians laws create interpret laws acts foreign ministry provisional subject approval king presided council composed poland president ministers appointed king minister police minister seal internal affairs minister foreign affairs minister war minister treasury council members included vote crown prince marshal royal council descended similar councils functioned king henry articles recent acts king required respective minister minister required law king demanded minister refused ministers unanimously endorsed objection case king withdraw law press issue taking parliament stipulation king shall nation parallels british constitutional principle king wrong countries respective minister responsible king acts ministers responsible dismiss vote confidence majority houses ministers held court simple majority vote sufficient demand minister face trial king nation commander chief commanding armies institution high ranking military official mentioned king right grant pardon cases treason decisions royal council carried commissions including previously created new military treasury members elected constitution changed government monarchy unique polish variant hereditary monarchy provision intended reduce destructive influences foreign powers royal election royal dynasty die new chosen nation king held throne grace god nation authority derives nation institution preserved august death polish throne hereditary pass provided poland recent kings august provision contingent consent declined offer presented discussed judiciary separated branches government served judges courts instance existed constant session judges elected regional assemblies established provinces based reformed elected deputies judges court precursor modern poland courts established province hear cases municipal courts described law towns complemented system article covered procedures regency taken jointly council guardians headed queen absence article stressed importance education royal children tasked responsibility article constitution article concerned national standing army said army defined defensive force dedicated solely nation defense army increased strength men enhance commonwealth integration security constitution abolished union poland lithuania favor state establishment supported opposed lithuanian deputies compromise received numerous privileges continued existence related acts included declaration assembled estates confirming government act adopted days earlier guarantee nations crown october unity poland single state equal representation state governing bodies strengthened polish lithuanian union keeping federal aspects state intact constitution 3rd translated lithuanian marked significant change upper society way thinking marked efforts modernization state constitution remained work progress provisions government act detailed number laws passed june courts acts guardians laws june national police commission ministry june municipal administration june constitution included provisions amendments dealt extraordinary held years author announced work underway economic constitution rights property securing protection honor manner labor planned basic law mentioned moral constitution likely polish analog united states bill rights french declaration rights man citizen constitution called preparation new civil criminal code tentatively called august code king planned reform improving situation jews aftermath war final constitution remained effect little year overthrown russian armies allied conservative polish nobility polish russian war known war defense constitution wars turkey russia sweden russia having ended furious adoption document believed threatened russian influence poland russia viewed poland facto worst possible news arrived warsaw polish king sovereign reaction russia chief foreign policy authors learned new constitution contacts polish seen poland neighbors evidence revolutionary conspiracy threat absolute prussian statesman expressed fears european conservatives poles given coup prussian monarchy voting constitution strong commonwealth likely demand return lands prussia acquired partition opposed constitution draft start asked intervene restore privileges cardinal laws abolished new statute end formed confederation proclamation prepared january criticized constitution contributing democratic ideas following fatal examples set paris asserted parliament broken fundamental laws swept away liberties gentry turned revolution conspiracy declared intention overcome revolution turn distinguished fair empress neighboring friend ally respects nation need offers helping hand wrote russian armies entered poland lithuania starting polish russian war voted increase army commonwealth men owing insufficient time funds number achieved soon abandoned goal polish king field man army recruits army command defeated fought draw russians occasions end defeat inevitable despite polish requests prussia refused honor alliance obligations august attempts negotiations russia proved futile lines kept shifting west july warsaw threatened siege russians king came believe victory impossible numerically superior enemy surrender alternative total defeat having received assurances russian ambassador territorial changes occur guardians laws cabinet voted surrender july king august joined empress demanded reform leaders believing cause lost went self imposed exile hoped august able negotiate acceptable compromise russians past king saved commonwealth governed country short surprise intimidated russian troops enacted second partition poland november concluded constitution second partition russia took square kilometres prussia took square kilometres commonwealth comprised square kilometres left commonwealth merely small state puppet king russian garrisons keeping eye reduced polish army year half polish patriots waited planning insurrection march declared come known issued granting freedom peasants ownership land fought insurrection revolutionary administered summary justice deemed commonwealth initial victories battle april capture warsaw april april uprising crushed forces russia austria prussia joined military intervention historians consider uprising defeat conclusion face superiority numbers resources invading powers defeat forces led final partition commonwealth legacy historical significance constitution criticized going far radical remained force months weeks influence case limited generations memory constitution recognized political scientists progressive document time helped alive polish aspirations independent society continued inform efforts authors descendants polish constitutional scholar stated century later miracle constitution save state save nation poland viewed national symbol culmination enlightenment polish history culture words authors testament country anniversary adoption observed poland important civil holiday poland regained independence constitution milestone history law rise democracy irish statesman described benefit received nation time earned place greatest kings history follow ratification united_states_constitution poland united_states geographically distant displayed similarities approaches design political systems constitution called second constitution world history american expert constitutional law called world second national constitution american journalist wrote europe codified national constitution second oldest world british historian calls constitution type europe great subject large body works polish scholars starting cited 19th century works continued 20th century document official government act government referred political system commonwealth term constitution polish denoted legislation character passed holiday declared polish holiday constitution day holiday banned poland reinstated april second polish republic holiday officially introduced newly independent country outlawed world war nazi soviet celebrated polish cities spontaneous manner anti communist demonstrations polish communists competed attention communist endorsed labor day celebrations polish led removal list national holidays frequent occasion anti government anti communist protests restored official polish holiday april fall communism declared lithuanian national holiday polish american pride celebrated date instance chicago poles marked festivities annual polish constitution day parade | Constitution of May 3, 1791 | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
3006_PresidentialCouncilforMinorityRights | non elected government body singapore established main function bills passed parliament ensure racial religious community council feels provision bill amounts measure report findings parliament refer bill parliament council examines subsidiary legislation statutes force january member nominated chairman empowered ensure candidates office president qualifications required constitution president dismisses chairman members established cap advice responsible determining members representatives major religions singapore distinguished public service community relations singapore council chairman november chief justice singapore permanent members appointed life ordinary members appointed period years appointed appointments president advice cabinet president cabinet advice veto appointments required consult view parliament decision resolution passed thirds majority vote president power remove current members constitution requires members council singapore citizens residing singapore years old restriction cabinet ministers members political parties prime minister authorize minister minister state parliamentary secretary attend council meetings noted chilling effect council guest author vocal proponent legislation scrutiny hand suggested members political biggest contribution council discussions criticism composition having judges council lead conflict interest exercise judicial review acts parliament endorsed rejected previously proceedings council conducted private council prohibited hearing examining witnesses bill law consideration establishment found legislation contain measures role non elected body established vii constitution republic singapore roles minority rights advising government general function articulated constitution consider report matters affecting persons racial religious community singapore referred council parliament government role safeguard parliamentary executive politics government freedom racial religious communities passage new laws regulations contain measures legislative review mechanism plays limited quasi second chamber role called closest body singapore years council criticized lacking teeth act real check potential legislative abuses issued adverse report piece legislation referred forms statutory framework government internationally lauded efforts managing minority issues singapore deputy prime minister member council noted symbol paramount importance placed racial harmony world racial communal conflict origin january shortly singapore independence president singapore appointed helmed chief justice consider rights racial linguistic religious minorities nascent nation protected singapore ejected malaysia experienced extended period racial religious tension resulting riots experience reinforced need society based equality races commission report august found equality best protected giving minority rights equal fundamental liberties constitution addition recommended advisory body inform government effects laws minorities concept based established phase transition african majority rule idea advisory body significantly legislative agenda viewed promising innovation addition creation advisory council ensuring equal treatment legislation line idea citizens increasingly aware racial religious issues national growth depend approach problems religious racial tensions recommendations new included following members council appointed consultation prime minister president discretion member belong political party membership assigned renewed specified period years proceedings held public parliamentary debate constitution amendment bill constitution amendment act passed december create based heavily proposed amendment took effect january council subsequently renamed proposal commission accepted parliament nonetheless changes led substantial differences original proposal including following appointments council president advice cabinet categories members permanent non permanent members permanent members holding life tenure members parliament mps including ministers sitting council serving terms parliament simultaneously affiliation political party bar council membership supporters new body heralded step forward enhancing country democratic spirit establishment seen putting limit possible measures legislation especially important party dominated parliament like singapore new council powers strictly limited giving advice justified basis serve alert public government proceed enact act class minorities intended fix attention public matter originating parliament adversely affect interests minority group composition appointment term office members composition consist persons time council chairman permanent members appointed life ordinary members appointed period years appointed distinction permanent non permanent members recommendations government adopt commission proposal members belong political party suggested causes composition somewhat weighted favour government extent concept council elders sits rights individuals chairman responsible presiding meetings council office chairman vacant council elect member act chairman chairman original vote casting vote fewer members including chairman member appointed place order council business motion council fails event tie appointment term office members elected appointed president advice cabinet public nomination process vote stipulated constitution president cabinet veto appointment required consult constitutional body advises president appointments key public officials matters relating singapore financial reserves exercises veto parliament decision resolution passed thirds majority vote president power remove current members members council singapore citizens years age residing singapore apart qualifications stated constitution indication parliamentary debates leading introduction permanent members likely drawn men distinction hold held high public appointments prime ministers chief justice chief justices judges speaker chairman attorney general permanent non permanent members probably mature citizens rendered distinguished public service prominent members member disqualified found mind bankrupt convicted sentenced imprisonment year fine lost citizenship declared allied foreign country questions membership disqualification determined tribunal convened secret consists supreme_court judge appointed chief justice members appointed council constitution procedure removal member disqualification member resignation current membership april members permanent members chairman chief justice took chief justice retired november prominent members include prime minister attorney general singapore prime minister permanent member council death march issues existence permanent members appointment inclusion members government political parties allies mean tool government day remain power despite popularity future president block certain appointments council remove permanent member seat fact appear person power door open potential abuse appointments based political agenda merit precisely power best placed bills illegitimate measures political biggest contribution discussion error past ways presence judicial members council pose additional problems possibility conflict interest judges sit members council find having review acts parliament endorsed rejected previously exacerbated fact council examining legitimacy bills plays quasi judicial role confusion regards legality piece legislation example initially condemned council enacted government later endorsed courts judicial review potential conflict chief justice role head judiciary chairman council raised informed chief justice matter conflict arose hand suggested enactment statute parliament face adverse report taken mere disagreement interpretation constitution judicial review depends statute question constitutional amendment ordinary act parliament acts parliament disputed court lack compliance constitution constitutional amendments legislation determine fundamental liberties traditionally function judiciary potentially prevent unconstitutional piece legislation coming force doubt council members sufficient legal training undertake task powers functions examine bills subsidiary legislation written laws force january measure defined measure likely practical application persons racial religious community equally persons communities directly persons community indirectly giving advantage persons community proceedings conducted private council prohibited hearing examining witnesses bill law consideration privacy means council denied modest publicity original proposal meant hold meetings publicly parliament publish reports proceedings proposals rejected ground publicity adverse consequence giving members public forum minister law national development commented parliament having discussions private helps ensure conducted frankly held eye press view scoring political points validity measures promote free discussion article constitution provides minister minister state parliamentary secretary specially authorized prime minister attend private meetings real chilling effect guest author vocal proponent legislation council secrecy criticized contrary status symbol racial harmony singapore discharge role requires projects image effectiveness current requirement secrecy arguably secret discussions prevent public informed controversial issues arisen course implementing new laws especially affect rights minorities bills speaker parliament required refer bills exceptions consideration immediately reading bill parliament obtain council report bill sent president council report parliament days passage bill referred judging provisions bill inconsistent fundamental liberties bill particularly complex great length speaker discretion extend deadline application chairman council fails report given presumed council satisfied bill free measures bill reading means parliament opportunity considering council views bill prior debate advocated council consider bill introduced second reading council express views benefit debate bill additionally parliament passed bill parliament consider point honour maintain original view merits council objections debated bill decide stick original guns council adverse report parliament amend bill rid measures sending council inspection having charge bill clear days notice amendments proposes parliament provisions bill adversely reported council bill stands committee parliament provisions proposed amendments considered parliament resumes having charge bill reports amendments agreed committee moves amended bill council uncertainty council report time limit bill directly presented president alternatively parliament effectively ignore council adverse report motion passed vote thirds members charge bill clear days notice intention bill presented president despite adverse report following debate mps vote motion taking division parliament rejects adverse report way parliament send bill notwithstanding measures president mechanisms adverse reports present difficulties seen light article constitution meant guarantee equal protection law minorities discrimination bills containing measures presented president seen inconsistent fundamental liberties subject excluded types bills types bills excluded scrutiny money bills bills contains provisions dealing public money taxation payments debts charges public funds grants money government raising loans matters relating matters bills prime minister affecting defence security singapore relate public safety peace good order singapore bills prime minister urgent delay enactment detrimental public welfare argued wide open abuse instance speaker determine bill falls definition money bill certified opinion matter writing conclusive purposes shall open question court grounds bills excluded public safety peace described potentially wide definitions open abuse government power regards bill enacted certificate urgency president speaker required send act parliament council soon possible report presented parliament constitution contains provisions steps parliament required act adverse report subsidiary legislation certain written laws new subsidiary legislation sent council scrutiny days publication government gazette council required report speaker appropriate minister days unlike bills provision extend original deadline bills sending adverse report results conclusive council finds measures subsidiary legislation council issues adverse report minister amend provision months report parliament passes resolution confirming provision council report written law force january constitutional provision requires parliament relevant minister act functions council members members body empowered ensure candidates office president qualifications required constitution member appointed post chairman council council effectively decides composition established president chairman members advice council council responsible determining members representatives major religions singapore distinguished public service community relations singapore president required consult council membership member president discretion veto appointment agree upper chamber nature consisting single legislative body tasked making laws notion second legislative chamber considered separate occasions constitutional commission headed sir rejected proposal second chamber composed solely minority representatives citing tiny state like singapore arguing end bureaucratic asserted upper house potentially detrimental social issue considered rejected similar grounds power review block passage bills regarded indication potential second chamber council functional design makes weak legislative review mechanism council power investigate alleged minority rights general public right making views complaints known chamber addition lack veto power means currently council delay passage bills prompt parliamentary bills question occasions council drawn attention measures proposed bills legislature pre notwithstanding clauses constitution clauses declare laws constitutional provision valid alternative view formal structure council theory capable exercising judicial legislative review functions presence practically single party parliament drastically powers restricting solely advisory capacity case strong opposition exists parliament required thirds voting majority required push legislation endorsement council criticized limited powers concern council responsibilities far taking function existing prospective legislation measures inconsistencies fundamental liberties council functions constitutional interpretation traditionally function courts council additional advantage identifying potentially unconstitutional legislation early stage preventing unnecessary litigation future doubt ability council task given constitutional interpretation traditionally function lawyers courts task best carried legally trained members legislation constitution republic singapore reprint maintenance religious cap standing orders archived original october works need second chamber singapore marshall neo protection minorities constitution balance tan evolution revolution years singapore constitution singapore isbn report chairman singapore government printer tan legislature constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn tan constitution assessment singapore recent changes articles websites tan eugene september legislature archived original july retrieved september tan october archived original september retrieved september books singapore encyclopedia singapore editions association isbn archived original report singapore printed acting government printer tan kevin parliament making law singapore tan 2nd singapore isbn | Presidential Council for Minority Rights | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
3924_ExclusionofjudicialreviewinSingaporelaw | exclusion judicial review singapore law exclusion judicial review attempted protect exercise executive power typically total clauses acts parliament wording powers conferred acts decision makers clauses generally viewed courts united_kingdom courts taken view clauses subject exceptions effective denying restricting extent courts able exercise judicial review contrast singapore cases suggest clauses prevent high_court exercising jurisdiction exercise executive power authorities committed errors law effective non errors law partial time limit clause restricted period remedy available clauses generally effective public authority acted bad faith similarly existence bad faith applicants challenge decisions authorities despite existence statutory provisions declaring decisions conclusive evidence certain facts absence bad faith courts enforce conclusive evidence clauses general powers viewed singapore courts minister home affairs court appeal took view objective test applied exercise discretion conferred cap president minister home affairs concerning detention trial persons thought risk national security jurisdiction high_court completely ousted examine relevant decision makers exercised powers properly legislative amendments reversed effect courts apply test exercise discretion excluding judicial review doubt procedures set act adhered test applicable context rule objective test applies powers continues apply statutes concerned total clauses clause statute attempt legislature prevent act decision public authority challenged courts clauses serve signal decision makers operate fear intervention courts later stage common kind clause total clause inserted statute indicate decision particular judge tribunal final challenged court main legal issue clauses fact possible exclude jurisdiction courts use carefully drafted provisions noted courts generally clauses rule law judges finally declare legal limits power individual ultimate law denied courts try strictly impact going grain parliamentary clauses related administrative law concept non errors law traditionally common law clause court interfering decision public authority acting jurisdiction committed non error law clause effective preventing judicial review errors law affect jurisdiction authority decision instance medical appeal tribunal lord justice appeal alfred said settled remedy taken away statute clear explicit words word final effect clause decision final facts final law notwithstanding decision statute final issue excess jurisdiction error law face record light developments law longer applicable depending judicial school thought employed position general rule starting point clauses effects landmark decision case house_of_lords regarded having abolished distinction non errors law considering effect clause faced provision stated determination commission application act shall called question court law judgment lord differentiated arguments forth parties held respondents argued provision clearly denied court ability question determination question hand involve questioning purported determination instead focused fact valid determination pointed seek determination questioning purported determination maintaining exist determination held established principle provision ordinary jurisdiction court strictly provision reasonably capable having meanings meaning preserves ordinary jurisdiction court taken parliament intended introduce new kind clause protect questioned better drafting provision required judgment lord took opportunity deal issue non errors law recognizing traditional understanding errors law effect stated cases decision maker jurisdiction decide determination gave non list cases decision maker given decision bad faith decision power failed course inquiry comply requirements natural justice perfect good faith provisions giving power act failed deal question decided question refused account required account based decision matter legal provisions establishing decision maker right account significance reject effectiveness clauses decision valid recognized provision protects determination written lord affirmed clause question effective prevent award judicial review remedy error law jurisdiction appears defined concept error law broadly redundant old divide non errors led use word wide sense cover errors law entailed judgment effect reducing effect statutory clauses expanding limits judicial review later cases treated implying action committed error administrative agency body deemed affect jurisdiction body carry action court law despite clause blurred distinction non errors law recognized discussed lord president page house_of_lords reviewed development general principles judicial review concluded courts intervene ensure powers public decision making bodies exercised judgment lord referred reilly opined decision rendered obsolete distinction errors law face record errors law extending doctrine ultra clause ineffective decision maker acted non nature parliament conferred decision making power basis exercised correct legal basis law making decision rendered decision ultra issue revisited subsequent case application cart supreme_court united_kingdom disapproved certain lower courts appeared signal return pre position according lord justified importance showed material error law renders decision decision principle went state matter principle justification drawing line error opinion restrictions judicial review require justification review available challenge legality decisions public bodies exceptions decisions domestic laws court decisions despite ruling appears instances courts bound non error law divide cane noted views distinction non errors law relevant second errors law jurisdiction view takes middle ground allows certain exceptions approach second view middle ground approach discussed page dealt court intervene review decision visitor university lord found reasons general rule errors law apply visitors reason courts intervene normal case decision considered ultra law applicable decision body general law land visitor page apply general law land domestic law university charter statutes sole courts visitor law reaching decision general law applicable law secondly difference kinds decisions considered judicial review source reasoning judgment lord justice keepers governors lord noted judgment approved majority case lord highlighted decision applies administrative bodies parliament intend bodies final questions law contrasted courts law respect present instead parliament provided decision inferior court final conclusive high_court find inferior court decision question law final conclusive excluding jurisdiction review views expressed lord questioned cane regards reason argued distinction domestic law general law problematic institutions actually operate statutory framework result mixed issue general domestic law arising view taken lord applied described actual scope page resolved uncertainty extent exception applies decision makers visitors second reason concerned cane noted distinction administrative courts questionable approach rejected apparently lord comprehensive tribunal system correct errors law exception found cart judgment having affirmed position taken lord qualified statement emphasizing scope judicial review necessary maintaining rule law facts case found necessary maintenance rule law require judicial review courts enforcement act parliament system administrative created hear appeals lower avoiding ordinary courts overwhelmed judicial review applications system provided ample opportunity correction errors law substantive policy reason need decisions subject judicial review judicial review permitted decision raise important point principle practice compelling reason singapore position high court case application suggests pre position clauses applies singapore distinction non errors law clause ineffective error law committed clause question section industrial relations act states subject provisions act award shall final conclusive award decision order court president referee shall challenged appealed reviewed called question court shall subject prohibition injunction court account court rejected affirmed abolition distinction effect effectiveness clauses instead court cited authorities holding clauses ineffective absence jurisdiction excess jurisdiction decision maker position characterized law prior court refer observe house_of_lords held clause involved case irrelevant purported determination legally incorrect considered real determination effect ultimately court order contained error law caused court exceed jurisdiction minister manpower employee fired incompetence accused company unfair dismissal representations minister manpower section employment act reinstated investigating claim ministry came conclusion dismissal cause recommended payment employee section provides decision minister representation section shall final conclusive shall challenged court company applied judicial review minister decision high_court held clause section employment act ineffective breach rules natural justice process minister decision reached judgment justice stated broad principle governing matter case follows words statute power high_court review decisions inferior tribunal strictly effect power inferior tribunal acted jurisdiction failed course inquiry nature decision lord inferior tribunal merely error law affect jurisdiction decision reason breach rules natural justice effective lecture students chief justice briefly discussed decision pointed justice statements decision based breach natural justice doctrine error law considered academic argument clause inconsistent article singapore constitution judicial power singapore courts chief justice stated proposition answered follow jurisdiction courts ousted need singapore courts draw distinction non errors law highlighted fact expressing opinion issue partial time limit clauses unlike total clause seeks judicial review entirely partial time limit clause restricted period time remedy available clauses generally effective public authority acted bad faith case decision subject judicial review time permitted challenging smith east rural district council house_of_lords concluded majority partial clause according plain words given plain meaning fraud public authority alleged contrast lord gave opinion doubted order obtained corrupt fraudulent means protected questioned court despite subsequent ruling secretary state environment wales applied smith upheld validity partial clause gave applicants weeks challenge decision lord master rolls explained partial clauses promoted certainty executive actions public interest applicants challenge decisions time limit expired delay actions taken executive lord justice appeal intention parliament uses clause questions validity excluded considered legislative intention questions raised specified grounds prescribed time prescribed manner jurisdiction court excluded interest certainty conclusive evidence clauses provisions statutes declaring certain decisions public authorities shall conclusive evidence facts found singapore courts valid effect preventing applicants challenging decisions way judicial review attorney general alleged acquired land required public purposes land acquisition act high_court held argument rejected light section act provided president declaration land needed public purpose shall conclusive evidence land needed purpose specified court said government declares certain purpose public purpose presumed government possession facts induce government declare purpose public purpose court clarified section prevent judicial intervention evidence government exercised power compulsory acquisition bad faith powers method employed legislature restrict judicial review courts cast statutory language form power suggests discretion exercise power rests entirely minister statutory body agency referred case view taken court power exercised examples powers include powers stated minister directs minister thinks fit clauses courts traditionally displayed resistance provisions practice subject normal grounds judicial review set forth case minister case words exercise power determined illegal improper internal security act objective test section internal security act minister home affairs person trial president satisfied step necessary person things threat national security section act states minister direct detention order suspended subject conditions minister sees fit direction satisfied failed observe condition necessary public interest seminal court appeal decision minister home affairs respondents submitted president discretion section open review courts argued discretion objective court law review grounds discretion exercised court held objective test applied powers sections exercise powers normally grounds judicial review coming decision disapproved high_court decision minister held contrary court views objective test later singapore decisions confirmed correct approach gave reasons decision reasoning cases supporting test found questionable secondly test inconsistent article constitution finally notion discretion contrary rule law powers legal limits legislative intervention january constitution republic singapore amendment act act passed parliament confirm test laid law governing judicial review executive powers acts came force january respectively speaking second reading constitutional amendment bill minister said government taking step view courts application objective test judicial executive functions matters pertaining national security judiciary ill equipped deal stance objective test courts substitute views proper exercise power conferred executive separation powers doctrine judicial process unlike executive decision making swift response national security threats courts unlike executive lacked access evidence relevant security matters judges possess skill knowledge security experts employed executive furthermore objective test find favour government imported united_kingdom commonwealth jurisdictions objective test formulated foreign judges consideration singapore local conditions government idea allowing objective test shape development singapore law matters national security said government recognized test enhanced potential abuse executive discretion best safeguard abuse power courts powers judicial review government composition courts judicial check instead crucial safeguard electorate wise voting choices honest government power amendments constitution paved way intended amendments new article stated issue validity act decision president minister home affairs arose court proceedings commenced january determined accordance law enacted parliament purpose article constitution relied law article parliament inserted new sections particular section confirmed judgment declaring law governing judicial review decision act power conferred president minister provisions act shall applicable declared singapore 13th day july law date country commonwealth relating judicial review shall apply addition section subject section seeks judicial review court act decision president minister save question relates compliance procedural requirement governing acts decisions said parliament section sought prevent courts questioning test legal challenges basis test laid applies judicial review detention orders acts decisions president minister suspension directions directions operation powers amendments amendments challenged high_court minister home affairs justice held sections govern judicial review context act consideration legal position laid remarks applying test respondents burden legality detention discharged respondents produced valid detention order evidence satisfaction president acting advice cabinet risk national security appealed section accordance clear legislative intention expressed plain wording provision held provision legal position laid law governing judicial review decisions acts executive powers order determine law judicial review exercise executive discretion necessary exact decision laid court declined decision meant detention order challenged basis reasons completely outside scope facts case established detained reasons contemplated section completely unrelated national security notably court decide section reviewing detention order shown purposes national security amendments outside scope legislative power conferred parliament amended article constitution statutes amendments constitution exercise powers courts non compliance procedures set act hand objective test laid continues law governing judicial review exercise executive discretion provisions statutes attorney general court appeal opined legislative amendments completely reverse apart restricting courts jurisdiction reviewing decisions procedural parliament principle laid notion discretion power legal limits contrary rule law demands courts able examine exercise power parliament undermine principle reversed taken endorsed principle minister statutory provision question section criminal law temporary provisions act states follows minister home affairs satisfied respect person person large custody person associated activities criminal nature minister consent satisfied necessary person detained interests public safety peace good order order hand direct person detained period exceeding months date order satisfied necessary person subject supervision police order direct person subject supervision police period exceeding years date order emphasis added court appeal suggested light validity order detention minister section dependent objective satisfaction minister sin involved judicial review detention section high_court following decision held absence need establish precedent fact meant scope judicial review regards exercise minister discretion section limited grounds judicial review court applied objective test powers section court applied test deferred satisfaction minister detention interests public safety peace good order cases house_of_lords application singapore law reports reissue high court singapore minister home affairs singapore archived original december lung minister home affairs singapore lung minister home affairs singapore lung lord president page cart supreme_court attorney general singapore works cane peter substantive review introduction administrative law 4th oxford isbn peter anthony gordon express judicial review time limit clauses textbook administrative law 6th oxford new_york isbn archived original articles theory melting pot south east asia fire bricks paul review clauses administrative law northern_ireland legal quarterly wade constitutional administrative aspects case law quarterly review books special relationship oxford isbn christopher conceptual reasoning rule law christopher hare essays public law honour sir oxford isbn wade henry william christopher restriction administrative law 10th oxford isbn | Exclusion of judicial review in Singapore law | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
5388_Slade'sCase | case case case english contract law ran medieval common law claims seeking debt matters pursued writ debt problematic archaic process lawyers succeeded creating method enforced bench action technically legal fiction failing pay promising defendant committed liable conservative court court chamber began decisions king bench causing friction courts case case brought judges common pleas king bench transferred king bench judges allowed vote case dragged years judgment finally delivered chief justice king bench ruled claims valid decision called watershed moment english law archaic outdated principles modern effective soon main course action contract cases seen example judicial legislation courts making revolutionary decision parliament failed background medieval common law way resolve dispute seeking money contract matters writ debt hear archaic work involved precise pleading minor flaw documents court case thrown middle 16th century lawyers attempted alternative action technically type argument based idea inherent promise contract pay money failing pay defendant lawyers succeeded bench agreeing hear cases piece legal fiction judges common pleas traditional group rejected argument accepted cases actual promise addition contract action advantages writ debt count having jury debt defendant rely law produced people swear owe money case dismissed addition worked agreements normal contracts new form set court common pleas judges held majority regularly began reverse king bench based conflict king bench common pleas problematic sure sort judge case come lending uncertainty law suggests environment chief justice king deliberately provoked common pleas resolve matter case facts grain merchant claimed agreed buy crop wheat paying agreement brought case heard judges common pleas king bench heard jury found owed money judgment issued case transferred older version sitting allowed king bench judges sit counsel arguing king bench power hear actions represented quality legal argument high bacon subtle capable distinguishing precedent brought member knew records better directly confronting opposing counsel argument firstly fact king bench allowed hear actions long meant acceptable based institutional second subject promise original agreement included implied promise payment case continued years point judges let matter continue years reach decision eventually november issued judgment behalf court stated firstly contract implies promise secondly contract action debt lies action case report case published reports judgment unanimous modern commentators assert narrow likely dividing line king bench judges judgment lord held sue successful said following significance impact case immediate overwhelming considers case watershed moment archaic conservative form law modern efficient method dominant form contract cases door opened wide suggests wide commentaries laws england explained reason subsequently passed case particularly notable example judicial legislation judges significantly law moving forward way parliament considered impact arguments define consideration conservative outlook common pleas soon changed death activist chief justice common pleas common pleas judges uncertain followed anderson lead case changed mind | Slade's Case | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
5989_Taxprotesterconstitutionalarguments | tax constitutional arguments tax protesters united_states advance number constitutional arguments asserting assessment collection federal income tax united_states_constitution kinds arguments related distinguished statutory administrative arguments income tax general conspiracy arguments based proposition branches federal government involved deliberate going campaign deception purpose individuals entities wealth profits constitutional challenges tax laws frequently directed validity effect sixteenth amendment income tax provisions constitution amendment protesters argue income taxes amendment freedom speech requires subject tax write information tax return freedom religion subject tax claims religious objection payment taxes particularly subject styles reverend minister religious office holder internal revenue code makes exemption churches religious institutions makes special tax codes exceptions religious professionals held united_states religious belief strongly held exempt believer general laws fifth amendment self protesters argue fifth amendment right self allows individual refuse file income tax return calling information lead conviction criminal acts income derived crime paying tax response courts generally refer case united_states sullivan justice holmes wrote form return provided called answers defendant privileged making raised objection return account refuse return extreme extravagant application fifth amendment authorized man refuse state income crime defendant desired test point tested return passed draw circle matter declaration write word government blank bring danger law clause protesters argued income tax prohibited fifth amendment clause imposed receives compensation rejected argument argument variations argument officially identified legally federal tax return positions purposes tax return penalty imposed section process clause protesters argue income tax fifth amendment right person shall deprived life liberty property process law people deprived life liberty property process law courts legal commentator describes time court finds defendant guilty court deprived defendant life liberty time court rules favor defendant court deprived defendant property saying court deprived life liberty property particularly interesting explain exactly court deprived particular process similarly general proposition man right labor necessarily lead conclusion government tax common right labor government impose tax took away rights property government tax claim tax property right pretty meaningless fifth amendment process arguments tax protesters rejected circuit united_states anderson united_states cameron united_states united_states thirteenth amendment tax protesters argued income taxes impose violation thirteenth amendment argument ruled merit argument variations argument officially identified legally federal tax return positions purposes tax return penalty imposed section fourteenth amendment tax protesters argue americans citizens individual states opposed citizens united_states united_states power tax citizens impose federal laws outside federal cite sentence section fourteenth amendment states persons born united_states subject jurisdiction thereof citizens united_states state reside courts uniformly held argument fourteenth amendment state citizens citizenship incorrect court explained fourteenth amendment create national citizenship effect making citizenship paramount dominant instead derivative dependent state citizenship united_states ward fox commissioner united_states baker argument raised federal income tax progressive created tax render tax unconstitutional 14th amendment guarantees equal protection law arguments ruled merit contemporary notably tax protesters contend fourteenth amendment properly ratified theory governments southern states supported post civil war constitutional amendments representative people sixteenth amendment argued federal income tax illegal sixteenth amendment grants congress power lay collect taxes source derived states regard census properly ratified amendment provides power tax income proper ratification sixteenth amendment disputed tax protesters argue quoted text amendment differed text proposed congress ohio state ratification sixteenth amendment ratification arguments rejected court case raised identified legally protesters argued sixteenth amendment contain words repeal repealed amendment ineffective change law argue language income tax unconstitutional direct tax divided equally population states tax protesters assert congress constitutional power tax labor income labor citing variety court cases arguments include claims word income sixteenth amendment interpreted applying wages wages income labor exchanged wages individuals right property seventeenth amendment argument raised case commissioner seventeenth amendment united_states constitution properly ratified laws passed congress year year ratification invalid case involved criminal contempt charge connection failure obey produce books records needed trial case stated petition case lengthy appears rely primarily arguments court authority determine tax liability seventeenth amendment constitution changed method senators proposed adopted laws enacted congress senate subsequent invalid included legislation established court court rejected arguments ordered imprisoned days punishment criminal contempt failing obey court orders titles nobility amendment tax argument centers pending titles nobility amendment proposed amendment constitution 11th congress ratified required number states strip united_states citizenship citizen accepted title nobility foreign government contention amendment fact ratified required number states operative constitution actions taken lawyers judges use title asserted title nobility unconstitutional fact use lawyers judges merely informal custom united_states title legal standing contention rarely raised courts recently addressed towns defense charge tax court replied additionally court correct misunderstanding concerning text thirteenth amendment united_states_constitution complaint includes certified copy thirteenth amendment published included compilation thirteenth amendment strip individual united_states citizenship accept title nobility honor thirteenth amendment correct thirteenth amendment prohibits slavery people claim state publication erroneous thirteenth amendment makes valid article constitution provide federal government authority authority federal government challenged protesters arguing immune federal income taxation sovereign individuals natural individuals requested privilege benefit government outside federal zone federal military bases federal court ruled income tax imposed internal revenue code unconstitutional supreme_court ruling cheek united_states defendant tax prosecution arguments federal income tax laws unconstitutional arguments turned arguments based honestly held beliefs constitute evidence helps prosecutor prove elements tax sovereign individual government privilege tax protesters argue immune federal income taxation sovereign individuals natural individuals ground requested privilege benefit government kinds arguments ruled merit example case united_states stated argue exempt federal taxation natural individuals requested obtained exercised privilege agency government basis exemption federal income tax citation omitted individuals natural unnatural pay federal income tax wages regardless received privileges government contend constitution prohibits direct tax wrong amend affirmed order return penalty similarly united_states contention citizen united_states natural individual citizen master servant government ruled legal ground argument subject federal tax laws tax conviction upheld similarly circuit stated powers commissioner powers contends immune tax laws slave federal government false choice creature powers tax ideology laws republic similarly rejected argument gains individual labor gains received federal venue case argument ability impose tax citizen states federal citizen ruled variations argument individual sovereign rejected tax cases united_states hart commissioner snow commissioner united_states argument individual received wages compensation subject federal income tax individual requested obtained exercised privilege agency government ruled circuit sullivan united_states kelly united_states united_states argument subject tax benefits privilege extended government agency rejected united_states united_states argument individual received wages subject federal income tax tax imposed connection government granted privileges ruled commissioner argument individual received wages subject federal income tax enjoys grant privilege franchise ruled commissioner argument individual received wages subject federal income tax obtained privilege governmental agency ruled united_states united_states case davis supreme_court rejected argument relation employment essential pursuit happiness tax upheld validity tax court stated natural rights called subject taxation rights importance limited activities prohibited altogether limited outcome franchise extends activities pursued common right income connection events activities involving government privilege franchise stated united_states sullivan gains illegal traffic liquor subject federal income tax ruled united_states money obtained income ruled james united_states money obtained income required return money owner argument person income person rejects united_states citizenship person claims citizen exclusively state variations argument officially identified legally federal tax return positions purposes tax return penalty imposed section federal zone tax protesters argue article section clause constitution federal income taxes imposed inside called federal zones areas district_of_columbia military bases places congress direct authority argument based decision case united_states parties argued federal court massachusetts jurisdiction case charged murder occurred ship issues federal income taxation internal revenue code presented decided court case exist murder case decided clause argument specifically rejected case united_states defendants argue clause limits legislative power congress geographical areas congress exercise power taxation areas described clause position contrary natural reading constitution case law clause limits power congress power states word exclusive employed eliminate possibility legislative power congress district columbia concurrent states similarly clear power congress collect taxes created article section clause constitution independent power limited specific powers section united_states butler readily apparent congress power tax extends exclusive legislative districts contemplated clause defendants motion dismiss based clause denied clause argument unsuccessful united_states tax protesters contend decision united_states jurisdiction federal government impose income taxes inside states based following language court opinion statute universal application territorial limits united_states limited portions exclusive jurisdiction national government district_of_columbia generally speaking state union preservation peace protection person property functions state government primary duty nation laws congress respect matters extend territorial limits states force district_of_columbia places exclusive jurisdiction national tax protesters contend court reference matters restricted federal government jurisdiction matters taxation tax case reference statute reference statute case involved conviction defendant unsuccessfully argued federal court jurisdiction prosecution crime committed proceeding land office oklahoma ownership real estate reference laws congress respect matters reference matters preservation peace protection person property court rejected argument federal courts jurisdiction hear case statute defendant conviction affirmed issues involving power impose enforce federal taxes states presented decided court courts uniformly rejected federal zone argument congressional authority impose income tax limited district_of_columbia forts magazines etc example united_states commissioner definition income tax protesters cited case argument income tax individual income unconstitutional argument raised unsuccessfully hill united_states success cameron mining corporation argued corporation tax act apply corporation ruled corporation tax act apply mining corporations proceeds mined corporation premises income meaning tax act court ruled corporation entitled value ore place mined meaning act case involved income taxation corporation individuals court case rule corporate individual income tax unconstitutional mitchell tax protesters cited proposition income individuals argument raised unsuccessfully case united_states united_states unsuccessfully following language cited protesters plain think true intent meaning act entire proceeds mere conversion capital assets treated income difficulty precise scientific definition income imports entirely distinct principal capital subject taxation measure tax conveying idea gain increase arising corporate activities immediately followed text case sentence said independence income defined gain derived capital labor combined corporation engaged manufacture lumber purchased certain timber land cost acre december value land increased acre corporation tax act enacted august effective january years filed tax returns act showing gross receipts sale manufactured lumber arriving net income subject tax act based acre value actual cost acre commissioner argued able based historical cost basis fair market value time act effective essentially allowed use acre value basis actual historical cost basis portion gain increase value december ruled act effective january increase value increases value prior effective date statute terms statute entitled gross receipts sale finished lumber basis reference acre value december case involving statutory constitutional interpretation case court interpreting statute tax protesters cite case argument constitutional definition income excluding income individuals issues involving constitutional definition income income tax statutes presented decided court case notable fact involved imposed tax argue court rule general proposition taxes imposed tax case imposed statute enacted august effective january corporate profits argument repeatedly tax protesters income individuals income mean corporate profits corporate gain merchants loan argument named case trustee estate deceased error district argument essentially income federal income tax purposes means income corporation income non corporate case discussing meaning income mentioned statute enacted income corporations specifically interpreting statute imposing income taxes individuals estates kinds entities corporate tax statute corporation estate deceased court presented decide issue involving corporate profits corporate gains kind income gain sale stock deceased terms corporate profit corporate gain found text court decision merchants loan supreme_court ruled sixteenth amendment united_states constitution tax statute applicable time gain sale stock estate deceased person included income estate estate federal income tax purposes merchants loan argument tax protesters times courts uniformly rejected argument income consists corporate profits example cameron commissioner united_states commissioner commissioner commissioner commissioner commissioner commissioner tax protesters lost case theory corporate profits citing case ruled income non corporate federal court ruled internal revenue code term income means income corporation federal income tax purposes tax protesters cited supreme_court case flint argument corporate profits income following quotation taxes laid manufacture sale consumption country licenses pursue certain corporate privileges requirement pay taxes involves exercise privileges element absolute demand lacking conceding power congress tax business activities private corporations tax measured standard settled decisions court sovereign authority exercised right tax legitimate subject taxation exercise franchise privilege objection measure taxation found income produced property considered flint ruled corporation tax act violate constitutional requirement revenue measures originate court rule taxes consisted taxes corporations corporate privileges exclusion taxes individuals natural persons issue validity income tax imposed individuals presented court decided court courts rejected argument flint avoid taxation wages example parker commissioner case unsuccessfully argued wages stated cites flint support contention income tax tax applicable special privileges privilege conducting business income general twice flint address personal income tax concerned corporate taxation furthermore flint pre sixteenth amendment read light late date incredible required hold constitution amended congress levy income tax source income need tax equally states classify tax applicable specific categories activities argument corporations subject federal income tax variations argument officially identified legally federal tax return positions purposes tax return penalty imposed section cases indicating definition income irrelevant federal courts indicated congress tax item income regardless item income meaning sixteenth amendment commissioner circuit stated constitutional amendment united_states impose income tax held tax income derived real personal property close tax property imposed sixteenth amendment removed barrier requirement pretty strictly limited taxes real personal property taxes necessary uphold validity tax imposed united_states tax bear accurate label argued tax involved income tax tax based money certainly tax property certainly tax need congress power impose taxes generally particular run constitutional restrictions tax murphy district columbia circuit ruled personal injury award received reach congressional power tax article section constitution award income meaning sixteenth amendment progressive taxation argument raised federal income tax progressive marginal tax rates increase progress level income increases created tax render tax unconstitutional argument rejected companion cases respect income tax individuals anderson respect income tax corporations anderson labor income labor tax protesters assert congress constitutional power tax labor income labor citing variety court cases arguments include claims word income sixteenth amendment interpreted applying wages wages income labor exchanged wages individuals right property income tax wages illegal direct tax source income argument constitution income tax income derived activities government licensed specially protected courts rejected theory ruling congress compensation services regard compensation derived government licensed specially protected activities cover earnings labor people foundation positions government clearly prohibited salaries wages compensation working men women country forcing business entities utilize labor ordinary american citizens turn earnings workers federal government possess legal authority statutory constitutional tax wages salaries american workers similarly tax acquitted failure file federal income tax returns timely fashion argued law tax person wages federal government tax earned paid labor industry constitution allow federal government tax earnings referring wages salaries fees person earn arguments compensation personal services called wages salary term constitutional arguments united_states connor statutory arguments cheek united_states depending details argument purposes presentation arguments summarized article tax statutory arguments rest section explains arguments detail evans gore protesters include false quotations arguments radio personality contends following quotation case evans gore arguments internet federal income taxes sixteenth amendment justify taxation persons things property previously immune extend power new citizens intended remove occasions income taxes states authorize tax salary quoted material false appear court decision evans gore actually rule federal income tax certain income federal judges unconstitutional evans gore ruling interpreted barring application federal income tax federal judge appointed prior enactment tax court year interpretation compensation clause rule federal judges shall stated times receive shall diminished office article iii section constitution decision evans gore decision overruled case united_states supreme_court stated evans holds compensation clause congress apply generally applicable tax salaries federal judges appointed enactment tax supreme_court federal court ruled sixteenth amendment constitution authorize federal income tax compensation personal services united_states supreme_court case frequently cited tax protesters tax protesters attribute following quotation court case income statute given meaning include comes quotation appear text supreme_court decision case began new_york decision court trial court judge stated think income statute given meaning include comes case involve compensation labor services instead case involved federal income tax treatment paid parent company owned stock ruled decision reversed supreme_court actually said reject case rejected cases arising corporation tax act collector collector mountain coal decided broad contention submitted behalf government receipts comes income proper definition term gross income entire proceeds conversion capital assets form circumstances accomplished treated gross income certainly term income broader meaning act independence present purpose assume difference meaning acts supreme_court ruled receives representing earnings corporation realized corporation prior january gross income purposes issues involving definition income respect wages salary compensation labor decided court case cited argument wages decision individual named web site called claims following statement case income taxes statutes apply state created creatures known corporations matter state local federal material alleged quotation appear text case words wages salaries found text ruling case federal income tax statutes apply corporations colonial pipeline case actually involved louisiana corporate franchise tax federal tax validity louisiana franchise tax upheld case issues involving validity federal income taxes presented mentioned decided supreme_court colonial pipeline case lucas earl argument wages tax protesters including convicted tax incorrectly attribute following language connection leading tax case lucas earl claim salaries wages compensation personal services entirety returned reported income tax return individual performed services produce gain support language act decisions courts directly opposed provisions act regulations prescribed permits personal services entirety returned individual performing services noted language act salaries wages compensation personal services included gains profits income derived salaries wages compensation personal services language court opinion lucas earl instead direct quotation page brief filed case brief written attorneys printed versions case statement quotations pages brief printed opinion court case include excerpts clearly identified brief person trained analysis legal materials necessarily know like court opinion leading confusion source quotation explained supreme_court rejected arguments quotation lost case lucas earl leading case area income taxation stands case earl arguing wife year legally valid assignment agreement state law purposes current acquired income earned solely treated income wife joint tenants right assignment agreement determine federal income tax effect income earned half income rejected argument essentially ruling federal income tax law future income earned earl time earned income assigned income wife regardless validity assignment agreement state law court lucas earl rule wages kansas case frequently cited tax protesters wages argument kansas respect following quotation included right personal liberty right private property nature right contracts acquisition property chief contracts personal employment labor services exchanged money forms property criminal case involving defendant convicted kansas statute firing employee refusing resign member labor union issues taxation presented decided court word tax found text court decision tax protesters cite quote case argument income tax imposed labor arguably relating labor right property right conduct business acquire profits property case involved owned restaurant called english kitchen arizona restaurant allegedly instituted boycott restaurant dispute arose terms conditions employment strike allegedly ordered local union respect certain union members employed restaurant restaurant business allegedly harmed sued parties variety grounds lawsuit thrown trial court case heard theory incorrect matter law appealed case eventually ended ruled trial court thrown lawsuit heard case case sent trial court trial place tax case issues involving taxation presented decided court tax protesters cite case argument income tax imposed labor quoting following language monopoly defined institution sovereign power state grant commission person corporation sole buying selling making working person persons bodies corporate sought restrained freedom liberty hindered trade grants kind void common law destroy freedom trade discourage labor industry persons getting honest power enhance price void interfere liberty individual pursue trade employment case involving interpretation certain city new_orleans court ruled louisiana constitution new_orleans pre existing obligation contract laws effectively ended slaughter house business monopoly issues power tax businesses labor presented decided court word tax appear text decision case tax protesters cite case pennsylvania known jones city state impose charge enjoyment right granted federal constitution jones city case involving validity city ordinance pennsylvania follows persons said borough orders goods paintings pictures merchandise kind persons delivering articles orders obtained shall required license said business shall pay treasurer said borough following sums according time said license shall granted day week seven dollars weeks dollars weeks dollars provided provisions ordinance shall apply persons selling sample manufacturers licensed merchants dealers business said borough group people witnesses went door door distributing literature town failed obtain license ordinance case ended court went way stated evidence witnesses practice making request contribution cents books cents pamphlets accept lesser sums donate volumes case interested person funds amendment fourteenth makes applicable states declares congress shall law establishment religion prohibiting free exercise thereof freedom speech press hardly denied tax laid specifically exercise freedoms unconstitutional argument appears federal government able tax income labor tax exercise freedoms mentioned quotation tax case effect license fee imposed door door sales people city ordinance city trying exact fee witness members going door door questions validity federal income taxes presented decided court fisher tax protesters cite quote fisher individual unlike corporation mere privilege existing corporation artificial entity owes existence charter powers state individual rights live property natural rights enjoyment imposed argument individual rights live property arguably rights imposed federal income tax income labor unconstitutional fisher case federal case issues involving validity federal income tax laws decided court united_states tax protesters cite case called united_states quotation congress income compensation argument wages case cited unsuccessfully case united_states case involved compensation paid insurance company policy holder house burned insurance company costs renting place stay home burned terms insurance policy insurance company paying wages court presented decide issue involving wages tax protesters cited decision case theory wages theory case dealt stock stock essentially equivalent stock split opposed cash stock case kind receive realize additional value example owns shares stock having value share total value corporation declares stock essentially similar stock split corporation money property shares value value increase value income pie size pieces piece smaller directly point sale disposition stock owns asset interest corporation owned prior stock basis generally originally paid stock value potential gain realized gain court ruled kind stock treated income court case rule issue involving labor income labor wages salary ordinary cash actually receives check company etc terms wage salary appear text decision cases wages labor ruled provisions constitution authorizing congress impose taxes duties contain express exceptions taxes wages labor taxes income labor courts consistently rejected arguments wages labor labor property internal revenue code stated argument compensation labor subject federal income tax merit constitutional income tax compensation united_states connor tax conviction affirmed circuit argument sixteenth amendment wages rejected court argument income tax wages required population rejected parker commissioner argument wages rejected charged double costs filing appeal commissioner ruled accordance congressional authority sixteenth amendment constitution impose taxes income states argument wages paid labor non rejected court ruled united_states ruled federal district court properly dismissed lawsuit based tax return position wages represent gain wages source income received equal exchange labor white united_states argument wages ruled penalty imposed filing tax return position proper commissioner argument wages rejected ruled united_states russell argument federal income unconstitutional theory law tax common law right work rejected waters commissioner argument income taxation wages unconstitutional rejected required pay damages filing suit related tax arguments respect wages paid employers employees federal officers federal employees elected officials corporate officers employees purposes federal income tax inclusion united_states government definition term employer operates exclude employers definition respect compensation tax imposed compensation paid federal government employees arguments rejected court tax argument income labor worker receives exchange labor received exchange equal value exchange true arm length fair market value transaction essentially definition exchange equal value example decision united_states theory wages profit gain sale capital asset constituted income subject federal tax ages constitute gain profit wages merely represent equivalent exchange labor rejected decision link commissioner argument pension income labor property receives pension income employer performed services labor receives exchange labor exchange equal value rejected commissioner penalty imposed filing appeal argument portion wage return human capital federal tax laws labor considered property gain income labor property defined excess realized example money received adjusted basis property zero basis labor personal living expenses incurred generate labor non non gain equal compensation received compare carter commissioner stated assertion proceeds received personal services given zero basis purpose assessment taxation variation wages income theme rejected repeatedly court reading commissioner argument gain labor self employed individual determined cost labor received rejected validity personal living expenses upheld commissioner argument wages represent equal exchange property income rejected ruling entitled value labor income calculating taxes wages salaries sixteenth amendment cheek case cheek united_states specifically labeled defendant arguments tax law arguments cheek raised prior court cases prior conviction specifically contended sixteenth amendment authorize tax wages salaries gain profit monetary penalties asserting argument tax return argument wages tips compensation received performance personal services income argument items offset equivalent argument person basis labor equal fair market value wages received variations arguments officially identified legally federal tax return positions purposes tax return penalty imposed section | Tax protester constitutional arguments | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
6415_FourteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution | fourteenth amendment united_states constitution fourteenth amendment amendment united_states constitution adopted july amendment addresses citizenship rights equal protection laws proposed response issues related slaves following american_civil_war amendment contested particularly southern states forced order regain representation congress fourteenth amendment particularly section parts constitution forming basis landmark decisions wade abortion bush gore presidential election sex marriage amendment limits actions state local officials including acting behalf official amendment section includes clauses citizenship clause privileges process clause citizenship clause provides broad definition citizenship supreme_court decision held americans descended african slaves citizens united_states privileges interpreted way little process clause prohibits state local government officials persons life liberty property legislative authorization clause federal judiciary bill rights applicable states recognize substantive procedural requirements state laws satisfy requires state provide equal protection law people jurisdiction clause basis brown supreme_court decision precipitated racial segregation decisions rejecting unnecessary discrimination people belonging groups second fourth sections amendment seldom second section reference rebellion crime invoked constitutional ground fifth section gives congress power enforce amendment provisions appropriate legislation city congress enforcement power supreme_court interpretation amendment text section persons born united_states subject jurisdiction thereof citizens united_states state reside state shall enforce law shall privileges citizens united_states shall state person life liberty property process law deny person jurisdiction equal protection laws section representatives shall states according respective numbers counting number persons state excluding indians right vote election choice president vice president congress executive judicial officers state members legislature thereof denied male inhabitants state years age citizens united_states way participation rebellion crime basis representation shall reduced proportion number male citizens shall bear number male citizens years age state section person shall senator representative congress president vice president hold office civil military united_states state having previously taken oath member congress officer united_states member state legislature executive judicial officer state support constitution united states shall engaged insurrection rebellion given aid comfort enemies thereof congress vote thirds house remove disability section validity public debt united_states authorized law including debts incurred payment services suppressing insurrection rebellion shall questioned united_states state shall assume pay debt obligation incurred aid insurrection rebellion united_states claim loss emancipation slave debts obligations claims shall held illegal void section congress shall power enforce appropriate legislation provisions article adoption proposal congress final years american_civil_war followed congress repeatedly debated rights black slaves freed emancipation proclamation thirteenth amendment formally abolished slavery following passage thirteenth amendment congress republicans grew concerned increase create congressional representation democratic dominated population freed slaves counted determining congressional representation previously mandated dramatically increase power population based house_of_representatives regardless slaves allowed vote republicans began looking way offset advantage protecting attracting votes slaves congress passed civil rights act citizenship regard race color previous condition slavery bill guaranteed equal benefits access law direct assault passed post war states attempted return slaves like condition things restricting movement forcing enter year long labor contracts prohibiting owning firearms preventing court strongly urged congress sign bill president vetoed march veto message objected measure conferred citizenship time states congress favor african americans whites weeks later johnson veto measure law despite victory republicans supported goals civil rights act began doubt congress possessed constitutional power turn goals laws experience encouraged radical moderate republicans seek constitutional guarantees black rights relying temporary political proposals amendment drafted late proposed amendment stating citizens barred voting basis race state counted purposes representation state amendment passed house blocked senate coalition radical republicans led believed proposal compromise wrong democrats opposed black rights consideration turned proposed amendment representative ohio enable congress safeguard equal protection life liberty property citizens proposal failed pass house april proposal congress carefully negotiated compromise combined elements second proposals addressing issues confederate debt voting house_of_representatives passed house resolution 39th congress weeks later sent senate action resolution debated amendments proposed amendments sections adopted june modified resolution passed vote house agreed senate amendments june vote concurrent resolution requesting president transmit proposal executives states passed houses congress june radical republicans satisfied secured civil rights blacks disappointed amendment secure political rights blacks particular right vote example leader disappointed radical republicans said find shall obliged content worst portions ancient leaving parts swept storms abolitionist called fatal total surrender point later addressed fifteenth amendment ratification states ratification amendment contested state confederate state exception tennessee refused refusal led passage ignoring existing state governments military government imposed new civil governments established fourteenth amendment ratified prompted congress pass law march requiring confederate state fourteenth amendment said state shall declared entitled representation congress states fourteenth amendment connecticut june new_hampshire july tennessee july new_jersey september rescinded ratification february march ratified april oregon september rescinded ratification october ratified april vermont october new_york january ohio january rescinded ratification january ratified march illinois january west_virginia january michigan january minnesota january kansas january maine january nevada january indiana january missouri january pennsylvania february rhode_island february wisconsin february massachusetts march nebraska june iowa march arkansas april florida june north_carolina july rejection december louisiana july rejection february south_carolina july rejection december july secretary state certified amendment constitution july ratification new_jersey ohio ineffective following day congress adopted transmitted concurrent resolution declaring fourteenth amendment constitution directing secretary state new_jersey ohio named congressional resolution having ratified amendment inclusion states congress goes merits ratification affirmed approving ratification rejected appear congress determined impact ratification process miller accordingly issued certificate ratification dated july declaring fourteenth amendment duly ratified states preceding week additional states ratified amendment left doubt amendment operational fourteenth amendment subsequently ratified alabama july georgia july rejection november virginia october rejection january mississippi january texas february rejection october delaware february rejection february maryland april rejection march california kentucky march rejection january ohio new_jersey ratified fourteenth amendment states existed reconstruction ratified amendment citizenship civil rights background section amendment formally defines united_states citizenship protects civil rights denied state state actor denial civil rights private persons addressed amendment supreme_court held civil rights cases amendment limited state action authorize congress outlaw racial discrimination private individuals organizations congress reach discrimination parts constitution justice commented civil rights cases individual invasion individual rights subject matter 14th amendment deeper broader scope makes void state legislation state action kind privileges citizens united_states life liberty property process law denies equal protection laws radical republicans advanced thirteenth amendment hoped ensure broad civil human rights newly freed people scope disputed went effect fourteenth amendment wanted principles constitution protect new civil rights act declared unconstitutional supreme_court prevent future congress altering mere majority vote section response violence black people found constitutional amendment protect black people rights welfare states section amendment frequently amendment amendment turn frequently constitution citizenship clause citizenship clause overruled supreme_court scott decision black people citizens citizens enjoy benefits citizenship members congress voted fourteenth amendment order eliminate doubts civil rights act ensure subsequent congress later repeal alter main provisions act civil rights act granted citizenship persons born united_states subject foreign power clause fourteenth amendment rule varying interpretations original intent congress states based statements congressional debate amendment customs prevalent time major issues arisen clause extent included native americans coverage non citizens legally present united_states child clause allows citizenship clause applies illegal immigrants explored question citizenship countries argues things claimed uniquely american devotion individual freedom example social opportunity exist countries citizenship united_states canada unique developed world citizenship expression commitment equality expansion national consciousness marked reconstruction citizenship legacy struggle reconstruction era create genuine democracy grounded principle equality native americans original congressional debate amendment senator michigan author citizenship clause described clause having content despite different wording earlier civil rights act native americans maintain tribal ties persons born united_states foreigners aliens belong families ambassadors foreign ministers according historian good number fellow senators supported view citizenship clause agreed children ambassadors foreign ministers excluded senator wisconsin asserted native americans subject united_states jurisdiction phrase indians chairman howard disputed arguing federal government jurisdiction native american tribes govern treaties united_states clause meaning tested birth united_states automatically extended national citizenship supreme_court held native americans voluntarily quit tribes automatically gain national citizenship issue resolved passage indian citizenship act granted citizenship indigenous peoples children born citizens countries fourteenth amendment provides children born united_states american citizens regardless citizenship parents time amendment passage senators including author civil rights act president asserted civil rights act fourteenth amendment citizenship children birth senator pennsylvania definitively contrary opinion congressional remarks applied non citizens present united_states problem unauthorized immigration exist scholars dispute citizenship clause applies unauthorized immigrants law land continues based standard interpretation congress 21st century occasionally discussed clause reduce practice birth tourism pregnant foreign national gives birth united_states purposes child citizenship clause meaning regard child legal immigrants tested united_states supreme_court held fourteenth amendment man born united_states chinese citizens permanent residence united_states carrying business united_states parents employed diplomatic official capacity foreign power citizen united_states subsequent decisions applied principle children foreign nationals non chinese descent loss citizenship loss national citizenship possible following circumstances fraud process technically loss citizenship purported declaration immigrant citizen united_states voluntary citizenship accomplished procedures specially established actions demonstrate desire national citizenship country history voluntary acquisition exercise foreign citizenship considered sufficient cause national citizenship concept series treaties united_states countries supreme_court concept holding citizenship clause fourteenth amendment barred congress citizenship congress citizenship previously granted person born united_states privileges protects privileges national citizenship interference states patterned article protects privileges state citizenship interference states supreme_court concluded constitution recognized separate types citizenship national citizenship state citizenship court held privileges prohibits states interfering privileges possessed virtue national citizenship court concluded privileges national citizenship included rights owe existence federal government national character constitution laws court recognized rights including access waterways right run federal office protection federal government high seas jurisdiction foreign country right travel seat government right assemble petition government privilege writ corpus right participate government administration decision overruled specifically reaffirmed times largely result opinion clause subsequently lay dormant century court ruled component right travel protected privileges clause despite fundamentally differing views concerning coverage privileges clause fourteenth amendment notably expressed majority opinions common ground clause protects component right travel writing majority explained privileges conferred clause citizen united_states citizen state union residence rights citizens state emphasis added actually wrote right citizen state residing state conferred article consideration emphasis added clause consideration mcdonald chicago justice majority incorporating second amendment states declared reached conclusion privileges instead process clause referred justice thomas opinion complete restoration privileges process clause process clause fourteenth amendment applies states identical fifth amendment applies federal government clauses interpreted encompass identical doctrines procedural process substantive process procedural process guarantee fair legal process government tries interfere person protected interests life liberty property substantive process guarantee fundamental rights citizens government process clause fourteenth amendment incorporates provisions bill rights originally applied federal government applies states substantive process beginning louisiana court interpreted process clause providing substantive protection private contracts prohibiting variety social economic regulation principle referred freedom contract court struck law maximum hours workers new_york struck minimum wage law nebraska court stated liberty protected doubt denotes merely freedom restraint right individual contract engage common life acquire useful knowledge marry establish home bring children worship god according conscience generally enjoy privileges long recognized common law essential orderly pursuit happiness free men court uphold economic regulation state prohibition laws kansas laws declaring maximum hours workers hardy laws declaring maximum hours female workers oregon president intervention railroad strike wilson new federal laws regulating united_states court explicitly freedom contract line cases judge adopted broad view liberty protected fourteenth amendment process clause scope liberty guaranteed found limited precise terms specific guarantees provided constitution liberty series isolated points terms taking property freedom speech press religion right bear arms freedom searches rational broadly speaking includes freedom substantial arbitrary restraints recognizes reasonable sensitive judgment certain interests require particularly careful scrutiny state needs asserted justify broad view liberty adopted supreme_court connecticut information freedom contract described fallen 1960s court extended interpretation substantive process include rights freedoms constitution according court extend derive existing rights example foundation constitutional right privacy court ruled privacy protected constitution connecticut overturned connecticut law birth control justice wrote majority right privacy found provisions bill rights justices wrote opinions liberty protected included individual privacy right privacy basis wade court texas law forbidding abortion save mother life like opinions majority opinion authored justice located right privacy process clause protection liberty decision state federal abortion restrictions controversial court history court decided essential holding wade retained reaffirmed lawrence texas court found texas law sex sexual intercourse violated right privacy court ruled fundamental right marriage included sex couples able marry procedural process government seeks burden person protected liberty interest property interest supreme_court held procedural process requires minimum government provide person notice opportunity heard oral hearing decision neutral decision maker example process government agency seeks terminate civil service employees expel student public school cut welfare recipient benefits court ruled process clause requires judges cases judge conflict interest example court ruled justice case involving major contributor campaign election court incorporation state modeled united_states_constitution federal laws state necessarily include provisions comparable bill rights baltimore supreme_court unanimously ruled bill rights restrained federal government states supreme_court subsequently held provisions bill rights apply states fourteenth amendment doctrine called incorporation incorporation intended amendment debated legal historians according legal scholar early supporters fourteenth amendment believed ensure states required recognize individual rights federal government rights likely understood falling privileges amendment half 20th century nearly rights bill rights applied states supreme_court held amendment process clause incorporates substantive second fourth fifth grand jury clause cruel unusual punishment clause eighth amendment amendment applied states supreme_court ruled apply states circuit jurisdiction carey seventh amendment right jury trial civil cases held applicable states amendment clause applies federal courts case tried jury state court brought supreme_court appeal created largely response lack equal protection provided law states blacks sue evidence witnesses punished harshly whites supreme_court stated west_virginia designed assure colored race enjoyment civil rights law enjoyed white persons race protection general government enjoyment denied states clause individuals similar situations treated equally law text applies states supreme_court applied clause federal government fifth amendment doctrine called reverse incorporation supreme_court clarified meaning person jurisdiction limited discrimination african americans extend races colors case legal aliens united_states chinese citizens provisions universal application persons territorial jurisdiction regard differences race color equal protection laws pledge protection equal laws persons jurisdiction entitled equal protection state largely article beginning guaranteed privileges citizens states supreme_court rarely phrase jurisdiction relation natural persons court held aliens illegally present state jurisdiction raise equal protection claims court meaning phrase jurisdiction follows phrase jurisdiction confirms understanding fourteenth amendment protection extends citizen stranger subject laws state reaches corner state territory court reached understanding things senator howard member floor manager amendment senate senator howard explicit broad objectives fourteenth amendment intention provisions applicable happen jurisdiction state clauses section amendment disable state merely citizen united_states person life liberty property process law denying equal protection laws state class legislation states away injustice persons code applicable adopted states forever disable passing laws fundamental rights privileges citizens united_states person happen jurisdiction emphasis added relationship fifth addressed united_states observed respect phrase jurisdiction term person fifth amendment broad include human jurisdiction republic resident alien born entitled protection laws citizen entitled owes obedience laws country consequence entitled equal protection laws contention persons territorial jurisdiction republic protection law heard pain argument bar face great constitutional amendment declares state shall deny person jurisdiction equal protection laws supreme_court decided foreign corporations jurisdiction state ruling foreign corporation sued state court licensed business recover possession property taken state jurisdiction subjected unequal maintenance suit state admitted foreign corporation business borders corporation entitled equal protection laws necessarily identical treatment domestic corporations court reporter included statement chief justice decision court wish hear argument question provision fourteenth amendment constitution state deny person jurisdiction equal protection laws applies corporations opinion established corporations enjoyed repeatedly reaffirmed later courts remained predominant view twentieth century challenged justices cases involving corporations vastly outnumbered involving rights blacks decades following adoption fourteenth amendment supreme_court overturned laws barring blacks west_virginia chinese americans regulation laundry businesses violations supreme_court held states impose segregation long provided similar facilities formation separate equal doctrine court went restricting kentucky holding states force private actors prohibiting colleges having black white students early 20th century eclipsed point justice holmes dismissed usual resort constitutional arguments court held separate equal doctrine years despite numerous cases court found segregated facilities provided states equal brown reached court ruled segregated black white schools equal quality facilities teachers segregation inherently harmful black students unconstitutional brown met campaign resistance white decades federal courts attempted enforce brown mandate repeated attempts resulted controversial handed federal courts parts nation court ruled race factor determining public schools parents transfer children supreme_court struck texas statute denying free public education illegal immigrants violation fourteenth amendment discrimination basis illegal immigration status substantial state interest court reasoned illegal aliens children citizens united_states texas people ordinary sense term afforded texas court held fourteenth amendment protects racial classes white negro extends racial ethnic groups mexican americans case half century following brown court extended reach historically groups women illegitimate children applied somewhat stringent standard applied governmental discrimination basis race united_states virginia levy louisiana supreme_court ruled university california action form racial public university violation civil rights act race factors violating court considered race conscious systems university_of_michigan university claimed goal systems achieve racial diversity court struck points based undergraduate system added points minority status finding violated court upheld race conscious process university law school race factors determine admission fisher court ruled race public university admission policy race neutral alternative coalition defend action court upheld state constitutional prohibition state local use action reed reed struck idaho law favoring men decision court ruled arbitrary gender discrimination violated court ruled statutory administrative sex classifications subjected intermediate standard judicial review reed later served strike number state laws gender supreme_court interpreted requiring states congressional districts state legislative seats according man vote court struck plans race key consideration court prohibited north_carolina plan aimed creating majority black districts balance historic state congressional served basis decision bush gore court ruled valid florida votes presidential election held needed deadline decision effectively secured bush victory disputed election league united latin american citizens perry court ruled house majority leader texas plan intentionally votes violated state actor doctrine individual liberties guaranteed united_states_constitution protect exception thirteenth amendment ban slavery actions private persons entities actions government officials fourteenth amendment supreme_court ruled action section fourteenth amendment action fairly said states amendment shield merely private conduct court added state action particular character prohibited individual invasion individual rights subject matter amendment deeper broader scope makes void state legislation state action kind privileges citizens united_states life liberty property process law denies equal protection laws federal constitutional rights limited situations state action meaning action government officials exercising governmental power virginia supreme_court found fourteenth amendment reference actions political body state instruments modes action taken state acts legislative executive judicial authorities act way constitutional provision mean agency state officers agents powers exerted shall deny person jurisdiction equal protection laws virtue public position state government property life liberty process law denies takes away equal protection laws constitutional acts state clothed state power act state instances people victims civil rights violations occur circumstances involving government officials private actors 1960s adopted expansive view state action opening door wide ranging civil rights litigation private actors act state actors acts sanctioned way state court found state action doctrine equally applicable privileges process equal protection laws critical factor determining existence state action governmental involvement private persons private corporations inquiry sufficiently close state challenged action regulated entity action fairly treated state facts weighing circumstances involvement state private conduct attributed true significance supreme_court asserted establish private party acted color challenged statute actions properly state actions state apparently state compelled actions state merely established process statute regulation private party acted rules developed supreme_court business regulation mere fact business subject state regulation convert action state purposes fourteenth amendment state normally held responsible private decision exercised power provided significant encouragement overt covert choice deemed state representation house_of_representatives section altered way state representation house_of_representatives determined counts residents article section clause constitution counted state slave population section reduces state denies adult male right vote section enforced continued use prevent blacks voting passage voting rights act abolitionist leaders criticized amendment failure specifically prohibit states denying people right vote basis race section protects right vote adult males adult females making provision constitution explicitly basis sex section condemned women long seen cause linked black rights separation black civil rights women civil rights split movements decades argued section repealed fifteenth amendment supreme_court acknowledged provisions section later decisions example richardson court cited section states hunter case involving black supreme_court concluded tenth amendment save legislation prohibited subsequently enacted specifically court concluded laws passed purpose operation crime provision section court held section designed permit racial discrimination section fourteenth amendment participants rebellion section prohibits election appointment federal state office person held certain offices engaged insurrection rebellion treason thirds vote house congress limitation congress enacted general removal section limitation citizenship confederate general restored joint congressional resolution june section congress posthumously removed service ban confederate president section prevent member convicted violating espionage act anti views taking seat house_of_representatives validity public debt section confirmed legitimacy public debt appropriated congress confirmed united_states state pay loss slaves debts incurred confederacy example civil war british french banks lent large sums money confederacy support war union perry united_states supreme_court ruled section united_states bond went congressional power debt ceiling crises raised question president authority section legal scholar fiscal expert treasury secretary argued debt ceiling unconstitutional void long duty government pay interest outstanding bonds payments owed railroad retirement act recipients legal analyst argued section gives president authority raise ignore national debt ceiling challenged supreme_court likely rule favor expanded executive power dismiss case altogether lack standing professor dean argued dire financial emergency president raise debt ceiling reasonable way interpret constitution allows knight professor constitutional law yale_university opined like congress president bound fourteenth amendment violate amendment president obey section requirement validity public debt question argued president obama obliged incoming revenues pay public debt interest government bonds obligations falls category entirely clear large number government obligations certainly payments future services count sacrificed include example payments power enforcement section known enforcement clause fourteenth amendment enables congress pass laws enforcing amendment provisions civil rights cases supreme_court interpreted section narrowly stating legislation congress authorized adopt behalf general legislation rights citizen legislation words amendment congress pass laws combat violations rights protected sections morgan court upheld section voting rights act prohibits certain forms literacy requirements condition vote valid exercise congressional power section enforce court ruled section enabled congress act protect rights guaranteed amendment city court narrowed congress enforcement power holding congress enact legislation section defines interprets fourteenth amendment rights court ruled legislation valid section injury person fourteenth amendment right means congress adopted prevent remedy injury cases citizenship privileges incorporation substantive process equal protection richardson hunter power enforcement | Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
6877_Section3oftheHumanRightsAct1998 | section human rights act section human rights act provision human rights act enables act effect united_kingdom section requires courts interpret primary subordinate legislation provisions compatible articles human rights act interpretation goes far normal statutory interpretation includes past future legislation preventing human rights act repealed subsequent contradictory legislation courts applied section act forms interpretation reading words statute reading words omitted statute reading particular meaning chosen compliance interpret statutes conflict legislative intent courts reluctant particular read provisions reason possible interpret issue declaration section relationship sections parliamentary sovereignty commented extensively common criticism implied limitations legislative supremacy opponents criticism questioned factual accuracy suggestion weakening parliamentary sovereignty avoided instead cite morality positive features change limits courts powers law making criticism related rule law advancement human rights seen positive feature associated rule law whilst scope section criticised vague warnings judiciary parliament domain challenged context human rights rights taken universal considerable importance relate individual collectively things grant freedoms claims powers drawn wake second world war uphold rights united_kingdom ratified accepted right individual petition human rights act convention rights directly british court time excluded articles government argued fulfilled act relevant rights enforced human rights act considerable effect british law remains act fundamental constitutional importance provisions section states far possible primary legislation subordinate legislation read given effect way compatible convention rights accordingly court read statute passed parliament uphold convention rights possible possibly section act widest scope human rights act built small number previously recognised absolute freedoms aim different systems new zealand bill rights require interpretation reasonable happened anderson home secretary alternative interpretation possible alternative declaration section lord case home secretary introduction human rights act said parliamentary sovereignty means parliament chooses contrary fundamental principles human rights human rights act power constraints exercise parliament ultimately political legal principle legality means parliament confront accept political cost fundamental rights general ambiguous words great risk implications meaning passed unnoticed democratic process absence express language necessary contrary courts general words intended subject basic rights individual way courts united_kingdom acknowledging sovereignty parliament apply principles little different exist countries power legislature limited constitutional document read effect requires interpretation possible legislation interpretation open court consistent convention rights chosen following introduction human rights act disagreement judges far provision went lord said obligation section act strong applies ambiguity language sense language capable different meanings noted necessary section adopt interpretation appear strained declaration measure resort established cases interpretation far court assume administrative power practical consequences best placed consider meaning departs substantially fundamental feature act parliament likely crossed boundary interpretation amendment given precise wording statute altered section thrust important going thrust required legislative power courts sources example wording statute considered primary intent parliament decision appears achieved settling approach taken extreme cases section extends scope section past future acts parliament addition present legislation usual policy implied repeal statutes resolved favour later statute human rights act explicitly repealed act parliament deliberately merely introducing contradictory legislation act carries additional force considered constitutional character result widely recognised parliament directly convention rights rarely sections confirm validity legislation interpreted section section said protect primary legislation incompatible secondary legislation primary legislation interpretation types judicial interpretation commonly identified context section reading reading reading reading refers adding words present statute ensure compliance convention rights reading removing words statute processes implemented reference implementation european legislation ensure compliance domestic law european law accepted secondary legislation remain controversial primary legislation parliament included omitted words intent reading words conflict parliamentary intention courts accepted powers passing human rights act agreed courts power extra provisions read statute ensure compliance statute legitimate aim protecting potential rape victims merely words lord methods adopted amounted legislative housing court appeal rejected possibility reading provision altered method problem laid parliament amounting starting best approach issue courts far reluctant read wording fear going parliamentary intention remains possibility reading involves choosing interpretation compatible strictly possible example placing burden proof defendant raising defence need persuade jury case judged incompatible article convention related innocence long english law court read burden proof merely burden meaning defendant merely raise evidence support defence believed conflict article court instead requiring burden believed context offence case conflict article academic commentary human rights act brought parliament government considered necessary prevent courts setting aside legislation basis reflecting strong need respect parliamentary sovereignty effect parliamentary sovereignty criticised despite place section defended reference enhanced morality new system prompted incoming tide human rights considers choice court cases question parliamentary sovereignty complex question far judiciary perform legislative function area considers political legislative pressure government section overwhelming extent concept parliamentary sovereignty eliminated writers stressed important formal right ignore decision result debate label section radical tool implement human rights limitation parliament characterised section deeply mysterious provision respects including judging strong provision issue dealt courts noted act expected argues hope courts uphold rights convention accepting rarely instead section requires courts find compatibility convention possible words find convention impact examined upper boundaries courts powers interpretation puts forward possible limits firstly text statute ambiguous secondly reading words inappropriate interpretation restricted cases involve implied repeal young dismisses incompatible legislative history case judicial history believes present rigid limit courts powers decision provides method legislative history bill play role interpretation believe section displaced purpose interpretation parliamentary intention eyes section intention judicial applies case hand concluding breaks non commonly considered rule law necessary note rules courts transparent new interpretation section differs ordinary meaning section standard interpretation leaves citizens uncertain law sales suggest applying section legislation merely legislature intended follow applying legislation possibly base section allows view section provides strengthened basis sort weak review scope carefully determined courts hand parliament statutory form criticisms forward firstly implied repeal goes parliamentary sovereignty require parliament future parliament secondly section interpretations follow parliamentary intent questionable allow interpretations contrary intent section render section necessary judicial powers probably analysis courts provide answer criticism depending viewpoint whilst scope section criticised vague leading easily judiciary legal domain parliament viewpoint controversial rules emerging application section | Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
7141_VicinageClause | clause clause provision sixth amendment united_states_constitution regulating vicinity jury pool selected clause says accused shall entitled jury state district crime shall committed district shall previously law clause limits vicinity criminal jury selection state federal judicial district crime committed venue provision article united states constitution location actual trial clause roots medieval english criminal procedure perceived abuses criminal venue colonial period anti objections united_states_constitution clause constitutional criminal procedure provisions incorporated apply proceedings state courts grand jury clause fifth amendment maybe eighth amendment clause led little litigation overlap practical matter venue provision article rule exception includes portions idaho montana federal judicial district includes territory states short lived district background english law colonial period oxford english dictionary defines number places lying near taken collectively area extending limited distance round particular spot neighbourhood cites king began causes jury men chosen according medieval england jury referred jury drawn relevant county statute henry_viii england permits treason committed outside realm tried commissioners realm shall assigned king majesty commission parliament renewed statute law try colonists accused treason england statute united_kingdom permits destruction magazines ships ammunition supplies committed outside realm tried county realm statute permitted capital crimes committed massachusetts tried england neighboring province indifferent trial massachusetts protests revolutionary period condemned renewal treason law trials treason treason crime whatsoever committed majesty said colony dominion person persons residing ought right conducted majesty courts held said colony according fixed known course proceedings seizing person persons residing colony suspected crime whatsoever committed sending person persons places sea tried highly rights british subjects resolution referred privilege tried jury declaration resolves continental congress adopted october resolved respective colonies entitled common law england especially great privilege tried peers according course law october approved address people quebec drafted arguing great right trial jury provides life liberty property taken peers neighbourhood reasonably supposed acquainted character characters witnesses united_states declaration independence accuses transporting seas tried pretended offences drafting constitution new jersey plan contained provision person shall liable tried criminal offense committed united_states state offense shall committed proposals similar amended language included article section clause article iii provides trial crimes shall held state said crimes shall committed provision received debate omission right united_states_constitution objections anti ratification constitution explained omission clause virginia convention follows objected yesterday provision jury safety opposed happen trial county suppose rebellion district impossible jury trial jury held sacred england america england greater happened established independence taken place long time left legislative discretion case trial departed cases necessary left discretion legislature modify according circumstances complete satisfactory answer virginia ratified constitution bill rights including right trial jury added amendment north_carolina adopted virginia refused constitution absence new_york rhode_island ratified constitution similar virginia case rhode_island sixth amendment sent states ratification massachusetts include right including right considered rejected pennsylvania drafting clause house original draft jury provision sixth amendment provided trial crimes cases cases arising land naval forces militia actual service time war public danger shall jury conviction right challenge accustomed provided cases crimes committed county possession enemy general insurrection prevail trial law authorized county state near seat offence madison intended language replace article section clause constitution amended madison language follows trial crimes cases cases arising land naval forces militia actual service time war public danger shall jury conviction right challenge accustomed crime committed place possession enemy insurrection prevail indictment trial law authorized place state committed place state indictment trial place places law directed proposed replaced district county offence committed argued better term understood gentleman legal knowledge amendment defeated amended committee language passed house committee undertaking task transforming amendments body constitution separate bill rights moved language article deleted language concerning crimes committed state senate senate debated bill rights september september returned version house september senate deleted clause house version sixth amendment exception grand jury indictment clause motion restore house wording failed little known senate debate illness senator journal key source proceedings senate congress september letter madison reports senate sent plan amendments strike opinion articles states criminal cases taken state large districts considerable extent county dislike restraint respect produced negative clause similar fate altered form senate returned bill rights house lead conference committee composed members bodies members committee house proposed jury simply defined accustomed members committee senate opposed requirement believing provisions judiciary act debate sufficient second letter madison recounts senators opposing definition locality contend vague strict term vague depending limits fixed pleasure law strict limited county proposed insert word accustomed leaving definition according judgment professional men obtained truth states practice different difference ideas subject states drawn body community large districts number counties single county senate suppose provision judiciary bill sufficiently quiet fears called amendment point committee adopted version passed congress ratified states criminal accused shall enjoy right trial jury state district crime shall committed district shall previously law interpretation jury clause applies grand cases finding violation clause assumed deciding clause apply grand state district murder cases arising supreme_court held clause places limits prosecution crimes committed outside territory state clause require jury drawn judicial division federal judicial district crime occurred jury drawn division district clause prevent jury drawn solely judicial division judicial district entire judicial district crime shall committed crime shall committed language clause parallel venue provision article said crimes shall committed rule procedure offense committed provisions interpreted tandem refer offense district shall previously law lower courts split clause requires defendant tried judicial district existence time crime committed courts held held district need prior trial proponents view found congress divides judicial district retains configuration past offenses incorporation fifth sixth circuits held clause incorporated states fourteenth amendment perfect crime professor college law argues clause permit commission perfect crime portion national park state idaho entire park idaho portion park residents perfect crime committed lightly populated montana portion park argues arguments government favor prosecution unsuccessful idaho portion park state judicial district changed crime argues clause permit variety strategies partially close government able charge crimes occur exclusively idaho portion park example defendant second government charge crimes maximum authorized sentence months jury right attach clause permit government encourage potential idaho portion park crime fourth government argue interpretation clause arguing jury drawn satisfy purposes clause notes clause protect civil liability justice problem cited reason dissolve nevada short lived county specially created purposes shifting federal transfer payments related creation nuclear waste facility directly state treasury similar provisions state adoption federal constitution state provided explicit right virginia constitution provided capital criminal man right jury men pennsylvania constitution read similarly said county instead amended contrast original thirteen state contained explicit criminal venue provisions new_hampshire georgia required crimes tried county committed maryland massachusetts contained similar provisions appeal held man shall liable called answer civil forum home tribunal | Vicinage Clause | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
8015_Article15oftheConstitutionofSingapore | article constitution singapore article constitution republic singapore guarantees freedom religion singapore specifically article states person right religion terms defined constitution cases singapore jurisdictions shed light meaning word relation religion defined singapore case involving constitution meaning declare faith allegiance malaysian decision suggested profession religion encompass religion profession viewpoint regards word held individual right transmit spread religion exposition right convert person holds pre existing religious belief religion issues come singapore courts determination hand attempted draw line religious practices secular facts taking view singing saying national pledge rules compelled teacher engage activities educational institution regarded having right religion freedom religion article absolute qualified article constitution provides rights secured article authorize act contrary general law relating public order public health morality limitations freedom religion important aspect singapore singapore courts interpreted term public order equivalent concepts public peace welfare good order referred section societies act cap taking narrower view public order means freedom unlawful physical violence academic criticism fact courts applied form balancing test determine freedom religion reasonably restricted contrary national security said involved courts deferred government necessity restrictive legislation terms public health morality article interpreted text article article constitution republic singapore entitled freedom religion reads follows person right religion person shall compelled pay tax proceeds specially allocated purposes religion religious group right manage religious affairs establish maintain institutions religious charitable purposes acquire property hold administer accordance law article act contrary general law relating public order public health morality court appeal affirmed constitution generally adopts known removing restrictions choice religious belief article article constitution malaysia adopted following singapore independence malaysia states person right practice religion subject clause article contains similarities article constitution india subject public order morality health provisions persons equally entitled freedom conscience right freely religion meaning word article defined constitution case said deceased provide guidance issue case meaning word muslim defined person religion islam high_court held come definition shown orthodox muslim manifested practiced islam merely having born religion insufficient specifically justice referred noted word means declare faith allegiance religion principle god saint etc determine fact professed religion proper scrutiny entire circumstances necessary facts deceased brought muslim married muslim rites held muslim religious ceremonies house taken strong evidence professed religion islam despite fact engaged practices drinking alcohol eating pork judge held practices religion added born religion held member religion proved adopted religion malaysian interpretation term article malaysian constitution relevant provision similarly article singapore constitution held act exiting religion fall meaning practising religion judge view accept religion religion right practice stretch definition article far hand argued freedom renounce religion religion freedom religion issue come singapore courts determination constitution silent constitutes practising religion purposes article local courts defined word indicating types acts considered religious practices court appeal held singing reciting national pledge religious practices expressions national patriotism secular acts canadian case city hamilton distinguished case singing national anthem held constitute religious practice anthem contained prayer hymn reflected religious character dismissed educational institution refusal participate aforementioned acts central claim submission acts religious practices went belief witness constitutional right practice religion guaranteed article court held religion singapore constitution restricted citizen faith personal god include system belief country acts question religious practices rights court took view interpretation pledge anthem ceremony religious ceremony distortion secular fact religious belief interpretation correct result article losing operative effect constitution guarantee religious freedom asking citizens pledge allegiance country suggests participation religious ceremony absurd interpretation envisaged authors constitution courts malaysia taken similar approach defining meaning religious practice article malaysian constitution furthermore consulted religious texts determine type acts constitute religious practices malaysia claimed dismissed employment refusal comply employment conditions prohibited attire covered female public servant face duty according right religious practice grounds wearing religious practice muslim court disagreed held considered religious practice requirement islam express mention requirement philippines courts accorded individual autonomy decide constitutes religious practice individual decide constitutes religious practice long acts public interest view superintendent schools issue witnesses ought expelled schools refusing salute flag sing national anthem oath allegiance required july legislation held state interpret bible read fit right wrong meaning derive revised reversed acknowledged superiors certainly state matter singapore courts interpreted word article constitution article indian constitution terms article singapore constitution guarantees individuals right freely religions term considered state court adopted dictionary definition transmit spread person person place place accordingly held word article individual right transmit spread religion exposition words individual right spread religion explaining principles beliefs underlying particular religion court opinion article right convert person holds pre existing religious belief religion freedom conscience provided article individual freedom hold consider thought fact viewpoint independent short constitutional right religion protected individual exercises right respects freedom persons following religions indian criticized said overruled argued person religion act violate person free conscience allows person opportunity freely choose religion right religion gives meaning freedom choice choice involves knowledge act person choose know choices open religion knowledge spread widely produce intellectual moral conviction leading action adoption religion successful propagation religion result conversion restrictions freedom religion article constitution person freedom religion restricted general law relating public order public health morality term general law defined constitution refer law applies persons places belonging particular class restrictions freedom religion important reflection singapore constitution express doctrine explicitly report described singapore democratic secular state singapore similar france models seek protect state religion unlike singapore principle france expressed secular government singapore reject religion instead said government adherence criticized principle constitutional protection freedom religion instance controversy arose suspension muslim girls school parents insisted wear islamic national schools section education act minister education regulate schools including prohibiting students wearing forming official school uniform parents took view school uniform policy unconstitutional violated girls freedom religion article parents eventually pursue legal proceedings ministry controversy showed insisting difficulties freedom religion singapore meaning public order public health morality public order term public order defined constitution series important legal cases involving witnesses public prosecutor minister home affairs witnesses order section societies act provision allows dissolution registered organizations considered threats public peace welfare good order minister order order section undesirable publications act prohibiting publications society relating witnesses convicted district court possession prohibited publications appealed sought challenge minister prohibition order witnesses arguing right freedom religion guaranteed article constitution counsel submitted witnesses singapore small non violent group evidence activities public order manner relied malaysian case malaysia considered meaning public order context section emergency public order prevention crime ordinance malaysia expression public order defined danger human life safety disturbance public necessarily fall expression test adopted determining act affects law order public order lead disturbance current life community disturbance public order affect merely individual leaving society chief justice rejected conception public order noted singapore policy compulsory military service known minister taken view continued existence witnesses held belief military service forbidden contrary public peace welfare good order minister formed view witnesses threat national security open court different view matter said judgment concept public order envisaged art notion public peace welfare good order societies act emphasized right religious freedom absolute right subject inherent limitations set article right freedom religion reconciled right state employ sovereign power ensure peace security orderly living constitutional guarantee civil liberty accordingly appeal dismissed minister information arts order banning materials published organization associated witnesses minister information arts sought leave apply order order alleging ultra things article constitution presiding case high_court justice referred holding concerning meaning public order commentary professor noted jurisdictions lack public order includes notion human life safety disruption public argued establish public order threatened appears degree violence unlawful physical violence shown point reference criticized equation public order public peace welfare good order public health morality singapore courts interpreted meaning terms public health morality article case interesting purposes comparison orthodox hindu applied local authority land dedicated traditional open air funeral local authority refused request relying subsidiary legislation offence burn human remains applied judicial review submitting decision right manifest religion belief protected article high_court found statutory interference right justified necessary protection public morals rights freedoms reversed judgment grounds unrelated article holding open air proper construction legislation test determining restriction right appropriate singapore counsel argued clear immediate danger public order right freedom religion restricted case restriction threat said attempt apply clear immediate danger test said beliefs especially propagated religion stop scenario exists probability late damage sought prevented articulate alternative test determining restriction freedom religion appropriate quoting malaysian chief justice judgment case minister malaysia agreed freedom religion turned licence commit unlawful acts acts tending prejudice threaten security country considered sovereignty integrity unity singapore undoubtedly paramount mandate constitution religious beliefs practices tended run counter objectives restrained appeal judgment called minister information arts counsel argued restriction placed minister sale distribution witnesses publications wide applying approach similar taken court appeal noted essentially seeking challenge view taken minister witnesses refusal carry threat national security court regarded non issue declined allow bring application judicial review order professor argued article general statement principle guarantees freedom religion article exception general principle assertion actions undertaken flowing religious beliefs conform general law relating public order social protection incorrect making case judicial judicial balancing interests says judicial role constitutional tests like object act art test ensure sufficient relationship exists means end act end art ground interpretation runs risk exception general constitutional liberty view courts adopt step approach interpreting constitutional fundamental liberties judge identify interests competing rights value religious liberty source private public virtue aspect free conscience value having public order stable environment secondly factors placed like balancing scales justice merits assessed things considered judge deliver judgment balance lie light approach acceptance minister view conclusive refusing question basis wanting legal merits resulted failure balance interest state jurisdictions situation singapore contrasted application analysis jurisdictions constitutional protection freedom religion section canadian charter rights freedoms states freedom conscience religion fundamental freedom enjoyed everybody subject section rights freedoms set canadian charter subject reasonable limits prescribed law justified free democratic society important decision held test satisfied limitation right saved section limitation objective related concerns pressing substantial free democratic society second shown means chosen reasonable justified second described test requires party measures adopted carefully designed achieve objective question arbitrary unfair based considerations short connected objective second means connected objective sense little possible right freedom question effects measures responsible limiting charter right freedom objective identified sufficient importance commission issue ban public school students carrying ceremonial religious purposes justice delivered court majority opinion applied test section charter held school discharge burden proving prohibiting reasonable limit student constitutional freedom religion human rights act makes article protects freedom religion domestic law article states freedom religion restricted freedom manifest religion beliefs shall subject limitations prescribed law necessary democratic society interests public safety protection public order health morals protection rights freedoms governors house_of_lords case involving female muslim student wished wear long coat like comply understanding requirements faith lord said article restriction justified prescribed law necessary democratic society purpose directed legitimate purpose scope effect end majority law lords hearing appeal including lord held rights interfered court held unanimously grounds interference need protect rights female students school wish pressured adopting extreme form muslim dress prince president challenged things drug trafficking act claimed religion movement required use argued act prohibited possession drug right freedom religion protected section chapter constitution south africa similar section canadian charter section south african constitution provides rights bill rights limited terms law general application extent limitation reasonable open democratic society based human dignity equality freedom taking account relevant factors including nature right importance purpose limitation extent limitation relation limitation purpose restrictive means achieve purpose justice writing minority said limitation analysis involves weighing competing values ultimately assessment based weighing competing interests evaluating necessary examine relation complete ban use possession purpose limitation existence restrictive means achieve purpose ultimately majority court held freedom religion infringement restriction war drugs policy state general exemption religious purposes virtually impossible police interfere government ability enforce drug control legislation proposed control schemes key distinction bills rights commonwealth jurisdictions referred document grounds set article restricting freedom religion subject requirement necessity democratic society sufficient justification singapore court decline apply analysis article burden proof burden proving legislative restriction freedom speech public order public health morality substance complaint government immediate duty justify making decision right freedom speech simply complains alleged infringement article instances restrictions right propagation propagation religion protected amounts act contrary general law relating public order public health morality article constitution public prosecutor held right opinion right right person freedom expression balanced right freedom offence tempered wider public interest considerations appropriate social behaviour independent legal duty singapore citizen resident respect races view multi racial society individual living racial origin owes country said people country racial strife violence basic ground rules public prosecutor said statement referred opinions race applied equal force opinions religious beliefs case involved accused persons convicted act undesirable publications act distributing religious literature considered muslims section act defines tendency including tendency promote feelings ill hostility different races classes population singapore course spreading faith accused persons offended public order distributing religious materials muslims court regarded bounds constitutional right religion court view person free choose religion religious spread faith constrained considerations sensitivity tolerance mutual respect faith religious beliefs individuals claim ignorant sensitivity race religion singapore multi racial multi religious society greece points grounds right religion reasonably restricted singapore case accepted right try persuade religious beliefs included right manifest religion belief provided article right void limitations article convention limitations freedom manifest religion interests public safety protection public order health morals protection rights freedoms court clarified article protect improper offers material social advantages adopt certain religious beliefs applies improper pressure view gaining new members religious group facts case court found article prosecution air force officers subordinates nature military life meant difficult subordinate approaches persons superior rank conversation regarded harmless exchange ideas civilian context seen military setting harassment pressure abuse power constitutional provisions addition article provisions constitution protect religious freedom article prohibits discrimination singapore citizens ground religion law appointment office employment public authority administration law relating acquisition holding disposition property establishing carrying trade business profession employment related article prohibits discrimination citizens singapore ground religion administration public educational institutions particular regards admission students payment fees providing financial aid public funds maintenance education students educational institution constitution declares religious groups right establish maintain institutions education children provide religious instruction institutions provides people ground religion laws relating institutions administration laws furthermore person compelled receive instruction ceremony act worship religion apart government constitutional responsibility constantly care interests racial religious minorities singapore particular government exercise functions way recognize special position indigenous people singapore accordingly responsibility protect safeguard support foster promote political educational religious economic social cultural interests language constitution requires legislature enact legislation regulate muslim religious affairs establish council advise president concerning matters relating islam legislation question cases said deceased law journal high_court singapore public prosecutor singapore law reports reissue archived original october high_court singapore minister information arts singapore minister information arts singapore singapore prince president public prosecutor singapore works constitution republic singapore reprint secular sacred constitutional issues arising archived original october articles exception norm law regimes exception policy journal archived original november tan limited empowerment hard singapore law policy tan iconic target public policy regulation religious singapore terrorism political violence december armageddon navigating religion politics singapore constitutional soft law order declaration religious harmony control operation managing religious harmony singapore quasi secular state hastings constitutional law quarterly archived original october cooperation religion state singapore partnership service welfare review faith international affairs religion judge god asian courts archived original november books tan fundamental liberties iii freedom expression association assembly religion introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan freedom religion constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn freedom religion treatise singapore constitutional law singapore isbn religion public sphere singapore wall division public square turner religious civil society comparative analysis oxford isbn | Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
8122_Davisv.Ayala | davis davis case supreme_court united_states upheld death sentence hispanic defendant despite fact blacks excluded jury defendant trial case involved corpus petition submitted arrested tried late 1980s alleged murder individuals attempted robbery automobile body shop san_diego california april trial prosecution challenges strike black hispanic available jury service trial court judge allowed prosecution explain basis challenges outside presence counsel disclose trial strategy ultimately sentenced death filed appeals challenging trial court decision exclude counsel hearings opinion written justice supreme_court held trial court committed error error harmless suffer actual prejudice justice wrote opinion argued sentence reversed exclusion counsel hearings substantially influenced outcome case additionally justice wrote separate opinion questioned placement solitary confinement response justice thomas wrote opinion stated accommodations far sight victims rest commentators described case important note likely significant effect similar cases future analysts described outcome particularly justice kennedy opinion received significant coverage media analysts suggested solitary confinement new commentator described justice kennedy opinion single surprising development term legal background challenges kentucky supreme_court united_states held violation fourteenth amendment united_states_constitution occurs prosecutors use challenges exclude basis race defendant prosecutor challenged prospective basis race process known challenge trial courts conduct analysis challenge question defendant showing challenge exercised basis race second showing prosecution offer race neutral basis striking question light parties submissions trial court determine defendant shown discrimination court sustain challenge elements test satisfied appeal trial court findings respect challenge reversed trial court judge committed clear error additionally supreme_court united_states held findings respect prosecutor explanation reasons use challenges entitled great right petition writ corpus federal law individuals convicted crimes state law individuals right challenge convictions federal court writ corpus right codified corpus act held state court rules prisoner individual right seek review constitutional claims federal court wake bombing congress passed modify federal corpus procedures new standards prisoner claim state court individual petition corpus shall granted state court decision contrary involved application clearly established federal law determined supreme_court united_states held relief demonstrate evidence state court error resulted actual prejudice federal harmless error doctrine supreme_court united_states identified narrow range errors require automatic reversal errors decision lower court upheld error harmless supreme_court ruled california constitutional error considered harmless court able declare belief harmless reasonable doubt additionally reviewing federal corpus petitions demonstrate error substantial effect influence determining jury verdict supreme_court ruled reviewing determination reviewing court grant petition corpus determination according supreme_court rationale underlying doctrine public policy concern states courts forced undertake task criminal defendants based mere speculation defendant trial error arrest trial charged counts murder allegedly occurred attempted robbery automobile body shop san_diego california april jury selection prosecution challenges strike black hispanic available jury service hispanic descent filed series challenges contest prosecution use challenges trial judge permitted prosecution explain basis challenges closed hearing outside presence counsel disclose trial strategy trial court ultimately concluded challenges based race neutral criteria convicted counts murder august jury returned sentence death murder convictions trial judge entered judgment consistent jury sentence direct appeal upheld conviction sentence noting trial judge committed error considering defense challenges error harmless reasonable doubt subsequently filed petition corpus denied district court judge appeal granted petition holding denied process trial trial court error harmless supreme_court united_states granted review ruling majority opinion justice held exclusion counsel hearings harmless error justice emphasized federal law prisoners entitled relief demonstrate actual prejudice additionally justice noted federal courts highly state courts prisoner claim merits state court applying standards facts case justice ruled suffer actual prejudice opinion represented entirely reasonable application controlling precedent consequently justice held ruling reversed case light supreme_court decision opinions noted support majority opinion justice wrote separate opinion questioned solitary confinement justice kennedy observed spent years solitary confinement conditions confinement established record justice kennedy wrote likely held past years cell larger typical parking spot hours day hour leaves likely allowed little opportunity conversation interaction justice kennedy wrote human toll wrought extended terms isolation long understood questioned writers commentators solitary confinement bears terror peculiar mark conceded instances temporary solitary confinement useful necessary means impose discipline protect prison employees inmates courts ultimately determine alternative systems long term confinement exist system required adopt justice thomas wrote separate opinion respond justice kennedy opinion wrote accommodations housed far sight victims rest justice thomas noted victims years age younger soon time enjoy accommodations victims time enjoy earth justice opinion justice wrote opinion joined justice justice justice justice argued exclusion counsel hearings substantially influenced outcome case grave doubt exists exclusion harmless justice approach arguing proper inquiry trial court determination sustained different counsel present considering evidence presented case justice concluded factual legal basis court confidence prosecution use challenges race neutral argued light strength case court upheld ruling commentary analysis following release court opinion commentators described davis important case raising claims jury selection harmless error wrote forward dispute majority dissent especially significant effect cases trial courts conduct proceedings wrote court willing accept basic premise constitutional rights violated merit reversal review case new_yorker described court opinion particularly court opportunity hold state prosecutor account reasons justify racial discrimination jury selection failed commentary justice kennedy opinion initial commentary case focused justice kennedy opinion writing los_angeles_times described justice kennedy opinion unusual rare instance supreme_court justice virtually inviting constitutional challenge prison policy described justice kennedy opinion single surprising development term wrote kennedy critique solitary confinement davis came warning fanfare confinement new court second longest serving justice surprising suggested justice kennedy justice dissent collins described justice kennedy noting large legal academy public aware outraged practice long kennedy condemned wrote kennedy come death penalty rule unconstitutional reading words probably interview dean justice kennedy explained army locked cell hours slightly tortured justice kennedy remarked hours cell going mad people years drives people mad don think got | Davis v. Ayala | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
8457_Article12oftheConstitutionofSingapore | article constitution singapore article constitution republic singapore guarantees persons equality law equal protection law article identifies forbidden classifications religion race descent place birth singapore citizens specific reasons example discrimination classifications prohibited appointment office employment public authority administration law relating establishing carrying trade business profession employment persons unable forbidden classifications applies try argue members group defined law way general guarantee equality equal protection succeed establish classification law fails rational test stage test formulated courts stage test involves examination law classes individuals second stage court considers founded distinguishing feature finally basis bear reasonable relation object statute test classification satisfy test object law illegitimate rational test currently applied singapore inclusive classifications remains seen local courts consider approaches issue tier system scrutiny applied united_states analysis applied united_kingdom areas human rights law approach taken judges india malaysia rational test apply statute treats persons equally alleged authorities applied statute manner instead modified rational test requires court consider reasonable state action taken object law absent action amounts intentional arbitrary discrimination intentional systematic discrimination insufficient inequality occurs substantial scale addition arising reasonable administrative policy mere errors judgment insufficient constitute violation article article constitution provides article prohibit provision regulating personal law provision practice restricting office employment connected affairs religion institution managed group religion persons religion text article article constitution republic singapore entitled equal protection reads follows persons equal law entitled equal protection law authorised constitution shall discrimination citizens singapore ground religion race descent place birth law appointment office employment public authority administration law relating acquisition holding disposition property establishing carrying trade business profession employment article prohibit provision regulating personal law provision practice restricting office employment connected affairs religion institution managed group religion persons religion decision court appeal regarded concept equality component wider doctrine rule law traced origin 40th article states sell deny delay right justice article constitution bears strong resemblance fourteenth amendment united_states constitution prohibits state denying person jurisdiction equal protection laws article constitution india bars state denying person equality law equal protection laws territory india article identical article constitution malaysia adopted following singapore independence malaysia attorney general high_court noted concept equality law derived english common law requires classes persons equally subject law concept equal protection law stems guarantees procedural substantive equality court said seen equality law equal protection law different aspects doctrine equal justice expresses principle equal classes persons law second positive aspect principle reaches invoked strike unequal laws administrative executive action unconstitutional void classification forbidden classifications article constitution prohibits discrimination singapore citizens unlike article applies persons ground religion race descent place birth following situations law appointment office employment public authority administration law relating acquisition holding disposition property establishing carrying trade business profession employment word raises possibility discrimination basis grounds combination factor age state health article subject express contrary authorization constitution article legislature ensure members indian minority communities represented parliament law create voter casts ballot team candidates minority community article provision enacted parliament article void article provision rescued potential article government constitutional mandate exercise functions way recognize special position indigenous people singapore government responsibility protect safeguard support foster promote political educational religious economic social cultural interests language constitution requires legislature enact legislation regulate muslim religious affairs establish council advise president concerning matters relating islam legislation question classifications rational test persons avail protection afforded article try argue member group defined law way article rational test known doctrine reasonable classification stage test formulated courts determine manner law group persons equality guaranteed provision relative absolute concept require persons treated alike persons like situations treated alike consequently law classes persons valid constitutional provided difference circumstances factor legislature adopts circumstances purely arbitrary bears reasonable relation legislative object law relationship difference legislation unconstitutional invalid history supreme_court united_states test determine classification stating classification rest real substantial distinction bearing reasonable relation things respect classification based principle subsequently formulated stage test determine classification law constitutional relevant stages classification founded rational relation object sought achieved law question later adapted rational test including additional preceding stage law stage inquiry accepted singapore case public prosecutor stages test test currently followed singapore expressed comprising stages law different treatment classes individuals founded distinguishing feature basis bears reasonable relation object statute purpose test ensure right equal protection upheld guarding forms individuals class share common features classified secondly treatment persons falling class arbitrary lastly basis classification arbitrary bear reasonable relationship object executive action stages rational test directly address forms law stages test found valid constitutional stage law stage test considers law different treatment group individuals groups example high_court decision public prosecutor judge found differentiated classes people renders persons open criminal prosecution singapore offences committed outside singapore earlier cases expressed stage test determination law warned confusing concepts discrimination law draws groups people law executive act hand article unconstitutional mere finding measure stage necessarily law stages taken consideration statute contain measure good law objection fails measure found strong constitutional legislature necessarily wide power classification making laws operate differently different groups people order effect policy law arbitrary suggesting examples helpful presumed parliament knows best people experienced making laws directed societal problems based adequate grounds necessary person challenging law material factual evidence enacted operated stage second stage rational test looks basis founded distinguishes grouped left outside group satisfy second stage basis classification persons law share common identifying mark borne examples features include gender age race religion professional qualification area residence feature accepted courts singapore citizenship person object characteristics peculiar found persons objects constitute classification consistent means identifying persons treated differently arbitrary law invalid arbitrary sense necessary proceed stage equality article require persons treated alike persons like situations treated alike similarly failing treat differently persons situations significantly different amounts inequality second stage question considered persons falling class treated equally article prohibits laws require individuals single class treated harshly law unconstitutional persons equally persons equally courts found stage satisfied statute citizens equally liable prosecution non citizens equally immune second stage test found satisfied members witnesses found violation societies act treated equally stage reasonable relation statutory objective stage necessary firstly object statute secondly basis particular class reasonable means achieving object essence test reasonable taking consideration object statute distinguish persons selected basis necessary ask particular class object statute law arbitrary basis discrimination rational relation object sought achieved statute declared valid constitutional challenged conviction corruption ground section prevention corruption act extends effect act corrupt acts singapore citizens non citizens occurring outside singapore citizens violated article held distinction drawn section citizens non citizens abroad valid reasonable means achieving act object address acts corruption taking place outside singapore affecting events exclusion non citizens section observes international sovereignty nations criticisms test legislative objectives equal protection cases purpose law classification judged purpose law explicitly stated court conclude legitimate public purpose assume legitimate public purpose refuse look draw purpose law explicitly stated court accept face value challenge integrity legislative declaration looking explicit purpose determine true purpose situation concerned character legislation need identify legislative purpose said involve court aspects judicial review accept legislative face value challenge legislative integrity push express statement realms court judgment purity legislative motive determine legitimacy end step necessary rational test test based legislative object violation constitution object statute illegitimate classification invalid test test applicable object legislation proper india solution means approach constitutional promise equality learned justice noted essential element equality article equivalent singapore article starting point went assert procedure right fair arbitrary judge spoke dynamic approach equality subjected narrow approach liberal approach courts latitude deal legislation backed arbitrary objectives cited approval malaysia learned judge tan unclear test applied singapore case law matter problem encountered applying rational test occurs legislative classification fails embrace persons objective sought achieved law hand occurs classification persons legislative objective persons outside currently tolerated singapore rational test classification bear rational relation legislative objective notwithstanding persons object requires argued results different treatment persons like situations article rational connection exists classification adopted legislative object effect inclusive classification accord different treatment persons similarly placed courts justified ground legislature free recognize degrees harm restrictions cases need felt greatest advance policies step step despite resort legislative wisdom justify result equal protection guarantee provided article similarly inclusive classification concerned rational relation exists adopted legislative object tolerated rational test singapore effect inclusive classification accord similar treatment persons differently placed courts nonetheless justified ground situation require classification supreme_court case united_states example principle following japanese attack pearl harbor december president issued executive order requiring things persons japanese ancestry designated military area place residence hours report authorities register removal military area defendant convicted violating registration requirement order arguably inclusive distinguish japanese americans loyal respect evidence court noted citizens solely basis ancestry nature free people institutions founded doctrine equality war japan race based classification bore rational relation aim order protect sabotage war materials utilities areas believed danger japanese invasion air attack court said close eyes fact demonstrated experience time war residents having ethnic invading enemy greater source danger different ancestry high_court view section inclusive apply citizens permanent residents foreigners working government received bribes acts singapore hand catch singapore citizen foreign permanent resident employed foreign country foreign government received bribe relation transaction singapore reason found section unconstitutional classification section objective reasonable justify article high_court decision reversed held fatal need observe international case enactment provision need seamless perfect cover demand impractical impossible section deemed irrelevant constitutional issue provision applied equally singapore citizens applications rational test rational test applied public prosecutor high_court faced issue failure prosecute drug enforcement authorities case amounted discrimination persons eventually charged drug trafficking court found perfectly rational operations socially desirable objective containing drug trade state agents carried covert operations result illicit drug suppliers enforcement agencies exercise attorney general discretion executive act satisfied rational test article constitution public prosecutor determine validity factor prescribed legislature distinguishing different classes offenders sentencing purposes case factor found drugs act stipulated accused trafficking grams heroin result facing mandatory death penalty conviction following previous decision public prosecutor applied court applied rational test found bore reasonable relation social object court noted quantity addictive drugs broadly quantity addictive drugs brought illicit market broadly scale operations drug dealer broadly harm likely posed society crime cited case test applied substantially similar alternatives rational test jurisdictions courts applied standards judicial review rational test singapore deciding law unconstitutional remains seen approaches adopted locally scrutiny united_states justice opined legislation aimed minorities lack normal political process standard judicial review applied present united_states different levels scrutiny firstly law basis race national origin regarded suspect classifications fundamental right strict scrutiny applied accordingly law unconstitutional narrowly tailored serve compelling government interest addition restrictive alternative available achieve compelling interest secondly law basis gender legitimacy similar quasi suspect classifications intermediate scrutiny applied law unconstitutional substantially related important government interest finally traditional rational basis review applied law non suspect basis case law constitutional long reasonably related legitimate government interest malaysian bar government malaysia referred strict scrutiny approach asserted reality different traditional rational standard proceeded apply court endorsement strict scrutiny ambiguous government malaysia held act concerned economic social welfare fundamental rights trial judge applying standard review court endorsed application strict scrutiny test cases concerning fundamental rights malaysia criticisms scrutiny analysis compelling reason adoption arguably control judicial discretion identification classifications suspect quasi suspect non suspect involves balancing public private interests political social interests test test english law applied determine fundamental right appropriately restricted legislation limbs legislative objective sufficiently important justify limiting fundamental right measures designed meet legislative objective connected means right necessary accomplish objective suggested analysis better equality compared american scrutiny approach limb test serve strike inclusive classifications currently tolerated rational test test appeared suggest rational test applied article indian constitution guarantees equality law equal protection law led narrow interpretation provision held article narrowly pillar foundation rested view principle essential element equality non article like brooding test applied article malaysian constitution cases later rejected court noted cases subsequent reasonable classification test applied furthermore equality article mean absolute equality assures right equal treatment individuals similar circumstances rational test needed determine law applies equally persons group integral article application laws traditional rational test inappropriate issue existence classification statute application neutral statute statute inevitably pass test answer legislation question different classes persons stage test negative attorney general judge appeal delivering judgment applied modified form test holding question reasonable state action objective achieved law relied principles set cases howe chief chief drawing following points executive act unconstitutional amounts intentional arbitrary discrimination intentional systematic property breach article constitution absolute equality arising application reasonable administrative policy mere errors judgement sufficient constitute violation article need substantial scale violate article expressed view approach leaves room judicial important question intentional arbitrary discrimination test implies lack sole test proving executive act article possible test test need prove absence excessively satisfy compared reasonable classification test intentional arbitrary discrimination test reasonable classification test apply executive acts restrictions right equality equal protection article constitution provides article prohibit provision regulating personal law provision practice restricting office employment connected affairs religion institution managed group religion persons religion personal law law governing person family matters high_court identified number personal laws including succession act apply muslims regulations prisons regulations respectively state jewish prisoners claim exemption working saturdays observe certain festival days allowed government muslim prisoners fast work reduced period number private acts establishing religious organizations membership governing boards persons respective religions instance person appointed hindu religious charitable hindu similarly member central board manages temples singapore faith article internal security act fundamental liberty provisions constitution including article reference article article enacted parliament reverse effect minister home affairs court appeal expressed view sections act violated article constitutional provisions article constitution prohibits discrimination citizens singapore ground religion race descent place birth administration public educational institutions particular regards admission students payment fees providing financial aid public funds maintenance education students educational institution provision stated prejudice article article declares religious groups right establish maintain institutions education children provide religious instruction institutions discrimination ground religion laws relating institutions administration laws article states persons government service grade treated regardless race subject terms conditions employment provisions constitution constitution establishes procedure ensuring statutes contain measures measures racial religious community bills passed parliament non elected advisory body called report speaker parliament view clause bill contains measure adverse report parliament amendments bill council approval decide present bill president nonetheless provided parliamentary motion action passed thirds members parliament rendered adverse reports set cases supreme_court india singapore law reports reissue appeal singapore malaysian bar government malaysia supreme_court malaysia malaysia public prosecutor high_court singapore public prosecutor singapore archived original april attorney general singapore attorney general singapore works constitution republic singapore reprint baker aaron proportional strict scrutiny suspect classifications model article law public law joseph equal protection laws articles equal protection laws malaysia india lee equal protection sexual orientation low maintenance equality study maintenance provisions low maintenance equality effects equal protection malaya comparative study models equality comparative law review archived original december september section equal protection singapore books equality law article constitution federation malaya unpublished thesis singapore faculty law tan fundamental liberties introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan right equality equal protection constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn equality law treatise singapore constitutional law singapore isbn | Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
9541_MinorityTreaties | minority treaties minority treaties refer treaties countries applying membership united_nations treaties entered force result treaties conferred basic rights inhabitants country distinction birth language race religion protected rights nationals country differed race religion language majority inhabitants country country concerned acknowledge clauses treaty fundamental laws state obligations international concern placed guarantee united_nations background protection religious minority rights matter international concern subject days peace concept granting title territory basis minority rights treaties started 1870s serbia montenegro romania versailles peace conference supreme council established committee new states new successor states compelled sign minority rights treaties diplomatic recognition agreed new states recognized created signatures final peace treaties noted aide attached polish treaty minority consistent diplomatic precedent treaty constitute fresh departure long established procedure public law europe state created large territory established state joint formal recognition great powers accompanied requirement states form binding international convention undertake comply certain principles government regard recall consideration fact endeavors sacrifices powers addressing polish nation owes recovery independence decision polish sovereignty restored territories question inhabitants territories incorporated polish nation rests powers obligation evade secure permanent form guarantees certain essential rights afford inhabitants necessary protection changes place internal constitution polish state new treaties gave minorities right appeal directly league case partition plan palestine clauses provide jurisdiction victorious powers attempted ensure stable development region defeated germany soviet russia region characterized existence ethnic groups emergence new nations idea countries scrutiny threat intervention newly created international body rights minorities adopted league minorities treaties approach international relations league minority treaties increasingly ignored respective governments entire system collapsing late 1930s despite political failure remained basis international law world war legal principles incorporated charter host international human rights treaties international law norms customary practices developed inter war years use today procedures managing inter ethnic issues include international supervision regional economic unions minority protection territorial partition palestine partition plans european_union practice modern examples conditioning recognition human rights democracy minority protection guarantees treaties minority treaties signed countries question league treaties signed league newly established nations poland yugoslavia known czechoslovakia similar treaties imposed greece allied romania exchange territorial nations defeated world war hungary austria bulgaria turkey time albania lithuania estonia outside europe iraq persuaded accept minority obligations terms admission polish treaty signed june minority treaties serving template subsequent ones referred little treaty versailles polish minority treaty austrian treaties referred treaty romanian treaty treaty paris greek treaty hungarian treaty bulgarian treaty sur turkish treaty cases minority treaties articles aforementioned treaties list declaration government albania issued october declaration government issued july heard september declaration government lithuania issued declaration government bulgaria issued september declaration government greece issued september list treaties austrian treaty concluded june exchanged vienna march registered league nations treaty series march supplemented additional protocol relating august list treaties treaty principal allied poland june treaty principal allied czechoslovakia september treaty principal allied september treaty principal allied greece august treaty principal allied signed paris december went effect july ratified british government january japanese government january italian government march registered league nations treaty series july system minority treaties basis league system minorities aim protect minorities majority countries population procedure centered encompassing assembly right obligation raise complaints treaty violations members unique privilege placing complaints agenda petitions sent source majority cases handled council reaching council petition passed minority section selected petitions according criteria prohibition violent language integrity state complaints specific violations tried asked information special committee appointed council faculty dismissing petition trying second stage submitting question council opportunity seek final agreement parties accused government league reach satisfactory compromise final decision referred cases solved negotiations affected governments intervention importance minority treaties recognized history minority treaties important step protection minorities recognition human rights bringing subject international forum time states international communities recognized people living outside normal legal protection required additional guarantee elementary rights external body protection individual states sufficient issues successfully resolved crisis nonetheless treaties subject past present criticism countries subject treaties saw limiting sovereignty right self determination league allowed influence national religious educational policy countries suggesting competent deal internal matters criticism centered treaties established countries like france germany united_kingdom russia western countries dictated treaties aftermath world war saw minority unnecessary trusted fulfill standard civilization new central eastern european countries trusted respect rights course russian revolution separate case inequality offended smaller countries finally inequality meant minority rights seen universal right exclusively foreign policy issue populations state claims relatively compared ones backed powerful state group interests decline 1930s treaties increasingly considered useless charged enforcing minority treaties failed act complaints minorities rule state policies aimed cultural minorities ignored minor evil regard rights minority treaties policies seen internal stability state concerned council review cases reviews commonly dominated countries ethnic groups affected tried resolve problem minorities score political goals international scene sacrificing minority question german hungarian governments recognized having abused system course league lacking army state adhere recommendations adolf_hitler seized control germany problems minority treaties evident european governments continued abuse minorities loudly protested complaints exploited interested parties motives league interfered little possible system suffered apparent death blow poland rejection treaty renewed interest judge sir explained legal effectiveness operation system minority protection treaties pointed court determination discourage international obligations repeated self evident principle international law state municipal law reason non international obligations united_nations established formal minority rights protection system integral plan future government palestine status treaties questioned modern day chairman minorities subsequently advised competent organ decision obligations instruments added doubtful united_nations provision discrimination kind shall inhabitants ground race religion language sex multitude international human rights conventions charter professor international human rights law noted international law norms customary practices developed inter war years use today specifically addressed procedures managing inter ethnic issues international supervision integration minority protection cited palestine partition plans 1990s european practice examples conditioning recognition human rights democracy minority protection guarantees performed legal analysis status territory palestine order determine applicable law seeking establish law breached court said addition general guarantees freedom movement article international civil political rights account taken specific guarantees access christian jewish islamic holy places noted minority religious rights placed international guarantee article treaty berlin july observed existing rights preserved accordance provisions article league nations mandate chapter general_assembly resolution future government palestine recognized urgent need respect promote rights indigenous peoples affirmed treaties agreements arrangements states noted rights affirmed treaties agreements arrangements states indigenous peoples situations matters international concern interest responsibility character instances minority rights treaties provided arbitration granted jurisdiction resolve disputes | Minority Treaties | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
9916_UnitedStatesBillofRights | united_states bill rights bill rights collective amendments united_states_constitution proposed following bitter battle ratification crafted address objections raised anti bill rights amendments add constitution specific guarantees personal freedoms rights clear limitations government power judicial proceedings explicit powers specifically delegated congress constitution reserved states people concepts codified amendments built found earlier documents including virginia declaration rights english bill rights earlier documents june representative introduced amendments constitution house_of_representatives recommendations madison proposed opening constitution specific rights limiting power congress article section seven limitations ratified bill rights amendments ultimately september congress approved articles amendment constitution submitted states ratification contrary madison original proposal articles incorporated main body constitution proposed supplemental additions articles ratified additions constitution december amendments constitution article constitution seventh amendment article technically pending states madison proposed amendments included provision extend protection bill rights states amendments finally submitted ratification applied federal government door application state governments opened 1860s following ratification fourteenth amendment early 20th century federal state courts fourteenth amendment apply portions bill rights state local governments process known incorporation original copies bill rights existence permanent public display washington background prior ratification implementation united_states_constitution thirteen sovereign states followed created ratified national government operated weak adequately regulate conflicts arose states set correct weaknesses articles apparent successfully concluded convention took place september philadelphia pennsylvania convention intended revise articles intention proponents chief virginia new_york create new government fix existing convention convened george_washington virginia unanimously elected president convention delegates drafted constitution men known founding fathers new nation minister france convention characterized delegates assembly gods rhode_island refused send delegates convention september george mason virginia suggested addition bill rights constitution modeled previous state massachusetts formal motion motion defeated unanimous vote state brief discussion madison opponent bill rights later explained vote calling state bills rights barriers offered illusion protection delegate pennsylvania later argued act rights people dangerous imply rights explicitly mentioned exist hamilton echoed point mason emerged opponents proposed new constitution motion introduced days end convention seen delegates delaying tactic quick rejection motion later endangered entire ratification process author calls omission bill rights original constitution political magnitude historian calls looked ahead struggle ratification thirty delegates signed finalized constitution thirteen delegates left completed remained convention end refused sign mason virginia afterward constitution presented request submitted convention delegates chosen state people ratification anti following philadelphia convention leading revolutionary figures publicly opposed new frame government position known anti wrote popular tract objections went essay particularly focused lack bill rights proposed constitution concerned strong national government threat individual rights president king jefferson wrote madison advocating bill rights half better bread secure rights let secure wrote find ninth section article declared writ corpus shall suspended cases rebellion bill post facto law shall passed title nobility shall granted united_states etc thing given reserved exceptions constitution grant power corpus post facto laws pass bills grant titles nobility certainly express terms answer given implied general powers granted equal truth said powers bills rights guard abuse contained implied general ones granted constitution continued observation ought government extensive indefinite authority restricted declaration rights certainly ought clear point help persons attempt persuade people reservations necessary constitution states lead absolute state supporters constitution known opposed bill rights ratification period procedural create madison argued inclusion suggesting state governments sufficient personal liberty papers series essays promoting position hamilton opposed bill rights stating constitution rational sense useful purpose bill rights stated ratification mean american people surrendering rights making unnecessary people surrender retain need particular reservations criticized point view writing legislature firmly informed extent rights retained people state uncertainty assume powers anti pointed earlier earlier political documents particular protected specific rights response hamilton argued constitution inherently different bills rights origin kings subjects favor privilege reservations rights surrendered prince obtained barons swords hand king john massachusetts compromise december january states delaware pennsylvania new_jersey georgia connecticut ratified constitution relative ease bitter minority report pennsylvania opposition widely circulated contrast predecessors massachusetts convention angry contentious point delegate allowed speak resolved revolutionary heroes leading anti agreed ratification condition convention propose amendments convention proposed amendments included requirement grand jury indictment capital cases form fifth amendment amendment powers states given federal government later form basis tenth amendment following massachusetts lead minorities virginia new_york able obtain ratification convention linking ratification recommended amendments committee virginia convention headed law professor recommended amendments congress individual rights states rights amendments included limitations federal powers levy taxes regulate trade minority constitution critics maryland continued oppose ratification martin allies new_york dropped moves convention process began exception constitution seeking amendments conventions saw supporters amendments shift position amendments sake staying union circular letter sent state legislature proposing second constitutional convention amendments failed state ultimately north_carolina rhode_island waited amendments congress article seven proposed constitution set terms new frame government established new constitution operational ratified states quarters thirteen states established states new constitution ratified states quarters thirteen states replace existing government apply states ratified valid states joining following contentious battles states proposed constitution reached state ratification plateau june september certified new constitution ratified states new system implemented directed new government meet new_york_city wednesday march following year march new frame government came force thirteen states participating proposal ratification anticipating amendments 1st united_states congress met new_york_city triumph senate states contained anti virginia house included anti states massachusetts new_york virginia south_carolina virginia delegation house chief opponent virginia ratification battle retaliation madison victory convention henry anti controlled hostile district madison planned congressional run recruited madison future presidential successor oppose madison defeated monroe offering campaign pledge introduce constitutional amendments comprising bill rights congress originally opposed inclusion bill rights constitution gradually come understand importance contentious ratification debates taking initiative propose amendments congress hoped second constitutional convention feared difficult open entire constitution dissolution new federal government writing jefferson stated friends constitution particular amendments spirit generally agreed system revised wish carried farther supply additional guards liberty felt amendments personal liberties government popularity stability finally hoped amendments acquire degrees character fundamental free government incorporated national sentiment counteract interest passion historians continue debate degree madison considered amendments bill rights necessary degree considered politically outline address wrote bill rights useful essential occasion april inauguration nation president george_washington addressed subject constitution urged legislators whilst carefully avoid alteration benefits united effective government ought await future lessons experience reverence characteristic rights regard public harmony sufficiently influence question far fortified safely promoted crafting amendments introduced series constitutional amendments house_of_representatives consideration proposals added introductory language stressing natural rights apply parts bill rights states federal government sought protect individual personal rights limiting constitutional powers congress like washington madison urged congress revision constitution moderate limited protecting individual rights madison deeply read history government range sources composing amendments english inspired right petition trial jury example english bill rights provided early precedent right bear arms applied prohibited cruel unusual punishment greatest influence madison text existing state amendments including proposed new based virginia declaration rights drafted reduce future opposition ratification madison looked recommendations shared states provide state requested state shall violate equal rights conscience freedom press trial jury criminal cases include amendment state asked tax assessments voluntary instead contributions proposed amendments constitution constitution declaration power originally consequently derived people government instituted ought exercised benefit people consists enjoyment life liberty right acquiring property generally pursuing obtaining happiness safety people right reform change government found adverse inadequate purposes institution secondly article 1st section clause words struck wit number representatives shall exceed thirty thousand state shall representative shall place thereof inserted words wit actual shall representative thirty thousand number amounts proportion shall regulated congress number shall state shall representatives prior article 2nd section clause added end sentence words wit law varying compensation shall operate ensuing election representatives article 2nd section clauses inserted clauses wit civil rights shall account religious belief worship shall national religion established shall equal rights conscience manner pretext people shall deprived right speak write publish sentiments freedom press great liberty shall people shall restrained assembling consulting common good applying legislature petitions grievances right people bear arms shall armed regulated militia best security free country person bearing arms shall compelled render military service person soldier shall time peace house consent owner time manner law person shall subject cases punishment trial office shall compelled witness deprived life liberty property process law obliged relinquish property necessary public use compensation excessive bail shall required excessive fines imposed cruel unusual inflicted rights people secured persons houses papers property searches shall violated issued probable cause supported oath particularly describing places searched persons things seized criminal accused shall enjoy right public trial informed cause nature accusation confronted witnesses compulsory process obtaining witnesses favor assistance counsel defense exceptions constitution favor particular rights shall diminish importance rights retained people powers delegated constitution actual limitations powers inserted merely greater caution article 2nd section clauses inserted clause wit state shall violate equal rights conscience freedom press trial jury criminal cases article 3rd section annexed end clause 2nd words wit appeal court shall allowed value controversy shall dollars shall fact jury according course common law consist principles common law article 3rd section clause struck place inserted classes following wit trial crimes cases cases arising land naval forces militia actual service time war public danger shall jury conviction right challenge accustomed crimes loss life member indictment grand jury shall essential preliminary provided cases crimes committed county possession enemy general insurrection prevail trial law authorized county state near seat offence cases crimes committed county trial law county laws shall prescribed suits common law man man trial jury best rights people ought remain immediately article 6th inserted article 7th clauses following wit powers delegated constitution appropriated departments respectively distributed legislative department shall exercise powers executive judicial executive exercise powers legislative judicial judicial exercise powers legislative executive departments powers delegated constitution prohibited states reserved states respectively article 7th numbered article 8th representatives quick attack madison proposal fearing amend new constitution soon implementation create appearance instability government house unlike senate open public members warned prolonged constitution galleries shake public confidence procedural battle followed initially amendments select committee revision house agreed madison proposal body beginning july member committee significant changes madison proposed amendments including eliminating adding phrase freedom speech press adding tenth amendment powers states house debated amendments days connecticut persuaded house place amendments constitution end document remain adding madison proposed amendments revised condensed seventeen approved senate august senate edited amendments making changes madison proposal apply parts bill rights states federal government eliminated seventeen amendments condensed approved september senate eliminated madison proposed changes september house convened resolve numerous differences bill rights proposals september committee issued report finalized constitutional amendments house senate consider final version approved joint resolution congress september states september time debates legislative maneuvering went crafting bill rights amendments personal opinions shifted number came support anti effective critique anti contrast opposed realizing congressional approval amendments greatly chances second constitutional convention anti argued bill left portions constitution federal judiciary direct taxation intact madison remained active progress amendments legislative process writes question madison personal prestige persistence saw amendments congress federal constitution madison certainly bill rights ratification process articles amendment approved congress officially submitted states consideration september following states ratified amendments new_jersey november articles ratified article maryland december articles north_carolina december articles south_carolina january articles new hampshire january articles ratified article march delaware january articles new_york february articles pennsylvania march articles rhode_island june articles ratified article june vermont november articles virginia december articles having approved states states union time vermont admitted union march ratification articles completed amendments constitution secretary state certified adoption march approved states ratification article ratified article ratified remained incomplete ratification plateau needed reach soon rose states kentucky joined union june june ratified amendments action come light article came state number needed adopted constitution occasions despite coming close ratification early received approval states constitution congress attach ratification time limit article technically pending states state approved ratification additional states necessary article adopted article initially ratified seven states including kentucky ratified state eighty years ratified protest unpopular congressional pay raise century later march ratified article austin undergraduate student started new push article ratification letter writing campaign state result states approved article states union seventh amendment united_states_constitution amendment adoption certified united_states subsequently affirmed vote congress states complete action articles amendment initially states connecticut georgia found bill rights unnecessary refused chambers ratified number amendments senate adopted house failed reconcile lists send official notice secretary state ones agree later ratified constitutional amendments originally known articles commemoration bill rights massachusetts march georgia march connecticut april connecticut georgia later article february respectively application bill rights little judicial impact years existence words ratification americans promptly forgot amendments constitution court important decisions protecting free speech rights example attributes bill long legal factors took time culture tolerance develop support bill provisions judicial popular second supreme_court spent 19th century focused issues relating power bill initially applied federal government restriction affirmed baltimore twentieth century bill provisions applied states fourteenth amendment process known incorporation beginning freedom speech clause new_york court ruled constitutional including provisions bill rights apply actions american indian tribal governments amendment congress shall law establishment religion prohibiting free exercise thereof freedom speech press right people assemble petition government grievances amendment prohibits making law establishment religion free exercise religion freedom speech freedom press interfering right assemble prohibiting governmental grievances initially amendment applied laws enacted congress provisions interpreted narrowly today court drew correspondence wall separation church state precise boundary separation remains dispute speech rights expanded significantly series 21st century court decisions protected forms political speech anonymous speech campaign financing pornography school speech defined series exceptions amendment supreme_court overturned english common law precedent increase burden proof libel suits notably sullivan commercial speech protected amendment political speech subject greater regulation protects publication information opinions applies wide variety media near minnesota new_york_times united_states supreme_court ruled amendment protected prior restraint pre publication censorship cases petition clause protects right petition branches agencies government action addition right assembly guaranteed clause court ruled amendment protects freedom association second amendment regulated militia necessary security free state right people bear arms shall second amendment protects right bear arms concept right existed english common law long enactment bill rights codified english bill rights applying right fundamental laws american states revolutionary era including virginia declaration rights long controversial issue american political legal social discourse second amendment heart supreme_court decisions united_states court ruled right bear arms granted constitution manner dependent instrument existence second amendment means shall congress effect restrict powers united_states miller court ruled amendment protects arms reasonable relationship preservation efficiency regulated militia district_of_columbia court ruled second amendment codified pre existing right protects individual right possess unconnected service militia use arm traditionally purposes self defense home stated right unlimited right carry weapon whatsoever manner whatsoever purpose mcdonald chicago court ruled second amendment limits state local governments extent limits federal government amendment soldier shall time peace house consent owner time war manner prescribed law amendment soldiers private homes response acts passed british parliament revolutionary war amendment controversial constitution primary basis supreme_court decision fourth amendment right people secure persons houses papers effects searches shall violated shall issue probable cause supported oath particularly describing place searched persons things seized fourth amendment guards searches requiring warrant sanctioned supported probable cause adopted response abuse writ assistance type general search warrant american revolution search seizure including arrest limited scope according specific information supplied issuing court usually law enforcement officer sworn amendment basis rule evidence obtained illegally introduced criminal trial amendment interpretation varied time expanded left leaning courts headed contracted right leaning courts fifth amendment person shall held answer capital infamous crime indictment grand jury cases arising land naval forces militia actual service time war public danger shall person subject offence twice jeopardy life limb shall compelled criminal case witness deprived life liberty property process law shall private property taken public use compensation fifth amendment protects double jeopardy self guarantees rights process grand jury screening criminal compensation seizure private property eminent domain amendment basis court decision arizona established defendants informed rights attorney self prior interrogation police sixth amendment criminal accused shall enjoy right public trial jury state district crime shall committed district shall previously law informed nature cause accusation confronted witnesses compulsory process obtaining witnesses favor assistance counsel defence sixth amendment establishes number rights defendant criminal trial public trial trial jury informed criminal charges confront witnesses witnesses appear court assistance counsel court ruled amendment guaranteed right legal representation state federal courts seventh amendment suits common law value controversy shall exceed dollars right trial jury shall preserved fact tried jury shall examined court united_states according rules common law seventh amendment guarantees jury trials federal civil cases deal claims dollars prohibits judges findings fact federal civil trials court ruled amendment requirements fulfilled jury minimum members seventh parts bill rights incorporated applied states eighth amendment excessive bail shall required excessive fines imposed cruel unusual inflicted eighth amendment excessive fines leaves term excessive open interpretation frequently clause amendment cruel unusual punishment clause occasionally applied supreme_court prior 1970s generally cases dealing means execution georgia members court found capital punishment violation amendment arguing clause reflect evolving standards public opinion changed found certain practices capital trials arbitrary resulting majority decision effectively halted executions united_states years executions resumed following georgia found capital punishment constitutional jury directed concrete sentencing guidelines court found poor prison conditions constitute cruel unusual punishment ninth amendment constitution certain rights shall deny retained people ninth amendment declares additional fundamental rights exist outside constitution rights constitution explicit list individual rights rarely mentioned supreme_court decisions second half 20th century cited justices connecticut court case statute prohibiting use infringement right marital privacy right turn foundation supreme_court built decisions landmark cases including wade overturned texas law making crime assist woman abortion pennsylvania law required awareness prior obtaining abortion tenth amendment powers delegated united_states constitution prohibited states reserved states respectively people tenth amendment principles separation powers providing powers granted federal government constitution prohibited states reserved states people amendment provides new powers rights states preserves authority matters specifically granted federal government display honoring bill rights george_washington fourteen copies bill rights congress original thirteen states copies georgia maryland new_york pennsylvania went missing new_york copy thought destroyed fire unidentified copies missing thought georgia maryland copies survive north_carolina copy stolen state capitol union soldier following civil war fbi sting operation recovered copy retained congress display constitution declaration independence charters freedom room washington december years display signs deterioration noted documents appeared preserved accordingly updated september remarks president stated true american revolution power declare principles stand power equality person god responsibility government secure rights president declared december bill rights day commemorating anniversary ratification bill rights virginia copy bill rights toured country honor visiting capitals states | United States Bill of Rights | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
11224_SeventeenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution | seventeenth amendment united_states constitution seventeenth amendment amendment united_states_constitution established popular election people states amendment article clauses constitution senators elected state procedure filling senate allowing state permit governors temporary appointments special election held amendment proposed 62nd congress law ratified required state implemented special elections maryland november alabama nationwide november election text senate united_states shall composed senators state elected people thereof years senator shall vote state shall qualifications numerous branch state happen representation state senate executive authority state shall issue election fill provided legislature state executive thereof temporary appointments people fill election legislature direct amendment shall affect election term senator chosen valid constitution background original composition originally article clauses constitution state legislature elected state senators year term state regardless size entitled senators connecticut compromise small large states contrasted house_of_representatives body elected popular vote described decision time sole advocate popularly senate proposal defeated advantages original method senators prior constitution federal body states effectively formed permanent treaties citizens retaining loyalty original state constitution states central government election senators states anti protection states powers federal government providing check power federal government additionally longer terms avoidance popular election turned senate body temper house representatives operated year direct election cycle making frequently constituents senators afford detached view issues coming congress state retained theoretical right senators vote proposals giving states direct indirect representation federal government senate formal members senate house responsible completely distinct helped defeat problem federal government subject special interests members considered senate equivalent upper house containing better men society hoped provide stability house_of_representatives senators status issues according judge favor popular elections senators believed primary problems caused original provisions legislative corruption electoral sense elections bought sold changing hands favors sums money candidate senate investigated elections corruption example election senate concluded bought votes montana legislature analysts believe concern largely hard information subject century legislative elections senators cases contested allegations electoral issue state charged deciding appoint senators system relied able agree states delayed sending representatives congress cases system broke point states completely lacked representation senate started issue 1850s dead locked indiana legislature allowing senate seat sit vacant years elections different states extreme example senate seat delaware went business holding elections caused great disruption state choosing swear oath office dispute open senate seat result legislature unable pass legislation year argues issue problem exception norm elections 19th century newly admitted western states suffered inexperienced weak party discipline western gained experience frequent utah suffered good teaching experience utah failed elect senators concern occurred state unable conduct normal business writing notes fact occur situation state deal matter holding vote beginning day legislators continue normal affairs state legislative elections perceived dominated business picking senators senator noted senate vital issue legislative campaigns policy qualifications state legislative candidates ignored voters interested indirect senate election remedy state created advisory elections served facto general elections allowing legislative campaigns focus local issues calls reform calls constitutional amendment senate elections started early 19th century proposing amendment provide popular election similar amendments introduced prominent proponent raised issue considered idea merits additional explanation necessary 1860s major congressional dispute issue house senate voting veto appointment senate approval majority vote office reaction congress passed bill july required state elect senators absolute majority 1890s support introduction direct election senate substantially increased worked fronts incorporated direct election senators platform adopted oregon passed law based selection senators popular vote oregon soon followed nebraska proponents popular election noted states non binding senate candidates candidates voted public effectively serving advisory instructing state vote campaigned states introduce similar method opened nationwide popular readership direct election senators series articles flamboyant language attacking treason senate yellow journalists president called described rhode_island principal traitor lot control senate theft bribes state gain election senate state began petition congress direct election senators house thirds vote amendment joint resolution reached senate failed neglect time house approved appropriate resolution time died senate second national legislative worked constitutional amendment strongly supported house_of_representatives initially opposed senate notes state lose power reforms went supportive campaign state passed resolutions calling constitutional amendment allowing direct election year republican senators opposed reform forced seats acting wake senate included opponents counted respected figures number root cared strongly issue passage seventeenth amendment refused stand election senate argued popular election highlighting perceived flaws existing system specifically corruption electoral populist sentiment important populist argument need senators acute sense responsibility people felt lacked election state seen step wishes american people led senate sort aristocratic body far removed people reach special interest welfare settlement west continuing absorption hundreds thousands immigrants expanded sense people replied people permanent trusted body state moving responsibility election senators passing hands body lasted day changing renowned senators elected directly large number senators experience house directly elected constitutional amendment pointless reform considered opponents threaten rights independence states sovereign entitled separate branch congress send ambassadors countered argument change mode senators elected change responsibilities senate freshman class brought new hope fourteen thirty newly elected senators elected party amounted popular choice states half states form primary selection senate senate finally joined house submit seventeenth amendment states ratification nearly ninety years presented senate political parties state national level pledged form direct election states introduced use direct seven states called constitutional convention subject states needed reach threshold arizona new_mexico achieved year bringing total number states expected support motion alabama wyoming states passed resolutions favor convention formally calling proposal ratification proposed congress house_of_representatives passed house joint resolution proposing constitutional amendment direct election senators included race rider meant bar federal intervention cases racial discrimination voters turn century blacks south poor whites state passing provisions practice meant millions population political representation south party states resolution came senate substitute resolution rider proposed kansas adopted vote voting nearly year later house accepted change conference report seventeenth amendment approved senate april house voting ratification states having passed congress amendment sent states ratification ratified massachusetts arizona june minnesota june new_york january kansas january oregon january north_carolina january california january michigan january iowa january montana january idaho january west_virginia february colorado february nevada february texas february washington february wyoming february arkansas february maine february illinois february february wisconsin february indiana february new_hampshire february vermont february south february oklahoma february ohio february missouri march new mexico march nebraska march new_jersey march tennessee april pennsylvania april connecticut april states having ratified seventeenth amendment certified secretary state constitution amendment subsequently ratified louisiana june alabama april delaware july rejecting amendment march maryland april rhode_island june utah legislature rejected amendment february action amendment completed florida georgia kentucky mississippi south_carolina virginia effect seventeenth amendment altered process changed way filled original constitutional provision state filled senator left office end term seventeenth amendment provides state grant governors right temporary appointments special election provided fill seat power election granted governor immediate dramatic impact political composition supreme_court required man vote rural counties cities given equal weight state enabling rural vote equal city votes state given republicans control senate senate elections direct election vote represented equally democrats retained control senate reputation corrupt arbitrary state continued decline senate joined house_of_representatives implementing popular reforms judge argued amendment led complete state props state based check congress progressive measures enacted enable federal government states repeatedly decades argues separation state senate beneficial effect states allowed state legislative campaigns focus local national issues new deal legislation example expanding federal regulation state promoting local state interests coal oil corn cotton agrees saying senator free ignore state interests senators incentive use advice consent powers install supreme_court justices inclined increase federal power expense state sovereignty half 20th century popularly elected senate confirming nominations republican democratic supreme_court began apply bill rights states state laws harmed individual state citizens direct elections senate oklahoma admitted chose senator legislative election times twice admitted oklahoma reelected advisory popular vote new_mexico admitted chose senators arizona admitted chose senators advisory popular vote alaska hawaii admitted chosen senator direct elections senate following seventeenth amendment adopted maryland november class special election vacancy term ending alabama class special election vacancy term ending nationwide class senators term nationwide class senators term nationwide class senators term interpretation advocacy reform pennsylvania circuit faced situation following death senator pennsylvania governor provided replacement special election include primary voter prospective candidate argued lack primary violated seventeenth amendment right vote fourteenth amendment circuit rejected arguments ruling seventeenth amendment require subject analysis statutes restricting authority governors appoint temporary replacements constitutional writing hastings constitutional law quarterly claims wyoming requirement governor fill vacancy person party person vacated senate seat seventeenth amendment based text seventeenth amendment states legislature state executive thereof temporary appointments amendment legislature delegate authority governor authority delegated permit legislature intervene authority decide governor shall power appoint temporary senators fashion argues engaging interpretation examining meaning constitutional provisions interpret fashion provides benefit able restrict gubernatorial appointment authority provides substantial benefit states controversy effects seventeenth amendment advocates emerged reform repeal amendment president barack_obama administration sitting democratic senators left senate appointed executive branch positions barack_obama president vice president secretary state secretary interior controversies developed successor appointments illinois governor new_york governor new interest aroused provision senate appointment governor accordingly senator wisconsin representative david california proposed amendment remove power senators john_mccain sponsors representative movement arguing seventeenth amendment entirely claiming protect states rights reduce power federal government march utah legislature approved senate joint resolution asking congress offer amendment united_states constitution repeal seventeenth amendment | Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
11680_ConstitutionofVirginia | document defines limits powers state government basic rights citizens like state supreme virginia laws acts government superseded united_states_constitution federal law supremacy clause original enacted conjunction declaration independence thirteen states united_states_of_america virginia early state adopt constitution june document widely influential united_states abroad addition frequent amendments major subsequent revisions constitution conventions commission amendments new reaction periods major regional social virginia instance constitution included provisions african americans nearly state population regain suffrage passage federal civil rights legislation mid-1960s historic preparation virginia constitution began early midst early events american revolution drafted constitution virginia representative philadelphia time drafts virginia constitution arrived late incorporated final document work virginia constitution helped develop ideas skills later use main architects united_states_constitution constitution declared dissolution rule great_britain virginia accused england king george iii establishing established separation governmental powers creation legislative body state governor virginia chief magistrate executive accompanying virginia declaration rights written primarily mason focuses guarantees basic human rights freedoms fundamental purpose government turn served model number historic documents including united states bill rights critically constitution limited right vote primarily property owners men wealth effectively concentrated power hands landowners aristocracy dissatisfaction power structure come dominate virginia constitutional debate century 1820s virginia states limited voting landowners addition representation county population residents increasingly populous area west_virginia grown limited representation legislature pressure increased constitutional convention convened convention largely contest eastern virginia elite affluent farmers issues representation suffrage dominated debate delegates convention included prominent convention ultimately compromised suffrage requirements reduced number delegates senators resulting constitution ratified popular majority voters western state ended voting underlying tensions remained addressed later census majority white residents state lived western virginia legislature continued property requirement voting held sufficient property vote compounded dissatisfaction scheme adopted based counties population giving power fewer whites lived eastern state kept grip legislature state legislature elected governor lieutenant governor united_states senators western felt little influence state leadership attempts win electoral reform virginia legislature defeated time began openly discuss abolition slavery state ultimately eastern continue ignore discontent new constitutional convention called resolve continuing tensions significant change adopted constitution elimination property requirement voting resulting extension suffrage white males voting age constitution established popular election governor newly created office lieutenant governor virginia judges election state officers legislature political appointment judges changes virginia constitution known reform constitution virginia legislature voted events leading american_civil_war western northern counties set separate government governor civil war separate restored government approved creation west_virginia separate state admitted union approved new constitution constitution product divided state government original constitution adopted legislature popular vote constitution abolished slavery virginia men served confederate government recognized creation adjusted number terms office members foreword current virginia constitution include constitution list previous notes constitution drafted wartime conditions uncertain legal status end civil war virginia came briefly military rule reconstruction district commanded federal reconstruction legislation called new constitutional convention meet richmond december april protest suffrage virginia conservative whites refused participate voting delegates result republicans led judge dominated convention opponents called result constitution gave suffrage significant provisions included expanding suffrage male citizens age included establishing state public school system time mandatory funding attendance providing judges elected general_assembly popular vote controversy clauses continued temporary confederate government members delayed adoption constitution eventual compromise provided separate voting clauses rest constitution failed win approval remainder constitution ratified popular vote went effect late nineteenth century white democrats regained power state south passed laws establishing racial segregation public facilities restricting lives blacks beginning mississippi began new amendments electoral laws african american voters means poll taxes literacy tests residential requirements passed supreme_court review worked poor blacks poor whites turn 20th century southern states essentially eliminated black vote pressure mounted whites virginia ostensibly way stop electoral fraud corruption constitutional convention met climate members focused restricting black voting rights violating fifteenth amendment united_states constitution poor whites led future senator convention created requirements prospective voters pay poll taxes pass literacy test administered white exemption granted kind grandfather clause military veterans sons veterans virtually white changes effectively black voters whites unable meet new requirements blacks nearly population succeeding elections virginia electorate reduced nearly half result changes voter turnout return levels statewide population twice size small electorate key maintaining dominant power years significant provisions constitution imposed racial segregation public schools existed facto basis abolished county court system constitution provided creation regulate growing power railroads concern african american opposition convention honor pledge proposed constitution popular vote like constitution loyalist government civil war legislature adopted constitution ratification electorate effect far longer previous virginia constitution current constitution result challenging restrictions discrimination practiced blacks exercise constitutional rights series supreme_court cases beginning brown 24th amendment federal legislation civil rights act voting rights act overturned controversial aspects constitution provisions restricting voting african americans school segregation combined election governor impetus governmental change strongly advocated strict constitutional restrictions state issued bonds borrowing power popularity push new constitution joint resolution approved new commission chaired governor revise constitution presented report recommendations governor general_assembly january continued work draft final consensus version proposed constitution overwhelmingly approved voters virginia included african american men women following passage federal civil rights legislation mid-1960s took effect july current consists articles article bill rights article contains entire original constitution sections expanded incorporate concepts united states bill rights including right process prohibition double jeopardy right bear arms like federal constitution virginia bill rights states listing certain rights exclude rights held people victims rights amendment added commonwealth case far interpret amendment victims rights amendment support ruling alleged rape victim compelled submit psychiatric evaluation november virginia voters ratified amendment previously approved general_assembly prohibiting sex marriage added bill rights amendment prohibits recognition union partnership legal status unmarried people intends approximate marriage rights benefits obligations qualities effects marriage virginia attorney general issued opinion stating amendment change legal status documents contracts unmarried people amendment declared violation united_states_constitution judge february ruled failure provide sex marriage state effect violating rights equal protection law required fourteenth amendment united_states_constitution article franchise officers second article constitution sets procedures mechanisms voting elections holding office section virginia resident age vote state elections voting age reduced amendment federal constitution denies vote people determined mentally incompetent convicted convicted found consistent constitution general_assembly given wide power regulate time place manner elections section establishes qualifications hold office virginia person virginia resident year eligible vote statute rule requiring qualifications invalid section general_assembly impose local residency requirements election local governmental bodies election assembly representation particular districts article iii division powers article iii section confirming principle separation powers legislative executive judicial branches government unlike federal constitution virginia constitution explicitly provides branch exercise powers properly belong separation branches government listed right people article article legislature article establishes basic structure authority virginia legislature legislative power state consists article gives legislature power members executive judicial branches original article forbade incorporation churches report recognized prohibition probably invalid federal district court virginia ruled april provision virginia constitution fact unconstitutional federal constitutional right free exercise religion court found unconstitutional deny church option incorporate state law groups incorporate amendment striking ban church incorporation approved virginia voters november article executive fifth article similarly defines structure powers executive branch governor virginia invested chief executive article provides governor run successive terms offices lieutenant governor attorney general established supporting elected constitutional positions constitutional powers governor include ability sign legislation veto bills veto thirds majority houses assembly issue article judiciary article judicial power subordinate courts created general_assembly judges appointed majority vote general_assembly terms years supreme_court justices years judges supreme_court authority rules governing practice law procedures courts commonwealth rules chief justice supreme_court established administrative head virginia judicial system article vii local government article vii constitution sets basic framework structure function local government virginia local government established town population city population county regional government level article vii gives general_assembly power create general laws organization governing political subdivisions regional governments created consent majority voters region section establishes constitutional offices treasurer sheriff commonwealth attorney clerk court commissioner revenue elected city county virginia article viii education compulsory free primary secondary public education virginia child focus article viii general_assembly empowered determine funding educational system cost state local government state established create school divisions overall educational policies supervision individual schools delegated local school boards provided article corporations primary purpose article create charged laws regulate corporations issues charters virginia corporations licenses business foreign corporations section article prohibits foreign corporations virginia virginia corporation article taxation finance article establishes basic structure taxation personal property virginia article non exempt real personal property subject taxation fair market value section sets lengthy list exempt property includes church property non profit school property significant additions article include budget amendment effective establishes lottery proceeds fund requiring proceeds lottery set aside educational purposes article conservation article states general policy commonwealth preserve protect conserve state natural historic resources general_assembly permitted policies entering public private partnerships partnerships federal agencies amendment added establishes hunting fishing constitutional rights legislature enact appropriate regulations restrictions rights article future changes article creates mechanism future changes constitution amendment constitution passed majority legislative houses proposed amendment held consideration succeeding elected legislature passed majority house amendment goes general ballot enacted constitution approved majority voters alternatively thirds majority virginia houses creation constitutional convention revisions amendments proposed constitutional convention presented citizens virginia law approval majority voters subsequent amendments additional amendments passed general_assembly approved voter conform provisions congressional statute voting age reduced eighteen voting residency requirements removed voter registration motor voter act additionally virginia constitution provides general_assembly session following governor veto right people hunt fish harvest game guaranteed passed amendment limiting marriage unions man woman overturned perennial discussion virginia unique constitutional status restricting governor consecutive term distinctive method selecting trial judges state legislature shared south_carolina | Constitution of Virginia | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
12404_SectionThirty-fouroftheCanadianCharterofRightsandFreedoms | section thirty canadian charter rights freedoms section canadian charter rights freedoms section canada entrenched constitution act section provides guidance legal citation charter section interpreted canadian writers analyzed intention meaning section charter constitution act came focus member parliament proposed change charter text heading citation section reads function section constitution act came force april according government canada section function simply relates citation section sections constitution act collectively called canadian charter rights freedoms official english version french version section states des constitutional scholar suggested section size scope charter section sections come compose charter sections constitution act including section rights section payments charter rights significant section constitution act allows limits charter rights apply sections means judicial remedy section act available sections section refers charter discussion canadian poet analyzed section calling bland wrote dull signalling fear excitement imply charter rights radical constitutional change despite fact potentially revolutionary constitutional monarchy considering canadian charter rights freedoms clarke felt word canadian hinted canadian nationalism compared french declaration rights man citizen united states bill rights saying documents written men emerged conflict remembered canada noted drama charter written threat quebec section section rights section action charter change country debated changing canadian charter rights freedoms canadian charter rights freedoms responsibilities parliamentary secretary pointed constitutional amendment particularly section section establishes charter title charter title constitution believed formula needed requiring support seven provincial governments representing half canada population suggested change believing necessary felt nation replied canadian charter rights freedoms statement canadians rights freedoms canadians deeply value democratic society added section implied need responsibilities necessary change title charter emphasize integral relationship individual rights responsibility rest society | Section Thirty-four of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
12560_UnitedStatesconstitutionalcriminalprocedure | united_states constitutional criminal procedure united_states_constitution contains provisions law criminal procedure jury venue provisions complaints declaration independence included article united states constitution criminal procedure provisions contained united states bill rights specifically fifth sixth exception grand jury clause fifth amendment clause sixth amendment maybe eighth amendment criminal procedure provisions bill rights incorporated apply state governments rights regulate pre trial procedure access non excessive bail right indictment grand jury right information charging document right trial right tried specific venue rights trial rights right compulsory process obtaining witnesses trial right confront witnesses trial right public trial right trial jury selected specific geography right compelled testify oneself assistance counsel process rights application proceeding defendant convicted usual remedy violation provisions reversal conviction modification defendant sentence exception structural errors total denial counsel constitutional errors subject harmless error analysis harmless reasonable doubt exception double jeopardy violation government usually permitted defendant provisions source nearly errors federal review state convictions relevant text article section clause united states constitution provides trial crimes shall jury trial shall held state said crimes shall committed committed state trial shall place places congress law directed fifth amendment united_states_constitution provides relevant person shall held answer capital infamous crime indictment grand jury cases arising land naval forces militia actual service time war public danger shall person subject offense twice jeopardy life limb shall compelled criminal case witness deprived life liberty property process law sixth amendment united_states_constitution provides criminal accused shall enjoy right public trial jury state district crime shall committed district shall previously law informed nature cause accusation confronted witnesses compulsory process obtaining witnesses favor assistance counsel defence eighth amendment united states constitution provides relevant excessive bail shall required fourteenth amendment united_states_constitution provides relevant shall state person life liberty property process law deny person jurisdiction equal protection laws history supreme_court united_states issued constitutional criminal procedure decisions century existence professor highlights reasons court decision baltimore meant federal constitution apply state proceedings incorporation bill rights fourteenth amendment second court lacked general jurisdiction federal criminal cases possessed jurisdiction criminal cases error state courts original corpus certificates division circuit courts cases involving certificates division decided issues double jeopardy clearly rely double jeopardy clause similarly discussed level detail required sufficient indictment explicitly citing information clause sixth amendment appeals state courts considered rejected double jeopardy claims arising hypothetical prospect prosecution federal state governments conduct supreme_court decisions reverse state criminal convictions constitutional procedural reasons involved exclusion african americans grand west_virginia virginia delaware carter texas rogers alabama alabama conviction african american defendants crimes involving white victims southern states mob dominated trial moore counsel alabama pre trial procedure bail amend viii provides excessive bail shall required stack case supreme_court held bail imposed excessive court found excessive relation flight risk defendants charged smith act united_states court upheld bail reform act authorized consideration future determination denial bail incorporation status unclear court stated bail course basic system law eighth amendment excessive bail assumed application states fourteenth amendment murphy hunt court reach issue case dismissed bail included list incorporated rights mcdonald chicago citing grand jury amend provides person shall held answer capital infamous crime indictment grand jury cases arising land naval forces militia actual service time war public danger grand jury clause applies capital infamous crimes crime imprisonment infamous convicted crimes greater year imprisonment confined crime hard labor regardless term place imprisonment infamous contempt court punished greater year imprisonment infamous california supreme_court held grand jury clause incorporated apply states fourteenth amendment grand jury right element charged crime submitted grand jury prosecution augment indictment returning grand jury government narrow indictment returning grand jury clause little regulate procedures grand jury example clause prohibit grand jury indictment based solely evidence non fundamental flaws grand jury violation defendant self rights violation grand jury secrecy trigger right tried united_states williams court rejected rule required substantial evidence presented grand jury defendant argue fifth amendment violation lack grand jury court jurisdiction defendant grand jury right information amend provides criminal accused shall enjoy right informed nature cause accusation charging instrument sufficient clause grand jury clause contains elements offense intended charged sufficiently defendant prepared meet shows accuracy extent double jeopardy subsequent prosecution right incorporated case submitted grand jury indictment satisfy requirement cases required submitted grand jury formal charging instrument referred information federal system states complaint trial amend provides criminal accused shall enjoy right trial trial clause delay bringing formal criminal charge pre trial accused liberty start trial clause incorporated apply state supreme_court announced factors relevant determination trial clause violation length delay reason delay defendant demanded trial prejudice applying court found violation united_states involved year period indictment arrest possible remedy trial clause violation dismissal prejudice venue art iii provides trial crimes shall held state said crimes shall committed committed state trial shall place places congress law directed perceived abuse english criminal venue law grievances united_states declaration independence accused united_kingdom transporting seas tried pretended offenses said crimes shall committed language refers determined nature crime alleged location act acts single crime rise venues venue individual defendant personally present relevant state example conspiracy prosecuted agreement occurred overt act committed purposes constitutional venue boundaries states questions law determined judge location crime question fact determined jury venue provision article iii regulating location trial distinct clause sixth amendment regulating geography jury pool selected unit state unit later state judicial district unlike judicial districts clause consistent article iii congress provide place trial provided offense committed change place trial commission offense trial procedure compulsory process amend provides criminal accused shall enjoy right compulsory process obtaining witnesses favor compulsory process clause guarantees defendant right obtain favorable witnesses trial example clause prevents jurisdiction defendants calling witnesses similarly clause prevents government witness testimony material favorable defense right pre reasonable procedural rules right prevent defense witnesses discovery confrontation amend provides criminal accused shall enjoy right confronted witnesses washington supreme_court held confrontation clause bars admission statements witness appear trial exceptions established time founding appears cross examination trial confrontation clause places constraints use prior statements long present trial defend explain davis washington court held clause places restrictions statements completely define term held term covers applies minimum prior testimony preliminary hearing grand jury trial police laboratory reports forensic tests defendant right cross examine analyst statements police interrogation circumstances indicate primary purpose interrogation enable police assistance meet ongoing emergency circumstances objective indicate ongoing emergency primary purpose interrogation establish prove past events potentially relevant later criminal prosecution relevant inquiry actual purpose individuals involved particular encounter purpose reasonable participants individuals statements actions circumstances encounter occurred exception established founding witness unavailable testify defendant prior opportunity cross examination exception wrongdoing defendant intends obtain absence witness wrongdoing exception use statements purposes establishing truth matter asserted possible exception dying statements speaker brink death aware dying jury art iii provides trial crimes shall jury amend provides criminal accused shall enjoy right trial jury state district crime shall committed district shall previously law complaints declaration independence accused king george iii cases benefits trial jury availability depending authorized actual sentence demand criminal defendant right trial jury defendant right conversely bench trial consent prosecution defendant charged crimes authorized sentence exceeds months state federal court defendant right jury defendant right trial jury actual sentence exceeds months charged crime maximum authorized sentence contempt court defendant right jury stacked cumulative authorized imprisonment exceeds months long actual sentence factors actual authorized sentences relevant seriousness far court pushed expanding jury right trial judge obligation ensure jury especially media coverage means jury selection including dire cause challenges jury jury instructions example require court permit dire subject potential racial prejudice circumstances sixth amendment requires trial judge grant defendant change venue motion jury obtained sixth amendment availability use cause challenges example jurisdiction granting prosecution cause removal oppose death penalty demanded regard willing consider penalties provided state law committed trial begun vote penalty death regardless facts circumstances emerge course proceedings defendant obliged use challenges cure trial court erroneous denial defendant cause challenge defendant defendant rely error automatic reversal size supreme_court held member sufficient member verdict required member required member provision requiring jury drawn state district crime shall committed district shall previously law known clause clause places limits prosecution crimes committed state clause prevent crime tried jury different division federal judicial district district crime committed fifth sixth circuits held clause incorporated states fourteenth amendment public trial amend provides criminal accused shall enjoy right public trial defendant right courtroom open public absent showing substantial government interest addressed alternatives closure right public trial extends pre trial matters suppression hearing jury selection roots traditional anglo american distrust secret trials variously ascribed notorious use practice french monarchy abuse sixth amendment public trial right held defendant excluded public ability assert independently public substantially similar amendment right attend self amend provides shall person compelled criminal case witness primarily law criminal investigations clause protects self occur trial clause prevents government compelling defendant testify trial defendant chooses testify clause prevents state requiring testify defendant claim privilege self respect cross examination scope direct examination similarly clause comment prosecution accused silence instructions court silence evidence guilt principle applies sentencing phase plea guilty defendant entitled jury instruction forbidding adverse failure testify defendant entitled prevent instruction fifth amendment privilege defendant matter constitutional right await end state case announcing nature defense await jury verdict state case chief deciding stand example jurisdiction require defendant disclose intended witnesses trial double jeopardy amend provides shall person subject offense twice jeopardy life limb double jeopardy clause encompasses distinct subsequent prosecution subsequent prosecution conviction subsequent prosecution certain multiple punishment indictment jeopardy jury witness sworn plea accepted dual sovereignty doctrine permits federal government state proceed separately prosecution government permitted appeal try entry directed verdict case submitted jury directed verdict jury reversal direct appeal higher court implied conviction lesser included offense addition government barred defense fact necessarily found jury prior jury hung counts principle prevent government appealing pre trial motion dismiss non merits dismissal directed verdict jury conviction prevent trial judge entertaining motion directed verdict jurisdiction provided rule statute prevent government defendant jury reversal including thirteenth notwithstanding principle jeopardy terminated exception judicial jury multiple punishment including prosecution conviction united_states supreme_court announced following test government separately try punish defendant crimes crime contains element default rule intends depart example punished separately conspiracy test originally developed multiple context test prosecution conviction court held double jeopardy violation lie test satisfied overruled united_states prosecution rule depends sought defendant moves bar prosecutor acted bad faith defendant moving government specifically wanted prosecutor moves bar trial judge finds manifest necessity granting standard granted assistance counsel amend provides criminal accused shall enjoy right assistance counsel defence assistance counsel clause includes relevant distinct rights right counsel choice right appointed counsel right denied counsel right conflict free counsel effective assistance counsel right represent oneself pro defendant sixth amendment right counsel civil proceeding including hearing consequence criminal conviction choice counsel defendant given opportunity retain counsel entitled appointed counsel subject considerations conflicts interest scheduling counsel authorization practice law jurisdiction counsel willingness represent defendant pro fee criminal defendants right represented counsel choice remedy erroneous choice counsel automatic reversal united_states court held sixth amendment exception criminal conviction government seek paid legal fees statute notwithstanding effect defendant ability retain counsel choice appointment counsel defendant unable retain counsel right appointed counsel government expense supreme_court recognized right gradually currently applies federal state criminal proceedings defendant faces authorized imprisonment greater year defendant actually imprisoned defendant right appointed counsel sentenced actual imprisonment sentenced year conviction later enhance sentencing crime probation result actual imprisonment defendant right appointed counsel raise arguments direct appeal raise arguments appeal facing execution denial counsel appointed retained clause protects role counsel certain attributes attorney client relationship example clause requires defendant given time consult counsel counsel given time investigate case pre trial clause prohibits state barring defendant cross examined counsel restricting order defendant called witness court prevent defendant consulting counsel overnight cross examination defendant similarly defendant right counsel closing argument bench trial conflict free counsel counsel retained appointed defendant right counsel conflict interest actual conflict interest present conflict results adverse effect representation result automatic reversal general rule conflicts waived conflicts ineffective assistance counsel washington court held review defendant obtain relief defendant demonstrates defense counsel performance fell objective standard performance performance reasonable probability result proceeding different prejudice satisfy prejudice defendant pleads guilty reasonable probability counsel performance guilty kentucky court held counsel failure inform alien pleading guilty risk fell objective standard performance permitted alien guilty failure withdraw guilty plea satisfy prejudice defendant rejects prosecution plea offer reasonable probability counsel performance offer accepted defendant withdrawn prosecution accepted court sentence actually received exceeded received plea pro representation california court held criminal defendant right voluntarily opt pro representation trial right violated appointment standby counsel constitutional right self representation appeal clauses general constitutional provisions apply exclusively criminal matters contrast process equal protection clauses substantial application outside criminal law process amend provides shall person deprived life liberty property process law amend provides shall state person life liberty property process law process clauses fifth apply generally stages criminal proceedings process clause fourteenth amendment vehicle incorporation rights exception grand jury clause clause maybe apply state criminal proceedings process vehicle enforcement fundamental given prosecution sound provision proof reasonable doubt process clauses require burden proof criminal cases placed government quantum proof reasonable doubt explicitly held process clause protects accused conviction proof reasonable doubt fact necessary constitute crime charged state place burden proof defense defendant erroneous denial reasonable doubt instruction structural error defendant automatic reversal erroneous definitions reasonable doubt require reversal long taken instructions correctly conveyed concept reasonable doubt jury instructions certain defendant interpreted conclusive shifting burden proof defendant unconstitutional constitutional circumstances trial court separately jury innocence addition giving reasonable doubt instruction reasonable doubt standard primarily jury instructions retains relevance trial judge considers motion directed verdict court reviews evidence federal review state conviction evidence grant relief reviewing court find record evidence trial rational fact found proof guilt reasonable doubt successive abusive federal review state conviction defendant claiming actual innocence likely reasonable found guilty reasonable doubt disclosure maryland significant specific criminal procedural right guaranteed process clauses requires criminal conviction reversed government material government possession defendant reasonable probability material disclosed result proceeding different piece piece inquiry government acted good faith bad faith irrelevant defendant prove withheld evidence import unknown obtain relief defendant instead government acted bad faith government required disclose material prior plea government disclose material plea open question mental long accepted person mental condition lacks capacity understand nature object proceedings consult counsel assist preparing defense subjected trial consistent test sufficient present ability consult lawyer reasonable degree rational understanding rational factual understanding proceedings state place burden defendant prove incompetence evidence state require defendant prove incompetence higher standard clear convincing evidence right waived constitutional rights required knowing voluntary state defendant order competent trial factual state interest punishment opposed civil confinement medication likely result medication necessary restore defendant competent stand trial competent guilty trial rights necessarily competent represent trial face state procedural rule requiring higher standard pro representation misconduct process prohibits prosecution convict defendant requires reversal reasonable likelihood verdict affected goes credibility witness equal protection amend provides shall state deny person jurisdiction equal protection laws equal protection clauses applications relevant criminal proceedings prohibition selective prosecution bases requirement jury pools represent fair cross section community prohibition use jury challenges selective prosecution defendant dismiss criminal charge ground singled prosecution race gender religion national origin similar order discovery racial selective prosecution claim defendant threshold showing government declined prosecute similarly situated suspects races defendant entitled selective prosecution based data overall population discrimination jury pool prohibits exclusion persons selection grand jury basis race regardless race defendant defendant entitled jury pool represents fair cross section community order prove fair cross section violation defendant distinctive group represented fairly reasonably jury pool proportion community systematic exclusion challenges defendant entitled fair cross section defendant guaranteed fair cross section actual grand jury jury equal protection clause regulate use challenges selection jury landmark case kentucky supreme_court reversed criminal conviction prosecutor racially motivated use challenges steps inquiry party opposing use challenge case requires second party seeking challenge provide neutral explanation challenge trial court decide explanation rationale applies equally similarly situated seated trial judge erroneously permits striking error preserved remedy automatic reversal trial judge erroneously prevents striking seated constitution permits jurisdiction utilize harmless error analysis race defendant irrelevant claim permits prosecutor challenge defense strikes reverse applies equally race gender | United States constitutional criminal procedure | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
13904_LegitimateexpectationinSingaporelaw | legitimate expectation singapore law doctrine legitimate expectation singapore protects procedural substantive rights administrative law legitimate expectation generally arises representation certain outcome public authorities individual representation abuse power doctrine legitimate expectation ground decisions public authorities firmly established english courts public authority representation individual affected decision authority individual legitimate expectation views heard decision taken alternatively individual legitimate expectation substantive right recognition substantive legitimate expectations somewhat controversial requires balancing requirements reasons change authority policy suggests adoption free standing approach said apply administrative law procedural dimension doctrine legitimate expectation recognized singapore courts substantive form doctrine courts adopt approach regard measuring legitimate expectation ruler remains open question development doctrine english courts legitimate expectation procedural right doctrine legitimate expectation originates common law principles english courts developed doctrine largely encourage good administration prevent abuses decision makers generally courts grant judicial review administrative decision based individual legitimate expectation public authority representation individual powers individual representation clear promise established practice public announcement largely factual inquiry key idea certain circumstances representation public authority individual affected decision authority individual heard decision deny right heard amounts court inclined decision reliance individual representation demonstrated house_of_lords decision minister case case involved trade unions employees government signals intelligence department argued expectation consulted minister took decision deny right join trade unions minister argued necessary step trade unions conducting strikes crippled operations threatened national security united_kingdom court established past trade unions consulted employment related matters rule clearly recognized individual legitimate expectation consulted decision taken proven practice representation come form clear promise hear individual established practice consult affected taking decision nonetheless facts case agreed review minister decision legitimate expectation decision national security grounds legitimate expectation substantive benefit english courts initially recognizing individual legitimate expectation substantive benefit arising representation authorities notion protecting substantive legitimate expectation espoused high_court decision shore fisheries ltd controversial case justice formulated framework legitimate expectations balance requirements decision maker reasons change policy step development doctrine prescribed treaty european_union case law decision fabric judicial review banner expanding doctrine fair administration despite clear rejection self standing ground review house_of_lords secretary state court appeal opined secretary state matters substance contrasted procedure provides correct test high_court introduced idea public authority decision unlawful kept corners matters ought consider come conclusion reasonable authority come claimed substantive expectation court judge expectation protected broader public interest court intervene decision maker exercise discretion satisfied threshold courts role protecting substantive legitimate expectations clearly established wales north case involved promised local authority new nursing home home life court granted application review ground legitimate expectation substantive benefit staying nursing home promised local authority set approach taken procedural substantive legitimate expectations procedural legitimate expectations concerned courts require opportunity consultation given reason national security concern arose case regards substantive legitimate expectations courts decide cases lie called political field expectation confined person people giving promise representation character contract situation public authority required bear mind previous policy representation giving weight thinks right deciding change course court review authority decision ground hand assessing case second situation court decides authority expectation unfair amounts abuse power court weigh requirements individual interests relied authorities justify change policy slightly different approach adopted lord justice appeal secretary state education employment suggested categories sealed secretary state expanded taking approach public body promise practice future conduct denied circumstances public body legal duty response court judge judge having regard legitimate aim pursued public body public interest view expressed court assess unfair authority legitimate expectation expectation confined person people giving promise representation character contract secretary state foreign accepted members group close thousand thousand people legitimate expectation substantive benefit following government announcement intentions person convinces court substantive legitimate expectation frustrated usual remedy court order public authority expectation borough council held decision question informed social political value priorities expenditure appropriate authority decision court order authority merely reconsider decision taking account person substantive legitimate expectation criticized allowing doctrine affect administrative law court judge merits case granting review grounds substantive legitimate expectation sense discretion executive branch government arguably inconsistent court traditional role judicial review avoid examining merits administrative decisions compliance law singapore legitimate expectation procedural right courts accepted existence procedural substantive legitimate expectations malaysian national declared prohibited immigrant section immigration act entry permit singapore employment pass cancelled appeal minister home affairs rejected took application high_court decision minister ground application legitimate expectation procedural rights opportunity representations minister considered case immigration act duty minister reasons decision judgment justice considered secretary state home affairs decided wales found procedural principles govern administration singapore immigration laws similar decided alien right enter country leave home secretary refuse leave giving reason alien given leave enter country limited period right stay legitimate expectation allowed stay day longer permitted period alien application extension stay refused reasons hearing rules natural justice apply furthermore lord espoused view alien permit stay revoked time limit ought given opportunity making representations legitimate expectation allowed stay permitted time argument advanced counsel persuade court alien possession entry permit expired country date interest portion carries public law right fair procedure minister desires terminate leave stay prematurely high_court judge considered proposition conceded attractive ultimately dismissed argument saying supported english authority position singapore different stated parliament provided immigration act appeals right heard given statutory recognition protection act right appeal minister required reasons rejection appeal common law immigration act legitimate expectation substantive benefit existence doctrine substantive legitimate expectation singapore public law accepted case public prosecutor judgment written behalf court chief justice stated idea doctrine certain expectations suitable circumstances protection acquire force legal right nonetheless court stated concerned judicial review deciding claim legitimate expectation future applying interpretation gave life imprisonment separate matter consideration decided cases indicate doctrine substantive legitimate expectation developed way developed argument raised legitimate expectation continue reside singapore entry permit distinguished attorney general hong_kong case appeal hong_kong case hand case express promise government hong_kong created substantive legitimate expectation present case promise stay singapore considerations provided immigration act related regulations substantive legitimate expectation arose favour following lord case legitimate expectation arises express promise given behalf public authority existence regular practice reasonably expect continue judge discuss detailed legal rules applied determine person said legitimate expectation substantive right husband owned semi detached house wished issued circular imposing certain restrictions redevelopment semi detached houses rejected redevelopment application basis circular counsel argued high_court legitimate expectation proposal house approved court held acted way led legitimate expectation adopted conditions set 6th determine legitimate expectation created public body representation clear devoid relevant qualification induced conduct decision maker person actual authority applicable belongs class persons representation reasonably expected apply legitimate expectation arisen circular issued act accordance guidelines circumstances exception argued legitimate expectation substantive right court decided clear representation approach taken substantive legitimate expectations singapore marine singapore high_court entertain doubt doctrine substantive legitimate expectation singapore law discuss matter attorney general submissions issue subsequently differently constituted high_court held substantive legitimate expectation recognized ground judicial review following conditions satisfied prove statement representation public authority statement representation open natural interpretation interpretation applied public authority adopted presence non reliance clause cause statement representation qualified prove statement representation actual authority behalf public authority prove statement representation class persons clearly belongs prove reasonable rely statement representation circumstances case knew statement representation error chose error entitled relief similarly suspected statement representation error chose seek entitled relief iii reason opportunity entitled relief prove rely statement representation suffered result requirements met court grant relief giving effect statement representation result breach law state international obligations giving effect statement representation rights member public iii public authority national public interest frustration expectation assessment academics expressed doctrine legitimate expectation apply substantive rights argues legitimate expectations relate procedural substantive rights procedural protection minimal impact administrative autonomy relevant public authority court concerned manner decision decision fair ultimate autonomy public authorities placed jeopardy conversely giving effect substantive legitimate expectation separation powers authority entrusted parliament decisions allocation resources public interest applying legitimate expectation allows courts merits decision interference public authority discretion role exceeding proper constitutional function hand cited following passage public authority conducts create legitimate expectation certain course followed unfair authority permitted follow different course entertained expectation particularly acted doctrine legitimate expectation rooted emphasized approach taken case formal distinction procedural substantive substantive legitimate expectation executive policy making powers public authorities acting statutory powers adopt change policies reasons usually open judicial review hand job courts determine authority application policy individual led expect different exercise power cases singapore singapore law reports reissue high court singapore public prosecutor singapore archived original december high_court singapore singapore united_kingdom minister house_of_lords case north wales borough council works peter anthony gordon legitimate expectations textbook administrative law 6th oxford new_york isbn articles knight january expectations transition recent developments legitimate expectations public law june legitimate expectations english law approach roberts january public law representations substantive legitimate expectations modern law review sales philip karen legitimate expectations english law analysis public law paul substantive legitimate expectations public law april substantive legitimate expectations striking right balance law quarterly review watson jack december clarity ambiguity new approach law legitimate expectations books administrative law oxford new_york isbn thomas robert oxford isbn wade william christopher administrative law 10th oxford isbn | Legitimate expectation in Singapore law | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
14453_MagnaCarta | latin great charter liberties commonly called great charter charter agreed king john england near windsor june drafted archbishop_of_canterbury peace unpopular king group rebel barons promised protection church rights protection barons illegal imprisonment access swift justice limitations feudal payments crown implemented council barons stood commitments charter pope leading john death regency government young son reissued document stripped radical content unsuccessful bid build political support cause end war formed peace treaty agreed document acquired distinguish smaller charter forest issued time short funds henry reissued charter exchange grant new taxes son edward repeated exercise time confirming england statute law charter english political life typically renewed monarch turn time went fledgling passed new laws lost practical significance end 16th century interest lawyers historians time believed ancient english constitution going days protected individual english freedoms argued norman invasion overthrown rights popular attempt restore making charter essential foundation contemporary powers parliament legal principles corpus historical account badly flawed sir extensively early 17th century arguing divine right kings stuart monarchs james son charles attempted suppress discussion issue curtailed english civil war execution charles political myth protection ancient personal liberties persisted glorious revolution 19th century influenced early american colonists formation supreme law land new republic united_states research victorian historians showed original charter concerned medieval relationship monarch barons rights ordinary people charter remained powerful iconic document content repealed statute books 19th 20th centuries forms important symbol liberty today cited politicians held great respect british american legal communities lord describing greatest constitutional document times foundation freedom individual arbitrary authority 21st century original charter remain existence held lincoln salisbury handful subsequent charters public private ownership including copies charter united_states australia original charters written sheets heavily abbreviated medieval latin convention legal documents time sealed royal great seal sealing wax seals survived scholars refer numbered clauses modern system numbering introduced sir original charter formed single long text original charters displayed british library day february mark anniversary history 13th century background originated unsuccessful attempt achieve peace royalist rebel factions events leading outbreak england ruled king john kings kingdom robust administrative system nature government monarchs ill defined uncertain john predecessors ruled principle force taking executive arbitrary decisions justified basis king law contemporary writers believed monarchs rule accordance custom law counsel leading members realm model happen king refused john lost ancestral lands france king philip struggled regain years raising extensive taxes barons accumulate money fight war ultimately ended expensive failure following defeat allies battle john sue peace pay compensation john personally unpopular barons owed money crown little trust existed sides triumph strengthened position face defeat months return france john found rebel barons north east england organising resistance rule rebels took oath stand fast liberty church realm demanded king confirm declared king henry previous century perceived barons protect rights rebel leadership standards time united hatred john later elected leader rebel barons claimed publicly john attempted rape daughter implicated plot assassinate john john held council london january discuss potential reforms sponsored discussions oxford agents rebels spring sides appealed pope innocent iii assistance dispute negotiations rebellious barons produced initial document historians termed unknown charter liberties drew henry language seven articles document later appeared articles barons subsequent charter john hope pope valuable legal moral support accordingly john played time king declared papal vassal correctly believed count pope help john began recruiting mercenary forces france later sent avoid giving impression king escalating conflict shore support john took oath gave additional political protection church law felt promise letters backing john arrived pope april rebel barons organised military faction renounced feudal ties john marching london lincoln exeter john efforts appear moderate largely successful rebels held london attracted fresh wave king offered submit problem committee arbitration pope supreme attractive rebels archbishop_of_canterbury working rebel barons demands suggestion papal arbitration failed john instructed organise peace talks great charter john met rebel leaders water meadow south bank river_thames june traditional place assemblies located neutral ground royal fortress windsor castle rebel base offered sides security rendezvous unlikely find military disadvantage rebels presented john draft demands reform articles barons pragmatic efforts days turned incomplete demands charter capturing proposed peace agreement years later agreement renamed meaning great charter june general agreement text june rebels renewed loyalty john copies charter formally issued historian noted charter wasted time political theory went simply addressing individual complaints formed wider proposal political reform promised protection church rights protection illegal imprisonment access swift justice importantly limitations taxation feudal payments crown certain forms feudal taxation requiring consent focused rights free men particular barons rights included articles style content reflected henry wider body legal traditions including royal charters issued towns operations church courts european charters historians later labelled clause security clause council barons created monitor ensure john future adherence charter john conform charter days notified council barons empowered clause seize john castles lands judgement men compelled swear oath assist council controlling king king continue rule sense unprecedented kings previously conceded right individual resistance subjects king uphold obligations novel set formally recognised means collectively king historian argues inevitable clause result civil war crude methods disturbing implications barons trying force john charter clause heavily weighted king version charter survive john rebel barons trust seriously attempted implement peace accord barons selected new council rebels chosen barons rebels found forces disputes began emerge rebels expected charter return lands confiscated royalist faction clause contained commitment john seek obtain person grants liberties revoked diminished despite king appealed pope innocent help july arguing charter compromised pope rights john feudal lord june peace deal barons supposed surrender london august refused instructions pope arrived august written peace accord result papal commissioners rebel barons suspended office early september aware charter pope responded detail letter dated august arriving late september declared charter illegal john forced accept accordingly charter void validity threat king observe charter barons try enforce violence broken sides months agreed john loyalist barons firmly failed charter erupted rebel barons concluded peace john impossible turned son future help offering english throne war soon settled stalemate king ill died night october leaving year old heir lists participants great charter charter failure peace treaty resurrected new government young way drawing support away rebel faction deathbed king john appointed council thirteen help henry reclaim kingdom requested son placed famous knights england william boy papal england oversaw coronation october young king inherited difficult situation half england occupied rebels substantial support intended win civil war henry punish rebels set strengthening ties england starting coronation henry gave homage recognising pope feudal lord pope iii declared henry pope vassal ward complete authority protect henry kingdom additional measure henry took cross declaring entitled special protection rome war going loyalists rebel barons finding difficult progress john death rebel concerns royal castles holding occupied parts country henry government encouraged rebel barons come cause exchange return lands reissued version charter albeit having removed clauses including unfavourable clause set council barons successful opposition henry new government hardened great charter february louis set sail france gather reinforcements absence arguments broke louis french english followers declared henry war rebels equivalent religious crusade declaration resulted series rebel movement tide conflict swung henry favour louis returned end april northern forces defeated battle lincoln support louis campaign diminishing france concluded war england lost negotiated terms louis renounce claim english throne return followers given lands sentences lifted henry government promise enforce charter previous year proposed agreement soon began amid claims loyalists generous rebels particularly clergy joined rebellion absence settlement louis remained london remaining forces hoping arrival reinforcements france expected fleet arrive august intercepted defeated loyalists battle sandwich louis entered fresh peace negotiations factions came agreement final treaty known treaty kingston september treaty similar peace offer excluded rebel clergy lands appointments remained included promise louis followers allowed enjoy traditional liberties customs referring charter agreed joined crusade south france bringing war end great council called october november stock post war situation council thought formulated issued charter charter resembled additional clauses added protect rights barons feudal subjects restrictions crown ability levy taxation remained range disagreements management royal forests involved special legal system resulted source considerable royal revenue complaints existed implementation courts geographic boundaries royal forests charter charter forest created existing forest offences imposing new controls forest courts establishing review forest boundaries distinguish charters term great charter liberties refer larger document time known simply great charter increasingly embedded english political life minority king grew older government slowly began recover civil war regaining control counties beginning raise revenue taking care terms charters henry remained minor government legal ability permanently binding decisions behalf limited tensions status charters clear royal court henry government attempted rights properties revenues counties facing resistance communities argued incorrectly charters protected new arrangements resistance resulted argument king duty terms charters given forced agree occasion henry gave oral assurances considered bound charters enabling royal inquiry situation counties progress years later question henry commitment charters emerged france invaded henry remaining provinces france henry army province quickly fell clear fall reinforcements sent england early great council approved tax dispatch army quickly retook exchange agreeing support henry barons demanded charter forest content identical versions new versions king declared charters issued spontaneous free confirmed royal seal giving new great charter charter forest authority previous versions barons anticipated king act accordance charters subject law advice nobility uncertainty continued declared age able rule independently henry announced future charters issued seal brought question validity previous charters issued minority henry actively threatened charter forest taxes promised return actually paid henry confirmed charters exchange taxation henry placed symbolic emphasis rebuilding royal authority rule relatively generally acted terms charters prevented crown taking action barons including fines common father john charters address sensitive issues appointment royal advisers distribution patronage lacked means enforcement king chose ignore applied charters course rule alienated barons faction despite charters provision royal justice inconsistent driven needs immediate politics action taken address legitimate complaint occasions problem simply ignored royal courts toured country provide justice local level typically lesser barons gentry claiming grievances major lords little power allowing major barons dominate local justice system henry rule resulting reduction royal authority provinces ultimately collapse authority court group barons seized power henry coup état citing need strictly enforce charter forest creating new led government advance reform barons militarily powerful win decisive victory instead appealed france proposed reforms barons argued case based suggesting english law king broken terms louis came firmly favour henry french arbitration failed achieve peace rebellious barons refused accept verdict england slipped won henry son prince edward edward invoked advancing cause arguing taken matters far acting gesture barons defeated henry issued included fresh commitment observe terms witnesses great charter statute king edward reissued charters return new tax version remains statute today articles repealed confirmation charters issued edward edward needing money nobility armed forcing edward issue confirmation forest charter avoid civil war nobles sought add document edward government prepared agreed issuing confirming previous charters confirming principle taxation consent precise manner consent laid passage copies shall distributed cathedral churches realm remain shall read people times year presence copy month permanent installation copy confirmation second article confirmed judgement given henceforth contrary points charters justices ministers hold plea points charters shall charters additional document granted super articles charters composed articles sought deal problem enforcing charters forest charter issued sheriff county read times year meetings county courts county committee men hear complaints violations charters pope continued papal policy supporting monarchs ruled divine grace claims challenged king rights edward interpreted papal bull effectively applying super specifically mentioned edward took opportunity given pope backing forest law large areas edward pope accused contemporary suggested refused peace edward son justification shall king england faith observe sworn promises men influence english medieval law great charter referred legal cases medieval period example knights lincolnshire argued local sheriff changing customary practice local courts contrary liberty ought charter lord king practice cases brought king breach forest charter possible bring case king officers argument king officers acting contrary liberties granted king charters addition medieval cases referred clauses dealt specific issues debt collection keeping rivers free navigation 13th century clauses rarely appeared legal cases issues concerned longer relevant superseded relevant legislation half clauses longer actively 14th 15th centuries reign king edward iii measures later known statutes passed sought clarify certain parts charters particular statute clause free man man estate condition introduced phrase process law judgement peers law land 13th 15th centuries times according sir possibly times item parliamentary business public reading charter previous century confirmation monarch charter confirmed king century ceased occupy central role english political life monarchs authority powers challenged years edward reign great charter remained text lawyers particularly protector property rights widely read printed versions circulated levels literacy increased 16th century 16th century interpretation shifted took power end turbulent wars roses followed henry_viii extensive propaganda rulers promoted legitimacy regime sort rebellion royal power priority supporting crown arguments tudor historians rediscovered chronicler favourable king john 13th century texts historian describes viewed king john positive light hero struggling showing little sympathy great charter rebel barons pro catholic demonstrations uprising cited accusing king giving sufficient respect printed edition probably cum early printed versions 16th century incorrectly attributed origins john accordingly worked later text english language edition published published english language edition dividing charter numbered clauses end 16th century antiquarian interest england work concluded set ancient english customs laws temporarily overthrown norman invasion recovered recorded turn gave authority important 16th century legal principles modern historians note narrative fundamentally incorrect refer myth took great importance legal historians time antiquarian example published believed anglo saxon norman law codes tracing origins 16th century period albeit dates documents concerned argued clause basis 16th century jury system judicial processes argued statement liberty fundamental supreme law empowering english government questioned conclusions including member parliament faced sanctions 17th 18th centuries political tensions early 17th century increasingly important political document arguments authority english monarchy james charles greater authority crown justified doctrine divine right kings cited extensively opponents challenge monarchy argued recognised protected liberty individual king subject common law land formed origin trial jury system acknowledged ancient origins parliament ancient constitution english monarch unable alter long standing english customs arguments based historically inaccurate nonetheless carried symbolic power charter immense significance period sir described majestic anchor english liberties sir leader political tool period working version text printed copy charter emerged spoke wrote repeatedly work challenged time lord modern historians original charter taking selective approach analysis noted history charters distorted time carrying work bill presented parliament renew bill failed lawyer argued case right corpus backed supported cited attempting extend provisions binding judiciary monarchy responded arguing historical legal situation clear cut claimed restricted activities arrested treason suppressed proposed book charles initially agree refused confirm way reduce independence king england descended civil war resulting charles execution republic followed questioned agreement monarch relevant anti pamphlet published english devil said nation compelled submit cut word blow law tell lay hand sword cry speech lord chief justice england wales lord repeated claim referred radical groups flourished period held differing opinions rejected history law presented contemporaries holding instead anti viewpoint example argued contained freedoms supposedly existed crushed norman described charter thing containing marks saw useful declaration liberties governments disagreed leader extreme stated best england got unto kings task masters best laws tying sort people slaves clergy gentry got freedom common people left servants work glorious revolution attempt proper historiography undertaken refuted supposed antiquity parliament belief continuity law realised liberties charter limited argued liberties grant king putting historical context cast doubt contemporary political relevance historical understanding survive glorious revolution according historian marked setback course english historiography according whig interpretation history glorious revolution example ancient liberties reinforced concepts believed england constitution social contract based documents bill rights later versions whig cheap book influential reprinted american colonies britain central history contemporary legitimacy subject ideas nature law general beginning change act passed number consequences showed parliament longer considered previous statutes provided maximum parliamentary term seven years act enacted quarter century previously provided maximum term years greatly extended powers parliament new constitution replaced parliamentary supremacy quickly realised stood relation king parliament king parliament supremacy challenged likes sharp regarded fundamental constitution maintained treason repeal held charter prohibited slavery sir published critical edition charter gave numbering system today member parliament arrested writing pamphlet april cited continually lord denounced treatment rights man disregard bill rights grounds written constitution devised elected representatives use united_states english colonists left brought royal charters established colonies charter example stated colonists enjoy liberties free natural subjects virginia charter largely drafted sir stated colonists liberties franchises people born england contained similarities clause drafting viewed chief embodiment english common law colonies follow example maryland sought recognise law province request denied published excellent privilege liberty property birth right contained copy printed american soil penn comments reflected indicating belief fundamental law colonists drew english law books leading interpretation believing guaranteed trial jury corpus development parliamentary supremacy british isles affect retained adherence english common law directly affected relationship britain colonies american colonists fought britain fighting new freedom preserve liberties rights believed late 18th century united_states_constitution supreme law land recalling manner come regarded fundamental law constitution fifth amendment guarantees person shall deprived life liberty property process law phrase derived addition constitution included similar writ suspension clause article section privilege writ corpus shall suspended cases rebellion invasion public safety require person imprisoned detained evidence committed crime ninth amendment states constitution certain rights shall deny retained people writers constitution wished ensure rights held believed provided preserved explicitly curtailed supreme_court united_states explicitly referenced lord analysis sixth amendment right trial 19th 21st centuries interpretation initially whig interpretation role constitutional history remained dominant 19th century historian constitutional history england published 1870s formed high water mark view argued major step shaping english nation believed barons representing nobility people england standing ruler form king john view began late victorian historian provided alternative academic history began return historical roots published article entitled myth undermined traditionally accepted view historians agreed concluding largely invented myth 17th century historians argued charter referred liberty people large protection rights view popular wider circles published parody english history mocked supposed importance promises universal liberty chief cause democracy england good thing common people literary representations medieval past remained foundation english national identity authors medieval roots document argument preserve social status quo pointed challenge perceived economic formed promote ancient principles values felt displayed legal profession england united_states continued hold high esteem instrumental forming protect meadows development 1920s erected prominent lawyer lord described greatest constitutional document times foundation freedom individual arbitrary authority repeal articles constitutional influence sir believed repealed 19th century clauses obsolete superseded began repealed repeal clause offences person act time clause repealed years nearly charter repealed leaving clauses force clauses repealed england wales ireland statute law ireland revision act later attempts draft constitutional forms government trace lineage british australia new_zealand canada quebec reflected influence laws charter effects seen laws states evolved british_empire modern legacy continues powerful iconic status british society cited politicians lawyers support constitutional positions perceived guarantee trial jury civil liberties example led reference debate increase maximum time terrorism suspects held charge days day repealed rarely invoked court modern era occupy london attempted use resisting judgment master rolls gave short noting somewhat clause considered foundation rule law england consider directly relevant case surviving clauses actually concerned rights church carries little legal weight modern britain clauses repealed relevant rights ensured statutes historian remarks survival charter national life continuous development english law administration symbolic struggles authority law centuries historian observed knew little cared content charter nearly ages invoked good cause meant said remains topic great interest historians characterised charter cows english medieval history debates interpretation meaning unlikely end ways sacred text generally considered constitution united_kingdom speech lord chief justice england wales lord described series instruments recognised having special constitutional status document continues honoured united_states united_states constitution bill rights lent surviving originals united_states celebrations donated ornate display case original returned year replica case display united_states capitol washington celebration anniversary anniversary original charter occurred june organisations institutions planned celebratory events brought existing copies manuscript february special exhibition british artist commissioned create new artwork unveiled british library remained display july artwork copy earlier version page appeared document anniversary june form june commemoration ceremony conducted park attended british american dignitaries copy held exhibited washington november january new visitor centre opened anniversary released commemorative pound coins bury suffolk celebrated anniversary barons said secretly agreed november content physical format numerous copies known charters survive documents written heavily abbreviated medieval latin clear sheets sheep skin approximately inches sealed royal great seal official called equipped special seal press signatures charter barons present attach seals charters numbered divided separate clauses time numbering system today introduced sir original copies charter issued royal time seven distributed june later sent county bishops probably charged privilege variations existed copies probably single master copy documents survive held british library versions slightly different size text considered historians equally authoritative charters held known cotton acquired antiquarian sir 17th century originally found london lawyer discovered tailor shop found dover castle sir charter usually identified copy originally sent announced found copy identical copy suggests copy destination cathedral copy damaged cotton library fire seal badly melted somewhat relatively unscathed engraved charter 1830s ill judged attempt cleaning conservation rendered manuscript largely naked eye nonetheless surviving copy great seal attached original copy charter held county displayed cathedral moved building displayed world fair new_york second world war broke spent majority war safety winston_churchill wanted gift charter american people hoping encourage united_states neutral enter war axis powers cathedral unwilling plans dropped copy returned england display cathedral medieval library subsequently displayed san_francisco taken display time undergo conservation preparation visit united_states exhibited philadelphia document returned new_york displayed fourth copy owned given predecessor old rediscovered cathedral remained salisbury history taken site restoration work possibly best preserved small pin holes seen pinned version different suggesting written royal member cathedral staff exemplified royal court later early versions charters survive today charter survives held copies charter exist held oxford copy occasionally displayed alongside cathedral library survived small document called super sent charter telling sheriff county observe conditions outlined document copies displayed san_francisco california palace legion honor charter survive holds preserved holds copy holding fourth copy held museum held holds draft charter discovered late 13th century register copy issue early 14th century collection statutes roll copy reissue held outside england purchased copy display members hall parliament house canberra second originally held family sold sold businessman million commented believed important document country wasn drafted country think basis declaration independence basis constitution permanent loan washington survive held seven copies edward survive oxford held archives london sandwich held archives sandwich copy rediscovered early victorian town archives sandwich kent case sandwich copies charter forest originally issued survive clauses charter later versions sought govern feudal rights crown barons kings particular john reign rights king frequently attempt royal income barons feudal relief way king demand money clauses fixed fees heir inherited estate minor came age took possession lands form medieval taxation knights nobles owed military service crown return lands theoretically belonged king preferred avoid service offer money instead crown cash pay mercenaries rate circumstances appropriate king demand uncertain controversial clauses addressed management process english judicial system altered considerably previous century royal judges playing larger role delivering justice country john royal discretion large sums money barons effectively taking payment offer justice particular cases role crown delivering justice politically sensitive barons clauses demanded process applied royal justice system clause required king appoint royal officials relevant roles clauses special significance original charter singled particularly important later centuries united_states example supreme_court california interpreted clause establishing requirement common law defendant faced potential entitled trial overseen legally trained judge royal forests economically important medieval england protected exploited crown supplying king hunting grounds raw materials money subject special royal jurisdiction resulting forest law according historian harsh arbitrary matter purely king size forests expanded kings unpopular development charter clauses relating royal forests clauses promised lands added forests john investigate use royal rights area notably address previous kings clause promised form affected recent changes clause promised relief operation forest courts subsequent charter forest proved entirely satisfactory way managing political tensions operation royal forests clauses addressed wider economic issues concerns barons treatment debts jewish occupied special position medieval england tradition king protection addressed clauses charter concluded section phrase debts owing jews shall dealt likewise extent jews singled clauses issues relatively specific clause ordered removal fishing important growing source revenue time england rivers role matter great debate years prior charter norman kings traditionally exercised great deal power church territories onwards successive emphasised importance church governed effectively rome established independent judicial system chain authority principles largely accepted english church accompanied element concern authority rome changes brought customary rights lay rulers john ecclesiastical appointments question described john come compromise pope innocent iii exchange political support king clause prominently displayed arrangement promising freedoms liberties church importance clause reflect role negotiations taken strong line issue career clauses detail clauses remaining english law clauses remain statute england wales clauses concern freedom ancient liberties clause charter clause statute right legal process clauses charter clause statute detail clauses numbering system statute state granted god present charter confirmed heirs church_of_england shall free shall rights liberties granted given realm heirs liberties written hold heirs heirs city london shall old liberties customs grant towns barons ports ports shall liberties free customs freeman shall taken imprisoned liberties free customs outlawed exiled wise destroyed pass condemn judgment peers law land sell man deny man justice right usage definite article spelling given latin language direct consistent english definite article result usual academic convention refer document english article nonetheless frequently academic non academic speech especially past document spelled pronunciation acceptable variant spelling recorded continued use sources 13th 17th centuries spelling spelling began 18th century common despite writers | Magna Carta | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
17248_PetitionofRight | petition right petition right major english constitutional document sets specific liberties subject king prohibited passed june petition contains restrictions non parliamentary taxation forced soldiers imprisonment cause use martial law following disputes parliament king charles execution thirty years war parliament refused grant subsidies support war effort leading charles gathering forced loans parliamentary approval refused pay war nation led forced soldiers homes private citizens declaration martial law large country response house_of_commons prepared set resolutions actions validity legal requirement corpus rejected charles announced parliament dissolved response met discuss alternatives concluded petition right way forward accordingly committee sir drafted petition passed sent house_of_lords weeks debates conferences chambers ratified houses 26th following additional debates king restricted right freely speak pressure need parliamentary support war effort petition accepted june unhappy method chosen houses joined demanded king fully petition june despite debates legal status highly influential domestically petition seen england famous constitutional documents equal value bill rights period charles main protection house_of_lords willingness chambers work marked new stage constitutional crisis eventually lead english civil war petition remains force united_kingdom thanks imperial legislation parts including australia new_zealand internationally helped influence seen predecessor fifth sixth seventh amendments constitution united states background charles march king james england died succeeded son throne charles inherited thirty years war denmark married charles sister elizabeth attempting hereditary lands titles monarchy james caused significant financial problems attempts support christian frederick expected charles war summoned new parliament meet april clear demanded assist war house_of_commons refused instead passed bills granting addition customs entire life monarch traditional voted year house_of_lords rejected bill leaving charles money provide war effort displeased charles july finding need money recalled members august met oxford continue refuse provide money led sir began investigating duke buckingham buckingham charles favourite charge war going badly buckingham use previous grants controversies admiralty pretext charles reacted parliament weeks later august england war charles decided raise forced loans taxes authorised parliament refused pay imprisoned trial resisted sent judiciary initially refused endorse loans succumbed pressure chief justice king bench sir dismissed refusing contribute forced loan gentlemen jailed trial charges brought sir sir sir sir sir attempted gain freedom bench writ corpus awarded november court ordering present prisoners king bench examination november prisoners presented unable determine charged attempt test case decide legality forced loans attorney general sir secured writ led known case situation ceased pursuing freedom secured instead represented judges denied defendants bail concluding charges brought prisoners freed offence probably dangerous public discussion merely ruling bail legality loans charles decided pursue charges knights fearing asked rule loans judges find illegal effect charles continued demand loans wealthy landowners refused pay reducing income loans necessitating new parliament called march widespread public opposition war resulted election mps opposed king including young martial law parliamentary response cope ongoing war situation charles introduced martial law large country extended financial constraints imposed parliament began cut pay leading soldiers rioting law time martial law declared local military commander point group commissioners empowered decide facts offences passing case commander pass judgment practice things worked completely differently dover forces commanded lord conway declared martial law commissioners authorised decide facts permitted summary including execution people deemed guilty addition commissioners given power resolve disputes soldiers civilians order civilians provide quarters troops later declaration martial law portsmouth extended commission allowing civilians tried martial law necessary sentenced death solve problems soldiers outside jurisdiction commissioners deal february saw marshal introduced county bringing entire nation martial law martial law understood form substantive law instead suspension rule law replacement normal statutes law based local military commander based certain firm rules primarily time war open rebellion realm previous reigns problem monarchs elizabeth martial law issues charles lacked public popularity elizabeth support parliament justification martial law sound result opposition parliament behaviour imprisoned failing pay loans released december martial law remained force charles decided way prosecute war ask parliament money accordingly parliament began meeting march immediately locked debates english liberties specifically relating forced loans trial knights soldiers martial law members parliament angry charles enraged discovered heath attempted decision knights case enrolled binding precedent legality forced loans clerk king bench mps reacted declaring judgment illegal satisfied immediately began preparing resolutions april series parliamentary resolutions imprisonment illegal law corpus granted imprisoned king defendants custody crime charged shown non parliamentary taxation forced loans illegal summary subjects rights english process legislation later foundations corpus act resolutions unanimously accepted april presented house_of_lords resolutions met mixed reception rendered charles refused accept resolutions power outside chamber passage formation resolutions rejected charles presented alternative willing allow pass bill confirming liberty related statutes condition bill contained bills majority mps rejected offer necessarily distrust charles illegal acts committed ministers war relation knights case left accept state affairs leave government right interpret law instead approved formal reply charles assured trust confidence royal word house_of_commons best kings illegal acts publicly committed ministers public remedy raise hearts loving subjects cheerful supply majesty charles conferred house_of_lords lord deliver reply trust king request public bill parliament gave pursuing public bill charles wishes require law turned number possible alternatives debated number suggested simply charles continued push explanatory bill precisely charles rejected suggested asking charles explain understanding law declare certain acts illegal finally sir speech suggesting join house_of_lords pass resolutions petition right suggested early april proposal adopted normally seen idea petition right established element parliamentary procedure addition prohibited charles allowing evade restrictions placed acting legitimately agreed forward petition right contents moved join lords petition exemplified great seal accepted unanimously formed drafting committee led committee produced petition containing elements resolutions covering imprisonment non parliamentary taxation martial law forced recommendations accepted house_of_lords petition formally presented lords accompanied bill subsidies king encourage accept petition read house debated lords approved substance petition worried charles attempted wording resolution reached lords presented message charles expressing reservations clause imprisonment wrote attempted satisfy moderate minds free fears matter insisted parliament accepted case whatsoever nearly concern matters state government power commit man cause shown soon dissolve foundation frame monarchy overthrow sovereignty suffer power message read later morning mps decided simply ignore reply response message lords proposed alterations petition modification imprisonment clause king changes debated rejected minor change wording lords favoured compromise suggested addition petition reading present petition majesty care preserving liberties regard leave entire sovereign power majesty trusted protection safety happiness people agreed minor alteration decided accept new speech urging reject saying use phrase sovereign power mean admitting king power destroy limitations petition place power debate informed lords accept addition lords attempted arguments conference unsuccessful proposed joint conference members house find middle ground rejected lords abandoned attempt accommodate king instead unanimously voted join passing resolution insisting intention thing oath supremacy sworn assist defend assuring king loyalty amended petition quickly approved lords transmitted lords present charles acceptance charles following acceptance petition house_of_lords charles sent message forbidding affairs state produced furious debate speaker house_of_commons announced commanded member parliament insult cast minister state duke buckingham produced spectacle house tradition free speech long mps found unable speak tears running faces thought destruction liberties parliament crying declared know allowed speak parliament named buckingham saying duke buckingham cause till king informed thereof shall honour sit honour man grievances let set cause disasters reflect immediately moved produce common duke demanded removal office faced demand remove favourite requiring parliament provide subsidies war effort charles accepted defeat gave assurance petition accepted june saying king right according laws customs realm statutes execution subject cause complaint wrong oppression contrary rights liberties preservation holds conscience obliged vague answer lords banded demanded clear satisfactory answer given majesty parliament june charles appearing parliament following reading petition saying est desire phrase normally acceptance parliamentary bill met widespread contemporary accounts report ringing church bells lighting country symbolic admission defeat charles picked june restore favour peers opposition list read like leadership pro petition forces lords setting list individual grievances statutes broken declares rights liberties provides person forced provide gift loan tax act parliament free individual imprisoned detained cause shown soldiers members royal_navy private houses free consent owner relation martial law petition repeated process chapter provided late divers commissions majesty great seal issued forth certain powers assigned appointed commissioners power authority proceed land according justice martial law soldiers marines persons going commit robbery murder etc summary course order armies time war proceed trial condemnation offenders cause executed death according law martial pray excellent majesty commissions revoked commission like nature issue forth person persons whatsoever executed color majesty destroyed death contrary laws land clause directly addressed commissions issued charles military commanders restricting use martial law war direct rebellion prohibiting formation commissions state war automatically activated martial law purpose commissions view permit martial law circumstances require aftermath significance historians traditionally considered passage important moment stuart period whig historians described founding united_kingdom modern constitutional monarchy virtually abolished works considered important moment arguing culmination national war crisis ideological watershed right petition described england famous constitutional documents writers considering equal standing bill rights petition heavily influential statutes enforced imperial law remains force new_zealand australia united_kingdom petition profoundly influenced rights contained constitution united states clauses relating troops later helped form amendment united_states_constitution states soldier shall time peace house consent owner time war manner prescribed law writing law review goes says sixth amendment process clause fifth amendment seventh amendment influenced primarily domestically petition marked major step way english civil war parliament lacked considered political parties continue 18th century marked substantial cooperative work individual previously lacking saw charles lose precious initiative policy direction previously prevented twisting king intentions policies presence lords acted lords indicating willingness work lower house crown important protection parliament shaken constitutional crisis entered new stage development legal status clashes interpretation legality petition began immediately arguing king early june leading parliament 26th petition right formal statute despite reaffirmed bill legal status initial petition debated considered act private bill simply petition permitted individual harmed government action crown petition oldest form parliamentary proceeding early statutes originally passed king petitioned action members parliament request laws passed way include legally binding debated argued recognition petition judicial matter best private bill binding king parliament hand considers strength public bill legislative act legally binding bases argument things firstly judiciary time asked charles standing petition passed concluded potentially legislative act charles petition parliament normally statutes clerk house_of_commons petition placed statute rolls act parliament later enforced courts members parliament imprisoned cited petition reason grant corpus judges accepted ship money case victory charles victory spite petition judgment concluded charles actions acceptable violation petition simply says impossible establish interpretations petition correct unique parliamentary act interpreted differently different people probably absolute criteria true nature determined | Petition of Right | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
17685_Article14oftheConstitutionofSingapore | article constitution singapore article constitution republic singapore specifically article guarantees singapore citizens rights freedom speech expression peaceful assembly arms association enjoyment rights restricted laws imposed grounds stated article constitution types grounds type shown restricting rights necessary interest grounds grounds security singapore public order applicable rights protected article morality freedom speech freedom association friendly relations countries freedom speech judgment high_court expressed view phrase necessary parliament extremely wide power permits approach achieving purposes specified art constitution unnecessary courts determine legislative restriction right reasonable required objective underlying restrictive law grounds specified article parliament entitled restrict right right free speech limited ground security singapore cap ground public order broadcasting act cap presses act cap public order restrictions free speech assembly imposed act cap public meetings act cap public order act cap restrictions right freedom association imposed societies act cap freedom speech limited basis morality films act cap establishes film censorship classification regimes cap publications banned necessity requirement applies second type grounds appear articles restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence laws relating labour education present appears parliament restrict article rights grounds simply legislation courts entitled assess restrictions appropriate privileges parliament set act cap singapore courts held common law offence court form contempt court violate article courts determined traditional common law rules strike proper balance free speech protection reputation declined apply public figure doctrine responsible journalism additional defences text article article constitution republic singapore designed protect rights freedom speech expression peaceful assembly arms association subject article rights judicial statutory limits read article process deemed necessary rights free speech assembly association exist vacuum competing interests counter values said action invariably ends conflicting rights interests text article entitled freedom speech assembly association follows subject clauses citizen singapore right freedom speech expression citizens singapore right assemble arms citizens singapore right form associations parliament law impose rights conferred clause restrictions considers necessary interest security singapore thereof friendly relations countries public order morality restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence right conferred clause restrictions considers necessary interest security singapore thereof public order right conferred clause restrictions considers necessary interest security singapore thereof public order morality restrictions right form associations conferred clause imposed law relating labour education articles constitution malaysia adopted following singapore independence malaysia articles somewhat similar articles constitution india constitutional right bear arms singapore article provides singapore citizens right assemble arms arms explosives act person possess import export manufacture deal arms explosives licence words arms included article ensure arguments based clause english bill rights stating subjects arms defence suitable conditions allowed law inspired second amendment united_states constitution regulated militia necessary security free state right people bear arms shall raised singapore freedoms speech assembly association guaranteed constitution enjoyed singapore citizens held newspaper company rely constitutional right free speech expression singapore citizen article constitution provides singapore citizens entitled right restrictions rights rights guaranteed citizens singapore article subject restrictions set article justice justification qualifications right freedom expression exercised basis opinions expressed sealed rights advocate views matter entirely inappropriate freedom expression left reach point protest criticism expression law inevitably intervene statement delivered world conference human rights minister foreign affairs took position order stability essential development economic growth requires stable legal environment protective contractual property rights excessive focus civil political liberties early stages national development government appears restrictions political liberties like free speech time manage demands political culture fact citizens urged deputy prime minister passive fate debate issues reason passion conviction wrestling honest differences preferred society view parliament impose restrictions rights guaranteed article types grounds type shown restricting rights necessary interest grounds requirement applies second type grounds appear articles present appears parliament restrict article rights grounds simply legislation courts entitled assess restrictions appropriate law impose article constitution states parliament law impose restrictions rights referred article arguably line singapore adoption westminster system government rests parliamentary supremacy rule law common law principles terms law written law defined article constitution follows constitution provided context requires law includes written law legislation united_kingdom enactment instrument whatsoever operation singapore common law far operation singapore custom usage having force law singapore written law means constitution acts subsidiary legislation time force singapore reading article order restrict rights freedom speech assembly association parliament impose restrictions passing written laws acts parliament exercises legislative power singapore passing bills president case involving law court appeal took broader approach court noted according article law article includes common law far operation singapore enacted malaysia act extended act singapore state act act cap common law rules court held legislature clearly intended common law relating modified act continue apply singapore argument art subject common law modified act said argument suffers fatal flaws evidence existing rules considered malaysian singapore significantly singapore believed rules constitutional treated decisive courts duty independently determine assumption justified similar argument extended legislation passed parliament difficult spell end constitutional law restrictions necessity parliament restrict rights free speech assembly association grounds set table necessary interest chin high_court interpreted phrase necessary parliament extremely wide power permits approach achieving purposes specified art constitution court emphasized fact unlike article constitution india provides right freedom speech assembly subject singapore article contain word reasonable despite broad power article indian courts reluctant legislation rights free speech assembly exists strong legislative expressed need judicial self restraint extreme caution determining legislation constitutional right noted indian courts singapore courts government article clause said parliament great power high_court rejected use analysis determining extent parliament powers impose restrictions individual rights analysis enables judiciary assess interference rights legitimate important aim legislation question court relevant sufficient reasons justify statutory interference substitute judgment parliament high_court concluded notion common law relation judicial review exercise legislative administrative power discretion singapore law bearing mind restraints court task law restrictions needs established object law question subjects stipulated article government merely satisfy court factual basis parliament considered necessary restrict individual right freedom speech assembly association determining legislative restrictions interest relevant purposes specified article courts examine statute relevant parliamentary material contemporary speeches documents adopt generous interpretation term interest contrasted maintenance grants wider legislative allows parliament approach includes laws purely designed crafted immediate direct maintenance article grounds friendly relations countries parliament restrict rights freedom speech assembly association necessary interests security singapore thereof courts taken broad approach exception shown considerable government instance case involving official secrets act high_court held security article merely mean protection danger includes protection information government considers vital essential administration government regards official secret necessarily deemed court especially information nature burden proving official information secret lies prosecution freedom speech expression restricted interest friendly relations countries ground restriction considered local courts justified withdrawal certificate issued film effect february film comedy male model played attempting assassinate prime minister malaysia earlier condemned definitely unsuitable impose ban expected film distributors exercise discretion stated film banned view controversial elements gathered feedback ban lifted beginning enabled film released dvd public order article parliament impose restrictions rights guaranteed limbs article ground public order term public order given expansive interpretation highlights importance places social stability dealt sections miscellaneous offences public order act high_court approved following quotation 9th expression public order synonymous public peace safety signifies absence disorder involving local significance national revolution civil strife war affecting security state illustrate state interests public order prohibit punish causing loud noise streets public places means sound instruments regulate hours place public discussions use public streets purpose exercising freedom provide expulsion meetings assemblies punish tending breach peace riot use threatening abusive insulting words behaviour public place public meeting intent cause breach peace breach peace likely caused acts public safety interpretation consistent earlier cases public prosecutor chief justice considered term relation right freedom religion embodied article constitution stated view religious beliefs ought proper protection actions undertaken flowing beliefs conform general law relating public order social protection right freedom religion reconciled right state employ sovereign power ensure peace security orderly living constitutional guarantee civil liberty commissioner sovereignty integrity unity singapore undoubtedly paramount mandate constitution including religious beliefs practices tend run counter objectives restrained chin clarified legislative power rights conferred constitution inter interest public order confined maintenance public order wider legislative allows parliament approach maintenance public order necessarily include laws purely designed crafted immediate direct maintenance public order restrictions freedom speech assembly government power limit circulation local foreign media singapore broadcasting act newspaper printing presses act acts considered imposing restrictions free speech based public order instance section broadcasting act makes mandatory internet content provider register authority thinks individual providing programme body persons engaged propagation promotion discussion political religious issues relating singapore world wide web internet fine suspend cancel licence breached terms licence relevant code practice issued authority provisions broadcasting act direction issued authority minister information communications arts addition offence provide broadcasting service licence convicted person liable fine jail years offence continues conviction fine day imposed minister declare foreign broadcasting service singapore engaging domestic politics singapore declared foreign broadcasting service prohibited minister approval refused revoked reasons granted conditions include restrictions number people permitted receive service service certain periods failing comply rules crime fine similar provisions exist enable circulation foreign newspapers singapore restricted february declared engaged domestic politics circulation limited copies newspaper publisher asia inc applied unsuccessfully high_court minister orders appeal argued minister acted scope powers considering right free speech protected article court dismissed argument ground rely article applied singapore citizens furthermore raise relevant provisions basis singapore citizens indirectly affected evident right free speech included right receive information case argument accepted said right singapore citizens receive information reading impaired copies circulation court interpreted term domestic politics broadly holding singapore context included political system singapore political ideology public institutions manifestation system policies government day life political system words domestic politics singapore relate multitude issues concerning singapore governed interest welfare people addition empowering minister limit circulation foreign newspapers described generally foreign ownership newspaper companies requires permit obtained publication sale distribution newspapers september statement arts justified existence stating provided help ensure media operating singapore play responsible role publishers content publish prevent local newspapers manipulated foreign interests divisive effect social considerations valid today freedom report compromised act public meetings act public order act statutes arguably impose restrictions freedom speech expression freedom assembly interests public order act restrict propagation opinions tendency includes tendency promote feelings ill hostility different races classes singapore population public prosecutor accused convicted act posting anti muslim remarks blog forum internet public prosecutor married couple similarly convicted distributing religious tracts considered muslims meetings act renders offence provide public entertainment hold meetings licence upheld courts cases concerning political activities organized opposition parties restrictions freedom association right freedom association guaranteed article curtailed public order grounds societies act act requires clubs companies partnerships associations persons registered registered statutes refuse register certain specified societies satisfied things likely purposes public peace welfare good order singapore contrary national interest society political association rules require members singapore citizens affiliated foreign organization considers contrary national interest list specified societies includes following society representing promoting cause interest discussing issue relating clan ethnic group religion class persons defined reference gender sexual orientation political association society representing people advocate promote discuss issue relating civil political right including animal rights environmental rights human rights society discussing matter relating singapore society governed society registered deemed unlawful society regards society involved management member attending meetings offences minister home affairs power order registered society dissolved appears things unlawful purposes purposes public peace welfare good order singapore order society unlawful society january witnesses dissolved minister stating existence society public welfare good order members refused generally compulsory male citizens second generation permanent residents attempt challenge ban grounds freedom religion protected article constitution proved unsuccessful morality parliament constitution rely ground morality impose restrictions constitutional freedoms embodied article right freedom speech expression right freedom association currently cases specifically discussed meaning morality legislation films act establishes film censorship classification regimes undesirable publications act publications banned regarded restrictions free expression ground public prosecutor issue sentence imposed person convicted distributing films contrary films act high_court held control film distribution films act purpose maintaining public order morality accused undermined public morality films distributing regard issue censorship said responsibility guide control increasingly borne individual public particularly parents industry define regulate sensitive areas like race religion areas morality responsibility public citizen advisory committees response stated government continue remain concerns values majority meaning morality dependent views majority singapore citizens expressed public channels citizen advisory committees censorship applied content moral values pornography sexual practices sexual violence child pornography etc public morality static idea societal norms values example endorsed flexible approach homosexual content censorship issues violence sexual content nudity coarse language media restrictions necessity unique article stating right freedom speech expression curtailed restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence constitution require parliament necessary restrict free speech interest grounds protection privileges parliament article constitution provides legislature determine regulate privileges powers parliament law act act contempt parliament perform certain acts instance insult speaker member parliament coming going parliament account conduct parliament said parliament publish statement writing falsely reflects character speaker touching conduct parliament said parliament presumably open person charged offences argue article right freedom speech expression case law addressing provision little guidance courts interpret restriction contempt court offence court article constitution provides parliament restrict right freedom speech expression provide contempt court prominent uses court contempt power attorney general charge persons common law offence court high court case attorney general established section supreme_court act cap section cap states high court shall power punish contempt court parliament conferred courts power act persons court furthermore article relied require offence read conform right freedom speech expression article states subject article existing laws shall continue force commencement constitution laws brought force date commencement constitution subject brought force commencement laws shall subject article commencement constitution modifications adaptations qualifications exceptions necessary bring constitution court reasoned article application existing law date commencement constitution august having enacted court consider effect article constitution offence article states constitution supreme law law enacted legislature commencement constitution inconsistent constitution shall extent void subsequently attorney general high_court held offence court regarded unconstitutional article clearly empowered parliament restrict free speech order punish acts amounting contempt court parliament section elements offence classic definition contempt court gray lord chief justice england wales lord said act writing published calculated bring court judge court contempt lower authority contempt court attorney general high_court adopted inherent tendency test determine liability offence contrast real risk test adopted common law countries inherent tendency test characterized act words complained possessing inherent tendency interfere administration justice act statement inherent tendency conveyed average reasonable reader viewer allegations bias lack wrongdoing concerning judge court exercise judicial function justice suggested distinction tests truth expressed view purely question court adopt real risk test precisely conveys lawyers law concerned stated inherent tendency formula shown susceptible controversy misunderstanding literal meaning inherent tendency tends obscure fact analysis actually required given word inherent commonly understood indicate inherent tendency test appear consideration factors holding publication post real risk public confidence administration justice held elements real risk test follows real risk grave risk merely remote risk real risk posed objective question fact determined light circumstances case law concerned effect publication potential effect public confidence administration justice counsel argued right free speech compelled adoption real risk test court declined consider matter decided adopt test arguments point nonetheless said courts define offence consistently words structure spirit clearly demand kind balance struck freedom speech rule offence contempt exception rule minimum defined way renders noted counsel argued offence inherently unconstitutional majority cases concluded real risk test coupled right fair criticism reasonable limitation free speech appeal attorney general held apparent difference inherent tendency test real risk test legal red herring inherent tendency test caused confusion affirmed high_court ruling real risk test applicable test court felt trying elaborate meaning real risk helpful court simply ask having regard facts surrounding context real risk public confidence administration justice undermined result statement fair criticism treated defence court cases preferred view element liability cautioned precise characterisation concept fair criticism fully accordingly views point necessarily taken extent provisional nature court said adopting approach ensures alleged regard burden proof concept fair criticism relates liability burden party relying legal burden hand prove reasonable doubt statement constitute fair criticism presents real risk public confidence administration justice concept fair criticism constitutes defence legal burden shift alleged balance statement amounts fair criticism court approved factors set high_court attorney general john relevant establishing criticism courts fair criticism supported argument evidence criticism generally expressed temperate manner allows rational debate issues raised contribute improvement strengthening administration justice courts consideration party attitude court number instances condemning conduct justice stated closed list court entitled account circumstances case view showing bad faith noted english authorities impose limit content criticism acts words question improper motives integrity judges courts declined follow authorities impose limit unnecessary potentially restrictive legitimate criticism regards relationship offence court right free speech court appeal commented law relating contempt court operates broader legal sic canvas right freedom speech embodied constitution republic singapore common law issue final analysis balance law relating contempt court ought right freedom speech token right absolute abuse right court pointed mentioned point embodied article noted parliament provided courts jurisdiction punish contempt section held real risk test strikes appropriate balance free speech abuse declined apply clear present danger test applicable amendment constitution free speech gained paramount status different commonwealth jurisdictions nation unique cultural constitutional heritage article constitution provides parliament power impose restrictions designed provide law functions restriction person right freedom speech law roots common law existed enactment constitution courts article constitution consideration deciding common law fundamental liberty freedom speech expression article provides existing laws shall continue force commencement constitution subject modifications adaptations qualifications exceptions necessary bring court appeal held common law modified act right free speech case pointed ordinance existence common law enacted constitution state singapore law enacted right free speech guaranteed article applicable singapore state september court disagreed holding article state constitution predecessor article effect laws existing september including article express restriction right free speech case state constitution came force laws restricted article unconstitutional result court regarded astonishing conclusion defence qualified privilege public figure doctrine article constitution raised point contention relation defence qualified privilege discussed article cases concerning prominent government figures justice delivering judgment court held holding public office politicians equally entitled protected persons case counsel argued qualified privilege publications concerning public officials candidates public office relating official conduct performance public duties honest legitimate interest matter corresponding legitimate interest citizens potentially affected conduct public officials fact statements political rally run elections meant requirement legitimate interest met austria relied support premise limits acceptable criticism accordingly wider regards politician regards private individual opinion politician inevitably lays open close scrutiny word deed journalists public large consequently display greater degree tolerance reasoning line public figure doctrine sullivan decided favour defendant newspaper making key decisions supporting freedom press dismissed cases ground terms article constitution differ article european convention human rights relied court amendment fourteenth amendment united_states_constitution relied court new_york_times public figure doctrine rejected court said criticisms attacks opinion respect bounds set law accept publication false allegations absence actual publisher allowed pass circumstances general election sufficient rise occasion privilege court relied section act time provided statement published behalf candidate election parliament elected partially elected body shall deemed published privileged occasion ground material question issue election person published qualified vote election court unwilling extend traditional defence qualified privilege opinion parliament intention section clear wholly speech election rally privileged speech published behalf candidate election reasoning subject academic criticism criticized distinction drawn court article constitution american european counterparts overly literal current interpretation law gives legislature discretion limiting freedom speech singapore enactment amendment relevant legislation applicable singapore constitutional responsibility judiciary ensure basic commitment freedom speech undermined giving legislature specified exceptions courts assume task prevailing rules ensure strike balance freedom speech need protect individual reputation said court approach fails provide adequate account future politicians holders public office honourable singapore courts start assumption common law necessarily constitutional putting cart horse constitution ought interpreted consistently common law defence responsible journalism chief justice delivering judgment behalf declined common law singapore defence responsible journalism privilege developed house_of_lords citizens sued seeking rely defence natural development common law principles right freedom expression protected article european convention privilege adopted singapore basis right free speech guaranteed article constitution singapore citizens rely provision court discussed basis privilege singapore citizens held key question context publication matters public interest rationale privilege ought apply constitutional free speech rule restrictions right exception considering factors relevant key question stated whilst court power direction common law adopted enactment constitution parliament powers limit freedom speech expression publications statements courts extent decide constitutional free speech prevail protection reputation art singapore constitution act courts developing common law common convenience welfare society keeping singapore prevailing political social cultural values save provisions statutes impose restriction art provides parliament final balance constitutional free speech protection reputation struck secondly striking balance freedom expression protection reputation court need value judgment dependent local political social conditions court said following factors relevant making value judgment opinion balance constitutional free speech protection reputation struck current law singapore appropriate circumstances present day singapore law recognize material relates matters public interest having particular importance room political context media engage investigative journalism carries political agenda honesty integrity public discourse matters public interest particularly way country governed greatly emphasized political culture singapore finally court expressed view free speech favoured protection reputation applying type defence issue considered balance struck competing interests connection said court decide freedom expression given preference protection reputation fundamental right protection reputation shown statement equal protection reputation chief justice suggested rationale case given effect continuing find defendant liable reducing damages depending care took ensure accuracy information published noted reason defendant published statement allowed free injuring reputation simply satisfied responsible journalism test offence article constitution provides right freedom speech expression restricted provide offence ground considered singapore case number statutory provisions prohibit section code person said thing thing person offence result act committed person punished punishment provided offence offence committed imprisonment imprisoned quarter maximum jail term offence receive fine person public servant duty prevent offence happening imprisoned half maximum jail term offence fined receive penalties offence committed death life imprisonment liable penalty seven years imprisonment fine hurt caused result jailed years fined section code offence publish statement report written electronic media intent likely class community persons commit offence class community persons penalty imprisonment years fine offence committed person published circulated statement reasonable grounds believing true intend community laws relating labour education article provides right form associations restricted law relating labour education trade unions act labour organizations schools generally required registered education act private education act education act offence pupils persons assemble premises school registration cancelled statutes governing universities provide student bodies created university constituent documents registered societies act minister home affairs bodies restrictions article constitution act action taken threatened substantial body persons inside outside singapore cause cause substantial number citizens fear organized violence persons property president government promote feelings ill hostility different races classes population likely cause violence alteration means law established security singapore provision law designed stop prevent action amendment law valid inconsistent specified fundamental liberties including rights freedom speech assembly association guaranteed article article shields internal security act things act detention trial prevent persons acting manner singapore security maintenance public order essential services provisions section parliament privileges powers act enacted article constitution specifically provides freedom expression parliament following terms shall freedom speech debate proceedings parliament freedom speech debate proceedings shall liable questioned court commission inquiry committee inquiry tribunal place whatsoever parliament provision based rights stated english bill rights reads speech debates proceedings ought questioned cases asia attorney general singapore law reports reissue court appeal singapore singapore archived original july public prosecutor archived original october high_court singapore singapore singapore public prosecutor singapore attorney general singapore attorney general singapore legislation constitution republic singapore reprint cap newspaper printing presses act cap parliament act cap code cap cap works michael freedom speech articles websites breaking singapore comparative law review archived original october cameron singapore political rule law pacific rim law policy journal archived original november tan singapore hang november freedom press singapore pragmatic press nation building human rights quarterly hang singapore triple impact political speech public law singapore regulating political speech commitment icon virtual real article political speech singapore racial religious hate speech singapore management democracy victim perspective books freedom speech 2nd oxford isbn james media singapore singapore article isbn tan fundamental liberties iii freedom expression association assembly religion introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan freedom speech assembly association constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn human rights media singapore robert human rights media malaysia singapore isbn | Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
17937_RuleoflawdoctrineinSingapore | rule law doctrine singapore singapore rule law doctrine topic considerable disagreement debate largely differing doctrine generally divided categories developed legal academics thin formal conception thick substantive conception rule law thin conception associated legal scholars advocates view rule law fulfilled formal procedures requirements laws prospective clear stable enacted parties legal disputes treated equally bias judges people thin conception dismiss importance content law view matter substantive justice regarded concept rule law hand thick conception rule law notion addition requirements thin rule necessary law conform certain substantive standards justice human rights thin conception rule law generally adopted members parliament ruling evidenced views expressed parliamentary debate rule law thicker conception minister law speech seasonal meeting singapore hand thick conception rule law encompasses human rights adopted number government critics including opposition politicians foreign international organizations key principles associated thin conception rule law include judicial independence natural justice availability judicial review accessibility justice judicial independence singapore constitutional provisions legal rules commentators highlighted certain events suggesting lack judicial independence incident 1980s involving transfer senior district judge attorney general chambers following decision favourable opposition politician investigated commission inquiry found executive interference singapore natural justice generally regarded procedural substantive concept process judicial review involves review executive actions compliance administrative law rules executive legislative acts light doctrine constitutional supremacy state courts legal processes singapore largely seen making justice accessible taking thick conception rule law existence internal security act cap widely regarded breach doctrine act provides detention trial people regarded executive risk national security shielded article constitution held case minister home affairs courts review legality act effect case reversed amendments constitution amendments determined effective high_court court appeal lung minister respectively executive largely discretion criticized contrary rule law government justified statute crucial measure resort preserving security introduction attempts define rule law academics years come ideas doctrine mean range views roughly divided categories thin formal conception thick substantive conception rule law thin conception rule law thin conception rule law advocates view rule law fulfilled formal procedures requirements people thin conception content law says hey matter substantive justice substantive justice independent ideal sense ideal rule law thin conception rule law associated academics according rule law regarded points view absolute supremacy regular law person judged fixed set rules punished law subject exercise persons authority wide arbitrary powers legal equality universal classes law administered ordinary courts fact constitution result ordinary law land words source consequence citizens rights expressed similar view expanding concept article said sense rule law means people obey law ruled hand narrower construction rule law means government shall ruled subjected law doctrine rule law requires making particular laws guided open relatively stable general rules law capable guiding behaviour subjects people find law act accordingly number important principles spring basic idea rule law divided groups principles ensure law capable guiding subjects behaviour principles establishing legal machinery secure compliance rule law principles ensuring law capable guiding behaviour laws prospective open clear meaning law ambiguous vague obscure law sufficiently publicized furthermore laws generally law enacted fact going known certain ensure clash rule law laws relatively stable changed frequently changing laws hard people updated people need know law long term planning making particular specific laws guided open stable clear general rules create stable framework types general rules authorities orders provide guidelines proper exercise powers principles establishing legal machinery secure compliance rule law judicial independence essential futile people approach courts disputes courts apply law independently people guided law judges apply correctly natural justice adhered law applied correctly requirements open fair hearing absence bias essential courts power review primary subsidiary legislation administrative action courts accessible cases delayed long periods legal costs effectively turn law dead letter ability effectively guide oneself law crime preventing agencies police authorities discretion act allowed law example police allowed decide stop investigating prosecution allowed choose prosecute certain crimes certain categories offenders view virtues rule law restraint authorities aims exclude arbitrary power said exercises arbitrary power violate rule law arbitrary power excluded courts hold law observe fairly strict procedures virtue protection individual freedom sense freedom identified effective ability choose options possible importantly adhere rule law respect human dignity treating humans persons capable planning plotting future identified potential rule law opined rule law designed harm freedom dignity law cause pursuit goals strict pursuit rule law prevent achieving certain social goals rule law sacrificing social goals altar rule law law barren thick conception rule law extreme thick rule law notion addition requirements thin rule necessary law conform certain substantive standards justice human rights leading scholars advocating thick conception rule law defines terms rights conception rule law follows assumes citizens moral rights duties respect political rights state insists moral political rights recognized positive law enforced demand individual citizens courts judicial institutions familiar type far rule law conception ideal rule accurate public conception individual rights distinguish rule book conception rule law substantive justice contrary requires ideal law rules book capture enforce moral rights view drew conclusions rejects need distinguish legal rules complete political philosophy rule law basically theory law believes correct secondly rule law simply thin formal rule law forms theory law taking substantive view rule law requires choosing best theory justice necessary articulate particular liberty equality freedoms require rule law taken singapore thin conception november member parliament moved following motion parliament house recognises importance rule law urges government ensure complete compliance rule law ministers officials public servants ensuing debate members parliament mps ruling tended adhere thinner formal conception rule law instance minister state law said short rule law refers supremacy law opposed arbitrary exercise power key equal law concept includes notions transparency prospective application laws observation principles natural justice independence judiciary judicial review administrative action group representation constituency commented rule law required laws prospective stable properly enacted application laws making legal orders public officers guided clear general rules avoiding personal bias favour treating equal cases equally making decisions public interest accordance written laws land particular principle laws obviously laws applied obviously laws applied public officers legal orders legal orders subsidiary legislation subsidiary legislation sanctioned parent acts primary legislation order issuing legitimate comply rule law unhappy aspect principle rule law judiciary power authority review administrative action principle final principle judiciary independent courts generally accessible seek chin moved amendment motion introduced read house values importance rule law government rule law ensuring fully observed amendment motion eventually voted agreed majority mps parliament speech october session entitled singapore rule law seasonal meeting singapore minister said try define rule law academic viewpoint practically speaking key aspects society based rule law following exercise state power laws publicly known enacted legitimately independent credible courts apply law decide disputes individuals individuals state separation powers person law apply equal measure government officials credible effective means people challenge arbitrary exercise power thicker conception rule law added people accepted additional elements modern society structured felt strict definition rule law elements people sovereign right elect government laws society norms justice thick conception number critics adopted thick substantive conception rule law encompasses protection human rights chapter entitled rights rule law book dare change member later secretary general criticized things government use internal security act persons trial lack freedom speech assembly open letter published website dated january addressed chief justice attorney general said rule law system government passes legislation concept rule law limitation state power respect human rights constitution spells limitations defines rights citizen speech delivered november cited free media rights free expression peaceful assembly essential elements rule law november parliamentary debate rule law traced doctrine said found particularly article article respectively protect rights life personal liberty equality rights noted court judgment public prosecutor held phrases accordance law equality law constitution term law mean acts passed parliament includes fundamental rules natural justice accepted parcel common law cited instances government alleged non compliance rule law including detention trial inter criminal law temporary provisions act denial right arrested persons counsel visits families period time denial rights freedom speech assembly tendency executive provide reasons decisions opposition complained government treated opposition parties fairly regards applications events criticisms state freedom speech assembly singapore appear reports foreign international organizations report rule law singapore alleged bankruptcy law political opposition expressed concern stringent limits freedom assembly detention rule law index defined rule law rules based system following universal principles upheld government officials agents law laws clear publicized stable fair protect fundamental rights including security persons property process laws enacted administered enforced accessible fair efficient access justice provided competent independent ethical attorneys representatives judicial officers sufficient number adequate resources reflect makeup communities serve emphasis added singapore ranked highly factors order security ranking countries assessed absence corruption effective criminal justice highly open government limited government powers fundamental rights particular index noted country outstanding performance categories substantial limitations freedom speech freedom assembly singapore 49th 60th place respectively countries january commented negatively restrictions rights free speech assembly association limitations print broadcast online media outdoor gatherings contempt court proceedings online citizen blog political association preventing receiving foreign funding criticized existence use punishment continued sexual acts men section code described report inaccurate containing false compliance rule law principles singapore principles associated thin conception judicial independence identified judicial independence essential principles rule law context judicial independence refers judiciary independence legislative executive branches government singapore judiciary enjoys certain measure independence provided constitutional security tenure judges relatively free executive legislative influence retired supreme_court judge said theoretically possible executive political appointments bench reduce judge constitution away judiciary vital support staff fact remains kind provisions constitution guarantee independence supreme_court judiciary article judicial power exclusively courts judicial power solely exercised judiciary executive legislature reflecting independence branches government article ensures office supreme_court judge abolished office article provides judges security tenure age years barring inability body mind cause prevents judges properly functions office judge removed office grounds president advice tribunal judges supreme_court hold held equivalent offices commonwealth article provides terms office supreme_court judges altered disadvantage following appointment article parliamentary debate conduct supreme_court judge substantive motion supported quarter mps argued commentators singapore falls short aspects judicial independence concerned instance supreme_court judges age term basis suggested result possibility judges executive point raised parliament respect chief justice academic pointed removing entirely system extensions serve larger interest end day excellent judges retire mandatory requirement judges enjoy security tenure enjoyed supreme_court judges officers said risk executive interference judges removed judicial positions transferred lower ranking positions senior district judge acquitted opposition member parliament minor charge case involving allegedly handled overturned appeal high_court ordered took place transferred position bench attorney general chambers post deputy public prosecutor considered claimed parliament transfer ruled favour case commission inquiry formed look circumstances surrounding transfer found evidence making allegation referred parliament parliamentary privilege committee considering matter wrote committee proceedings sent residents constituency october leader house written complaint contents speaker parliament committee considered january parliament accepted committee reports complaints found guilty privileges parliament alleging executive interference judiciary contempt publishing fines totalling imposed concern raised routine judges executive judicial branches result ing executive ideology carrying judiciary hand potential executive interference exists control judicial appointments commented small state like singapore practical separate judicial legal service appointment process detrimental independence lower judiciary chief justice executive legislature head final judicial noted institutional processes play judicial independence ultimately willingness judiciary stand executive legislative influence important factor ensuring independent judiciary incident said affected judicial independence singapore parliament amend constitution reverse effect decision minister discussed detail asked parliament taken away absolutely judicial power review detention cases reflected legislature distrust independence judiciary ability deal cases affect national security notwithstanding limited form judicial review laid commentator framed attack judiciary simply removes vital aspect judicial power judicial credibility natural justice noted generally natural justice fundamental element rule law administrative law principles natural justice constitute framework common law procedural rights rule bias man judge cause right heard hear australian case gas fuel corporation victoria pipeline contractors ltd said ideas underlying principles judgement fair hearing given parties speaking parliament november expressed view singapore legal system apply rules natural justice described justice requires essentially basic principles right heard explain case right equal treatment right case heard means review noted previously word law provisions constitution articles includes fundamental rules natural justice suggested fundamental rules procedural substantive nature substantive natural justice gives courts discretion strike law object oppressive view interpret article permitting parliament enact provision individual personal liberty matter arbitrary oppressive long procedural natural justice observed drains content instead legislation manner seen judiciary legislature sphere application substantive natural justice simply exercise judiciary proper constitutional role lee singapore courts follow indian courts apply test determine legislation constitutional ultimately able review legislation applying substantive aspect natural justice courts examine appropriate legislature individual certain aspects personal liberty manner achieved conversely argued idea substantive natural justice vague taken view fundamental rules natural justice entirely procedural nature opinion article constitution designed prevent legislation determine legislation rational test applied strange legislation passed test nonetheless struck natural justice extension article include natural justice shows intended apply natural justice substantive sense support argument found decision public prosecutor discussed fundamental rules natural justice procedural context stating consider consequence alteration certain statutory provisions procedure trial criminal offences contrary fundamental rule natural justice substantive review legislation court rejected public prosecutor court appeal holding law provides person life personal liberty valid binding long passed parliament court concerned fair reasonable subsequently attorney general court held fundamental rules natural justice principles natural justice administrative law nature function operate different levels legal order legislation ground administrative decisions ground administrative law principles judicial review judicial review means legal rights protected good governance enforced ability courts review legislation administrative action considered element rule law acting visitor judge said judicial review exercise court inherent power common law determine action word uphold rule law singapore vital role judiciary plays check executive power noted held power given law legal limits rule law demands courts able examine exercise power illustrated law society singapore stated discretion subject judicial review curtailed exercised bad faith purposes constitutional rights minister high_court held genuinely seek court assistance determining legitimate court duty assess accord proper consideration determining relief granted chief justice said role courts singapore rights whilst simultaneously playing supporting role promotion good governance clear rules principles executive conform rule law noted judicial review cases singapore successful certain matters regarded judicial review owing limitations courts institutional capacity courts generally reluctant involved affairs relating national security leaving role government time courts committed careful scrutiny matters decide non affirmed lee ltd case held courts exclude matters involving high policy cases carefully determine truly fell areas executive immunity limitations role court led rational conclusion certain areas excluded judicial review include matters court lacks expertise held attorney general accessibility justice generally justice costly provide legal systems especially asia issues weak legal institutions corrupt incompetent administrative officers judges excessive delays limited access justice stemming high legal costs lack legal aid agreed access justice key advancing rule law extent citizens access justice given society depends thick thin conception rule law adopted speaking thin conception proposed rule law requires courts accessible legal system bare minimum comprise formal institutions mechanisms appropriate legal processes outcomes legal system thin rule law requires laws fairly equally effectively applied hand thick conception rule law taken greater emphasis placed elements substantive justice suggested legal system operating addition basic elements access justice thin rule law incorporate moral political philosophy incorporate ideas democracy legality precedence human rights administration justice access justice operating thick rule law achieved things increasing efficiency judicial process having robust legal profession independent judiciary set supporting institutions order increase quality justice administered singapore ensuring widespread equal access justice singapore citizens constant goal respect judiciary takes effort ensure procedural substantive elements rule law fulfilled firstly continually increasing efficiency courts legal processes secondly regularly improving skills knowledge values judges singapore courts undertook enormous task clearing extremely large order facilitate singapore future development international business finance centre approach adopted dispose cases including things appointment judges judicial commissioners use information technology electronic filing documents promoting use alternative dispute resolution efforts significantly management cases supreme_court particular specialized courts small claims set better distribution cases helped significantly reduce court fees increasing institutional capacity efficiency courts improving access justice singapore meant need corresponding increase quality justice administered efforts achieve goal centre mainly appointment best officers particular constant upgrading skills knowledge judicial excellence purpose set provide guidance training programmes workshops members judiciary supported training unit efforts aim upgrade judges equip knowledge handling increasingly complex cases today relatively barriers court access availability legal aid free services aid able afford legal fees use video links establishment regional offices small claims parts singapore assist parties difficulty coming court principles associated thick conception criticisms internal security act indicated number adopt thick conception rule law singapore criticize existence internal security act main point contention section act interpreted objective way provision states president satisfied respect person view preventing person acting manner security singapore thereof maintenance public order essential services necessary minister home affairs shall order person things detained trial years minister high_court affirmed respect president satisfaction person acting manner security singapore bad faith issue context act power conferred act body president act accordance advice cabinet direct issue order detention president satisfied view preventing person acting manner security singapore etc essentially means president satisfaction objective effect decision constitution left executive judiciary decide national security required subsequently minister home affairs court appeal took different stand holding objective test apply review exercise discretion sections section minister direct detention order suspended minister sees fit direction court said notion discretion contrary rule law power legal limits exercise power examination court following decision parliament moved quickly curb judiciary change stance act enacted january came force january particular section declared law governing judicial review decision act power conferred president minister provisions act shall applicable declared singapore 13th day july law date country commonwealth relating judicial review shall apply section contained clause restricted scope judicial review question relating compliance procedural requirements governing acts decisions president home affairs minister amendments retrospective section meant applied judicial review proceedings started amendment act came force addition constitution amended constitution republic singapore amendment act prevent act challenged unconstitutional article inserted constitution effect issue executive decision came court constitutional amendment came force january court decide issue according new provisions introduced amendments article amended add articles list fundamental liberties challenged extend effect amendments validity amendments challenged unsuccessfully high_court respectively minister home affairs high_court held amendments merely reaffirmed legal principles laid characterized contrary rule law having judicial power judicial power erroneous contend rule law abolished legislation parliament stated absolute conclusive judgment applications judicial review actions parliament enact rule law relating law applicable judicial review legislation direct court enter particular judgment dismiss particular case court left deal case basis amendments legislation designed necessarily include provisions ensure effectiveness detention amendments intended appeal court appeal confirmed decide case accordance legal principles laid effect section clear applying legal principles court held failed prove detention reasons unrelated national security parliamentary debate rule law asserted detention trial doctrine way checking minister decision decides order subject liberty completely contrary rule natural justice fundamental principle men free called provisions act permitting detention repealed saying power necessary emergency times real threat need let realise violation rule law let honest repeal nominated member parliament simon expressed view constitution exception fulfill concept rule law sense limited grounds court review decision minister sense discretion nonetheless recognized remained relevant instance tool people alleged engaged espionage detention definitively declared right wrong case case decision live lives real society responding noted fully debated parliament previous occasions emphasized place tackle apparent act including review detention advisory board composed supreme_court judge prominent members public president personal discretion order release event advisory board minister disagreed necessity detention speaking seasonal meeting singapore explained stability essential conditions singapore governance contributed stability country enabling terrorist threats dealt response chairman wrote appropriate times extraordinary danger assumed measure ordinary times liberties justification national defense crisis set norm peaceful ordinary times life nation september statement said government people solely political beliefs expressed view continues relevant crucial measure resort preservation national security cases singapore law reports reissue appeal singapore minister home affairs singapore archived original december lung minister home affairs singapore minister home affairs singapore attorney general singapore works washington isbn archived original march september judicial review angst lecture singapore management university second year law students archived original december rule law nature general applications introduction study law constitution 8th london michael independence criminal justice system singapore asian rule law theories implementation rule law asian countries france london isbn varieties rule law introduction provisional conclusion asian rule law rule law non liberal democracy singapore experience asian rule law andrew archived original paper subsequently published andrew theory practice joseph rule law virtue law quarterly review rule law official report november vol october speech minister law rule law session archived original november tan fundamental liberties introduction singapore constitution 2nd singapore isbn articles websites december courts rule law singapore hall stephen detention political rights rule law singapore malaysia rule law capitalism east asia lee december shall meet competing narratives rule law singapore human rights rule law relationship paper archived original prosperity versus individual rights human rights democracy rule law singapore july archived original july december rule law singapore brian december history elements rule law december apology rule law rules law singapore books anti corruption mirror singapore rule law doctrine eastern version nation ruled law beijing isbn frank kenneth decline rule law singapore malaysia report new_york july rule law regimes exception working paper isbn archived original singapore cambridge isbn malaysia singapore green alternative european link rule law human rights malaysia singapore report conference held brussels march belgium malaysia malaysia singapore isbn multiple names authors list link gordon singapore exception proves rules matter tom rule law politics courts cambridge isbn rule law history politics theory cambridge isbn | Rule of law doctrine in Singapore | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
18178_Uggbootstrademarkdispute | boots trademark dispute boots trademark disputes disputes manufacturers protected trademark generic term ineligible trademark protection australia new_zealand generic term style registered include term designs contrast registered trademark california based company countries worldwide including european_union china boots called australia new_zealand style boot countries boots known brand owned boots twin faced inside outer surface synthetic sole boots originated australia new_zealand initially worn warmth comfort boots emerged fashion trend united_states late 1990s world wide trend late 2000s trademark law united_states act primary federal trademark statute law united_states applies commerce regulated congress address terms foreign countries doctrine foreign serves purpose doctrine foreign foreign language term foreign country considered generic country imported united_states trademark applying doctrine courts consistently refer policy rationale doctrine serves interests domestic competition diversity population united_states coupled temporary visitors united_states marketplace commerce united_states utilizes foreign languages merchant obtain exclusive right trademark registration prevent competitors designating product language customers know best ltd wine second rationale doctrine serves interests international united_states companies international trade foreign countries granted trademark protection generic english words united_states refuses trademark protection generic foreign words inc states test applying doctrine foreign american buyers familiar foreign language word denote english equivalent doctrine generally interpreted courts applying generic word word foreign language english speaking foreign country court cases noted generic status accorded english language words foreign countries bearing registration marks united_states argument invoked boots rejected district court cited following cases support court rejected irrelevant generic usage phrase beer australia low alcohol beer court ruled term generic country suggestive australia irrelevant inc court rejected irrelevant generic use term english speaking countries retailer fruit court rejected argument grounds irrelevant term outside united_states parties agree term generic britain deal american trademark law american consumers british usage dictionary definition indicating usage case court stated term generic country recognized country mark regarded arbitrary united_states remains eligible registration trademark united_states doctrine rule criticized commentators noting united_states courts contradictory inconsistent application doctrine provides little guidance owners choosing marks courts assessing likelihood mark confusion suggested doctrine abolished replaced applies equally foreign words regardless foreign language english language account country trademark laws proposed changes terms generic trademark disputes boots intellectual property disputes trademark subject dispute countries trademark boots removed trademark registry australia non use outside australia new_zealand written capital letters registered trademark australian registered boots trademark australia began selling boots registered logo containing sun words australia australian applied united_states distributor country leather western australian manufacturer boots began selling australian boots new_york california set purchased sold interest registered foreign countries began asserting new trademark sent cease letters australian manufacturers boots took little action early 2000s demand boots soaring partly result million spent marketing celebrity endorsements months september boots sales totaled million increase previous year plans place expand brand cover hats gloves continuing rise popularity began effort halt use manufacturers law firm sent cease letters number australian american manufacturers selling internet preventing selling word domain names registered business names manufacture boots australia primarily cottage industry individually lacking resources fight australian manufacturers formed fight corporation claim arguing generic term referring flat pull boots argued australian manufacturers making trading style boot decades including manufacturers perth manufacturing selling online appealed australian trademark officer heard case stated evidence overwhelmingly supports proposition terms boots describe specific style boot natural way describe goods won right use term variations case subject television documentary good bad boot retained rights logo trade mark protection applies way mark appears entirety words contains determined generic found registration rights generic term terms derived identity trade marks derive nature expression boots boots boots variations generic terms australia ruled trademark boots removed trademark register non use logo marks initially declined pay court costs required ruling following publication wall_street_journal article referred oversight paid costs september ruling applies australia owns jurisdictions china japan european_union demanded american company cease trademark replied use mark sent cease letter declined stop filed case california federal court alleging trademark infringement false designation origin labelled boots australian boots trademark unfair competition trade breach contract claimed agreed stop turn challenged generic entitled trademark protection mark registered entitled assumption generic burden proof rested support provided testimony america coach buyer heather accepted court additionally provided instances generic usage american magazines court pointed recent dated quoted new_york_city published oxford english dictionary definition rejected petitioned dictionary change definition kind soft boot definition included trademark agreed argued trademark invalid registered giving false representations term generic arguing australian citizen smith knew fact term generic term rejected court fraud requires false representations ruling belief finding smith knew term generic australia honestly held good faith belief generic united_states countered submitting professionals industry stated widely recognized industry brand generic term provided court survey evidence supporting consumers consider brand women aged purchased valued months believed brand thought generic argued term generic doctrine foreign law term country considered generic country imported united_states trademark rejected doctrine applied terms foreign language february court ruled claims trademark infringement unfair competition finding consumer likely confused similarity appearance sight sound parties marketing direct competition identical products court declined rule validity australia considered inappropriate interfere country attempting change regional mark similar achieved champagne trademark status jurisdictions response focused fact boots china australia sales boots totaled million brand includes hats gloves jackets coats totaled billion sales outside united_states trademark infringement cases trademark infringement trade dress case generic term defense rejected dutch court applicable goods court rejected claim australian companies believe generic australia mark protected noting admitted knowing famous brand undermined argument generic distributed boots purchased supplier china internet site netherlands describing website authentic australian boots logo heel boxes virtually identical packaging found court case included sale imported boots manufactured boots production ltd melbourne australia branded court stated given exact similarity goods boots fact word brand undisputed fact brand popular found distribution boots contained word label took unfair advantage detrimental distinctive character brand infringement trademark december filed trademark infringement suit bid stop australia sales website december australia counter sued cancellation trademark suit alleged trademark obtained false statement invalid august case dismissed prejudice stipulation parties terms settlement disclosed validity trademark challenged turkish court local manufacturer application register trademark containing words australia rejected judge ruled finding generic term descriptive nature turkish language refer products court ruled known trademark gained recognition worldwide acknowledging challenger allegations generic term australia ruled alleged facts bearing validity trademark turkey awarded costs action ruled trademark opposition dispute granting right register australia costs awarded declared element boot market use caused confusion products began manufacturing boots began selling boots woven heel featuring mark company incorporated time attempted trademark logo asked proceed descriptive filed trademark application aware products sold bearing variations element conjunction word australia opposed application grounds prior use argued prior use shown invalid mark sought register exact copy mark significant reputation australia filed application bad faith court found significant reputation australian market dominated failed requirements trade practices act public origin manufacturer court noted use term infringement defense years claim trading reputation filed bad faith order gain statutory protection trade marks recognized australia non use action production confirmed owned trademark label sun like device scope trademark narrowed restricted filed suit chinese company allegedly selling mall chinese language website similar amazon known snow boots china selling australian boots labeled world defense spokesperson argued boots different brand letters word designed differently support cited chinese online encyclopedia describes generic term boots asked comment media public relations manager attached shanghai stated snow boots style originated australia boots referred boots australian manufacturers contained word large block letters heel boot court found practice ordinary consumer court ruled use word chinese commerce infringement chinese trademark held manufacturers distribution firms liable shanghai suburb nation largest production base snow boots businesses manufacturing valued billion million annually nation largest production base imitation brands estimated companies producing boots cost china demand exceeded supply led large market lower priced imported australia | Ugg boots trademark dispute | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
18248_ThirteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution | thirteenth amendment united_states constitution thirteenth amendment amendment united_states_constitution abolished slavery punishment crime congress passed senate april house january amendment ratified required number states december december secretary state proclaimed adoption adopted following american_civil_war slavery original constitution provisions article section clause commonly known compromise detailed state total slave population total population count purposes seats united_states house_of_representatives direct taxes states slaves declared free president abraham_lincoln emancipation proclamation post war status uncertain april senate passed amendment abolish slavery unsuccessful vote extensive legislative maneuvering lincoln administration house followed suit january measure swiftly ratified nearly northern states sufficient number border reconstructed southern states cause adopted end year amendment formally abolished slavery united_states factors white violence selective enforcement statutes continued subject black americans labor particularly south contrast thirteenth amendment rarely cited later case law strike race based discrimination incidents slavery thirteenth amendment applies actions private citizens fourteenth apply state actors amendment enables congress pass laws sex trafficking modern forms slavery text section slavery punishment crime party shall duly convicted shall exist united_states place subject jurisdiction section congress shall power enforce article appropriate legislation slavery united_states institution slavery existed original thirteen british north american colonies prior thirteenth amendment united_states constitution adopted use words slave slavery included provisions persons clause article section allocated congressional representation based number free persons persons clause compromise wished slaves counted persons congressional representation rejecting concern power south representation new congress based population contrast vote state principle earlier article section person held service labour state freed escaping article section allowed congress pass legislation purposes fifth amendment states person shall deprived life liberty property process law slaves understood property fifth amendment argue slavery legal basis treating slaves property scott stimulated philosophy declaration independence northern state provided immediate gradual abolition slavery slaves involved household servants southern state slave population south continued grow peaking million people abolitionist movement headed figures grew strength north calling end slavery nationwide tensions alliance felt races kept separated feared presence freed blacks encourage slave rebellions called emigration colonization free blacks slaves africa views endorsed politicians feared main abolitionist movement provoke civil war proposals eliminate slavery constitutional amendment introduced representative failed gain significant traction country continued expand issue slavery new territories dominant national issue southern position slaves property moved territories like forms property provided admission missouri slave state maine free state preserving senate equality regions introduced war bill ban slavery territories acquired mexican american war repeatedly passed house senate compromise temporarily issue admitting california free state stronger fugitive slave act banning slave trade washington allowing new_mexico utah self determination slavery issue despite compromise tensions continued rise subsequent decade things publication anti slavery novel cabin fighting pro slave abolitionist forces kansas beginning scott decision struck provisions compromise abolitionist attempt start slave revolt ferry election slavery critic abraham_lincoln presidency southern states union months following lincoln election forming beginning american_civil_war proposal ratification crafting amendment acting presidential war powers lincoln issued january proclaimed freedom slaves states rebellion affect status slaves border states remained loyal union december lincoln war powers issued proclamation amnesty reconstruction offered southern states chance peacefully rejoin union abolished slavery collected loyalty voting population southern states readily accept deal status slavery remained uncertain final years civil war union debated proposals reconstruction called constitutional amendment abolish slavery nationally permanently december bill proposing amendment introduced representative representative soon followed similar proposal january senator missouri submitted joint resolution constitutional amendment slavery chaired involved merging different proposals amendment radical republicans led senator representative sought expansive version amendment february submitted constitutional amendment stating persons equal law person hold slave congress shall power laws necessary proper carry declaration effect united_states tried promote expansive wording controlled failed february presented senate amendment proposal based drafts wilson henderson committee version text shall slavery said territory punishment crimes party shall duly convicted henderson proposed amendment basis new draft removed language allowed constitutional amendment adopted majority vote house congress ratification thirds states instead thirds respectively passage congress senate passed amendment april vote democrats maryland oregon voted months later june house failed favor thirteen votes short thirds vote needed passage vote split largely party lines republicans supporting democrats opposing presidential race candidate threatened party run opposing lincoln time platform endorsing anti slavery amendment republican_party platform failed include similar lincoln endorsed amendment letter accepting nomination withdrew race september endorsed lincoln southern states represented members congress pushed moral religious arguments favor slavery democrats opposed amendment generally arguments based states rights argued proposed change violated spirit constitution valid amendment instead constitute revolution representative white opponents warned amendment lead citizenship blacks republicans portrayed slavery argued abolition necessary step national progress amendment supporters argued slave system negative effects white people included lower wages resulting competition forced labor repression abolitionist whites south advocates said ending slavery restore amendment constitutional rights violated censorship intimidation slave states democrats excited abolition amendment holding meetings issuing resolutions blacks particularly south focused education key liberation slavery began politically array northern democrats announced support amendment including representative senator powerful new_york political machine president lincoln concerns reversed found invalid war saw constitutional amendment permanent solution remained neutral amendment considered politically dangerous nonetheless lincoln party platform resolved abolish slavery constitutional amendment winning election lincoln passage thirteenth amendment legislative priority beginning efforts lame duck session office popular support amendment mounted lincoln urged congress december state union speech question time proposed amendment states action events agree sooner better lincoln instructed secretary state representative votes means necessary promised government posts campaign contributions outgoing democrats willing switch sides large fund direct bribes reintroduced measure house lobbied democrats vote favor measure representative commented later greatest measure nineteenth century passed corruption aided man america lincoln precise role making deals votes remains unknown republicans congress claimed mandate abolition having gained elections senate house democratic vice presidential nominee representative led opposition measure republicans toned language radical equality order amendment coalition supporters order critics worried amendment tear apart social fabric republicans explicitly promised amendment leave intact mid january speaker estimated amendment votes short passage postponed vote point lincoln intensified push amendment making direct emotional appeals particular members congress january house called vote amendment certain outcome house members present vote secure passage resolution members reducing number republican supported measure democrats lame ducks amendment finally passed vote narrowly reaching required thirds majority house exploded celebration members openly black allowed attend congressional sessions previous year galleries constitution president plays formal role amendment process joint resolution sent lincoln signature usual signatures speaker house president senate president lincoln wrote word approved added signature joint resolution february february congress passed resolution presidential signature unnecessary thirteenth amendment ratified amendment signed president signed amendment 36th congress adopted sent states march ratification states thirteenth amendment submitted states february quickly taken end month ratified eighteen states confederate states virginia louisiana submitted reconstruction governments subsequent arkansas tennessee raised issues states legally valid fewer states article required ratification states legally valid state president lincoln speech april called question southern states union obviously declared proper practical relation union object restore relation lincoln assassinated days later congress session new president began period known presidential reconstruction personally oversaw creation new state governments south oversaw state political conventions populated delegates deemed loyal leading issues came convention abolition slavery confederate war debt alabama florida georgia mississippi north_carolina south_carolina held conventions texas convention organize march johnson hoped prevent admit southern states ratification congress december believed silence wished deny southern states place union pointing essential successful ratification thirteenth amendment direct negotiations state governments johnson administration ensued summer wore administration officials began including assurances measure limited scope demands ratification johnson suggested directly governors mississippi north_carolina control allocation rights johnson obviously expected freed people enjoy civil rights including specified right testify court wanted state know power rights remain states south_carolina provisional governor objected scope amendment enforcement clause secretary state responded telegraph fact second clause effect instead powers congress white politicians south concerned congress cite amendment enforcement powers way authorize black suffrage south_carolina ratified amendment november issued declaration attempt congress political status slaves civil relations contrary constitution united states alabama louisiana declared ratification imply federal power status slaves week december north_carolina georgia gave amendment final votes needed constitution thirteenth amendment constitution december based following illinois february rhode_island february michigan february maryland february new_york february pennsylvania february west_virginia february missouri february maine february kansas february massachusetts february virginia february ohio february indiana february nevada february louisiana february minnesota february wisconsin february vermont march tennessee april arkansas april connecticut new_hampshire july south_carolina november alabama december north_carolina december georgia december having ratified states states including rebellion secretary state december certified thirteenth amendment valid purposes constitution included enrolled list states confederate states given strings attached accepted votes brushed aside comment challenge thirteenth amendment subsequently ratified oregon december california december florida december reaffirmed june iowa january new_jersey january rejection march texas february delaware february rejection february kentucky march rejection february mississippi march certified february rejection december thirteenth amendment constitution years twelfth amendment longest interval constitutional amendments effects impact abolition slavery felt quickly thirteenth amendment operational scope lincoln emancipation proclamation widened include entire nation majority kentucky slaves people remained legally freed amendment went effect december delaware large number slaves escaped war people legally free addition slavery prohibiting punishment crime thirteenth amendment compromise population state originally included congressional purposes free persons persons slaves excluded native americans compromise provision constitution required population slaves counted purposes seats house_of_representatives taxes states compromise effect increasing political power slave holding states increasing share seats house_of_representatives consequently share state influence election president tied size congressional delegation thirteenth amendment working way ratification process republicans congress grew increasingly concerned potential large increase congressional representation democratic dominated southern states population freed slaves counted southern states dramatically increase power population based house_of_representatives republicans hoped offset advantage attracting protecting votes newly black population political economic change south southern culture remained deeply racist blacks remained faced dangerous situation reported kind innate feeling lingering hope south slavery shape tried laws worse slavery protection master interest gave wrote slavery abolished thirteenth amendment million plantation work emancipation work interrupted changed war getting wages apparently going subject slave codes modified thousands camps soldiers streets cities homeless sick impoverished freed practically land money save exceptional cases legal status protection official emancipation substantially alter economic situation blacks remained south amendment permitted labor punishment convicted criminals southern states responded historian called array laws essentially intended black life laws passed updated emancipation known mississippi state pass codes law titled act mississippi law required black workers contract white farmers january year face punishment blacks sentenced forced labor crimes including petty theft language selling cotton sunset states passed new strict laws enforced blacks white labor sold farms factories lumber camps mines ratification thirteenth amendment november south_carolina legislature immediately began created separate set laws acceptable behaviors black great codes blacks work farmers servants constitutional rights restrictions black land ownership threatened economic permanent states mandated indefinitely long periods child laws target blacks specifically instead affected farm workers black time states passed laws actively prevent blacks acquiring property southern business owners sought reproduce profitable arrangement slavery system called black workers loans compelled work indefinitely debt continued reconstruction large proportion black workers south workers remained persecuted forced work dangerous jobs confined legally racist laws governed south differed slavery strictly hereditary allow sale people exactly fashion person debt extension person sold system resembled slavery ways congressional executive enforcement enforcement legislation congress passed civil rights act guaranteed black americans citizenship equal protection law right vote amendment authorization bureau bills president vetoed bills congressional veto pass civil rights act proponents act including wilson argued section thirteenth amendment enforcement power authorized federal government civil rights states disagreed maintaining inequality conditions distinct slavery seeking substantial justification fearing future opponents seek legislation congress states added additional constitution fourteenth amendment defined citizenship mandated equal protection law fifteenth amendment banned racial voting restrictions enforced amendment locally providing degree support people subject thirteenth amendment established bureau legal basis operate kentucky civil rights act racism local jurisdictions allowing blacks access federal courts civil rights act violence intimidation white supremacy effort end slave conditions southern blacks effect laws waned political diminished federal government lost authority south particularly compromise ended reconstruction exchange republican presidency law act congress abolished holding person service labor system known specifically banning voluntary service labor persons debt obligation created focused primarily amendment labor rights increasing scrutiny lead world war brought increased attention issues slavery abroad home sought counter foreign propaganda increase credibility race issue southern system leadership attorney general invoked constitutional amendments legislation basis actions successfully prosecuted keeping domestic servant conditions slavery court found jones person wholly subject defendant freedom action person services wholly control defendant state enforced compulsory service defendant thirteenth amendment enjoyed swell attention period brown board jones eclipsed fourteenth amendment human trafficking victims human trafficking conditions forced labor commonly threat legal actions victims forced labor trafficking protected title code title section conspiracy rights conspiracy threaten person rights privileges secured constitution laws united_states title section rights color law crime person acting color law federal state local officials enforce statutes regulations customs cause deprived rights privileges person secured protected constitution laws includes causing subjected person different pains penalties prescribed punishment citizens account person alien reason color race definitions refers person debt tied payment debt includes use force threat force threat legal person work refers person held actual force threats force threats legal condition slavery compulsory service labor includes condition people compelled work climate fear evoked use force threat force threat legal suffer legal consequences demands sufficient service bailey alabama ruled laws violated amendment ban requiring specific performance remedy breach personal services contracts viewed form scholars courts jurisdictions scholars rejected argument popular rule local jurisdictions upheld higher courts forced labor labor service obtained threats harm physical restraint scheme plan pattern intended cause person believe suffer harm physical restraint perform labor services abuse threatened abuse law legal process judicial interpretation contrast reconstruction amendments thirteenth amendment rarely cited later case law historian handful landmark striking debt instances race based violence discrimination thirteenth amendment potent source rights claims black slaves descendants rhodes thirteenth amendment cases tested provisions civil rights act granted blacks federal courts kentucky law prohibited blacks whites arrangement compromised ability citizen united_states african race reach justice white person accused attempted try case federal court ruled federal option unconstitutional supreme_court justice sitting overturned kentucky decision holding material enforcement provided civil rights act slavery truly abolished turner chief justice ordered freedom slave maryland master supreme_court heard civil rights act case relating federal courts kentucky white men visiting cabin black family apparently angry sixteen year old hit twice head killed richard parents blind grandmother severely wounded young daughters kentucky courts allow foster children testify federal courts authorized civil rights act found guilty murder supreme_court took case ruled foster children standing federal courts living people advantage act courts effectively ruled thirteenth amendment permit federal remedy murder cases maintaining order meaningful effects thirteenth amendment address racial oppression based case set precedent state federal courts led erosion congress thirteenth amendment powers supreme_court continued path upheld state sanctioned monopoly white united_states court ignored circuit court decision perpetrators massacre enforcement act thirteenth amendment solely ban slavery covers broader array labor arrangements social respect fourteenth fifteenth amendment thirteenth amendment special undoubtedly negro slavery mind congress proposed thirteenth article kind slavery mexican chinese labor system shall develop slavery mexican chinese race territory amendment safely trusted void rights states properly necessarily fall protection articles protection apply party interested african descent wish understood fair construction section phrase amendments necessary look purpose said spirit evil designed remedy process continued addition constitution purpose supposed accomplished far constitutional law accomplish civil rights cases supreme_court reviewed consolidated cases dealing civil rights act outlawed racial discrimination public land water theaters places public amusement court ruled thirteenth amendment ban forms racial discrimination non government actors majority decision bradley wrote non binding thirteenth amendment empowered congress attack incidents slavery distinguished fundamental rights citizenship protected thirteenth amendment social rights men races community majority opinion held running slavery argument ground apply act discrimination person fit guests entertain people coach cab car admit concert theatre deal matters intercourse business solitary dissent kentucky lawyer changed mind civil rights law witnessing organized racist violence argued discrimination practiced corporations individuals exercise public quasi public functions badge congress prevent power court civil rights cases held appropriate legislation amendment state laws establishing slavery amendment character establishing universal civil political freedom united_states congress empowered pass laws necessary proper incidents slavery united_states court stated scope amendment amendment fourteenth undoubtedly self executing legislation far terms applicable existing state circumstances force effect abolished slavery established universal freedom legislation necessary proper meet cases circumstances affected proper modes violation letter spirit legislation primary direct character amendment mere prohibition state laws establishing slavery absolute declaration slavery shall exist united_states attorneys argued racial segregation involved character incidents slavery violation thirteenth amendment brief supreme_court lawyers wrote distinction race inherently unconstitutional supreme_court rejected reasoning upheld state laws enforcing segregation separate equal doctrine majority decision court found statute implies merely legal distinction white colored races distinction founded color races exist long white men distinguished race color tendency destroy legal equality races state writing thin disguise equal accommodations passengers railroad coaches wrong day united_states court struck federal statute providing punishment people threaten citizen free exercise enjoyment right privilege secured constitution laws united_states group white men arkansas violently prevent black workers performing jobs lumber mill group convicted federal grand jury supreme_court ruled federal statute outlawed citizens liberty authorized thirteenth amendment held mere personal assault appropriation operates reduce individual condition slavery maintaining opinion thirteenth amendment protect freedom physical restraint reaffirmed interpretation finding amendment apply restrictive enforcement federal civil rights law south created numerous cases slowly traveled judiciary supreme_court ruled united_states held employers described workers entry contract voluntary definition bailey alabama reaffirmed holding thirteenth amendment solely ban slavery covers broader array labor arrangements social addition court ruled congress enforcement power thirteenth amendment court said plain intention amendment abolish slavery form incidents render impossible state labor free prohibiting control personal service man disposed benefit essence amendment self executing far terms applicable existing condition congress authorized secure complete enforcement appropriate legislation jones legal histories cite jones turning point thirteen amendment supreme_court confirmed jones congress act prevent private actors imposing incidents black couple missouri sued real estate company refusing sell house court held congress power thirteenth amendment determine incidents slavery authority translate determination effective legislation court recognized long ago encompassed incidents slavery disabilities included restraints fundamental rights essence civil freedom right inherit purchase lease sell convey property enjoyed white citizens civil rights cases enacted civil war restrict free exercise rights slave system exclusion white communities substitute racial discrimination men makes ability buy property turn color skin slavery negro citizens saw thirteenth amendment promise freedom freedom come pleasure buy sell left mere paper guarantee congress powerless assure dollar hands negro purchase thing dollar hands white man freedom congress empowered secure thirteenth amendment includes freedom buy white man buy right live white man live congress free man means thirteenth amendment promise nation reopened issue linking racism contemporary society history slavery united_states jones precedent justify congressional action protect workers target sex trafficking direct enforcement power found thirteenth amendment contrasts fourteenth allows responses institutional discrimination state actors cases supreme_court taken especially narrow view claims people descended black african slaves baldwin group merchant challenged federal statutes failure complete contractual term service court ruled seamen contracts considered unique time amendment intended introduce novel doctrine respect certain descriptions service treated exceptional case numerous incidents cases justice authored dissent favoring broader selective draft supreme_court ruled military draft united_states supreme_court ruled thirteenth amendment prohibit psychological defined purposes criminal prosecution condition victim forced work defendant use threat physical restraint physical injury use threat law legal process definition encompasses cases defendant holds victim placing fear physical restraint injury legal ruled use community service high school graduation requirement violate thirteenth amendment prior proposed thirteenth amendments decades following ratification twelfth amendment proposals amend constitution adopted congress sent states ratification ratified number states necessary constitution commonly known amendment referred article thirteen successful thirteenth amendment joint resolution passed congress pending states ratified strip citizenship united_states citizen accepts title nobility honor foreign country consent congress amendment pending states march ratified shield domestic institutions states common slavery constitutional amendment process abolition interference congress | Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
18311_InternalSecurityAct(Singapore) | internal security act singapore internal security act singapore cap statute grants executive power enforce detention prevent suppress organized violence persons property things incidental internal security singapore present act originally enacted internal security act extended singapore september singapore state person detained minister home affairs president satisfied detention necessary purposes national security public order landmark case minister home affairs court appeal sought impose legal limits power detention requiring government objective facts justified president satisfaction months decision series legislative constitutional amendments enacted effectively reversed decision amendments subsequently confirmed valid high_court court appeal lung minister held sufficient president satisfied threat national security order detention order issued notable cases include led arrest left wing politicians trade including members socialist opposition party alleged communist detained subject restrictions liberty cases resulted security operation called roman catholic church social activists professionals accused members conspiracy detained authorities prohibit political quasi military organizations ban subversive documents publications shut exhibitions likely detrimental national interest suppress organized violence declaring parts singapore security areas history developments british colonial malaya introduced emergency regulations ordinance july emergency response communist uprising guerrilla war regulations allowed police arrest anybody suspected having acted likely act way threaten security evidence warrant hold investigation indefinitely charged crime tried court law successor emergency regulations ordinance ordinance introduced result bus riots labour_party government singapore strong opposition party opposition accused government political dissent years malaya independence emergency declared passed place powers parliamentary debates act prime minister stated applied remaining communist insurgents insurgents eventually surrendered nonetheless retained malaysia british lawyer author professor commented imagine time come power detention carefully deliberately article constitution political opponents welfare workers dedicated peaceful activities nonetheless commented supported review law scrapped got multi racial society malaysia emotions run high quickly singapore joined extended singapore act retained singapore separation malaysia current version act known chapter revised edition september debate retained opened malaysia announced considering prime minister stated act abolished replaced new laws safeguard peace order legitimacy relevance subsequently debated member parliament group representation constituency commented parliament august felt inappropriate citizen trial convinced hard logic safety security singapore paramount agreed needed prevent abuse needs discussed transparent manner facts associated given need kept secret following day october deputy prime minister coordinating minister minister home affairs explained relevance powers detention noted 1960s detention primarily counter subversive communist threat posed hiding legal organizations past decades detention helped safeguard singapore national security threats posed espionage terrorism detention allows comprehensive assessment threat opposed criminal case tried court requires court consider specific acts relate charge committed overt deeds warrant prosecution allows pre action taken threats actual harm addition minister said detention trial situations open court certain intelligence intelligence obtained foreign security agencies understanding source details disclosed open court disclosure confidential intelligence compromise ongoing future operations revelation existing sources methods intelligence gathering confidential information withheld court criminal case weakened requirements result guilty accused finally court proceedings stall investigations broader network situations communal involved opposition political parties singapore called abolished manifesto general election said specific anti terrorism anti espionage laws allow arrests detention trial strict conditions enacted replace took similar stance february legislative authority enactment legislative authority enactment article constitution singapore appears special powers emergency powers entitled legislation article states act action taken threatened substantial body persons inside outside singapore cause cause substantial number citizens fear organised violence persons property president government promote feelings ill hostility different races classes population likely cause violence alteration means law established security singapore provision law designed stop prevent action amendment law provision law enacted clause valid notwithstanding inconsistent article apart article outside legislative power parliament law containing mentioned clause shall sooner repealed cease effect resolution passed parliament law prejudice previously virtue thereof power parliament new law article respect proceedings instituted 27th january question arises court validity decision act power conferred president minister law referred article question shall determined accordance provisions law enacted parliament purpose article shall law enacted clause satisfy requirements article malaysian retained singapore contains following action taken substantial body persons cause substantial number citizens fear organised violence persons property action taken threatened substantial body persons security malaya parliament considers necessary stop prevent action article constitution enacted yang advice consent parliament assembled authority follows provisions relating internal security substantive act contains provisions relating internal security divided chapters organisations associations political quasi military character uniforms etc powers detention iii special powers relating subversive publications etc control exhibitions powers prevention miscellaneous prohibition political quasi military organizations chapter minister home affairs action political quasi military organizations associations criminal offence member association persons organized trained equipped enable employed functions police purpose enabling employed use display physical force promoting political object manner reasonable organised trained equipped purpose crime promote promote participate control management association organize train member association minister empowered prohibit uniform dress worn public members adherents political quasi military association involved activities mentioned previous uniform dress indicating association political organization promotion political object wearing uniform dress minister order offence addition minister considers national interest prohibit manufacture sale use wearing display possession flag banner badge emblem device uniform distinctive dress thereof currently emblem device prohibited form pointed red star hammer circumstances raise reasonable emblem device intended likely manner interests singapore promote foster purpose incompatible peace welfare good order singapore crime person present attend meeting assembly organized participants train drill trained use arms purpose practising military exercises movements crime train drill people manners control management association members trained prohibition apply members police legally constituted volunteer local force visiting force present country organization association minister detention chapter allows detention known detention trial conspicuous feature act executive power arrest trial necessary person view prevent person acting manner security singapore thereof maintenance public order essential services purposes provision essential services means services relating water electricity public health fire prisons post including broadcasting television ports docks public transport bulk distribution fuel instead person purposes mentioned executive impose restrictions person liberty requiring reporting movements prohibiting person speaking public meetings taking political activities travelling singapore country procedure detention person detained president satisfied detention necessary purposes national security public order valid exercise minister home affairs power order detention detention order supplemented section police arrest person pending warrant section initial detention individual detained administrative processes executive required follow sections act informed grounds detention soon possible disclosure national interest served copy detention order grounds allegations fact detention order informed days right representations order advisory board required hear consider representations advisory board chaired supreme_court judge appointed president members appointed president consultation chief justice board powers court summon examine witnesses order documents produced evidence recommendations president concerning matter months date detention advisory board recommends release minister decision president exercises personal discretion released exercising discretion president required consult non citizens detained right representations advisory board months date detention order written representations minister minister bound refer representations advisory board decision representations minister final called question court burden proving person citizen lies person claiming minister decision matter final extension suspension detention initial order minister home affairs direct individual detained years extended directions issued president periods years time minister empowered discretion suspend detention order authority suspension time detention order detention orders reviewed months advisory board makes recommendation minister advisory board recommends release minister president exercise personal discretion order release requirement regular reviews detention orders apply citizens detention order extended minister required provide grounds extension order opportunity appeal extension scope judicial review orders administrative law judicial review exercise high court executive decisions orders ensure conform law decisions orders authorized statute administrative law principles court similarly exercise power executive body constitution court duty declare invalid regards powers trial scope judicial review subject succession changes changes revolved issue discretion president home affairs minister assessed period scope judicial review expanded common law developments subsequently curtailed legislative constitutional amendments minister home affairs prior singapore case minister authority application discretion test judicial review executive power exercised test court facts grounds relied executive body exercising discretion based literal interpretation words president satisfied appear section required satisfaction president reasoning applies similarly section requires minister satisfaction suspension detention orders minister home affairs case minister home affairs court appeal expanded scope judicial review adopting objective test reviewing exercise executive discretion contrast test objective test permits court examine decision maker satisfaction based objective facts fell scope purposes specified satisfaction mere executive body insufficient adoption objective test case ratio case based narrower technical grounds test rejected reasons held applying test sections render provisions unconstitutional word law article constitution held encompass fundamental rules natural justice parliament pass legislation executive exercise power breach fundamental rules exercise power arbitrary manner test adopted effect allow executive exercise arbitrary powers detention rendering sections inconsistent article case decided article constitution protects validity anti laws notwithstanding inconsistencies specified fundamental liberties cover inconsistencies article court noted adopting objective test consistent article constitution judicial power courts directly address argument counsel test arbitrary powers detention inconsistent article court rejected test basis notion discretion contrary rule law rule law requires courts examine exercise power ensure executive power exercised legal limits held legal commonwealth jurisdictions supported rejection test favour objective test test applied anderson subsequently affirmed secretary state home affairs decisions departed subsequent decisions house_of_lords courts rejected test applied majority preferring objective test applied lord judgment light developments malaysian case minister home affairs malaysia applied test respondents counsel relied support test longer considered good law additionally decided appeal malaysia referred court support objective test case concerned exercise power derived sections concern matters national security court held concern objective review executive discretion following case minister decided courts determine decision fact based grounds national security similarly court determine matters relied exercising powers fall scope purposes specified sections amendments minister home affairs parliament subsequently passed constitution republic singapore amendment act act took effect january respectively section amended provides law pertaining judicial review decisions president minister restored legal position applicable singapore july date decided lung minister home affairs held amendments reinstated legal position set applicable law governing judicial review singapore prompting return test reviewing exercise executive discretion possible inconsistencies test respect constitution sought resolved passing constitution republic singapore amendment act article amended shield anti laws enacted provision articles addition present article amendment furthermore new article provided article provisions enacted article ruling test inconsistent constitution reversed test restored valid relevant law singapore act introduced section clause providing judicial review orders shall available save relation questions relating procedural requirements court appeal held necessary decide test judicial review case position remains confirmed courts addition court decided unnecessary consider effect section issues related national security amendments parliament introduced section act applied proceedings instituted january article constitution states person shall punished act omission law person shall suffer greater punishment offence prescribed law time committed amendments introduce criminal offences legislature saw fit amend article reference article possible arguments section article minister said parliament reference article necessary ensure retrospective application bill challenged test judicial review matters relating remains objective test minister high_court held validity detention criminal law temporary provisions act dependent minister satisfaction minister satisfied person associated criminal activities academic views situations current law singapore holds home affairs minister decision uncertainty exceptional situations courts step practice judicial review deals national security matters possible exception minister decision bad faith decisions involve clear abuse power detained solely having red hair failing professional examination having acted lawyer government law issue presently unclear high_court said issue relation similar stance taken malaysia said need decide judicial review situations case factual situation arises furthermore increasing number malaysian cases reflecting gradual recognition indicate retreat purely approach response rule academics offered suggestions definition courts actually narrow sense bad faith kelly lord justice asserted bad faith involves grave charge contrasts meaning includes situations allegation bad faith narrow sense permit review courts freezing common law amendments constitution academic discourse effect section future development common law amendments merely caused time warp common law taking act seeking replace common law judicial review uncertainty courts continue develop common law away legal position laid asserted common law continue change parliament power turn clock parliament powerless stop clock running soon clock placed hands judiciary hands race forward stance wide implications high_court court appeal bound rule situations involving completely adopt legal position stated justification parliament intended render judiciary law impossible issue laws detailed shape vast complexity human affairs hand rule sufficiently precise definite meet particular case validity clause issue undergone academic scrutiny nature section clause clause provision drafted exclude jurisdiction courts lung declined address section particular section interpreted described judiciary reluctance address points elegant piece judicial chose evade problem lecture law students chief justice commented general clauses inconsistent article constitution judicial power singapore supreme_court expressed concluded opinion matter unlikely article relied section parliament specifically enacted article protect amendments article opined error law involved judicial review available despite presence clause clause judicial review non errors law distinction non errors law exists section judicial review non errors law errors notably difference english singapore law regards issue lord president page lord commented case effect rendering distinction non errors law obsolete limited effect clauses united_kingdom errors law considered singapore courts adopted legal position cases indicating distinction non errors law exists basic features doctrine basic features doctrine developed rests notion certain elements nation constitutional structure amended parliament high court case minister home affairs argued amendments constitution violated basic features constitution principle separation powers judicial power rule law court rejected application basic features doctrine owing differences making singapore constitution indian constitution fact provided limitations placed parliament power amendment court held case violation constitution basic features facts case appeal determined case grounds found unnecessary decide basic features doctrine applies singapore role judiciary national security matters competing views appropriate role judiciary matters concerning detention related concern judicial process suitable matters legislative constitutional amendments relating judicial review intended limit role courts national security matters law minister argued parliament amendments needed courts effectively responsible national security matters judicial review permitted test deemed necessary reserve executive responsibility national security matters enable government deal effectively security threats contends based objective test set fear courts responsibility national security matters courts review actions taken executive national security purposes merely determine situation fact involves national security issues reflected holding required preserve national security matter solely executive judgment reason forward justify limited role judiciary judicial process unsuitable deciding detention issues persons potential threats national security act collection evidence secure conviction court trial nature detention measure involves making decisions limited information prevent threats national security said court ill equipped determine suspicious circumstances justify pre action agrees view argues applies courts review exercise executive power distinguishes objective test applied situation mentioned court interested national security issue involved opined measures taken limit judicial checks executive power demonstrate preference non legal institutional checks example non legal institutional check requirement constitution advisory board hear representations recommend president detention order terminated argues checks weak replace judicial review contends article constitution permits enactment laws constitutional liberties meaningful restraints placed wide powers similarly rejected view executive parliament sufficient safeguard arbitrary exercise power argues adopting test limiting judicial review procedures stated argument based premise courts consider notions substantive democracy performing judicial role argues considered sufficient protection judicial review constitutional legislative amendments suggests article provides restrictions detention read favour bearing mind exclusion fundamental liberties article view judicial review rejected accord spirit article constitution ensures conversely argued judicial review inappropriate safeguard preventing abuse detention powers situation government power argued judicial government pack courts appoint judges rule favour regarded best safeguard voters elect honest men government criticisms detention state noted political opponents years political opposition criticism remained restricted government authority define powers broadly past occasional government references speech considered bounds understood implicit threats regularly raised need prevent national security threats justification detention suggestions criminal law dealing matter crimes liability conspiracy unlawful assembly code apply harm furthermore restrictions imposed societies act offences act viable alternatives detention detention preferred open court trials suggested criminal trial platform views honour accused persons suggested open trial details terrorism destruction causes educate public potentially unite communities country framework theoretically accorded process instance right representations detention advisory board article constitution prevents government authority information opinion national interest means authorities disclose information proper representation advisory board process secrecy advisory board hearings criticized lead public questioning legitimacy hearings impression justice limited form judicial review available person remains detention depends largely raises question guards guardians detention applied manner democratic opposition absence judicial review exposure abuse submitted voice public opinion suited purpose instances application according sunday_times october people including trade union leaders detained suspected communist february joint malaysian anti communist operation led arrest people april detained singapore remaining released october leader leftist political party detained subsequently held years forms house arrest civil rights restrictions including confinement island restrictions finally lifted november date referred world second longest serving prisoner conscience south_africa reported people allegedly involved communist plot arrested playwright theatre director secretary wife detained years seven months citizenship revoked following release placed residence travel restrictions citizenship reinstated security operation known roman catholic church social activists professionals detained accused members dangerous conspiracy bent government force replacing state led cases people arrested espionage activities arrested male permanent resident deep cover operative foreign intelligence service person female collaborator people arrested agents foreign intelligence agency recruited fourth person collect intelligence local community organization subsequently released mainly inspired terrorists singapore december year members militant group arrested involvement singapore attack plot member detained january later released september members arrested detained august february alleged head indonesia detained escaped custody february malaysian authorities april transferred singapore detention september november april members detained restriction order issued addition lawyer lecturer reading propaganda internet detained february preparing engage militant activities afghanistan released february september detained following month planning resume terrorism foreign military operations abroad including leaving singapore illegally necessary time national muhammad detained april described media self having deeply influenced lectures accessed online time people influenced placed restriction orders january july muslim deported singapore countries detained members arrested malaysia indonesia respectively member arrested malaysia september people orders detention detention suspended people restriction orders march mentioned parliament people detained activities related terrorism september singapore media reported detained march year fifth influenced radical ideology read online entered thailand illegally armed arrested deported singapore placed year restriction order september member philippines members restriction orders lifted trained subversive documents minister responsible printing presses publications currently minister communications information authorized ban documents publications subversive undesirable instance minister prohibit absolutely printing publication sale issue circulation possession document publication contains violence law order calculated likely lead breach peace promote feelings hostility different races classes population national interest public order security singapore prohibition order extend past future issue periodical publication publications issued appear issued publishing house agency source issued prohibited publication proprietor prohibited publication lodge objection prohibition order month date order published government gazette president decision matter final shall called question court exercising discretion president required follow advice cabinet criminal offence print publish sell issue reproduce possess prohibited publication extract import possession imported prohibited publication person knows contents publication nature immediately publication comes possession defence person demonstrate publication printed published sold issued circulated reproduced case authority consent knowledge want care caution know reason suspect nature document publication publications act works russian political newspaper crime committed person posts circular document contains violence law order likely lead breach peace spreading false reports making false statements likely cause public alarm writing newspaper periodical book circular printed publication offence finally offence carry possession control subversive document document deemed subversive tendency organised violence persons property singapore support advocate act security singapore maintenance restoration public order violence law thereof order invite request demand support account collection subscription contribution donation money kind direct indirect benefit use persons intend act act acted manner security singapore maintenance public order violence counsel law thereof order document subversive document presumed contrary proved proved person carrying possession control subversive document deemed known contents document nature person defend proving unaware contents nature contents document reasonable cause believe suspect document subversive places duty person office bearer association responsible member agent organization receives subversive document deliver police officer delay failure police authorization communicating contents document publishing offence control exhibitions home affairs minister chapter order entertainment exhibition closed satisfied likely way detrimental national interest entertainment defined act game sport diversion concert amusement kind public intended access members public payment exhibition includes display goods books pictures films articles public intended access payment offence promoter person concerned promotion entertainment exhibition held continued order requiring closed proprietor premises event held defence event promoted continued authority consent knowledge want care caution alternatively ensure entertainment exhibition detrimental public interest minister impose conditions relating holding event promoter person involved promotion proprietor premises event held failure comply conditions offence person involved able responsible breach exercised care caution authorities empowered close entertainment exhibition operated breach condition kept open order minister enable minister determine entertainment exhibition banned allowed held subject conditions minister require promoter person involved promotion proprietor premises held provide information following matters persons concerned promotion entertainment exhibition interests represented persons persons agreed participate participated entertainment exhibition invited interests represented persons purposes profits entertainment exhibition intended applied matters minister direct false incomplete information offence minister prohibit event held direct closed person providing information commits crime event held manner contrary information provided powers chapter additional powers minister home affairs prevent written law power person body authority appoint people positions minister order provided list people appointment information minister direct people appointment interests singapore shall appointed recruited furthermore person permitted disclose communication received minister course official duty minister satisfied school educational institution purpose detrimental interests singapore public instruction detrimental interests public pupils meeting place unlawful society order closed period exceeding months time board managers governors affected school educational institution lodge objection order president decision matter final questioned court minister power extend places teaching purely religious character purely religious purpose person requires certificate admission institution higher education apply director education issue certificate appear reasonable grounds believing admitted institution question likely promote participate action interests security singapore thereof person hold certificate admitted institution higher learning student person refused certificate appeal home affairs minister decision matter final called question court minister pupils students teachers members class pupils students teachers members named pupil student teacher member school college educational institution students union association situated established outside singapore enter travel singapore group obtain permission police individual pupil student teacher member barred singapore intends carry country common object group belongs police grant permission travel subject conditions reason commissioner police believe person pupil student teacher member affected order order minister person obtain police permission travel singapore entered singapore place outside date entry continuously remained singapore period exceeding months iii holder valid identity card issued singapore accordance provisions written law time force relating identity cards bears address singapore intends provisions order person breached conditions imposed commissioner require person leave singapore certain time remain abroad months lesser period person custody remove singapore person remain singapore months failure comply order minister breach conditions permission travel singapore offence provisions authorize removal singapore citizen singapore resident country provisions relating security areas iii deals security areas section provision chapter iii president acting cabinet advice area singapore security area opinion public security area seriously disturbed threatened reason action taken threatened substantial body persons inside outside singapore cause cause substantial number citizens fear organised violence persons property considers necessary purpose suppressing organised violence proclamation security area published home affairs minister way minister thinks necessary bringing notice persons minister view notice comes effect notice given published government gazette proclamation remains force president parliament passing resolution preservation public security chapter iii minister steps preserve public security security area minister declare areas danger areas controlled areas protected places person allowed enter remain danger area escorted member security force enforce prohibition security forces necessary measures including dangerous fatal human life person injured danger area legal claim compensation awarded compensation board thinks declaration area controlled area enables minister order people area reside portion area declared residential venture residential certain hours failure comply orders criminal offence commissioner police view necessary interests public security order maintenance supplies services essential life community special precautions taken prevent entry persons declare place premises security area protected place declaration force person permitted enter remain place permission authority person stated declaration persons wishing enter protected place submit searched police officers authorized persons comply directions concerning conduct failure result removal protected place offence present protected place permission fail stop challenged police officer refuse submit search commissioner police steps considers necessary secure protected place including life entering place commissioner employs steps precautions including displaying prominent warning notices considers reasonably necessary prevent accidental entry place precautions place person enters protected place permission injured killed entitled receive compensation damages minister declare fence barrier surrounding security area perimeter fence commissioner police permitted steps prevent people crossing fence passing articles fence including defensive measures involve involve danger life measures taken place perimeter fence commissioner precautions including displaying prominent warning signs ensure people accidentally enter area injured dies result defensive measure compensation minister compensation paid offence cross attempt cross pass attempt pass article perimeter fence authorized entry point damage attempt damage fence gate barrier entry point interests public safety minister clearance order concerning land metres railway public road perimeter fence security area land security area connection cultivation rubber oil palm fruit growing trees agricultural food crops order directs owner land agent person living area surrounded perimeter fence clear away bush object mentioned order permanent buildings prevent growing higher centimetres maintain land failure comply clearance order criminal offence officer charge police division forms security area following exclusion persons written order excluding person persons police division impose specified persons designating stay indoors particular area certain hours obtain permit contrary issued police officer rank sergeant control roads regulate restrict control prohibit use road person class persons vehicle vessel type description vehicle vessel addition issue permits regulate restrict control prohibit persons classes persons travelling bus car train vehicle vessel police officer member security forces rating leading rate rank non commissioned officer duty person authorized officer charge police division empowered seize rice food quantity situation likely available persons intend act recently acted manner public security maintenance public order support power people premises vehicles vessels searched warrant appears minister necessary interests public security accommodation security forces possession land building building security area police officers permitted use reasonable force taking possession minister require owner land building provide information relating land building minister possession wide power determine use minister entitled disregard legal restrictions utilized authorize persons property owner entitled ban limit exercising rights way rights relating land building feels minister taking possession land building lodge objection advisory committee committee required consider objections grounds objections forward person given possession property recommendations minister minister directions recommendations think fit award compensation building structure security area left order relating security area officer charge police division building structure situated takes view person persons intend act recently acted manner public security person likely harbour persons practical prevent use officer authorize destruction building structure compensation destruction person demonstrate minister building structure constructed consent person entitled land stood liable building structure subject minister pay compensation owner person prove persons acting manner public security persons knowledge consent exercised ensure building manner offences chapter iii iii creates number criminal offences relating security areas firearms ammunition explosives offence carry possession control security area excuse ammunition explosive authority penalty offence death person charged prove excuse having item demonstrating acquired item manner purpose act manner public security maintenance public order possession having control furthermore person charged authority item police officer member security forces person employed item connection performance duty licensed authorized licence item granted exemption officer charge police division member class persons commissioner police situations applies person regarded having authority item purpose manner public security maintenance public order public prosecutor arrested singapore train station having grenade bodies bag charged found guilty possession ammunition high_court sentenced death conviction upheld singapore court hierarchy appeal held grenade bodies come term ammunition defined ammunition fire arm defined includes grenades bombs like missiles capable use fire arm ammunition containing designed adapted contain liquid gas thing counsel suggested grenade bodies fall definition explosive includes material making explosive apparatus machine implement material intended adapted causing aiding causing explosion explosive apparatus machine implement declined allow submission involved presentation case completely different required meet trial appeal acquitted crime security area consort found company person carrying having possession having control ammunition explosive offence mentioned circumstances raise reasonable person intends act recently acted person having item manner public security maintenance public order penalty death life imprisonment slightly offence security area consort company person reasonable person know person items penalty offence imprisonment exceeding years person carrying possession control ammunition explosive person acting offence mentioned supplies offence person inside outside security area demand collect receive supplies person circumstances raise reasonable person intends act recently acted manner public security maintenance public order supplies intended intends act recently acted manner terrorist use offence inside outside security area found possession supplies accounted directly indirectly provide supplies person circumstances raise reasonable referred penalty offences life imprisonment situation person convicted voluntarily provides information offence police officer accused charged offence offences person inside outside security area knows reasonable cause believe person committed offence iii information present intended movements whereabouts person knows reasonable cause believe terrorist fails report matter police officer commits offence imprisonment years person voluntarily gives information police officer accused charged offence convicted offence attempt commit offence iii assist knows reasonable cause believe committed offence prevent hinder interfere person arrest trial punishment generally fail comply provision iii order direction given requirement imposed iii failure person miscellaneous provisions final contains miscellaneous provisions notable provisions described section police officer entitled use force reasonably necessary circumstances including lethal weapons arrest person subject detention order arrest person respect officer reason believe grounds detention acted act likely act manner national security arrest person suspected having committed offence offensive weapons act sections code commission fire explosive substance damage property destroy building overcome resistance person arrest prevent arrested person escaping rescued arrest person arrested offences mentioned soon possible arrest clearly warned liability shot escape custody addition police officer power use force exercised member security forces guard protected place person authorized commissioner police provisions exist easier admit statements people charged offences act certain offences laws specified second schedule act statement evidence trial person statement chooses testify trial cross examination credit statement amounts confession oral writing time person charged course police investigation wholly partly answer questions person hearing police officer rank sergeant interpreted police officer person concerned arrest subject limitations statement making statement appears court caused threat promise having reference charge person proceeding person authority sufficient opinion court person grounds appear reasonable making gain advantage avoid evil temporal nature reference proceedings statement person arrested court satisfied caution following lines administered duty warn obliged answer question answer question given evidence person makes statement time administer caution statement remains caution administered soon possible person cautioned right remain silent required answer questions cases minister home affairs high_court singapore archived original january minister home affairs singapore law reports reissue singapore archived original december lung singapore lung minister home affairs singapore lung legislation constitution republic singapore reprint essential regulations cap internal security act cap general regulations cap works michael terrorism criminal law singapore solution deputy prime minister coordinating minister minister home affairs debate president official report october vol judiciary siege daniel judicial review detention internal security act summary developments articles lee past present future internal security act published lee june past present future internal security act archived original june sin ann judges administrative action look minister home affairs clarity controversy meaning judicial independence singapore malaysia defending singapore balancing need national security rule law archived original february books works minister law speech second reading constitution republic singapore amendment bill singapore parliamentary debates official report january vol minister law speech second reading internal security amendment bill singapore parliamentary debates official report january vol tan thoughts free poems prose imprisonment exile singapore isbn tan special powers emergency powers constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn blue gate political prisoner malaysia isbn singapore human rights documents general new_york december constitutional supremacy treatise singapore constitutional law singapore isbn update human rights documents general new_york june | Internal Security Act (Singapore) | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
18687_Taylorv.Illinois | taylor illinois taylor illinois decision court held defense witnesses prevented certain circumstances hurts defense case taylor case hold absolute bar blocking testimony surprise witness essential witness defendant limitation broad right present defense recognized washington texas taylor compulsory process clause case washington texas provide specific limitation right defendants force witnesses testify case court defendant right broadly ability present defense court restricted ability comply court rules especially rules equal consequence prosecution defense decision reached dissent justices felt defendant case limited based error solely defendant attorney list appropriate witnesses background history discovery rules discovery procedures defendants began adoption state laws 1920s following decades courts began new procedures example ordered discovery rules initial law requiring series problems surfaced imposed system sides refuse share intended testimony notice rule fashioned leading position sides ordered legislature create discovery system ending state experiment judicial discovery rule making set principles terms discovery rules williams florida court held florida notice rule violate fifth amendment rule williams years court mandated discovery rules general principle decision articulated way street approach trials run search truth maintaining poker game secrecy witnesses decisions specific discovery process supreme_court general constitutional rights defendants ruling washington texas washington court incorporated compulsory process clause states holding constitution violated arbitrary rules prevent categories defense witnesses despite court rule specifically appropriate instead applying constitutional standard state law decades supreme_court rejected attempts review sole taylor trial august arrested murder fight chicago advance trial prosecutor submitted request defense witnesses case defense attorney taylor provided list individuals include witnesses defendant tried introduce witnesses second day trial trial judge sanctioned defense failing witness names original list provided prosecution ruled witnesses allowed testify trial judge specifically frustrated witness known defense prior trial hidden away prosecution jury convicted taylor murder charge affirmed held discovery rules violated trial judge exclude evidence violating party wishes introduce ruling gave trial judge discretion appropriate remedy case exclude entirely surprise witnesses taylor sought writ review case accepted justice wrote opinion affirmed decision upheld taylor conviction began addressing position state illinois argued compulsory process clause concern witness discovery court held view stevens wrote rights fundamental accused present witnesses defense strong sixth amendment values forced court reject state argument time court rejected defendant broad claim defense witness stevens wrote compulsory process clause provides defendant effective weapon weapon process destroyed stevens argued simply refuse follow basic rules court public interests weigh absolute defense position broader idea embedded opinion idea misconduct attorney testimony instant case court held trial judge hold new witnesses testimony pattern discovery violations pattern taylor case series amendments witness list bad faith high purpose clause encompassing absolute right automatic stevens wrote misconduct judge defense counsel sixth amendment compulsory process clause need disrupt lower courts decisions defendant harmed defense counsel error stevens wrote argument excuse counsel fault despite rejection taylor constitutional position court create framework balancing test lower courts use handling future discovery questions trial court balance defendant interest robust defense state interest efficient justice state interest excluding evidence lacking integrity iii state interest strong judicial authority followed rules prosecution interest avoiding prejudice defendant discovery violation dissent justice opinion joined justices marshall argued court balancing test creates conflict interest case involving discovery violation better approach hold compulsory process clause bars discovery sanctions exclude criminal defense evidence quoted length washington texas case announced broad rights defendants present defense exclusion criminal defense evidence central aim criminal justice system opined deliberately record risk misleading jury innocent person went argue simple defense witness extreme penalty discovery violation point criminal justice basing convictions partial presentation facts dissent justice wrote separate long opinion stressed state legitimate interests occasion result different obtain factual context present case | Taylor v. Illinois | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
18888_GroupRepresentationConstituency | group representation constituency group representation constituency type electoral division constituency singapore teams candidates instead individual candidates compete elected parliament mps constituency government stated scheme primarily implemented minority representation parliament mps member indian minority community singapore addition economical town councils manage public housing estates handle larger scheme came effect june prior date single member parliamentary elections act cap states number mps returned quarter total number mps parameters total number singapore boundaries fixed decided cabinet taking consideration recommendations according constitution mps precise number mps declared president cabinet direction prior general election purposes general election mps critics disagree government introducing scheme noting proportion minority mps decreased advent member member having teams candidates standing election helmed senior politicians ruling means bringing time candidates parliament scheme said disadvantage opposition parties difficult find candidates contest furthermore said scheme means unequal voting power relationship mps singapore politics introduction scheme types electoral division constituency singapore single member constituency number candidates comes stand elections parliament group voter casts ballot team candidates individual candidates scheme brought existence june constitution republic singapore amendment act original stated purpose guarantee minimum representation minorities parliament ensure parliament instead single race speaking parliament debate introduced deputy prime minister minister defence said discussed necessity ensuring nature parliament prime minister july lee expressed concern voting patterns younger appeared need having racially balanced slate candidates worried voting racial lines lead lack minority representation parliament proposed twin members parliament mps contest pair minority community mps upset implied merits feeling lead mps losing confidence self respect government dropped proposal government felt best way ensure minority representation parliament introduce scheme addition took view scheme complement introduction town councils manage public housing estates economical town council manage group subsequently government said need boundaries grown big mps serving said provide critical mass residents needed effective proposals minority representation parliament considered chaired chief justice committee representatives minorities elect persons members represent minorities parliament rejected commission felt inappropriate members allowed elected chamber second proposal proportional representation rejected grounds intensify party politics racial lines eventually racial differences increasingly difficult impossible achieve single community races form population republic proposal upper house parliament composed members elected nominated represent racial linguistic religious minorities singapore rejected backward looking politicians attain seat parliament taking elections operation number boundaries electoral divisions apart requirement total number singapore boundaries fixed number electoral divisions names boundaries specified prime minister time time government gazette year ahead general election appointed advise executive number geographical division electoral divisions constitution law requires prime minister continued singapore independence generally general election review boundaries electoral divisions recommend changes recent decades committee chaired cabinet secretary members senior public servants appointed general election head chief executive officer deputy ceo acting chief committee convened shortly general elections preparatory work boundary division prime minister office terms reference issued prime minister embodied legislation giving recommendations boundary changes years committee considered factors including hill ridges rivers roads boundaries drawn lines need electoral divisions approximately equal numbers voters votes carry weight regardless cast ballots adopted rule allowing numbers voters divisions differ permitted increased cabinet decide accept committee recommendations requirements candidates members political party independent candidates standing group candidates person belonging indian minority community person regarded belonging community regardless race considers member community generally accepted community similarly person belong indian community minority community considers member community accepts minority status candidates determined committees appointed president indian decisions committees final conclusive appealed called question court president cabinet direction declares electoral divisions number candidates stand parliament minority candidates indian minority communities number community total number number mps returned quarter total number mps returned general election general election electoral division returns number mps designated constituency president serve parliament group individuals standing voted team individual candidates words successful voter single vote sends parliament sends group mps depending designated elected mps selected simple voting past post basis election need held fill vacancy triggered death resignation reason election required mps vacate parliamentary seats assuming situation arise prime minister obliged election reasonable time intends general election near future modifications grouped member making total elected seats parliament constitution parliamentary elections act changed increase maximum number mps general election member replaced member member member making elected seats parliament arrangement remained unchanged elections government announced size number achieved constitution parliamentary elections act instead appointed terms reference committee plan fewer member present reduce average size average size time mps member member new average exceed mps addition ensure number kept pace increase voters number mps terms reference state rationale given changes scheme work better link voters mps strengthened general election returned parliament mps total mps assessment advantages article constitution states scheme presence minority mps parliament ensuring interests minority communities represented parliament article constitution allows maximum number mps provide flexibility ensuring rapidly expanding population properly managed population constituency grows increasingly difficult represent constituents views team mps arguably greater access constituents fact different mps team suggests effectively provide representation parliament wide range constituents views criticisms scheme diversion original purpose official justification scheme minority representation parliament opposition parties questioned fulfilling purpose especially singapore faced issue minorities represented parliament fact statistics minority candidates won regularly mps lose seats chinese beaten minority candidate addition won election largely chinese constituency elected chief minister singapore jewish technically size increased minority representation overall proportion minority mps reduced minority mps numerical minority parliament political reduced furthermore scheme recruiting tool stated assurance good chance winning election able successful young risk careers join politics team helmed major figure minister allows new candidates ride coat tails experienced members generally fielded time candidates hand built weaknesses fault team high value mps voted said occurred minister foreign affairs lost parliamentary seat workers team general election said serve administrative tools ensure minority representation size increased advantage economies scale managing required purpose stated mps group elections enjoy economies scale opposition parties scheme criticized raising bar opposition elections opposition parties find harder find competent candidates including minority candidates form teams contest acknowledged scheme benefits stronger teams system threshold votes opposition increased opposition parties commit huge proportions resources contest candidate required deposit sum equal total calendar year preceding election rounded nearest general election deposit unsuccessful candidates deposits receive eighth total number votes polled critics noted number generally increased introduction date opposition party won general election creation unequal voting power criticized creating unequal voting powers present vote ward returns candidates parliament compared vote ward returns candidate scheme voting power instance ward voters compared voters member power vote lower voter finds harder vote like situation compounded fact equality electoral divisions tolerated commentator pointed current voter guide ratio voters implies number voters electoral division vary member voters difference weakening voter relationship critics noted credibility candidates reduced members team popular protect popular members voted said relationship electorate representatives weakened relationship individual team individual particular improving link voters mps reason changes proposed introduce reduce size scheme intended ensure minority representation parliament said scheme emphasizes racial consciousness widens gap races undermine esteem minority candidates sure elected merit scheme merits rest team mps result minority candidates dependent majority enter parliament majority candidates believing minority candidates insufficient ability claimed scheme majority assumes able value merit minority candidates vote candidates share common race culture language law large numbers proposed law large numbers system according theory large number voters generally necessarily reflects popular vote evident elections garnered average votes contested average ward national average elections similar trends seen previous elections fact percentage difference votes grew remained stable elections size gave greater effect law large numbers legislation constitution republic singapore reprint parliamentary elections act cap works politics governance singapore introduction singapore isbn deputy prime minister minister defence speech second reading parliamentary elections amendment bill singapore parliamentary debates official report january vol september making sense electoral boundaries report chairman singapore government printer articles websites principles practices voting singapore electoral system tan november engineered limits electoral spatial integration singapore published elections london new_york isbn tan eugene april legislature archived original december retrieved december tan lee constitutional implications tan singapore need reform commentary hang december singapore government people legal studies right political participation singapore tailor making westminster modelled constitution fit asian democracy comparative law books parliament law making singapore isbn democracy singapore london isbn parties politics study opposition parties singapore singapore isbn isbn report parliamentary elections amendment bill bill constitution republic singapore amendment bill bill singapore printed government singapore social political economic directions 1990s new_york martin press isbn tan making law parliament introduction singapore constitution singapore isbn tan legislature constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn legislature treatise singapore constitutional law singapore isbn | Group Representation Constituency | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
19219_Article9oftheConstitutionofSingapore | article constitution singapore article constitution republic singapore specifically article guarantees right life right personal liberty called right life basic human rights fully define term constitution contrary broad position taken jurisdictions malaysia united_states said personal liberty refers freedom unlawful detention article states persons deprived life personal liberty accordance law public prosecutor appeal singapore held term law means legislation enacted parliament includes fundamental rules natural justice subsequently attorney general held fundamental rules natural justice embodied constitution nature function common law rules natural justice administrative law operate different levels legal order related decision public prosecutor apparently rejected contention article courts examine substantive legislation asserted judicial discretion reject bills absurd arbitrary legislation case held law article include rules customary international law article rights accorded persons arrested right apply high_court challenge legality detention right informed grounds arrest right counsel right produced magistrate hours arrest rights apply enemy aliens persons arrested contempt parliament constitution specifically criminal law temporary provisions act cap internal security act cap cap having comply article text article article constitution republic singapore guarantees persons right life right personal liberty states person shall deprived life personal liberty save accordance law complaint high_court judge thereof person detained court shall complaint satisfied detention shall order produced court release person arrested shall informed soon grounds arrest shall allowed consult defended legal choice person arrested released shall delay case hours excluding time necessary journey produced magistrate person way video link similar technology accordance law shall detained custody magistrate authority clauses shall apply enemy alien person arrested contempt parliament warrant issued hand speaker article shall law force commencement constitution arrest detention person interests public safety peace good order relating drugs substances arrest detention person purpose treatment rehabilitation reason law inconsistent clauses particular article shall affect validity operation law 10th march article embodies concept rule law early expression 39th article freeman shall taken captive imprisoned deprived lands outlawed exiled way destroyed force send forces judgment peers law land article similar means identical process clause fourteenth amendment united_states constitution prohibits state denying person life liberty property process law article constitution india states person shall deprived life personal liberty according procedure established law article constitution malaysia singapore article way adopted following singapore independence malaysia rights life personal liberty meaning life public prosecutor called right life basic human rights courts opportunity define term life article jurisdictions india malaysia united_states interpret term respective broadly united_states supreme court case illinois justice stated term life means mere animal existence definition extends limbs life enjoyed rationale term narrow restricted sense indian courts likewise adopted broad interpretation life article indian constitution mean mere existence instead includes right right healthy environment subsequently state meaning life expanded include right live human dignity provision minimum shelter rights aspects life life meaningful worth living similarly justice held expression life included right free exploitation basic life included directive principles state policy appear indian constitution malaysian case appealed dismissal employment grounds procedural issues brought unfair procedure meant deprived constitutional right life liberty protected article malaysian constitution identical singapore article judge held courts consideration unique characteristics situation country blind realities life went suggest liberal approach adopted grasp intention constitution giving life broad liberal meaning opined interpretation include elements form quality life right seek engaged employment right live reasonably healthy pollution free environment noted life extinguished taken away according procedure established law case suggests singapore courts interpret word life narrowly indian malaysian courts called stated scope article indian constitution expanded indian courts include numerous rights relating life right education right health medical care right freedom noise pollution pro active approach matters relating social economic conditions people india court declined apply state mandatory death penalty found unconstitutional stating possible interpret singapore article way interpreted article indian constitution meaning personal liberty took narrow approach reading personal liberty article held personal liberty refers freedom unlawful detention include liberty contract suggested understanding term authority cited approach taken compared liberal interpretation liberty united_states malaysia supreme_court case louisiana louisiana statute struck ground violated individual right contract held liberty fourteenth amendment constitution meant right citizen free physical restraint person right freely enjoy free use ways live work earn calling pursue purpose enter contracts proper necessary essential carrying purposes liberty accorded broad reading subsequent case nebraska supreme_court held state statute english language schools unconstitutional liberty guaranteed fourteenth amendment court stated liberty denotes merely freedom restraint right individual contract engage common life acquire useful knowledge marry establish home bring children worship god according conscience generally enjoy privileges long recognized common law essential orderly pursuit happiness free men held appeal case term life article constitution limited mere existence wide concept receive broad liberal interpretation likewise personal liberty similarly interpreted approach construction necessarily produce absurd result facts personal liberty extended liberty person court seek judicial review statutory provision sought power judicial review apparently inconsistent fundamental liberty apparent resolved permitting clause judicial review administrative acts decisions infected error law reversed point subsequent case public prosecutor held provisions constitution interpreted account literal construction placed language particularly provisions guarantee individuals protection fundamental rights view duty court adopt approach interpreting fundamental rights guaranteed constitution light passes reveals constituent colours way approach reveal court rights submerged concepts employed provisions went state personal liberty includes rights right cross order enter leave country desires suggested article singapore constitution pitched high level limitation ordinary natural meaning phrase requirement constitution personal liberty narrowly mean freedom physical restraint meaning save accordance law meaning word law article direct bearing scope article law read broadly example incorporating customary international law principles scope fundamental liberties wider narrower hand law narrowly legislature able rights legislation easily lead emphasis fundamental liberties infringement considered legitimate long statute question enacted fundamental rules natural justice malaysian case government malaysia phrase save accordance law article constitution malaysia provision states person shall deprived property save accordance law court held required legislation question constitutional passed parliament validity duly enacted piece legislation questioned grounds matter arbitrary law appeared rejected interpretation case decision appeal singapore appeal questioned constitutional validity section drugs act issues decided interpretation word law article contended law given narrow meaning argued written law defined mean constitution acts subsidiary legislation time force singapore law defined including written law requirements constitution satisfied life liberty carried accordance provisions contained act passed arbitrary contrary fundamental rules natural justice provisions act qualified statement providing limitation disregard fundamental rules natural justice act provides general application citizens singapore avoid falling foul anti provisions art judgment delivered lord rejected interpretation finding argument reading definition written law stated article article provides law enacted legislature commencement constitution inconsistent constitution shall extent void held use expression law art event challenge relieve court duty determine provisions act parliament passed september relied justify person life liberty inconsistent constitution consequently void line view constitution given generous interpretation suitable individuals measure fundamental liberties referred held references law contexts accordance law equality law protection law like refer system law incorporates fundamental rules natural justice formed parcel common law england operation singapore commencement constitution conception meaning law article affirmed public prosecutor public prosecutor highlighted elevation principles natural justice constitutional status local statutes supremacy constitution creates tension article law making power singapore legislature extent natural justice subsequent decision public prosecutor declined set comprehensive list fundamental rules natural justice merely stated principles deal issues hand conference attorney general chief justice remarked gives free hand determine scope fundamental rules natural justice precedent guidance scope fundamental rules natural justice provided said rules natural justice change times secondly considered local context light entire system perspective people operating system order satisfy rules natural justice law question obviously unfair view system justice court invested partly functions compelling accused answer questions judge regarded contrary natural justice later ruled public prosecutor privilege self fundamental rule natural justice constitutional right attorney general stated fundamental rules natural justice embodied concept law constitutional provisions articles nature function common law rules natural justice administrative law operate different levels legal order legislation ground altered constitution administrative decisions ground administrative law principles ordinary legislation procedural substantive concept traditionally common law natural justice taken procedural concept embodies twin pillars hear party judge cause united_states process procedural substantive components substantive process involves courts assessing executive actions legislation rational basis review fundamental right implicated strict scrutiny question arises substantive fundamental rules natural justice developed local courts line malaysian cases expressed view concept substantive process applicable article malaysian constitution identical singapore article academic commentary rejects notion substantive natural justice arguing vague leads problems application argument substantive natural justice fear avenue judges laws basis opinions leading judicial activism hand suggested substantive natural justice merely exercise judiciary proper role conferred constitution addition scholar asserted doubt judicial inquiry covers substantive procedural aspects said article judicial inquiry law tested certain principles regarded fundamental legal system distinguishing substantive procedural meaningless exercise merely clouds process judicial inquiry judicial review judicial review far article concerned room making distinction public prosecutor appeared reject approach declining require procedural laws fair reasonable regarded law purpose article noted provision contains qualification qualification implied context wording court considered vague test said test court view law question requires court legislative sphere parliament engage policy making hand court acknowledged article justify legislation nature held law encompass legislation bills legislation general application fact directed securing conviction particular individuals legislation absurd arbitrary nature possibly contemplated constitutional law crafted constitutional provisions protecting fundamental liberties customary international law public prosecutor court appeal considered law article includes principles customary international law case argued death sentence drug trafficking hanging unconstitutional form cruel punishment accordance law court agreed prohibition torture cruel treatment article universal declaration human rights considered customary international law customary international law rule clearly firmly established adopted courts insufficient practice states hold death hanging prohibition customary international law rule death hanging domestic statutes prevail event conflict court appeal clarified public prosecutor customary international law read constitution reasons order customary international law rule legal effect singapore incorporated domestic law incorporation occur enactment statute court declaration rule forms common law court felt incorrect incorporate customary international law rules meaning law article common law constitutional status statute reversing usual hierarchy legal rules secondly term law defined article include common law far operation singapore court treat rules customary international law having incorporated singapore common law inconsistent existing statutes furthermore conflict rule domestic statute constitution silent reception international law domestic law court appeal accepted domestic law including constitution far possible consistently interpreted singapore international obligations nonetheless international human rights law increase pool judges resort interpreting constitution inherent limits express wording constitutional text constitutional history incorporation international norms argued possible local statutes interpreted light international treaties role judiciary import international law standards constitution inconsistent legislation instead views executive according view strict adherence separation powers doctrine judiciary guard incursions executive sphere executive determine singapore attitude position relation foreign affairs judiciary undertake task interpreting constitution accord legal reasoning sound principles necessarily raises question applicable legal principle interpretation process suggested executive judiciary solidarity speaking voice courts exercise favour executive nation attitude particular international law norm sought applied submitted judicial executive results clear neglect fundamental liberties constitution flip criticism fundamental liberties given accord avenues example application rules natural justice meaning accorded particular fundamental liberty potential ground parliamentary legislation crucial court merely rely international law determine meaning liberty evidence executive considers adoption particular international law norm application right life abortion difficult questions involving right life exactly life begins ends child treated living person accorded right life constitution laws permitting abortion unconstitutional issue come singapore courts singapore code lays sanctions non compliance limits abortion women pregnant weeks right life younger stipulated period legislation accorded greater weight safety security mothers threatened children contrast approach taken philippines constitution provides state shall equally protect life mother life conception similarly czech_republic states human life deserves protected birth chances universal consensus issue slim difficulty defining beginning life right die singapore attempted suicide suicide attempted suicide criminal acts applies physicians aid patients ending lives physicians unable claim defence section code intended cause patients deaths physicians liability patients refuse treatment terminal illnesses issuing advance medical right life guaranteed article encompasses right die right commit suicide right assisted suicide usually face terminal illness subject singapore court case jurisdictions right life generally interpreted way state held right life natural right embodied article indian constitution suicide unnatural termination extinction life incompatible inconsistent concept right life supreme_court declined recognize choosing death right protected constitution washington group washington residents asserted state law banning assisted suicide unconstitutional face majority held assisted suicide fundamental liberty interest protected process clause fourteenth amendment justices persuaded availability care alleviate suffering point causing death recognizing new right commit suicide includes right assistance right personal liberty rights arrested persons article constitution right persons detained apply high_court challenging legality detention application order review detention called writ corpus court required complaint order produced court released satisfied detention article requires arrested person informed soon grounds arrest article goes provide arrested person released delay case hours excluding time necessary journey produced magistrate detained custody authority magistrate person attendance magistrate person way video similar technology accordance law right counsel article states arrested person allowed consult defended legal choice restrictions rights life personal liberty mentioned parliament entitled restrict rights life personal liberty long acts accordance law specific restrictions article include article provides articles constitution apply enemy aliens persons arrested contempt parliament warrant issued speaker detention criminal law temporary provisions act article saves law force commencement constitution authorizing arrest detention person interests public safety peace good order relating drugs substances arrest detention person treatment rehabilitation invalid provision took effect march expressed apply laws force prior date introduced constitution amendment act provision criminal law temporary provisions act detention use executive power individuals basis predicted commit future crimes threaten national interest things criminal law temporary provisions act minister home affairs satisfied person associated activities criminal nature order detained period exceeding months minister view detention necessary interests public safety peace good order drugs act director order drug undergo drug treatment rehabilitation approved institution month periods maximum years detention internal security act section singapore gives minister home affairs power person trial period exceeding years president satisfied necessary view preventing person acting manner security singapore maintenance public order essential services period detention renewed president indefinitely periods exceeding years time long grounds detention continue exist constitutional basis article constitution sanctions detention allows laws passed legislature articles protecting personal liberties individual specifically article declares legislation valid notwithstanding fundamental liberty provisions constitution including article challenged basis rights cases singapore law reports reissue appeal singapore public prosecutor appeal singapore malaya law journal malaysia washington supreme_court united_states malaysia public prosecutor singapore archived original november public prosecutor malaysia public prosecutor singapore law reports singapore legislation criminal law temporary provisions act cap internal security act cap drugs act cap code cap works constitution reception customary international law customary human rights law constitutional interpretation public prosecutor articles constitution public prosecutor lee mandatory death penalty sparsely constitution law quarterly review public prosecutor mandatory death penalty drug offences singapore dead end constitutional challenge hang death penalty singapore style clinical common law world review july trends constitutional interpretation victor models process icon books michael death drugs murder constitution developments singapore law singapore isbn archived original november tan fundamental liberties protection life liberty constitution singapore isbn tan constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn tan rights accused person constitutional law malaysia singapore 3rd singapore isbn | Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
20018_UnitedStatesv.Jackalow | united_states united_states black case interpreting venue clauses united_states_constitution unusual criminal case constitutional criminal cases suspected robbery murder captain sloop spray brother ship sea convicted robbery disagreement question jurisdiction judges heard post trial motion judge supreme_court justice case referred supreme_court certificate division supreme_court directed circuit court grant new trial court held trial court determine description boundaries new_york connecticut actual boundaries application boundaries crime question question fact jury released trial attracted significant media interest according new_york_times near court room crowded trial case viewed historically significant occurred american civil war federal courts focused proper legal procedure case unrelated war background captained schooner owned man east asian origin commonly known short john lord gave command worked father farm head connecticut regarded family point new_york stolen fled returned new_york police refused testify brother subsequently bought ton sloop spray funded mortgage father took farm captain sailed spray years march sailed years spray final voyage march spray departed home port voyage new_york_city company vessels normal crew passenger board plains spray carried hay potatoes head spray reached new_york_city safely sold cargo gold bills returned means spray set course seen points route night anchored near cries murder open cabin door allegedly heard supposedly locked cabin door deck murder open cabin door supposed shot cabin thrown bodies overboard searched cabin money supposed sailed spray south brooklyn purchased supplies sailed south wednesday march spray collided miles north new_jersey knocking hole spray bow resulted filling water sustained damage saw blamed collision board spray refused rescued taken aboard observed deck spray articles cabin day anchored nearby boat taken aboard schooner suffolk virginia captained believed accounts gave contradictory accounts fate told sick cabin knocked overboard boom subsequently changed story claiming brother fallen overboard knocked overboard sailed little egg harbor finding captain hearing account collision attempt accompanied ashore small row boat immediately disappearing crowd spray stripped sails rigging lying beam ends towed harbor police took charge spray began items partially submerged cabin including captain bed stained blood heavy recovered suspected instrument bloody deed committed pair pistols signs recent discharge recovered items included small pine box suspected captain money box broken open bodies money found wanted man description widely march news fate spray reached day pilot boat reached spray towed arrest march recognizing description newspaper story engineer train philadelphia crossing bridge spotted running woods new_jersey police officers went woods noon turned away crossing railroad bridge construction newark new_jersey recognized colleague mentioned reward arrest pair joined aided spy glass spotted heading pursued wilson took car newark hired horse set intercept road arrested toll gate respond claimed indian taken train arriving taken police station search conducted bags gold silver worth found tied person wearing coat contained memorandum book taken city prison news spread people came directions completely filling blocking streets soon taken lodged formal complaint accusing murders gave recorder occupation spray later told reporter represented savings wages month years saturday april spray salvaged believed blood discovered examination found evidence murder having committed cabin opinion blood discovered cotton chord belonged animal preliminary hearings april commissioner presided preliminary hearing african american sister brother law testified sought board claiming indian court mother sister respectively appeared women identified effects testified relationship stated known carry money seeing women burst tears requested speak lawyer refused allow speak consent testified articles recovered spray prosecutor asked await arrival testify collision opposed moved immediate release ground jurisdiction crime proved committed replied intended charge murder piracy running away vessel intent steal granted tuesday city prison monday april attorney took prosecution moved transferred marshall objected jurisdiction arguing alleged murder committed tried new_york hand held showing probable cause argued jurisdiction grounds murder committed state new_york robbery case continued arrival newark await decision grand jury incarcerated july reporter visited found intelligent noting spent time reading proficient spoken english protested innocence reporter explained japanese indictment indictment scheduled tuesday september justice riding circuit judge presided newark having moved jail attended attorney cannon stated needed days bring witnesses connecticut grand sworn justice instructed law specifically act provided person shall high seas open haven basin bay river sea flows commit crime robbery ship company ship vessel thereof person shall pirate thereof convicted united_states district shall brought shall found shall suffer death justice instructed grand jury unnecessary government produce corpse prosecute murder september grand jury sitting clothed body recovered jamaica queens body shown sister identification portion clothing sent mother identification inconclusive forehead corpse bore distinct wounds result blows hammer cited wounds cause death family offered opinion wheel asleep berth prior murders habit brothers sleep fully clothed saturday october grand jury heard testimony crew brooklyn grand jury presented bills indictment murder murder robbery robbery running away spray joined lawyer new_york_city defense pleaded guilty count motion attorney cannon special term circuit court appointed meet tuesday january try case trial remaining discharged federal court september tried earlier january trial scheduled january trial postponed january counsel served list names morning january federal law required panel served days trial government planned witnesses pay time moved attendance professor college wilson represented prosecution conducted attorney cannon jury january indictment read cannon delivered opening statement evidence robbery counts resulting speculation counts tried robbery conviction obtained prosecution case january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove spray seen march aboard seen vessel march heading new_york_city purchased supplies brooklyn march roll including bill asked change coins added defense team acted interpreter january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove spray collided refused allow aboard taken aboard ship newark applied lodging cellar newark given different names egg harbor relating fate bought supplies new_york_city brooklyn close evidence government examined witnesses half number issued january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove offered boat intending catch witnesses pursued account death published found claimed named bags coins found january government witnesses testified testimony tended prove found heard cry murder sound march blood found spray sought attendance interpreter barely understand language pure chinese january government witnesses testified including mother sister testified discovered blood ball painted monday january government examined witness rested case witness testified commissioner arrest case january defense opened taylor evidence testified having seen person japan resembled thought man supposedly brought united_states commodore perry aboard uss mississippi point moved judgment lack jurisdiction incident took place hell gate argued venue improper opposed new_york argued high seas indictment cited authorities sound arm sea following day followed attorney cannon argued sound waters ocean outside jaws land particular cannon cited case noted words jurisdiction particular state removed given judge stated opinion high seas halt trial proposed jury return special verdict convicted argue motion arrest judgment bench plus justice riding circuit term march panel divided question supreme_court certificate division formal opening called witnesses day closing arguments instructions defense rested january delivered closing argument prosecution robbery charges defense january concluded argument followed murder charge tried cannon delivered prosecution cannon concluded able argument day february judge instructed jury consider robbery charges robbery thought murder murder committed intention taking goods robbery instructed found prisoner guilty fix locality robbery jury left courtroom verdict february jury found guilty robbery count guilty counts indictment location jury found spray time lying waters adjoining state point miles eastward point half miles connecticut shore low water mark special verdict determine place murder connecticut new_york high seas explained considered taking coat money proven value coat proven approximately moved set aside verdict question jurisdiction set argument bench upcoming march term certificate division post trial motion argued april judge justice cannon successor attorney appeared united_states forward reasons arrest judgment judge refused charge jury evidence ownership gold silver judge refused charge jury coat taken violence count indictment uncertain insufficient bring case district appeared crime committed jurisdiction particular state appear count prisoner found brought district shown verdict schooner spray american vessel owned citizens united_states indictment charges piracy verdict robbery specified specify high seas indictment charges crime water adjoining appear jurisdiction court argument concluded april persisted view jurisdiction disagreed court certified question supreme_court certificate division certificate pending body believed discovered august evidently long time water body thick clothing oil cloth pants oral argument case called supreme_court march attorney general announced argument attorney attorney present letter requested forthcoming volunteered argue case argued march able argument united_states according new_york_times johnson argued state counsel appeared opinion delivered following monday court term tuesday opinion article provides trial crimes shall jury trial shall held state said crimes shall committed committed state trial shall place places congress law directed clause piracy statute provided offenders statute tried united_states district shall brought shall found generally crimes act provided trial offences shall committed high seas limits state district shall district brought justice unanimous court noted article new_jersey circuit court jurisdiction depended crime committed state second new_jersey citing united_states court noted clause required crimes tried district committed crime committed state court noted high seas crimes created crimes act crimes act question presented case arise offence committed limits state offenses committed open haven basin bay river sea flows committed high seas court held offenses prosecuted restrictions venue clauses court noted jury asked return special verdict decided crime committed state instead judge decided crime committed new_york court expressed opinion boundary new_york noted eminent judges highest court state new_york entertained different opinions question instead court prescribed following procedure boundary state material fact determination extent jurisdiction court simple question law description boundary matter construction belongs court application evidence described interpreted view location settlement belongs jury testimony bearing question maps surveys practical location like submitted proper instructions find fact court directed circuit court set aside special verdict grant new trial aftermath fate time court opinion announced new_jersey new_york_times court opinion having decided state jurisdiction waters murders committed advised proceed case times predicted sentenced counsel attempt motion new trial ground verdict times falsely reported sentenced death judge decided pass sentence death march court suggestion government filed motion discharged leave country return complied years trial government unable locate witnesses persisted jurisdiction justice riding circuit reportedly stated supreme_court united_states mind place murder committed jurisdiction states high seas going come near committing judicial murder set men april filed writ attachment unpaid attorney fees said contemplating similar action carrying time arrest eventually went lawyers precedent rule generally remains good law obtain reversal criminal conviction failure submit issue venue jury venue issue defendant timely objected lower courts differ precise venue issue government need prove venue evidence jury finds facts establishing venue defendant errors harmless analysis cites decided american civil war evidence amid emotion war judge justice preferred grounded established procedures argues provided perspective nature federal time extraordinary national crisis providing generally fair efficient proceedings controversial defendants attracted considerable attention nation war federal government properly concerned authority sea safety american shipping case directly related rebellion | United States v. Jackalow | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
20307_UnitedStatesv.More | united_states united_states case court held jurisdiction hear appeals criminal cases circuit courts error relying exceptions clause held congress grants jurisdiction court operated exercise congress power eliminate forms jurisdiction second criminal cases heard ensured court criminal limited error state later territorial courts original petitions error petitions circuit courts certificates division circuit courts congress grant court jurisdiction hear error circuit courts criminal cases capital crimes infamous crimes judicial code abolished circuit courts transferred trial crimes district courts extended court jurisdiction crimes statutory grants permit error filed prosecution arose political dispute judiciary gave rise madison stuart benjamin justice peace district_of_columbia argued repeal statutory provisions authorizing compensation office violated salary protection guarantees federal judges article united states constitution divided panel district_of_columbia sided interpreted repeal act sustained criminal indictment common law crime illegal fees color office background united_states presidential election democratic republican party comprised united_states democratic republican defeated presidential election jefferson party took control congress house senate elections elections lame duck administration passed judiciary act midnight judges act creating new circuit circuit courts opposed district judges supreme_court justices riding circuit district_of_columbia organic act organic act statutes created judicial adams filled nearly day office marshall dual role adams secretary state failed deliver commissions leaving office companion cases immediately inauguration jefferson instructed secretary state stop delivery outstanding commissions act march abolished circuit court created midnight judges act filled restoring system created acts viewed unconstitutional looked pending case madison concerning confirmed justice peace received commission test case repeal session supreme_court june month repeal effect judiciary act delayed court session february changes structure judicial system broadly jefferson removed incumbent second level appointed federal officials including attorneys jefferson displaced district judges citing technical flaws appointments district judge removed office party line vote following day house justice democratic republicans crossed party lines senate prevent conviction single vote supreme_court held madison failure deliver commission illegal grant writ ground judiciary act unconstitutional authorized court issue original jurisdiction stuart involving civil judgment rendered circuit court constituted midnight judges act enforced circuit court constituted judiciary act challenged circuit requiring supreme_court justices ride circuit brief opinion court rejected challenges district columbia organic act district_of_columbia justices peace created february district_of_columbia organic act unlike better known predecessor midnight judges act organic act survived repeal justices peace justices peace appointed president number discretion confirmed senate year terms justice peace jurisdiction matters civil criminal relates conservation peace county district_of_columbia divided counties east west justices peace authorized inflict imprisonment fine high pounds tobacco hear civil cases controversy year original case court granted writ corpus prisoner subjected detention justices peace compensation organic act provided justices peace shall entitled receive services fees allowed like services laws adopted continued eastern said district march amendment organic act provided appointed said district shall constituted board commissioners respective counties shall possess exercise powers perform duties receive fees levy courts commissioners county state maryland possess perform receive march president day office adams nominated senate confirmed justices peace march president issued commissions justices peace including nominated adams including nominated adams remainder choosing jefferson list submitted senate january erroneously contained confirmed adams appointed received commission jefferson instead madison confirmed adams nominees commissioned congress eliminated fees justice peace services travel expenses authorized organic act fees associated justices peace role board commissioners sources represented entirety compensation circuit court judge district_of_columbia populated judges mixture district judges circuit riding supreme_court justices like circuit courts circuit court jurisdiction crimes committed district regard appeals circuit court organic act provided final judgment order decree said circuit court matter dispute exclusive costs shall exceed value dollars examined reversed affirmed supreme court united_states writ error appeal shall prosecuted manner regulations proceedings shall shall provided case error appeals orders rendered circuit court united_states provision organic act referred error circuit courts supreme_court judiciary act provided like process writ error district court circuit court final civil actions suits equity circuit court brought original process removed courts states removed appeal district court matter dispute exceeds sum value thousand dollars exclusive costs examined reversed affirmed supreme_court citation case signed judge circuit court justice supreme_court adverse party having thirty days notice unlike provision judiciary act provision act february explicitly limited civil cases incorporated reference circuit court constituted framework judiciary act appeals supreme_court way certificates division issue heard appeals circuit court original criminal appeals availability criminal appeals supreme_court means error circuit courts open question prior england writ error available right cases cases required express consent prosecutor legislative history judiciary act reveals little consideration criminal appeals senator time drafting described act follows error circuit court causes criminal original matter dispute exceed senator future supreme_court justice noticed lack provision criminal appeals preliminary notes draft outline speech gave june according viewed inability government appeal court nation capitol protection ordinary citizens issue criminal appeals mentioned house debates shortly judiciary act took effect attorney general proposed report house_of_representatives criminal appeal similar england writ error right non capital cases error capital cases report referred committee took action prior marshall tenure supreme_court heard criminal cases writ united_states hamilton court granted bail capital defendant authorized judiciary act judiciary act greater portion decision dedicated court refusal order case tried special circuit court provided judiciary act court explained jurisdiction hamilton exercised original judiciary act second united_states lawrence court declined issue writ district judge order arrest french navy criminal trial united_states justice expressed dissent wrote right error judgment state proceedings record error shall man grant benefit new trial granting writ error supreme court united_states court heard writ error brought united_states merits criminal case circuit court case criminal writ error heard court attorney district_of_columbia argued benjamin justices peace jefferson choosing receiving interim appointment jefferson proceeded nominate year term senate confirmed april according appears man moderate sentiments nonetheless joined defense judicial independence unlikely character lead role attack principles case intended test case parties involved markings case manufactured present supreme_court issues principle raised repeal embarrassment direct conflict executive indicted grand july term taking unlawful fees services justice peace indictment charged having taken fees july december term issued members included justices peace member confirmed adams received commission jefferson indicted second time december term conduct december case continued july term indictment mentioned opposed attorney mason jefferson mason argued justices peace article judges established congress power district_of_columbia article united states constitution article provides congress shall power exercise exclusive legislation cases whatsoever district exceeding miles square particular states acceptance congress seat government united states mason advanced broad view congress power district_of_columbia limited constitutional provision support argument justices peace article iii judges mason argued jurisdiction broader permitted article iii according additional cited party justices peace article iii judges example organic act authorized president appoint justices peace shall time time think broad delegation president congress power constitute inferior supreme_court indicted criminal statue passed congress indictment common law having colour office taken illegal fee organic act provided laws maryland virginia continue force portions district ceded states justice peace common law virginia applied dismissal circuit court judges hearing chief judge assistant judges chief justice brother marshall adams jefferson reporter decisions supreme_court included circuit court opinions margin report supreme_court decision majority joined marshall sustained based article united states constitution clause provides judges supreme inferior courts shall stated times receive shall diminished office held congress power federal district limited remainder constitution response mason argument power replied doctrine said congress pass bill district columbia congress pass laws post facto district order soldiers time peace ports free ports entry lay duties exports away right trial jury criminal held article iii judge sitting tribunal inferior supreme_court response argument jurisdiction exceeded article replied causes causes arising laws united_states power trying judicial power response argument fees paid time stated replied compliance clause constitution requires shall stated times shall paid service rendered construction suppose command constitution question year term consistent good behavior clause unnecessary cause decide question holds office good behaviour stopped short declaring statute unconstitutional merely interpreted prospective holding affect justice peace office effect justices appointed office passing act contemporary media accounts reported circuit court held fee elimination provision act unconstitutional interpreting prospective according evidence published opinion reported differed oral opinion dissent chief judge dissent noted recent confirmation principle judicial review madison according course pursued supreme court appears unnecessary thing power court examine law instead proceeded taking power granted noted testing act legislature constitution positive provisions resorted briefly argued article iii judge fees question compensation received times stated bulk dissent devoted argument congress power federal district broad argued district columbia belonging united_states compass like state component provisions constitution applicable particularly relative situation united_states states applicable district congress exercising exclusive legislation territory enact laws away fees justices peace laws tested provision constitution evidently applicable judicial power united_states containing restrictions nature affect situation justices nature compensation fully accept mason argument congress power district unlimited argued word exclusive meant free power exercised states legislative power exercised congress subject general restraints contained constitution admitted federal district congress restrained writ corpus cases allowed passing district bill post facto law laying tax granting title nobility making law establishment religion freedom speech press soldiers contrary amendment oral argument mason argued appeal united_states supreme_court argued merits jones cited madison proposition justice peace serve merely pleasure president according president power remove office reference good behavior clause article clause provides judges supreme inferior courts shall hold offices good behavior mason countered held justices peace entitled hold offices years good behavior mason pressed argument congress power federal district unlimited constitution apply case constitution compact people united_states individual capacity states political capacity unfortunately citizens columbia capacities congress district columbia power respect unlimited argued article iii judge judicial power exercised district columbia extends cases article iii judicial power united_states power derived power given congress exclusively cases whatsoever district jurisdiction february chief justice marshall raised doubts court jurisdiction entertain criminal appeals argument question commenced february mason argued favor jurisdiction argument counsel issue reported typical reporter arguments sides mason acknowledged clarke supreme_court jurisdiction required grant congress mason argued grant found judiciary act known act authorized supreme_court issue corpus specially provided statute necessary exercise jurisdiction principles law mason argument based act necessarily limited circuit court reason writ error confined civil cases man life liberty good dear property inferior courts liable case nature cases difference novel doctrine writ error lie criminal case frequent country drawn forms judicial proceedings chief justice marshall replied congress provision appeals kind supreme_court argument irresistible marshall countered exceptions clause congress said cases writ error appeal shall lie exception cases implied exceptions clause provides cases supreme_court original jurisdiction supreme_court shall jurisdiction law fact exceptions regulations congress shall mason replied exceptions clause apply federal district second organic act differed judiciary act referring final judgment order decree explicitly limiting appeals civil cases mason suggested references controversy refer criminal fines civil finally mason pointed years earlier united_states court reached merits criminal appeal court mason argued marshall authored opinion response point marshall replied question case jurisdiction passed sub court consider bound case mason able counsel think proper objection opinion march writing unanimous court chief justice dismissed writ error want jurisdiction justice johnson absent opinion announcement marshall held partial statutory grant jurisdiction court operated exercise congress power exceptions clause limit jurisdiction court cases marshall noted supposed decision circuit court reviewed matter dispute exceed value dollars marshall interpreted controversy requirement judiciary act applying entire section marshall rejected argument organic act authorized criminal jurisdiction interpreted grant light controversy requirement confined civil cases words matter dispute appropriated civil cases subject contest value sum mentioned act criminal cases question guilt innocence accused fined upwards dollars eye law punishment offence committed particular object suit final refers united_states admitted criminal cases judgment inferior court final admiralty libel case oral argument attorney general argued alternative case criminal cause removed judgment final criminal causes court rejected lee argument unanimously opinion civil cause process nature libel degree touch persons aftermath error issued federal criminal trials circuit courts years congress created right appeal writ error capital cases judiciary act act extended right crimes judicial code abolished circuit courts placed original jurisdiction trial federal crimes district courts appeal courts appeals error provided final decisions civil criminal cases alike appeals supreme_court permitted directly district courts writ error courts appeals certified questions petition reported discussion issue court hear error criminal cases removed circuit courts recall judiciary act explicitly authorized appeals removal cases supreme_court limited sources jurisdiction criminal cases court hear criminal appeals state courts writ error authorized judiciary act court hear federal criminal appeals certificate division authorized judiciary act original petition authorized judiciary act authorized act court jurisdiction hear error petitions civil action circuit courts beginning court entertained appeals territorial courts attempts utilize sources jurisdiction unsuccessful analysis received far scholarly attention timing ground decision explain historians battle repeal ignored summary constitutional law stands proposition grant jurisdiction congress carries implicit negative jurisdiction constitutional description mentioned grant according strategy court intervene political struggle judiciary given justice acquitted senate case march day release decision imagine passing relief handed judgment dismissal marked end efforts obtain supreme_court ruling directly repeal judiciary act unconstitutional piece stuart avoidance opportunity open clash political critics courts shares characteristic declining exercise jurisdiction court found argues seize opportunity presented questioning marshall decision worth noting court previously entertained criminal appeals district raising problem reasonably wonder court wanted avoid decision merits march repeal question lost political strategy little gained reopening repeal battle marshall felt critical matters principle opinion | United States v. More | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
21340_ThresholdissuesinSingaporeadministrativelaw | threshold issues singapore administrative law threshold issues legal requirements singapore administrative law satisfied applicants claims judicial review acts decisions public authorities dealt high_court include showing standing bring cases matters judicial review court depending interest seeks represent standing categorized private public standing applicants establish private standing seek represent personal interests contrast seeks represent interests larger group public large establish public representative standing private standing concerned singapore courts directly addressed issue standing required obtain declaration administrative law case constitutional claims concerned held elements exist real interest bringing case real controversy parties case personal right possessed violated court suggested test applied applications orders legal position public standing administrative law cases date sought rely public standing obtain leave judicial review constitutional law cases court drawn distinction public private rights held people standing public rights suffered special damage genuine private interests protect decision body judicial review united_kingdom singapore law requires decision public element relate exclusively private law matters public element determined considering body power stems legal source source test nature body carrying public function nature test power exercised body legislative source judicial review absence compelling reasons contrary rule decisions sufficient public element review result body regarded having acted contract party having exercised statutory powers subject matter dispute high_court hear case decision executive authority generally considered non decision requires intricate balancing competing policy considerations judges ill equipped decide case limited training experience access materials judicial branch government tie hands conduct affairs traditionally falling decision involves exercise power elected branches entrusted care nonetheless dispute involve non area courts decide matter courts able pure question law seemingly non issue principle powers legal limits attorney general exercise discretion power pardon grant convicted persons exercised president cabinet advice exceptional cases instance powers exercised bad faith introduction administrative law claim heard merits high_court satisfy number legal requirements called threshold issues include showing standing bring case matter judicial review court standing standing latin place stand threshold requirement satisfy court permit proceed claim judicial review depending facts case establish categories standing seeks establish private standing represent interests contrast seeks establish public representative standing represent interests larger group people public large standing mixed question fact law court determines based legal principles doctrine standing prevents applicants court claims disruption administrative process administrative decision public authority challenged implementation decision authority delayed courts want restrict access applicants genuine interest challenging decision furthermore courts resources limited restricting access genuine claims ensures judicial resources appropriately allocated private standing sought judicial review declaration court stating legal position parties action based facts presented court singapore courts directly addressed issue standing required apply declaration administrative law case possible adopt test laid constitutional law cases attorney general held elements exist person standing bring constitutional challenge real interest bringing case real controversy parties case personal right possessed violated orders singapore sufficient interest subject application standing apply order mandatory prohibiting order previously rule standing mandatory orders rule applicable prohibiting orders apply mandatory order specific legal right matter contrast abuse power apply prohibiting order rule standing prohibiting orders relatively easy satisfy orders ensure good standards public administration united_kingdom courts gradually adopted single sufficient interest test orders commissioners customs cook example high_court sufficient interest test determine standing apply mandatory order singapore followed uniform test orders endorsed sufficient interest test mandatory orders case applied known mandatory order ensure disciplinary committee heard investigated charges levied advocate solicitor court applying decision house_of_lords held test standing sufficient interest subject matter specific legal right minister information arts constitutional challenge administrative law claim high_court noted sufficient interest test standing applies mandatory prohibiting orders held interest judged relation subject matter application hand case came minister information arts court held constitutional guarantee mean mean citizen complain courts violation citizen wait prosecuted assert constitutional rights citizen sufficient interest constitutional rights violated hard stated test standing applies orders read statements quoted implicit acceptance demonstrate violation right personal standing chief justice singapore suggested lecture singapore courts apply sufficient interest test courts stringent application sufficient interest test line green light approach courts adopt administrative law approach government commits good administrative practices courts play supporting role clear rules executive adhere accordingly courts adopt standing test discourage litigation executive ability carry good governance public standing public representative standing standing possessed brings case behalf larger group people interest general public need personal right interest long represented individuals public sufficient interest matter held adequate standing pursue case public standing ought accorded subject considerable academic judicial controversy regarded academic commentator test liberal standing rules legal regime common allowing form standing include need rule law need challenge particularly individual affected political said serve sufficient check administrative action grave law sufficient standing challenge action courts hand proponents closed restrictive system rules standing point need increased certainty law possibility abuse process conventional argument flood litigation additionally argued allowing applications persons weak claims standing efficiency executive practising good governance resources defending lawsuits delay implementation administrative decisions potentially resulting substantial damage involved position united_kingdom cases united_kingdom previously inconsistent issue permitting representative standing said courts recognize principle doctrine representative standing apply suitable cases narrow approach secretary state environment wales adopted narrow restrictive approach public standing justice held standing greater right expectation citizen country decision taken facts individual interested seeing remains historically significant theatre london called rose preserved accessible public lacked sufficient interest challenge secretary state environment decision list theatre protected monument ancient monuments archaeological areas act trust company formed number people greater claim standing individual members despite fact decision potentially leave unlawful act minister judge considered law function courts individual interested having legality administrative decision parliament given wide right access court expect decision makers act given parliament right apply judicial review event person lacks standing possibility able ask attorney general allow bring action scenario attorney general nominal judicial review proceedings case actually conducted individual bringing action means requirement standing individual attorney general interest law public benefit attorney general consent lend action matter lies entirely discretion decision considered courts addition argued attorney general principal legal advisor executive overly expect consent action government makes action uncertain unsatisfactory means obtaining relief broad approach united_kingdom present mainstream approach representative standing broad liberal focus ground review shown relationship complained demonstrated courts tend grant remedy directly affected executive decision representative standing accorded environmental campaign group challenged decision terms authorities allowed company test nuclear power plant justice considered sufficient representative standing fact supporters united_kingdom carries weight fact come region ignoring obvious disregard fact persons inevitably concerned genuine perception danger health safety additional discharge radioactive waste testing doubt issues raised application worthy determination court high water mark according representative standing found secretary state foreign case non partisan pressure group called challenged decision secretary state foreign award grant operation act basis ultra public funds representative standing accorded despite contention unlike members direct personal interest case merely seeking act interest potential overseas aid recipients giving judgment lord justice appeal identified following factors relevant representative standing accorded importance rule law importance issue raised likely absence responsible challenger nature breach duty relief sought role applicants giving advice guidance assistance regards subject matter dispute addition appears motivation relevant recognized having public standing case brought ill improper purpose courts reluctant recognize standing public interest case heard distinguished cases courts found standing represent identifiable individuals standing cases represent public interest public interest standing analysis regarded example recommended track system standing standing situations personal capacity case remedy lies debt justice matter right discretion court considers public interest accord standing position singapore singapore cases recognized standing applicants direct personal interest subject matter high_court appeared accept theory citizen right apply mandatory prohibiting orders order prevent abuse power public authority court discretion refuse grant claim regarded public support proposition citizen bring suit direct interest subject matter litigation court discretion accord standing considers public interest justice cited following comments lord justice thames court orders anybody apply member public particular party person particular application convenience stranger remedy purely person particular party remedy lies added necessary particular arising order complained sufficient abuse power hand drew distinction public rights held public authorities private right held private individual took view public right involved suffered special damage result public act challenged genuine private interest protect relying attorney general high_court held ordinary citizen standing challenge contingent loan billion offered assist dealing ongoing financial crisis promote global economic financial stability restrictive approach standing consistent green light approach administrative law adopted singapore courts decision body judicial review united_kingdom singapore law requires decision public element relate exclusively private law matters public element determined considering body power stems legal source source test nature body carrying public function nature test debate public private divide administrative law necessary contended division turned law wrong direction away flexibility procedure reminiscent bad old days suggested desirable alternative presents northern_ireland test review dependent public interest issue public private divide function expense legitimate interests individuals decisions public element position united_kingdom minister lord stated decision susceptible judicial review decision maker empowered public law ultimate source power nearly statute subordinate legislation source test ignores situations decisions dependent legal rules laid state increasing worry modern utilities private bodies perform governmental functions potentially escape form scrutiny led development nature test panel overs case issue body functions quasi judicial nature considerable facto public powers judicial review panel overs unincorporated association derive power directly legal source legislation informal body adopted self regulatory code govern members sir master rolls observed panel possesses immense power facto interpreting city code overs decisions lead sanctions indirectly affect rights citizens lord justice acknowledged source test usually decisive disagreed sole test determine public body subject judicial review explained instead helpful look nature power body question exercises public law functions exercise functions public law consequences remains uncertainty source test nature test ought determining test appears impact remains qualified light decisions source power held determining factor worth noting effect nature test greatly restricted practice insistence difference contractual governmental powers contractual relationship person body making decision affecting person tends place dispute private law public private divide making decision judicial review position singapore similar united_kingdom position judicial review singapore confined matters public law applicable tests source test nature test decision applied employee period employment extended prior warning employment contract later terminated complained statutory bodies ultimately unsuccessful having employment reinstated sought leave high_court apply judicial review course judgment accepted source test tests relied determine decision body judicial review addition noted held source test applicable test court embark discussion nature test found employer decisions concerning employment acted contractual terms service exercised statutory powers decisions susceptible judicial review invariably follow statutory body makes decision exercising statutory power marine singapore acknowledged leading authority singapore determining judicial review high_court said source test nature test applied singapore case leased land marine declined renew lease term expired marine challenged decision court held conferred power lease land terms lease land considerations taken account exercise power lease land private act private individual capable court added element public interest decisions sufficiently public nature granting acting like private landlord case high_court identified factors determine decision director company listed properly characterized public function factors include extent interwoven legislative regulatory matrix function statutory nature function statutory board approved exchange section act provides account interests investing general public obligations vital institutional ecosystem singapore financial sector function publicly listed company director potentially result adverse implications company business reputation director continued service board committees listed companies reasons nature test satisfied court appeal clarified attorney general power exercised body legislative source mean judicial review absence compelling reasons contrary rule situations statutory power judicial review examples include powers duties conferred imposed corporations companies act trustees trustees act court cited approval following passage beer trading law developed point source power clearly provides answer question decision body judicial review requires careful consideration nature power function exercised decision sufficient public element flavour character bring public law said justification criterion broad question begging provides framework investigation conducted emphasis added court said compelling reason indicates absence public element nonetheless statutory power duty good reason subject exercise power duty governed private law obligations public law judicial review proceedings emphasis added suggested judgment interpreted ways exercise power judicial review public element altogether insufficient public element interpretations complications regards interpretation difficult conceive exercise statutory power public element second interpretation correct doubt level required exercise power judicial review court explain exceptions decisions relating internal procedures parliament clearly established courts exercise self denying ordinance relation interfering proceedings parliament section act states shall freedom speech debate proceedings parliament freedom speech debate proceedings shall liable questioned court commission inquiry committee inquiry tribunal place whatsoever parliament section based article united kingdom bill rights speech debates proceedings ought questioned basis provision reasons long line authorities commonwealth held courts questioning freedom speech debates proceedings parliament legal action brought member legislature immunity extends independent persons appointed parliament exercising duties relation parliament activities held exceptions extreme circumstances members legislature know subsequently challenges saying parliament members confidence state fully freely identified extreme circumstances occurred lewis case held action proceed legislator accused libel subject matter alleged libel relates legislator conduct legislature effect parliamentary privilege exclude virtually evidence necessary justify libel action allowed proceed injustice defendant real danger media forced disclosure legislator parliament freedom speech justification impossible decisions high_court court appeal high_court inherent power review decisions inferior courts administrative bodies high_court judge review decision high_court judge high_court review decisions possess jurisdiction power entertain applications supervision decision jurisdiction power hear proceeding appeal decision high_court exercise original jurisdiction court review high_court decisions statutory creation section supreme_court act states exercises civil criminal jurisdiction issues judicial review excluded decision body possesses public element judicial review decision ousted statute court power review administrative decisions effectiveness clause depends facts individual case examples statutory clauses singapore section internal security act section industrial relations act provision determination final conclusive shall subject order prohibiting order mandatory order injunction court account decisions legal effect held singapore decisions public authority legal effect judicial review director prisons case concerning application order certification prison medical officer fit undergo punishment high_court held act conduct public servant way judicial review court agreed lord case decision susceptible judicial review decision maker empowered public law merely arbitration agreement private parties decisions lead administrative action action authority endowed law executive powers consequences mentioned preceding addition decision consequences affect person body persons decision maker affect affect person altering rights obligations person private law benefit advantage past permitted decision maker enjoy legitimately expect permitted continue communicated rational grounds withdrawing given opportunity comment received assurance decision maker withdrawn court held report prison medical officer obviously decision decision maker sense explained lord officer report fit legal effect judge duty bound impose sentence officer said report case judicial review court said example non decision making conduct police officer arresting person suspected committing offence approach adopted held law order lie public authority court words legal effect observed decision need direct legal effect consequence decision operates step process capable altering rights interests subject order court eventually concluded order lie decisions form actual legal effect direct indirect mere opinion clearly fall category present approach singapore decisions legal effect liberal united_kingdom said english courts broad view longer necessary demonstrate decision action direct legal consequences instance courts expanded scope matters fall judicial review challenges encompass press releases policy guidance issued public authorities illustrated case secretary state health guidance issued alleged unlawful article european convention human rights judicial review cases kind basis actions question indirect legal effect decisions having private effect private associations country clubs obvious public law function courts exercise judicial review decisions proceedings hearings relating disciplinary matters held decide persons deprived associations ensure fair comply requirements natural justice suggested courts jurisdiction matters depends contract rules association form contract members association need hearings conducted accordance natural justice implied term contract accordingly courts merely enforcing contract exercising judicial review function jurisdiction courts reviewing decisions domestic limited nature wales held member expelled club committing offence club constitution member given proper notice meeting opportunity attend meeting opportunity heard charges proceedings conducted fairly honest exercise powers given meeting club conditions having fulfilled court right consider meeting right decided reasonable court resolve factual issues scope tribunal inquiry singapore position similar held function courts rules natural justice observed decision honestly arrived court power review evidence purpose deciding tribunal came right conclusion function court exercising jurisdiction resolve issues fact proper sphere tribunal inquiry extent duty act fairly varies greatly case case basic norms conduct disciplinary proceedings need observed strictly future person stake express duty association decision conducting hearing inquiry exercise disciplinary powers person property rights impose penalty legal issue high_court grant leave apply judicial review recognizes limited capabilities courts certain issues fall judicial review matters nature litigation process judicial expertise doctrine based understanding separation powers need find right constitutional balance courts executive example matters policy preference public policy issues better left hands elected body persons concept precise definition caused critics questionable executive action remains nonetheless concept useful determining likelihood executive action judicial review position united_kingdom powers role courts royal refers exceptional powers privileges personally monarch important rights privileges arguably belong crown uses performance constitutional duties governing country important include legislative powers exercised orders council form delegated legislation powers relation conduct foreign affairs particular making treaties war powers respect organization disposition armed forces power certain honours power required government times emergency particularly wartime certain powers respect administration justice powers generally prime minister ministers matters political nature political judgment judicial control parliament appropriate forum debate best qualified control executive practice parliamentary ministers entirely effective powers government officials exercise behalf crown coupled weak system checks parliament executive lead abuse powers detrimental people possibility abuse coupled way administrative law judicial review evolved 1960s period judicial activism led courts united_kingdom increasing interest manner powers exercised evolution traditionally regulation executive action met judicial reluctance intervene certain types governmental discretion exercised powers regarded scope judicial scrutiny involved issues substantive policy developments focused substance issues hand merely accepting power non simply focus shifted source power subject matter director public lord stated duty courts alert prevent abuse lord master rolls applied similar reasoning held powers power government protect removing protection granted parties statute stated follows law interfere proper exercise discretion executive situations set limits defining bounds activity intervene discretion exercised mistakenly fundamental principle constitution seeing power exercised public good follows exercise examined courts power executive held powers board principle despite having established powers case cited approval case reflects modern position powers united_kingdom case unanimously held executive action immune judicial review merely carried power derived common law statutory source subject matter counted source case government order council banned employees joining trade union house_of_lords held exercise trade unions legitimate expectation prior consultation ban imposed failure consult unions unfair lapse proper procedure national security considerations lord cited authority secretary state stressing modern law judicial review overwhelmed old restrictions law relating judicial review reached stage said confidence subject matter respect power exercised matter court exercise power subject review accordance principles developed respect review exercise statutory power today controlling factor determining exercise power subject judicial review source subject matter legal implications areas considered potentially open judicial scrutiny united_kingdom courts list lord provided non nature subject matter judicial process included powers treaty making defence realm mercy granting honours dissolution parliament appointment ministers subsequent case law shows list largely accepted indication judges continued degree reaction developments prime minister justice accepted forbidden areas identified lord reduced cases attitude courts united_kingdom summarized comments lord justice smith mind cases today ruled strictly court cases involving national security properly called addition courts lack expertise material form judgment point issue position singapore minister home affairs applied threshold issue singapore minister home affairs arrested allegedly involved conspiracy undermine government issued detention orders section internal security act respondents submitted subject matter relates matters national security court reviewing exercising discretion matters national security left responsible court appeal agreed submission stating exercise discretion generally subject judicial review objective grounds court reviewing decision national security purposes position consistent holdings case court added need decision maker evidence court prove considerations national security involved mere assertion decision maker matter involves national security court judicial function determining decision fact based grounds national security words national security raised plea bar prevent court considering application court decide action national security requires left solely responsible facts court held plain reading section suggests decision necessary view preventing person acting manner security singapore decision clearly based national security considerations detention necessary matter solely executive judgment courts review decision terms exercise discretion fell scope section subsequent developments law relating discussed judicial commissioner high_court decision ltd examining line cases judge laid following principles principles concerning provinces executive decision making immune judicial review reflected doctrine separation powers embedded singapore westminster constitutional framework secondly span executive decisions immune judicial review include involving matters high policy dissolution parliament conduct foreign affairs making treaties matters pertaining war deployment armed forces national defence accorded executive branch respect decisions concerning matters high_court examined cases fall comfortably class court appeal england wales considered question determining territorial boundaries held definitive statement proper representative crown territory crown treated conclusive involved recognition sovereign status held question arises present case entity state enjoy sovereign immunity singapore matter exclusive province executive determine involved question matters fact matters policy apart issues foreign affairs national defence areas non interpretation international treaties operating solely international plane illustrated held court assume jurisdiction areas power court ruling states non area legislature clear particular question reserved executive answer noted section state immunity act requires claiming sovereign immunity lawsuits obtain certification situations court disregard executive judgment judicial commissioner rejected highly rigid approach determining issue theory separation powers interpreted applied intensity review depends context common sense approach taken environment agency noted context shade highlighted principles bear noting determining issue subject matter issue depends subject matter hand source decision making power principle stated reiterated executive best access available materials views decisive highly acknowledged matters fact public domain known executive sensitive facts concerned singapore system undesirable parties evidence trial furthermore facts presented court ability judges balance competing policy considerations decision requires intricate balancing competing policy considerations judges ill equipped decide limited training experience access materials courts avoid reviewing merits executive decisions mentioned lord held type evidence judicial process way tends exclude attention court competing policy considerations need weighed embarrassing tying hands executive court interfering judicial branch government tie hands conduct affairs traditionally falling wales held true purpose seeking court interpretation resolution limit government freedom relation use military force exercise diplomatic pressure advance matter regarded non areas entrusted elected branches court exercise restraint mind fact singapore system government operates framework equal branches areas power elected branches entrusted care explained matter state widespread possible effects respect given framework constitution democracy decide outcome instances executive legislature electorate judiciary sound dissatisfaction ballot box hong_kong challenged jurisdiction high_court hear suit brought respondents ground service writ effected accordance civil procedure convention set treaty judicial assistance civil commercial matters judicial review case court consider determining treaty applied hong_kong court depart views executive branch matter stated letter issued court held present case involve exercise sovereign legislative matters high policy concerned effect making treaty letter ministry exercise executive power merely statement opinion furthermore appeal engage foreign policy considerations treaty civil convention countries agreement render mutual judicial assistance foreign affairs state parties involve government conduct international affairs implicated procedures private serve defendants residing hong_kong interpreting treaty court determine domestic legal obligations respondents seeking serve writ jurisdiction issue treaty applied hong_kong ministry letter decisive matter discretion article constitution singapore attorney general institute conduct criminal proceedings provision wide powers attorney general discretion rule law attorney general powers absolute subject legal limits law society singapore judge bench high_court consisting chief justice judge appeal justice held power constitutional power absolute exercise challenged exceptional case court held review exercise power declare prosecution unconstitutional breach constitutional power example prosecution brought bad faith motive punish accused person offence committed prosecution found accused person constitutional rights happen law enforcement officers commit crimes agents particularly manner accused persons committing crimes attorney general prosecute accused persons officers accused persons right equality guaranteed article constitution power traditionally common law mercy power executive government pardon grant convicted criminal regarded outside courts jurisdiction non changed decision secretary state held mercy circumstances case considered attorney general chief justice expressing opinion case clearly decided mercy exercised based error law case home secretary type pardon grant based arbitrary considerations courts review merits decision court described power singapore exclusively executive merits despite extra legal power legal constraints agreeing tan neo court held power subject judicial review shown exercised bad faith purposes addition fact article constitution specific procedural death penalty cases indicates power ensure complied article requires documents trial judge court attorney general opinion case sent cabinet consideration advise president exercise power procedural requirements imply cabinet constitutional duty consider documents good faith advising president evidence cabinet consider case good faith example met discuss case tossed coin instead properly considering materials transmitted cabinet breached article situation courts able review decision conclusion mandated guarantee article constitution person deprived life personal liberty save accordance law exceptions subject matter case generally non exceptions courts review case instance dispute involve non area closer look courts decide matter situation courts intervene review case example given judicial commissioner appears raise question international law fact bears application domestic law court find court similarly distinguished interpretation treaty generally consideration application international treaty reference facts individual case allowed secretary state foreign wales took view decision secretary state exercised royal deny passport british citizen residing abroad raised issue high policy matter involving foreign affairs matter administrative decision affecting rights individuals freedom travel judicial commissioner mentioned exception rule courts able pure question law seemingly non issue judge explain exception applied discussed singapore case cases singapore law society singapore singapore law reports reissue court appeal singapore minister information arts high_court singapore minister information arts singapore neutral citation incorrect case decided singapore ltd singapore attorney general singapore attorney general singapore jurisdictions house_of_lords minister panel overs wales government malaysia supreme_court malaysia appeal new_zealand works jack martin mark administrative law text materials oxford new_york isbn cane peter standing public public law judicial review angst lecture singapore management university second year law students archived original december peter anthony gordon filter mechanisms available textbook administrative law oxford isbn wade william christopher administrative law 10th oxford isbn articles jack june need develop principles review cane peter open standing democratic society unified approach archived original june david january public interest litigation constitutional theory comparative perspective modern law review finn chris administrative decisions redundant concept federal law review archived original chris questions paper delivered vii world congress international association constitutional law athens june athens association greek archived original june thomas judicial review margins law power archived original march law law transformation disappearance political question doctrine north_carolina law review archived original books non political questions judge democracy princeton isbn jack review christopher hare essays public law honour sir oxford isbn chris standing standing peter woods terry administrative law facing future old constraints isbn mitchell law canada 2nd toronto isbn wade william christopher restriction administrative law 10th oxford isbn | Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
21357_FifteenthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution | fifteenth amendment united_states constitution fifteenth amendment amendment united_states_constitution prohibits federal state governments denying citizen right vote based citizen race color previous condition ratified february final years american_civil_war followed congress repeatedly debated rights millions black slaves amendments passed abolish slavery provide citizenship equal protection laws election presidency convinced majority republicans protecting franchise black voters important party future rejecting sweeping versions suffrage amendment congress proposed compromise amendment banning franchise restrictions basis race color previous february amendment survived difficult ratification fight adopted march decisions late nineteenth century interpreted amendment narrowly black voters south effectively new state state laws incorporating obstacles poll taxes literacy tests white voters grandfather clauses system whites violent intimidation white groups suppressed black participation twentieth century court began interpret amendment broadly striking grandfather clauses united_states white primary system texas primary cases later measures fourth amendment forbade poll taxes federal elections harper forbade poll taxes state elections decisions significantly increased black participation american political system enforce amendment congress enacted voting rights act provided federal oversight elections jurisdictions banned literacy tests similar devices created legal people affected voting discrimination text background final years american_civil_war followed congress repeatedly debated rights black slaves freed emancipation proclamation thirteenth amendment formally abolished slavery following passage thirteenth amendment congress republicans grew concerned increase create congressional representation democratic dominated southern states population freed slaves counted mandated previous southern states dramatically increase power population based house_of_representatives republicans hoped offset advantage attracting protecting votes newly black population congress passed civil rights act citizenship regard race color previous condition slavery bill guaranteed equal benefits access law direct assault passed post war southern states attempted return slaves like condition things restricting movement forcing enter year long labor contracts prohibiting owning firearms preventing court strongly urged congress sign bill president johnson vetoed march veto message objected measure conferred citizenship time states congress favor african americans whites weeks later johnson veto measure law time american history congress able muster votes necessary presidential veto despite victory republicans supported goals civil rights act began doubt congress possessed constitutional power turn goals laws experience encouraged radical moderate republicans seek constitutional guarantees black rights relying temporary political june congress adopted fourteenth amendment guaranteed citizenship equal protection laws regardless race sent states ratification bitter struggle included attempted ratification states fourteenth amendment adopted july second section fourteenth amendment punished reduced representation house_of_representatives states male citizens years age failing adopt penalty signaled states possessed right deny ballot access blacks northern states generally adverse granting voting rights blacks southern states year ratification northern states allowed blacks vote south blacks able vote areas intervention occupying union_army proposal ratification proposal anticipating increase democratic membership following congress republicans lame duck session 40th united states congress pass amendment protecting black suffrage representative primary author fourteenth amendment pushed wide ranging ban suffrage limitations broader proposal banning voter restriction basis race color property education religious beliefs rejected proposal specifically ban literacy tests rejected representatives north major force wished preserve restrictions denying franchise foreign born citizens representatives west ethnic chinese banned voting southern northern republicans wanted continue deny vote temporarily support confederacy concerned sweeping endorsement suffrage group house senate conference committee proposed amendment final text banned voter restriction basis race color previous condition attract possible base support amendment mention poll taxes measures block voting guarantee right blacks hold office compromise proposal approved house february senate following day vote house voting house vote entirely party lines democrats supporting bill republicans voting thought amendment far house_of_representatives passed amendment republican conservative republican votes democrat republican independent republican conservative votes republican democrat independent republican voting final vote senate voting senate passed amendment vote republican votes democrat republican votes republican democrat voting radical republicans massachusetts senator voting amendment prohibit literacy tests poll taxes following congressional approval proposed amendment sent secretary state states ratification rejection ratification original proposals amendment negotiations committee final draft nonetheless faced significant ratified states wrote process hard going outcome uncertain end source opposition proposed amendment women suffrage movement civil war common cause abolitionist movement passage fourteenth amendment explicitly protected male citizens second section activists found civil rights women divorced blacks matters came head proposal fifteenth amendment barred race discrimination gender discrimination voter laws debate nation leading group split rival organizations opposed amendment supported groups remained divided 1890s nevada state amendment march new_england states midwest states ratified amendment soon proposal southern states controlled radical reconstruction governments north_carolina swiftly ratified newly elected president strongly endorsed amendment calling measure importance act kind foundation free government present day privately asked nebraska governor special legislative session speed process securing state ratification april december congress passed reconstruction bills virginia mississippi texas georgia amendment regaining congressional representation states struggle ratification particularly close indiana ohio voted january respectively new_york ratified april tried ratification january february georgia iowa nebraska texas ratified amendment bringing total states required thirty seven states court challenge new_york resolution withdraw consent states fifteenth amendment nevada march west_virginia march north_carolina march illinois march louisiana march michigan march wisconsin march maine march massachusetts march arkansas march south_carolina march pennsylvania march new_york april rescinded ratification january ratified march indiana connecticut florida june new_hampshire july virginia october vermont october alabama november missouri january minnesota january mississippi january rhode_island january kansas january ohio january rejection april georgia february iowa february secretary state certified amendment march new_york despite ratification included state nebraska february texas february remaining seven states subsequently ratified amendment new_jersey february rejection march delaware february rejection march oregon february rejection october california april rejection january maryland rejection february kentucky march rejection march tennessee april rejection november amendment adoption met widespread celebrations black communities abolitionist societies disbanded feeling black rights secured work complete president grant said amendment completes greatest civil change constitutes important event occurred nation came life republicans felt amendment passage black americans longer needed federal protection congressman future president stated amendment passage african race care destiny places fortunes hands congressman later wrote ratification amendments reconstruction success application reconstruction known black voter amendment adoption cast ballot march new_jersey referendum election adopting revised city charter united_states decision interpreting fifteenth amendment court interpreted amendment narrowly ostensibly race neutral limitations suffrage including poll taxes literacy tests grandfather clause citizens voting requirements registered voters condition whites generally meet court stated amendment right suffrage citizens united_states right exemption discrimination exercise franchise account race color previous condition congress enforce right appropriate legislation court wrote fifteenth amendment right suffrage prevents states united_states giving preference particular citizen united_states account race color previous condition adoption power state exclude citizens united_states voting account race account age property education citizens race having certain qualifications permitted law vote having qualifications previous amendment constitutional discrimination follows amendment invested citizens united_states new constitutional right protecting power congress right exemption discrimination exercise franchise account race color previous condition express provisions second section amendment congress enforce appropriate legislation white paramilitary violence prevent black people voting number blacks killed massacre attempting defend right vote enforcement acts passed congress authorize federal prosecution violated amendment reconstruction neared end federal troops withdrew enforcement acts dropped significantly united_states supreme_court ruled federal government authority prosecute perpetrators massacre state actors congress weakened acts removing provision conspiracy republican elected president highly contested election receiving support southern states exchange pledge allow white democratic governments rule federal interference president refused enforce federal civil rights allowing states begin implement racially laws federal elections bill successfully senate post reconstruction poll taxes literacy tests instituted south effectively great majority blacks white primary elections served reduce influence blacks political system increasing legal obstacles blacks excluded political system threats violent whites form lynch terrorist attacks democrats advocated repeal amendment new_york 20th century court began read fifteenth amendment broadly united_states unanimous court struck oklahoma grandfather clause effectively white voters literacy test finding court ruled related case anderson officials enforced clause liable civil damages court addressed white primary system series decisions later known texas primary cases nixon nixon sued damages federal civil rights laws denied ballot democratic party primary election basis race court found favor basis fourteenth amendment guarantees equal protection law discussing fifteenth amendment claim texas amended statute allow political party state executive committee set voting qualifications nixon sued nixon court found favor basis fourteenth amendment following nixon democratic_party state convention instituted rule whites vote primary elections court unanimously upheld rule constitutional distinguishing discrimination private organization state previous primary cases united_states classic court ruled primary elections essential electoral process reasoning based classic court smith overruled ruling denying non white voters ballot primary elections violation fifteenth amendment texas primary cases terry adams court ruled black entitled damages group organized whites pre primary elections assistance democratic party officials court amendment strike decision found city limits alabama officials exclude black area basis race court later relied decision rice struck ancestry based voting elections ruling held elections violated fifteenth amendment ancestry racial definition racial purpose judicial enforcement fifteenth amendment ended grandfather clauses white tactics southern black voter registration gradually increased rising percent percent fifteenth amendment interpreted prohibit poll taxes fourth amendment adopted banning poll taxes federal elections supreme_court ruled harper state poll taxes violate fourteenth amendment equal protection clause authority section fifteenth amendment congress passed voting rights act achieve racial equality voting sections voting rights act required states local governments histories racial discrimination voting submit changes voting laws practices federal government approval effect process called percent southern blacks registered vote percent southern whites supreme_court upheld sections south_carolina holder supreme_court ruled section voting rights act established coverage formula determined jurisdictions subject longer constitutional exceeded congress enforcement authority section fifteenth amendment court declared fifteenth amendment commands right vote shall denied account race color gives congress power enforce command amendment designed punish past purpose ensure better future according court regardless look record fairly shows approaching widespread rampant discrimination faced congress clearly distinguished covered jurisdictions rest nation dissent justice wrote throwing worked continuing work stop changes like throwing away umbrella getting wet provision struck continue congress passes new coverage formula | Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
21600_LegalsystemofSaudiArabia | legal system saudi_arabia legal system saudi_arabia based islamic law derived ran traditions islamic prophet muhammad sources include islamic scholarly consensus developed muhammad death interpretation judges saudi_arabia influenced medieval islamic golden age texts school islamic uniquely muslim world adopted saudi_arabia form lack judicial precedent resulted considerable uncertainty scope content country laws government announced intention implemented supplemented regulations issued royal decree covering modern issues intellectual property corporate law remains primary source law especially areas criminal family commercial contract law ran declared country constitution areas land energy law extensive rights state effect royal family constitute significant feature current court system created king founded introduced country stages comprises general summary courts administrative deal disputes specific modern regulations trials saudi_arabia bench trials courts saudi_arabia observe country criminal procedure code issued largely ignored introduced number significant judicial reforms fully implemented criminal law saudi_arabia include public hanging criminal offences include internationally recognized crimes murder rape theft robbery adultery addition regular police force saudi_arabia secret police religious police islamic social moral norms western based human rights organizations criticized activities number aspects human rights saudi_arabia include number executions range offences subject death penalty lack accused criminal justice system treatment use torture lack religious freedom highly position women reported saudi_arabia practices concept rule law history islamic law primary source law modern saudi_arabia developed gradually muslim judges scholars seventh tenth centuries time 8th century developing accepted basis law towns muslim world including arabian peninsula upheld local rulers pre islamic local customary law rural areas continued predominant time instance main source law central early 20th century 11th century muslim world developed major schools islamic interpretations preference school advocated movement founded 18th century strict form islam supported royal family dominant saudi_arabia 18th century school central islam cosmopolitan west peninsula schools followed similarly different court systems existed simple system single judges major towns judge appointed local governor worked closely dispose cases sophisticated system courts comprising panels judges conquered united existing territories form king introduced new court system comprising general summary courts ordered traditional system judges left place face conservative opposition religious establishment familiar court system following decades religious establishment allowed introduction rest country additionally 1930s created government committees areas covered royal commercial labor law system courts government created largely remained place judiciary reforms judiciary responsibility country senior religious authority incumbent grand died king decided appoint successor took opportunity transfer responsibility newly established community eastern province separate legal tradition follow apply school conquered area granted separate judiciary dealing religious family law cases judge remained position judges population million number judges increased seven areas law community jurisdiction regular courts courts judiciary court structure court system constitutes basic judiciary saudi_arabia judges lawyers form country religious leadership extra government handle disputes relating specific royal specialist courts including final appeal courts government king courts followed rules evidence procedure courts general jurisdiction civil criminal cases present types courts instance general courts summary courts dealing lesser cases cases single judges criminal cases potential sentence death panel judges courts minority dealing family religious matters courts sit review decisions compliance non courts covering specialized areas law important court originally created deal complaints government jurisdiction commercial criminal cases acts court appeal number non government administrative referred committees deal specific issues regulated royal labor commercial law judges judicial establishment sense composed binding specific court cases members issue highly influential legal opinions senior member judicial establishment highest religious authority country opinions highly influential judiciary judiciary proper body composed judges relatively small number according critics country million generally degrees law islamic university recognized government cases post graduate qualification training received law degrees entirely religious character based ran centuries old religious reference example modern commercial issues judges educated appointed current system older judges received traditional training years instruction religious mentor mosque capabilities nature judges criticized main complaint reportedly privately judges wide discretion interpreting knowledge modern world reported examples judges attitudes include banning things children game play recorded music sending flowers hospital patients judges come narrow recruitment pool estimate judges senior judges come province center country population known strict religious saudi_arabia senior judges allow like minded graduates select religious join judiciary remove judges stray away conservative reforms developments system justice criticized slow lacking justice unable deal modern world king issued royal aim reforming judiciary creating new court system reforms implemented include creation supreme_court transfer commercial criminal jurisdictions general court system new specialist instance courts established comprising general criminal personal status commercial labor courts courts lose general jurisdiction hear cases work load government administrative transferred new courts important change establishment appeal courts province claimed reforms establish system incorporating principle judicial precedent court practice created court tries suspected terrorists human rights activists june court started trials people suspected involved compound bombings september suspects appeared court year court held trial sessions human rights activists including founder air lawyer long term prisoners spoke protest court convicted human rights activists sentences years november king number significant changes judiciary personnel senior level bringing younger generation example appointing new minister justice new chairman appointed outgoing chairman known oppose king appointed new head chief justice new supreme_court january royal decree headed justice minister chief justice supreme_court member law enforcement police department divided forces regular police secret police religious police regular secret police official regular police force handles day day police activities highly centralized force usually headed member royal family secret police deals domestic security counter intelligence runs prison holds prisoners arbitrary detention objected arbitrary detention religious police individual religious police prevention vice police organization enforce islamic codes behavior numbering men law enforcement ensure strict separation sexes public businesses close prayer time pressure women wear traditional dress areas prevent driving cars accompanied police escort order detention arrest criticism grown died fire school allegedly prevented male entering girls major areas law constitutional law saudi_arabia absolute monarchy legally binding written constitution basic law adopted royal decree basic law outlines responsibilities processes governing institutions specific considered constitution declares king comply islamic law traditions muhammad country constitution interpretation remains necessary carried religious establishment basic law states monarchy system rule rulers country shall sons founder king descendants upright shall receive allegiance according god book messenger traditions government derives authority book god prophet ultimate sources reference law laws state governance based justice consultation equality according criminal law saudi_arabia uses bench trial system courts observe country criminal procedure code introduced contains provisions borrowed egyptian french law human rights watch report noted judges ignorant criminal procedure code aware routinely ignored code criminal law governed comprises categories fixed specific crimes eye eye general category crimes include theft robbery adultery crimes include murder crime involving harm represents cases defined national regulations trafficking drug abuse common punishment offence conviction requires proof ways confession alternatively testimony male witnesses convict case adultery crime case confession required women evidence normally carries half weight men courts criminal trials women testimony allowed testimony non muslims muslims doctrines considered unacceptable example discounted lastly denial oath required giving oath taken particularly seriously religious society saudi_arabia refusal oath taken admission guilt resulting conviction courts impose number severe physical death penalty imposed wide range offences including murder rape armed robbery repeated drug use adultery carried sword firing squad followed reported executions carried public executions carried reports occurred relatively recently example cases execution reported repeated theft right hand aggravated theft cross hand foot instance judicial reported homosexual acts imprisonment death common form punishment imposed offences religion public morality drinking alcohol neglect prayer obligations practised instance eye removed insistence victim lost eye occurred case reported families killed choose demanding death penalty granting return payment blood money growing trend blood money demands example sum million reported recently demanded officials religious figures criticized trend said corrupted family law laws relating marriage divorce children inheritance codified fall general jurisdiction courts permitted men limited wives time evidence practice increased particularly educated elite result oil wealth government promoted return islamic values program highest religious authority issued opinion calling women accept islamic package declaring necessary fight growing epidemic minimum age marriage saudi_arabia grand reportedly said girls age men right divorce wives needing legal justification divorce effective immediately husband obligation provide financial support divorced wife period months days woman obtain divorce consent husband husband harmed practice difficult woman obtain judicial divorce divorce rate high marriages dissolved event divorce fathers automatic custody sons age daughters age right men marry wives combined ability divorce wife time cause translate unlimited king founder country reportedly admitted marrying women considered extraordinary arabian standards regard law inheritance fixed portions deceased estate left called heirs generally female heirs receive half portion male heirs muslim maximum property non heirs divided heirs commercial contract law business commerce governed commercial jurisdiction rests composed trained judges special tasked finding ways restrictive aspects law established foreign investors content commercial law aspect constitutes invest saudi_arabia governed contract law codified general limitations allows considerable freedom parties agree contract terms contracts involving speculation payment interest prohibited contract breached courts award compensation proven direct damage claims loss profit opportunity allowed constitute speculation permitted non special special committees hear commercial law cases ranging breach contract suits trade mark infringement labour disputes enforce issued king specific modern aspects commercial law example commercial paper intellectual property corporate law governed modern regulations specialist government deal related disputes government recently revised intellectual property laws meet standards admission lack resources new patent law went effect patent office registered patents log applications believed log reduced government putting greater resources unauthorized distribution software printed material recordings videos illegally copied material widely available enforcement efforts supported religious ruling copyright infringement software forbidden islam saudi_arabia special running log countries considered regulate enforce intellectual property rights removed law recognizes corporate partnership entities established company law contract type company void persons contract company personally liable corporations number forms common saudi_arabia partners contribute assets contribute expertise addition company law based egyptian company law identifies forms corporate entity including joint ventures limited liability partnerships labor law employers number obligations including days paid holiday year employment days years continuous service terminated employees receive end service payment half months salary year employed going month employed years land law land saudi_arabia owned government cultivated land urban property subject individual ownership land titles registered accurate information extent registration real estate owned citizens property laws amended allow foreigners property saudi_arabia property investments non million require approval foreigners remain prohibited owning property saudi_arabia categories land developed land undeveloped land protective zones developed land comprises built environment towns villages developed land bought sold inherited individuals undeveloped land comprises rough grazing pasture wilderness rough grazing pasture owned common equal rights use wilderness owned state open specific restrictions imposed land protective owned land undeveloped land defined case town area reached returned day purposes collecting fuel livestock law utilizes form land ownership muslim transfer property foundation long term religious charitable purposes property alienated transferred energy law saudi_arabia vast oil reserves owned government effect royal family article basic law states natural resources god deposited underground ground territorial waters land sea domains authority state revenues resources shall property state provided law law shall specify means exploitation protection development resources best interest state security economy responsible general strategy oil gas sectors monitoring state owned oil company oil gas industries saudi_arabia controlled law near monopoly areas world biggest oil producer middle_east biggest company generally considered important energy company world law changed allow foreign companies look saudi_arabia vast reserves natural gas believed represent world reserves time 1970s foreign companies permitted search oil gas currently electricity industry hands state owned plans announced industry human rights rule law issues human rights issues rule law saudi_arabia attracted strong criticism include criminal law considered cruel position women religious discrimination lack religious freedom activities saudi_arabia human rights conventions government approved establishment staffed government employees monitor implementation date activities limited doubts remain neutrality independence saudi_arabia countries accept universal declaration human rights launched saudi_arabia remains openly opposed declaration response continuing criticism human rights record government points special islamic character country asserts different social political order rule law applied courts judges bound judicial precedent scope content law uncertain study published criticized number aspects administration justice saudi_arabia concluded country practices concept rule law study goes assert judges reach decisions following process lawyers challenge decisions usually appeals king based mercy justice innocence claimed members royal family forced appear courts countries influence receive favorable treatment law according managing editor ruling unwilling let face consequences criminal activity rare occasions arrested crime prince pardoned prince released media mention incident forbidden princes participated disruption gathering hand blue collar foreign workers unable collect salaries ruled favor employers stall payment worker work permits expired women rights department considers discrimination women significant problem saudi_arabia women political social rights visit special violence women noted lack women autonomy absence law violence women global gender gap report ranked countries gender ahead syria pakistan adult woman close male relative guardian result described position women different minor little authority lives guardian entitled number critical decisions woman behalf include giving approval woman travel hold types business licenses study university college work type business deemed appropriate woman guardian approval legally required officials ask women face discrimination courts testimony man equals women family inheritance law religious police impose restrictions women public restrictions include requiring women sit separate specially designated family sections restaurants wear loose fitting length black covering entire body conceal hair women risk arrest riding vehicle driven male employee close male relative written ban women driving cars driving license required law issued women effectively illegal women drive ban enforced saudi_arabia registered female lawyer political freedom freedom speech political parties national elections permitted saudi_arabia according economist democracy index government seventh authoritarian regime countries rated legal protection freedom speech prohibited publicly criticizing government islam royal family press strictly censored articles banned censorship considered restrictive world country blocks broad internet protests occurred early government banned public demonstrations marches criminal trials punishment western based organisations condemned criminal justice system severe reportedly support system maintains low crime rate human rights watch report arabian criminal justice system noted criminal procedure code introduced lacked basic mentioned ignored judges case arrested informed crime accused given access lawyer subject abusive treatment torture confess trial guilt accused unable examine witnesses evidence present legal defense trials held secret public press physical imposed courts number executions strongly criticized religious freedom stated saudi_arabia freedom religion recognized protected law severely restricted practice government policies continued place severe restrictions religious freedom faith islam permitted practised nearly million christians nearly foreign workers saudi_arabia churches non muslim houses worship permitted country private prayer services forbidden practice religious police reportedly regularly search homes christians foreign workers observe allowed celebrate christmas easter conversion muslims religion carries death penalty confirmed reports executions recent years non muslims illegal christian priest expelled saudi_arabia compensation court cases non muslims fault determined muslim receives compensation determined jew christian half sixteenth according human rights watch minority face systematic discrimination government education justice system especially religious freedom restrictions imposed public celebration festivals taking communal public worship march interior ministry issued royal decree branding terrorists defines terrorism calling thought form calling question islamic religion country based lgbt rights saudi_arabia countries world homosexual acts illegal execution raids gay parties men arrested like women usual penalties inflicted limited imprisonment | Legal system of Saudi Arabia | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
21839_TerritorialandReserveForcesAct1907 | act act act parliament united_kingdom reformed auxiliary forces british_army transferring existing volunteer units new disbanding militia form new special reserve reorganisation formed major named creator act lessons learned reinforced idea regular army capable fighting prolonged scale war significant assistance regular units united_kingdom deployed overseas months outbreak hostilities entire pool reserve manpower exhausted year thought war auxiliary forces overseas event volunteers hoc basis new auxiliary arm formed provide specialist troops clear effective system required future number attempts reform conservative government failed lasting changes system left auxiliary forces liberal victory december appointed secretary state war immediately set reforming army best prepare intervention european war decided regular auxiliary territorial force liable home defence expanded reserve examination best way implement forward draft bill winter ensured government legislative program coming year order ensure pass difficulty consulted privately senior army officers king leader opposition gain support principles legislation march debated late march april received prolific opposition mainly partisans existing system small group opposed bill grounds proposed force ineffective continental armies whilst labour_party members generally opposed increase military strength reading june passing comfortable majority received august act effective immediately bulk reforms scheduled begin april act divided main sections created county associations local bodies administer support territorial units military control called service second section reformed existing volunteers newly created whilst dissolved militia place created composed men previously served regular army background need reform outbreak british_army committed large scale overseas deployment 1850s intervening period seen extensive abolished purchase commissions officer corps reformed system recruits served years colours years liable reserve service new reserve system tested anglo egyptian war fought overseas time crisis reserves cavalry regiment infantry regiments totalling men administrative structure army reinforced creation regimental districts regular infantry regiments paired share depot linked local militia volunteer units early 1880s step taken reforms formally amalgamated regiments single battalion unit militia volunteers meant general battalion infantry regiment based home depot based overseas meant roughly half available united_kingdom responding new overseas commitments estimated memorandum army provide regular troops units reinforced individually composed partly regulars partly militia remaining auxiliary forces garrisons fixed defences ports london status auxiliary forces regular units supported reserves discussed auxiliary forces militia volunteers militia administered recruits weeks joining month year period time suited casual labourers agricultural workers impractical urban workers skilled thirty percent recruits young men passed percent served year service join accepting liability serve overseas regular army case war called reserve exceeded establishment men force came battalions infantry brigades coastal artillery little small group fortress engineers medical staff men service arms members battalion volunteered overseas service sent overseas unit war serving colonial garrisons militia effectively little collection independent units home defence force second element auxiliary forces regiments volunteer cavalry historically form internal security police deployed suppress local riots provide force support authorities recruits force usually personally wealthy providing horses uniforms units heavily senior officers training requirements low annual day camp regiments liable called defence invasion insurrection prepared effective units possessed transport resources designated arm volunteers mainly drawn small businessmen professionals predominantly urban middle class units training weekends annual camp rifle corps corps artillery coastal artillery static position batteries equipped pounder guns constitute organised field force engineer medical units service corps status volunteer units complicated origins private societies received central funding supported local commanders effects south african war reforms ensured sizable force regular troops based united_kingdom service expeditionary force troops stationed overseas decision taken send corps size field force fight system began strain divisions deployment october men reserve reinforce regulations time held men sent overseas replace ineffective soldiers filling existing gaps units meant battalion strength force men listed unfit foreign service force sailed men field force augmented additional brigade infantry minute totalled divisions fourth organised early november fifth end month sixth december completed corps originally planned expeditionary force brief panic mid december seventh dispatched end january leaving country virtually regular troops end planned thought given pre war militia volunteers formed units foreign service sent overseas regular forces total remainder sent overseas reinforcements replacements year war conventional system posting regiment worked april necessary post different regiments heavy losses september system broken entirely reserves entirely exhausted men december request sent south_africa auxiliary troops commitment send considerable force militia picked volunteers early january reinforcements sent included service company volunteers regular battalion complete volunteer battalion seven militia battalions large number battalions militia volunteered overseas service eventually sent country war men went south_africa whilst served colonial garrisons employed mainly lines communication regarded second line troops low quality strongly officers heavily composed men regarded young regular army deficiencies militia increased fact best experienced men volunteered strong militia reserve stripped battalions sent overseas drafts regular units travelled south_africa militia subsequently transferred regular units overseas sir commented men regular battalions excellent commanding officer asked said class men militia battalions come lost officers gone regular battalions replace losses earlier war somewhat short officers start line communication service best suited circumstances volunteer unit sent composite battalion recruited london units raised early january sent combat weeks training south_africa lord roberts described excellent returned home october time number service companies raised volunteer units organised regimental depots volunteer units district volunteer units employed integral companies regular battalions regarded field likewise employed complete units whilst initial request called organised companies specified equipped mounted infantry trained equipped shock cavalry decision taken late december form new force consist mounted infantry organised separately existing whilst provided officers small number recruits came existing regiments volunteer corps drawn civilians previously members units performed recruiting proceeded fits starts recruitment stopped resumed early adequate supply manpower available conservative reforms election october remained power instituted thorough reorganisation government led immediately called extensive reform debate march dismissed corps expeditionary force insufficient suggested home defence ought ready moment send abroad proper men proposed divide nation geographical corps districts contain appropriate units peacetime command war regulars based salisbury plain corps regulars based ireland constitute force overseas service fourth fifth composed mixture regular auxiliary forces selected line volunteer militia battalions remaining auxiliary forces assigned defensive purposes corps located heavily expanded reformed mounted infantry having proved great use south_africa scheme course implemented whilst progress peacetime slow effect march report gave fifth formed large numbers component units corps unavailable organised simply wrong locations remarkably corps command assigned shortly appointed secretary state war acts appoint lord chair committee reform called number administrative reforms including formation summer set consider existing state issued report advocated form compulsory service swiftly rejected government offered pragmatic reforms later taken state militia reported unfit field qualified time pressed ahead reforms proposing july strong opposition split liable peacetime service home overseas peacetime service home able sent overseas time crisis militia discussed proposals undertook reduce strength volunteers split second class units debate resumed session parliament having shortly original announcement continued attacked little progress implementing attempt june identify volunteer units likely disbanded reported questions asked forced suggesting wished determine proportion volunteers capable foreign service end period constant attempts reorganisation proved mixed bag particularly auxiliary forces militia heavily whilst number recruits volunteers falling financial situation units worrying system central capita grants helped support units despite worrying effect causing incentive men books possible regardless fitness apparent headed financial collapse action taken december government collapsed sir prime minister leading minority liberal government appointed secretary state war accidental selection aiming lord chancellor whilst offered post attorney general offered men offered despite beginning words greatest secretary state took post ideas role army quickly settled idea efficiency essential precursor making financial economies brief hiatus general election liberals won comfortably turned attention crisis brought france germany war december sir foreign secretary privately agreed commit army aid france attacked began consider best accomplish quickly concluded need regular specifically prepared trained use continental intervention force question provide force short period settled strength battalion infantry divisions supporting arms need organised peacetime prepared united_kingdom committed action soon reached continent army geared specific purpose reorganised fit role elements support discarded reforms anticipated existing division army militia changed structure home defence based volunteers form basis whilst militia reserve regular expeditionary force fully liable service overseas formed committee known chair lord representatives militia volunteers study proposals attempt reach agreement committee met sat july failed reach effective conclusion issue militia merged volunteers formally incorporated secondary problem desire commanders individual volunteer units wished retain greater independence units currently possessed placing control bodies second attempt gain agreement militia proposed amalgamation late june strongly opposed fourteen militia representatives insisted overseas service complete militia battalions drafts sent regular battalions meeting october proposed militia join volunteers senior element rejected possible approaches dealing militia strongly opposed decision taken away entirely replace newly created force incorporate elements militia willing transferred legislative history act drafted winter assistance support final draft sent king january remained ensure passage house_of_commons confident support prime minister privately discussed bill order ensure significant opposition time governing absorbed problems social reform guaranteed time present defence bill beginning year discovered bill scheduled session ready offered small bill fill gap february introduced new showed saving slightly million pounds discussed forthcoming reforms stating critical problem ensure continued recruitment line regiments militia provide financial support stability volunteer units memorandum issued day expanded points suggested event future war sent abroad organisation support expansion months training home defence duties able volunteer overseas service bill formally introduced house_of_commons march subject debated house_of_lords march proposed changed militia strongly opposed bill second reading april passed committee discussed length days opposition bill whilst effective previous war secretary argued prove ineffective opposition continental armies whilst labour_party objected generally increase military strength opposition came partisans existing system opposition militia element supporters objected reduction daily rates whilst sir led opposition volunteers control new regulations strong liberal majority saw opposition bill moved reading june passed votes opposition mainly led irish mps voted government reasons unrelated bill labour_party save like vincent oppose bill passed reading house_of_lords took minor amendments escaped significant opposition barring brief dispute status cadet units eventually agreed supported associations provided funding provided money voted parliament amendment accepted government bill passed smoothly royal provisions act act sections established administer system whilst covered formation existing units volunteers iii created arranged transfer militia units contained miscellaneous provisions related schedules county associations authorised establishment schemes drawn laid expected form associations areas authority provided funded centrally raise funds right regulations necessary administration associations explicitly stipulated associations operational command forces administered section act stipulated responsible reorganisation act majesty military forces regulars reserves administration forces reorganised draw organising scheme define membership schemes approved parliament act anticipated schemes lord lieutenant county president required half membership consist officers drawn branches preceding volunteers desirable members include representatives county councils county borough councils universities area association opted members representative interests employers scheme lay general administrative issues appointment initial chairman officers rules procedure schemes permit general officers deputies attend meetings speak vote association cover single county corresponding counties created local government act local government scotland act local government ireland act county sufficiently large scheme divide multiple parts assign sub associations section act provided duties county associations primarily constituted organise county explicitly stipulated shall powers training majesty military forces act permitted virtually relevant duties crown assigned associations particularly noted organisation administration units called training military service recruiting force peacetime wartime provision maintenance rifle ranges buildings magazines sites camps organisation areas manoeuvres secure storage weapons equipment arrangement employers holidays training training camps establishment support cadet battalions rifle clubs funding provided parliamentary grant respect person age sixteen compromise introduced reading bill provided support given person sixteen lords wished remove restriction compromise state support come parliamentary funds associations effectively free raise money purpose provision horses peacetime requirements force supply territorial units county payment families men force called service care discharged soldiers act permitted establishment regulations government discipline pay crown certain existing enactment applied militia volunteers extended order council number subsequently applied order march railway act railway act friendly societies act officers commissions act terms service men enlisted force specific county association specific corps corps contained multiple units posted choosing men permitted transferred corps regular unit consent periods service exceed years extended years end period force called permanent service time man discharge came required service months member force buy discharge end term giving months notice paying sum pounds times embodiment service discharged orders misconduct judged commanding officer appointments lowest grade officer unit given persons recommended association president provided fulfilled necessary qualifications regular drills prescribed regulation recruits force attend annual training days year eighteen cavalry crown able extend period training thirty days abandon annual training altogether necessary act provided number military offences including failure attend embodiment failure conditions training sale destruction government property provided method offences act army act tried members force punished absence relating voting parliamentary election members force exempt service peace officer parish officer compelled serve jury field officers required serve high sheriff officers force discharged performing duty embodied responsibility taken sheriff accepting commission officer force vacate seat member parliament army act applied members way applied militia addition dismissal form punishment amended accordingly schedule act embodiment proclamation issued ordering called permanent service crown legally permitted order issue directions order forthcoming parliament directed issue direction embodiment entire force parliament sitting time proclamation resume session days crown able issue proclamation force proclamation issued permitted elements force saw fit embodied members liable service united_kingdom ordered country provided force commanding officer offer subject liability overseas service called military service country defensive purposes embodied act took pains ensure person shall compelled offer subjected liability consent required commanding officers explain man offer purely voluntary transfer units county association formed providing transfer specified volunteer units county units deemed formed units date order date officer man unit deemed member affect terms service section march transferred existing units volunteers small number exceptions iii iii act dealt expansion creation new class transfer militia units extended reserve forces act allow men served regular forces known special special permitted agree serve indefinite period discharge agree writing liable proclamation order parliament thousand men liable provision time power exercised overseas service operations preparation progress militia act extended allow thousand men total liable proclamation period liability years organised regulations issued reserve forces act forming regiments battalions existing regular corps newly created ones crown given power transfer existing battalions militia deemed formed battalions special date accordingly section april transferred units militia disbanded officer battalion deemed member man special individual condition service altered consent acceptance commission member vacate seat sitting member parliament supplemental act contained number minor provisions relating administration act including provisions system orders council definitions terms army act application act scotland schedules listed specific amendments army act whilst second gave listing cities towns defined county deemed purposes act act repeal existing legislation militia acts dating time king charles_ii remained nominally force implementation act formation proceeded smoothly august weeks act received royal reported associations formed issued model scheme september advisory notes sent lords lieutenant counties appointments divisional commands october formally came existence april date existing volunteer force ceased exist march existing units transferred small number exceptions transferred units reorganised amalgamated produce force anticipated size exception small number batteries new unit trace lineage volunteer unit constituted infantry battalions organised bicycle infantry regiments organised fourteen divisions fourteen cavalry brigades associated support troops new territorial regiment formed encompass seven battalions previously associated regular regiments divisional troops raised administered whilst divisions operationally commanded regular staff officers outside divisional structure created followed units transferred members decide enlist threshold recognition given establishment strength recognised artillery infantry units total establishment june total establishment summer camp organised end stood establishment strength popular recruiting campaign following spring led daily_mail brought summer new territorial reserve force announced began recruiting beginning contained men militia remained legally existence battalions surplus requirements disbanded battalions planned transferred reserves trained militia amalgamated regular regiments forming special reserve battalions usually assigned line regiments duplicate extra special reserve battalions end year nominal strength officers men chosen transfer remained enrolled militia serving year january remained quickly disappeared battalions transferred militia infantry units exception irish artillery units group units mentioned transferred new system irish regiments decision taken units ireland regiments disbanded south irish horse remained organised volunteers whilst new legislation extend force reorganised partly difficulty changing annual training bermuda malta encompassed scope legislation militia continued operate old system subsequent legislation army annual act gave powers private accommodation embodied military service act introduced conscription provisions act prevented territorial soldier transferred different corps regular unit consent suspended changed returned old title militia air_force constitution act created reserve auxiliary force newly constituted royal_air_force act modified act allow county associations administer act gave county associations responsibility act repealed ceased force independence formally repealed obsolete india identified india longer useful accordingly repealed application india legislation currently governing reserve forces act | Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
22345_Twenty-fifthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution | fifth amendment united_states constitution fifth amendment amendment united_states_constitution deals succession presidency establishes procedures filling vacancy office vice president responding presidential disabilities ambiguous wording article section clause constitution state vice president president acting president president dies removed office unable discharge powers presidency fifth amendment adopted february text section case removal president office death resignation vice president shall president section vacancy office vice president president shall nominate vice president shall office confirmation majority vote section president president pro senate speaker house_of_representatives written declaration unable discharge powers duties office written declaration contrary powers duties shall discharged vice president acting president section vice president majority principal officers executive departments body congress law provide transmit president pro senate speaker house_of_representatives written declaration president unable discharge powers duties office vice president shall immediately assume powers duties office acting president president president pro senate speaker house_of_representatives written declaration inability exists shall resume powers duties office vice president majority principal officers executive department body congress law provide transmit days president pro senate speaker house_of_representatives written declaration president unable discharge powers duties office congress shall decide issue assembling hours purpose session congress days written declaration congress session days congress required assemble determines thirds vote houses president unable discharge powers duties office vice president shall continue discharge acting president president shall resume powers duties office background article section clause constitution states case removal president office death resignation inability discharge powers duties said office shall vice president congress law provide case removal death resignation inability president vice president declaring officer shall act president officer shall act accordingly disability removed president shall elected clause unclear presidential succession inability state power declare president provide mechanism filling vice presidential vacancy prior presidential election clause caused difficulties times fifth amendment adoption president president die office representative previously suggested vice president acting president death president asserted succeeded presidency opposed obtaining powers duties declined acknowledge documents referring acting president felt vice presidential oath need presidential oath tyler persuaded formally sworn clear doubts right office having moved white_house assumed presidential powers tyler claim formally challenged houses congress adopted resolution confirming tyler tenth president united_states precedent succession established known occasions president example following stroke officially assumed presidential powers duties lady covered president wilson condition office vice president vacant sixteen times death resignation vice president succession presidency example vice president nearly years death president attempted clarify procedures signed agreement vice president richard_nixon drafted attorney general agreement authority constitutional amendment incidents evident guidelines needed proposals providing guidelines proposal senator new_york proposed constitutional amendment enabled congress enact legislation providing determine president disabled fifth amendment having constitution provide proposal based recommendation text proposal read case removal president office death resignation said office shall vice president case inability president discharge powers duties said office said powers duties shall vice president inability removed congress law provide case removal death resignation inability president vice president declaring officer shall president case inability act president officer shall act president accordingly president shall elected case inability inability shall earlier removed commencement termination inability shall determined method congress shall law provide senators raised concerns congress abuse authority neglect enact legislation adoption proposal tennessee senator chairman long time advocate addressing disability question spearheaded effort died heart attack august senator defeated election senator republican nebraska took objections new member kennedy assassination assassination president showed need clear way determine presidential succession context cold war new president suffered heart attack people line presidency year old speaker year old senate president pro senator succeeded chairman set advocating detailed amendment dealing presidential succession proposal january senator birch proposed senate representative chairman proposed house_of_representatives fifth amendment proposal specified process president declared disabled making vice president acting president president regain powers office proposal provided way fill vacancy office vice president presidential election opposed proposal provided filling vacancy office vice president prior presidential election provided process determining presidential disability endorsed type proposal advocated january president johnson endorsed statement congress february senate passed amendment house passed different version amendment april april returned senate revisions areas disagreement house senate versions senate official receive written declaration amendment period time vice president cabinet decide disagree president declaration fit resume duties time congress meets resolve issue president vice president cabinet time limit congress reach decision july conference committee differences versions final version amendment passed houses congress presented states ratification proposal ratification congress proposed fifth amendment july amendment ratified following states following states ratified amendment georgia south_carolina days submission nebraska wisconsin states amendment february minnesota nevada 37th 38th states respectively february ceremony white_house administrator certified amendment adoption effect section presidential succession section codified tyler precedent president removed office dies situations vice president immediately president section vice presidential vacancy prior fifth amendment adoption vice presidential vacancy remained start presidential term vice presidency vacant times death resignation succession presidency lasted years section vacancy office vice president president successor vice president confirmed majority vote section presidential declaration section provides president written declaration president pro senate speaker house_of_representatives stating unable discharge powers duties presidency president sends written declaration aforementioned officers declaring able resume powers duties vice president serves acting president section vice presidential cabinet declaration section amendment invoked allows vice president majority principal officers executive departments cabinet body congress law provide declare president disabled submitting written declaration president pro senate speaker house_of_representatives section vice president acting president section meant invoked president prevents duties office provide written declaration effect president resume exercising presidential duties sending written declaration president pro speaker house vice president cabinet believe president disabled days president declaration submit declaration president congress assemble hours session congress days decide issue days allotted thirds house congress vote president section states vice president continue acting president congress resolve issue favor president congress makes decision days allotted president resume powers duties office use words continue resume imply vice president remains acting president congress president submit written declaration recovery president pro speaker house declaration responded acting president cabinet way stated earlier allotted day congressional procedure start fifth amendment invoked times ratification times applications sections context scandals surrounding applications section connection president undergoing medical procedure requiring general appointment vice president october following vice president resignation days earlier president richard_nixon nominated representative michigan succeed vice president united_states senate voted confirm ford november december house_of_representatives vote ford sworn later day joint session united_states congress succession presidency president richard_nixon resigned august resulting vice president succeeding office president person vice president later president elected office appointment vice president president vice presidency vacant august having previously considered president ford nominated new_york governor succeed vice president december confirmed senate december confirmed house sworn office later day senate chamber acting presidents july president ronald_reagan underwent pre called discovered told physician undergo surgery immediately weeks reagan elected removed immediately afternoon reagan consulted white_house counsel telephone debating amendment transfer set undesirable precedent fielding white_house chief staff recommended reagan transfer power letters drafted letter specifically invoked section fifth amendment second mentioned reagan provision july reagan signed second letter ordered delivery appropriate officers required amendment books president shot confusion disability 25th amendment reagan autobiography argue president reagan intent transfer power vice president bush clear fielding adds personally know intend amendment conveyed staff conveyed president senate firm wish create precedent binding successor june president underwent chose section amendment temporarily transferring powers vice president medical procedure began ended bush minutes later resume presidential powers duties president doctor conducted overall examination said recommended additional time sure unlike reagan letter bush letter specifically cited section authority transfer power july president bush invoked amendment response having undergo temporarily transferring powers vice president president bush invoked section reclaimed powers happened bush specifically cited section transferred presidential powers vice president reclaimed powers considered section documented instances invocation section fifth amendment considered involved 40th president united_states ronald_reagan reagan assassination attempt following attempted assassination ronald_reagan march vice president assume presidential powers duties acting president reagan unable section surgery bush section plane returning texas reagan surgery time bush arrived washington primary sponsor amendment senate wrote section invoked reagan alleged assuming role white_house chief staff advised predecessor staff prepared possible invocation fifth amendment reagan perceived according pbs program baker transition team told staff weekend shocked reagan lazy baker prepared 25th amendment relieve duties reagan biographer stated interview aired program incoming baker people decided meeting monday official meeting president cluster table cabinet room watch closely behaved losing mental grip morris went explain reagan course completely unaware launching death watch came stimulated press new people performed end meeting threw hands realizing perfect command | Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
23216_FourthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution | fourth amendment united_states constitution fourth amendment amendment united_states_constitution prohibits searches requires warrant sanctioned supported probable cause bill rights adopted response abuse writ assistance type general search warrant issued british government major source tension fourth amendment introduced congress amendments bill rights response objections new constitution congress submitted amendment states september december necessary quarters states ratified march secretary state announced adoption amendment bill rights initially apply states federal criminal investigations common century nation history little significant case law fourth amendment 20th century amendment held apply states ohio fourth amendment search seizure including arrest limited scope according specific information supplied issuing court usually law enforcement officer sworn fourth amendment case law deals central questions government activities constitute search seizure constitutes probable cause actions violations fourth amendment rights addressed early court decisions limited amendment scope law enforcement officer physical intrusion private property united_states supreme_court held warrant requirement extend privacy individuals physical locations law enforcement officers need warrant search seizure activities court defined series exceptions consent searches motor vehicle searches evidence plain view circumstances border searches situations rule way amendment enforced established weeks united_states rule holds evidence obtained fourth amendment violation generally criminal trials evidence discovered later result illegal search fruit poisonous tree inevitably discovered legal means text amendment proposed congress reads follows right people secure persons houses papers effects searches shall violated shall issue probable cause supported oath particularly describing place searched persons things seized background english law like areas american law fourth amendment finds roots english legal doctrine sir case famously stated house castle fortress defence injury violence case acknowledged king authority subjects dwellings recognized government agents permitted conduct searches certain conditions purpose warrant obtained saw growth intensity litigation state officers general conducted raids search materials relating publications attacking government policies king famous cases involved home forcibly entered king messenger warrant issued 2nd earl halifax authorizing strict search author concerned writing weekly papers entitled monitor seized printed charts pamphlets materials filed suit argued bench 1st ruled search seizure unlawful warrant authorized seizure papers criminal ones warrant lacked probable cause justify search holding law holds property man sacred man set foot neighbour close leave established english precedent executive limited private property common law homes hand enjoy british counterparts legislation explicitly written enable enforcement british revenue gathering policies customs fact type warrant defined justices peace general warrant scholar called colonial epidemic general searches authorities possessed unlimited power search time little oversight colony massachusetts enacted legislation barred use general represented law american history use seizure power creation largely stemmed great public outcry act gave tax collectors unlimited powers colonists concerning use goods subject customs act permitted use general warrant known writ assistance allowing tax collectors search homes colonists seize prohibited goods crisis erupted assistance december news king death october arrived boston automatically expired months death king issued new king remain valid mid january group merchants represented petitioned court hearings issue hour hearing february denounced british colonial policies including general assistance court ruled future president present courtroom spoke viewed events spark originated american revolution attacking elected massachusetts colonial legislature helped pass legislation requiring special assistance granted judge justice peace information oath officer customs barring governor overturned legislation finding contrary english law parliamentary sovereignty seeing danger general presented virginia declaration rights explicitly forbade use general prohibition precedent fourth amendment general officer messenger commanded search suspected places evidence fact committed seize person persons named offense particularly described supported evidence oppressive ought granted article massachusetts declaration rights written enacted massachusetts constitution added requirement searches reasonable served basis language fourth amendment subject right secure searches person houses papers possessions contrary right cause foundation previously supported oath order warrant civil officer search suspected places arrest suspected persons seize property accompanied special designation persons objects search arrest seizure warrant ought issued cases prescribed laws state contained provision general proposal ratification years comparatively weak government constitutional convention philadelphia proposed new constitution september featuring stronger chief executive changes constitutional convention delegate virginia declaration rights proposed bill rights listing civil liberties included delegates including future disagreed arguing existing state guarantees civil liberties sufficient attempt individual rights unnamed rights unprotected brief debate mason proposal defeated unanimous vote state constitution ratified thirteen states required approve state conventions opposition ratification anti partly based constitution lack adequate guarantees civil liberties supporters constitution states popular sentiment ratification including virginia massachusetts new_york successfully proposed state conventions constitution addition bill rights state conventions proposed form restriction authority new federal government conduct searches 1st united states congress following state request proposed constitutional amendments based state bills rights english sources bill rights including amendment requiring probable cause government searches congress reduced madison proposed amendments submitted states ratification september time bill rights submitted states ratification opinions shifted parties previously opposed bill rights supported bill means anti effective criticism anti contrast opposed realizing bill adoption greatly chances second constitutional convention desired anti argued bill left portions constitution federal judiciary direct taxation intact november new_jersey ratified amendments including fourth december december january respectively maryland north_carolina south_carolina ratified amendments january respectively new_hampshire delaware ratified bill amendments including fourth brought total states required process stalled states connecticut georgia found bill rights unnecessary refused massachusetts ratified amendments failed send official notice secretary state states later bill rights celebrations february june new_york pennsylvania rhode_island ratified amendments including fourth virginia initially postponed debate vermont admitted union total number states needed ratification rose vermont ratified november approving amendments virginia finally followed december secretary state announced adoption successfully ratified amendments march bill rights originally restricted federal government went long initial phase judicial words historian ratification americans promptly forgot amendments constitution federal jurisdiction criminal law narrow late 19th century act passed federal criminal jurisdiction expanded include areas questions fourth amendment came supreme_court responded questions outlining fundamental purpose amendment privacy dignity security persons certain arbitrary invasive acts officers government regard government actor investigating crime performing function ohio ruled fourth amendment applies states way process clause fourteenth amendment fourth amendment case law deals central issues government activities constitute search seizure constitutes probable cause actions violations fourth amendment rights addressed fourth amendment typically requires neutral detached authority police public offended general laws allows searches conducted regard connection crime investigation basic purpose fourth amendment states fourteenth prohibition searches safeguard privacy security individuals arbitrary invasions governmental officials fourth amendment held mean search arrest generally requires sanctioned warrant basic rule fourth amendment arrests searches conducted outside judicial process prior approval judge magistrate order warrant considered reasonable supported probable cause limited scope according specific information supplied person usually law enforcement officer sworn issuing court supreme_court held miller reasonable fourth amendment search based suspicion wrongdoing exceptions main rule based special needs normal need law enforcement special needs alleged courts undertake context specific inquiry examining closely competing private public interests advanced parties amendment applies governmental searches private citizens organizations acting behalf government ontario court held amendment apply government acting employer ruling government search police officer text messages sent government search threshold question fourth amendment search occurred initial fourth amendment case law citizen property rights government physically persons houses papers effects purpose obtaining information search original meaning fourth amendment occurred early 20th century court decisions united_states held fourth amendment rights applied cases physical intrusion forms police surveillance united_states court stated amendment core stands right man retreat home free governmental intrusion fourth amendment expanded significantly united_states supreme_court expanded focus embrace individual right privacy ruled search occurred government telephone booth microphone attached outside glass physical intrusion booth court reasoned entering booth shutting door exhibited expectation words broadcast world society believes expectation reasonable justice potter stewart wrote majority opinion fourth amendment protects people places search occurs purposes fourth amendment government person reasonable expectation privacy reasonable expectation privacy provided basis rule government intrusion electronic physical search covered fourth amendment necessitated warrant court said recognizing general right privacy fourth amendment authorized proper procedures followed decision later developed commonly test adopted smith maryland determining fourth amendment applicable given person exhibited actual expectation privacy society prepared recognize expectation reasonable supreme_court held fourth amendment apply information voluntarily given parties smith court held individuals legitimate expectation privacy telephone numbers information telephone companies number following vast majority fourth amendment search cases turned right privacy united_states jones court ruled standard replace earlier case law supplemented jones law enforcement officers attached gps device car exterior jones knowledge consent court concluded jones car property interest car intrusion vehicle common law purpose obtaining information court ruled search fourth amendment court similar reasoning florida rule bringing drug detection dog door home search certain situations law enforcement perform search reasonable suspicion criminal activity falls short probable cause necessary arrest terry ohio law enforcement officers permitted conduct limited search level suspicion probable cause certain circumstances terry supreme_court ruled police officer witnesses unusual conduct leads officer reasonably believe criminal activity suspicious person weapon person presently dangerous officer officer conduct pat search determine person carrying weapon detention search known terry stop conduct officers able point specific facts taken rational facts reasonably warrant actions established florida search temporary questioning limited purpose stop officers stop person reasonable suspicion believe person driving stolen car confirming stolen person answer questions possession seizure fourth amendment seizure person person home including personal property warrant seizure property occurs meaningful interference individual interests property police officers personal property away owner use evidence participate amendment protects seizure persons including brief detention seizure occur government questions individual public place rule bar voluntary answers questions offered evidence subsequent criminal prosecution person seized freedom movement restrained government individual momentarily reasonable objective grounds exceptions refusal listen answer grounds united_states court held person seized means physical force authority freedom movement restrained circumstances surrounding incident reasonable person believe free leave florida court ruled long police convey message compliance requests required police contact citizen encounter falls outside fourth amendment person remains free disregard questioning government seizure intrusion person privacy fourth amendment person arrested taken police custody seized reasonable person placed police car think free leave person subjected routine traffic stop hand seized arrested traffic stops relatively brief encounter analogous terry stop formal arrest person suspicion illegal behavior law enforcement official allowed place individual arrest simply person wish state identity provided specific state regulations specify case search incidental arrest state law violate fourth amendment long arresting officer probable cause maryland king court upheld police dna arrests crimes reasoning allows police photographs arrest exceptions government individual momentarily reasonable suspicion exceptions delaware court ruled officer illegal seizure stops automobile driver order check driver license registration automobile officer reasonable suspicion automobile registered vehicle subject seizure violation law society need great effective means meeting need available intrusion people privacy minimal certain end briefly motorists united_states supreme_court allowed immigration michigan state police supreme_court allowed illinois supreme_court allowed focused city indianapolis supreme_court ruled general crime fighting allowed warrant fourth amendment law enforcement receive written permission court law qualified magistrate search seize evidence investigating criminal activity court grants permission issuing writ known warrant search seizure generally unconstitutional conducted valid warrant police obtain warrant searches warrant considered specifically established exceptions warrant requirement applies exceptions apply exceptional circumstances special needs normal need law enforcement warrant probable cause requirement situations warrant requirement doesn apply search seizure nonetheless justified suspicion wrongdoing carved exception requirement suspicion ruled limited circumstances privacy interests implicated search minimal important governmental interest intrusion placed jeopardy requirement suspicion search seizure reasonable probable cause standards probable cause differ arrest search government probable cause arrest facts circumstances knowledge reasonably information lead person believe arrested person committed committing crime probable cause arrest exist arrest evidence obtained arrest apply justify arrest police conduct search amendment requires warrant establish probable cause believe search uncover criminal activity legally sufficient reasons believe search necessary united_states supreme_court stated probable cause search flexible common sense standard end court ruled united_states term probable cause means evidence justify condemnation assertion merely requires facts available officer warrant man reasonable caution belief specific items stolen property useful evidence crime demand showing belief correct likely true false practical non technical probability evidence involved required illinois gates court ruled reliability informant determined based circumstances exceptions warrant requirement consent party gives consent search warrant required exceptions complications rule including scope consent given consent voluntarily given individual right consent search property court ruled consent search valid police inform suspect right refuse search contrasts fifth amendment rights relinquished explicit warning police court stated united_states party consent search violating suspect fourth amendment rights court ruling illinois rodriguez consent search considered valid police accept good faith consent apparent authority party later discovered authority property question plain view open fields according plain view doctrine defined new_hampshire officer present seize objects plain view officer probable cause believe objects similarly open fields open water woods searched warrant ground conduct occurring reasonable expectation privacy doctrine articulated court united_states stated special protection accorded fourth amendment people persons houses papers effects extended open fields oliver united_states police ignored sign fence suspect land warrant followed path hundreds feet discovered field marijuana supreme_court ruled search taken place privacy expectation open field open fields provide setting intimate activities amendment intended shelter government interference surveillance societal interest protecting privacy activities cultivation crops occur open fields open fields protected fourth amendment outdoor area immediately surrounding home protected courts treated area extension house subject privacy afforded person home unlike person open fields fourth amendment linked home physically psychologically privacy expectations heightened courts held aerial surveillance included search long generally accessible public area intimate activity associated man home life courts determination examining area included enclosure surrounding home nature uses area steps taken resident protect area observation people passing court acknowledged typically treated invitation license public approach door home deliver mail sell goods charities etc license extends police right try engaging home knock talk purpose gathering evidence warrant bring drug detection dog door home warrant consent resident law enforcement officers conduct searches types circumstances obtaining warrant dangerous impractical example terry stop allows police suspects weapons court allowed search arrested persons weeks united_states preserve evidence destroyed ensure suspects disarmed united_states court ruled law enforcement officers search vehicle suspected carrying warrant court allowed blood drawn warrant drunk driving suspects california grounds time obtain warrant allow suspect blood alcohol content reduce later modified missouri warden provided exception warrant requirement officers hot pursuit suspect motor vehicle supreme_court held individuals automobiles reduced expectation privacy vehicles generally serve residences personal effects vehicles randomly stopped searched probable cause reasonable suspicion criminal activity items plain view seized areas potentially hide weapons searched probable cause believe evidence present police officers search area vehicle extend search vehicle passengers probable cause search passengers consent passengers arizona court ruled law enforcement officer needs warrant searching motor vehicle arrest vehicle time search person arrested reaching distance passenger compartment vehicle police officers reason believe evidence crime person arrested found vehicle searches incident arrest common law rule great_britain permits searches incident arrest warrant rule applied american law lengthy common law history justification search prevent arrested individual destroying evidence weapon arresting officer suspect ruled search incident arrest exception absent rule apply possibility suspect gain access weapon destroy evidence united_states supreme_court held search seizure warrant incident arrest considered strictly limited right grows inherent situation time arrest way necessity merely arrest united_states court reversed holding instead officers opportunity obtain warrant search incident arrest suggested area immediate control searched define term deciding california supreme_court previous decisions held arrest reasonable officer search weapons evidence riley california supreme_court ruled unanimously police obtain warrant search cellular phone court said earlier supreme_court decisions permitting searches incident arrest warrant apply modern daily life visitor mars conclude important feature human anatomy noted citizens today typically contain digital record nearly aspect lives mundane intimate border search exception searches conducted united_states border equivalent border international airport conducted warrant probable cause subject border search exception border searches conducted entirely random level suspicion border protection search authority searches traveler personal dignity privacy interests strip body cavity searches supported reasonable suspicion fourth ninth circuits ruled information traveler electronic materials including personal files computer searched random suspicion foreign intelligence surveillance supreme_court decision united_states left open possibility foreign intelligence surveillance exception warrant clause united states courts appeals recognized foreign intelligence surveillance exception warrant clause tied certain requirements exception fourth amendment formally recognized decision lower court held foreign intelligence exception fourth amendment warrant requirement exists surveillance conducted obtain foreign intelligence national security purposes directed foreign powers agents foreign powers reasonably believed located outside united_states despite citation fourth amendment searches nonetheless apply contents communications means person private communications akin personal papers protect carriers government legal action congress passed bill permit type surveillance exceptions new_jersey supreme_court ruled searches public schools require long searching officers reasonable grounds believing search result finding evidence illegal activity court ruled school officials violated fourth amendment strip searched year old girl based student claiming received drugs student similarly california court ruled government offices searched evidence work related misconduct government employees similar grounds searches prison cells subject restraints relating probable cause rule way courts enforce fourth amendment use rule rule provides evidence obtained violation fourth amendment generally prosecution defendant criminal trial court stated united_states rule function deter respect constitutional effectively available way removing incentive disregard court adopted rule weeks united_states prior evidence matter seized admitted court united_states united_states court ruled leads evidence resulting illegally obtained evidence trials justice described secondary evidence decision fruit poisonous tree supreme_court rejected incorporating rule way fourteenth amendment wolf colorado wolf explicitly overruled ohio making fourth amendment including rule applicable state proceedings rule effectiveness controversial particularly application state proceedings critics charge rule police investigation result freeing guilty parties convicted reliable evidence critics state rule successful illegal police searches proponents argue number criminal convictions overturned rule minimal effective mechanism exists enforce fourth amendment california passed victim bill rights containing provision repeal rule bill affect federally mandated rights fourth amendment blocked state courts expanding limitations starting united_states supreme_court repeatedly limited rule court ruled grand use illegally obtained evidence questioning witnesses damage institution unprecedented extension rule benefit possible effect explaining purpose rule court said rule created remedy designed safeguard fourth amendment rights generally effect personal constitutional right party cases restricted rule united_states court established good faith exception rule ruling evidence seized officers reasonably relying warrant warrant later found officer prepared seek warrant issuing magistrate abandoned neutrality warrant lacked sufficient court determined williams fruit poisonous tree evidence introduced prosecutor demonstrate inevitable discovery legitimate investigation united_states court ruled evidence illegally found search warrant evidence later found legally seized based information independent illegal search arizona evans herring united_states court ruled rule apply evidence found government database long arresting police officer relied database good faith davis united_states court ruled rule apply fourth amendment violation resulting reasonable reliance binding precedent utah court ruled evidence obtained unlawful police stop excluded court link stop evidence discovery discovery outstanding warrant stop supreme_court held rule apply following circumstances evidence illegally seized private actor governmental employee tax hearings evidence collected agents hearings evidence seized probation parole officers probation parole hearings | Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
24218_ConstitutionoftheRepublicofSingaporeTribunal | constitution tribunal constitution republic singapore tribunal established article constitution republic singapore article provides mechanism president singapore acting advice refer tribunal opinion question effect provision constitution arisen appears likely arise questions referred tribunal concern validity enacted laws bills passed parliament constitutional questions referred tribunal parliament attempts powers conferred president constitution attempt way ordinary bill president exercise personal discretion open cabinet advise president refer tribunal question bill fact powers bill determined tribunal effect president deemed bill day following day tribunal opinion pronounced open court article constitution brought force similar procedure apply attempts president powers constitutional amendment tribunal rules proposed amendment effect restricting powers president prime minister entitled submit bill national referendum approval tribunal consists judges supreme_court opinions binding courts tribunal established date constitutional question referred tribunal determined article force article prevent parliament restricting president powers constitutional amendment unsuccessful attempts persuade cabinet article procedure history constitution republic singapore tribunal hoc tribunal established article constitution republic singapore article introduced constitution constitution republic singapore amendment act passed parliament august president september came force october prior enactment article deputy prime minister noted second reading constitution republic singapore amendment bill provisions referring questions constitutional interpretation courts advisory ruling especially relating new complex provisions constitution article intended address perceived constitution question constitutional interpretation highlighted parliamentary debates article incorrectly inserted constitution constitution amendment act january article provided president acting discretion bill passed parliament bill article applied bill provided powers conferred constitution time article entrenched certain core constitutional provisions article requiring approval electorate national referendum amendment brought force august parliament intended amend article restrict president powers non constitutional bills provided president powers conferred constitution article force question arose president power article bill seeking amend provisions referred article specifically bill seeking amend article president stated interest testing system wished question referred courts ruling accept correct interpretation article given court response request article inserted constitution parliament purpose reference constitutional questions grounds bringing reference constitutional question referred tribunal grounds article president acting advice cabinet refer tribunal opinion question effect provision constitution arisen appears president likely arise parliamentary debates preceding introduction article nominated member parliament associate professor posed following question president refer constitutional question tribunal advice cabinet discretion refer going power president clear constitutional better allow reference sees ambiguity situations cabinet sees ambiguity reply deputy prime minister article drafted following precedent constitution malaysia worked malaysia thought safe singapore follow suit intention legislation concerning elected president initiative refer question tribunal lie government generally president legislation cabinet advise president matter referred tribunal event cabinet wishing ride president views refusing refer particular matter considerable public pressure exerted government refer questions referred tribunal concern validity enacted laws bills passed parliament grounds relate attempts parliament powers conferred president constitution article constitution deals attempts alter president powers introducing ordinary bill occurs president exercise personal discretion bill cabinet wishes advise president refer tribunal question bill fact effect powers tribunal determines bill effect president deemed bill day following day tribunal opinion pronounced open court article brought force president able decline bill seeking amend constitution direct indirect effect powers case cabinet advise president refer tribunal question bill effect tribunal rules bill effect president deemed bill day immediately following day tribunal opinion open court hand tribunal decides contrary prime minister opt submit bill electorate bill supported national referendum thirds total number votes cast president deemed bill day immediately following day results referendum published government gazette procedure reference hand signed president served attorney general attorney general required assist tribunal hearing reference president represented legal counsel tribunal appoint consulting president parties appearing tribunal confined president attorney general tribunal direct hearing reference notified interested person interested class persons representatives class interest affected represented counsel tribunal request counsel argue case interest reference state questions tribunal opinion required form allows far possible answers given negative statement facts documents included necessary enable tribunal decide questions referred hearing reference procedure proceedings court appeal applies president singapore treated parties respondents tribunal bound strict rules evidence proceedings tribunal hearing directions held open court party proceedings ordered pay costs court fees respect proceedings tribunal consider answer question referred days date reference tribunal mandated president information opinion question referred reasons answer tribunal judge differs opinion majority shall similarly opinion reasons opinion majority judges opinion tribunal required pronounced open court composition constitution provides tribunal consist judges supreme_court parliament intended tribunal structure court appeal practice tribunal consists chief justice judges supreme_court chief justice determine reason chief justice unable tribunal member tribunal consist supreme_court judges chief justice president tribunal absence presidency tribunal determined accordance following order precedence vice presidents judges appeal vice presidents judges high court judges category rank according priority appointments bench effect opinions opinions tribunal questioned court includes tribunal view validity law bill subject reference tribunal means tribunal lies outside normal hierarchy courts hear appeals courts opinions binding courts technically open president cabinet advice refer matter tribunal consideration constitutional reference process constitutional reference creation tribunal constitutional reference constitutional reference arose issue application article constitution relation article force matter referred president clarify scope application articles government represented attorney general chambers presidency consisted chief justice judges held article represented parliament taken consideration tribunal concluded president power article bill seeking amend provisions referred article attempted rescue assistance package indonesia instance non governmental attempt issue came member parliament challenged singapore billion loan offer indonesia november basis article constitution states guarantee loan shall given raised government authority resolution parliament president interpreted mean giving loan required parliamentary presidential approval finance minister agree interpretation provision stated attorney general given advice granting loans purchase type prior approval presidents subsequently stated article applied giving guarantees raising loans government giving loans attorney general confirmed reading provision characterized latin referring correct attorney general suggested bring matter tribunal procedure seemingly inconsistent rule reference tribunal shall hand president singapore issue finally abandoned refused pay costs referring matter tribunal found asked bear costs public act january wrote president requesting reference constitutional question tribunal behalf client opposition politician charged giving public talk december licence public act question involved act argued act violated constitution freedom speech assembly president acting advice cabinet turned request reply dated january pronounced request following reasons given jurisdiction tribunal invoked forum available person claims constitutional rights claim tested tribunal court law advisory nature able raise constitutional question trial appeal charged act tribunal come picture court resolve matter constitute improper interference judicial power courts constitutional functions drugs act plea review sought ditch attempt execution drug lawyer contended client right equal protection article constitution referring cases recent offenders similarly convicted drugs act lawyer drew attention fact offenders imported offence attracted death penalty eventually charged possessing resulted jail sentence contrast imported reduced sentenced death plea rejected president day execution date legal status right vote speaking parliament february nominated member parliament posed question right vote constitutional suggested law minister obtain advisory opinion clarify point issue briefly dealt minister simply answered rendering need resolution constitutional tribunal subsequently expressed view desirable ask authoritative opinion courts final questions singapore | Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
24263_CharterOath | charter oath charter oath literally oath articles emperor japan april oath outlined main aims course action followed emperor reign setting legal stage japan modernization set process people classes free jobs people went city better work remained influential governing inspiring era twentieth century considered constitution modern japan text implies text oath consists clauses oath set aim establishment national broad basis framing constitution laws assemblies shall widely established matters decided open discussion classes high low shall united vigorously carrying administration affairs state common people civil military officials shall allowed pursue calling discontent evil customs past shall broken based laws nature knowledge shall sought world strengthen foundation imperial rule origin subsequent influence draft oath written junior january containing progressive language spoke radical born leaders experienced service hereditary language colleague february prepared final form oath employing language broad embrace readings oath read aloud main ceremonial hall presence emperor officials reading nobles present signed names document praising oath swearing uphold implement able attend formal reading visited palace sign names bringing total number signatures purpose oath issue statement policy followed post government period offer hope inclusion regime domains second motivation especially important early stages restoration means domains joining remnant war later military victory safe begin push court nobles way promise reform document initially went particular parliament real power established retained political military control 20th century general oath purposely broad terms minimize resistance provide promise equity councils public discourse terms applied cooperation lords great domains classes unite indicated continue classes treated civil military officers privileged ranks recent past likely favor retention evil customs nature indicate path chosen promise seek knowledge world specific indication change late activists japan headed government world search selective designed strengthen foundations imperial rule oath reiterated article constitution june subsequent articles constitution expand policies outlined oath eighty years later wake second world war emperor paid homage oath reaffirmed basis national humanity declaration purpose american imperial emperor saw statement existence democracy era | Charter Oath | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
24461_InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights | international economic social cultural rights international economic social cultural rights treaty adopted december force january commits parties work granting economic social cultural rights non self governing trust territories individuals including labour rights right health right education right adequate standard living parties countries including united_states signed ratified international bill human rights universal declaration human rights including second monitored genesis roots process led universal declaration human rights declaration essential rights man proposed led founding united_nations given task drafting early process document split declaration setting forth general principles human rights convention containing binding commitments evolved adopted december drafting continued convention remained significant differences members relative importance negative civil political versus positive economic social cultural rights eventually caused convention split separate contain civil political rights contain economic social cultural rights contain similar provisions possible opened signature simultaneously contain article right peoples self determination states parties present including having responsibility administration shall promote realization right self determination shall respect right provisions charter united_nations document second drafts presented discussion adopted summary follows structure thirty articles divided parts article recognises right peoples self determination including right freely determine political status pursue economic social cultural goals manage dispose resources recognises negative right people deprived means obligation parties responsible non self governing trust territories colonies encourage respect self determination articles establishes principle progressive requires rights recognised discrimination kind race colour sex language religion political opinion national social origin property birth status rights limited law manner compatible nature rights purpose promoting general welfare democratic society articles lists rights include rights work favourable conditions right form join trade unions articles social security including social insurance article family life including paid parental leave protection children article adequate standard living including adequate food clothing housing continuous improvement living conditions article health specifically highest standard physical mental health article education including free universal primary education generally available secondary education equally accessible higher education directed development human personality sense dignity enable persons participate effectively society articles participation cultural life article rights include specific actions undertaken realise articles reporting monitoring steps taken parties implement allows monitoring body originally general recommendations appropriate measures realise rights article articles ratification entry force amendment core provisions principle progressive article duty parties steps maximum available resources view achieving progressively realization rights recognized present appropriate means including particularly adoption legislative measures known principle progressive acknowledges rights example right health difficult practice achieve short period time states subject resource constraints requires act best means principle differs parties respect ensure individuals territory subject jurisdiction rights convention render meaningless requirement steps continuing obligation work rights rules deliberately measures goal interprets principle imposing minimum core obligations provide minimum essential levels rights resources highly constrained include use targeted programmes aimed vulnerable regards legislation means realising rights unlikely limited resource constraints anti discrimination provisions establishment rights judicial national legal systems considered appropriate means provisions anti discrimination laws required human rights instruments labor rights article recognises right work defined opportunity gain living freely chosen accepted work parties required appropriate steps safeguard right including technical training economic policies aimed steady economic development ultimately employment right implies parties guarantee equal access employment protect workers deprived employment prevent discrimination workplace ensure access fact work freely chosen accepted means parties prohibit forced child labor work referred article decent work effectively defined article recognises right favourable working conditions turn defined fair wages equal pay equal work sufficient provide decent living workers safe working conditions equal opportunity workplace sufficient rest leisure including limited working hours regular paid holidays article recognises right workers form join trade unions protects right strike allows rights restricted members armed forces police government administrators parties placed reservations clause allowing interpreted manner consistent china mexico extending restriction union rights groups firefighters japan right social security article recognizes right social security including social insurance requires parties provide form social insurance scheme protect people risks sickness disability employment injury unemployment old age provide survivors afford health care ensure families adequately supported benefits scheme adequate accessible provided discrimination restrict form scheme non schemes community based mutual schemes noted persistent problems implementation right low levels access parties including france reservations allowing set residence requirements order qualify social benefits permits restrictions provided reasonable right family life article recognises family natural fundamental group unit society requires parties accord widest possible protection assistance parties ensure citizens free establish families marriages freely contracted forced parties provide paid leave adequate social security mothers obligation overlaps article finally parties special measures protect children economic social exploitation including setting minimum age employment barring children dangerous harmful right adequate standard living article recognises right adequate standard living includes limited right adequate food clothing housing continuous improvement living conditions creates obligation parties work eliminate world hunger right adequate food referred right food interpreted requiring availability food quantity quality sufficient satisfy needs individuals free adverse substances acceptable given culture accessible implying obligation provide special programmes vulnerable ensure distribution world food supplies relation need taking account problems food food countries right adequate food implies right water right adequate housing referred right housing right live security peace dignity requires adequate privacy adequate space adequate security adequate lighting ventilation adequate basic infrastructure adequate location regard work basic facilities reasonable cost parties ensure security tenure access free discrimination progressively work eliminate forced defined permanent temporary removal individuals families communities homes land occupy provision access appropriate forms legal protection violation right adequate clothing referred right clothing defined received little way academic commentary international discussion considered adequate discussed specific contexts refugees disabled elderly workers right health article recognises right enjoyment highest standard physical mental health health understood right healthy right control ones health body including reproduction free interference torture medical experimentation states protect right ensuring jurisdiction access underlying health clean water food nutrition housing comprehensive system healthcare available discrimination economically accessible article requires parties specific steps improve health citizens including reducing infant mortality improving child health improving environmental workplace health preventing controlling treating epidemic diseases creating conditions ensure equal timely access medical services considered non examples complete statement parties obligations right health interpreted requiring parties respect women reproductive rights limiting access intentionally information sexual health ensure women protected harmful traditional practices female right health inclusive right extending timely appropriate health care underlying health access safe water adequate adequate supply safe food nutrition housing healthy environmental conditions right free education article recognises right free education free primary level progressive introduction free education secondary higher levels directed development human personality sense dignity enable persons participate effectively society education seen human right means realizing human rights longest important articles article lists number specific steps parties required pursue realise right education include provision free universal compulsory primary education generally available accessible secondary education forms including technical training equally accessible higher education available discrimination parties develop school system public private mixed encourage provide scholarships groups parties required education free levels immediately progressively education shall compulsory available free secondary education shall generally available accessible appropriate means particular progressive introduction free education education shall equally accessible basis capacity appropriate means particular progressive introduction free education articles require parties respect educational freedom parents allowing choose establish private educational institutions children referred freedom education recognises right parents ensure religious moral education children convictions interpreted requiring public schools respect freedom religion conscience students forbidding instruction particular religion belief system non alternatives available interpret requiring states respect academic freedom staff students vital educational process considers corporal punishment schools inconsistent underlying principle dignity individual article requires parties established system free compulsory primary education rapidly adopt detailed plan action introduction reasonable number years right participation cultural life article recognises right participate cultural life enjoy benefits scientific progress benefit protection moral material rights scientific discovery artistic work created clause seen requiring protection intellectual property interprets primarily protecting moral rights authors ing personal character creation human mind ensuing link creators creations requires parties respect right authors recognised creator work material rights interpreted right adequate standard living need extend entire lifespan author parties work promote conservation development science culture respect freedom scientific research creative activity encourage international contacts cooperation fields reservations number parties reservations application algeria interprets parts article protecting liberty parents freely choose establish suitable educational institutions right freely organize educational system bangladesh interprets self determination clause article applying historical context reserves right interpret labour rights articles non discrimination clauses context constitution domestic law belgium interprets non discrimination national origin necessarily implying obligation states automatically guarantee foreigners rights nationals term understood refer elimination arbitrary behaviour differences treatment based objective reasonable considerations principles prevailing democratic societies china labour rights article manner consistent constitution domestic law egypt accepts extent conflict law primary source legislation article suspended constitution provisional constitutional declaration france views charter reserves right govern access aliens employment social security benefits india interprets right self determination applying peoples foreign domination apply peoples sovereign nation states interprets limitation rights clause rights equal opportunity workplace context constitution indonesia interprets self determination clause article context international law applying peoples sovereign nation state ireland reserves right promote irish language japan reserved right bound progressively introduce free secondary higher education right strike public servant public holidays kuwait interprets non discrimination clauses constitution laws reserves right social security apply reserves right strikes mexico labour rights article context constitution laws interprets principle non discrimination grounds national origin necessarily implying automatic obligation states guarantee foreigners rights nationals reserves right set residence requirements rights work health education social security new_zealand reserved right apply article right form join trade unions existing measures time included compulsory encouraged arbitration disputes incompatible norway reserves right strike allow compulsory arbitration labour disputes pakistan general reservation interpret framework constitution thailand interprets right self determination framework international law trinidad reserves right restrict right strike engaged essential turkey implement subject charter reserves right interpret implement right parents choose establish educational institutions manner compatible constitution united_kingdom views charter reservations overseas territories united_states writes united_states signed carter administration fully bound ratified political reasons carter administration push necessary review senate advice consent treaty reagan took view economic social cultural rights rights merely desirable social goals object binding treaties deny nature rights find politically engage battle congress administration followed line view previous bush administration obama administration stated administration seek action time critical conservative think tank argues signing introduction policies opposes universal health care optional protocol optional protocol agreement allows parties recognise consider complaints individuals adopted december opened signature september february signed parties ratified having passed threshold required entered force body human rights experts tasked monitoring implementation consists independent human rights experts elected year terms half members elected years unlike human rights monitoring bodies committee established treaty oversees established following failure previous monitoring bodies states parties required submit regular reports committee outlining legislative judicial policy measures taken implement rights affirmed report years reports years committee examines report addresses concerns recommendations form concluding observations committee typically meets november geneva parties states members signed ratified cuba burma united_states_of_america signed ratified antigua fiji haiti malaysia marshall saint singapore south non members taiwan republic china holy | International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
25930_FirstAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution | amendment united_states constitution amendment amendment united_states_constitution prohibits making law establishment religion free exercise religion freedom speech freedom press interfering right assemble prohibiting governmental grievances adopted december amendments constitute bill rights bill rights originally proposed measure opposition constitutional ratification initially amendment applied laws enacted congress provisions interpreted narrowly today beginning new_york supreme_court applied amendment states process known incorporation process clause fourteenth amendment court drew correspondence wall separation church state precise boundary separation remains dispute speech rights expanded significantly series 20th 21st century court decisions protected forms political speech anonymous speech campaign financing pornography school speech defined series exceptions amendment supreme_court overturned english common law precedent increase burden proof libel suits notably sullivan commercial speech protected amendment political speech subject greater regulation protects publication information opinions applies wide variety media near minnesota new_york_times united_states supreme_court ruled amendment protected prior restraint pre publication censorship cases petition clause protects right petition branches agencies government action addition right assembly guaranteed clause court ruled amendment protects freedom association text amendment adopted reads follows congress shall law establishment religion prohibiting free exercise thereof freedom speech press right people assemble petition government grievances background second year american revolutionary war virginia colonial legislature passed declaration rights included sentence freedom press greatest liberty restrained governments thirteen states similar generally considered mere state provisions years comparatively weak government constitutional convention philadelphia proposed new constitution september featuring changes stronger chief executive constitutional convention delegate virginia declaration rights proposed constitution include bill rights listing civil liberties delegates including future disagreed arguing existing state guarantees civil liberties sufficient attempt individual rights unnamed rights unprotected brief debate mason proposal defeated unanimous vote state constitution ratified thirteen states required approve state conventions opposition ratification anti partly based constitution lack adequate guarantees civil liberties supporters constitution states popular sentiment ratification including virginia massachusetts new_york successfully proposed state conventions constitution addition bill rights eventually ratified thirteen states 1st united states congress following state request proposed constitutional amendments proposed draft amendment read follows civil rights shall account religious belief worship shall national religion established shall equal rights conscience manner pretext people shall deprived right speak write publish sentiments freedom press great liberty shall people shall restrained assembling consulting common good applying legislature petitions grievances language greatly condensed congress passed house senate recorded debate future discussion amendment intent amendment rest bill rights submitted states ratification september adopted december establishment religion wrote respect amendment restriction legislative branch federal government letter religious minority concerned dominant position church connecticut believing religion matter lies solely god owes account faith worship legitimate powers government reach actions opinions sovereign reverence act american people declared legislature law establishment religion prohibiting free exercise thereof building wall separation expression supreme nation behalf rights conscience shall sincere satisfaction progress sentiments tend restore man natural rights convinced natural right opposition social duties united_states supreme_court words declare accepted authoritative declaration scope effect amendment secured congress deprived legislative power mere religious opinion left free reach religious actions violation social duties subversive good order quoting jefferson virginia statute religious freedom court stated act religious freedom defined suffer civil magistrate powers field opinion profession propagation principles ill tendency dangerous destroys religious liberty declared time rightful purposes civil government officers interfere religious principles break overt acts peace good order sentences found true distinction properly belongs church state originally amendment applied federal government states continued official state religions ratification massachusetts example officially 1830s incorporated establishment clause apply states establishment religion clause amendment means state set church pass laws aid religion aid religions prefer religion words jefferson amendment clause establishment religion law intended erect wall separation church state wall kept high approve breach supreme_court ruled constitution prohibits states federal government requiring kind religious test public office court concluded government prefer religion religion series cases decade 2000s perry court considered issue religious monuments federal lands reaching majority reasoning subject metaphor wall separation church state derived correspondence president long established decisions supreme_court beginning united_states court reviewed history early republic deciding extent liberties chief justice consulted historian discussed length drafted amendment madison metaphor great barrier court adopted jefferson words court affirmed majority unanimous support god difference characterized general tendency weaker reading amendment tend concerned dangers establishment concerned protect free exercise rights particularly religious minorities beginning permitted new_jersey school boards pay transportation schools court tests determine wall separation breached laid test establishment existed aid given religion transportation benefit children important school prayer cases early 1960s aid irrelevant court ruled basis legitimate action served secular purpose primarily assist religion court ruled legitimate action government religion lemon points combined lemon test declaring action establishment statute practice lacked secular purpose principal primary effect advanced religion fostered excessive government religion lemon test criticized justices legal scholars remains predominant means court establishment clause lemon test demoted simply factor determining effect challenged statute practice opinion court considered secular purpose absence primary effect opinion saw cases having treated primary purpose test tests endorsement test test developed determine government action violated establishment clause stated separation church state absolute prior holdings total separation church state total separation possible absolute sense relationship government religious organizations inevitable court wrote judicial recognize line separation far wall blurred indistinct variable barrier depending circumstances particular relationship contrast argue justice religious people institutions supreme group holds lemon test applied conservatives establishment clause solely prevents establishment state church public god developing policies encourage general religious beliefs favor particular sect consistent secular government goals free exercise religion freedom religion means freedom hold opinion belief action violation social duties subversive good order united_states supreme_court found laws interfere religious belief opinions laws regulate religious practices human sacrifices hindu practice court stated rule professed doctrines religious belief superior law land effect permit citizen law unto government exist circumstances connecticut court held process clause fourteenth amendment applied free exercise clause states right religious beliefs absolute freedom act beliefs absolute supreme_court required states meet strict scrutiny standard refusing accommodate motivated conduct meant government needed compelling interest refusal case involved denied unemployment benefits south_carolina refused work saturdays forbidden seventh day faith wisconsin court ruled law practice religion compelling interest neutral face unconstitutional need compelling governmental interest narrowed smith held interest required free exercise clause neutral law general happens affect religious practice opposed law targets particular religious practice require compelling governmental interest church city supreme_court ruled passed ordinance banning ritual slaughter practice central religion providing exceptions practices slaughter ordinance generally applicable court ruled needed compelling interest failed declared unconstitutional congress passed seeking restore compelling interest requirement applied city court struck provisions forced state local governments provide exceeding required amendment grounds congress enforce supreme_court interpretation constitutional right congress impose interpretation states according court ruling remains applicable federal laws laws compelling interest freedom speech press wording clause amendment bars congress freedom speech press justice commented journal article emphasize word term freedom speech definite article suggests intended previously identified category speech stevens explained clause things like false testimony oath like stevens journalist wrote word read mean understood time included concept free speech understood time clear late lead author speech press clauses argued freedom existed english common law practice america entitled respect state probably union press exerted freedom merits measures public men description confined strict limits common law madison wrote dispute alien laws legislation enacted president ban libel madison believed legislation unconstitutional adversaries dispute advocated narrow freedom speech existed english common law speech critical government supreme_court declined rule federal law 20th century example supreme_court ruled alien acts supreme_court justices riding circuit presided resulting trials indicating reservations leading critics law vice president argued acts based amendment constitutional provisions jefferson succeeded adams president party quickly overturned acts pardoned imprisoned majority opinion sullivan court noted importance public debate precedent amendment law ruled acts unconstitutional act tested court attack validity carried day court history world war patriotic world war espionage act imposed maximum sentence years caused attempted cause mutiny refusal duty military naval forces united_states specifically espionage act states allows enemies enter fly united_states obtain information place connected national defense punished hundreds followed supreme_court heard appeals resulting cases united_states united_states united_states united_states cases official convicted espionage act publishing urging resistance draft appealed arguing espionage act violated amendment united_states supreme_court unanimously rejected appeal affirmed conviction conviction continued debated went right freedom speech protected amendment justice holmes writing court explained question case words circumstances nature create clear present danger bring substantive congress right prevent week later united_states court upheld espionage act conviction time journalist criticized involvement foreign wars cases government bill rights certain acts like espionage act depends united_states danger united_states court elaborated clear present danger test established june political activist delivered speech ohio spoke loyal comrades paying penalty working class baker convicted aiding failing register draft following speech charged convicted espionage act conviction court reasoned spoken words posed clear present danger taken context speech natural tendency probable effect recruiting services united_states russian refugees appealed conviction throwing building new_york argued president intervention russia october revolution majority upheld conviction holmes justice holding government demonstrated clear present danger political advocacy extending supreme_court denied number free speech clause claims 1920s including appeal labor organizer convicted distributing manifesto calling revolutionary dictatorship new_york court upheld conviction majority found amendment applied state laws federal laws process clause fourteenth amendment holmes cases decade advancing argument protected far greater range political speech court previously acknowledged whitney california organizer arrested criminal wrote dissent argued broader political speech won independence believed freedom think speak think means discovery spread political truth free speech assembly discussion futile discussion adequate protection doctrine greatest menace freedom people public discussion political duty fundamental principle american government court heard case african american communist_party organizer convicted advocating black rule southern united_states decision court reversed conviction holmes clear present danger test time arguing state georgia demonstrated actions met standard congress enacted smith act making illegal advocate destroying government united_states force violence statute provided law enforcement tool combat communist leaders convicted square trial attempting organize communist_party petitioned supreme_court granted dennis united_states court upheld law chief justice relied holmes clear present danger test adapted case courts ask gravity evil discounted invasion free speech necessary avoid danger clearly suggested clear present danger intimate government act wait executed plans laid signal awaited opinion justice proposed balancing test soon supplanted clear present danger test demands free speech democratic society interest national security better served informed weighing competing interests confines judicial process united_states supreme_court limited smith act advocacy action advocacy realm ideas advocacy abstract doctrine remained protected speech explicitly overthrow government smith act vietnam war court position public criticism government changed drastically court upheld law prohibiting destruction draft cards united_states brien fearing burning draft cards interfere smooth efficient functioning draft system year court handed decision ohio whitney california supreme_court referred right speak openly violent action revolution broad terms decisions fashioned principle constitutional guarantees free speech free press allow state advocacy use force law violation advocacy directed producing imminent action likely cause action discarded clear present danger test introduced eroded dennis california court voted reverse conviction man wearing jacket reading fuck draft corridors courthouse justice wrote majority opinion jacket fell category protected political speech despite use man man lyric political speech anonymous speech california court struck los_angeles city ordinance crime distribute anonymous pamphlets justice wrote majority opinion doubt identification requirement tend restrict freedom distribute information freedom expression anonymous pamphlets books played important role progress mankind court struck ohio statute crime distribute anonymous campaign literature court upheld foreign agents registration act canadian films defined political propaganda requiring sponsors identified campaign finance supreme_court reviewed related laws restricted monetary contributions political campaigns expenditure candidates court affirmed limits campaign contributions stating serve basic governmental interest integrity electoral process directly rights individual citizens candidates engage political debate discussion court overturned spending limits found imposed substantial restraints quantity political speech court campaign finance regulation case centered federal law imposed new restrictions campaign financing supreme_court upheld provisions barred raising soft money national parties use soft money private organizations fund certain advertisements related elections court struck choice expenditure rule required parties coordinated expenditures candidates permit candidates spend independently court agreed placed unconstitutional burden parties right unlimited independent expenditures court ruled provision preventing minors making political contributions unconstitutional relying court sustained applied challenge holding issue ads banned months preceding primary general election davis supreme_court declared millionaire amendment provisions unconstitutional court held restrictions opponent self financing candidate spending money violated freedom speech self financing candidate court ruled federal restrictions electoral advocacy corporations unions unconstitutional violating amendment court overruled austin upheld state law prohibited corporations treasury funds support oppose candidates elections violate court overruled portion upheld restrictions words ruling considered hold political spending form protected speech amendment court ruled federal aggregate limits person donate candidates political parties political action committees combined respectively year period known election cycle violated amendment flag divisive issue flag form protest came supreme_court street new_york response hearing erroneous report murder civil rights activist burned star flag street arrested charged new_york state law making crime publicly cast contempt words act flag united_states decision court relying california found provision new_york law words flag unconstitutional trial sufficiently demonstrate convicted solely provisions deemed unconstitutional conviction unconstitutional court resist pulls decide constitutional issues involved case broader basis left flag burning ambiguity regard flag burning statutes eliminated texas johnson case burned american flag demonstration dallas texas charged violating texas law prohibiting objects johnson convicted sentenced year prison fined supreme_court reversed conviction vote justice wrote decision bedrock principle underlying amendment government prohibit expression idea simply society finds idea offensive congress passed federal law barring flag burning supreme_court struck united_states flag amendment proposed repeatedly congress failed pass senate single vote military awards unauthorized wear sale medal honor offense federal law early 20th century stolen act criminal act wearing verbally claiming military awards person fact earn united_states supreme_court struck stolen act ruling law violated right free speech government punish people making false claims military service honors decision ruling justices majority agree single rationale commercial speech commercial speech speech behalf company individual purpose making profit unlike political speech supreme_court afford commercial speech protection amendment effectively distinguish commercial speech types speech purposes litigation court uses list contents propose commercial transaction contents characterized advertisements contents reference specific product economically motivated distribute speech conclusion instance speech commercial combination characteristics provides strong support conclusion speech properly characterized commercial speech valentine court upheld new_york_city ordinance forbidding distribution streets commercial business advertising matter writing unanimous court justice explained court held streets proper places exercise freedom communicating information opinion states municipalities appropriately regulate privilege public interest burden employment public equally clear constitution restraint government respects purely commercial advertising court overruled valentine ruled commercial speech entitled amendment protection issue state completely suppress information entirely activity fearful information effect recipients conclude answer negative court ruled commercial speech protected amendment types speech discarded common sense distinction speech proposing commercial transaction occurs area traditionally subject government regulation varieties speech require constitutional protection commercial speech alike invite simply process force amendment guarantee respect kind speech court clarified analysis required government justify regulating commercial speech expression protected amendment misleading fraud asserted government interest substantial regulation directly advance governmental interest asserted regulation extensive necessary serve interest years later applying standards puerto associates tourism company puerto_rico affirmed conclusion puerto_rico games chance act including regulations unconstitutional interpretation adopted soon restricted rhode_island court rhode_island law prohibiting publication liquor prices school speech supreme_court extended free speech rights students school case involved students punished wearing black protest vietnam war court ruled school restrict symbolic speech substantially school activities justice wrote amendment rights applied light special characteristics school environment available teachers students hardly argued students teachers shed constitutional rights freedom speech expression gate school officials possess absolute authority students students possessed fundamental rights state respect respect obligations state james court ruled refusal recognize campus chapter students democratic society unconstitutional court placed limitations interpretations court ruled student punished sexual laced speech school assembly court found school newspapers enjoyed fewer amendment subject school censorship frederick court ruled schools consistent amendment restrict student speech school sponsored events events away school grounds students promote illegal drug use federal government states long permitted limit pornography supreme_court generally refused protection amendment pornography subject little regulation definitions pornography changed time united_states supreme_court adopted standard articulated famous british case regina test defined material tended corrupt minds open immoral influences hands publication sort fall early twentieth century literary works including lover banned federal district court case united_states judge established new standard evaluate novel stating works considered entirety declared basis individual work supreme_court ruled united_states amendment protect ruled test inappropriate instead test average person applying contemporary community standards dominant theme material taken appeals interest definition proved hard apply following decade members court reviewed films individually court building screening room determine considered justice potter stewart ohio famously stated precisely define pornography know test expanded court decided miller california miller test work average person applying contemporary community standards find work appeals interest work depicts describes offensive way sexual conduct specifically defined applicable state law work taken lacks literary artistic political scientific value note community standards national standards applied material appeals interest leaving question local authorities child pornography subject miller test supreme_court decided new_york ohio ruling government interest protecting children abuse paramount personal possession material home prohibited law stanley georgia court ruled amendment means means state business telling man sitting house books read films watch government prevent sale items viewed private free speech coalition upheld rights child pornography prevention act holding act child pornography depict actual child overly broad unconstitutional amendment amendment freedoms danger government seeks control thought justify laws end right think beginning freedom speech protected government speech beginning thought united_states williams court upheld protect act ruling prohibiting offers provide requests obtain child pornography violate amendment person charged act possess child pornography memoirs convicted criminals states son sam laws prohibiting convicted criminals publishing memoirs profit laws response offers write memoirs murders committed supreme_court struck law type new_york violation amendment case statute prohibit publication memoir convicted criminal instead provided profits book time interest account fund organization pays medical related bills victims crime similar laws states remain american liability speech publications traces origins english common law years american basic substance law continued resemble existing england time revolution american legal textbook provides definitions libel nearly identical given action required following words injured party guilty offense suffers disease psychological disorder unfit public office moral inability discharge duties lacks integrity profession trade business charge false charge articulated person verbally writing words subject legal protection congress charge motivated action libel required general points specifically involved publication statements certain criminal charges libel libel truth statements laws intended maintain public support government true statements damage support false ones instead libel placed specific emphasis result publication publications tended person bring contempt hatred ridicule concerns common law incompatible new republican form government caused early american courts struggle argument punishment dangerous offensive writings necessary preservation peace good order government religion solid foundations civil liberty argument need free press guaranteed constitution fear written consequently changes centuries ratification amendment supreme_court ruling sullivan fundamentally changed american law case type needed sustain libel case common law consisted ill public officials seeking sustain civil action needed prove clear convincing evidence actual case involved advertisement published new_york_times indicating officials montgomery alabama acted violently suppressing protests african americans civil rights movement commissioner sued times libel stating advertisement damaged reputation supreme_court unanimously reversed judgment times justice suggested public officials sue libel publisher published statements question actual knowledge false reckless disregard false sum court held amendment protects publication statements false ones conduct public officials statements actual knowledge false reckless disregard truth actual standard applies public officials public figures court found regard private individuals amendment necessarily force change features common law landscape inc court ruled actual need shown cases involving private individuals holding light reduced constitutional value speech involving matters public concern state interest adequately supports awards presumed damages absent showing actual inc court ruled private individual prove actual awarded damages seek actual damages court extended actual standard intentional emotional distress ruling protected parody case fake advertisement suggesting sexual experience mother public figure court ruled importance free flow ideas opinions matters public interest concern paramount concern reversed judgement won emotional distress court ruled amendment offers wholesale exception law statements labeled opinion instead statement false subject libel suit nonetheless argued cases effectively provide opinion privilege consequence significant number states enacted state opinion privilege laws private action state provide free speech similar constitution states california state constitution interpreted providing comprehensive amendment supreme_court permitted states extend enhanced notably case court unanimously ruled amendment allow private property owners prohibit political speakers petition california permitted restrict property owners property equivalent traditional public forum shopping grocery stores enforcing private property rights exclude individuals court maintain shopping centers impose reasonable restrictions expressive activity subsequently new_jersey colorado massachusetts puerto_rico courts adopted doctrine california courts repeatedly reaffirmed freedom press free speech free press clauses interpreted providing protection speakers writers wireless broadcasting given constitutional protection protects right individuals express publication information ideas opinions interference prosecution government right described fundamental personal right confined newspapers periodicals city griffin chief justice defined press sort publication vehicle information opinion right extended media including newspapers books plays movies video games open question people blog use social media journalists entitled protection media shield laws protected equally clauses distinguish media businesses speakers shown supreme_court consistently refusing recognize amendment providing greater protection institutional media speakers example case involving campaign finance laws court rejected suggestion communication corporate members institutional press entitled greater constitutional protection communication non institutional press businesses landmark decision press freedom came near minnesota supreme_court rejected prior restraint pre publication censorship case minnesota legislature passed statute allowing courts shut newspapers allowing defense truth cases truth told good motives ends decision court applied states rejecting statute unconstitutional hughes quoted madison majority decision writing fundamental security life property criminal alliances official neglect emphasizes primary need courageous press near noted exception allowing prior restraint cases publication sailing dates transports number location troops exception key point landmark case decades later united_states administration president richard_nixon sought ban publication pentagon papers classified government documents vietnam war secretly copied analyst court found nixon administration met heavy burden proof required prior restraint justice drawing near concurrent opinion wrote governmental allegation proof publication inevitably directly immediately cause occurrence evil safety transport sea support issuance interim order justices black douglas went writing prior restraints justified courts rarely treated content based regulation journalism sympathy court unanimously struck state law requiring newspapers criticizing political candidates publish responses state claimed law passed ensure responsibility supreme_court found freedom responsibility mandated amendment ruled government force newspapers publish desire publish content based regulation television radio sustained supreme_court cases limited number frequencies non cable television radio stations government licenses companies supreme_court ruled problem allow raising amendment issue government broadcasters content neutral basis supreme_court upheld authority restrict use material broadcasting state governments retain right tax newspapers tax commercial products generally taxes focus exclusively newspapers found unconstitutional court state tax newspaper advertising revenues holding role press creating informed public opinion vital similarly taxes treatment press struck project instance court arkansas law religious professional trade sports journals taxation law amounted regulation newspaper content supreme_court found states treat different types media differently cable television newspapers court found differential taxation speakers members press amendment tax directed presents danger suppressing particular ideas court ruled amendment journalist right refuse grand jury issue decided case journalist refuse appear testify state federal grand basing refusal belief appearance testimony freedom speech press guaranteed amendment decision protection provided amendment opinion justice stated claim press privilege judged facts striking proper balance freedom press obligation citizens relevant testimony respect criminal conduct balance vital constitutional societal interests case case basis tried traditional way questions frequently cited lower courts decision petition assembly petition clause protects right petition government grievances includes right communicate government officials lobbying government officials courts filing lawsuits legal basis petition clause came prominence 1830s congress established gag rule barring anti slavery petitions heard rule overturned congress years later petitions espionage act resulted supreme_court rule issue supreme_court stated right petition encompass approach citizens groups administrative agencies creatures legislature arms executive courts branch government certainly right petition extends departments government right access courts aspect right petition today right encompasses petitions branches federal government congress executive judiciary extended states incorporation according supreme_court grievances broadly includes solely appeals public government traditional sense petitions behalf private interests seeking personal gain right protects demands grievances demands government action petition clause includes according supreme_court opportunity institute non lawsuits popular support change existing laws peaceful manner borough supreme_court stated petition clause necessary clauses identical mandate purpose effect acknowledge rights speech petition share substantial common ground speech petition integral democratic process necessarily way right petition allows citizens express ideas hopes concerns government elected representatives right speak public exchange ideas integral democracy realm ideas human affairs political sphere speech petition advance personal expression right petition generally concerned expression directed government seeking right assembly originally distinguished right petition united_states supreme_court held right people assemble purpose congress grievances connected powers duties attribute national citizenship protection guaranteed united_states idea government republican form implies right citizens meet consultation respect public affairs petition grievances justice opinion court carefully distinguished right assemble secondary right right petition labeled primary right later cases paid attention 1960s decisions collectively known forming doctrine court established right petition prohibited application law statements private entities public bodies freely city council encourage denial competitor building permit subject liability freedom association amendment explicitly mention freedom association supreme_court ruled people alabama freedom protected amendment privacy membership essential freedom decided roberts united_states implicit right engage activities protected amendment corresponding right associate pursuit wide variety political social economic educational religious cultural ends roberts court held associations exclude people reasons unrelated group expression gender irish american gay lesbian court ruled group exclude people membership presence affect group ability advocate particular point view likewise court ruled new_jersey law forced admit openly gay member unconstitutional right free association | First Amendment to the United States Constitution | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
26308_RepresentativedemocracyinSingapore | representative democracy singapore singapore multi party parliamentary system representative democracy president singapore head state prime minister singapore head government executive power president cabinet cabinet general direction control government collectively responsible parliament separate branches government legislature executive judiciary representative democracy began 1940s number elected seats legislature gradually increased fully elected established present singapore legislation establishes mechanisms doctrine representative democracy parliamentary elections singapore required held regularly elect parliament universal suffrage right vote singapore law mentioned constitution government affirmed right implied constitutional text constitution branches state different aspects governmental power executive president cabinet headed prime minister cabinet electorate embodiment representative democracy president elected people act constitutional safeguard protecting national reserves preserving integrity public service qualify presidential candidate stringent criteria satisfied constitution provides composition parliament encompasses members parliament mps elected single member group representation non constituency members parliament nominated members parliament mps representatives electorate role raising concerns people government view representative democracy better understood political parties individual mps fundamental element political system judiciary direct manifestation concept representative democracy serves check government legislature ensuring powers exercised limits established constitution fundamental liberties right freedom speech expression guaranteed singapore citizens article constitution singapore essential concept representative democracy mechanisms available exercise right include freedom speech debate parliament speakers corner new media article enables parliament restrict right free speech grounds protection reputation critics charged cabinet ministers members ruling civil suits opposition politicians activities exclude parliament government said evidence claims addition media ownership content carefully regulated government article protects right freedom assembly relevant free speech exercised assemblies gatherings free assembly restricted singapore laws require permits obtained events held exception indoor events involving organizers speakers citizens government accused slowing progress democracy internal security act cap political opponents suppress political criticism response government asserted person detained purely political beliefs government understanding representative democracy representative democracy described system government people free elections elect representatives legislative chamber occupies powerful position political system meaning term discussed august motion moved professor constitutional law house importance representative democracy government amend parliamentary elections act calling elections mandatory certain situations according view representative democracy taken 18th century british member parliament philosopher mere delegate simply mouths constituents views chosen mature judgment conscience represent constituents tending municipal affairs concerned national affairs party member toe party line addition minority ethnic group carry concerns particular minority community reason felt seat minority vacant incumbent government election fill opposing motion prime minister noted model representative democracy puts emphasis choosing candidates mps fundamental element scheme result dies replaced election held promptly delay government view representative democracy better understood having emphasis choosing political parties form government political parties fundamental element system parties field candidates contest general elections high quality people integrity ability commitment drive attributes look ideal candidate candidate carries banner party identifies party manifesto programmes promises party makes scheme voters general election support party vote candidates form majority parliament party majority parliament forms government party mandate happens specific group mps moment supports stood general election voters gave mandate indirectly voted party form government country govern country general elections called emphasis system ruling party delivering programmes promises consequently parliamentary seat falls vacant mid term filled immediately vacancy affect mandate government ability deliver programmes promises mandate continues general election called incumbent team render account electorate prime minister said singapore system government based model reasons encourage voters think carefully voting general elections voting representative constituency voting government country secondly chances stable effective government general elections history singapore british 19th century society ruled according english law result western idea representative democracy singapore legal system idea taken root developed end world war today world war singapore founded jurisdiction british rule long time representative democracy non existent select committee established reform argued singapore ready democratic ideas allow people elect members result giving professional politician opportunity obtaining power playing religious social council lacked popular representation locals population generally satisfied system policies governor straits settlements influenced opinions expressed public press world war japanese occupation disbanding straits settlements people allowed elect members council consisted members members elected allotted seat seats filled democratic elections based universal suffrage elections held time march general public new political situation british regarded major development democratic government singapore constitutional commission headed sir set recommend changes constitutional system aim increasing widespread participation central local government singapore government accepted recommendations report february suggested reform transform assembly members elected leader house chief minister leader largest political party assembly coalition parties assured majority support representation removed amended provided council ministers appointed governor recommendation chief minister consisting official members elected members constitution unclear powers ministers discretion crucial decisions policies understood reside governor official members self governance merger malaysia independence fully elected finally established singapore relinquished colonial status self governing state powers extended areas previously defence foreign policy situation remained merger malaysia separation malaysia independence contained agreement entered malaysia singapore prime minister proclaimed behalf people government singapore august singapore shall forever sovereign democratic independent nation founded principles liberty justice seeking welfare happiness people equal society independence remained fully elected amendments constitution parliamentary elections act passed provide declared elected returning officer consist best performing general elections based percentage votes cast scheme ensures opposition representation accounted parliament type member introduced nominated member parliament non partisan members brought provide alternate views policies differed opinions espoused political parties represented parliament voting role representative democracy voting regarded key representative democracy requires leaders country elected people basis concept treated equally equal rights person right vote choice representatives right vote primary right right fundamental importance rights protected important representative democracy regard ballot box people ultimate mechanism control shaping government policies recognized voting test democracy functions procedural device normally regarded best instrument securing ideal self governance right vote right vote singapore implied constitutional right arising provisions constitution include articles provide maximum term years parliament general election held months parliament dissolved parliamentary debate suggested government amend constitution include right vote said right fundamental importance recognised fundamental right entrenched important rights interests right vote new right fundamental long established noted considered necessary wise right vote making majority thirds electorate voting national referendum addition cited case public prosecutor high_court statement indicate right vote privilege right reply minister affirmed right vote constitutional right noted privilege representative democracy imply exists institution superior body citizens grant privilege asserted ultimately people leadership determine constitution supreme law land response point views said time report rendered electorate immature unfamiliar importance voting result country history colonial rule contrast high voter turnout rates election evidenced realized point regard case stated court observations unlikely treated setting precedent past post system past post voting system known simple voting system singapore president members parliament system criticized eventual winner won minority total votes cast despite having secured number votes absolute terms candidates cases elected politician said won mandate minority voters election accurate reflection voters constitutional lawyer sir said accepted democratic parliament ought represent far possible preferences voters system probably worst devised general election despite achieving total votes cast ruling returned power seats opposition members elected parliament general election held seats parliament despite securing votes presidential election president won total votes eligibility vote voting singapore compulsory citizen years age disqualified factors section parliamentary elections act required vote person constitutional provision qualifications voters act ordinary piece legislation factors changed simple majority votes parliament eligible vote contested election constituency voter latest certified register constituency voter included register constituency cut date production register voter citizen singapore years old resident deemed resident singapore address constituency purpose preparing register information stated voter determine requirements facts shown democratic institutions legislature consists president parliament concept representative democracy embodied legislature given effect parliamentary innovations introduced years non constituency members parliament nominated members parliament types electoral divisions singapore single member candidates individually parliamentary seats contest teams candidates scheme came effect june government having regard number voters particular constituency advise president declare designate constituency candidates community indian minority community singapore team candidates scheme seeks ensure parliament seeks secure long term political stability singapore ensuring parliament multi racial representative society encouraging practice multi racial politics political parties encourages political parties appeal races moderate policies race policies suggested scheme puts premium parties field credible teams demonstrating fit mps form government scheme criticized weakening candidate voter relationship difficult voters feel candidates actually represent number candidates team vote voters elect mps identify better able represent interests easier voters identify single candidate team individuals key vote unknown unpopular candidate dragged parliament coat tails major vote electorate representatives idea representation people clearly identify candidates responsibility choices ascribed people addition suggested scheme merely provides appearance united parliament fact minority representatives required vote according party line allowed vote specifically interests racial groups element parliament artificially imposed way racial ensure minorities represented non constituency members parliament introduced ensure presence opposition members parliament scheme serves ensure voices minority heard qualify candidate won total number votes powers restricted art constitution vote bill amend constitution supply supply final supply bill money bill vote confidence government motion removing president office despite aim scheme impacts past post system legitimacy highly doubted based clear electoral mandate like ordinary mps expertise case result privileges severely curtailed limits effectiveness alternative voices parliament critics question exact purpose scheme unclear serve represent minority past post system apparent representation affect decision making mechanism representation minority opposition nominated members parliament scheme introduced serves introduce parliament alternative independent non partisan views minorities experts said effectively raises level political discourse women example usually represented parliament appointed provide alternate views special select committee parliament candidates appointed president advice cabinet number increased share powers privileges scheme introduced controversy lead question effectiveness scheme strengthening representative democracy despite protests mps party whip enforced effect passing scheme criticism scheme mainly revolved democratic legitimacy parliament electorate choosing based merits doubts commitment willingness serve bypasses electoral process scheme given rise allegations serves platform support opposition hand argued non partisan replace opposition mps general elections continue elect mps best represent interests feature equation words scheme compromised democratic process free elections elections election election held general elections fill vacant parliamentary seat article constitution states vacancy dissolution parliament shall filled election manner provided law relating parliamentary elections vacancy arises election needs held mps vacated seats prime minister discretion regards timing election obliged election fixed timeline imposed calling elections subject debate arguments advanced government voter casts vote candidate voting political party candidate member party received voter mandate vacant seat affect mandate requiring members vacate seats election called unfair secondly government believes function lacking member mps help address needs residents believes undesirable law impose calling elections election called promptly parliamentary seat falling vacant question represented lesser extent particularly seat seat vacated minority candidate situation arise rationale scheme guarantee minority representation parliament defeated candidate elected represent constituency question parliamentary seat vacated prime minister exercises discretion election constituency residents lack representative parliament chairman finally ruling party seat counterpart neighbouring ward functions eliminating need election arrangement work opposition seat election called opposition mps parliament voters opposition ward denied representation general election elected president singapore elected presidency scheme created constitutional safeguard nation future prevent irresponsible governance directly elected people gives president legitimacy moral authority serve check executive powers president main responsibilities protection singapore past reserves preservation integrity public service president role ceremonial exercise executive powers fact president generally required act accordance advice cabinet minister acting general authority cabinet exercise functions constitution written law contrary provided stringent eligibility requirements role ann said democratic character process president hampered application stringent criteria clear obstacle expression citizens preferences imposing stringent criteria president prime minister appears considering prime minister governing powers far substantial president things candidates years age presently hold past held high public office private sector companies paid capitals million estimated people necessary financial administrative experience qualify constitution qualifying criteria greatly reduced pool candidates criticized democratic response criticisms prime minister argued qualification process necessary carefully designed ensure electorate presented qualified candidates prime minister asserted reckless adopt stringent criteria criteria refined time potential presidential candidates member obliged reasons decisions award deny certificate eligibility decision subject legal political scrutiny verdict final criticism applied candidate presidential election denied certificate eligibility reach decision matter reportedly statements people published media alleged incompetence cast doubt character subsequently denied certificate stating responsibility group chief financial officer comparable experience chairman chief executive officer statutory board company paid capital million required constitution legal requirement interview prospective candidates allow explain story result unopposed incumbent declared president second term possible reforms prospective candidates right publicly respond negative accusations transparent regard reasons decisions concerning eligibility candidates process open public scrutiny citizens role play enhancing notion representative democracy elections elected president stepped subsequent presidential elections deemed elected unopposed consecutive terms commented right vote competitive elections integral functioning democracy underlying principles representation participation legitimacy unfortunately phenomenon election default regular feature singapore parliamentary presidential elections practice democracy suggested ensure institution elected president continues legitimate candidate election vote held candidate declared elected receives specified percentage votes prime minister cabinet singapore prime minister head government singapore president prime minister judgment likely command confidence majority mps power president exercises personal discretion president acts accordance advice prime minister appoint ministers members parliament ministers prime minister form cabinet cabinet general direction control government collectively responsible parliament scheme seen mechanism representation mps chosen electorate represent concerns needs parliament secondly prime minister confidence majority mps cabinet popularly elected mps effectively represent views electorate heads government structure executive based concept political representation role judiciary appointment independence judges article constitution judicial power judiciary elected chief justice judges appeal judges supreme_court appointed president acting discretion advice prime minister district judges appointed president recommendation chief justice idea rule majority means people governed laws passed elected representatives judges influencing laws govern people making decisions incompatible idea representative democracy said judicial word judiciary odds parliament judiciary directly people appointment judges counter nature mean concept representative democracy undermined appears counter judiciary effectively constitution concept representative democracy vital responsibility judiciary important judiciary independent political branches government complete independence courts justice essential limited constitution singapore judiciary criticized lacking independence according independence judges lawyers criticisms involving judicial bias stemmed high number cases won government members ruling party contempt suits brought government critics media individual government alleged judiciary tool political opponents like litigation cases causing bankruptcy eventually removal political scene report claimed slim likelihood successful defence combined high damages awarded cases involving officials sheds doubt independence judiciary cases allegations nature previously denied parliamentary debates said allegation reasons worry executive influence judicial decision making supported evidence senior minister noted judiciary rule law rated world economic forum political economic risk best asia constitution constitution embodies idea representative democracy provides alternative voices minority representation parliament schemes chief justice canada commented democracy lot complicated elected persons making law democracy requires majority rule rule protects individuals groups individuals whilst promoting puts understanding nature modern democratic government improves increasingly apparent majority rule essential ingredient system operate ways rule minority democracy exercises power state people manner state treats seek assistance obliged submit authority state allows people decide majority rule subject limits elected government pass tempted pass unconstitutional laws laws affecting fundamental liberties guaranteed provides behaviour majority limits powers form things fundamental liberties document courts asserted judiciary power duty ensure constitutional provisions responsible declaring invalid exercise legislative power exceeding limits conferred constitution prohibition constitution provides supreme_court judges oath defend protect constitution assuming office judicial review judiciary prevents parliament enforcing unconstitutional laws striking laws judiciary essentially idea representative democracy constitution embodies playing counter role serving check parliament protector individual interpretation statutes key idea democracy people consent governed laws elected representatives judges required interpret statutes manner gives effect intent parliament interpreting statutes according parliament intention judiciary notion representative democracy makes sure people ruled accurately laws elected leaders role judges interpretation essential democracy judges required interpret laws light section interpretation act requires interpretation promote purpose object underlying written law preferred interpretation interpretation interpretation act provides types materials circumstances materials referred aid judges determining purpose statute determining purpose statutory provision judge refer relevant materials explanatory statement relating bill provision appears speech parliament minister moving motion second reading bill circumstances view taken judges assign meaning vague constitutional provisions statutes basis ideological preferences parliament intention criticism arguably suggest need abandon interpretation reference legislature intention serves highlight importance need use power interpretation appropriate manner freedom speech expression democracy essentially means rule people build democratic society rule citizen participation informed electorate freedom speak express crucial formation public opinion political questions discovery spread political truth singapore right freedom speech expression guaranteed citizens article constitution subject qualifications parliament law impose restrictions right considers necessary interest security singapore friendly relations countries public order morality restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence role representative democracy concept representative democracy requires protection freedom expression way discussion state affairs country expressed representatives people include members ruling party elected government opposition politicians free discourse political ideas government plans facilitate current weaknesses limitations justified public interest legislature administration governmental institutions improvements restricting speech inevitably prevents publication true facts accurate assumption government argued analysed allowing freedom speech ensures government policies right appropriate possibility false speech prevent genuine expression true beliefs speech provoke disorder prevented government entitled public order considerations permitting individuals express personal opinions balancing risk damage disorder long term benefits debate government position society matures taken greater educated informed place greater value rights expression restrictive culture deputy prime minister expressed government increasingly guided consensus views community regards morality issues bid pull things citizens emphasized opening choices citizens imposing society civic participation engaged debates policies national issues criticism scores political points government standing intended treated lightly opposition criticizes action policy government necessarily demolish lose moral authority parliamentary speech february deputy prime minister said government adjusted policies relation types expression instance created speakers corner outdoor venue political speeches use venue include performances exhibitions public talks held indoors involving organizers speakers singapore citizens licensing requirements freedom speech expression characteristic self professed democracy government continues require events speeches relate race religion permit outdoor demonstrations held mechanisms exercise free speech freedom speech debate parliament direct way representative democracy elected mps highlight address concerns electorate parliament sessions opposition mps important role representing diverse views needs parliament general election opposition mps elected parliament section act enacted article constitution freedom mps speak express parliament provided following terms shall freedom speech debate proceedings parliament freedom speech debate proceedings shall liable questioned court commission inquiry committee inquiry tribunal place whatsoever parliament parliamentary privilege protects contentious views expressed mps course parliamentary proceedings interest constituents general public effectively right free speech expression members speak freely express frankly parliament fearing legal consequences immune civil criminal proceedings arrest imprisonment damages said speakers corner speakers corner introduced september platform expression views open air venue intended society widen space expression participation prime minister stated national day rally speech assemblies demonstrations exhibitions speeches organized singapore citizens participated citizens permanent residents held speakers corner need permit meetings act public order act required prior registration commissioner parks recreation engaging event venue permits required event concerns matters directly indirectly relating religious belief religion generally cause feelings hatred ill hostility different racial religious groups singapore involves display banner film photograph poster containing violent material creation speakers corner criticized governmental concession free speech remains fairly restrictive number events staged venue gone years attributed prevalence widespread effective convenient communication channels television programmes internet online words senior minister speakers corner playing role envisaged dormant good new media according tan senior research fellow journalist singapore newspapers long record publicly endorsing led government position passing mainstream media filters news opposition political parties end compared updates ruling party media avoid reporting opposition related events voters effectively deprived making informed choice spain said freedom press public best means discovering forming opinion ideas attitudes political leaders particular gives politicians opportunity reflect comment public opinion enables participate free political debate core concept democratic society advent new media pro views mainstream media countered websites expressing views internet users omitted newspapers television providing additional platforms expression vital open democratic society moves politicians embrace public opinion unofficial informal new media platforms illustrate freedom speech expression upheld fact increasingly encouraged taken account singapore system representative democracy politicians engaging citizens internet social networking websites online foreign minister actively communicating social networking website facebook amassed friends interested local political affairs willing frank engagement evident run singapore presidential election initially contemplated elected presidency losing parliamentary seat general elections subsequently decided prime minister engaged web chat facebook page answer questions concerns restrictions free speech article constitution recognizes certain restrictions speech expression necessary public interest states parliament law impose restrictions right freedom speech expression considers necessary interest security singapore thereof friendly relations countries public order morality restrictions designed protect privileges parliament provide contempt court offence potentially severe restrictions free speech elaborated act people expressing political views restrictions inevitably bearing representative democracy upheld said impact content free speech opposition parties tempered fear suits law frequency suits brought government ministers mps critics particular political opponents cause concern organizations state referred use civil suits strategy government public activities opposition politicians high awards damages opposition politicians financially causing bankrupt lose parliamentary seats ineligible run elections resulting perception singapore leadership long standing reputation actions mechanism removing opposition members opposing political views government denied claims citing lack evidence noting opposition politicians routinely criticize government leaders sued insists free speech right disagree upheld effects characteristic representative democracy government pointed singapore legal system won excellent ratings international surveys defended system asserting things government way allowed singapore prosperous orderly corruption free whilst gaining international respect threat proceedings opposition politicians weigh words carefully public meetings act public order act free speech exercised assemblies gatherings article constitution guarantees freedom assembly relevant prior october required licence obtained talks discussions similar events open public held holding event licence result fine imprisonment members opposition parties claimed acted issuing denied reason fined dinner event party secretary general given speech decreed publicly delivered speech unrelated festivities separate licence dinner needed addition act public provided auspices government allowing mps ruling speak licence capacity advisors effect october amended exclude lecture talk address debate discussion place public class public access definition public entertainment consequence licence longer required act events public order act introduced change permit generally obtained commissioner police public assembly held permit required public assemblies held inside buildings enclosed premises organizers speakers singapore citizens event deal matter relates directly indirectly religious belief religion matter cause feelings hatred ill hostility different racial religious groups singapore organizer authorized agent organizer present times media regulation media ownership content carefully regulated government given government linked companies appear exercise near monopoly mainstream media singapore view taken mainstream media predominantly pro stance reporting suppress disregard viewpoints opposition parties government justified approach stressing media play role nation building adopting presenting national perspective issues words media support goals elected leadership consensus instead contention enhance national strength advancing political agenda expense straightforward truth broadcasting films issued section broadcasting act internet content providers automatically considered licensed comply conditions class licence internet code practice issued particular mandatory internet content provider register authority thinks individual providing programme body persons engaged propagation promotion discussion political religious issues relating singapore world wide web internet fine suspend cancel licence breached terms licence relevant code practice issued authority provisions broadcasting act direction issued authority addition offence provide broadcasting service licence convicted person liable fine jail years offence continues conviction fine day imposed minister declare foreign broadcasting service singapore engaging domestic politics singapore declared foreign broadcasting service prohibited minister approval refused revoked reasons granted conditions include restrictions number people permitted receive service service certain periods failing comply rules crime fine offence section films act distribute import reproduce exhibit possess exhibition party political film party political film advertisement behalf political party singapore body objects relate wholly mainly politics singapore branch party body film directed political end singapore phrase defined act follows film directed political end singapore film contains wholly partly matter opinion board film intended likely affect voting election national referendum singapore contains wholly partly references comments political matter opinion board partisan biased political matter includes limited following election national referendum singapore candidate group candidates election iii issue submitted election national referendum singapore government previous government opposition government previous government member parliament current policy government issue public controversy singapore vii political party singapore body objects relate wholly mainly politics singapore branch party body following types films considered party political films film solely purpose reporting news broadcasting service licensed written law film solely purpose informing persons procedures polling times election national referendum singapore film records live material proportion performance assembly persons procession held accordance law depict event person situation dramatic way film designed provide record event occasion held accordance law took event occasion connected documentary film animation composed wholly accurate account depicting actual events persons deceased situations film wholly substantially based reality type programmes depicts events persons situations dramatic way film animation dramatic elements composed wholly political party manifesto declaration policies ideology basis candidates authorised political party stand seek elected parliamentary election behalf political party film animation dramatic elements composed wholly candidate declaration policies ideology basis candidate seek elected parliamentary presidential election behalf candidate newspapers newspaper printing presses act generally foreign ownership newspaper companies requires permit obtained publication sale distribution newspapers enables minister communications information restrict circulation foreign newspaper declared engaging domestic politics singapore february declaration circulation limited copies newspaper publisher asia inc unsuccessfully challenged decision high_court interpreted term domestic politics broadly holding singapore context included political system singapore political ideology public institutions manifestation system policies government day life political system words domestic politics singapore relate multitude issues concerning singapore governed interest welfare people september statement arts justified existence stating provided help ensure media operating singapore play responsible role publishers content publish prevent local newspapers manipulated foreign interests divisive effect social considerations valid today freedom report compromised publications internal security act minister communications information empowered prohibit printing publication sale issue circulation possession document publication ground national interest public order security singapore acts relation banned publication criminal offence publications act works russian political newspaper similar power prohibit sale circulation publications considered contrary public interest exists undesirable publications act election advertising advertising internet government time general elections forms political advertising internet permitted parliamentary elections election period period day writ election issued start polling day political parties candidates election agents use internet candidates campaigns including websites chat rooms discussion forums video photograph sharing hosting websites mail micro blog posts twitter sms messages digital audio video files electronic media applications social networking services facebook election advertising sent mail micro blog post sms contain functioning mail address mobile phone number enable recipients indicate wish receive messages internet publish following election surveys defined opinion surveys vote election preferences concerning candidate group candidates political party issue identifiable candidate group candidates associated election appeals money property association representation applied objects activities political party promotion candidate group candidates facility enabling members public search unlawful election advertising party political films permitted secondly candidates wish publish election advertising internet campaign period period closure place nomination nomination day election enable poll taken start eve polling day provide returning officer hours start period containing information online platforms advertising appeared time subsequently similar declaration provided election advertising published platforms individuals singapore citizens publish internet material amounts election advertising having comply regulations long personally direction person person behalf receive benefit presidential elections candidates advertise internet eve polling day polling day days remains legal people convey political views non commercial basis electronic transmission election advertising remain internet published eve polling day controversies relating representative democracy years government accused slowing progress democracy internal security act political opponents suppress political criticism dissent organizations similar allegation presidential election candidate conversely government repeatedly asserted person detained political beliefs legislation constitution republic singapore reprint internal security act cap parliamentary elections act cap parliamentary regulations cap archived original election advertising regulations presidential elections act cap public meetings act cap public order act cap parliamentary debates prime minister parliamentary elections motion official report august vol parliamentary elections motion official report august vol minister law head ministry law official report february vol col works james december media singapore series studies seven southeast asian countries london article isbn archived original november james restricting free speech impact opposition parties singapore archived original november principles practices voting singapore electoral system judicial power democracy archived original november hang december singapore government people legal studies president democracy icon history singapore new_york isbn rights judges democracy singapore singapore articles breaking singapore comparative law review archived original october james october international filling civil society gap singapore southeast_asia archived original november lee democracy commentary cameron singapore political rule law pacific rim law policy journal archived original november hang november freedom press singapore pragmatic press nation building human rights quarterly singapore regulating political speech commitment icon virtual real article political speech singapore books bell daniel east meets west human rights democracy princeton isbn singapore soon juan isbn democracy singapore london new_york isbn paul singapore centre southeast asian studies working papers centre southeast asian studies isbn media information control singapore malaysia transparency singapore malaysia london new_york isbn governing singapore democracy isbn | Representative democracy in Singapore | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
26357_AboriginaltitlestatutesintheThirteenColonies | title statutes title statutes thirteen colonies principal subjects legislation colonial assemblies exception delaware colony codified general prohibition private purchases native american lands consent government disputes generally resolved special interest legislation war indians connecticut lawsuit proceeded years special royal enabling acts dismissed non substantive grounds judicial test indigenous tenure title remained central political economic issue listed grievances declaration independence regardless colonial land law relating indigenous peoples foundation title united_states ratification united_states_constitution colonial law prohibition codified federal level land transactions remained subject political legal disputes independence sharp contrast transactions indian tribe succeeded receiving compensation transaction prevailing view remains colonial governments state governments succeeded confederation era power authorize indigenous lands borders british law british monarchy attempts regulate land transactions british north_america second statutes colony connecticut connecticut colony est est merged connecticut colony connecticut colony authorized military expedition lands right god conquest given soon colony decided hold liable indian conquered land dispose prejudice succeed transactions prohibited indians prohibition taking indian property arise explicitly extended land acquisitions prohibition strengthened penalties increased gold hill indian reservation colony established confirmed indians explicitly permitted use public lands hunting instances colony resolved land disputes competing indians reservations established application adverse possession including power purchase indian lands delegated colony offered amnesty purchased violation previous long provided true account colony declared lands government king great_britain lord fee barred introduction private purchases evidence established committee settle affair noting prohibition ancient laws colony fine increased damages imposed compensation provided case eminent domain prior merging connecticut colony prohibited private purchases indian lands use plantation delaware delaware appears passed laws concerning indian lands georgia georgia passed prohibition private purchases indian lands person persons shall attempt purchase contract cause purchased contracted shall grant lands tracts lands indian body indians whatsoever use crown permission purpose obtained majesty heirs successors governor commander chief said province time purchase grant contract shall declared void purposes whatsoever maryland maryland codified separate land purchases indians non english europeans set end session general assembly provided shall subject king accept land province indian use lord heirs shall hold possess land pain person shall lose lord heirs lands accepted held grant lord provision renewed indian reservations established boundaries modified enlarged indian reservation boundaries surveyed reservation extinguished unlike colonies maryland provided limited legal violation indian property rights colony provided non indians took timber indian lands action actions persons shall recover damages accordingly later authorized specific proceedings indian english disputes authorization jurisdiction extended committed lands claims arising renting indian lands said granted inhabitants province massachusetts plymouth colony est massachusetts bay colony est merged combination colonies new prohibition codified deeds bargain sale lease release titles whatsoever lands province gotten obtained indian indians person persons whatsoever time license respective general courts said late current colony purchases shall deemed law void effect law titles martha titles preceded grant colony henceforth subject fine twice value land months prison lands sale authorized property tax granted miles square reservation borders amended times indian lands township protected years plymouth plymouth statute acknowledged constant beginning person persons purchase rent hire lands natives consent person persons purchase rent lands natives place government consent court person persons shall times value plus pounds acre colony exception prohibition failed satisfy conditions land grants resulting lands granted non indians exception months end court session extended june colony later purchases violation prohibition prohibition interpreted apply gifts land prohibition extended mere use prohibition extended mount hope tracts land body indians amended lands colony afford fine colony established year statute limitations concerning indian lands government orderly possessed english lay shall orderly prosecute able age longer care taken indians notice massachusetts bay massachusetts bay colony codified prohibition private purchases indian lands person whatsoever shall buy land leave court land recording law instructed record inter purchases natives code codified prohibition ordered court person whatsoever shall henceforth buy land indian licence obtained shall land bought shall pounds acre ordered colony acknowledged title statute reference biblical verses hat indians possession improvement right according indians brought indians shall according english like case indians evicted planting fishing places indians courts justice english english indians confined towns colony confirmed acres land indians deeds contrary new_hampshire new_hampshire codified weak prohibition private purchases buys way purchase tender town exeter proper use particular colony ordered colony instructions included instructions purchase indian lands new_hampshire codified prohibition person persons whatsoever treat indian indians purchase sale receive deed sale gift mortgage lease contract confirmation whatsoever leave hand pounds acre shall utterly void penalties added violations fine value land months prison new_jersey colony authorized commissioner buy lands indians lands plots exceed acres september colony codified prohibition private purchases person persons shall buy tract tracts land indians province special given governor commissioners major time purchase contrary void subject fine shillings acre prohibition included colony instructions lord prohibition specific include gift purchase fee lease life number years authorization method changed certificate hand recorder fine raised shillings acre provision applied heirs assigns shall forever incapable hold plea said land court common law equity colony appropriated commissions sum sums money find necessary purchase right claim use colony maximum appropriation pounds half near recounted later unrelated judicial opinion state new_jersey purchased indian title lands state consideration purchase bought tract land residence indians having previously passed act declaring lands subject tax state law usage law existing contrary notwithstanding indians time purchase lived land year authorized act legislature sell land new_york director passed law holding citizens liable damages indian crops colony dissolve void claimed occupied purchases sales patents deeds signed previous purchases confirmed codified prohibition private purchases indian lands purchase lands indians shall bee good title leave obtained signed warrant hand entered record office purchase indians purchase bee recorded likewise purchase prosecuted entered record office shall time purposes north_carolina north_carolina defined boundaries indians colony passed prohibition private purchases applied lands imposed fine pounds acres person consideration whatsoever shall purchase buy tract land claimed possession indian indians sales shall declared void effect colony authorized lands pennsylvania colony passed prohibition private purchases indian lands person shall buy land natives limits province territories thereof leave governor person shall lose said land pay fine acres statute crown enacted year similar law passed supplemented specific legislation statute limitations colony passed legislation clear title land grants colony act declared grants free clear freely clearly acquitted discharged sufficiently saved harmless said heirs assigns indian claims claims non indians colony violations punishment death benefit clergy punishment set pound fine year prison bail plus paid poor rhode_island early rhode_island laws restricted indians certain areas later laws passed vein colony passed prohibition private purchases indian lands purchase shall land natives plantation consent state bee indians particular shall purchase shall land purchased pound fine added wording prohibition pound fine added colony repealed prohibition private purchases indian lands certain prohibited selling land law purported commemorate surrender subjects lands protection king colony authorized acquisition certain lands laws passed void purchases lands permitted extended south_carolina colony established reservation indians contrast colony appropriated lands colony passed prohibition private purchases indian lands person persons shall buy bargain treat way means hold obtain lands indian indians virginia early colonial laws removed permitted settlers indian lands hoc basis indian reservations established reservation confirmed reservation reservation reservation private purchases indian lands passed new prohibition passed right pre delegated title clearing acts passed reservation boundaries sales authorized confirmed | Aboriginal title statutes in the Thirteen Colonies | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
27114_UnitedStatesv.Alvarez | united_states united_states case court struck stolen act federal law false statements having military medal law passed effort stem instances people falsely claimed won medal attempt protect majority supreme_court agreed law unconstitutional amendment free speech agree single rationale justices concluded statement exclude speech amendment protection justices concluded false statements entitled protection stolen act invalid achieved objectives restrictive ways veteran organizations politicians reacted negatively months decision chambers congress passed new versions stolen act based suggestions court opinion despite supreme_court having struck conviction act remained prison fraud matters background president signed stolen act law december act previous provisions addressing unauthorized wear manufacture sale military decorations medals making falsely represent oneself having received military decoration medal convicted defendants imprisoned months decoration lied medal honor case imprisonment year proponents congress argued law passed prevent stealing soldiers returning engagements iraq afghanistan statements valley water meeting california new member introduced saying retired marine years retired year awarded congressional medal honor got wounded times guy statement true indicted violating stolen act california place trial occur rejected claim act unconstitutional decision reversed judge panel held law invalid entire panel instead judges denied dissent seven judges judge smith argued panel incorrectly rested supreme_court cases false facts receive amendment smith argued case act intended prevent injury military personnel right belongs natural persons governmental institutions symbols government appealed decision subsequently granted supreme_court supreme_court oral arguments supreme_court heard oral argument february solicitor general united_states appeared behalf united_states deputy appeared behalf spoke began explaining military honors touch core values armed forces stolen act simply aims protect core values immediately justice asked hypothetical vietnam war holds sign says won purple heart killing babies knowing statement didn win purple heart reader sure combat veteran opposes war citizen protesting war person veteran having received medal liable act responded suggesting act covered act reasonably understood audience statement fact exercise political theater questions argument focused lack injury caused false claims military honors nearly cases united_states cited support proposition amendment value court addressed false statement harmed statement relying cases stated court said numerous contexts numerous contexts calculated factual amendment value sake justice immediately sure correct said context understood speech think value simply find cases think sweeping proposition value way contrast false true opened defense argument emphasizing amendment intended protect personal autonomy response questions played court discontent apparent lack harm stating value long doesn cause imminent harm person imminent harm government function court conceded act speech response justice stated boy mean big concession saying win case court decides statement kind supreme_court decision june divided supreme_court held stolen act prohibition making false statements having awarded military medal violated amendment justices majority agree single rationale decision kennedy opinion justice writing consisting chief justice justice justice wrote false statements sole reason excluded amendment protection court endorsed rule government advances kennedy wrote prior decisions confronted measure like stolen act targets examples use false speech like kennedy argued government demonstrated false statements generally constitute new category unprotected speech opinion expressed wide stolen act act plain terms kennedy wrote applies false statement time place person breadth means law sweeping reach statute puts conflict amendment statute apply equal force personal conversations home balanced government need protect value medal said link government interest protecting integrity military honors system act restriction false claims like shown additionally kennedy wrote counter speech sufficient solution problem fair assumption true holders medal heard false claims fully community expression outrage truth needs badge permitting government decree speech criminal offense shouted barely endorse government authority list subjects false statements governmental power clear limiting principal constitutional tradition stands idea need novel justice joined agreed stolen act unconstitutional entirely different grounds based finding strict scrutiny test intermediate scrutiny test test examines statute works speech related harm proportion holding congress create database won medal alternatives existing law said lesser restrictive means achieve government interest dissent justice joined justices court decision striking act ruling broken sharply long line cases recognizing right free speech protect false factual statements inflict real harm serve legitimate interest stolen act wrote represents judgment people elected representatives false statements military awards different false statements civilian awards act narrow law enacted address important problem presents threat freedom expression subsequent developments reaction decision received praise constitutional grounds political spectrum amendment center called decision victory free speech common sense conservative described clear cut case found disturbing justice traditionally represented constitutional fact protecting free speech veterans organizations leaders dismayed decision spokesperson veterans foreign wars said despite ruling continue challenge far stories false heroes extent possible recipient medal vietnam war agreed piece metal suspended piece cloth pin people abuse need proponents stolen act promised bring forward limited legislation future expressed hope narrower law survive constitutional scrutiny felt good portions decision suggest narrowly tailored bill incorporates traditional fraud elements upheld says national commander attorney praised decision saying amendment protects lot americans government doesn decide aftermath remained legal trouble allegations government falsely receiving health insurance benefits convicted public funds grand theft insurance fraud sentenced years state prison discharged march revised stolen act effort initiated revise stolen act comply supreme_court decision resulted passage signing stolen act addition claim receiving listed military awards intent gain benefit value fraud required | United States v. Alvarez | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
27915_FederalprosecutionofpubliccorruptionintheUnitedStates | federal prosecution public corruption united_states statutes codified title provide federal prosecution public corruption united_states federal public corruption act enacted mail wire fraud statutes enacted including honest services fraud provision travel act enacted influenced corrupt organizations act enacted began 1970s statutes enacted order prosecute official corruption interpreted provide means federal official statute enacted enacted federal program statute enacted directly address public corruption statutes differ elements require example pro quo species official actions non public official defendants prosecuted authorized sentence statutes prosecute public corruption act program statute mail wire fraud statutes statutes upheld exercises congress commerce clause power case mail fraud program statutes spending clause respectively special case member congress defendant speech debate clause places certain restrictions actions prosecuted proved commentators argued state local officials statutes pose substantial questions argue guarantee clause provides additional authority history article section united_states_constitution provides president vice president civil officers united_states shall removed conviction treason high crimes time early history country corrupt public officials charged common law crimes related corruption crimes continue charged circuit court laws maryland virginia remained force supreme_court decision federal common law crimes united_states hudson congress passed federal law provided customs officers disqualified office liable bribe judicial provision crimes act passed following year provided disqualification fine imprisonment discretion court judge added offenses color office theft employee coin mint employee mail fraud statute oldest statute address public corruption enacted public corruption 1940s early cases employed right honest government united_states states 8th case rely honest services fraud sole basis conviction prosecution state local political corruption major federal law enforcement priority 1970s united_states united_states kenny brought attorney later federal judge prosecution political corruption economic fear color official right act respectively henderson describes cases new_jersey established general jurisdiction public corruption offenses united_states attorney offices active field new_york new_jersey maryland illinois developed high skilled prosecutors tradition success encourages atmosphere potential corruption cases chief wrote recently potential federal resources brought bear effectively corruption schemes state local level schemes governmental process corruption federal level time hall country aware existence corrupt practices metropolitan areas machines rings millions dollars public private gain state local prosecutors inadequate resources overwhelming demands rising rate street crime simply unable deal type corruption cases local law enforcement parcel problem outright corruption establishment fill enforcement role federal prosecutors decade began assume active creative role attempting use federal statutes attack corruption state local level state local officials public corruption compared federal state officials local officials public corruption period state officials local officials convicted public officials corruption concerned state local officials state local officials passed program statute passed program statute congress time directly crime local officials example public officials convicted corruption offenses west_virginia comparison court decision citing west_virginia corrupt practices act federal court decision involving state statute federal goes deeper cases filed corruption crimes agents commit crimes attorneys judges etc easily found online option finding actual cases continues diminish interests commerce social media markets taking precedence internet searches intentionally narrowed restrict citizen awareness corruption media law enforcement failing implement legislation create tax expense continues cases found online overview legal elements features major federal public corruption offenses differ elements offenses require prosecution prove alternatively federal official organization received federal funds corrupt communications involved use mail interstate wires corruption affected interstate commerce interstate travel elements differ require pro quo mere easier element prove difficult elements prove include intent influenced offenses differ act public official official violation official duty fraud united_states official transaction offenses differ prosecuted addition public official finally offenses differ influenced corrupt organizations act money maximum authorized prison sentence imposed conviction federal officials federal statute enacted comprehensive conflict interest legislative reform supreme_court considers separate crimes pairs crimes united_states court held federal statute definition public official includes position public trust official federal responsibilities including example employees non profit federal block housing grant term official act limited acts performed scope official employment defense official action courts interpreted implicit exception campaign contributions federal statute corrupt promise transfer thing value influence official act federal official fraud united_states commission omission act violation official duty provides directly indirectly gives offers promises value public official person selected public official offers promises public official person selected public official value person entity intent influence official act influence public official person selected public official commit aid committing allow fraud opportunity commission fraud united_states induce public official person selected public official act violation duty official person public official person selected public official directly indirectly demands seeks receives accepts agrees receive accept value personally person entity return influenced performance official act influenced commit aid committing allow fraud opportunity commission fraud united_states induced act violation official duty official person shall fined title times monetary equivalent thing value greater imprisoned years disqualified holding office honor trust profit united_states text federal statute transfer thing value federal official official act provides provided law proper discharge official duty directly indirectly gives offers promises value public official public official person selected public official official act performed performed public official public official person selected public official public official public official person selected public official provided law proper discharge official duty directly indirectly demands seeks receives accepts agrees receive accept value personally official act performed performed official person shall fined title imprisoned years interpretation united_states supreme_court held statute required official act pro quo past future official acts payments status access goodwill unspecified acts defined follows hold order establish violation government prove link thing value conferred public official specific official act given program program statute enacted previous required specific funds federal control involvement federal employees text program statute corrupt offer value intending influence agent connection transaction exceeding involving government organization receiving federal funds provides described section exists agent organization state local indian tribal government agency thereof demands benefit person accepts agrees accept value person intending influenced rewarded connection business transaction series transactions organization government agency involving thing value gives offers agrees value person intent influence reward agent organization state local indian tribal government agency thereof connection business transaction series transactions organization government agency involving value shall fined title imprisoned years referred section organization government agency receives year period benefits excess federal program involving grant contract loan guarantee insurance form federal assistance section apply salary wages fees compensation paid expenses paid usual course business interpretation fischer united_states court held requirement federal funds satisfied funds flow organization example hospital receives indirectly patients requirement funds traced statutory appropriation federal policy despite academic suggestions contrary united_states supreme_court held transaction need involve federal funds satisfied value goods services apply corrupt political services exchange municipal job contain intent influence intent reward intent influence pro quo actual intent influence influenced required intent reward majority circuits permit mere organization defined non governmental local government defined subdivision state public officials federal territories prosecuted members tribal governments prosecuted foreign corrupt practices act corrupt offer mail commerce value publicly traded company foreign official official act business mail wire fraud obtaining money property text federal mail fraud federal wire fraud statutes scheme obtain money property fraud connection mail wire communication respectively mail fraud statute provides relevant having devised intending scheme obtaining money property means false fraudulent representations promises sell dispose loan exchange alter away distribute supply purpose executing scheme attempting places post office authorized mail matter matter thing sent delivered deposits causes deposited matter thing sent delivered private commercial interstate carrier takes receives matter thing causes delivered mail carrier according direction place directed delivered person addressed matter thing shall fined title imprisoned years wire fraud statute provides relevant having devised intending scheme obtaining money property means false fraudulent representations promises causes transmitted means wire radio television communication interstate foreign commerce writings signs signals pictures sounds purpose executing scheme shall fined title imprisoned years interpretation mail wire fraud statutes prosecute public corruption elected appointed public officials political party officials candidates party offices members tribal governments including foreign public officials major problems faced federal prosecutors applying mail wire fraud statutes political schemes establishing defendant intentionally attempted victims value meaning states salary benefits elected public employee property purposes mail wire fraud statutes salary benefits public employee form property recognized mail wire fraud statutes right control disposition government funds noted courts prosecutors realizing potential uses mail fraud statute political corruption relative ease proving mail fraud violations apparent increase corrupt political activities caused political officials face mail fraud recent successful prosecution non elected political official continuing evolution mail fraud act public committed government personnel honest services fraud 1970s earlier federal courts permitted mail fraud public officials public right honest services according professor mid 1970s saw flowering rights doctrine exotic flower quickly legal landscape manner vine mid-1980s ethical potential reach united_states supreme_court held scheme mail wire fraud statutes include scheme right honest services congress responded adding provides purposes chapter term scheme includes scheme right honest services known fix united_states court apply bribes unclear mere prosecuted adopted definition means money fee commission credit gift thing value compensation kind provided directly indirectly prime contractor prime contractor employee employee purpose obtaining rewarding favorable treatment connection prime contract connection relating prime contract courts held reached held coffee argued honest services fraud doctrine explicitly distinguish public private corruption act act provides relevant way degree delays affects commerce movement article commerce attempts shall fined title imprisoned years section term means obtaining property consent induced use actual threatened fear color official right act definition copied substantially new_york law provided obtaining property obtaining property corporation officer agent employee thereof consent induced use force fear color official right described abuse public justice consists officer taking colour office man money thing value fear act inter obtaining property consent actual threatened fear interstate commerce affected economic fear act prosecute political corruption long act bribe reached defense economic fear absence presence fear economic loss considered perspective victim proof need establish victim reasonably believed defendant power harm victim second defendant exploit power victim color official right act obtaining property color official right interstate commerce affected law review article published appeal kenny pending stern wrote time institutions government local federal subjected increasing attack responsible enforcement law administration justice afford allow powerful means official corruption restrictive interpretation distinction developed act unnecessary act prosecute corruption public office phrase color official right appears act definition renders distinction stern wrote act major statutes federal government combat local political corruption state unable unwilling citing travel act major statute wrote act principal vehicle rapidly expanding federal effort describes stern article detailed analysis problem recent flood cases circuit interpretation kenny adopted second fourth seventh eighth tenth circuits fifth sixth ninth circuits followed suit commentators argued act interpreted reach public corruption united_states supreme_court held color official right act prosecute political corruption long pro quo prior circuit split question year evans united_states court held act required public official prior evans circuit split question required quo required power public official opposed access goodwill acts prosecuted color official right defense statutes successful candidate public office prosecuted pre election actions unsuccessful candidates travel act travel act inter use interstate travel mail distribute proceeds promote manage unlawful activity including travel act prosecute political corruption example travel act prosecute public officials violation state law supreme_court held united_states according passage approximately political officials prosecuted travel act prosecutors courts alike found travel act valuable weapon continuing battle effects political corruption 1970s federal prosecutors began argue applicable corrupt state local government bodies exception program aforementioned offenses liability influenced corrupt organizations act state local governmental unit named charged enterprise henderson wrote governmental unit classified enterprise meaning statute great impact ability prosecutors reach political crimes money money federal program money statutes chapter unauthorized compensation officials representing persons government codified enacted prohibiting members congress practicing claims officials claims united_states enacted revolving door statute enacted executive branch conflict interest enacted executive branch salary enacted sale office codified enacted conspiracy united_states codified enacted political activity color office enacted constitutional issues powers act travel act influenced corrupt organizations act upheld commerce clause mail fraud statute justified postal clause united_states supreme_court upheld program statute spending clause justice thomas citing commerce clause prior circuit courts held professor proposed united states constitution provides united_states shall guarantee state union republican form government constitutional basis corruption statutes applied state local officials professor argues modest role guarantee clause distinguishing public private corruption statutes speech debate clause article united states constitution provides speech debate house senators representatives shall questioned place united_states johnson case supreme_court held clause barred corruption prosecution specifically court held floor speech admitted evidence prosecution federal conflict interest statute conspiracy united_states motivation introduction private bill representative agreed speech house behalf savings loan association exchange campaign contribution legal fees court twice considered role clause prosecution federal members congress united_states court held prosecution violate clause long inquiry legislative acts motivation legislative acts necessary government case reinstated dismissed indictment crime complete bribe accepted official performs promised act united_states court held prosecution introduce evidence past legislative act trial according weeks practical matter extremely difficult successfully prosecute section action reference defendant legislative acts forbidden referred prosecution local officials acts public corruption sensitive area federal state cooperation commentators expressed concerns disagreed notes congress courts raised potential concerns fact appear approve increased use federal law prosecute low level state local levels according professor supreme_court curb federal fraud statutes prove accurate direction lower federal courts moving united_states prosecution act travel act supreme_court declined recognize legislative act privilege state legislators analogous scope speech debate clause tenth amendment federal rule evidence argued recognition privilege state legislators legislative acts legitimate interest enforcing criminal statutes speculative benefit state legislative process similarly courts consistently rejected claims convicted state legislators violate tenth amendment | Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
27981_ConstitutionofNewJersey | constitution new_jersey constitution state new jersey basic governing document state new_jersey addition british issued united new_jersey colonies state governed issued july shortly new_jersey ratified united_states declaration independence second issued current document issued amended times state constitution basic rights found united_states_constitution contains unique provisions regulations governing operation words document slightly shorter average american state constitution words previous versions fundamental documents governed territory known new_jersey concession agreement written colony lord sir included provision granting religious freedom berkeley sold new_jersey colony split west constitution west jersey constitution reunited new_jersey state constitution adopted july american revolutionary war underway george_washington recently defeated new_york putting new_jersey imminent danger invasion patriot factions plotting battling new_jersey state war nearly state civil war composed span days ratified days later state emergency july reflects uncertainty moment primary objective provide basic governmental framework new_jersey fall anarchy constitution served charter document state government years provisions granted unmarried women blacks met property requirements right vote specify amendment procedure replaced entirely constitutional convention succeeding constitution adopted june restricted suffrage white males separated government powers judicial legislative executive branches granted people opposed legislature ability elect governor formally limited state debt predecessor contemporary debt ceiling clauses constitution amended mainly conform fourteenth additionally state amendments required legislature provide free public school system current constitution people state new_jersey grateful god civil religious liberty long permitted enjoy looking blessing endeavors secure transmit succeeding generations establish constitution rights privileges article usual establishes rights freedoms inherent people relevant operation government rights discussed article largely mirror constitution united states rights include freedom speech public trial religious freedom article contains victims bill rights article facto rights common man article section deliberately states article similar rights similar bill rights document rights rights left fear britain revolutionary war passages guarantee important rights new violations necessarily common rights include elections suffrage article lays dates elections governor lieutenant governor members establishes qualifications necessary voting states right suffrage removed certain convicted criminals process instituted structure voting people currently military service established distribution selection members discussed represent geographic ethnic racial diversity state method appointment members ensures minority party lost general election prior census upper hand state appointed members independent member held office past years chosen members automatically chairman commission occasion members reach decision commission picks assumes dominant parties favorites sends majority court picks education experience prior public service government demonstrated ability represent best interest people state distribution powers government sole content article iii statement separation powers branches executive judicial legislative created defined individual affiliated constitution explicitly allows constitution amended vacancy governor new_jersey filled president new_jersey senate retain senate seat legislative article establishes composed senate general_assembly state created legislature modify legislative districts rolling basis following creates requirements office roles senate general_assembly includes judging elections selection officers journal proceedings inability period greater days consent house article allows legislature appoint commissions committees bodies help perform functions legislature regulations members legislature including employment law senator member general_assembly hold federal state position judge topics discussed including bills agencies subdivisions negative legislative powers included article list powers denied granting gambling obvious exceptions passing acts phrase acts formally document actual wording skirts phrase finally oath included required members officers legislature person enters duties executive article executive branch sets terms office governor lieutenant governor succession future governors process gubernatorial elections governor given total authority cases bar pardon disturbing cases treason powers extend ability suspend fines system granting parole provided law militia created national_guard regulation nominations appointments generals flag offices described executive administrative offices departments state government placed supervision governor governor ability appoint secretary state attorney general consent new_jersey senate appoint lieutenant governor serve secretary state consent senate start inquiries conduct officers employees judicial article creates judicial branch permits establishment alteration court state constitution judicial power shall supreme_court county courts inferior courts limited jurisdiction supreme_court new_jersey court resort constitutional mandate court consists chief justice associate justices members article section provides supreme_court makes rules governing administration state courts subject law practice procedure courts state constitution renders intermediate court taken law divisions causes provided law trial divisions principal trial courts new_jersey located state judicial geographic units called organized basic divisions governor power appoint nominate judges consent senate established nominate appoint consent senate judges inferior courts jurisdiction municipality term office justices judges including retirement ages stated justices judges powers acquitted term judges restricted public office practice law outside state government powers chief justice supreme_court terms costs facilities materials listed public officers employees article vii involves public officers employees including appointment nomination compensation promotions powers role officers state government discussed officer enters duties office officer oath appointments officers based merit fitness examinations fees paid term office officer day date commissions term years appointed new_jersey senate rest section details duties nomination appointment county prosecutors county county prosecutors nominated appointed governor term office county years years process occurs discussed state officer office years leaving office process similar federal level absolute majority lower house general_assembly employee causes trial place upper house chief justice presiding unlike federal process oath necessary participate sessions specified requires senators truly address charge reminder exercising judicial functions votes votes needed convict president senate excluded trial required percentage slightly higher maximum penalty removal office disqualification hold state office count restriction double jeopardy convicted senate person tried judiciary punished crime listed according article section item taxation finance article viii taxation created states legislature duty create laws provide value land rules lands agriculture discussed taxation regulations use agricultural land different purposes tax exemption including continued tax carried previous constitution alteration repeal tax exemption allowed provided real personal property religious educational charitable cemetery purposes defined law owned corporation association organized conducted exclusively purposes operating profit tax discharged senior citizens live apartments disabled discussed disability retirement programs federal railroad workers state employees described surviving deceased citizens exceptions entitled tax article citizen receiving tax legislature right homestead statue discussed general laws enacted legislature permit municipalities grant tax buildings urban areas exceptions relating income taxes banned revenue placed specific perpetual fund receiving payments similar credit state barred publicly privately loaned fiscal year plan creates percent debt banned voting plans public elections banned creation debt purposes war repel invasion suppress insurrection meet emergency caused disaster act god taxation motor vehicle fuel funds deposited discussed appropriation sales use tax act defined council local created regulation appointment members body directed appropriation hazardous buildings hold hazardous substances public water supplies discussed created distribution clearance development redevelopment areas public state duty redevelopment properties permitted completed municipal public private corporations continuing appropriation corporation completes redevelopment completion banned free public school system created system appropriation public school system fund lands tidal years ago protected claims amendments article involves amendments new_jersey state constitution potential amendment submitted senate general_assembly amendment voted houses senate general_assembly amendment submitted voted people new_jersey majority votes amendment amendment passed day vote explains amendments submitted people amendments voted separately general provisions article contains involves miscellaneous final states seal state shall kept governor person office governor officially shall called great seal state new_jersey seal design state flag mentioned provides protocol giving grants commissions states shall state shall conclude peace state government dignity provides rule construction words person include sexes provides effective date constitution january provided schedule article schedule list amendments constitution order addition sections adopted rest constitution lay process adopted individual amendments article orders legislature pass laws necessary activation new constitution existing instruments government contracts officers continued expired superseded altered repealed prevent application post facto law violation contract clause prohibited united_states_constitution new legislature members elected process election term rotation created members appointed offices government likely new ones created behest article section remaining sections amendments reasons unknown constitution directly updated adoption amendments article essentially section article records development constitution amendments amendments include transferring cases offices courts requirement state population stated mainly consists interim list districts number senators elect united states census comes received governor contains provisions districts lower house chief justice appoint 11th vote absolute majority passed election day applied january superseded article section took effect december section vii final section constitution passed referendum november takes effect noon january following transfer power executive criticisms criticized mainly disorganized succession plan seen following resignation senate president assumed command legally held positions temporarily power governor country head executive legislative branches amendment later passed prevent possibility executive legislative future constitution denounced composition traditionally article banning post facto laws article legislative | Constitution of New Jersey | Social sciences and society | Law | Constitutional and international law |
130_ChrisTurner(Americanfootball) | american football born september american football quarterback played quarterback turner began career maryland served reserve quarterback earned starting position season turner saw playing time string quarterback following year replaced injured starter game 10th ranked led upset victory remained team leader remainder season eighth ranked engineered upset victory turner helped maryland secure appearance bowl start season relegated backup status soon regained starting position year led maryland wins ranked opponents appearance returned starter season suffered knee injury replaced early years turner born california parents john father original drummer glam metal band attended high school year starting quarterback football pitcher baseball sophomore junior varsity football team midseason varsity quarterback suffered injury regional powerhouse turner described incident time nervous game said got pretty ugly honest thought worse led pass oriented offense senior year accumulated attempts yards touchdowns named second team senior team junior senior picked far west region selection region selection turner assessed star star recruit received scholarship offers illinois louisville maryland oregon utah maryland offered recruit chose florida instead later transferred maryland served backup alongside turner turner ultimately chose maryland located outside washington partly interest politics college career experience turner sat true freshman year season status served team quarterback starter reserve turner saw playing time season season second string quarterback saw action substituted injured starter turner executed scoring drive completed passes threw sat games took snap faced 10th ranked suffered concussion turner filled led drives touchdowns field goals upset scarlet knights relatively unknown turner head coach said wish seen guy turner started remaining games season career start passed yards win game threw yard touchdown pass caught tight end intended receiver game losing streak turner led upset win team time eighth ranked loss turner worst performance season late second quarter replaced possessions turner said didn know short place honest didn think come guess uneven performance turner played entire second half showed improvement following week maryland played regular season finale teams needed additional win attain bowl eligibility maryland led second quarter struggling turner generally pocket quarterback offense executed yard option run completed passes yards led shutout sixth win maryland invited bowl beaten turner finished season efficient season maryland hired new offensive coordinator installed west_coast offense season started controversy head coach initially selected senior starting quarterback turner considered returning home transfer school ultimately decided injured season opener delaware turner awarded starting job rest season maryland defeated 21st ranked turner voted player week espn named mark quarterback 16th ranked north_carolina turner split second decision hold ball yard run fourth team range game winning field goal nominated week win improved maryland record control championship destiny lost game ended title hopes following week turner set career highs attempts passing yards effort fell short maryland lost postseason played nevada turner threw yards interception touchdowns including yard long point conversion end season maryland beaten ranked opponents feat surpassed teams championship game florida oklahoma season fifth year senior turner entered season starter quarterback time career backed sophomore true turner called critical performance team relatively youthful offensive line head coach said choose veteran offensive line inexperienced quarterback inexperienced line veteran quarterback think veteran quarterback conclusion preseason camp coaching staff praised progress particularly game planning criticized past turner said mentally way ahead year physically dropped pounds adding muscle losing body fat weighed pounds start season offensive coordinator franklin said look kind year look muscular shaped looks athletic season turner added watch list annual honor bestowed nation senior quarterback time ranked school fourth time quarterback terms completion percentage fifth seventh total offensive yards tied 11th number touchdown passes june turner stated wanted leave legacy maryland final season expressed desire pursue professional playing career national_football_league nfl possible nfl draft scout assessed turner 16th ranked quarterback available nfl draft projected potential seventh round selection playing style personality prior senior year noted turner strengths room improvement arm strength mobility said bit calls rhythm doesn quit things poorly mistaken turner typically confines pocket ability run ball limited speed light lack saying runs flat yard dash affiliated nfl draft scout records actual time ranging low high seconds reports yard time seconds turner supposedly dimensional nature occasionally allowed unexpected plays feet noteworthy momentum changing yard option run fourth yard scramble field goal range north_carolina coaches characterized turner quarterback practices executed game day maryland head coach said pretty flow greatest strength maybe greatest weakness line plays games baltimore sun wrote play best counts worst doesn summer practices offensive coordinator said turner ranked middle compared terms completion percentage fewest explosive plays gained yards turner conceded better game practices head coach offered critical subdued assessments practice said intensity grew losing starting position prior season turner said lit fire sense ready maryland teammates coaches turner earned reputation laid remaining calm pressure win offensive tackle described roommate turner real calm guys ready score ready run ball guys like yeah let turner received nicknames sunshine napoleon dynamite reference similar appearance fictional characters films remember napoleon dynamite respectively personal life turner graduated bachelor degree government politics strong interest politics decision attend college chose partly based close proximity washington political views liberal registered democrat described season political discussions common maryland locker room presidential election turner fellow quarterback conservative supporter presidential candidate senator john_mccain frequent defensive tackle described primary summer turner held working democratic representative house majority leader maryland fifth district congressman turner previously considered presidential campaign barack_obama said probably annoyed conservative father describing experience turner said funny compare politics football depending talk pretty big deals life football incidentally turner favorite sport soccer football interested foreign cultures expressed regret unable spend semester abroad college football turner said dependent outcome football career like attend world cup south_africa got meet childhood idol south_africa world cup statistics | Chris Turner (American football) | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
169_1981PeachBowl(January) | peach bowl january peach bowl post season american college football bowl game hurricanes atlanta georgia january game final contest season teams ended victory miami game followed ncaa division football season played december awarded bid peach bowl reward finishing regular season record included wins nationally ranked teams facing virginia tech familiar post season opponent miami played liberty bowl tech bowl appearance prior miami finished regular season record including wins florida game kicked est sunny skies temperatures unlike liberty bowl scored miami dominated game early going hurricanes scored touchdown drive game touchdown early second quarter tech held scoreless early going thanks miami goal line virginia tech threatening score late second quarter tech finally able field goal halftime miami hurricanes led halftime threatened miami time game mounted yard drive resulted touchdown cutting miami lead hurricanes defense offensive attempts denied points miami added field goals quarter fourth quarter finally game reach miami win bowl victory liberty bowl featured hurricane victory virginia tech miami miami hurricanes came college football season season head coach season team nicknamed jet kids traveled ncaa record miles including trip bowl tokyo japan impressive season wasn successful hoped began second season coach hoping improve effort despite toughest schedule terms opponents winning percentage country miami got good start raced consecutive wins begin season including victory nationally ranked rival florida state october miami traveled indiana face notre dame fighting irish suffered loss season undefeated irish ranked country defeat followed succession hurricanes able stop slide november homecoming win miami added wins end season brought regular season close overall record virginia tech like miami entered season accumulating record traveled far miami hoped improve losing record tech coached entering season head coach like got team fast start season opener tech traveled north_carolina face attended bowl previous year favored game tech despite facts won won games regular season falling nationally ranked october tech recovered loss defeating rhode_island virginia state record crowd people lost second game richmond october split final games regular season winning losing finished regular season record tech record lane stadium home stadium best school history tech selection announced locker room following team final regular season game peach bowl representative present celebrating players chanting peach bowl peach bowl representative later said seen celebration buildup miami offense miami hurricanes entered record breaking offense set school mark accumulated yards school history total offensive mark yards leading aerial portion miami offense sophomore quarterback completed passes yards touchdowns seven kelly touchdowns tied miami record touchdowns season time kelly favorite receiver wide receiver caught passes yards touchdowns regular season touchdowns came yard reception tied longest pass reception history miami football point hurricanes ground offense led running carried ball times yards touchdowns assisted able offensive line miami offensive tackle named honorable mention team recognizes best college football players country miami defense miami defense shut opponent held opponents single touchdowns field goals middle guard hurricanes defensive leaders recovering single game regular season recognition performances named list recognized defensive fred named honorable mention america list intercepted seven passes regular season tying second miami history season offense regular season offense led running cyrus lawrence accumulated school record yards regular season set record carries tech player season tech quarterback called key man tech offense tech starting quarterback completed passes regular season yards touchdowns time ranked second tech career passing leaders considered offensive threat favorite target wide receiver caught tech record touchdown regular season accounted yards types tight end caught seven passes regular season catches touchdowns defense tech defense ranked country regular season set school record fewest points allowed game regular season tech permitted points season allowed touchdowns games leading tech defense freshman linebacker accumulated tackles regular season lee freshman record breaking defensive season defense featured accumulated tackles including quarterback sacks regular season finale tech head coach lobbied vain brown inclusion annual america list recording best college football players country saying american football player transfer student received preseason buildup guarantee people seen know american brown finished regular season tackles broke passes recovered game summary peach bowl kicked est january atlanta georgia crowd estimated people present estimated fans weather sunny temperature north northwest wind estimated miles hour game televised nationally cbs hank serving television broadcast referee umpire miami won traditional coin toss decide possession elected receive ball begin game quarter short return miami began drive game yard line game play incomplete pass miami quarterback yard rush kelly completed pass game yard toss drove miami tech yard line gave hurricanes miami committed yard penalty pushing hurricanes field second play penalty kelly completed yard pass gave miami hurricanes aided yard penalty giving miami tech yard line took miami plays score touchdown final play yard pass kelly remaining quarter miami took lead following miami post touchdown began offensive possession game yard line yard rush followed rushes tech cyrus lawrence yards second drove tech miami territory gave miami defense tech forced punt miami recovered ball yard line hurricanes began second possession game running alternated carries picking downs entering territory hurricanes play tech field miami committed penalties pushing hurricanes yards following penalties miami unable pick tech recovered punt yard line began second possession lawrence rushed yards miami committed yard penalty giving tech penalty lawrence combined plays tech unable gain ball away attempting field ball miami fred ball recovered tech defender miami yard line despite beginning excellent field position tech unable score play recovery tech attempted run trick play involving pass lawrence pass intercepted miami defender hurricanes yard line miami offense returned field yard line hurricanes ran short rush middle kelly connected yard pass tight end short rushes resulted yards time running quarter kelly attempted completed yard pass wide receiver rocky driving hurricanes tech yard line bringing quarter end miami led end quarter second quarter miami began second quarter possession ball facing virginia tech yard line took miami plays score ran seven yards kelly completed yard pass threw incomplete pass ran yards touchdown score following extra point gave miami lead remaining halftime received post touchdown promptly yards illegal block despite initial setback tech good penalty passes quarterback gaining gained combination passes rushes lawrence tech drove miami territory penetrated hurricanes red zone process gaining facing fourth near attempting pass touchdown threw interception goal line miami defender hurricanes denied tech scoring opportunity miami offense began hurricanes picked rush unable gain miami punt tech returned offense yard line picked pass gained seven yard scramble followed yard rush lawrence lawrence gained rushing yards yards driving miami yard line process entering miami red zone tech unable gain sacked loss yards facing fourth needing yards tech coach sent attempt yard field goal kick successful seconds left half tech cut miami lead miami yards field goal attempt allowing tech kick miami yard line following score instead kicking miami tech attempted kick allow tech retain possession ball recovered kicking team traveling yards point kicked ball travel needed yards miami began offense yard line ball rolled bounds miami play kick kelly attempted long pass tech territory ball intercepted tech yard line seconds remaining half tech attempted gain quick effort close field goal distance lawrence picked yards rush unable enter miami field time expired end half miami held lead quarter miami received ball begin game received ball begin second half miami tech began possession second half yard line picked quick rush lawrence picked rushes resulted yards drove yard line completed longest pass game yard throw tight end gave tech miami yard line tech continued drive picking short multiple rushes suffered near disaster lawrence ball tech retained possession ball rolled bounds yard line plays lawrence vaulted goal line tech touchdown game following extra point tech cut miami lead remaining quarter following tech miami began drive yard line went following hurricanes punt tech offense began work yard line despite having chance lead successful drive went miami allowing hurricanes begin possession yard line possession successful miami second half kelly ran yards completed yard pass tech committed yard grabbing penalty kelly completed yard pass pushed miami offense tech yard line young picked yards rush left kelly sacked loss yards gain unable gain touchdown miami forced settle field goal attempt yard attempt good miami expanded lead seconds remaining quarter tech received miami offense began work tech yard line lawrence ran yards time ran quarter quarter remaining miami held lead fourth quarter tech began fourth quarter possession ball facing second yard line despite needing yards tech unable gain needed forced punt kick miami yards began possession fourth quarter yard line penalty kelly completed yard pass miami unable gain tech likewise unable gain went committing delay game penalty tech punt short miami began possession tech yard line hurricanes picked rushes total yards despite short gains hurricanes stopped short tech defense unable gain miami sent kicked yard field goal miami lead remaining game tech received miami post score needing score quickly order chance second opportunity offense needed tech scores tech returned yard line yards illegal block passed yard gain ran yards gain things went yards intentional grounding tech unable gain miami took offense yard line possession lead miami began run clock executing multiple rushing plays succession order force game clock continue count tech defense forced stop miami ball remaining game little chance tech able needed scores tech received ball yard line completed quick yard pass tech unable gain plays stopped short tech turned ball miami threw incomplete pass fourth miami received ball remaining ran series plays draw clock bring game end miami earned win statistical summary recognition performances peach bowl miami quarterback nose guard named game offensive defensive valuable players game respectively kelly finished game having completed pass attempts yards touchdown interception mvp accumulated tackles second player game including seven tackles tackle loss running cyrus lawrence finished game carries rushing yards touchdown carries remain recorded single player bowl game tech quarterback led passing completing pass attempts yards interception hurricanes ground offense led carried ball times yards second miami contributed yards touchdown carries hurricanes wide receiver finished catches yards touchdown miami turned ball times course game tech yard touchdown drive quarter remains tied longest recorded tech offense bowl game conversely yard drive allowed miami remains longest scoring drive tech defense allowed bowl game defense linebacker tackles remains recorded tech defender bowl game tech players tied second team tackles defensive miami player tackles seven fred hurricanes seven tackles intercepted tech pass broke pass effects exchange participation team received miami win brought hurricanes final record college football season likewise loss dropped final record miami win bowl game victory similar win tech liberty bowl peach bowl victory cited turning point miami football program hurricanes went season participating orange bowl championship game college football season tech participated bowl game independence bowl followed college football season win bowl game peach bowl game lasting effects football recruiting efforts eventual star players signed letters intent virginia tech following game miami handful players selected nfl draft picked overall selection pick pick miami quarterback sophomore peach bowl selected round nfl draft went member recognition performance seasons kelly named peach bowl hall fame honor performance game later aftermath miami charter members football league schools moved tie called chick bowl | 1981 Peach Bowl (January) | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
175_1986PeachBowl | peach bowl peach bowl post season american college football bowl game county stadium atlanta georgia december game final contest ncaa division football season teams ended victory bowl victory school history came game record included unusual win temple forced victory virginia tech ineligible player facing 18th ranked led head coach regular season record included wins teams peach bowl kicked years minus day played atlanta peach bowl scored game blocked tech punt tech end zone recovered tying touchdown kicked field goal end quarter lead fought scoring unanswered points second quarter lead halftime quarter game turned defensive battle scored late quarter tech took advantage state score touchdown second half tech failed convert point conversion ensuing possession tech able drive touchdown leading tech attempted point conversion failed needing score drove field kicked ahead yard field goal remaining game failed possession tech forced punt ball allowing run clock defense eventually forced stop giving tech offense final chance win game clock beginning yard line drove yards state yard line successfully kicked yard field goal time expired virginia tech win team selection peach bowl game created means attract tourism city played grant field campus game moved mid-1980s facing hard times time ncaa guidelines required percent gross receipts participating schools percent tickets game required school ncaa threatened peach bowl charter ticket sales week bowl minute sales saved game attendance game climbed new television contract allowed bowl team bowl future doubt spring took peach bowl bowl executive director time encouraged chamber step support game provided contractual obligations college football conferences successor chick bowl today team selections committee board atlanta community members business leaders organizers peach bowl form half matchup committee selected second place team accepted bowl bid november day final regular season game half matchup football independent finished wins loss tie regular season received invitation week regular season concluded participated bowl game independence bowl air force playing postseason game teams played times prior leading time series virginia tech days leading sportswriter called football season season surprises tech began season having gone game faced tech lost minute play saw cincinnati pass tipped twice caught sustaining drive eventually resulted game winning touchdown cincinnati tech recovered season opening loss going game winning streak defeating south_carolina syracuse new_york west_virginia october south_carolina tied trip norfolk virginia face temple bowl tech fell appeared second loss season later revealed temple ineligible player game forced win following temple game tech returned winning ways defeating virginia kentucky richmond week defeating november tech received invitation peach bowl state began college football season coming consecutive losing seasons losing seasons resulted firing head coach replaced game home september beginning won tie week pittsburgh won games home maryland maryland october traveled grant field atlanta georgia home suffered loss worst suffered coached team time following loss said linebacker coaches players came coaches hurting bad pulled pulled turning point following turning point won consecutive games overall record victories ultimately win year football championship november traveled virginia play close fought game state lost won final regular season games duke western football loss virginia denied share championship despite missed opportunity finished season winning record received bid peach bowl buildup peach bowl final game head coach accumulated record assuming head coaching job tech president long disagreed role football virginia tech prior beginning season told tenure coach end january fact revealed football team general public tech game season time head coach virginia tech history investigation recruiting violations settled breach contract lawsuit university million court settlement required quit position following weeks leading game questions future december announced head coach replace facing field head coach year head coach named coach year guided wins offense game expected offensive struggle potentially break record points scored peach bowl regular season averaged yards offense game virginia tech averaged yards defense state gave average yards game tech allowed average yards averaged points game virginia tech averaged points statistical reflected pre game point spreads favored points state quarterback cornerstone high powered offenses passing yards touchdowns route honors named player year set school records passing yards season total yards season despite hampered injured ankle suffered game south_carolina assisted passing game receiver led team catching passes yards state offense accumulated air averaged yards game ground offense slightly balanced featuring running backs success regular season rushed ball times yards touchdowns regular season contributed rushing yards air tech quarterback passed yards touchdowns season prior making prolific virginia tech year tenure tech head coach suffered setback offense days prior peach bowl announced offensive tackle suspended playing game testing positive nationwide series random tests conducted ncaa tech defensive end suspended playing reasons revealed university defense defense tech allowed average yards game air free safety regular season linebacker expected miss game undergoing knee surgery following regular season game white team terms statistics having accumulated course regular season team tackles respectively rush defense allowed average rushing yards game total rushing touchdowns state defense allowed average yards air regular season pass defense led linebacker considered keys run defense allowed average rushing yards game total rushing touchdowns special teams featured named honorable mention selection converting field goal attempts successful regular season making field goal attempts breaking school record single season scoring points game summary peach bowl kicked est december atlanta georgia sky partly cloudy air temperature wind south miles hour game played crowd history peach bowl point won ceremonial pre game coin toss elected kick received ball begin game received ball begin second half referee game umpire team received participating game quarter following returned ball yard line began game play play short run right play picked game rush middle picked play driving inside territory defense forced punt failed gain tech returned punt yard line tech offense took offensive play running broke free yard run took inside yard line run longest williams career record longest play plays later crossed goal line scored game points touchdown extra point score following post began second possession game yard line short kick return state second drive game successful offense ground halt penetrating deeply tech territory state forced punt ball offense began work yard line went prepared punt ball tech kicking tech goal line kick blocked state defender ball rolled end zone recovered touchdown play extra point tied game received returned yard line tech offense returned field picking short rushing plays tech quarterback completed pass tight end yard line minutes quarter tech continued drive territory inside state yard line tech committed yard illegal block penalty pushed yard line facing yards unable gain yards needed tech penalty yards putting ball yard line facing fourth tech sent attempt yard field goal successfully completed score gave tech lead remaining quarter delivered post score began final drive quarter yard line remaining picked quick forced punt gain punt returned tech yard line quarter came end leading second quarter tech began second quarter possession ball yard line picked safety jumped virginia tech pass yard line remaining quarter offensive possession second quarter picked downs driving yard line offensive penetration game stopped little gain consecutive plays quarterback completed yard touchdown pass score extra point gave lead game remaining half returned post touchdown yard line offense picked short gains second tech quarterback threw second interception game pass tipped air caught defender offense took yard line play interception completed yard pass short run completed yard pass deep inside tech red zone took plays connected pass tight end touchdown led minutes remaining halftime following score return tech began offensive possession yard line picked downs drove territory clock continued halftime field tech running broke free yard run longest play second quarter minutes remaining quarter tech unable pick hunter run attempted convert fourth trying field goal play stopped loss denied points offense returned seconds remaining half proceeded run clock took lead halftime quarter received ball begin game received ball begin second half tech received returned yard line offense began work tech began working field running ball short gains throwing passes longer gains tech picked downs reached territory pass state field tech picked tech quarterback sacked loss forced punt ball away ball landed state yard line began drive went receiving ball tech incurred running penalty punt attempt ball away kick tech took offense yard line tech play punt hunter ball yard rush recovered ball offense returned field tech yard line play recover completed yard pass play ball attempting run defense recovered allowed tech offense return field attempt offensive drive beginning yard line tech picked forced scramble facing stopped inches short gaining tech turning ball attempting convert fourth unlike previous try game tech successful drive continued tech continued pick downs advancing deep state field inside state yard line tech quarterback sacked yard loss responded throwing yard pass play driving virginia tech inside state yard line williams rushed end zone seconds remaining quarter cutting lead elected attempt point conversion unsuccessful received tech post touchdown returned ball yard line offense time play yard pass end quarter quarter remaining game held lead fourth quarter fourth quarter began possession ball yard line facing second yard play quarter quarterback ran ball end run ball recovered offense took field virginia tech play quarter throw drove territory tech followed pass driving field alternating run pass plays tech penetrated state yard line minutes remaining quarter continued drive crossed state yard line state defense able gain difficulty state seven yard line took tech plays earn touchdown attempted point conversion stopped short despite setback touchdown gave tech points lead mark second quarter tech committed yard conduct penalty following touchdown able acquire good field position return starting drive yard line second play drive completed yard pass driving state tech field short play completed long pass time yards inside tech red zone tackled big loss losing gained previous play unable pick sent attempt yard kick successfully completed field goal regained lead following post score kick tech began offensive drive yard line seven minutes play game picked short rushing plays single passing play drove yard line minutes play tech unable gain forced punt ball ball fielded yard line state offense began final drive game state play punt ran yard gain pushing state offense tech yard line minutes left state pushed forward seven yards failed gain prepared punt ball tech remaining game punt ball state instead received snap fourth ran state retained possession able continue run clock fake punt tech stopped clock calling prevented state gaining remaining game state ball tech end zone tech offense took field yard line remaining game left stop clock necessary needing field goal win game tech picked pass drove yard line stopped short minute play tech called second order stop game clock college football clock stops team earns earned short run tech forced following ran penetrating state yard line seconds remaining bounds short run short run brought state yard line called final stop clock plays later tech ran short running play kept clock running seconds remaining way stop clock tech stayed leg stopped clock allow injured player receive assistance athletic trainers play facing fourth needing yards drive continuing passed state yard line seconds remaining game game play tech committed holding penalty pushed yards away end zone field goal range seconds remaining game play passed ball deep end zone pass fell incomplete game official called yard pass interference penalty moved ball state yard line forced tech attempt potentially game winning yard field goal seconds remaining coach called attempt ice kick sailed won victory time expired statistical summary recognition performance losing effort quarterback named game offensive valuable player defense won honor finished game having completed passes yards opposite field virginia tech quarterback finished attempts touchdowns passing yards virginia tech running yard run second play game remains longest play today chick bowl set current record downs williams finished game carries yards game leading second place fellow running hunter ran ball times yards leading finished game carries yards effects win brought final record loss took final record victory bowl win school history team win tech defeated independence bowl officials pronounced pleased turnout game action field traffic jams attendees arrival stadium shows tickets sold following game peach bowl chairman announced bowl seek corporate sponsorship potential television broadcast deal major american television network takeover chamber commerce proved successful game small profit improvement previous lost confirmed game continue held annually instead abandoned speculated prior game tech kicked game winning field goal play national_football_league despite predictions attended nfl teams contract play league sold insurance years school graduated degree later aftermath virginia tech join member sends team later renamed year | 1986 Peach Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
369_2007HawaiiBowl | hawaii bowl hawaii bowl post season college football bowl game stadium honolulu december game final competition football season team resulted victory favored win points experts believed big defeated bowl bowl paid team conference exchange participation game sixth edition bowl expected offensive shootout averaged points season averaged expectation turned justified took lead half fought second half tying score late fourth quarter ball allowing defender recover ball return yards touchdown game remained tied final moments yard game winning field goal time expired attendance largest crowd attend game feature host school loss dropped final record final game win earned record selection process football team normally receives automatic bid game team selected participate game bowl eligible events happen highest ranked team compete game selected play january georgia marking second time creation bowl participate previous time failed appearance warriors finished season record eligible bowl game conference usa fields team bowl selection teams picks second picked conference provides team accepted bid compete accepted bid compete leaving selected december undefeated conference play going final game regular season suffered conference loss final game lost undefeated following game decided travel play home located home stadium idaho features matchup team ended regular season overall conference play place usa games remaining loss second game second place division competition winning conference foe final game season pirates decided travel ended regular season overall conference play pre game buildup december representatives announced competitors edition game time history teams met weeks announcement wide receiver linebacker declared game violating team rules online contest held weeks leading game participants voted beat participants gave confidence points average indicating highest possible confidence predicted outcome offense versus defense came game averaging points yards game fourth twelfth highest totals college football senior quarterback led offense yards touchdowns headed bowl ground led junior running touchdowns yards regular season wide receiver potent threat offense averaging receiving yards game backup running rushed yards game average johnson earned honors named second team offensive tackle team american promised good job protecting offensive line defense ranked total defense passing defense giving average yards game despite fact pirates turnover battle gaining losing margin good ninth country addition defense ranked eleventh nationally tackles loss defensive wilson defensive took usa conference second team honors offense versus defense faced nation purpose yards leader american johnson average purpose yards game season making potent threat offense taking offense rating comparable rating receiver pirates averaged catches yards game addition named usa conference second team offensive received usa conference second team honors defense ranked number total defense scoring defense rushing defense pass defense team defense ranked number conference pass efficiency defense turnover margin sacks defensive defensive received team honors promised pose difficulties pirates offensive game summary bowl kicked december est estimated crowd largest crowd history game featuring football team game nationally televised espn watched estimated average million people good television rating travel miles way making longest bowl trip season team bowl season traveled miles distance involved fans wishing support school unable travel game bought tickets troops stationed support weather cloudy winds northeast miles temperature crew referee umpire line judge judge field judge judge quarter won pre game coin toss deferred ball second half allowing receive ball begin game received opening yard line went following punt began possession game yard line offense marched yard line stopped sent game field goal yards away kicked ball returned yards touchdown touchdown extra point score gave lead game drives team ended drive rushed play yards touchdown point lead drive ended kicked ball away pirates marched field yards quarter ended chance score end quarter led second quarter began second quarter yard line quarterback continued pirates drive yard rush successful plays rushed yards touchdown converted point score drive second quarter halted holding penalty incomplete pass denied chance forced kick ball away pirates second drive quarter began yard line needed plays march yards field touchdown drive rushed yards threw yard pass touchdown touchdown extra point kick led play post touchdown intercepted pirates defender despite turnover unable attain went second play new drive following punt team earned game continued drive going yards plays culminating touchdown series included complete passes rushes score closed gap points started series yard line incomplete pass forced punt ball away fourth drive second quarter team began complete passes yards fourth play ball away pirates defender recovered chance offense end half ran plays yards clock running elected kick field goal kick good score final chance offense went ran time coming field goal range halftime led quarter received opening received ball open second half completed seven rushes passes yards minutes seconds play drive rushed yards touchdown increased lead begin series second half returned post touchdown yards quick plays later quarterback completed pass touchdown cutting lead points punt pirates unable obtain plays yards forced punt ball away ensuing drive completed downs series converted yard field goal lead series went yards plays took team minutes seconds score took yard line player illegally touched ball threw incomplete pass start drive plays failed convert forced punt ball away began yard line completed plays yards quarter ended end quarter led fourth quarter started fourth quarter throwing incomplete passes completed passes combined yards pirates defender intercepted fifth pass quarter returned interception yards pirates completed failed convert interception points came game ostensibly punt ball away trick play rushed ball instead picking despite trick play success pirates able gain fourth dodge came time ball yards began second drive fourth quarter going yards plays touchdown took minutes seconds downs cut pirates lead drive brought new quarterback initially successful gained downs state defense forced punt ball away began yard line running rushed yards play play completed pass yards passed straight times yards downs subsequent plays rushed yards passed convert drive plays later young ball second time game recovered seemingly sealing victory conduct penalty began yard line needing rush ball clock moving order secure win second rush ball recovered defender yard line returned way touchdown pat tied touchdown turned inevitable victory tie game kicked ball deep hoping stop pirates offense force overtime following kick began yard line pirates began drive minute seconds left game rushed yards completed pass yards near pirates continued forward passing short rushing short gains kept clock moving advanced ball closer field goal range play rushed seven yards took seconds left lost yard moving ball center field order set game ending kick took stopping clock seconds remaining clock converted yard field goal lead win time ran final statistics running finished game rushing yards receiving yards return yards total purpose yards mark broke ncaa bowl record purpose yards previously set alabama ohio_state citrus bowl basis record setting performance johnson named game valuable player opposite ball solid outing produced rushing yards receiving yards kick return yards caught yard touchdown pass johnson received valuable player award respective teams committed compared ball away twice threw despite turnover margin teams similar statistical categories indicating game team earned seven points teams committed yards penalties pirates seven penalties addition teams earned downs statistical total offensive yards game total offense came air quarterback passed yards remaining yards came ground different running ran team high yards carries running rushing touchdown game caught different receivers led team catches yards total accounted team receiving yards receivers accounted team receiving touchdowns catches yards catch yards second thrown game brought season interception total completed pass attempts completion percentage yards yards season average yards passing touchdowns tied worst passing game worse win loss washington win loss sacked pirates defensive seven yard loss defense hard time stopping offense especially half pirates points scored year half leading defense safety seven solo tackles assisted tackles recorded defensive touchdown recovering late fourth quarter linebacker starred defense recording seven solo tackles assisted tackle tackle yard loss total players recorded tackle handled kicking duties ball times yards longest punt yards kick downed inside pirates yard line field goal yard kick came minutes seconds left quarter kicked seven times yards averaging yards kick punt return yard special teams luck returns players returns returned yards yard return touchdown quarter team longest game gave lead game returned kicks yards young returned kick yards controlled time possession fourth quarter scored points tie game overall controlled ball minutes seconds comparison minutes seconds statistical pirates rushing offense came running rushing offense consisted thirds total offensive effort additional contributed yards ground longest rush game yards came johnson played game completing passes attempts threw yards touchdown longest pass came pirates second quarterback threw yard pass fourth quarter pirates game winning drive alive pass completion attempts total offense came air contributed kicking game dodge ball seven times yards longest yard kick dodge shared duty dodge compared dodge averaged yards kick averaged yards addition added points field goal attempts second field goal attempt game winner fourth quarter handled punt returns fielded returning total yards return duty handled returned yards longest return consisting yards defense managed strong performance real terms obvious examples forced play second drive second quarter quarterback threw interception defensive williams recorded solo tackles second highest total pirates forced interception came defensive boasted solo tackles tying fifth best team forced final turnover gaining ball yards play addition forced recorded solo tackles pirates defense gave yards quarter allow halfway second quarter strong defensive effort limited conversion rate fourth quarter seven attempts offense pirates fared slightly better going downs effects win knocked final poll year time ranked poll october impressive performance invited senior bowl game finished season highest win total marked bowl win finished season marked coach post season loss | 2007 Hawaii Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
402_2010AlabamaCrimsonTidefootballteam | alabama crimson tide football team alabama crimson tide football team variously alabama tide represented ncaa division football season overall season member sec 19th team led head coach fourth year played home games stadium alabama finished season record wins losses sec defeated capital bowl alabama entered season defending national champions began season preseason number team coaches polls favored win second consecutive sec championship contention national championship opened season consecutive victories duke arkansas florida alabama completed regular season victories losses south_carolina finished fourth regular season accepted invitation compete orlando big champions alabama won final score captured straight win season finish season campaign finished season undefeated wins ranked opponents included miss south_carolina florida texas finished season consensus national champions voted coaches polls securing alabama national title addition national title sophomore running alabama player win trophy february eighteen players signed individual play college football alabama recruiting class ranked nationally recruiting services including rivals scout spring practice began march concluded annual day game april televised live espn crimson team offensive starters defeated white team defensive starters final score fans game decided end regulation caught yard touchdown pass sudden death performances earned dwight day game award earned day game award august alabama combined players different preseason award watch lists included award fred award award award award trophy brien award carpenter trophy jim award walker award returning starters alabama returning starters previous season including offense defense notable departures previous year defensive ends nose tackle safety offensive tight end additionally special teams players replaced following departures long arenas return specialist recruiting class alabama recruiting class highlighted players espn alabama signed recruiting class according rivals recruiting class according scout football program received letters intent national signing day february schedule schedule officially released september accordance conference rules alabama faced opponents arkansas auburn miss faced opponents official sec rival tennessee florida south_carolina alabama play sec opponents georgia kentucky contest miss served homecoming game alabama played non conference games game originally scheduled season series moved request alabama fallout ncaa sanctions levied program non conference schedule included games duke december announced alabama face big champion meeting programs tide defeated secured consecutive win season alabama played sec opponents week following opponents bye week sec teams scheduled bye week facing included south_carolina tennessee auburn bye week prior playing alabama total seven consecutive opponents playing alabama week following bye july game moved saturday november thursday november alabama additional time prepare game auburn computer ratings calculated alabama strength schedule fifth difficult teams computer rankings calculated 12th difficult teams rankings source time football results season coaching staff change coaching staff season departure associate head outside coach defensive coordinator replaced staff january assistants declined positions programs included declining offer head coach declining offer georgia defensive coordinator game notes began defense championship home record crowd newly expanded alabama victorious alabama scored touchdown possession yard run complete play yard drive responded drive points game yard field goal score ensuing drive alabama extended lead yard touchdown pass alabama reached early second quarter yard richardson run yard pass score foster scored final points half time expired yard field goal bring halftime score alabama opened second half scoring possessions scored yard run foster hit yard field goal extend crimson tide lead scored final points game yard run final score combined pass yards pair touchdowns game alabama total offense margin attendance marked crowd attend football game state alabama espn college town alabama defeated renewal historic rivalry alabama scored yard touchdown pass quarter added lead second quarter yard touchdown pass yard field goal lead half scoreless trent richardson scored yard run hit yard field goal final score richardson led team rushing yards carries gain yards ground game iowa defense stood making interception alabama allowing yards total offense compiling purpose yards scoring touchdown richardson named offensive player week south_carolina victory improved alabama time record duke alabama trip duke crimson tide defeated blue final score largest crowd season playing game season following knee surgery ran team high yards carries touchdowns completed passes yards touchdowns interception second quarter scored alabama special teams touchdown season yard return offensive highlights included richardson gaining yards seven carries gaining yards seven carries scoring touchdown ground air led team receiving yards catches making touchdown reception game marked return following game suspension ncaa receiving improper benefits allowing points half alabama defense shut duke offense second half points scored tide victory season points scored half scored half scoring second half victory california yards total offense amassed alabama team gaining victory improved alabama time record arkansas game played teams ranked season alabama victorious come victory connected early touchdown lead alabama responded yard touchdown run tie game arkansas retook lead field goal yard run lead half midway arkansas extended lead alabama brought score late yard trent richardson touchdown reception arkansas lead cut yard field goal remaining fourth intercepted pass returned yard line took culminated yard touchdown run lead late interception gained fourth inches quarterback sneak seal victory led team yards rushing carries richardson finished yards carries led defense tackles interception tackle interception performance recognized national defensive player week sec defensive player week victory improved alabama time record ncaa florida rematch previous alabama defeated alabama opened scoring yard field goal scored trio second quarter touchdowns scored runs yard coming yard touchdown pass wide receiver pass florida got board late second yard field goal bring halftime score second henry field goal returned interception yards touchdown final score florida total offense yards resulted alabama points addition intercepted end zone intercepted john pass game marked time florida held touchdown previous visit resulted alabama leading nation scoring defense allowing points games named sec defensive player week making seven total tackles losses recovery pass recognized sec offensive week performance victory improved alabama time record ncaa vacation victory south_carolina espn college town sold williams alabama upset south_carolina alabama scored opening drive yard field goal south_carolina responded consecutive touchdowns threw touchdown passes yards followed strikes yards south_carolina lead second quarter alabama reached end zone late second yard pass halftime score extra point failed play quarter threw ball end zone safety following bad snap free kick alabama scored yard field goal score yard touchdown run alabama answered yard touchdown reception score scored yard touchdown run late fourth victory win marked south_carolina time victory team ranked number poll game set career high passing yards passes jones team high yards catches recognized honorable mention week tackle performance points allowed defense allowed giving loss marked end game regular season win streak overall game win streak game regular season conference winning streak alabama overall loss defeated utah sugar bowl regular season regular season conference loss losing auburn loss brought alabama time record ncaa miss week regular season loss season alabama defeated long time rival miss rebels homecoming crimson tide took lead quarter seven yard touchdown pass yard field goal scoring continued second quarter alabama foster connecting field goals yards mississippi connected yard field goal halftime score quarter connected yard touchdown reception catch fourth longest touchdown reception school history later quarter connected yard touchdown reception final score special teams totaled yards punt returns named week performance victory improved alabama time record rebels ncaa tennessee edition saturday october crimson tide defeated tennessee volunteers tennessee scored yard touchdown run early lead alabama responded scoring drives yard field goal yard touchdown run lead second quarter closed yard field goal yard field goal tennessee halftime score alabama opened second half driving yards plays having yards punching touchdown yard extend lead missed yard field goal ran ball yards touchdown second play ensuing drive alabama lead later intercepted pass alabama extended lead yard drive scoring yard alabama scored final points evening fourth quarter hit richardson yard touchdown reception final score alabama victory tennessee defeating volunteers game set school record receiving yards previous mark yards set richardson finished yards ground respectively performance left tackle selected sec offensive week yards carries ended alabama game streak allowing yard dating yard performance miss game marked previously worked assistant coach victory improved alabama time record volunteers ncaa coming bye week dubbed bowl alabama upset long time rival scored yard field goal lead alabama scored points early second quarter yard touchdown pass lead half teams traded touchdowns tigers scored yard reception crimson tide responded yard touchdown run scored fourth quarter points secure victory pair field goals yard touchdown run successful point conversion alabama responded yard touchdown reception unable defensive stop late game preserving victory proved costly alabama scoring field goals drives interception fourth loss brought alabama time record tigers week upset returned began game end season defeating long time rival crimson tide took lead quarter trading field goals foster second alabama reached end zone time evening hit yard touchdown reception lead punt bulldog series yard maze touchdown return called result illegal block play play took short bubble screen pass yards lead half offensive possession second half consecutive offensive play alabama scored long touchdown play time ran ball yards touchdown extend alabama lead scored alabama final points fourth yard field goal state scoring lone touchdown late yard touchdown reception alabama defense allowed rushing yards registered sacks game wore pro combat uniforms time uniforms featured crimson grey white numbers stripe helmet gloves american flag honor veterans day design chosen tribute alabama coach known wearing games victory improved alabama time record ncaa originally scheduled played november july game moved thursday november extra time prepare game auburn meeting victorious alabama scored yard pass interception ended drive alabama responded yard drive capped yard touchdown run lead second quarter alabama scored defensive play returned drew little interception yards touchdown alabama extended lead yard jones touchdown reception end possession blocked punt returned yards touchdown following recovered gibson tide possession deep territory plays later alabama extended lead yard touchdown run ensuing scored points evening wilson returned yards touchdown halftime score game hand midway second quarter alabama played reserve players second half tide scored quarter seven yard touchdown pass yard touchdown run interception lead final period fourth scored yard touchdown run final score completed passes set new single game alabama record completion percentage percent break previous record set game marked time alabama played thursday night defeating southern miss return alabama head coach head coach quarterback transferred prior season points scored alabama team defeating auburn 75th edition auburn tigers overcame point deficit defeat crimson tide alabama opened lead quarter touchdown scores offensive possessions touchdowns scored yard run yard reception yard reception lead pushed second quarter yard field goal tigers began comeback auburn scored points late second yard pass bring score half alabama points scored yard field goal auburn brought margin entering fourth yard touchdown pass yard newton run tigers took lead fourth seven yard reception newton held end regulation catch yard performance set alabama single season records receiving yards previous marks yards hall loss ended game home winning streak tide dating loss louisiana monroe brought alabama time record tigers cbs telecast game earned rating highest game college football season week michigan state december officials announced alabama face big champion michigan state capital bowl strong defensive performance held total yards rushing alabama victorious alabama scored touchdowns offensive possessions scored yard touchdown run complete play yard drive alabama possession interception cousins pass opening drive tide scored yard touchdown run alabama extended lead half following touchdown runs yards holding open quarter alabama scored fifth touchdown offensive possessions scored yard pass points late pulled starters resulted players seeing action deep depth chart extended lead touchdown runs yards yards fourth quarter scored points late fourth yard touchdown reception final score point margin victory alabama largest bowl game defeating syracuse orange bowl yards rushing allowed alabama defense fewest allowed bowl game second fewest allowed time eclipsed yard performance houston pair touchdowns established new alabama record career rushing touchdowns eclipse previous mark set contest marked game respective terms head coach depth chart starters rankings entering season ranked coaches preseason ranking alabama season week alabama dropped ranking coaches poll following loss south_carolina tide rebounded rankings week rising dropping coaches poll following loss loss auburn alabama dropped coaches poll final standings following victory alabama finished final final coaches polls season day celebrations april team captains honored ceremony base later day recognition fifth alabama head coach win national championship squad university unveiled statue coach walk champions outside final statistics victory capitol bowl alabama final team statistics released defensive ball ranked scoring defense points game fifth total defense yards game tenth rushing defense yards game thirteenth passing defense yards game conference leaders scoring total defense offense nationally ranked 18th scoring offense points game 22nd total offense yards game 27th passing offense yards game 29th rushing offense yards game individually led sec average game awards weeks following multiple alabama players recognized field performances variety awards team awards banquet december named permanent captains squad time named valuable players named defensive players year named offensive players year sec recognized players individual performances awards defensive wide receiver offensive guard named sec team offensive defensive running linebacker defensive named sec second team center named players named coaches sec team including return specialist defensive backs named coaches sec second team players named freshman sec coaches team including offensive linebacker defensive addition conference awards players named national american teams named american second team named american team named america team tight end offensive selected play armour senior bowl coaching changes week following capitol bowl victory changes alabama coaching staff defensive line coach resigned position serve defensive tackles coach texas following day hired replace davis defensive line coach january assistant head coach offensive line coach announced retirement following day miami interim head coach hired replace offensive line coach january wide receivers coach recruiting coordinator resigned position accept head coaching job february hired replacement wide receivers coach recruiting coordinator nfl draft draft eligible declared eligibility nfl draft january time announcement projected round pick alabama players seniors invited nfl scouting combine invited players offensive quarterback defensive end running wide receiver draft alabama set school record players selected round round selections 3rd buffalo bills jones 6th atlanta carpenter 25th seattle 28th selected seventh round signed free agent july nfl labor dispute resolved | 2010 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1057_LynnBomar | january june american football end national_football_league nfl played college football basketball baseball following coach wallace wade classmate prep school unanimous southern selection consensus american selection football season included team american selection rare player south injury ended college career quickly recovered sat bench team games played new_york_giants retiring abruptly separate injury nicknamed blonde bear later career law enforcement position tennessee patrol chief supervised black households columbia race riot warden death oversaw executions football player elected early life education born january tennessee records indicate spent youth attended native spent year clarke attended preparatory school tennessee member teams won state prep school football basketball championships sports played head coach wallace wade wade coached clarke school overall football record football team future college teammate american march college school burned ground rebuilt football played head coach football team wallace wade hired football assistant line coach head coach basketball baseball teams enrolled school class prominent commodore teams compiled win loss tie record straight conference titles seasons southern american selection addition playing end tackle offense defense play described world greatest football players missed open field block considers america team backing line defense blocking catching passes offense greatness realized passes impossible raced enemy like tied started games shifted end finished tackle backing line savage favorite refrain opponents hope don like freshman season standout player starting game dallas won expected lose touchdowns texas undefeated winning squad considered possibly best history football decline defeated previous year gave speech late quarterback game according texas game sparked unforgettable big got year loss scored yard interception return touchdown fourth quarter increasing commodore lead touchdowns sixth game season defeated birmingham victory expected called favored touchdowns early quarter runs long pass yard run brought ball yard line run line touchdown game decided championship season linebacker georgia wrote sportswriter stellar performer game half thirds tackles reportedly prevented georgia touchdowns day tied fourth quarter kick share title finishing season record second straight undefeated season playing preferred position end starter scoreless tie michigan dedication spending game michigan runners according school tore line constantly emerged play far defense game included goal line stand account read thousands cheering fans inspired surge center sharp guard tackle end stopped michigan cold attempts week texas won interception caught yard pass running yards set touchdown scored second touchdowns short pass victory best offensive performance year georgia long pass yards line yard line caught near seven yard line tackled georgia yard line scored touchdown best pass receiver combinations history best receiver thrown similar play game second half scored touchdown dropped yard touchdown pass pass went yards air running rest way georgia running tackled crossed goal line injuring interception victory season final game oldest rival trick play fake run ended ball left open defense easily ran won season received team american honors chosen second team american team american appeared national honor roll unanimous southern selections rice wrote year better end country fall camp described shaded little ends largely experienced gained rivals stronger opposition weighs pounds fast hardy defensive player attack able pick forward pass air run running high knee action like man runs goes feet assistant coach wallace wade hired head coach alabama replaced star tackle rematch ferry field loss consensus american center scoring michigan field goal according return fear received ball ends tackle game plays completed pass excelled blocking number victory sportswriter wrote lineup won game touchdowns postseason charity game played contemporary stars game tie touchdown scored yard pass washington lee finished season southern conference champions poll chose best team south awarding awarded consensus american receiving team honors second team honors magazine players south receive team honors camp described player experienced end pounds weight speed initiative perception plays line needed swept swinging interference powerful hold big guards tackles come receiver forward pass skill excellent quality hard knock feet defense try pass time far likely ball account fact majority defensive players sorts positions year attack defense scope increased value senior season moved tied marines picking ran yards touchdown according newspaper account gigantic figure broke looked like marine receiving marines drove steadily yard line repeatedly completed short passes dropped pass center low missed reached ball fingers boring came charging picked ball twist grasp came bunch long charging run little struck came free arm brush thin yellow hair stood swept like vengeance goal broke loose captain guard injured game making interim captain weeks later georgia game brain kicked chin half body paralyzed days thought play football player team talk injury tears coming eyes sat bench rest season games known devastating lightning fast commodore football player elected induction said wish men played receive award deserve possible chosen member fraternity nashville sportswriter entered told story autobiography bury old press box freshman pledged fraternity time varsity athletes selected american end responsibility freshman awakening time classes end school year morning rolling biggest saw bed exploded feared corner fraternity house blown scared chasing street deep campus couldn catch according southern captain elect let jump threaten right hands boy looked called started end runs run interference like time team school chosen time football team era basketball played baseball basketball forward basketball team attracted large crowds basketball games football prowess team record beating losing tournament account game read rare form good fighting team shooting ability fans treated sided contest opening day clubs met scoring points counted winning scored points game team coached record tournament defeated scored seven points according account famous forward pass work basketball passes caught right shoulder recipient facing away southern forward teammate lost game eventual tournament champions north_carolina sidelined football injury basketball team captain baseball catcher baseball team spoke good choose southern baseball team splendid record new_york_giants fully recovered injury played professional football end inaugural new_york_giants national_football_league nfl signed giants noteworthy game loss giants poor half led points second half giants recovered somewhat good passes chance comeback victory rochester threw yard touchdown pass win yard touchdown pass interesting ending giants backed near end zone faced fourth leading providence set blitz caught ball end zone safety providence win kansas city passes yards yard touchdown drive victory possibly best day victory crowd completed passes day including giants touchdown selected nfl president star team giants played team experienced financial year player salaries low additional jobs support team brief practices held day accommodate outside work schedules enabled little season improvement overshadowed baseball boxing college football professional football popular sport owner spent money season team going financial struggle continued 11th game season visiting drew fans pro football record additional turned away gave giants needed revenue possibly altering team history bears victory intercepted pass intended returned touchdown season second week scored providence yard pass scored yard touchdown pass kansas_city football career ended abruptly knee game longest pass american building ground drop feet completed pass record november caught ball fifth attempt attempt new_york_times reported ball hit burst pass knocked stunt took place days game playful end caught pass thrown atop telephone building drop feet san_francisco year advertise east west shrine game personal life married november tennessee son robert resident surgeon baptist law enforcement career football marriage assistant manager springfield tennessee seven years sold life insurance found dull began long career law enforcement beginning office division chief year later director public safety overseeing city police fire departments months public safety position eliminated division chief governor promoted chief trial basis incumbent went active duty world war commissioner public safety appointed state commissioner public safety patrol chief capacity worked columbia race riots supervised african american households columbia february fight african american navy veteran white reportedly ignited unrest later day gunfire fighting rioting whites african americans columbia african american business district black citizens shot street lights officers chief responded gunfire shot described writer commanding firing line led team sent permission state attorney general search homes businesses weapons accused granted bail allowed legal counsel charged attempted murder oath court said search warrant anticipated warrant time searched similar properties called journalist lying yellow according contemporary account situation fair job equally clear loose cannon personality dominated scene personality bully warden warden death oversaw execution men including african american convicted year old white woman executed electric chair man executed tennessee person executed supported inmates received bmi award hit rain office spoken word track album believe message death june died hours heart attack posthumously inducted | Lynn Bomar | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1103_2001GatorBowl | bowl bowl post season american college football bowl game jacksonville florida january game final contest ncaa division football season teams ended victory entered game headed star quarterback led regular season record despite injured season entered game regular season record command head coach second year tenure contest featured high scoring offenses emphasized different aspects game aspects exemplified game saw pass yards ran yards tigers jumped early lead maintained game yard touchdown run game opening drive helped expand lead end quarter tigers narrowed tech lead second quarter scored touchdown halftime went second half lead injuries knocked leading running backs game starting quarterback removed game proved ineffective defense despite changes tigers unable reduce lead stood end quarter late touchdown moved tigers touchdowns answered touchdown making final score recognition performance leading team victory named game valuable player final collegiate game months bowl selected overall selection nfl draft handful players participated selected draft team selection college football season bowl right select bowl eligible team bowl game administrators contract include notre dame school met certain entry requirements conference champions guaranteed spot bowl championship series game possibility large selection team conference finished high poll win conference championship virginia tech college football season went undefeated regular season lost offseason following championship game loss tech fans anticipated possible repeat undefeated regular season national championship run annual preseason poll media members covering football picked finish second tech received place votes miami preseason associated_press college football poll 11th games college football season scheduled picked host annual opening game national season picked opponent day game severe lightning storms hit virginia area espn commentator rental car struck lightning game postponed severe weather rescheduled eventually canceled canceled opened regular season win followed win shutout wins early schedule featured wins temple west_virginia syracuse pittsburgh virtue winning games season tech rose national ranking prior facing miami november virginia tech star quarterback suffered severely ankle game pittsburgh strong performing wide receiver temporarily crippled left foot despite injuries commentators predicted high scoring game referred game year predicted winner likely year national championship game injured backup quarterback started game fell quarter desperation tried play despite injury participated plays leaving game good miami quarterback threw long touchdown passes miami won game loss knocked tech contention national championship conference championship miami fellow member fell poll week game week rebounded beating ranked win tech defeated state rival virginia annual battle commonwealth cup loss miami knocked contention championship accompanying automatic bid possibility tech receive large game bid scored high final poll administrators game wanted invite tech considered long shot availability notre dame teams large attract greater television revenue ticket sales officials plans based different possibilities selected bowl notre dame fighting irish play bowl selected pittsburgh given nod bowl december selections announced bowl selected oregon state notre dame instead virginia tech left available bowl picked day entered college football season season year head coach fans college football analysts predicted continue resurgence season year hired pointed undefeated season second year assuming head coaching job sign expect analysts anticipated moderate improvement previous year annual preseason poll media covered football tied second teams far perennial favorite nationally debuted preseason poll preseason coaches poll tigers opened season opponent citadel beat victory followed wins missouri opponent games typical tigers won succession win beat virginia duke maryland north_carolina final win streak starting quarterback replaced backup second quarter injury record national ranking hosted game posted school record offensive effort upset victory tigers took lead remaining game yellow jackets drove yards plays ending handed catch touchdown giving loss season defeat eliminated tigers national championship contention chance win conference championship defeated following week coached father matchup marked second time father son faced opposing head football coaches meeting previous year tommy lost points father meeting dominated start game effort impress voters ran score game ended win gave football championship dropped ranking spot team assured accepted bid november prior annual state rivalry game south_carolina game south_carolina took point lead seconds remaining drove length field kicked field goal time expired giving tigers win end regular season buildup weeks bowl media fan attention focused possible disappointment selected game coaching situations schools issue tech quarterback return year collegiate football matchup announced bowl spread favored win points betting line remained month december game began field incidents involving players team notable event involved backup players indicted money suspended bowl exchange appearing game teams guaranteed split virginia tech disappointment immediately bowl bypassed virginia tech favor lower ranked notre dame protests tech fans opponents system erupted said selection unfair virginia tech pick notre dame interview immediately selection said bid provided motivation win bowl going statement play great game nation said hand enthusiastic bid win game given tigers win season bowl appearance marked continued improvement showing previous year players viewed game reward successful season players perceived point view revenue sharing agreements schools selection resulted payment million selected bowl game instead receiving million revenue agreement bowl tech received million coaching changes endured questions coaching weeks months prior head coach interviewed north_carolina prior end regular season debated accept school head football coaching job november week tech selection announced departing north_carolina school considered vacant head coaching position nfl declined position football coaches targeted teams fill vacant head coaching positions offensive coordinator interviewed job declined position defensive coordinator interviewed head coaching job virginia likewise declined job tech situation reflected offensive coordinator announced leaving team head football coach job competed player 1980s rodriguez participate practices prior coach game replacing rodriguez temporary offensive coordinator joining press box bowl hired new coach effort prevent awarded head coach seven year contract extension worth million annually plus incentives debate regular season constant question hanging football team star quarterback return year school national_football_league requires players years high school eligible nfl draft played freshman year school years high school spring following bowl attempted discussion announced december returning fourth year team late december decision clear left team selected overall pick draft heading bowl decision air offense regular season rushing yards averaging game passing offense somewhat weaker ranked averaging yards game total offense ranked amounts added scoring offense tigers averaged points game good country category offense led quarterback finished regular season having completed percent passes yards touchdowns ran ball extremely successfully gaining yards touchdowns ground running game second yards team running ran times yards touchdowns favorite passing targets caught passes yards touchdowns regular season wide receivers recipients respectively passes caught passes yards touchdowns robinson unrelated baseball player caught passes yards touchdowns offense offense nationally rushing yards averaging game passing offense ranked category averaging yards game regular season combined tech ranked total offense scoring offense found success comparable rushing game averaging points game ranked offense led quarterback carried ball times yards touchdowns despite ankle injury limited mobility final games regular season tech successful running backs carries yards touchdowns regular season rushes yards touchdowns terms touchdowns rushing yards recognition accomplishments given recognizes college football player virginia favorite targets limited tech passing attack wide receiver caught passes yards touchdowns davis limited fact played tech games finished receiver terms tech receiver caught passes yards touchdowns defense defense strongest rush regular season tigers allowed average yards game ground good nationally passing defense nearly successful average tigers allowed yards game air making pass defense best division football regular season categories combined defense ranked terms points allowed tigers ranked giving average yards game team defensive leader tackles team pass forced regular season fellow linebacker team tackles including sacks interception forced pass pass defense tigers highest led team seven pass notable absence tigers defense bowl defensive end led team sacks suffered torn mid december practice backup defensive end missed game injury tore anterior practice defense defense likewise successful opponents rushing offense passing attack tech permitted average yards game ground 16th allowed yards game air total tech ranked defense country slightly better scoring defense allowed points game average good category worse tigers defensive leader team tackles figure included sacks pass forced year starting linebacker team including tackles loss pass recovered free safety year starter defense tech leading performer pass coverage team broke passes forced recovered game summary bowl kicked january jacksonville florida weather partly cloudy degrees percent humidity miles hour wind northwest won traditional coin toss determine possession elected kick begin game quarter fielded opening yard line returned yard line tigers offense performed game offensive play yard scramble subsequent running play incomplete pass caused ball defense tackled tigers yard line tech play turnover quarterback completed yard pass touchdown extra point kick successful lead remaining quarter post touchdown downed yard line tigers began second offensive possession began better tackled yard loss defensive tackle rush gain short pass forced punt gaining second punt kicked returned punt yard line rushes pass yard line tech yard line tigers possession didn produce possessions running play stopped gain sacked loss yards scramble gained yards punt downed tech yard line chance offense play drive yard gain play tech gained run backup running yard line incomplete pass completed yard toss yard penalty gave tech yard line completed yard throw wide receiver followed yard line reverse run johnson picked yards run middle gained yard line rushes failed reach yard line ran yards tech second touchdown game extra point good tech extended lead remaining quarter returned yard line drive began incomplete pass tigers gained game pass wide receiver yard line run gained yards gained run left run ran final seconds clock quarter ended leading second quarter second quarter began possession ball facing yard line tigers gained play quarter yard rush threw incomplete pass ran gain completed long pass gained tech yard line play completed pass ran end zone points game play broke foot kept rest game extra point good tigers narrowed tech lead remaining half post touchdown kick tech yard line broke free defense yard return yard line tech play return yard run right field ran straight ahead short gain yard line gained yards run left field yard line stopped loss yard sacked loss yards play incomplete pass entered game attempt yard field goal kick bounced field goal cross denying points remaining half tech lead following missed field goal offense started yard line play drive completed pass wide receiver ran yards yard line yard pass play followed run middle tech yard line completed yard pass running play stopped short marker faked quarterback sneak order attempt long pass unable pass sacked yard loss attempt field goal punt ball coach team attempt gain forward didn gain yards needed tigers turned ball downs tech yard line tech began drive incomplete pass followed short run prepared throw ball hit defender ball defender recovered loose football returned tech yard line tackled following turnover stopped short run threw incomplete passes attempt convert fourth sent attempt yard field goal kick narrowed lead remaining quarter returned post score tech yard line yard run followed pass davis tech yard line running plays set completed yard pass picked yard line took rushes pass goal line touchdown game extra point good tech extended lead halftime tech post touchdown bounced yard line returned yard line incomplete pass followed pass yard line completed pass yard line incomplete pass yard line completed yard pass robinson time minute remaining tech yard line completed pass tech yard line time seconds remaining threw incomplete pass followed incomplete pass converted pass tech yard line incomplete pass followed second following play seconds left clock coach ordered hunt game attempt yard field goal kick short right turned ball seconds remaining took knee run final seconds clock entered halftime lead quarter received ball begin game received ball begin second half received tech goal line returned yard line started possession second half play committed yard holding penalty gained yards run middle completed pass tight end yard line stopped short marker second time game kick committed yard penalty penalty allowed retain football gave yard line play penalty completed yard pass davis yard line pass ran straight ahead second touchdown game extra point missed tech extended lead remaining quarter recovered kick ran bounds tigers yard line yards linebacker injured play left game delay injured helped field yards gained yard run gained yards run middle followed gain yard run yard line caught yard pass ran yard left field play injured helped field replaced string freshman running threw incomplete pass ball kick bounced chest kick loose ball following turnover offense tech yard line remaining quarter kelly gained yard picked yards run middle field incomplete pass followed run gain incomplete pass facing fourth goal yard line sent field goal tigers called time hunt completed yard field goal attempt cut lead remaining quarter post score fielded yard line returned tech yard line play drive option run broke free defense yard run yard line short rushes followed pass yard line committed yard penalty ran straight ahead touchdown extra point kick good tech took lead left quarter post touchdown returned yard line loose football forward recovered player yard line tigers offense began drive play possession yard pass kelly followed pass kelly gained tech yard line ran straight ahead yards tech yard line incomplete passes completed yard false start penalty yard run followed unsuccessful fourth conversion attempt attempted pass ball intercepted returned ball tech yard line possession ball large lead proceeded start running clock executing running plays halt game clock conclusion incomplete passing plays gained yards run middle tackled loss incomplete pass tech ball downed yard line following punt backup quarterback game play sacked yard loss second play repeat davis sacked time yard loss threw incomplete pass going kick bounced bounds yard line offense returned field play attempted pass end zone throw intercepted defender downed ball end zone interception final play quarter ended virginia tech lead fourth quarter fourth quarter began possession ball starting drive yard line following play drive threw interception virginia tech defender yard line following turnover continued running clock rushing plays middle field short gain followed yard penalty advanced yard line gained run yard line slightly injured attempting pitch ball forward left game replaced backup quarterback tech advanced ball short runs setting fourth seven tech coach called time allowing enter game fourth play incomplete pass tech turned ball downs remaining game following turnover received ball yard line ran ball straight ahead yard gain gained yard run kelly ran yard line completed yard pass tech yard line completed yard pass throwing pass kelly tech yard line incomplete pass followed yard toss pass yard line ran bounds yard loss completed touchdown pass extra point kick good closed lead remaining limited time remaining attempted kick effort retain possession chance scoring deficit kick recovered led tech offense returned field yard line stopped gain run middle threw incomplete pass completed yard pass yard line gained yards run middle advanced ball short marker gained run middle following defender called personal foul ejected game penalty gave virginia tech yard line called yard penalty play consecutive penalties pitched ball ran end zone untouched extra point kick good extended lead remaining game post touchdown returned yard line went threw incomplete passes tigers punt returned tech yard line began possession replaced quarterback position running ran middle field short gain string running gained run middle ward picked run left field play tech committed yard penalty resulting tech proceeded run remaining seconds clock earned victory statistical summary recognition success leading bowl game win virginia tech quarterback named valuable player winning team finished game having completed passes yards touchdown interception ran ball times gain yards touchdown sacked twice resulting loss yards opposite ball wide receiver named mvp losing team caught seven passes yards touchdown game ground nearly margin tech running carried ball times yards touchdowns time touchdowns bowl game record tied bowl record touchdowns player fellow running backs gained yards yards respectively scores marked time players touchdowns bowl game ball pass attempts pass allowed bowl game point tigers air yards performed consistently game completed passes touchdown yards completed passes yards touchdown ground led carries yards carries yards defensively intercepted passes sacked times loss yards tech defense held yards total offense minutes left quarter defense sacked twice total loss yards effects win brought final record loss lowered final record despite win advance polls tech ended year ranked polls remained relatively stationary polls tigers remained associated_press poll dropped coaches poll victory bowl trips loss fifth straight bowl game fourth trips bowl point immediately conclusion asked nbc broadcaster intended return virginia tech year collegiate football responded discuss matters family tech head coach making decision announcement sparked fresh round speculation sports fans wondering choose return school enter nfl draft football coaching staff began intensive lobbying campaign effort convince stay january held press conference announce final years collegiate eligibility enter nfl draft immediately announcement predicted pick draft hypothesis realized april selected traded draft picks order right select nfl draft player bowl final collegiate contest players selected draft defensive selected pick center taken selection nfl draft selection wide receiver taken 15th picked defensive | 2001 Gator Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1172_TedPetoskey | january november sport athlete university_of_michigan major_league_baseball player collegiate coach sports athletic director university_of_michigan received varsity letters sports american football time american end undefeated football teams won college football national championships guard captain michigan basketball team season baseball player led batting average played parts major_league_baseball seasons outfielder cincinnati_reds played minor league baseball served variety collegiate coaching positions including head coach basketball team athletic director football coach head baseball coach high school athlete raised michigan attended nearby october receiver history garner receiving touchdowns high school football game august record surpassed playing state end years state played game university_of_michigan head coach stands ran opening yards touchdown hearing stands ran second half yards touchdown university_of_michigan athlete sport player enrolled michigan earned varsity letters football baseball basketball football seasons years varsity football player combined record won national championships sophomore touted second earned spot second team junior year favorite pass receivers quarterback won trophy valuable player college football coach shifted mid way season scored touchdowns win illinois noted running attack featured converted end week nicely aerial play produce touchdowns line sweeping inside ends gains michigan showed power line time season associated_press writer warned opponents watch time grid wake end university_of_michigan football team gets dreaming dreams habit coming true happily dreams good ones selected team american second team american team american team compiled perfect record opponents won national championship press credited squad corps key success example story pointed minnesota game michigan recovered end center bernard credited said bernard recovered football season senior year started games left end football team michigan won second consecutive national championship named american principally end coach played games october newspaper story reported versatility michigan brilliant right end moved night practice second time figured shift fall converted illinois game proved capable ground monday given trial forward impressive showing final game michigan football team kicked yard field goal northwestern representing final points scored michigan championship season season chosen team american poll team captains second team finished voting associated_press big athlete year award choosing american team football writer said michigan finest ends played game superb end runner receives forward passes great accuracy catches ball difficult bring coach credited play ends undefeated season ends ward near perfection university_of_michigan called described contributions follows years varsity football recognized michigan greatest time ends end junior year chosen american recognized greatest defense players country alert followed play opponents found impossible gain end rated best players coached best player coached associated_press picked second team american year old michigan protested letter sports editor chosen wrong leaving team avoid appearance bias native noted think friend boys know hope change mind responded column right late change mind sports captain basketball team versatile baseball best sport baseball team swept american football players pitched complete game hit inside park home run led batting hits bats batting average professional baseball immediately graduating michigan teammate signed cincinnati_reds reporting team early june major league debut september debut days later played games went struck times seven bats day regular season victim ninth inning dean 30th win year baseball season ended returned michigan early october given coaching assignments helping teach offering personal freshman football team returned reds spring training assigned minor leagues played season hitting lead league early june reds called june newspaper noted called batting mark leading league home runs runs driven practically stolen base batting average games reds played game reds june played hitting late played leading international_league base hits mid june continued play sold july released march coaching career basketball coach south_carolina season summer job minor league baseball player coached basketball team seasons head coach team record south_carolina coaching offseason playing baseball summers august announced retirement player time position head baseball coach south_carolina position held august hired head football coach director physical education time playing remained taking time times revive baseball career player manager left summer play international_league returned world war suspended football basketball programs announced school bring programs school year served coach football team baseball coach south_carolina returned head coach baseball team served ends coach south_carolina football team seasons south_carolina head baseball coach compiled record baseball players remembered love playing poker bringing team home hungry tough loss duke team members remembered hunger game angry told players bus team rode durham north_carolina columbia south_carolina miles having eaten time blew lead 8th inning lose bus look driver figured team receive tongue said don want hear word guys goes later years december announced leaving work new_york_yankees baseball scout georgia north_carolina south_carolina eastern tennessee territory yankees scout signed duke catcher contract yankees moved spring training farm system columbia south_carolina responsible logistics preparing served mid-1960s director recreation died south_carolina age son followed father playing end american football chosen play end south_carolina high school team shrine bowl north_carolina team named south_carolina high school year went play end football team head coaching record college football college basketball college baseball | Ted Petoskey | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1244_JordanKovacs | born june american football safety currently free agent signed free agent played college football michigan member walk earned second team recognition sporting news freshman big honors second leading team granted scholarship team second year second leading selected conference honorable mention big honorable mention team served team captain big second team selection academic big background hungarian american attended rival high school teammate high school earned varsity letters basketball sophomore junior earned city recognition track field times team senior second team junior honorable mention sophomore year qualified ohio_state championships meter relay year football earned ohio academic honors district honors wide receiver defensive recruited division schools high school football player recruited schools campus visits division school miles high school time completed college applications lost interest father placed michigan director football operations jordan wait listed got agree review highlight reel graduation neared shook hands coach preferred walk spot afternoon june called confirm admitted wait list admission came athletic scholarship encouraged jordan attend walk college career initially passed walk pass physical trainer jordan father played coaching staff michigan surgery repair damage high school alleviate problems jordan responded yes question prior months triggered line questioning senior season surgery knee problem advised try knee healed discovering torn second knee surgery successful attended game season family season ticket section freshman highly regarded walk nation emerged group michigan football players referred walk nation debut september special teams following week registered plays notre dame starting safety suffered leg start september indiana october season tackles annual posted tackles career interception november wisconsin season played free safety switched strong safety started game free safety seven strong safety course season finished season second leading earned second team recognition sporting news freshman big honors candidate sophomore earned scholarship beginning ncaa division football season second game season september notre dame michigan notre dame football rivalry game recorded interception season second career tackle effort october recorded tackles loss iowa games season ranked second big conference tackles november nominated trophy newly created award outstanding player begun career walk november posted career quarterback sack season high tackle performance wisconsin week remaining conference schedule performance tied overall big gave wide lead big game highest performer extended lead big defensive backs final game regular season november ohio_state annual michigan ohio_state football rivalry game recorded second interception season career tackle effort collected career best return yards following interception game tied career high total tackles including new career high solo tackles ended big conference football season ranked second conference teammate total tackles led team solo tackles following season selected honorable mention conference selection media junior took michigan head coach football season impressed quickly players named starter team september season opener michigan stadium forced recovered advanced touchdown game ended mutual agreement quarter weather recorded tackles including sacks named trophy impact player week stats game considered official university_of_michigan ncaa vacated statistics game quarters completed conclusion regular season ncaa reversed course ruled game counting win loss record statistics counted ncaa september notre dame night game played michigan stadium interception tackles evident defense improved markedly prior season fellow safety credited leaders defense october northwestern posted solo tackles loss fourth suffered knee injury sidelined october game impact player year named trophy november following big conference football season earned big conference honorable mention recognition media selected recipient michigan program earned fall academic big recognition teammates january sugar bowl overtime victory virginia tech led team tackles finished conference leaders statistics sacks game 17th tackles game 30th forced game senior elected team captain selected preseason best defensive player ceremony november jersey number changed previously retired number michigan football legend jersey honor francis albert interviewed minute segment appeared november edition minutes business college football second team big selection coaches honorable mention selection media november named finalist trophy december team banquet earned team mvp season earned recognition following season participated february texas professional career signed free agent contract following nfl draft assigned practice squad start nfl season promoted man roster week tackle debut baltimore october released end training camp signed practice squad october november signed eagles practice squad placed active man roster seven tackles course season including december week contest october recorded sack season expected released expectation placed practice squad cleared following season season signed contract released personal father louis walk michigan coach michigan football team subsequently served seasons graduate assistant married jordan wears reverse father siblings older brother aaron played freshman season rockets family regularly brought watch michigan home games growing family regularly sat section michigan stadium north press box today family sits underneath son team michigan game watched game coach football memorable point comeback virginia | Jordan Kovacs | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1319_JohnMaulbetsch | june september american football member playing independent football team famous american football players playing university_of_michigan known unusual low line style play known light weight small size performance harvard reports indicated gained yards eastern writers including wrote articles selected american team underwent surgery perform level comeback senior leading players college football head football coach recognition able recruit big talent phillips including future pro football hall future president quickly turned phillips programs southwest teams beat oklahoma texas lost game seasons later football coach later known 1920s inducted university_of_michigan awards john award year freshman football player based desire character capacity leadership future success football field born grew michigan attended led football team consecutive state championships account playoffs noted smashing play half wholly terrific line clearly team mates graduating high school joined football team michigan varsity reportedly called drive goal line game large crowd including farmer horse gathered end zone head legs working like rods ahead head struck horse amidships went horse college football player transfer started college football career age leading record including win university_of_michigan freshman team performance drew attention michigan coach fielding watching dominate michigan freshman team concluded kid michigan studies american place year persuaded transfer played told press time season play varsity team fall years old season began touted fastest donned weighs pounds built low powerful pair shoulders characterized lightning speed pre season account said wonder line wizard open field outset considerable attention paid unusual running style observers noted peculiar manner runs style tackled pair legs usually carried yards michigan opened season win followed victory offensive star case twice carried tackles goal playing following week runs yards scored touchdowns worked overtime probably advanced players starting season michigan lost games eastern schools syracuse harvard penn harvard game breakthrough came october fans harvard game anticipated matches year special train brought michigan fans cambridge massachusetts hundreds michigan alumni east hand reinforcements harvard prevailed big story papers country writers told story performance said tells east plays best brand football shot theory holes according mighty ram gained ground harvard bury german army corps football writer said created half stir east peculiar style attack backed phenomenal strength earned gains yards time called carry ball writer noted skill line breaker carried ball repeatedly harvard line secondary defense bullet like rushes upset responsible michigan ground gains occasions reportedly power dove right double line crimson players went ground feet clear double line report indicates big day accounts vary dramatically exactly yards gained reported game gained yards newspaper account said gained yards obituary indicated gained yards attempts despite efforts michigan able punch ball goal line blamed michigan quarterback switched time took ball shadow crimson goal posts answer question michigan unable score said ask fellow michigan day actions spectators figure harvard agreement play game sports writers concluded avoid facing said reporter sic saw clash decided cared rough human bullet attention focused size unique running style small standards day running style saw bend propel like opposing line won nicknames based size running style fighting spirit including human bullet german bullet comparisons military armaments common addition bullet nicknames syracuse herald observed standing krupp gun dangers compared dangers standing going speed ahead style described line new_york newspaper noted ball snapped doubles head aimed knees opposing line head seen action marvel great momentum steps noted football writer said little fellow built close ground line head level shoe tops hits low impossible stop iowa newspaper wondered possible man smash line human bodies force come game broken neck said run low dash ordinary table losing feet coaching conference 1920s coach doubted table story challenged later recalled began table stuff finally offered bet couldn got table room johnny water pitcher arm backed wall didn thing water pitcher broke million pieces asked incident said true insisted wasn nick pitcher makes american loss harvard michigan rebounded win penn reported led despite marked man penn defense thrown loss entire game scored touchdowns michigan lost final game season scandal arose revealed owner pool room written letter buy michigan quarterback throw game win students willing bet michigan letter turned michigan athletic officials went athletic office try matter abusive thrown office incident caused biggest stir season campus students demolished pool room police guard residence threatening demonstrations continued late hour michigan lose said practically successful ground michigan course season said scored half michigan points wisconsin newspaper noted comes time write resume football season play live minds men years come reward efforts named team american end season pie coffee diet public attention focused greatest line decade press interviewing family sister revealed fondness home cooking received permission team trainer eat family home johnny sister explains day mother baked athlete supper addition appetite including coffee confronted reporters revelation replied story slightly exaggerated rarely ate half dinner references diet continued reported suffering acute reporter advertised evidently aren great training cracked turned hospitalized joseph april underwent operation season season set underway reported johnny told feeling fine saw recently doesn weigh despite hopes fell far short prior year performance pounds lighter illness surgery noted pounds means man weight opening game scored touchdowns weak interference playing big gains including yard touchdown run quarter difficulties returned season game powerless stop forward pass successful ones directed line criticized performance following game threatened desert michigan squad football good reportedly took hours report practice game case play quarter season big game michigan beaten runs didn far line final games season matters got worse michigan team went scoring points games defense writers noted weakness michigan line allowing ball observers noted carrying ball usual pace sports writer described performance way heights greatness level mediocre lines like year stood charges dumping losses stopped forced despite performance michigan varsity letter winners elected captain team comeback strong comeback instead spending summer recovering spent summer working assistant steamship chicago michigan spent swimming running beach trip giant coal claimed strongest man world agreed wrestling match boat coal rushed caught opponent waist crushed deck giant wanted know boat hit rock season started new_york_times wrote michigan come football team headed going fall returned prior form writers criticized said great method attack repeatedly broken fragments year lines couldn professional football football season ended considered options report engaged high school football coach math instructor ohio prevalent reports signed play professional football team professional football infancy landing known star boost franchises january newspapers reported signed contract play professional football detroit_tigers owner supporting efforts organize professional football league important cities including detroit franchise play field late november newspapers reported played professional football graduating offered handsome fee play november professional football records prior scarce appears unlikely played professional football press accounts working college football coach starting head football coach football power june announced accepted position football coach professor chemistry oklahoma phillips small private school known athletic program fall residents leaving work afternoon watch young oklahoma youths work campus year turned phillips strongest teams southwest landed big recruit leaving playing michigan friends football player state recruits followed phillips later went member 1950s 1960s president find future later spent years new_york_giants saw owen watching football practice tree told fellow size ought squad owen showed day illustrate blocking owen threw block threw yards air satisfied owen spot team phillips conference subject eligibility limitations advantage accused exploiting key player recruited native american named dubbed big chief phillips fans having recruited talent teams lost game including record phillips came beat team swept west allowing team score arranged game meeting schools game announced san light reported strongest teams southwest team beat past years oklahoma year phillips beat report credited securing success institution little known athletics arrived lost game phillips arrived austin texas october team shocked holding scoreless winning contest texas newspaper reported phillips texas concluded phillips success result non existent eligibility policies lack eligibility rules certainly play phillips success phillips joined bound conference eligibility rules team conference play texas arkansas noted team compare strong team surprised texas end season phillips withdrew accepted new position head coach january hired head coach oklahoma served coach teams posted record team went shut oklahoma arkansas kansas shut phillips year season attempts lure missouri said satisfied position arranged game alma mater start season michigan beat despite overall record won conference football championship going games opponents drew attention disciplinary methods team lost games ordered players carry classes week instructed team members try knocking balls arms penalty losing ball hard run stadium ordered ends wear boxing gloves opposing player eye won game seven defeats late november day loss oklahoma newspapers reported reliable sources said intended resign immediately denied rumor saying resigned aware faction trying intend throw december pressure fire grew oklahoma newspaper observed coach football team object attacks sides poor showing team past season looking goat cast role regardless past record demand victory price means whatsoever insisting fired man placed position fair means foul gather team win victories lose game ultimately resigned end coach football baseball basketball announced spend remaining year contract leave absence half pay head coach july hired west_virginia head coach charge football track marshall herd got start won praise west_virginia press marshall finished season second half marshall team went including loss resigned marshall coach january comment time plans later years legacy retiring football bought drug store west_virginia world war took job building bombers famed willow run plant near michigan death owned automobile sales company adrian michigan died cancer home survived widow son daughter barbara married maiden inducted posthumously given university_of_michigan spring practice freshman football candidate basis desire character capacity leadership future success football field award established classmate went regent university award good indicator future success past recipients include presumably named head coaching record football baseball | John Maulbetsch | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1353_1994GatorBowl | bowl bowl post season american college football bowl game ben hill griffin stadium florida december game final contest ncaa division football season teams ended victory tennessee bowl saw 17th ranked virginia tech face regional rival tennessee ben hill griffin stadium campus game moved renovations jacksonville virginia tech came game regular season record included record competition came entered game regular season record head coach included record competition game kicked december florida start tennessee high scoring offense dominated volunteers scored touchdowns quarter second able muster lone touchdown field goal second quarter halftime tennessee commanding lead strong play struggled quarter scoring unanswered points close score fourth quarter tennessee answered effort points putting game reach managed single touchdown fourth quarter ball times losing threw allowing tennessee cruise easy victory tennessee running named game valuable player renovations early jacksonville mayor proposed million renovations jacksonville aging bowl stadium order stadium date annual florida georgia rivalry game florida georgia accepted renovations agreeing play rivalry game athens georgia renovations jacksonville investors proposed expanding renovation plan order attract national_football_league team price tag revised upward million city successfully attracted team shortly jacksonville awarded new franchise jacksonville final plans unveiled stadium additional luxury boxes expanded seating upgraded facilities teams fans renovations extensive initially proposed required time completed instead beginning early work begin leaving site bowl played doubt end january demolished doubt demolished deal struck host school griffin stadium game title sponsor television sponsor remain constant final year contracts team selection prior start college football season bowl newly formed group football conferences bowl games television networks created match college football teams conclusion season bowl offered pay million right game selected place bowl event repercussions end season bowl passed high ranked teams elected accept bids new virginia tech annual preseason poll media members covering conference picked finish second teams miami entered college football season having finished season win independence bowl hopes high return bowl game started season winning games succession culminating victory west_virginia annual battle begun season ranked country rose fifth game season trip syracuse new_york play syracuse orange suffered loss season permitting yard rushing games syracuse time allowed yard game tech responded loss wins succession winning streak ended miami tech lost second game season loss followed season ending defeat perennial rival virginia concluded regular season record overall record ironically despite season ending loss virginia awarded invitation lost season ending game addition loss officials later stated reluctant invite team fourth straight year opening door tennessee finished season record season ending loss year head coach citrus bowl hopes high tennessee second year command end better tennessee ranked associated_press preseason poll start season won game season causing volunteers drop time breaking streak consecutive weeks poll matters worse tennessee starting suffered season ending injuries game span volunteers season opener ucla suffered knee injury backup quarterback hurt fourth game season loss response poor start overhauled defense loss second string bringing acclaimed freshman son national_football_league star manning start tennessee homecoming game resulted win things got progressively better volunteers manning assumed starting role won final regular season games sole loss defeat hands alabama loss merely bump road tennessee won regular season games followed ending regular season state rival response success turning team slow start awarded year contract extension university buildup matchup tennessee game teams unusual fact teams located schools hours car apart proximity generated multiple news stories towns lying schools divided fans virginia lies tennessee border county supervisor graduate proclaimed week bowl week objections county attorney graduated tennessee natural rivalry basketball game held day prior pitted schools varsity teams exchange participating game team received million ticket sales month announcement tech tennessee matchup day game december weeks initial announcement sold tickets tennessee december week game tech sold tickets day game teams combined sell approximately tickets days prior game spread favored tennessee win seven points tennessee offense tennessee offense led freshman quarterback son nfl great played liberty bowl regular season played seven games winning completing pass attempts yards touchdowns manning rating highest starting sec recognition achievements manning named manning prominent passing targets despite suffering stress fracture game season recovered catch passes yards touchdowns returned average yards return manning favorite target caught passes yards regular season slightly injured ankle pre bowl practice volunteers rushing offense led regular season broke leg tennessee final regular season game injury forecast start game running volunteers regular season tennessee ranked rushing accumulating average rushing yards game stewart accounted yards total having carried ball times yards touchdowns regular season tennessee backup running backs predicted kept game injury played undergoing surgery graham rushed times yards regular season suffered broken jaw punched face teammate injury graham fourth string running carried ball times regular season predicted stewart game prior game tennessee coach pronounced performance opponents red zone regular season tennessee scored possessions inside opposition yard line conversion rate percent vowed raise percentage previous season tennessee converted possessions percent offense offense led quarterback completed pass attempts regular season yards touchdowns success season helped time passing leader virginia tech history finishing career passing yards favorite passing target wide receiver finished season having caught passes yards touchdowns bowl freeman final collegiate game freeman finished career receiver virginia tech history terms bowl games counted statistics receiving yards freeman team leading punt having returned kicks yards touchdown received second team big east honors ground rushing offense led running carried ball times yards touchdowns backing thomas son player played including trip liberty bowl participating bowl previous season independence bowl father son combo virginia tech history competed bowl game beginning december offensive preparations bowl disrupted offensive coordinator abruptly quit team order join friend hired head coach head coach announced simultaneous departure assistant head coach control offense bowl shortly announcement departure announced offensive coordinator returning team fill position bowl able actively coach team bowl offered advice strategy weeks game virginia tech receiver white fractured playing pick basketball tennessee defense regular season volunteers scoring defense ranked second best sec allowing average points game tennessee allowed passing touchdowns touchdowns overall tennessee defensive leaders defensive end led volunteers sacks tackles loss seven respectively tennessee leader regular season tackles team strong safety named valuable player volunteers loss citrus bowl tackles second best tennessee defensive backs sack tackles loss despite playing games volunteers defense featured named player virginia heavily recruited tennessee edge suffered shoulder volunteers regular season game pledged play despite doctors disapproval defense defensively allowed average yards game points game games regular season permitted points points virginia respectively defense led strong performers defensive secondary intercepted passes regular season returning catches touchdown tied team regular season player team leading honor went linebacker tackles regular season fellow linebacker named team big east selection signifying status best players position conference finished season tackles including loss sacks team tackles despite success brown suffered pulled final regular season game presence bowl doubtful virginia tech sophomore defensive end named best defensive college player state virginia earning tackles loss including sacks quarterback regular season game summary bowl kicked december est ben hill griffin stadium florida estimated fans attendance millions people watched game television televised game united_states broadcasters tennessee won ceremonial pre game coin toss elected kick virginia tech begin game quarter fielded opening returned tech yard line offense began play game incomplete pass quarterback second play game attempted forward pass time ball intercepted tennessee linebacker returned ball tech yard line allowing volunteers offense begin game scoring position tennessee play run middle gained yards second play tennessee quarterback completed yard pass wide receiver play suffered broken ankle return game yard line tennessee continued drive rush stewart wasn able advance ball play volunteers yards block player despite penalty incomplete pass subsequent play tennessee able gain yard line pass manning plays later volunteers scored yard touchdown run stewart extra point kick successful tennessee took lead remaining quarter following tennessee touchdown teams traded possessions going regained ball tennessee punt yard line remaining quarter tech recovered tech running ran yards tech game incomplete pass thomas connected yard pass thomas broke free yard run thomas continued advancing ball picking yards rushing plays completed yard pass tennessee yard line tennessee defense allow tech punt downed tennessee yard line volunteers began possession game play drive tennessee committed yard false start penalty pushing volunteers goal line tennessee rush stopped gain stewart picked yards running play needing yards manning threw yard pass kent play manning completed yard toss kent driving volunteers field manning throw yard touchdown throw marcus nash extra point good tennessee took lead remaining quarter tennessee went bounds allowing tech offense start yard line threw incomplete pass completed yard gain needing yard tech stopped loss forced punt tennessee fair caught ball yard line volunteers offense began work yard penalty pushed volunteers backward running regained lost yards run play clock ran quarter end quarter tennessee led second quarter beginning second quarter tennessee ball yard line facing second play quarter tennessee ran end ran ball yards giving volunteers yard line plays later running crossed goal line tennessee touchdown second quarter extra point good remaining half tennessee took lead following tennessee post touchdown short kick return offense began yard line tech play quarter run middle resulted yard gain followed run advancing ball yard line pushed tennessee territory play yard run gave tennessee yard line ran yards tech gained play inside tennessee yard line volunteers defense passed seven yard gain unable gain yard gain fourth run kept tech drive alive tennessee yard line tennessee forced play gained tennessee yard line pass thomas plays later scored points game thomas dove goal line fourth subsequent extra point good cut tennessee lead remaining half returned tennessee yard line volunteers offense returned field instead backup quarterback came field lead tennessee second play tennessee drive stewart gained yards quarterback scramble giving volunteers tennessee yard line play completed yard pass kent plays later broke free yard run gave tennessee yard line play later stewart crossed goal line tennessee second touchdown quarter extra point good tennessee lead points remaining quarter volunteers returned tech yard line began drive play drive yard gain ball loose ball recovered tennessee defender volunteers took offense tech yard line came field place manning completed yard pass begin drive ran yard line play tennessee executed trick play received ball hand imitating running play threw ball instead pass caught touchdown extra point tennessee lead remaining half returned tech yard line began final drive second quarter caught yard pass completed yard pass completed yard pass seven yard catch tech yard line play caught short pass pushed tennessee yard line threw incomplete pass drive stopped clock seconds remaining allowing time complete yard pass play inside tennessee red zone continued ball short passes tech gained tennessee yard line stop clock order chance earn touchdown halftime subsequent play tech committed yard penalty tech head coach ordered game williams yard field goal attempt good tech cut tennessee lead end half quarter received ball begin game tennessee received ball begin second half tech returned tennessee yard line returned field lead volunteers offense play second half yard run followed yard run stewart tennessee yard line stewart run followed short manning volunteers yard line tennessee play offensive pass interference penalty volunteers pushed yard line penalty manning gained yards pass tennessee unable gain yards kick tennessee committed penalty kick yard penalty assessed punt fair caught tech yard line began offensive possession second half remaining quarter play completed yard pass gave yard line play tech wide receiver committed pass interference penalty pushing yards good penalty gaining yards option run followed yard pass freeman kept drive going tennessee yard line incomplete pass thomas broke free yard run left field giving tech tennessee yard line tennessee defense held plays forcing fourth instead kicking field goal attempted convert fourth running ball broke free defense crossed goal line tech touchdown second half williams missed extra point kick tech cut tennessee lead remaining quarter returned tennessee yard line tennessee offense began work volunteers aided yard penalty virginia tech play drive stopped tennessee offense losses gain manning threw yard pass pushing tennessee yard line incomplete passes manning yards time tech yard line defense allow drive tennessee came game seemingly attempt yard field goal kick turned trick play attempted pass kick holder defender tackled holder loss failed trick play offense started yard line tech play drive yard pass yard run thomas followed seven yard reverse tennessee yard line thomas pushed yards forward run middle followed incomplete passes bringing fourth tech head coach elected try convert fourth kick field goal unlike tech previous fourth try unsuccessful snap tackled loss turned ball downs tennessee offense returned game remaining quarter volunteers started yard line begin drive went gaining kick returned tech yard line offense started seconds remaining quarter play drive wide receiver broke away tennessee defense wide open pass threw ball dropped pass bounced chest denying touchdown virginia tech head coach later cited dropped pass critical turning point game saying think catch gotten game tech player agreed saying dropped ball took lot dropped pass threw incomplete passes tennessee kick caught near tennessee yard line returned way yard line end quarter tennessee led fourth quarter fourth quarter began tennessee possession ball facing yard line long punt return stewart ran twice yards manning completed pass kent yard line manning completed pass nash tech yard line plays later stewart scored touchdown game yard run right field extra point good remaining game tennessee took lead fielded tennessee returned yard line virginia tech short pass threw second interception game tennessee defender returned catch tech yard line backup quarterback returned game tennessee offense took play volunteers drive yard gain backup entered game ran yard line play yard run graham tennessee committed yard personal foul penalty pushing volunteers yard line completed pass tight end pushing tennessee yard line gaining tennessee returned game yard field goal attempt good giving volunteers lead game following return backup quarterback entered game guide offense play drive run backup running gained yards runs failed gain tennessee returned kick volunteers yard line volunteers continued trying run clock tennessee failed gain resulting punt rolled end zone tech yard line completed yard pass tech yard line play completed long pass tight end carried ball yards following play volunteers completed penalty advancing ball tennessee yard line short runs advanced yard line completed yard pass freeman play connected yard touchdown pass extra point good tennessee lead cut remaining game game reach recovered end zone volunteers started yard line tennessee resumed running clock short runs middle field kept game clock gaining tennessee minutes remaining game tech wide receiver returned kick tech yard line play drive completed yard pass tennessee yard line completion followed yard pass incomplete pass intercepted threw incomplete pass failed gain yards tech turned ball downs minute remaining tennessee offense ran remaining seconds clock secured victory statistical summary recognition performances game tennessee named game valuable players stewart finished game having carried ball times yards rushing touchdowns stewart caught pass seven yards threw touchdown pass yards completed passes yards ran ball times yards rushing touchdown stewart named valuable player volunteers multiple tennessee players significant games volunteer quarterback finished game having completed pass attempts yards touchdown interception quarterback completed pass attempts accumulating yards process tennessee receiver primary volunteer passing attack leading receivers game yards tennessee passing touchdowns went receiving yards rushing yards caught passes yards offense far successful tennessee high performers running finished game carries yards touchdown game leading terms points scored leading receiver caught passes yards touchdown touchdown pass came tech backup quarterback finished game having completed pass attempts yards touchdown points scored game bowl record time tennessee half points record yard run play second quarter longest bowl history time stewart touchdowns volunteers touchdowns tennessee bowl game records time volunteers set tennessee bowl game records points offensive effects win tennessee finished college football season overall record final associated_press poll year volunteers ranked took final record fell spot poll tech dropped game final meeting volunteers chick bowl despite regional proximity numerous failed attempts scheduling game universities efforts finally paid october schools announced battle bristol bristol tennessee september game feature largest crowd history football game approximately fans current record fans saw michigan play notre dame september appearance sec team bowl conversely bowl feature team admitted period game bowl entered exclusive tie contracts addition big notre dame | 1994 Gator Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1429_1892AlabamaCadetsfootballteam | alabama cadets football team alabama cadets football team represented college football season team led head coach played home games park birmingham alabama inaugural season alabama football team finished record wins losses alabama credited responsible introduction football university playing game attendance northern prep school little returned alabama helped establish team university season game alabama football history played november won cadets split pair games closed season loss iron bowl auburn february season fired head coach replaced season background college football game played november sport continued grow introduced years alabama man credited introduction football alabama little attended phillips exeter academy new_hampshire school year played advocate football originally intended attend yale_university brother died little returned enrolled alabama proposed university field football team introduced season alabama selected little team captain inaugural season team called cadets current crimson tide moniker schedule source alabama football schedule game notes game played team birmingham area high school players lost cadets birmingham park played november game served practice game alabama contest scheduled day details second half unavailable touchdowns half scored twice play utilized game rushing formation developed harvard earlier season called flying wedge november day victory alabama suffered time loss game noted numerous squads alabama scored took lead touchdown run late half won game late second half successfully kicked yard field goal drop kick alabama lose game single point game december month loss alabama returned park defeated athletics scored yard touchdown run alabama lead missed extra point second half scored touchdowns extra point gave alabama victory auburn fans birmingham park alabama lost known auburn university subsequently dubbed iron bowl auburn scored yard touchdown run yard run took lead early half scored alabama touchdown yard run converted successful extra point cut auburn lead auburn scored touchdown alabama responded yard touchdown run extra point halftime score favor auburn second half auburn scored recovered alabama returned yards touchdown successful extra point blue orange extended lead alabama responded following possession yard touchdown run extra point cut lead scored auburn final touchdowns runs yards converted extra points lead smith scored final points game late second half alabama short run final score players following players members football team according roster published edition season finished record completion season fired alabama head coach edition university stated firing unfortunate securing coach keeping short time found knowledge game limited got rid departure continued training team selected serve head coach season notable players alabama team included served speaker united_states house_of_representatives served 38th governor alabama | 1892 Alabama Cadets football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1599_1896MichiganWolverinesfootballteam | football team michigan football team represented university_of_michigan college football season played home games field michigan competed newly established later known team head coach started season consecutive wins opponents combined score final game season played thanksgiving day team lost close game university_of_chicago team score michigan chicago game college football game played indoors portion game played electric lights team captain preseason developments football season took field developments occurred michigan joined western inter collegiate athletic conference later renamed season michigan conference play michigan conference games minnesota chicago second led michigan record seasons coach resigned michigan football coach princeton graduate hired replace leaving november assisted ward coaching team michigan conducted football team reported group appearing try outs follows athletic field foot ball honors schedule season summary michigan normal michigan opened season home game later known won scoring touchdowns half goal safety second half reported game follows university_of_michigan opened football season afternoon loosely played game members year varsity game ground ready play michigan michigan played second game season home team grand central high school game played halves minutes michigan won easily score newspaper account game described michigan performance follows michigan rapidly rounding form team played stronger game today week ago new men work interference times excellent half brilliant runs bennett showed line able gain varsity scored pleased michigan lineup game left end count villa left tackle left guard center right guard right tackle right end richards quarterback right steel left michigan michigan game season mid week match team chicago game played minute halves field scored touchdown brilliant yard run half scored touchdowns michigan steel added goals touchdown michigan newspaper account game described michigan performance follows game michigan best season game varsity work tried heavy team rule interference fast sure team work good villa carried honors michigan michigan line left end left tackle left guard center right guard right tackle right end quarterback gordon left right steel michigan michigan fourth game played days game team michigan compiled highest point total season winning game games season michigan opponents combined tally michigan team traveled indiana open conference schedule came away fifth straight shutout score game played crowd newspaper described game desperate game played stuart field concluded michigan won superior weight account noted play game yard run tackle marshall michigan scoring came touchdowns michigan lineup left end left tackle carey left guard center bennett right guard right tackle right end quarterback left right michigan michigan sixth opponent game played field detroit ended sixth straight shutout sided score michigan scoring came seven touchdowns goals kicked minutes play ball possession minutes half newspaper account stated eastern boys start finish report gave following account game team play university_of_michigan excellent interference good seen city star game probably plays villa times brilliant university_of_michigan celebrating victory tonight pointing fact best pennsylvania national champions michigan lineup game left end count villa left tackle left guard center baker right guard right tackle right end quarterback left right noted game worst defeat season suggested game important measuring michigan standing contest eastern team furnished basis comparison comparison eastern leaders necessarily indirect said time michigan playing form great eastern michigan minnesota close game season game early november conference game minnesota golden minneapolis game played minute halves athletic field minneapolis came away win score michigan came yards touchdown minutes game score half ended scoreless tie michigan scored touchdown second half michigan fans signaled event michigan touchdown scored goal touchdown kicked minnesota responded touchdown worth points rules score came far corner field straight kick goal touchdown worth points impossible accordingly minnesota attempted double kick kicking ball caught ball close goal posts kick goal easily stopped michigan players blocked kick difference close game michigan lineup right end right tackle bennett right guard center left guard villa left tackle left end quarterback right left michigan road game minnesota defeated score crowd spectators account game published world new york reported michigan substitute team day won making touchdowns half forced fighting end game michigan final home game season michigan defeated college score game described press fine exhibition football team credited playing fast game game played extremely muddy grounds field conditions stop michigan interference minutes game michigan right end scored touchdown pretty quarterback kick thirty yard line michigan reportedly found trouble gaining pleased scoring points half second scored touchdowns michigan game played halves minutes michigan lineup game left end villa left tackle left guard center bennett right guard right tackle right end quarterback gordon left right games michigan undefeated opponents combined score chicago michigan final game season decide western conference championship matched michigan thanksgiving day michigan lost game described desperately contested games played chicago score game featured trick plays teams relied straight hard football father elected governor michigan weeks earlier star game michigan newspaper reported effort half thing little fellow seldom failing required distance unable play second half later millionaire took second half equally effective chicago scoring came blocked punt resulting safety drop kick worth points rules time yard line michigan sole touchdown came second half pushed yard line kicked easy goal michigan drove ball chicago yard line late game chicago recovered michigan chances victory described defeat follows reason expect victory chicago michigan played strong consistent foot ball schedule chicago erratic certainly sport surprises foot ball thanksgiving day contest furnished sensational surprise exciting contest come western great difference character play teams michigan playing stock game football hard steady game depended play time chicago trained game little doubt result series contests game chicago won good use greatest resource magnificent player telling place indoor football unusual feature michigan chicago game thanksgiving day played indoors collegiate game football played roof adding novelty daylight turned darkness field inside lit electric lighting according newspaper account field grew dark second half play halted minutes discuss play continue play resumed lights finally turned michigan scored touchdown crowd stated varying press accounts noting game played building months ago nominated presidency press proclaimed experiment indoor football success thing settled game indoor football literally speaking success men trouble catching football played merits wet field strong wind end second half got dark spectators treated novelty shape football electric light newspaper described novelty indoor football follows indoor football innovation promises late games fields chicago sloppy players seas mud athletes played dry surface secure elements inch layer tan bark placed hard earth dust touched beams overhead spectators players comfortable conditions game played darkness came players scarcely distinguishable time electric lights soon rendered play distinct starting lineup ends captain michigan brazil indiana ohio michigan tackles washington michigan jackson michigan michigan center illinois thomas washington illinois richards tennessee michigan cleveland ohio boulder colorado coaching staff coach assistant coach hired position manager assistant manager | 1896 Michigan Wolverines football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1774_2012HawaiiBowl | hawaii bowl hawaii bowl post season american college football bowl game held december stadium honolulu hawaii united_states eleventh edition hawaii bowl began aired espn featured champion final game ncaa division football season teams accepted invitation earning record regular season accepted invitation regular season record pre game buildup focused primarily strong rushing attacks teams overall sound offense analysts predicted victory point spread favored point favorites contrary predictions won game score largely thanks play defensive end forced totaled sacks including safety returned touchdowns consequently hunt totaled yards touchdown named game valuable player mvp teams tie hawaii bowl game establishment started affiliation game hometown moved said conference previously hawaii said tie belonged fact hawaii automatic bid bowl game eligible record bowl eligible leaving spot fifth bowl eligible team hawaii bowl seventh meeting coming second hawaii bowl following game defeated nevada wolf pack score bowl bid playing hawaii bowl program shut years massive ncaa rules violations final game member moved buildup keys game according blogger stop run teams yard line rush defense 24th better analysts predicted emerge victorious going far predict said emerge victorious win field position battle create season champions conference record appearance coming season coach said team challenge mountain west conference title making good promise attempted achieve bowl victory humanitarian bowl victory given win season time quarterback older brother david quarterback offense led quarterback junior finished 14th country quarterback rating 8th passing yards tied 3rd touchdowns named year announced game return play senior season riding game winning streak coming game fewest points scored game streak rushing attack led foot inch pound senior running rushed yards ranked 14th country rushed yards games regular season second leading receiver terms catching ball times yards target passing game freshman broken school records freshman year including seventh freshman school history record yards receiving single game setting single game school record freshman recording oregon total adams amassed catches yards touchdowns led team efforts earned spot fourth team america squad accolades year starter tight end senior totaled yards touchdowns career highs honorable mention conference offensive line anchored junior left tackle achieved team conference honors defense described rounded explosive defense paramount success season defense installed year coach proved effective season finished ncaa came defensive leader player year team american ncaa leader senior safety recorded career high tackles finished second team sacks second defensive country defense successful rushing finished ninth ncaa sacks seven led sophomore achieved team conference accolades recorded tackles loss season leader sacks junior nose tackle achieved led senior brown totaled tackles team conference selection coming season widely expected finish exceeded expectation finishing second usa west earning bid hawaii bowl year season ended foot injury running breakout year expected win year award offense quarterback transfer started struggled totaled completion percentage touchdowns tied ninth ncaa offensive leader time conference usa player conference usa offensive player year running totaled rushing yards touchdowns career coming game line fourth leading receiver terms totaling yards wide receiving corps featured trio senior johnson junior sophomore der thompson johnson players record catch seasons led receiving yards included touchdowns johnson totaled led team yards touchdowns thompson led trio averaging yards reception caught ball times yards touchdowns regular season coach spread offense employ tight end roster offensive line led senior achieved 2nd team conference honors defense defensively anchored senior defensive end achieved sacks route team conference selection prior game significant hype surrounding defensive matchup junior intercepted ball times season achieved second team conference accolades defense conference corps senior totaled tackles season prolific led returned touchdowns tied fourth finished total despite success far mediocre scoring defense allowed points game tied 54th nationally total defense gave yards game 62nd nationally game summary game notes quarter received ball start game marched field play yard drive highlighted yard run quarterback set yard field goal attempt missed subsequent drive lasted series ended punt remainder quarter drives ended total drives went quarter second quarter struck second quarter yard rush gilbert quarterback ensuing drive started ended quarterback sacked defender hunt forced recovered state yard line gained yards drive excellent field position able convert yard field goal making offensive continued drive second sacked loss yards yard line hunt recorded sack resulted safety score rushed yard touchdown cap play yard drive safety score hunt continued fantastic half performance drive forcing running recovered safety kicked yard field goal score finally started solid drive end half including consecutive passes yards yards yards respectively set goal yard line remaining half failed execute ended half scoring final play half pass tight end end zone dropped ball ending scoring threat quarter received ball start game got possession start second half play half yard pass got yard line drive stalled yard loss pass play false start penalty pass completed gain incomplete pass yard punt returned yards set yard line ensuing drive showed promise got bulldog territory interception returned yards ended chance scoring finally points board setting red zone threw yard pass adams making score point ensuing drive ran plays yards drive culminated yard touchdown pass gilbert johnson drive included yard rush yard pass gilbert der thompson score teams exchanged remainder quarter fourth quarter able run play yard drive begin fourth quarter culminated yard field goal making score chance bulldog comeback threw returned touchdowns reed came play final score victorious post game victory considered upset game set single season record returned touchdown surpassing southern miss football team named game valuable player forced sack including safety performance total achieved seven sacks surrendered single game year adams quarter touchdown reception lengthened streak consecutive games touchdown reception tying record set scoring summary statistics team statistics individual statistics passing rushing receiving source | 2012 Hawaii Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
1943_ApogeeStadium | college football stadium located junction interstate east west texas opened home football team competes facility replaced field school football program based stadium proposed designed inc constructed cost million contentious student body election originally named mean green stadium renamed provider purchased naming rights stadium hosted major event september lost game attendance holds record stadium mean green sold home game seasons venue official home attendance figures team seasons averaged game slightly capacity facility includes amenities including press box luxury boxes alumni pavilion uses environmental technology newly built stadium achieve leadership energy environmental design platinum certification reached road limited parking traffic congestion game days attendees park northeast cross pedestrian bridge reach stadium use public transportation reach facility game days history early planning finance september purchased acres opposite interstate main campus texas million university owned adjacent acre golf course following football team victory school administrators announced intent build assortment new athletic facilities properties called mean green village plans included new football stadium replace school football team based vice chancellor administrative affairs stated project primary objective consolidation academic facilities field cost million building entirely new stadium released long term campus master plan included proposed new stadium capacity estimated cost excess million athletic director stated university use private fundraising increase students fees pay new facilities including stadium projected new stadium cost million seat spectators athletic department changed capacity estimate possibility later expansion athletics fee referendum athletic department tried increase athletics fee pay new stadium estimated cost million student senators voted hold student election referendum approve new fee amounted net increase credit hour student approximately student course years according state law students pay half cost stadium athletic department effort promote higher fee students supporters suggested hiring street promote election making case fee prior election athletic director said stadium arms race fee objective universities referendum held october students voted proposal order better athletic program turn lead national exposure increased recognition agree dedicated athletic fee exceed semester credit hour capped hours athletic fee implemented reduced semester credit hour athletic fee shall implemented semester new football stadium complete expected fall october announced largest school history student voters approved dedicated athletic fee fund new stadium student body voted students voting increase voting election cost estimate stadium construction increased million million million estimate press conference head football coach stated arms race going facilities everybody february school chapter students democratic society unsuccessfully attempted petition vote referendum following election representative senator submitted companion bills eighty texas legislature approve fee increase according report submitted state fee begin construction new stadium complete result fee athletics department collect approximately million students million payment new stadium bill approved senate signed law governor prior groundbreaking ceremony november president said approximately million needed pay new stadium department raised million eighty fourth passed bill allowing raise fee year original limit september approved increase fee raising credit hour construction naming rights february school selected provide architectural design services proposed new stadium university hired provide pre construction construction services area manhattan installed steel reinforced concrete skeleton stands subsequently firm flattened playing field area installed artificial turf later phases glass brick added facility luxury construction officially finished july august announced deal austin based provider naming rights new stadium changed stadium according contract pay million million deal cash years including graduated annual payments beginning ending payments million remaining million form kind services contract received luxury suite new stadium premium tickets events opening season stadium hosted game september mean green football team lost despite efforts university athletic department home game new stadium sell game attracted spectators fewer capacity attendees reception opening game generally positive attendance dropped second home game home game attendance dropped season low promote final home game season university offered free tickets athletic club members head football coach promoted game school student newspaper official attendance final game bringing total home attendance year new record mean green season stadium averaged spectators home game facility capacity team ended season ranked football bowl subdivision teams average home attendance finished wins seven losses best record season later events home games season average game attendance saw slight increase giving mean green highest attendance teams venue hosted nationally televised game october mean green defeated broadcast estimated viewers earning nielsen rating season began home game celebrating years football announced crowd watched mean green defeat idaho home games season average game attendance venue averaged attendees home game season season uses events stadium include annual independence day fireworks hosted local organization stadium hosted bands america regional marching band competitions facility hosts number high school football contests year including playoff games venue hosted run coinciding year spring game largest crowds structure facilities occupies square feet acres land stands north east west sides stadium seat form shape standard american football field field surface type artificial turf comprising synthetic fibers rubber sand unlike field weather running track spectators set approximately feet closer field separate square foot pavilion alumni located north stadium parts stadium exterior covered square feet silver aluminum composite panels additional square feet green panels accent home stands located west stadium include luxury athletic department sells year plus figure gift club seats purchased time gift addition annual donation athletic department cost season tickets includes press box named honor school longtime play play announcer college operates located underneath stands gate west stadium stands east field generally reserved student seating path defined area called hill seating north end zone forms distinctive shape intended resemble eagle wings flight tips wings reach feet field seating south end zone area includes foot foot bronze bust eagle bust named donated members school social fraternity game days area includes scale replica cannon named fired time team scores environmental design president signed climate commitment achieve carbon neutrality process new university buildings facilities required achieve minimum leadership energy environmental design silver certification planning stadium construction university consulted design meet number green building standards hired environmental graphic design firm design stadium graphic elements result uses forms environmental technology reduce water consumption urban runoff facility includes square foot water retention system square feet paving low flow systems minimize human impact environment developers took advantage landscape stadium possible facility includes wind turbines installed february fund turbine project allocated million federal funds university foot turbines foot blades expected produce combined hours energy year account roughly percent athletics department power grid area turbines expected offset metric tons carbon dioxide emissions stadium sustainable design features earned praise awards media outlets industry groups newly built stadium achieve certification highest level awarded points based ratings system measures environmental aspects including water efficiency energy conservation indoor air quality named stadium engineering news record named year best green project stadium named finalists world stadium awards congress sustainable stadium design concept lost london olympic stadium transportation location located junction interstate east west southeast texas mean green village acre parcel land located south main campus includes athletic department facilities february school conducted studies identify potential traffic problems area results studies indicated intersection airport road northwest facility represented potential major traffic hazard lane accommodate additional game day traffic airport road needed access municipal airport north initially university officials planned address concerns season ticket holders surrounding neighborhoods residents expressed concerns stadium traffic systems area consequently passed ordinance shut area streets game days resident permit university began process transferring right way surrounding city allow road expansion lanes project expected improve region transportation system interstate east route south encourage use sustainable transportation developers limited quantity parking spaces site facility includes parking spaces adjacent stadium access day event attendees park field opposite interstate walk pedestrian bridge leads stadium university announced plans build bridge august address area concern studies construction million project joint venture university began february originally expected open football team home game season construction delays moved opening date october home game season june announced intent begin operating commuter bus service fort worth transportation center stadium parking lot expected review proposal august game days football game attendees train downtown transit center shuttle field walk stadium beginning hours prior beginning game ending hour game mean green game day shuttle stops locations including southeast corner university september school announced partnership provide free trips train shuttle rides stadium football game attendees wearing | Apogee Stadium | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
2420_WestVirginiaMountaineersfootball | football west virginia football team represents referred west_virginia college football current head coach 33rd program history west_virginia plays home games field milan stadium campus west_virginia compete big conference record conclusion season ranks 14th victories ncaa programs victories programs claimed won national championship west_virginia originally classified school season joined forerunner division member known registered winning seasons history including unbeaten season win seasons won shared total conference championships including titles seven big east conference titles history early years football program traces origin november team fell converted cow pasture despite humble beginning west_virginia enjoyed overall record prior proved century football early 1900s brought early successes program seasons posted records respectively produced record season despite losing michigan combined score period produced year head coaching representing longest coaching early period football produced record teams produced success team prior compiling record including finish team produced west_virginia consensus american potential scored touchdowns kicked extra points season leading nation total points threw touchdown passes season feat time record spears years enjoyed period success 1920s coinciding successful coaching spears west_virginia compiled record best performance coming season edition remains team west_virginia history produce unbeaten season finishing mark spears surrendered total points posting consecutive finish regular season season produced notable victories rival east west bowl program bowl game appearance offensive tackle garnered honors homage successes season undertook construction incarnation field continued success spears posting subsequent loss seasons spears departing program minnesota replaced spears posted record finish record program produced finish tenure west_virginia coach ended records years taking tenure short lived failed produce single winning season guise going combined years coach end achieved american status replaced produced immediate results program posted records west_virginia posted record program produced american offensive tackle later college football hall fame despite winning record resigned season pursue career law enforcement superintendent west virginia state police picked right left leading west_virginia record season concluded upset sun bowl running led way season rushing school record yards touchdowns success short lived subsequent teams posted losing records leading split years west_virginia experienced success 1940s producing winning seasons witnessing split coaching second appearance direction head coach season returned prominence finish adding sun bowl victory resume defeat known despite successful season program helm resigned disappointing finish lewis years art lewis west_virginia head coach remarked job wanted known peers exceptional players father figure lewis established family like atmosphere football program lewis teams held true form experiencing consistent success 1950s previously forgettable campaigns season brought winning season finished record highlighted upset victory pittsburgh winning season set tone days program beginning season reel consecutive win seasons southern conference championships seasons led americans running guard center finished record championship ranking associated_press poll berth sugar bowl edition finished regular season mark losing game score earn bowl bid despite winning second consecutive title earning ranking poll engineered win season championship upset losses syracuse doomed west_virginia shot bowl bid despite disappointing finish produced american offensive future college football hall fame earned status season despite finishing modest record west_virginia won fourth consecutive title record conference play season winning endeavor lewis finishing record mark play compiled undefeated record awarded conference championship earned title overall record record play losing season years record play earned 5th conference title seasons unfortunately final season west_virginia win conference championship tenure finished losing final games season combined score lewis resigned head coach afterward despite program drop success final seasons coach lewis produced victories overall tenure west_virginia placing overall program history lewis departure program hit time low year head coach posting worst season date simply opponents season rebounded winning ways posting record conference record despite undefeated conference record crown favor record conference play west_virginia wait long title program won title seasons finished participated utah west_virginia bowl game years major college football bowl game played indoors broadcast nationwide united_states tenure ended posting record seasons head coach legacy went wins losses integrated football program african american recruits following season took head coach finish guided 8th final championship west_virginia left southern conference participating independent produce subsequent winning seasons posting records respectively edition successful west_virginia team season win games earned bowl game victory peach bowl victory south_carolina final ranking coaches poll dynamic rushing tandem running yards touchdowns yards touchdowns led second rush yards yards conclusion season departed west_virginia responded hiring years appeared bobby era football begun smoothly early season start season led arch rival halftime week infamous collapses west_virginia football history surrendered unanswered points losing leading remark embarrassed state west_virginia process despite disappointment defeat west_virginia went finish season record linebacker earned american honors continued winning ways posting records respectively west_virginia team earned program trip bowl game years participating season witnessed offensive prowess running wide receiver ran touchdowns record remained recorded yards touchdowns ran touchdowns returned touchdowns total touchdowns seasons successful campaigns finished lackluster records despite disappointment seasons earned american status contributions campaigns yard punt return touchdown seconds remaining beat maryland season opener remains greatest moments history season successful compiled record peach bowl victory final ranking poll additionally upset game winning field goal closing seconds memorable chapter later described victory exciting ones coaching career following season left head coach second coach history seasons produced record good fifth time program departure signaled end tenure west_virginia end winning ways 1970s years direction endured consecutive losing seasons west_virginia completed season record losing final games disappointment realized following season posted finish promising start season including upset road victory maryland lost final games finished later revealed suffered rare form cancer season nearly losing life operating table procedure remove winter season final program produced finish losing games later dropping final games despite program losing seasons tenure managed land prized recruit future consensus american linebacker standout quarterback future athletic director running coaching consisted best coaches college football including later credited utilizing zone blocking scheme conjunction run based spread offense record years program having follow footsteps great later second time leader victories coaches legacy conflicted program history years wake firing determined rebuild order december west_virginia introduced don new head coach 30th coach program history coinciding hire construction second incarnation field program current home stadium brought changes football program including new logo color scheme remains use day result consistency success program decade tenure west_virginia campaign team produced winning seasons direction marked consecutive win seasons consecutive bowl game appearances led senior quarterback yards passing touchdowns team posted record earned trip defeated finished ranked polls time coming respectively experienced similar success sparked come upset victory oklahoma open season finished record remaining ranked poll season route bowl berth despite loss west_virginia finished season ranked 19th final polls team produced program consensus american senior linebacker won games outset season attaining ranking poll upset loss week west_virginia hopes undefeated season collapsed lost final regular season games defeating kentucky hall fame classic finish season consecutive season finish ranked coming led offensive attack yards passing touchdowns received american honors converting field goal attempts extra point attempts route team leading points season memorable west_virginia experienced started season record posting upset victory victory meetings way upset final regular season games losing virginia temple rebounded defeat bowl finishing season ranking final coaches poll produced americans return specialist tight end consecutive seasons bowl finishes polls west_virginia went year drought finishing seasons records losing seasons respectively shortcomings seasons came head endured season growing pains near misses despite start west_virginia rallied finish regular season losses coming points freshman quarterback major harris led way compiling total touchdowns providing come collegiate career season culminated loss sun bowl game led halftime lost failed point conversion attempt remaining edition featured gifted sophomore quarterback major harris defense entering season poll west_virginia achieved undefeated regular season compiling wins time history averaged points yards game regular season rolling points games including rout rival points surrendered team success regular season culminated west_virginia trip national championship game history met notre dame bowl play game harris separated left shoulder injury diminished ability amassed yards rushing despite injury trailing 3rd quarter harris position mount comeback irish yard line offense notre dame game reach second touchdown pass contest notre dame went win claimed prolific offense amassed total yards irish defense west_virginia finished campaign ranked major harris compiled yards rushing yards passing total touchdowns season coming win season junior major harris returning lead potent offense west_virginia entered season high expectations ranking poll raced record poll week west_virginia fell victim memorable collapse trailing 4th quarter scored unanswered points kicked game tying field goal time expired force tie suffered defeat following week home loss followed loss despite defeats finished regular season ranking poll trip face losing finished season ranking final poll season west_virginia final ncaa division independent coincided lackluster finish years west_virginia entered season new members year affiliation conference finishes returned ranks college football elite season second time seasons west_virginia produced undefeated win regular season engineered close victories beginning upset louisville home final regular season games twice erased 4th quarter defeat miami despite finishing regular season undefeated ranked poll west_virginia selected play possible bowl coalition system designed place ranked teams bowl determine florida state selected play nebraska national championship west_virginia settled berth routed denying west_virginia perfect season finished season ranked coaches poll poll amassed school record rushing yards touchdowns season unfortunately season final season double digit victories subsequent teams failed recapture level success posting record mark showed promise returning program national prominence west_virginia began season record lose final regular season games route record defeat bowl hands north_carolina finish strong start taking record final weeks season lost notre dame triple overtime team finish regular season late season collapse culminated bowl game defeat time despite disappointing conclusion season quarterback emerged capable leader throwing yards touchdowns running shattered rushing record yards rushing touchdowns second single season season brought high expectations entered season ranked poll despite dropping opening game ohio_state west_virginia rebounded win games went finish season record mark conference play failed attain wins lost 8th consecutive bowl game bowl missouri set records yards passing touchdown passes amassed yards rushing touchdowns final season receivers finished touchdown finish final season culminated record victory ending west_virginia streak bowl games overall posted record tenure west_virginia making longest serving successful head coach history coaching tenure contained numerous successes time included share shortcomings teams struggled ranked opponents bowl games man responsible shaping football program bringing national seasons inducted importantly tenure laid foundation program successful prominent era rodriguez years retirement welcomed new head coach years 31st coach history rich rodriguez rodriguez tenure began edition finished worst record failures set stage emergence successful era football history season represented biggest single season turnaround program history despite record season games consecutive victories including upset road wins ranked rivals virginia finished regular season overall conference record second place berth continental tire bowl virginia despite losing bowl game west_virginia finished record ranked final coaches polls time momentum generated campaign short lived record early season similar fashion previous season west_virginia rebounded recorded seven wins row including ended regular season conference mark earning share title west_virginia earned trip rematch rival maryland result near duplicate defeat earlier season fell finished season contrast season best remembered failed accomplish west_virginia ranked poll begin season carried record games collapsed final games regular season losing west_virginia opportunity win outright leading way tie place nomination going disappointing season drew close loss giving record season noteworthy albeit sluggish start season came alive week louisville running helped 4th quarter deficit route thrilling triple overtime victory point forward opponents route finish record conference play second outright championship earned bowl game berth facing georgia west_virginia scored points 1st quarter holding upset victory finished season win season achieved rankings respectively posted wins season narrowly missing championship losses louisville south florida produced triple overtime thriller victory final game regular season west_virginia remained ranked polls season earning new year day bowl game met bowl came away victory winning consecutive bowl games time seasons additionally center running earned consensus american honors yards rushing set single season rushing record season regarded infamous season west_virginia football history attained preseason ranking aspirations raced record including victory secure fifth title second bowl appearance rose high poll needing victory home point team 100th installment secure second national championship game appearance victory come offense inspired defense tune devastating defeat stewart years fallout defeat reached implications program culminated departure michigan rodriguez left prior west_virginia meeting oklahoma bowl proved victory heavily favored long time assistant coach named interim head coach game rewarded afterward year contract west_virginia 32nd head coach concluded season record ranked final transitioned bill stewart era season final season decorated collegiate career amassed record second place finish closing season car care bowl victory north_carolina ranking poll bowl victory west_virginia fourth row giving white postseason record starting quarterback feat accomplished collegiate play white biggest accomplishment came week set ncaa rushing record yard performance win louisville season culminated win campaign second place finish notably ended year losing streak measure revenge defeat upset victory tyler game winning yard field goal closing seconds west_virginia season ended sour note lost bowl team final game season brought program consecutive win season nonetheless season ultimately disappointment despite assembling arguably strongest defense program history surrendering total points average game having talented offense west_virginia struggled consistency season lost syracuse combined points defense surrender points scored single game season defeat season came connecticut week west_virginia lost including connecticut yard line overtime loss loss came lost bid virtue connecticut prior west_virginia match athletic director announced hiring coach waiting serving offensive coordinator season replacing stewart head coach luck reasoned believe opportunity win national championship program stewart guise nearly months later coach waiting arrangement stewart resigned amid accusations initiating campaign years onset era brought heightened expectations program entered season odds favorite win title finished regular season record play share 7th title team ranked final standings earning bid orange bowl berth champion west_virginia appearance memorable defeated setting ncaa record points scored bowl game finished season ranked poll coaches poll produced prolific single season receiving yard totals history finishing yards yards respectively football program yielded prolific era date producing record span participated bowl games finished ranked seven occasions won big east conference titles produced bowl game victories midst continued college football conference realignment received invitation join big conference beginning july west_virginia subsequently expressed intention leave prior month waiting period stipulated conference laws resulting litigation produced million settlement allowing depart season despite starting inaugural season big climbing texas austin lost final games route finish season culminated loss rival syracuse bowl season ended run consecutive seasons victories season brought losing campaign start opportunity secure bowl eligibility victories final games finish rebounded season posting record schedule featuring opponents ranked raced start highlighted upset eventual big champion lose final games returned bowl game losing returned win plateau season posting record regular season winning bowl finish facilities field milan stadium field field played home games west_virginia neutral site games numerous locations west_virginia notably charleston construction gave permanent home facility located hall considered downtown portion campus incarnation field consisted type seating arrangement stadium eventually grew capacity peak physical location stadium impossible expansion place led relocation football program new field old stadium razed southwest corner stadium stood shaped monument commemorating stadium played games old field compiling record played home games second incarnation field bowl shaped stadium located portion campus originally constructed east west configuration seating areas capacity subsequent seating additions north south ends facility increased capacity season introduced field constructed row press box stadium west end general admission seating north end zone replaced create section additional added south end zone construction brought stadium capacity currently stands november stadium named milan stadium honor founder based recognition million donation university field capacity relatively smaller populations west_virginia largest cities suggested largest city state game days influx spectators stadium crowds field earned reputation loud creating hostile atmosphere opposing teams largest crowd attend game stadium set november enjoyed relative success seasons field compiling home record constructed facilities building house program football offices originally located south field facility connected stadium seat expansion enclosed south end zone bowl square foot facility houses team locker room training facilities including square foot weight training facility floor complex second floor houses offensive defensive wings coaching team meeting room player position rooms football staff conference room located second floor hall traditions possible gift alumnus founder opened honor history football program houses interactive displays videos photos records information program including featured displays sugar bowl bowl seasons hall open public year home robert club level featuring amenities fans game days facility underwent significant renovations aimed specifically improving weight room aesthetics facility interior coaches meeting areas renovation included construction lounge area football players traditions performed pride west_virginia marching band includes traditions beat minute run introductory drum formation logo tune fight forming state west_virginia playing university fight song hail west_virginia band performs university theme song home country roads aaron simple gifts fans participate cheers notably chanting roll band drum line prior playing fight chanting let hail west_virginia stadium chants students encompassing section fans alike participate chants home games let chant east end stadium shouting let west end responding popular attendance west_virginia fans participate 1st 3rd cheers 1st cheer heard home away games prior announcement fans raise hands hold cheer public address announcer following fans lift arms times chant signal end zone chanting 3rd cheer similar fans raising arms waving fingers announcement public address home win west_virginia fans link arm arm sing audio version home country roads incorporated nickname west_virginia state motto free prior team referred snakes mascot appeared sporting events school year fixture selected year composed members senior class costume tailored fit winner male grow tenure cap rifle beard requirement mascot position mascot modeled bronze statute located student union building campus football games mascot fire musket team entrance prior conclusion quarter following score gold rush introduced head coach season gold rush ongoing tradition fans field partially inspired tradition black effect created fans dressed black game rodriguez encouraged fans dress entirely gold rematch louisville home schedule featured home game subsequent seasons worked conjunction promote event selling gold shirts fans proceeds season games instituted season head coach recent addition game day football traditions recognition significance west_virginia coal industry named shuttle transports underground start end shift players coaching staff walk dividing parking lot outside field accompanied mascot pride west virginia marching band students fans line path create tunnel like effect passing team members providing interactive enthusiastic environment team reaches east end field stop pound coal donated upper big branch coal beginning donned program official logo state outline helmets season west_virginia white helmet state outline logo gold helmet logo reverted white helmet state outline logo trademark logo football team helmet uniform debuted current gold blue color scheme football uniform redesign head coach widely recognized collegiate athletics adopting logo team helmets wanted create distinct image football program easily identified began tenure head coach initially difficulty distinguishing opponents watching game film logo created sports artist brother athletic director primary inspiration logo depiction mountains created combination state initials surge logo popularity led adoption official logo uniforms west_virginia standard uniform consisted dark blue jersey home white jersey away gold pants dark blue helmet adorned gold flying logo sides west_virginia uniform scheme included gold helmet white helmet gold jersey dark blue pants white pants stages history added gray uniform helmet combination rotation exclusively season introduced new uniforms season helmets pants feature blue gold white primary color sets creating different possible uniform combinations gold white helmets uniform scheme marked time late 1970s helmets feature non glossy paint finish logo adorned introduced white throwback helmet season featuring 1970s state outline logo west_virginia state motto free inside collar image inside collar representative coal mining heritage use testing levels mines unique number style exclusive featuring sharp points edges inspired wore pro combat uniform specifically designed pay tribute west_virginia coal mining industry season edition uniform consisted shade white layer coal dust accents university gold referenced utilized coal mining helmet implemented coal dust accent yellow line center designed beam light emitted west_virginia donned uniforms later season match rivalries traditional terms intensity longevity west_virginia rivalry separated miles universities competed annual basis beginning resuming world war generating exciting memorable games college football history holds series lead half victories came prior dominated series hold edge series began interchange annually pittsburgh west_virginia won seven meetings hiatus following season conference realignment series resume games running west_virginia enjoyed long standing rivalry schools competed annually addition ben trophy awarded victor significance trophy resides fact west_virginia native player legendary head coach syracuse syracuse holds lead series won games schools like status syracuse departure joining casts doubt future series met semi annual basis recently cross border rivalry longest continuous non conference series geographical neighbors lead series enjoyed fierce rivalry counterparts schools competed annual basis rivals starting beginning west_virginia competed region rich coal heritage west_virginia held advantage series won meetings schools departed ended series rivalry dormant rivalry set renewed neutral site game set games seasons competitive sided series west_virginia met annually leads series point won consecutive meetings victories series rare defeat cause celebration west_virginia faithful series ended commencing big conference play schools announced renew series games west_virginia series traces origin west_virginia governmental intervention state governor coupled supposed political pressure series constitutes true rivalry marshall beaten meetings consequently considerable doubt future final game series played plans renew series coaches current coaching staff head coach assistant matt carrier receivers special teams line offensive coordinator head coaches west virginia head coaches program history victories overall program history followed wins team accomplishments championships west_virginia won shared conference championship occasions including titles seven big east conference titles members amassed record winning percentage conference play trophy annual award given best team level college football west_virginia received award occasions bowl games west_virginia participated bowl games history compiling record endured dubious string post season losing bowl games including consecutive losses won seven bowl games bowl appearances participated major division bowl games including bowl games national championship game rankings west_virginia finished season ranked associated_press coaches polls occasions finished ranked college football occasions west_virginia attained highest ranking polls week season ranked poll implementation bowl championship series west_virginia finished regular season ranked seven times final standings predecessor current system ranked final standings conclusion regular season opponents ranked poll time record ranked poll individual accolades retired numbers trophy candidates west_virginia produced candidates major harris considered finalist award garnering consideration seasons national award winners finalists total players coaches finalists numerous college football awards won awards coaches earned awards players americans total recognized media selections achieved consensus american status consensus americans unanimous selections conference award winners season tenure total seven recognized conference honors received coach year distinction consecutive occasions named player year blocking award winner seasons total recognized conference honors unanimous selections coach year unanimous selection year unanimous selection year conference award recipient garnering year honors conference selections southern conference west_virginia competed seasons total recognized selections competed seasons total recognized selections players return specialist unanimous selections conference big joining recognized selections hall_of_fame college football hall fame recognizes individuals conversely football program recognizes individuals hold distinguished title offensive tackle inducted despite impressive collegiate career owner coach took chance selecting little known tackle bears draft selection nfl draft paid produced playing career bears earning nfl star selections pro selections nfl championships induction nfl decade team 1930s served head coach winning nfl championship hall fame speech thanked family friends dear state west_virginia linebacker inducted originally round selection new_york_giants nfl draft played giants later football career let future nfl came pass junior high school head coach came town look prospect lewis wound recruiting sam instead fate intervened end collegiate career giants scout came look american guard instead discovered proclaiming guard greater time pro bowl selection time selection nfl 1950s decade team named greatest time recognized nfl linebacker recognizes outstanding athletes athletes coaches administrators eligible selection years following association athletics following individuals inducted contributions football program nfl produced total nfl draft selections section accounts past present football players participated national_football_league active alumni june total listed team nfl star numerous participated nfl total received star pro bowl recognition nfl round draft selections west_virginia players selected nfl draft selected round future non conference opponents announced schedules september | West Virginia Mountaineers football | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
2493_HaydenEpstein | born november american football played college football played professional football national_football_league nfl nfl attended san_diego california kicked yard field goal championship game rated ratings agencies star selection committees best national high school class senior led michigan scoring selected conference coaches second team selection big team tied michigan record yard field goal broke yard field goal played michigan teams won big conference championships selected seventh round nfl draft played played thunder team won world bowl championship early life jewish born san_diego california parade american honored nation championship game kicked yard field goal kick san_diego section record tied kick posted yard kick september participated july 47th annual shrine star football classic california stars texas stars missed early field goal attempts victory university_of_michigan enrolled university_of_michigan played college football head coach football teams successful field goals extra point attempts averaged yards downed inside yard line michigan time finalist michigan according sources university_of_michigan recognize finalist junior freshman season 5th year senior season michigan point season pat eastern michigan september career tackles tackle performance came minnesota october battle performed duties team final games hawaii arkansas florida citrus bowl landing inside yard line averaging yards punt michigan finished season big champions ohio_state wisconsin kicked field goals early season fact led team scoring games october team sixth game tied november michigan record longest field goal yard kick michigan football rivalry game kick longest opponent time successful field goal michigan career following previous misses october yard field goal seconds remaining clinched victory indiana michigan day highest scoring day game marked time handled responsibilities seven covered inside times resulting yard punt landing inside yard line efforts earned big special teams player week award player handle responsibilities michigan overtime january orange bowl alabama pat provided margin victory missed yard field goal end regulation time finished season points yards average inside split kicking duties game september missed yard field goal team remaining ucla michigan got field goal range intercepted yard line team lost game totalled punt yards attempts landed career high inside ucla yard line executed career yard punt october executed yard punt downed inside yard line career long indiana november thwarted attempt tie game end regulation yard field goal attempt went hands holder northwestern loss northwestern scored ahead touchdown seconds left earlier game completed yard forward pass yard field goal november ohio_state michigan ohio_state football rivalry game scored points yard field goal dropped inside yard line posted kicking ohio_state remaining force attempt drive earned second big special teams player week recognition finished season points yards average inside earned big conference honorable mention honors coaches media finalists inaugural michigan finished season big champions field goal attempt blocked september remaining washington run touchdown gave lead relinquish way game yard field goal iowa october michigan point lead remaining score held posted school record yard field goal november michigan football rivalry game known later game short punt michigan penalties way controversial game winning drive game winning yard field goal wisconsin november seconds left set field goal punt bounced recovered seconds left game downed inside yard line including downed yard line set michigan score fourth end zone returned yards performance earned big special teams player week recognition points gave team scoring lead points finished season points yards average inside single season punt total school record surpassed following season points edged points points earned big conference second team honors coaches honorable mention honors coaches media concluded career making field goals january senior bowl professional career drafted jacksonville nfl draft played games nfl season picked october specialist remainder season tore anterior week remaining season offseason surgery despite reactivated preseason released season year old performed field goals anderson brought retirement season contribute special teams efforts replaced brien jaguar field goals long yards field goals yards longer career average distance yards released continued troubles successor cut games later career points came october jacksonville victory philadelphia field goals signed february assigned berlin thunder released september performed world bowl champion thunder team performed field goal attempts signed season appeared regular season games field goal attempts times average yards record especially blocked kick september final game resulted release september win grey cup signed january assigned fire released february signed released april | Hayden Epstein | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
3615_MarylandTerrapinsfootball | football football team represents sport american football compete national collegiate athletic association ncaa joined july following years founding member currently coached played home games maryland occasional home games time time baltimore maryland making football teams baltimore washington metropolitan area closest football bowl subdivision team team official colors red white black gold use combination 1920s taken maryland state flag nickname abbreviated adopted turtle species native state maryland shares rivalries virginia west_virginia program achievements included ncaa recognized national championship championships southern conference championships consensus americans hall_of_fame bowl game appearances maryland possesses championships places players coaches gone careers professional football including round nfl draft picks history early history school known fielded officially sanctioned college football team went scoreless season games following year posted perfect record decades program team primarily competed local universities high schools nature long distance travel time head coach held position decades named university president maryland joined remained thirty years school coaches achieved fame assistant coach architect stanford undefeated turnaround later long time alabama head coach resigned season player suspended reinstated president hired brief stint oklahoma led conference championship season maryland sixth head coach years stayed seasons school successful head coach modern history tenure led maryland national championships conference championships perfect seasons final rankings bowl game appearances seven players named team americans including consensus americans maryland finished season winning record season participated bowl game bowl tied georgia ncaa season scoring leader recorded maryland touchdowns maryland played bowl defeated 20th ranked missouri finished season ranked 14th associated_press maryland current home field constructed named honor coach contemporary maryland president maryland started season ranked 15th defeated navy stadium dedication game won southern conference championship alongside perfect season culminated upset ranked tennessee sugar bowl time wire services released final rankings bowl games maryland finished including analyst credited maryland national championship maryland schools split form year maryland shut 11th ranked teams mississippi alabama won championship alongside duke named national champions undefeated team nation defeated fourth ranked oklahoma season resigned return north_carolina soon died rocky mountain spotted fever resigned coach alma mater north_carolina appointed replacement season maryland injuries posted disappointing record great difficulty recruiting standard predecessor managed secure highly touted guard prospect later went play years nfl pro bowl appearance improved record highlight season game featuring return maryland october stadium maryland met north_carolina team led head coach game attendance queen elizabeth_ii expressed wish game american football tar heels ranked 6th nation possessed record hand quarter maryland north_carolina linebacker recovered ball yard line north_carolina subsequently forced punt recovered maryland ensuing possession rushed yards touchdown quarter maryland gained excellent field position received bad punt snap took yard line maryland quarterback later scored yard sneak fourth quarter broke away yard touchdown run capped yard drive yard rush score final result maryland players carried queen box said day rest life maryland record subsequently resigned practice season new head football coach addressed team hate west_virginia maryland opponent season guided victory game maryland team college football program nation players names season led best season tenure finished record defeated seventh ranked syracuse amassed record tenure maryland remained maryland coach win inaugural game team matched feat maryland integrated football team caught eye maryland assistant coach encouraged find black athlete play team hill african american football player maryland college university old south surprising unexpectedly resigned head coach january head football coach position maryland said leaving little left conquer professional football record buffalo stayed maryland season team posted record departed head coach returned alma mater head coaching position season players failed academically qualify play team season team lost games time modern era ward second year saw slight improvement recording losses wins north_carolina south_carolina players growing increasingly coaching style march maryland athletic director called meeting players ward assistants man committee thirty players told ward longer wished play accused intimidation tactics including verbal physical abuse ward listened player grievances respond time days later resigned head coach later year sports_illustrated interviewed ward said won wasn good players started guys couldn fight way paper bag guys sat bench couldn couple newspaper guys don know football gets campus newspaper sudden got power thought having university student newspaper criticized ward moving team dormitory forced students ward stated advice denied intent focusing players studies building ward assistants monitored players academic performance enforced class attendance placed perceived ward stated year players failed school claimed history poor athlete academics complained poor communication fact head coach concerned situation surrounding ward resignation sent letter demanding investigation said don know right wrong don think good thing squad fire coach association ought know happened university fired english professor class didn like way things know want know happened hired maryland fourth head coach years previously twice applied maryland head coach position didn beach morning journal speculated undisclosed salary probably matched ward reintroduced split formation maryland great effect 1950s philosophy explained maryland sports information director pass open defense running game sixth game season maryland starting quarterback junior injured loss south_carolina replaced sophomore season penultimate game maryland lost recruited originally intended maryland opted instead bothered similar situation high school coach friend attributed maryland football turnover head coach lack depth recruitment shortcomings maryland won finale virginia finish season record finished record upset loss season opener roster switched positions players included linebacker season prior miller gained yards second maryland sophomore losing games maryland beat south_carolina homecoming weekend prompted maryland fans tear celebration mile hour winds capitalized poor game included blocked punt weeks later maryland beaten scored points fourth quarter win loss maryland slid record said giving consideration stepping season said proper job willing relinquish job took loss personally observers considered maryland returned dark horse said expected winning season lot people surprised dropped season opener news called stunning teams opening weekend rating ahead loss virginia loss navy south_carolina win duke win florida maryland won following week dropped straight beating maryland closed season losses virginia finish record fired conclusion season athletic director cited maryland worst record consecutive years stated goal making maryland nationally ranked caliber team said financial factors consideration home game attendance fallen lowest point threatened financial athletic department replaced later went considerable success position september maryland american guard playing said past coaches difficulties lot kids said ward good coach lot bad high school coach heard understand freshman americans year maybe let stay job lasting contributions recruitment future maryland nfl star end tenure combined collegiate coaching record took head coach wins past years season maryland improved following year reached bowl game decades team steadily improved fifth season finished regular season record perfect mark squad described coaching style said strategy run right run left run middle punt play good defense went question tougher player drills quarterback linebacker like sign hit stupid tougher player maryland preseason rank 14th later beat 17th ranked win championship defeated 20th ranked tennessee finished season ranked 13th maryland won defeated 13th ranked florida finish 13th nation season led total offense yards game maryland started ranked 12th quarterback led consecutive wins secure straight championship maryland loss sixth ranked houston cotton bowl classic ended hopes national championship maryland beat 20th ranked finished ranking 20th game pitted 11th ranked maryland 12th ranked described exciting games era big play ultimately saw triumph secured consecutive bowl game consecutive championships maryland sixth bowl game season left program alma mater kentucky replaced assistant coach surprising choice maryland assistant coach citadel head coach big time selected head coach contrast style ross implemented high powered offense replaced triple option nfl style offense emphasized passes play action passes change tactics strategy enabled starting quarterback opportunity degree seen season prior said ross putting players position succeed didn maryland don know happened don know turned player played nfl following years maryland went careers national_football_league nfl school nicknamed result ross inaugural season maryland defeated 10th ranked north_carolina edged miami important conference game season national champions maryland won title years lost national champions seventh ranked georgia tied opposing quarterback led comeback unable defend ncaa championship maryland perfect conference records secure title decades official saw rare facto title match scored pulled away half second half favorable wind twice yielded maryland excellent field position threw rapid fire touchdowns point conversion defense held bay turned ball times second half lost win won maryland finished second immediately game ncaa announced investigation recruiting found result tigers denied bowl game television coverage following season instituted punishment making ineligible conference title years maryland finished ranked 20th losing ninth ranked washington bowl maryland lost ranked auburn 20th ranked west_virginia beat 17th ranked pittsburgh ranked north_carolina maryland met perfect records maryland lost time blown despite loss maryland awarded conference championship sanctions maryland defeated defending national champions sixth ranked miami biggest comeback college football history judged exciting half time maryland trailed miami quarterback replaced proceeded throw touchdown passes miami errors won recovery point halftime deficit stood greatest college football comeback years record finally broken northwestern later repeated feat professional career led buffalo bills overcome point deficit set nfl comeback record season maryland defeated 17th ranked west_virginia 20th ranked secured championship postseason edged tennessee sun bowl finished 12th nation maryland entered season number preseason rank set time home attendance record stadium average games dropped ranking 17th week polls week shutout michigan despite early setbacks finished undefeated conference games championship consecutive year maryland defeated syracuse cherry bowl earned final ranking 18th posted mediocre record season ross resigned head coach expressed frustration university failure improve associated facilities ross shown recruits stadium facility renovation plans indication program direction come fruition felt players ross stated hurt guilt association respect cocaine induced death maryland basketball star said feel football team represented university field athletics department investigation report commended football program university chancellor offer vocal support ross month later maryland athletics general marred death football team exception ross resigned offensive coordinator coach promoted head coach beginning lackluster period football went overall winning seasons bowl appearance era met brutal schedule non conference opponents consisting national powers michigan miami syracuse season controversial loss virginia final game cost team sixth win bowl eligibility maryland tied 13th ranked existence following season beat 25th ranked west_virginia upset 8th ranked virginia maryland received bid tied postseason appearance period athletic director rewarded year contract extension season injuries maryland worst finish decades mark public criticism players felt lost credibility head coach resigned december named head coach replacement amassed record undefeated seasons years maryland installed run shoot offense shattered school records defenses weak usually giving points quickly prolific offense couldn example game virginia tech lost points despite gaining yards total offense time set numerous school records passing stand maryland earned dubious honor yards allowed game record stands games surrendered yards average yards game maryland gave points scored worst point differential school history season reorganized staff firing assistant coaches team showed moderate improvement years finished winning record maryland record struggling offense fired season having accumulated combined record hired head coach season year contract helped engineer northwestern defensive coordinator colorado defensive assistant northwestern team particular shocked observers recorded season big championship maryland showed signs significant improvement winning season appeared certain maryland possessed record suffered game losing streak finale virginia needed win garner likely invitation bowl bowl maryland alumnus chief executive officer events came held lead left play regained possession remaining inexperienced quarterback unintentionally stopped clock going bounds ensuing punt virginia mounted touchdown drive win game end maryland bowl hopes despite narrowly missing winning season granted year contract extension maryland fell short winning season bowl game entered season closer record fell time rout 24th ranked fired following day despite failure deliver winning season oversee substantive improvement program improved teams defense scoring defense passing defense rushing maryland allowed conference low sacks compared period maryland improved conference rushing large candidate school career rushing leader tenure maryland recruited key players instrumental team later success maryland player assistant hired replacement season previously denied interview position twice alma mater offensive coordinator described offensive genius later received similar maryland took maryland won bowl game years winning season maryland won games entered poll time september maryland beat 15th ranked overtime future time scoring leader won game yard field goals ensuring winning season bowl appearance 18th ranked broke stalemate fourth quarter hand maryland defeat regular season maryland closed year win secured championship team title outright joined conference sixth ranked maryland faced fifth ranked florida appearance major bowl sort cotton bowl lost finished record ranked 10th nation maryland preseason rank 20th games included shutout 12th ranked notre dame loss 16th ranked rallied defeat 13th ranked west_virginia 17th ranked losing virginia loss prevented maryland earning share championship alongside routed tennessee finished record final ranking 18th maryland began season losses eighth ranked later defeated 23rd ranked west_virginia edged postseason 24th ranked maryland delivered second crushing defeat 20th ranked west_virginia finished season ranked 17th new_york_times computer poll ranked maryland nation split national champions southern_california season losing record maryland finished mark included overtime loss west_virginia highlight season upset victory fifth ranked maryland win team ended season record season opened victory navy meeting foes years maryland returned bowl game finished record season upset 19th ranked games won points maryland beat maryland overcame extensive injuries secure postseason appearance season maryland tallied shocking 10th ranked eighth ranked finished season rout attain bowl eligibility lost according final computer generated rankings maryland second hardest schedule 27th hardest schedule division teams numerous observers described maryland season wildly inconsistent defeated ranked opponents 25th ranked california 19th ranked 19th ranked 17th ranked north_carolina lost heavy virginia ultimately maryland defeated nevada finished season record season analysts projected finish second expressed particular concern inexperienced offensive line proved accurate maryland finished loss season program history maryland rebounded finish record including win ranked 23rd poll named year freshman quarterback brien named year citing lack fan support athletic department bought final year contract million let hired away connecticut maryland head coach season successful maryland nationally televised win miami struggled remainder season managed record win opponent finished record team attract national attention maryland pride uniforms created armour official september season fired offensive coordinator defensive coordinator fired head coaching position new_mexico hired new offensive coordinator previously worked maryland head coaches recruiting coordinator maryland consecutive win seasons defensive coordinator houston hired replace new defensive coordinator team compiled record losing injury eventually starting linebacker position team record improved nonetheless fans alumni administration hoped football team head coach improved season loss marshall 61st final season playing football finished regular season record comprising record big conference play big east division inaugural season big conference maryland ended season lost stanford october relieved duties offensive coordinator named interim head coach rest season present december announced michigan defensive coordinator named new head coach home stadium decades football program poorly suited athletic field play practice dedicated facilities locker rooms coach contemporary university president allocated funds construction stadium completed voted honor main advocate stadium capacity time common maryland play better drawing games larger washington baltimore small field replaced named larger constructed cost million new stadium initial capacity upgraded extensive additions shortly construction stadium hosted dedication game navy maryland won year new field held bowl game presidential cup bowl featured georgia school sell naming rights field home field officially branded stadium year million contract bought capital stadium renamed stadium december voted remove stadium history renaming maryland stadium time traditions game cannon furnished maryland fired scored tradition place cannon fired game let know game start nickname school known media called athletics teams farmers teams known old liners reference state nickname season new_york_times referred maryland bird species endemic region namesake baseball teams suggested namesake species land dwelling turtle common state particularly chesapeake_bay area spent early life student newspaper named athletics teams referred early newspapers began referring team simply headlines truncated stuck official use school mascot named means turtle latin ancient roman military tactic soldiers protected infantry square projectiles completely shields word scientific nomenclature related order family graduating class raised funds pound bronze replica initially placed home arena basketball team subject numerous statue relocated reinforced pounds concrete anchored steel rods moved 1960s second replica placed maryland stadium 2000s coach tradition football players walk yards known alley locker rooms touch bronze colors originally athletic teams official colors gray gray uniforms senior classes select colors choosing modern times uniforms based combination colors maryland flag red white black gold dominant colors occasionally changed forth changes head coach maryland adopted state flag based lord family arms black gold mother family arms red white early 1920s black gold adopted official school colors left stanford coach maryland brought affinity red white color scheme changed team uniforms left season school switched traditional black gold returned changed colors red white replaced following season colors retained maryland wore gold black time season opener introduced black maryland flag selected games black pants followed took new black white uniform adopted maryland returned red white black uniforms reserved select games maryland schools utilize concept fans uniformly wear color stand stadium introduced unofficially season maryland wore new armour uniforms offered array combinations school colors season opener miami unveiled unique uniform based maryland state flag received nationwide media attention recent years continued maryland worn uniform combination red red red pants annual game homecoming weekend rivalries maryland football rivalry maryland met times season leads series record maryland games decided field goals maryland joining july rivalry mainly kept alive recruiting teams seldom played maryland competed recruiting baltimore washington metropolitan area teams met november 1st time years maryland defeated conclusion game finished interview saying know let rivalry begin following year rivalry game played baltimore defeated maryland virginia maryland virginia football rivalry maryland virginia rivalry designated official cross divisional series maryland member teams long standing rivalry proximity history programs recruits region recently additional factor schools academic competition maryland virginia occasionally served championship bowl game appearance maryland moving big future series question west_virginia maryland west_virginia football rivalry west_virginia called maryland biggest rival teams met times game maryland west_virginia rivalry chance annual game west_virginia potentially joining wound joining programs hired new head coaches west_virginia taken proximity schools regularly raid opponent recruiting areas long running series hiatus seasons resumed navy crab bowl classic maryland played located state maryland times 1930s 1960s rivalry known crab bowl classic incident player gesture prompted navy officials suspend series years finally played winner crab bowl classic awarded crab bowl trophy rivals maryland record played opponents big rivals maryland record big opponents east west team achievements maryland accumulated titles years competition prestigious achievements national championships championships southern conference championships undefeated regular seasons undefeated conference seasons bowl appearances individual honors years maryland players received american honors named consensus received majority votes team americans received honor twice additionally awarded prestigious awards including award received bestowed college football outstanding player received votes award selection committee finished second fourth voting respectively additionally finished voting maryland players coaches inducted inducted coaches players included inducted college football hall denotes player future non conference opponents announced schedules february | Maryland Terrapins football | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
3899_1917GeorgiaTechGoldenTornadofootballteam | georgia tech golden tornado football team georgia tech golden tornado football team represented commonly known american football college football season member golden tornado coached 14th year head coach compiled record opponents way national championship considered team best years considered greatest football team south produced led golden tornado rushed yards victory regular season defeated strong opponents large margins victory eastern penn shocked future tech star defeated tech victory worst loss history defeat worst loss history time tech finished season defeating auburn conference title auburn teams score points season american entry world war april schools field football teams increasing enrollment bright prospects football team undefeated season losses previous season team included guard football platoon system players played offense defense players roster state georgia starters came georgia high schools team captain tackle walker big carpenter renowned consisted quarterback freshman coach swift pre snap movement jump shift offense led team carries arguably best partially deaf called signals instead team quarterback tried team noticed quarterback shouted signals time carry ball realizing loud signals tip opposition told coach loud signals absolutely unnecessary sickness kid days brought folks gave best instructors teach lip reading recalled overcame couldn hear regular shout read lips like flash stepped football field eyes enemy found minute began looking openings run ball team best born white earth indian reservation brother assistant coach played pop warner sit season accordance conference transfer rules ran opponents contrast style said indian come joe nights gave white football working lights blood war schedule game notes week wake forest golden tornado opened season september inches mud game defeated playing mainly hay spread field attempt counteract steady tech quarterback scored touchdowns called scored recovered crossing goal line lineup included future little affect outcome tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard johnson center wright right guard right tackle right end hill quarterback smith left right wake forest game rain subsided tech defeated sat previous game touchdown play end yard gain carry tech yard run scored second touchdown short drive set yard punt return early second quarter shot line yards touchdown tech fourth touchdown required considerable effort drive ending yard dive touchdown end runs simpson line set fifth final touchdown yard run ran yards touchdowns carries tech starting lineup bell left end left tackle left guard phillips center right guard rogers right tackle carpenter right end hill quarterback left right week penn second week play beat penn called finest hour coming powerful penn contest shocked east comparison pop warner undefeated pittsburgh defeated penn penn northeastern powerhouse lose team south hill rushed yards tech penn yards halftime according result demonstrates large eastern colleges future tech penn playing conventionally instead regular shift second play minutes game ran end winding twisting mass red blue players yard touchdown brushed way stepping penn safety running yards tech scored period pennsylvania recovered touchdown hill score half short run guard penn half tech defense played hill scored touchdown quarter yard run line penn scoring opportunity quarter hill touchdown return penn worked complete forward passes quick succession yards reach tech yard line tech defense responded penn turned ball downs carpenter threw penn yard loss pass incomplete second penn quarterback dropped pass carpenter tackled yard line fourth penn came freak formation pass incomplete fourth quarter yard interception return touchdown tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard phillips center right guard right tackle carpenter right end hill quarterback left right week scored points tech included future tech running freshman year unlike tech opponents held backs yards rushing writer considered second best southern team year game score game second quarter converted yard drop kick field goal lead set yard run end prevented burns scoring touchdown worked ball close goal forced bounds hill scored touchdown tech led broke game open second half hill caught pass yard line ran touchdown touchdown tech ran right guard recovered punt yard line leading score hill yards cross run scored touchdown forward pass quarterback hit end king yard touchdown pass went yards air catching tech surprise tech score returned interception yards touchdown defense game highlight tech downs phillips played game replacing phillips center umpire head captain said consider best football team played expect play tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard center rogers right guard right tackle carpenter right end hill quarterback left right week victory tech downs time generals worst loss according knocked player game wearing old horse collar shaped shoulder pad reinforced little steel player knocked game taken local hospital game doubt got away long run followed minutes later yard touchdown run played half leg injury gained yards addition scoring touchdown scored touchdowns phillips yard interception return tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard phillips center right guard carpenter right tackle bell right end hill quarterback left right week tech defeat worst history southern team long time hands took history writes team worst defeated alabama game star according great games year saturday superman ran times yards kick returns yards yards passing scored yard runs yard kick return set touchdown threw pass score ran touchdowns yards carries returning yards ran yards carries scoring touchdowns carried times yards touchdowns captain praised tech team tech magnificent machine won easily simply matter splendid winning inexperienced team tech played hard clean football somewhat surprised meet fair aggressive team reports heard think broken tech shift year check heavy forwards open line hangs tale tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard phillips center right guard carpenter right tackle bell right end hill quarterback left right week tech played coach olive blue road game winning solid foe record tech backs ran yards according hill form superiors equals football history threw touchdowns ran passing yards running passing accurate suggest possibilities undeveloped tech offense ran yards carries including yard touchdown scored twice yard pass ran yards ran missing extra point quarter ended streak game called minutes left darkness tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard phillips center right guard carpenter right tackle bell right end hill quarterback left right week win performance praised wrote played like demon time men directions broke loose yards occasion attempted wide end run found completely blocked suddenly ran way gaining like yards downed hill scored touchdowns touchdowns yards rushing billy sunday wrote jump shift offense saw touchdowns yard return season school closed asked substituted midway game school sentimental reasons tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard phillips center right guard carpenter right tackle bell right end hill quarterback left right week auburn season final game tech defeated auburn tigers coach tigers lost upset held undefeated big champion ohio_state scoreless tie week tech game ohio_state led favored previously coached auburn players game tigers game auburn tech yards ground rushes yards air scored touchdowns yard touchdown run according length run featured brilliance getting line tackled secondary men face safety man tiger coming different angles checking speed men completely running touchdown second quarter auburn broke line goal blocking dove missed gave chase tackled yard line auburn score end yards ran yard touchdown star game accounting touchdowns having best day passing touchdown runs yards auburn considered strong team despite score unanimous southern selections tech starting lineup left end left tackle left guard phillips center right guard carpenter right tackle bell right end hill quarterback left right season awards honors golden tornado led nation scoring points led nation touchdowns tackle kicked extra points number players received post season honors america selections players deep south selected team addition selected phillips received trophy efficient play season national champions december golden tornado celebrated national championship season team dinner hills golf club atlanta member presented gold football inscribed words national champions enlisted world war week later phillips left marines challenged pop warner pittsburgh team postseason game determine national champion play following season tech named national champion golden tornado invited play oregon team rose bowl players joined war effort legacy consider tech team best football coached said best team seen long career coach lucky having team members possessed natural ability played game seen team fast composite years considered greatest football team south produced according contemporary account truly great teams time personnel depth chart following chart provides visual depiction tech lineup season games started position reflected chart offense jump shift taken place varsity line players stats scoring leaders following incomplete list statistics scores largely dependent newspaper | 1917 Georgia Tech Golden Tornado football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
3921_EverettStrupper | july february known variously american football player played overcame resulting childhood illness selected american years playing team compiled record opponents combined score record setting win scored touchdowns years considered greatest football team south produced starred renowned including players deep south selected team sportswriter called probably greatest running half south known writes ranks greatest broken field southern football history caught threw passes returned kicks blocked played bang defensive game posthumously inducted early years born columbus georgia parents born born georgia natives father employed manager cotton oil company georgia star school football team member school sports hall fame enrolled atlanta freshman year member chapter multi sport athlete competing basketball football track field played freshman football team played varsity football teams head coach deaf called signals instead team quarterback small man height stated varying accounts feet seven inches feet inches coach later wrote feet inches height weighed pounds stripped known little lost game played compiling consecutive undefeated seasons years playing team compiled record teams managed tie games opponents combined score coach later described follows small package condensed lightning turned loose open field ball wanted delivered neighborhood enemy goal line small like high powered motor arms legs mind told believe mind worked faster running bases twisting stiff run men big think pick time away try hard said compelled risk head absolutely accomplish football arm facing ferocious opponents choose chance man come ball carrier seen action recalled arrived imagine playing football team light line didn play wouldn able signals played quarterback fine wasn clear plays recalled overcame obstacle posed couldn hear regular shout read lips like flash stepped football field eyes enemy found minute began looking openings run ball nominated selected era team season sophomore year proved athlete told star baseball player crack basketball best sprint man school recalled despite small stature powerful body stripped dressing rooms sight better set regular apollo beautifully built coordinating movement tried team noticed quarterback shout signals time carry ball realizing loud signals tip opposition told coach loud signals absolutely unnecessary sickness kid days brought folks gave best instructors teach lip reading starred game scoring touchdowns injured week blamed tech closed greatest season history defeat auburn begin second quarter key plays game deciding touchdown yards pass forced bounds yard touchdown started left end cut center field away man auburn team faked right dove left underneath arms end season received selections composite southern selected sports writers coaches including memphis nashville atlanta birmingham new_orleans season yard punt return touchdown opening day week led victory game football history score compiled touchdowns extra points broke old record set university_of_michigan scored touchdowns game rushing punt returns historic account cumberland game described lord high crisp early fall saturday scored yards tech offensive play went lord high touchdowns conversion total points quarter scored touchdowns runs yards chose allow share scoring lead midway quarter broke clear scored easily intentionally grounded ball yard line allow tackle score touchdown career teammate later recalled play follows swapped positions alexander team didn want easy boys wouldn block help way soon ball snapped ran away line play completely leaving poor finally fourth bruised weary alexander managed ball teammates laughter game eventually halted minutes play said newspaper south neglected southern team ranked nation scoring including touchdowns season played team considered greatest south produced including greatest according hill form superiors equals football history tech gave worst loss school history southern team long time hands took history writes team defeated eastern powers called writer finest hour win drew praise performance wrote played like demon time men directions broke loose yards occasion attempted wide end run found completely blocked suddenly ran way gaining like yards downed scored touchdowns including yard return touchdown win rival auburn yard touchdown run drew following praise length run featured brilliance getting line tackled secondary men face safety man tiger coming different angles checking speed men completely running touchdown remarkably players led country touchdowns season quarterback touchdowns second touchdowns rushed yards little carries recognized consensus team player having received team honors atlanta constitution team captain players deep south selected team named backs era team era covering years military football coaching december elected teammates captain football team enlisted august assigned replacement regiment camp gordon georgia october transferred camp promoted rank sergeant played football camp gordon camp teams november camp gordon played game home town columbus georgia locals held day honor game camp gordon december runs yards scored touchdowns end season picked second team service team war ended november discharged army december post war august accepted job coach led football team assistant coach family later years married approximately wife living columbus georgia working salesman living columbus wife operating tire business inc business sold provided road service washing oil wife moved atlanta employed sales manager automobile accessories business contributor competing stories origin mascot sources cited story written october football game alabama mississippi wrote end quarter earth started distant rumble continued grow excited fan stands hold horses elephants coming stamped alabama varsity working solicitor worked teammate phillips massachusetts mutual living atlanta employed massachusetts mutual apparently second wife identified later general agent president based atlanta died home atlanta february age time death survived wife step daughter buried columbus georgia named players played pioneer section inducted | Everett Strupper | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
4239_1998GatorBowl | bowl bowl post season american college football bowl game chapel hill stadium jacksonville florida january game final contest ncaa division football season teams 53rd edition annual game ended victory north_carolina selected play bowl reward regular season facing ranked north_carolina tar heels heels gone regular season ranked seventh associated_press poll heading game north_carolina narrowly missed large selection higher prestige postseason game playing new head coach time taken head coach december brown announced departing position head coach texas game kicked january jacksonville florida opening north_carolina dominated aspect game quarter tar heels scored unanswered points including defensive touchdown north_carolina added points second quarters tech scored points game yard field goal tar heels rounded game scoring points fourth quarter tar heels set school records largest bowl game margin victory points scored bowl game touchdown passes bowl game eventual loss largest bowl loss school history named valuable players respective teams team saw multiple players selected nfl draft followed game team selection college football season bowl selection committee held contracts exchange pay total million participating teams committee held right second pick bowl eligible teams conference conference champion awarded automatic spot game expected select conference second place team circumstances arose prior final week regular season appeared circumstances throw plan confusion north_carolina second place team risen associated_press college football poll considered candidate large selection north_carolina selected higher tier bowl game door opened notre dame play bowl provided second place team available play end runner north_carolina bypassed officials leaving team available bowl facing tar heels second place finishers bowl officials considered inviting place west_virginia reputation bringing large numbers fans bowl games decided inviting recognition north_carolina west_virginia played bowl north_carolina north_carolina tar heels began college football season having gone year ended win west_virginia bowl hopes high tar heels heading season writers fans picking north_carolina chance compete national championship tar heels bore hopes game season beating big opponent indiana north_carolina rose national college football polls victory indiana followed week win stanford_university season opening wins followed succession tar heels beat maryland september virginia september score prior win virginia north_carolina rose polls remained level win fell october lost north_carolina october week inactivity tar heels rose north_carolina defeated state rival score week half tar heels beat narrowly thursday night game ninth game season tar heels lost florida state loss sole losing effort season came hands eventual champion game tar heels lost starting quarterback broken ankle north_carolina recovered loss win final games duke despite having loss tar heels denied chance participate game instead accepted bid bowl virginia tech began college football season having gone previous season ending loss nebraska orange bowl began new season hopes repeating success saw team reach consecutive games previous seasons loss starting lineup led years left people skeptical tech chance reach game games season answered critics wins season opening win followed win syracuse triumph temple shutout win saw elevated position national college football polls followed loss miami ohio dropped tech rose victory west_virginia lost loss returned tech polls recovery followed victories final games season lost pittsburgh virginia dual losses dropped tech polls time opening week season prepared bowl recording regular season record buildup media coverage contest focused north_carolina rejection new coach questions lightly regarded virginia tech team compete north_carolina squad fact reflected game point spread december shortly matchup announced spread favored north_carolina win points sports commentators including said north_carolina deserved prestigious bowl game high ranking alliance served purpose said interview politics usual game 27th meeting teams continuing matchup started despite early beginning teams hadn played tickets game sold quickly trailed game approached sold tickets days selected week later tech managed increase total effort spur sales school athletic director asked fans buy tickets plan attending game tickets donated charity incentive officials select school agreed sell tickets minimum north_carolina agreed sell resulted tech selling tickets school forced purchase remaining costing north_carolina tickets sales slower having sold school weeks matchup announced bowl ticket office sold approximately tickets directly fans officials predicted crowd people game reduced ticket sales concern officials eyed television contract nbc following game attendance viewership game broadcast low negative effect negotiations future contracts nbc rival cbs brown following conclusion regular season prior north_carolina acceptance invitation play bowl head coach received offer texas school head coach day half texas extended offer brown resigned position north_carolina head coach accepted texas job replaced fired days earlier finishing season record immediately brown resignation question replacement coach team bowl arose brown offered stay coach team bowl game proposal met hostility north_carolina players felt betrayed coach resignation school administrators choice replace brown georgia head coach previously characterized north_carolina head coaching position dream job rejected administrators offer saying commitment current players following rejection north_carolina offer players approached north_carolina athletics director demanding hire brown defensive coordinator team new head coach offensive coordinator considered remaining candidates davis indicated intention follow brown texas administrators players demand named north_carolina new head football coach players brawl day brown announced acceptance texas head coaching position seven north_carolina football players allegedly assaulted north_carolina student severely injuring seven charged offenses ranging assault simple assault players charged defensive leader american linebacker starters north_carolina defense time policy dictated immediate suspension player charged punishment lesser charges decided case case basis investigating incident north_carolina school officials cleared seven accused players participate judicial charges pending seventh accused player backup defensive tackle suspended indefinitely team legal action proceeded north_carolina coaching staff administration criticized allowing accused players participate game critic saying school order better chances win game following game players found guilty simple assault found guilty charges dismissed seventh player pleaded contest charge north_carolina offense field north_carolina offense led quarterback plagued injuries college career managed set north_carolina single game passing record threw yards replaced original starting quarterback broke ankle midway regular season finished season having completed passes yards touchdowns splitting command regular season north_carolina averaged points yards game favorite passing target wide receiver set school record catching passes regular season overall north_carolina offense averaged passing yards game season ground north_carolina rushing game led running finished season yards touchdowns 24th player north_carolina history rush yards season tar heel school history rush yards yards receiving game practice game strained right knee putting presence game doubt backup played games year rushes team 2nd leading north_carolina rushed times yards regular season expected play bowl fractured suffered 10th game season offense regular season averaged points game scored points consecutive games streak dating season offense led field quarterback passed yards touchdowns ran yards regular season beginning december clark underwent surgery left knee order repair damaged joint long recovery time involved surgery questioned play bowl able play strength days prior game clark presence game doubt caught flu developed degree fever clark backup freshman quarterback completed pass attempts season yards touchdowns injured virginia tech wide receiver scales didn play weeks regular season surgery injured despite playing games season finished regular season receiver catching passes yards scales injury caused ranked worst receiving averaging yards game air game moved closer scales recovered injury appeared near strength rushing offense led running led rushing yards averaging yards game entered bowl virginia tech history point accumulated rushing yards final season supported ran yards touchdowns regular season parker found success passing game tech leading receiver season catching passes yards runner lead team backing running transfer student accumulated carries yards touchdowns players assisted offensive line led named team predicted face tough task stopping north_carolina ranked defense north_carolina defense north_carolina defense best country regular season finishing year ranked second total defense yards game fifth scoring defense points game tar heels ranked second country terms rushing yards allowing average rushing yards game regular season statistics performance consensus team america defenders defensive end linebacker tackles season loss lead team categories defender linebacker team american particular felt confident guarantee prior game win held virginia tech points team scored total season north_carolina defensive players performed season defensive tackle named team selection earning tackles loss fellow defensive tackle finished total tackles tar heels faced setback defense team defensive involved car accident injured face neck shoulder despite requiring williams recovered injuries play game defense defense appeared strong games season later games allowing points final games entire season allowed points stars defense defensive tackle team best tackles loss amid total tackles linebacker team leader tackles recording walk defensive tackle fifth team tackles tied sacks quarterback starting linebacker predicted miss game knee injury special teams squad highly regarded defense overall 14th nationally net 37th returns player country position averaging yards kick regular season success blocking kicks blocked seven season north_carolina special effort prepare kick special teams set single season records field goals points scored kicking season extra points field goals caught flu prior game summary 53rd edition annual game kicked january estimated fans attendance game held jacksonville stadium renamed game televised nbc estimated million americans watched broadcast giving game television rating 12th highest bowl games season broadcast week prior game weather cold rainy temperatures inches rain weather clear temperatures near degrees north_carolina won ceremonial pre game coin toss determine possession elected play defense begin game quarter game opening returned yard line ran play game pass quarterback play went yards needed runs running pick remaining yard tech yard line earned yard plays clark completed seven yard pass wide receiver short forced punt ball rolled bounds north_carolina yard line remaining quarter north_carolina prepared possession game play game running ran middle yard gain gain quarterback completed yard pass tight end virginia tech yard line inside territory ran yard gain followed pass gained yards play following catch north_carolina virginia tech yard line left field slightly backup running replaced ran yards middle stopped gain play pass fell incomplete north_carolina entered game attempt yard field goal good remaining quarter north_carolina took lead north_carolina post score returned yard line prepared second possession game parker stopped gain run attempt attempt play stopped loss yard facing clark attempted scramble stopped gain yards having gone kick downed yard line north_carolina offense returned second possession game play drive gained yards run middle field play completed yard pass broken free defense barnes end zone touchdown extra point kick north_carolina led remaining quarter following north_carolina short return took yard line tech play clark completed seven yard pass williams running stopped yard loss clark pass attempt fell incomplete going tech kick returned north_carolina yard line tar heels began possession game play drive pass gained yards yard line gained yard short run threw yard pass wide receiver brown play gave tar heels tech yard line gained yards running play incomplete passes later north_carolina time game ball rolled end zone offense started yard line left quarter yard rush followed pass running lost yards following negative play north_carolina committed yard penalty gave seven despite extra provided penalty clark pass attempt incomplete prepared punt kick north_carolina defender broke offensive line blocked punt tar heels defender picked loose ball ran end zone north_carolina second touchdown game following play north_carolina yards excessive celebration resulting yard extra point kick good despite missed kick north_carolina extended lead remaining quarter kick slipped subsequent offense started yard line gained yards play drive clark sacked yard loss sack final play quarter north_carolina lead quarters played second quarter second quarter began virginia tech possession ball facing long quarterback sack final play quarter play quarter tech quarterback sacked time ball loose ball picked end zone defender touchdown game north_carolina missed extra point kick following previous touchdown tar heels head coach ordered team attempt point conversion order gain missed extra point previous play pass attempt fell incomplete seven seconds second quarter north_carolina led tar heels returned yard line clark yard completed yard pass facing clark tech yard line following parker gained yards running play clark completed yard pass parker aided yard personal foul penalty north_carolina play following pass penalty tech entered north_carolina territory time tar heels yard line play inside territory clark completed yard pass parker apparent touchdown play yard penalty yard line ran yards clark threw incomplete passes forcing punt kick downed yard line offense took remaining halftime ran yards picked yard gain second completed yard pass barnes ran seven yards yard line gained run yard line attempted deep pass ball fell incomplete second completed yard pass sacked defense sack forced punt second time game ball rolled bounds yard line point rushed yards play drive giving yard line rushes gained seven yards north_carolina committed yard penalty giving yard line clark threw incomplete pass tackled gain running play tech committed yard delay game penalty clark sacked loss tech kick partially blocked allowing north_carolina return ball yard line virginia tech tar heels began drive inside virginia tech territory remaining half play drive yard run followed incomplete pass missed pass play caught short pass ran straight ahead yard gain run followed incomplete passes punt tar heels attempted try convert fourth fourth pass fell incomplete turned ball downs tech yard line clark completed yard pass parker threw incomplete pass minute remaining clock clark completed yard pass pass attempt batted north_carolina defense second clark completed pass tar heels yard line deep pass went incomplete clark sacked ball second time half loose ball picked seconds remaining offense returned field north_carolina tried deep pass attempt scoring position end half sacked tar heels football end half lead quarter virginia tech began half possession football north_carolina received ball begin second half returned yard line committed yard personal foul penalty north_carolina began possession second half virginia tech yard line play half short run incomplete passes tar heels prepared punt kick north_carolina faked punt pass ball linebacker normally played defense gained yards play allowed continue drive yard line north_carolina committed yard delay game penalty play lost gaining yards advancing ball tech yard line running play followed pass yard gain needing yard gain north_carolina stopped attempted convert fourth kick field goal ran ball straight ahead gained needed gaining yard line plays later ran goal line end zone touchdown second half extra point kick partially blocked defense good tar heels extended lead remaining quarter returned north_carolina yard line began drive second half backup quarterback replaced starter drive play running broke free north_carolina defense yard gain north_carolina yard line yard gain completed pass wide receiver yard line run gained yard tackled yard loss threw incomplete pass facing fourth needing yards tech coach attempted convert fourth punt yard line stopped loss yards sacked seven yard loss completed short pass parker elected attempt convert fourth instead sent game attempt yard field goal kick good remaining quarter tech cut north_carolina lead rolled end zone north_carolina started second drive half yard line play drive yard run followed yard pass needing single yard tar heels rushed straight ahead gained yards yard line north_carolina continued ball efficiently gained yards rushing play threw short pass gained yards broke free defense play resulted virginia tech yard line sacked yard loss sack completed yard pass yard line attempted scramble gain stopped gain play final quarter ended north_carolina possession firm lead fourth quarter fourth quarter began north_carolina possession ball facing second tech yard line play quarter completed yard pass barnes touchdown extra point good tar heels extended lead remaining game north_carolina returned tech yard line offense began drive fourth quarter tech play drive trick reverse scales gained yards trick play incomplete pass yard line rushed yards stopped gain tech attempted convert fourth pass fell incomplete turned ball downs remaining following turnover yard line stopped gain rushing play passed gain completed yard pass brown failing gain tar heels ball returned yard line gained yards rush right ran yard left field football loose ball picked tech drive continued rush gain running play resulted tech second drive unlike previous recovered north_carolina tar heels offense position scoring attempt turnover north_carolina tech yard line threw yard pass north_carolina stopped yard loss running play tar heels earned yard run threw incomplete pass second resulted yard gain run left field tech yard line ran straight ahead yard gain stopped yard loss play north_carolina recovered loss yard pass touchdown extra point kick blocked penalty allowed chance extra point second attempt successful kick gave lead remaining game returned north_carolina tech yard line began final possession game completed yard pass ran yards north_carolina yard line pass gained yards lost yards play sacked yard loss fourth pass batted defense offense returned field remaining game backup quarterback came field tar heels handed ball ran ball twice yard broke free defense gained yards tech yard line rushes gained yards ran remaining time game clock time expired north_carolina won bowl statistical summary recognition performances game north_carolina quarterback named valuable player winning team backup quarterback named valuable player losing team finished game having completed pass attempts yards opposite ball completed passes yards carried ball times ground total yards quarterback replaced finished game having completed pass attempts yards north_carolina receivers benefited passing proficiency barnes caught passes yards touchdowns caught passes yards leading receiver parker caught passes yards ground north_carolina carried ball times yards touchdown game second leading receiver terms catching passes yards second team rushing accumulating yards seven carries running led yards carries barnes yard touchdown reception sixth longest scoring play bowl history time game effects loss dropped final record north_carolina win raised final record tar heels rose final college football polls season finishing fourth place coaches poll sixth associated_press media poll defeat worst loss shutout jacksonville businesses hotels benefited influx town guests fans arrived outside jacksonville area estimated million extra city economy fans praised stadium facilities attractions available visitors nbc television coverage game given high marks commentator called broadcast sloppy routine concerned low attendance game officials able sponsorship agreement game previous contract expired following game coaching changes north_carolina head coach confirmed position prior assistant coaching positions filled school game january hired texas running backs coach fill new position special teams coach fill job offensive coordinator hired offensive coordinator filled position nfl draft weeks following game players team announced intentions enter nfl draft north_carolina defender handful eligible players national_football_league requires player years high school declined enter draft instead choosing return school year north_carolina seven players taken draft selected round taken eighth pick 17th pick 19th pick remaining selections overall players taken round draft players taken later rounds overall | 1998 Gator Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
4278_2009AlabamaCrimsonTidefootballteam | football team football team variously alabama tide represented ncaa division football season overall season season member sec 18th team led head coach year played home games stadium alabama finished season undefeated record sec national champions looking build successes campaign alabama entered season favorite win meet sec championship game alabama closed regular season record including wins ranked teams met sec championship rematch contest alabama victorious final score following day final bowl championship series standings unveiled ranked alabama meet ranked texas crimson tide defeated capture alabama earned sec championship inception 22nd sec title victory texas gave alabama 13th national championship football eighth wire service title poll began ninth perfect season season included victories previous national champions florida texas season marked time player alabama won trophy won award stanford running award winners included won award jack defensive coordinator won award nation assistant coach players named consensus selections unanimous selections season campaign completed perfect regular season record wins georgia longtime rival tennessee state rival auburn end game losing streak tide went lose final games postseason end season lost sec championship game alabama reached coaches polls time final polls regular season time weeks fourteen tide reached rankings time school history weeks fourteen team finished season final ranking coaches polls february alabama signed recruiting class according rivals recruiting class according scout spring practice began march concluded annual day game april televised live espn crimson team defeated white team score fans named game june sanctioned alabama major violations ncaa policies result athletes received improper benefits ncaa sports including football penalty football program forced vacate victories seasons addition placed years probation ending june university stated textbooks materials identified investigation profit athletes involved eligibility remaining pay additional materials identified inquiry alabama appealed ruling late june unsuccessful committee upheld sanctions march sec media days july voters selected alabama florida win divisions ballots choosing florida win sec championship game voters selected defensive selected arenas return specialist august alabama players different preseason award watch lists included jones fred award award award trophy jones award trophy johnson arenas jim award walker award returning starters alabama returning starters previous season including defense offense special teams notable departures previous year offensive line quarterback running safety recruiting class alabama recruiting class highlighted seven players espn trent richardson kelly eddie alabama signed recruiting class according rivals recruiting class according scout football program received letters intent national signing day february schedule computer ratings calculated alabama strength schedule difficult teams calculated difficult teams rankings alabama schedule officially released december accordance conference rules alabama faced opponents arkansas auburn miss faced opponents official sec rival tennessee kentucky south_carolina alabama play sec opponents georgia regular season schedule met florida sec championship game alabama played non conference games season opener tide played chick game virginia tech georgia dome atlanta non conference schedule included games football championship subdivision alabama played texas time cotton bowl classic source time football results season depth chart starters coaching staff prior season alabama changes coaching staff alabama lost defensive head coach january hired defensive coordinator linebacker coach january hired linebacker coach tennessee following week named nfl team new assistant head linebacker coach auburn new associate head linebacker coach game notes virginia tech defeating inaugural chick game alabama announced december return edition tide dominated play game tech total offense yards mistakes penalties poor play special teams allowed hang fourth quarter points sealed alabama victory scored field goals yards early lead responded yard return touchdown tech lead following recovery deep territory tide retook lead yard field goal early second quarter intercepted pass ensuing possession tech led successful yard field goal alabama responded driving yards touchdown lead big plays coming yard run passes yards score coming yard roy run virginia tech possession personal pass interference penalty carried williams scoring yard touchdown run score remained half missed yard field goal end second quarter quarter ball tech long run lone scoring opportunity team quarter point fourth quarter hit yard completion yard line scored touchdown play successful point conversion pass gave alabama lead ensuing recovered tide tech following alabama drive stalled fourth field goal score poor coverage penalties set yard williams run cut lead late fourth quarter alabama quickly struck rushed yards completed yard pass threw yard touchdown lead threatened score alabama won opener led tide yards rushing carries pair touchdowns named sec offensive player week victory improved alabama time record golden proved tougher opponent alabama expected half tide pulled away victory home opener alabama opened scoring yard field goal followed yard touchdown pass gave lead followed touchdown returning ensuing yards bringing score responded yard field goal extend lead early second quarter following bounds set golden ensuing yard drive resulted yard touchdown pass gave lead responded yard drive culminating yard touchdown run half trent richardson continued alabama scoring quarter yard touchdown run extend lead yard punt return set richardson second score yard touchdown run play fourth quarter alabama led scored tide final points yard touchdown run bring final score alabama total offense rushing offense set time alabama record completing consecutive pass attempts yards touchdown yard touchdown rushing performance richardson named victory improved alabama time record golden alabama second consecutive matchup opponent season resulted second consecutive victory tide defeated north texas mean green opened scoring yard touchdown run followed yard touchdown pass quarter lead tide continued scoring second quarter touchdowns yard run yard pass followed yard field goal gave alabama lead half quarter extended lead following touchdown runs yard respectively reached end zone yard touchdown pass alabama closed game fourth quarter points yard field goal yard grant touchdown run alabama mean green yards total offense points alabama game beating texas scored defeating completing passes tied school record overall completion percentage game notable head coach high school head coach led texas class high school football championship victory improved alabama time record mean green arkansas visit head coach alabama opened conference play defeating arkansas scoreless quarter big touchdown plays yard run yard pass tide half arkansas responded early quarter cut lead hit yard touchdown reception reach end zone tide responded unanswered touchdowns scored yard touchdown pass followed touchdowns yard pass yard run bringing final score alabama yards total offense threw career highs yards touchdowns yard carry touchdown performance richardson named victory improved alabama time record ncaa kentucky alabama trip lexington road game season tide defeated kentucky alabama scored opening drive returned opening yards set yard touchdown early lead kentucky responded pair yard field goals score end quarter tide extended lead late second quarter following nearly seven minute play yard touchdown drive passes yards yard run moved field culminating yard touchdown pass tide seconds remaining half kentucky ball catching short pass returned yards alabama touchdown tide ahead halftime second play quarter intercepted mike pass giving alabama possession plays later scored yard run making score following interception set yard field goal reached end zone time ensuing drive connected yard touchdown reception bringing score tide responded yard touchdown reception complete play yard drive kentucky scored afternoon final points fourth quarter yard touchdown run final score kentucky effort better alabama previous opponents gained yards total offense held alabama threw touchdowns giving season interception rushed yards carries tackles solo interception forced pass break named sec defensive player week week victory improved alabama time record miss largest crowd witness game stadium alabama defeated long time rival miss rebels alabama struggled ball end zone afternoon drives stalled mississippi drives resulted field goal day special teams contributions included blocked punt second quarter recovered punt return quarter struggled completing passes yards ran career high yards accounted alabama touchdown yard run second quarter alabama defense excellent day pass overall tide held rebels yards total offense single field goal quarter center named sec offensive week named field goal performance victory team sixth row rebels improved alabama time record miss ncaa south_carolina south_carolina trip tide defeated south_carolina homecoming second play start game intercepted stephen pass returned yards touchdown alabama lead struggled threw pair quarter offensive possessions south_carolina ball return second interception possession recovered tide continued drive kicked field goal alabama ahead following failed yard field goal attempt second quarter south_carolina answered driving alabama yard line defense held offense consecutive result yard field goal score following possession ran yards south_carolina drive stalled field goal south_carolina responded quick drive ended yard field goal time expired half score scoreless quarter alabama took possession following punt taking direct formation rushed yards carries took pitch yards touchdown sealing alabama victory alabama offense turned ball times game committing games yards rushing marked consecutive career high effort highest single game total alabama history performances named sec offensive player week named trophy impact player week victory improved alabama time record ncaa tennessee edition saturday october defensive struggle surprise finish crimson tide defeated tennessee volunteers defensive struggle teams field goals accounted alabama scoring tennessee defense stopping tide consecutive drives alabama defense responded pass quarter ensuing drive resulted yard field goal lead responded yard field goal tied game hit field goals yards lincoln missed yard attempt end half leaving score halftime scoreless fourth tennessee drove alabama blocked lincoln field goal ensuing possession hit yard field goal bring score late fourth lost time collegiate career giving tennessee possession alabama remaining game drove ball yards culminating yard touchdown pass cut gap followed successful kick attempt regained possession ball yard line tennessee yards false start completed pass yards yard line clock final seconds tennessee time outs ball stop clock seconds left set lincoln yard field goal attempt win game knocked broke line blocked lincoln field goal time expired preserving alabama victory perfect season performances named sec defensive week named week sec west divisional championship line alabama defeated long time rival secure spot sec championship game following scoreless quarter took possession play quarter embarked play yard drive ended yard touchdown pass lead returned ensuing punt yards alabama tide drove settling yard field goal score team mount sustained drive rest half start second half alabama received took possession started getting ball drive responsible yard reception rushes yards advanced ball tiger plays later hit touchdown pass kentucky game alabama ensuing drive stalled tide punt downed alabama yard line plays later sacked safety making score returned free kick drove yards touchdown big play coming yard run point conversion attempt failed leaving score favor alabama received relied seven rushes yards accounted offense drive ended yard field goal making score following alabama took possession yard line completed screen pass jones turned yard touchdown successful point conversion alabama led went play yard alabama drive consumed game time ended yard field goal left seal alabama victory alabama won championship clinched berth sec championship game florida clinched east day victory rushed yards jones receiving yards victory improved alabama time record tigers playing largest crowd witness game davis wade stadium wearing black time history alabama cruised victory long time rival scoreless quarter alabama scored pair touchdowns second lead touchdown came yard reception second yard run yard field goal extended lead scored points night yard field goal ensuing returned ball yards play hit yard touchdown reception score intercepted pass alabama bulldog offensive series following play scored touchdown yard run bring final score game threw yards touchdowns passing rushed yards touchdowns held total yards pass performance left guard named sec offensive week victory improved alabama time record ncaa senior day alabama college football football championship subdivision defeated stopped possession alabama reached end zone consecutive possessions running lead half quarter touchdowns included yard run yard run yard reception second quarter touchdowns scored yard punt return yard run quarter points coming yard field goal final points afternoon came yard roy touchdown run fourth set time sec record seventh punt return touchdown named week led offense yards touchdowns pulled early second quarter alabama total offense recorded defensive shutout defeating auburn victory improved alabama time record auburn year alabama victory contest auburn tigers ended tide victory regular season tigers entered game took ball alabama initial struck quickly auburn fourth play raced yards reverse touchdown auburn lead run longest allowed tide yard run arkansas auburn successfully executed kick retained possession ball kick auburn drove yards plays scoring yard touchdown pass trailed game seven points season found quarter early second quarter alabama completed play yard drive scoring yard run backup trent richardson key plays yard pass yard pass richardson exchange gave alabama good starting position auburn tide quickly struck hitting tight end yard touchdown pass left game tied halftime quarter auburn scored quick strike tigers took possession punt rushed yards hit yard completion auburn completion marked longest play allowed defense season longest pass play gave alabama opportunity returning ensuing yards auburn struggled entire game rushed yards yards held gain fourth alabama turned ball downs auburn went arenas set tide returning punt yards auburn yard line alabama drove auburn settling field goal cut deficit alabama kicked plays later auburn quarterback threw interception gave alabama possession auburn tide drove tigers drive stalled forcing field goal score quarter ended auburn continued hang point lead team progress possessions early fourth quarter exchange alabama got ball began soon known drive richardson opened yard rush completed yard pass plays later completed yard pass jones advancing ball tide plays later second pass jones yards led plays fourth pass jones fourth auburn yard line second auburn chose different target hitting richardson auburn yard line yard run richardson auburn tigers called time left richardson took ball yards auburn leaving tide team called time succession left alabama offensive coaches called running play head coach unwilling settle field goal overruled decision demanded pass completed yard touchdown pass string giving alabama lead completed seven consecutive passes drive missing point conversion attempt failed lead points auburn took possession following took run plays advance ball seconds completed yard pass alabama ball pass fell incomplete game alabama survived beating auburn despite yards held yards rushing florida alabama faced florida sec championship game rematch contest tide capturing 22nd conference championship following victory tide struck driving yards opening possession kicked yard field goal lead following florida possession alabama responded play yard touchdown drive drive completed key passes rushed yards touchdown taking lead following missed extra point ensuing possession hit yard field goal score end quarter alabama scored second quarter yard field goal complete yard drive extend lead florida followed turned touchdown drive game rushes yards yards quarterback trophy winner followed yard touchdown pass florida cut lead offensive play took short pass raced yards yard line ran touchdown yards play ended half yard field goal halftime score florida opened quarter tide offensive series second half completed yard pass maze followed yard personal foul penalty bringing ball red zone play completed drive yard touchdown pass tight end alabama took lead florida got possession ball alabama taking ball yard line quarter alabama held ball rest quarter fourth game time play yard drive rushed yards drive scored yard touchdown run early fourth quarter increase lead florida mounted late drive reached alabama threw interception end zone florida possession turned ball downs alabama tide able run clock secure victory yard touchdown passing performance named game mvp rushed rushed yards victory gave alabama 22nd sec title inception years longest time program gone sec championship victory improved alabama time record ncaa vacation victory alabama earned sec championship inception 22nd sec title texas following victories respective conference championship games december final bowl championship series standings unveiled pitting ranked ranked game held rose bowl actual rose bowl game ohio_state beat oregon days earlier alabama came game having beaten texas compiling time record alabama won toss elected receive opening losing thirteen yards sack penalty called fake punt resulted texas interception alabama yard line initial possession texas quarterback suffered hit forced leave game suffering nerve throwing shoulder return freshman replaced quarterback settled field goal lead ensuing kick texas retained possession ball alabama failed field kick advanced ball yards kicked field goal ahead tide went ahead second quarter threw yards passing alabama yards came completion advanced ball texas plays later ran yards alabama went ahead exchange took possession texas yard line second play trent richardson burst hole middle raced yards untouched touchdown extending lead texas continued struggle offense absence possession texas drive ended intercepted gilbert pass alabama following short punt late quarter drove texas increased lead following successful yard field goal appeared locker room leading gaining yards rush middle texas called time seconds left ball texas gilbert threw pass ball batted arms alabama defensive yards touchdown halftime score having sacked times half considerable success rushing ball alabama came rushing halftime attempting passes 3rd quarter gilbert struggled early game started find rhythm efforts texas receivers catch pass thrown line game yard touchdown pass gilbert cut lead early fourth missed yard field goal ensuing possession drove yards scored touchdown yard reception successful point conversion pulled score points following alabama punt texas gained possession yard line second play drive laid hit gilbert forced alabama recovered texas plays later rushed yards game ran score gave alabama lead following drive gilbert threw second interception arenas trent richardson touchdown seconds left final score performances named game offensive mvp named defensive mvp alabama beat texas time history won championship game won national championship alabama thirteenth claimed eighth national championship vote poll coaches poll coming ninth perfect season coming alabama school major college history joining ohio state rankings entering season ranked coaches week seven alabama moved ranking poll ranking coaches poll initial rankings dropping low following victory florida sec championship game alabama captured ranking coaches polls final rankings following victory texas championship game alabama selected unanimous team coaches poll season following victory texas national championship team arrived regional airport evening january thousand fans greet arrival january public national championship celebration attended spectators speakers event included head coach alabama athletic director championship trophies available public viewing early march team invited white_house obama greeted team offered remarks championship season victory team member coach received championship rings designed university issued title ring issued title ring winning sec championship rings distributed annual day weekend following april day celebrations team captains honored ceremony base recognition fifth alabama head coach win national championship university unveiled statue coach walk champions outside day festivities april final statistics victory texas alabama final team statistics released defensive ball ranked second scoring defense points game second total defense yards game second rushing defense yards game tenth passing defense yards game conference leaders scoring total rushing defense offense nationally ranked 12th rushing offense yards game 22nd scoring offense points game 42nd total offense yards game passing offense yards game individually led sec average field goals points game awards weeks following multiple alabama players recognized field performances variety awards team awards banquet december named permanent captains squad time named valuable players named defensive players year johnson named offensive players year conference sec recognized players individual performances awards alabama swept major individual awards sec team named offensive player year named defensive player year named coach year addition defensive named sec team arenas return specialist named sec second team players named coaches sec team including arenas defensive return specialist named coaches sec second team trent richardson named freshman sec team national season number alabama players named national award winners finalists alabama trophy winner closest margin victory history award stanford finalist walker award won award jack award national award finalists included award defensive coordinator won award nation assistant coach addition individual awards players named national american teams named american team named american second team named arenas named arenas named america team selections teams consensus unanimous selections star games seven alabama players selected postseason star games appeared texas nation game participated east west shrine game played armour senior bowl nfl draft draft eligible declared eligibility nfl draft alabama players seniors invited nfl scouting combine invited alabama players tight end offensive defensive linebacker defensive backs draft alabama seven players selected round selections 8th jackson 20th houston second round picks arenas 50th 57th round pick seventh round picks washington dallas respectively signed free agents following season declared eligibility nfl draft alabama players seniors invited nfl scouting combine invited players offensive quarterback defensive end running wide receiver draft alabama set school record players selected round round selections 3rd buffalo bills jones 6th atlanta carpenter 25th seattle 28th selected seventh round signed free agent july nfl labor dispute resolved | 2009 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
4323_1885NavyMidshipmenfootballteam | navy football team navy football team represented college football season team fourth football squad represent marked time school played multiple game season squad captained year began victory followed close losses reserves squad season continued seven season game rivalry began game seven year rivalry prelude according biographer evidence form football came school cadets lost interest game shortly afterward football team fielded squad entirely student operated receiving official support officials team entirely funded members fellow students team participated game resulted scoreless tie played apparently academy superintendent cow pasture navy field football team lack support officials football returned academy squad led player coach won match starting seven year rivalry schools season resulted navy loss defeat navy returned favor following year defeating close game schedule season summary scheduled games season breaking tradition playing according football shed clothes autumn rolled faculty actually gave admitted football interesting diversion squad allowed schedule games played located game kicked brief rivalry conclude navy winning eighteen contests match victory second game season annual thanksgiving day match winning previous year navy fell season concluded challenging princeton freshman team game ended shutout loss navy players team thirteen players different positions squad consisted seven quarterback postseason aftermath postseason college football game played establishment east west tournament game later known rose bowl participate rose bowl season went tied washington match result lack competition postseason games played season according statistics compiled princeton declared season champion season brought navy overall win loss record brought academy record tie season marked time team play multiple game season schedule expanded games continued grow subsequent years worst single season record academy went navy finish 1880s winning seasons overall record school opponents finish 19th century overall record | 1885 Navy Midshipmen football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
4451_CurleyByrd | february october american university administrator educator athlete coach politician began long association undergraduate eventually rose position university president interim served university athletic director head coach football baseball teams amassed record football record baseball university current football field predecessor named honor graduate school football early users newly forward pass brief baseball career including season pitcher resigned university president order enter politics ran unsuccessful campaign democratic candidate maryland governor later received appointments state offices responsibilities chesapeake_bay 1960s unsuccessful bids seats chamber united_states congress proponent separate equal status racial segregation roles university administrator political candidate student government association agreed resolution support changing stadium history september president appointed task force develop viewpoints options university president recommendation governing body maryland state universities change maryland stadium ultimate decision change rests december voted remove stadium renaming maryland stadium time early life born february maryland children county commissioner wife youth worked chesapeake_bay fishing industry saved money finance college education attended excelled baseball diamond known hometown recreational later source described appeared tall saying goes built like whip handsome face big flashing eyes red cheek black hair looked like worthy cold sinister resolution college career graduated enrolled known star college athlete participated varsity football baseball track served football team captain pitcher baseball team set school record second yard dash track leaving father warned try play thing called football ignored advice reported football practice head coach told play kids football man game allowed fill end scout team shortage players sitting games nielsen sent substitute navy play impressive earn position team elder read son newfound stardom newspaper wrote going play football glad summers weekends supplemented income continuing work fisherman graduated second class degree civil engineering graduation maryland spent years graduate work law journalism known time eligibility limitations played football george_washington georgetown ran track georgetown called quarterback east master forward pass years notre dame according story end end throw exact copy passing technique irish got headlines press agent georgetown didn played maryland based semi professional baseball teams pursuing graduate studies chicago_white_sox signed soon traded semi professional baseball team pitched returned maryland later year married divorced years later couple sons daughter harry sterling william coaching career injuries claimed football players team longer field practice squad college turned serving coach georgetown willing help alma mater later replaced head coach resigned mid season accumulating record led wins final games season hired instructor english history named head coach track baseball teams coached according author tales university initially offered coach football demanded parties came agree salary coaching teaching duties spanned months year worked sportswriter job held football coach developed unique offensive scheme called system combined elements single wing double wing formations track football players said practice game pointed mistakes explained wrong took calm approach strongest thing sake duties expanded include athletic director year requested funds construction campus dedicated football stadium named honor tenure head football coach compiled record administrative career appointed post assistant university president proponent unification baltimore professional schools single public instrumental consolidation act named student newspaper lead advocate adoption university official nickname mascot promoted vice president university july named acting president university officially appointed presidency february tenure budget facilities faculty enrollment increased significantly school budget increased campus expanded largely political maneuvering washington school saw large growth enrollment returning veterans making use bill world war university budget increased million million student enrollment grew time period value campus rose million million stood fast faculty salaries reportedly said dozen years refused release university financial records state legislators exactly secured funding projects largely mystery according financed new basketball arena state tuition paid federal government maryland high school graduates attended university bill calculated extra fees totaled million determined bounds legality staunch supporter separate equal state university system princess anne campus provided agricultural education provided liberal arts education state black students remained open white students governor criticized example state spending especially critical expansions princess anne campus geographically disconnected state black population attracting students study agriculture contractors begun projects college approval public works board described usual practice secured approval board princess anne expansions sizable increase university budget hired year old paul bear head coaching post led record personalities clashed tensions came head reinstated player suspended violating team rules resigned head coach hour later caused students restore order years later hired football coach year prior oklahoma fielded winning team athletic department ran huge deficit players paid violation conference rules resulted university president firing athletic director media blamed termination told cross role matter threatened reveal oklahoma team paid bowl cross asked persuade public according author autumn remembered replied persuade hell tell damn mouth shut remained coach maryland amassed record national collegiate athletic association passed set regulations called purity code later renamed code permitted student athletes free tuition meals required time jobs legitimate pay work schools found violation expelled ncaa seven schools called seven virginia maryland admitted violation code time magazine asserted far widespread seven confessed maryland seven school major football power eighty scholarship players led stand code president called code citadel leadership refused lie stay association requested termination ncaa membership convention decide virginia fate said ohio_state want vote expulsion virginia ohio_state facilities care athletes virginia ensuing vote fell short needed thirds majority expel seven football team season culminated victory ranked tennessee sugar bowl maryland participation violation resolution passed mid season banned participation postseason bowl games maryland accept bowl invitation despite objections coach thought threatened sanctions prevented maryland playing games following season severely disadvantage team maryland violated bowl game ban sanctioned incident break formation schools founding members opponents alleged emphasized athletics academics college football coach rise position university president campus expansions responsible construction stadium cole field house time largest basketball arena critics alleged facilities constructed expense campus libraries built resigned post tenure ended effectively december political career resigned presidency january embark unsuccessful campaign governor maryland narrowly beat perennial candidate democratic primary faced republican incumbent general election campaigned stance separate equal won comfortable baltimore black jewish upper middle class white districts took blue collar white south neighborhoods including home street state middle class white voters support lost went unsuccessful bids democratic nominations despite lack success campaigning receive gubernatorial appointments chairman maryland commissioner chairman commission governor appointed commissioner fisheries fisheries officer killed illegally disarmed force action credited helping end long standing river wars following example producing states authorized fossil shell mining produce crushed shells form beds ignored warning stay away private planting promoting formation plan failed opposition business career active business civic organizations involved merger formed largest bank maryland outside later served company vice president business real estate construction active service organizations member organized served president member organization civilians programs policies death died heart condition october baltimore maryland interred maryland reads educator statesman president emeritus father builder greater consolidated university maryland founded inducted head coaching record football baseball | Curley Byrd | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
4517_2011LSUvs.Alabamafootballgame | alabama football game alabama football game regular season college football game unbeaten ranked nation unbeaten alabama crimson tide ranked nation november alabama coined game century time southeastern conference sec football teams came regular season matchup undefeated ranked nation game dominated defense special teams won overtime field goals alabama foster attempts proving decisive game alabama met field met annually coach hired capacity alabama annual contest arguably heated rivalry start season alabama ranked ranked major college polls prior annual meeting team defeated opponents moved spot victory west_virginia game matched defenses sec college football alabama received ball begin game scoreless quarter alabama missed field goals teams scored field goals second alabama attempt blocked early second quarter left score tied halftime alabama took lead tied game fourth quarter send game overtime overtime period alabama missed yard field goal connected yard field goal win game weeks game teams defeated remaining opponents captured defeated georgia december final bowl championship series standings released ranked alabama ranked set rematch rematch alabama defeated captured national championship pre game buildup alabama met field continuously prior game alabama held overall lead time series wins ties historically main rival alabama auburn tennessee coach hired capacity alabama season alabama game major rivalry game school beginning season teams ranked alabama victory arkansas west_virginia september november game viewed national media playoff winner advancing week polls released game officially college football regular season matchup michigan ohio_state football game time regular season matchup sec conference foes rankings conference rivals hype led matchup game referred game century preseason polls opened season team coaches polls week tigers met oregon ducks classic highly regarded oregon running attack defense held ducks yards rushing won game win moved coaches polls held minus yards rushing faced ranked opponents road consecutive weeks west virginia tigers managed score single touchdown strong defensive performance won game season ranked opponent played game west_virginia able tigers total offense yards resulted victory result win combined ranked opponents selected team following week tigers returned home defeat kentucky return suspension defeated victory stadium tigers selected team coaches polls time season upset week defeated auburn tigers home entered bye week undefeated ranked game alabama prior game alabama defense ranked near major defensive categories nationally ranked fourth total defense yards game scoring points game rushing defense yards game tenth passing defense yards game sec tigers ranked second total scoring rushing defense fourth passing defense nationally offense ranked twelfth scoring offense points game 31st rushing offense yards game total offense yards game passing offense yards game sec ranked second scoring offense fourth rushing offense sixth total offense eighth passing offense alabama preseason polls alabama opened season ranked team coaches polls defeated season opener alabama dropped poll result victory oregon week crimson tide traveled beaver stadium time play defeated lions returned pair home games north texas alabama defense dominant secured shutout crimson tide defense season victory following week alabama opened conference play victory arkansas defeated extend record victory florida regained ranking poll alabama returned home homecoming game second time season alabama defense shutout victory win miss rebels stadium alabama returned annual saturday october contest crimson tide defeated tennessee fifth consecutive season victory entered bye week undefeated ranked game prior game alabama defense ranked near major defensive categories nationally nationally sec ranked total yards game scoring points game rushing defense yards game nationally ranked second sec pass defense yards game nationally offense alabama ranked eleventh scoring offense points game fourteenth rushing offense yards game 23rd total offense yards game 63rd passing offense yards game sec ranked total scoring rushing offense fourth passing offense game summary originally air cbs start time cbs reassigned game primetime television trade announced october deal cbs involved games networks gave future scheduling considerations season espn case cbs allotted sec primetime slot alabama florida game earlier season edition football rivalry kicked november crowd people alabama game broadcast nationally prime time cbs provided play play commentary provided color commentary served reporter estimated million people watched game television broadcast cbs broadcast earned television rating highest rating non bowl college football telecast cbs quarter winning coin toss alabama elected receive ball open half fielded returned alabama yard line offense began series alabama opened pair gains yard run yard pass reception reach yard line drive stalled plays fourth missed yard field goal wide right game remained tied zero tigers began offensive series quarterback yard line gained pair downs runs short passes lee drive ball bounds alabama alabama started second drive short gain threw yard pass maze gained pair downs maze reception runs richardson drive stalled foster missed field goal time yards game remained tied zero possession short gain lee completed short pass threw interception alabama yard line began offensive series yard completion end quarter second quarter yard gain richardson start quarter alabama lost total seven yards consecutive plays set long field goal attempt time yard attempt blocked recovered returned alabama possession took tigers quarterback gained yard run pair short runs drive stalled wing forced punt alabama started short gain richardson consecutive runs ball yard line play alabama longest play game threw yard pass richardson brought ball yard line fourth time offensive possessions defense held alabama field goal attempt time yard kick good crimson tide took lead received began fourth offensive possession tigers opened drive runs yards ford followed short runs jefferson ford bring ball alabama yard penalty jefferson completed yard pass tigers goal alabama yard rush ford jefferson called holding resulted goal alabama yard line jefferson threw followed run gain ford called time seconds left half set field goal attempt alabama followed second time attempt ice kicked yard field goal time expired tie game halftime quarter received ball start second half started fifth offensive drive gained short pass pair runs alabama defense stopped tigers series force punt alabama started able muster resulted punt night lee quarterback threw second interception time alabama possession defense held alabama offense check set long field goal attempt time foster connected yard field goal lead drive able gain pair downs primarily runs jefferson ford forced punt alabama started drive able gain pair downs passes threw interception morris returned alabama quarter ended plays later pair runs resulted gain fourth quarter yard jefferson run open fourth quarter kicked yard field goal tie game alabama began series yard richardson reception followed yard run connected maze yard reception richardson yard run yard run play maze threw interception trick play yard line tigers possession alabama held wing yard punt alabama possession alabama traded offensive possessions send game overtime tied overtime overtime period alabama offense opened drive pair richardson yard penalty yard quarterback sack foster missed yard field goal possession yard rush ford yard run tigers alabama seven pair runs loss yard kicked yard field goal victory scoring summary statistical summary game noted dominant defense performances teams alabama similar statistics compiled yards total offense compared yards alabama quarterback completed passes passing yards receiver game trent richardson yards followed yards entered game tigers starting quarterback threw pair lee replaced remainder game game lee completed passes yards jefferson completed passes yards tigers receiver game yards terms rushing offense alabama yards led ran rushing yards led ground richardson carried ball times yards led ford rushing yards saw jefferson rush yards carries pick yards carries defensively led alabama total tackles game followed interception accounted quarterback sack game led tigers total tackles game followed interception montgomery accounted quarterback sacks aftermath victory atop polls took game lead standings alabama ultimately secured place sec championship game tigers went finish regular season victories miss arkansas sec championship rallied early double digit deficit defeat georgia won conference championship retained unanimous ranking secured place defense ranked near major defensive categories nationally game alabama moved second scoring points game rushing defense yards game total defense yards game ninth passing defense yards game tigers remained ranked second total scoring rushing defense fourth passing defense conference offense tigers dropped 20th scoring offense points game 38th rushing offense yards game total offense yards game passing offense yards game conference remained second scoring offense sixth total offense eighth passing offense dropped fifth rushing offense alabama loss alabama dropped coaches polls standings went finish regular season victories auburn final weeks series occurred allowed alabama remain contention final ranking qualify alabama secured place completed regular season ranked score slightly ahead score difference teams closest final ranking ranked teams current formula instituted alabama defense ranked major defensive categories nationally game ranked total yards game scoring points game rushing defense yards game moved pass defense yards game alabama remained conference leader major categories offense dropped 23rd scoring offense points game 21st rushing offense yards game 30th total offense yards game passing offense yards game conference alabama remained rushing fourth passing offense dropped second total scoring offense rematch december final bowl championship series standings unveiled ranked followed alabama set rematch teams weeks led game notion split national championship major storyline case poll tied bowl championship series voters expressed vote champions lost defeated alabama regular season game alabama shut voted national champions crimson tide consensus national championship avoid split title players drafted nfl years players participated game taken nfl draft represents highest number players taken regular season game represents second highest number players taken nfl draft teams participated second bowl produced future draft picks final pick came selection nfl draft saw selections final irrelevant pick following table lists participants alabama game later drafted nfl team | 2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
4852_VenricMark | mark mark american football running return specialist wide receiver cedar mark attended west texas previously playing northwestern completed junior season northwestern team college football america team team punt selection big team second team running holds northwestern records single game single season career return yards single game punt return yards record high school time state champion track field state football player recruited division college football programs early years mark spent freshman year greater houston aftermath hurricane katrina brought troubled students public high school transferred high school private minutes away sophomore mark competed events scored points high school placed fifth class track field championship year placed second long jump feet inches triple jump feet inches participated medal winning metres relay metres relay teams junior described gifted player expected future star time defending state champion football team going state playoffs mark touchdowns return specialist yards end junior year timed seconds yard dash division scholarship offers interested programs included northwestern rice arizona summer prior senior year increased inch frame pounds pounds senior played running division football semifinals mark yards carries including rushing touchdowns yard receiving touchdown stopped fourth goal yard line seconds left team lost mark senior season statistics yards rushes yards total touchdowns punt returns seven touchdowns called penalties honored team state selection senior offers schools including finalists northwestern arizona iowa state colorado virginia major defensive end colorado defensive end texas committing northwestern mark went win gold medals class state track field championships won meters seconds meters long jump feet inch record triple jump feet inches anchor winning metres relay mark state championship meet elite athlete scoring points school finished runner points state championships metres relay team favorite disqualified earlier competition college career mark true play game october yard end run november mark recorded return yards wisconsin established single game return yard record shy big conference record tied big record single game returns earned mark recognition week november recognized mark selection freshman american second team punt sophomore team mark switched wide receiver running season game michigan played linebacker order shadow season ended car care bowl texas game mark recorded returns yards gave northwestern record setting single season totals returns return yards surpassing records set mark scored rushing touchdown game junior mark preseason candidate year tallied yard rushing games yard rushing season northwestern punt return touchdown northwestern september northwestern blocked punt returned touchdown season opener august miami addition scoring punt return touchdown september syracuse broke northwestern single game punt return yards record stanford yards year old career yards records career high tying purpose yards effort earned big special teams player week rushing yards day career high subsequent week yard effort totaled yards september scored rushing touchdowns september yard effort set new career high september totaled yards indiana scored second punt return touchdown october making score punt return touchdowns season second set career high yards minnesota october efforts mark named american team selection punt honorable mention american purpose selection sports_illustrated following big conference football season mark second team big selection running coaches media walker award awarded best running mark national statistical leaders purpose yards rushing yards mark began season affected injury play special teams appeared august opener fourth quarter mark play october ohio_state sidelined weeks later mark learned early august suspended games northwestern football team violation team policy decided pursue fifth year season division west texas close mother grandmother professional career december mark signed released april june mark signed cedar personal summer freshman year college lost brother cousin best friend fatal shooting deaths mark father involved life years raised mother attended mark came having born father parents met boarding school london brothers named victor vincent sister named special high school stayed lived nearer school | Venric Mark | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
5413_1996OrangeBowl(December) | orange bowl december 63rd orange bowl known orange bowl bowl alliance game played december champions came game record ranking nebraska members came game ranking high scoring affair nebraska defeated predecessor bowl championship series rules following season played december instead january later marked time played prior new year day orange calendar year january following season december following season fourth sixth selections eligible teams selected champions virginia tech nebraska large selection appeared national championship game contender loss texas inaugural big championship game weeks game filled controversy teams multiple players arrested charged crimes despite having lost game nebraska heavily favored spread favored points depending source won national championships presented imposing history compared posted important win school history end previous season defeating texas sugar bowl december weather clear warm start game light rain began fall fourth quarter scored taking lead end quarter advantage game second quarter nebraska scored times points taking lead virginia tech quarterback threw touchdown pass seconds remaining half cutting nebraska lead quarter teams alternated scores nebraska maintaining point lead end quarter nebraska lead final quarter game nebraska scored unanswered points large number backup players advantage final score nebraska team selection season member precursor modern bowl championship series formed prior college football season effort match teams conclusion regular season ensuring high ranking teams allowed participate high profile bowl games alliance included big conference atlantic coast conference agreed champions conference play games bowl big conferences separate agreement rose bowl included bowl alliance alliance bowl championship series fourth sixth selections eligible teams sugar bowl picks bowl picks received fifth picks restrictions end season played december marking time history game played january orange year end season conclusion season time year college football playoffs nebraska began season having won national championship nebraska member new conference big conference merged texas schools big widely expected nebraska repeat performance time nebraska ranked associated_press preseason poll lived ranking game season september nebraska overwhelmed week nebraska fans shocked big national season nebraska shut loss dropped nebraska rankings season wore nebraska rose ranks won seven consecutive games nebraska record point earned trip big championship game missouri texas despite nebraska early season loss chance win record setting consecutive national championship win texas earn nebraska bid sugar bowl game florida state decide national championship unfortunately nebraska upset heavily favored nebraska days losing texas nebraska awarded bid virginia tech entered season having ended victory texas sugar bowl december considered important game virginia tech history point following victory hopes high repeat performance season kicked season ohio nearly upset eventually won game tech dropped rank close finish traveled boston massachusetts play nationally televised game tech defeated eagles followed win home opening victory traveled syracuse new_york play syracuse lost recovered win final seven games regular season securing championship trip buildup nebraska heavily favored win contest point spread favored nebraska points points heading teams presented study contrasts boasted string seasons victories received straight bowl bids spent consecutive weeks ranked poll recorded straight capacity home stadium bowl streak dating years independence bowl game nebraska 16th orange bowl nebraska seven teams college football seasons prior wins seasons nebraska victories weeks matchup announced sold tickets nebraska sales reaching mark time took tech sell slow nebraska sales largely fans booked trips sugar bowl anticipation victory big championship game disappointed loss people elected trip miami december days prior game tech increased total nebraska improved sold game orange bowl played miami professional football arena pro player stadium instead stadium order secure place bowl alliance modern facility larger seating capacity field problems months weeks days prior nebraska football teams affected multiple criminal incidents months immediately prior players accumulated arrests convictions charges dropped notable arrests came december slightly weeks prior starting backup wide receiver arrested charges rape attempted players immediately suspended football team day coach announced indicating backup defensive tackle backup linebacker backup receiver participate offensive nebraska offense conclusion regular season boasted rushing offense college football averaging rushing yards game overall yards game despite figures leading hampered injury participation doubt led nebraska offense carries rushing yards seven touchdowns suffered stress fracture foot second nebraska regular season game rushing yards team high rushing touchdowns limited groin injury injuries earned yards seven touchdowns regular seasons anticipated significant playing time wide receiver suffered ankle injury practice able play quarterback nebraska transfer player stanford passing yards passing touchdowns rushing yards season team frost army fewer overall nebraska totaled yards offense points game big offense virginia tech led offense quarterback season completed pass attempts yards touchdowns career total yards touchdowns numbers considered quarterback prospects upcoming nfl draft despite success rushing game received attention averaged yards rushing attempt produced yards rushing touchdowns regular season tech yards game rushing average division schools players particular contributed rushing success running backs combined yards tech total missed games injury accumulated career highs rushing yards touchdowns parker missed games discipline related suspension earned yards touchdowns yards touchdowns helping block way center named american playing school record 48th straight game defensive defense led defense america defensive end selection accumulated sacks tackles loss quarterback total tackles regular season named team big east selection signifying status best player position conference followed named year end previous season tech leading linebacker accumulated season free safety significant presence defense gray ranked team solo tackles total tackles started game tech seasons immediately prior second team big east pick gray supported defensive secondary caught tech best regular season december practice linebacker suffered ankle injury threatened force sit starter regular season eventually recovered participate game injury point media interest days prior defenders injured practice prior game suffered minor leg injury defensive end broke nose nebraska defense nebraska defense ranked country rushing defense scoring defense allowing averages rushing yards points game nebraska ranked total defense permitting yards game defense nebraska american defensive ends recorded sacks tackles loss team best quarterback regular season recognition performance named second team american finalist award led nebraska sacks tackles loss named consensus american indicating selection team american major selection panels man nebraska leading honor went defensive tackle named team big selection defensive secondary defensive led catching returning touchdown regular season pass game summary orange bowl kicked december est game attendance announced giving lowest attendance poor attendance despite fact tickets sold game unused tickets purchased corporations failed use game televised cbs broadcasters approximately million people tuned watch game television earning broadcast nielsen rating temperature degrees weather clear percent humidity wind east mph referee umpire quarter virginia tech won traditional pre game coin toss elected kick nebraska begin game returned nebraska yard line ran play game play frost completed yard pass followed rushes picked yards process crossed half field yard rush frost threw incomplete pass unable pick gaining yards pass frost nebraska came field punt kick sailed end zone began possession yard line tech drive began threw incomplete pass tech play sacked yard loss facing evaded sack connected yard pass picked pushed tech nebraska field despite gain unable gain ran yard threw successive incomplete passes kicked ball nebraska returned yard line nebraska offense returned field remaining quarter nebraska second possession game mirrored picked throw unable gain stopped loss play punt following kick took yard line performed better possession picking quick rushes completed throw pushed nebraska territory second time rushed yards play ran option saw players combine yards nebraska yard line ran yard pushing red zone play inside nebraska red zone completed yard pass touchdown game points kicked extra point took lead remaining quarter drive covered yards taken plays game time following post touchdown short return nebraska offense began work yard line rushes different players resulted yards run tech committed yard personal foul penalty pushed nebraska nebraska yard line frost threw incomplete pass ran twice yards crossing half field process tech yard line frost completed yard throw picked tech yard line time running quarter executed quick yard rush tech yard line end quarter led nebraska scoring position second quarter second quarter began nebraska possession ball yard line facing second needing yards play quarter nebraska tackled yard loss failed trick play pushing nebraska yard line rushed yards failed pick nebraska sent game brown yard field goal successful nebraska cut lead remaining halftime post score rolled end zone began yard line play nebraska committed yard penalty parker ran combined yards plays picking shortened provided penalty tech yard line threw consecutive passes incomplete second gained yard gained yards gain tech lost rush threw incomplete pass sacked loss yards play nebraska began tech yard line kick returned yards took quick advantage good field position ran yards frost passed yards pushing nebraska inside red zone play punt frost ran remaining yards crossing goal line touchdown extra point good remaining nebraska took lead subsequent committed yard personal foul penalty allowing nebraska kick yard line instead regulation yard line kick resulted tech started yard line picked yards rush parker earned seven yards tech ran consecutive times yards parker stopped gain ran ball seven yard gain nebraska yard line gained yard carry left play sacked yard loss minor gain completed yard pass play holding penalty effectively resulting loss yards pushing yard line play holding penalty football nebraska defender loose ball picked ran yards defensive touchdown score gave nebraska lead remaining half following offense began work cut nebraska lead halftime started yard line completed yard throw stopped gain carry left tech yard line carried ball yards deep inside nebraska half field nebraska committed yard penalty stopped short gains plays following penalty forced use order stop clock moving allow time plan play seconds remaining half parker ran remaining yards nebraska yard line completed yard pass white unable bounds cross goal line tech forced stop clock seconds remaining play completed yard pass tech second touchdown game score came seconds remaining half extra point good cutting nebraska lead seconds remaining half appeared little chance nebraska chance score nebraska received yard line returned nebraska frost attempted long pass nebraska position field goal attempt throw fell incomplete instead trying long pass nebraska proceeded run clock went halftime lead quarter nebraska received ball begin game received ball begin second half following return began yard line play second half broke loose yard run nebraska yard line despite strong opening play tech unable gain forced punt gaining additional yards tech punt rolled bounds nebraska yard line subsequent drive initial offensive explosion tech drive end successful rushed yards caught yard pass nebraska yard line frost threw incomplete passes yard toss facing fourth needing yard nebraska head coach elected attempt gain punt ball rushed yards nebraska able convert fourth followed success breaking loose yard run touchdown second half extra point good nebraska extended lead remaining quarter following nebraska tech tried answer score started yard line parker caught yard pass ran yards tech yard line threw incomplete pass followed yard run yard completion time tech yard line picked yards short runs advanced nebraska field yard pass stopped gain threw connected white yard gain tech touchdown second half extra point good trimmed nebraska lead points tech drive covered yards plays game time offense returned field remaining quarter nebraska began yard line returned yards frost ran yards earned yards rushes giving nebraska tech yard line frost pass drive fell incomplete ran seven yards frost completed second pass drive yards time tech yard line rushes created yards bigger loss came tech defense brown injured nebraska offense pressed onward aided yard pass interference penalty nebraska capitalized yard rush giving nebraska touchdown seconds remaining quarter extra point good nebraska returned point lead nebraska returned tech yard line ran yard play quarter quarter remaining game possession ball trailed fourth quarter fourth quarter began virginia tech possession ball facing second yard line play quarter completed yard pass tech yard line parker ran yards tech forced play light rain began fall remainder game coming threw incomplete pass play rushing yards picking yard line nebraska followed rush time yards gains play committed penalty pushed yard line threw incomplete passes tech forced punt nebraska began possession yard line tackled yard loss assessed yards penalties return frost threw incomplete pass ran yards frost completed yard pass nebraska yard line frost continued drive earning yards option picked yards followed gaining yards downs plays frost completed yard throw tech yard line outside tech red zone drive stopped short loss frost ran yards threw incomplete pass causing fourth kicked second field goal game time yard kick successful remaining game nebraska lead time running offense returned field needing score nebraska downed end zone started yard line need quick points injury left game throwing incomplete pass play drive backup quarterback unable gain returned game tech nebraska returned kick yard line started nebraska games regular season entered game ran straight plays yards play green ball recovered nebraska player frost completed yard pass tech yard line stopped losses consecutive running plays frost broke free yard touchdown run score subsequent extra point gave lead remaining game limited time left game meant little chance good point deficit tech hopes nebraska returned yards nebraska yard line providing chance quick score completed yard pass long return giving tech yard line unable advance ball ran yards threw incomplete passes turning ball downs firm lead nebraska proceeded run short rushes running clock bringing game end nebraska won 63rd orange bowl statistical summary organizers recognized valuable players following 63rd orange bowl running nebraska running awarded honor carried ball times game total rushing yards average yards carry caught passes yards making game leading receiver leading carried ball times yards touchdowns caught pass yards returned yards accounted majority total rushing yards nebraska players run ball accounted nebraska yard rushing total carried ball times yards touchdowns despite hampered injured foot managed seven carries yards told seven nebraska players managed carry ball hand saw players carry ball carries yards rushing game tech passing offense finished ahead nebraska quarterback completed pass attempts earning passing yards touchdowns opposite ball nebraska quarterback earned passing yards completed passes attempts combining rushing passing totals results similar total offensive performance teams finished game net yards offensive plays nebraska net yards offensive plays slight advantage time possession real statistical difference comes penalties tech committed yards nebraska yards sole turnover game returned touchdown quarterback threw interception rushing yards tech fifth highest total history point touchdown passes came notre dame quarterback touchdown passes previous season orange bowl virginia tech center set record making 48th consecutive start game defense gray led defenders total tackles second nebraska tackles pass breakup nebraska players tackles apiece players recorded tackles loss nebraska recorded sacks defense unable sack manage seven tackles loss compared nebraska effects nebraska win pushed final record loss dropped season final associated_press poll season finished 13th nationally thanks appearance revenue sharing agreement schools earned million playing orange bowl million total came directly bowl remaining came revenue sharing pool generated teams participated bowl games million football team wealthiest schools participated bowl games season multiple players team selected nfl draft took place april nebraska players selected | 1996 Orange Bowl (December) | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
5830_1882NavyMidshipmenfootballteam | navy football team navy football team represented college football season team second football squad represent team coached player coach entirely student operated captained squad member team played single game shutout school win squad entirely student operated supported faculty season mark beginning season rivalry prelude widely believed football researchers playing football began november player challenged player nearby princeton contest closely resembled soccer teams scoring kicking ball opponent net lacked uniform rules structure game developed slowly rules drafted october consisted guidelines number teams participating sport increased game effectively controlled claimed national championships years yale presented form challenge claiming national championships time period football team fielded squad entirely student operated receiving official support officials team entirely funded members fellow students continue season team led coach team participated game resulted scoreless tie played likely unused drill field campus navy field football team likely lack support schedule season summary navy season began second year cadet formed team led player coach appointed captain squad carter scheduled single game season played thanksgiving day baltimore based team players unable play school administrator negative views sport navy team played official permission year team received approval according faculty actually gave admitted football interesting diversion heavily game point players teams clear layers snow field making large piles snow sides playing ground field yards yards feet apart feet high half game went scoreless reported visitors pushed navy place goal line half play ball kicked number times going far retrieved boat play continue american described second half detail minutes interval ball play time kicked rest period apparently academy making vigorous got ball street following scored touchdown academy try goal failed ball instead going line fell field hands academy team quick decisive run got ball goal line scored touchdown washington street wisconsin identified person score touchdown stated pennsylvania cadet caught street blocked kick scored second touchdown sun covered detail uniforms squads wore sported blue black white striped uniforms wore white uniforms teams nailed strips leather shoes help deal slipping players coaching staff players team players different positions squad consisted ends tackles guards center coaching staff took coaching duties team academy coach decade later hired school coach squad appointed official umpire time staff members postseason aftermath postseason college football game played establishment east west tournament game later known rose bowl participate rose bowl season went tied washington match result lack competition postseason games played season according statistics compiled college football research center yale declared season champion giving eighth championship overall win school history continued team shutout streak lose game season ending consecutive shutout season defeated season marked start season long rivalry navy win games team coach season hired lead navy finish 1880s winning seasons overall record squad opponents finish 19th century overall record | 1882 Navy Midshipmen football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
5918_2007Navyvs.NorthTexasfootballgame | navy football game navy football game regular season college football game navy north texas mean green played november field texas game holds record combined points scored ncaa regulation game total points mid season non conference game meeting teams came game highly rated offenses poorly rated defenses game record recently defeating notre dame fighting irish break streak consecutive losses team win qualify bowl game mean green held record bowl eligible winning remaining games team offense improved course season quarter game mean green led points second quarter teams combined score points setting records points scored quarter half rallied strong rushing offense lead beginning quarter mean green offensive momentum second half navy held lead remainder game win improved making team bowl eligible fifth straight year finishing regular season record played bowl losing loss navy gave mean green record team eventually finished record season pre game buildup navy triple option offensive scheme head coach gained rushing yards team nation record games season ninth game team defeated notre dame fighting irish triple overtime ending year losing streak notre dame navy rivalry improving team record games remaining season navy needed win bowl eligible sponsors arranged navy college football conference play bowl won games defense allowed average points game spread offense scheme implemented year head coach mean green experienced offensive success defensive led record games season rivalry game september mean green quarterback threw yards single game performances history defensive errors interception returned touchdown fourth quarter led loss losing arkansas dodge replaced freshman games starter set new passing record coming game mean green ranked 12th nationally passing offense dodge defensive squad continued struggle team allowed average yards rushing game ranking nation rushing defense ranked scoring defense allowing opponents score average points game coming bye week team entered game record game summary game scheduled begin central time field texas opening performed country thee star banner conclusion national anthem united_states navy aircraft performed past stadium quarter mean green scored possession previous games team scored opening drive wide receiver caught yard touchdown pass quarterback mean green recovered kick ensuing scored touchdown following drive kicked field goal possession added touchdown giving lead navy scored touchdown seven seconds remaining quarter period ended mean green ahead second quarter navy forced begin second quarter punt running ball second play drive mean green recovered possessions team resulted touchdowns drives took minute game time reach end zone fifth took barely minute final minutes half forced mean green punt plays navy quarterback threw yard pass running ran touchdown play north texas got ball seven seconds left half chose attempt score end half mean green led quarter navy began quarter play yard touchdown drive composed completely runs gave lead game extra point attempt blocked drive outside linebacker intercepted pass yard line plays later navy running ran yards touchdown making score mean green responded play yard drive ended touchdown pass play ran yards plays later ran touchdown bringing score end quarter fourth quarter drive ended interception time linebacker ensuing drive stalled downed punt north texas yard line plays later mean green called holding end zone giving navy safety campbell returned ensuing free kick touchdown giving lead running scored touchdown mean green point conversion attempt failed leaving mean green attempted kick navy recovered enable run clock win scoring summary source final statistics combined total points scored teams game set record points scored regulation length game breaking previous record points set defeated rice combined points second quarter points scored half set ncaa records game capped period highest scoring college football games played touchdown passes total previous games set ncaa record touchdown passes freshman single game set school record running yards rushing touchdowns game tied school record scoring points eighth consecutive game post game effects post game press conference head coach described game bizarre defensive coordinator criticized team defensive performance awful awful awful win guaranteed spot bowl held san_diego california december navy lost game fifth straight bowl game navy loss dropped mean green team finished season record coach expressed post game press conference saying game like team finished season averaging worst points allowed game final game season dodge fired defensive coordinator replaced season mean green finish defensive rankings allowing average points game | 2007 Navy vs. North Texas football game | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
5939_2012AlabamaCrimsonTidefootballteam | football team alabama crimson tide football team variously alabama tide represented ncaa football season marked overall season playing college football member sec 21st team led head coach sixth year played home games stadium alabama finished season record wins loss overall sec sec champions consensus national champions defeated notre dame bowl championship series captured national championship signed highly rated recruiting class february completed spring practice following april returning starters previous season alabama entered season defending national champions ranked number team nation favorite win compete sec national championships opened season consecutive victories included michigan neutral site come victory road tenth game alabama upset dropped number position rankings series victories final games included winning sec championship georgia alabama qualified notre dame won captured national championship conclusion season alabama defense led nation total defense scoring defense rushing defense ranked 7th passing defense alabama offense ranked 12th scoring offense 16th rushing offense 31st total offense 75th passing offense starting quarterback ranked nationally pass efficiency additionally players recognized individual accomplishments field starting center won named academic america year defensive coordinator named assistant coach year players named consensus selections unanimous selections season previous season alabama came season ranked preseason polls won consecutive games open season lost ranked overtime alabama won remaining games finished regular season wins loss secured fourth consecutive win season finished final rankings stanford set rematch game alabama defeated allowed yards total offense team bowl history shut opponent victory gave alabama 9th consensus national championship coach college football win spring practice spring practice began march concluded annual day game april players compete spring practice period injuries team annual day game conclusion spring practice white team composed defensive starters defeated crimson team offensive starters crimson team opened offense offensive play threw interception team traded quarter ended tied zero offensive play second quarter tackled safety crimson team lead white team responded possession yard field goal took lead threw yard touchdown pass jones gave crimson team halftime lead quarter white team scored pair touchdowns successive possessions took lead pair long touchdown passes yard reception yard reception crimson team responded play yard drive saw hart run yards yard touchdown pass unsuccessful point conversion white team led end quarter fourth defenses held offenses scoreless points came late game recovered returned yards touchdown white victory performance earned dwight day game award game seven tackles included tackles loss quarterback sacks offense earned day game award purpose yards day included rushing receiving yard touchdown reception fall camp august alabama combined players different preseason award watch lists players included award johnson award johnson jones williams award award johnson williams trophy brien award jones williams trophy jones trophy jim award walker award august official summer practice held thomas drew practice facility august released depth chart game starters michigan personnel coaching staff alabama head coach sixth year head coach season previous years alabama led overall record wins losses national championships january alabama officially hired washington offensive coordinator tennessee volunteers outside coach took place left head coach thompson took place left defensive coordinator tennessee departed starters conclusion season draft eligible junior starters trent richardson declared eligibility national_football_league nfl draft addition declared early starters graduated season graduating starters alabama offense included wide receiver tight end center graduating starters alabama defense included safety nose guard linebacker graduating starter alabama special teams maze return specialist returning starters depth chart starters recruiting class prior national signing day february high school players graduated early junior college transfers recruiting class enrolled spring semester order participate spring practice early included defensive wide receivers linebacker defensive tackle taylor running high school defensive backs junior college february seventeen additional players signed play alabama completed recruiting class alabama recruiting class highlighted thirteen players espn safety athlete cyrus jones athlete wide receiver offensive tackle cooper wide receiver running outside linebacker outside linebacker defensive tackle inside linebacker tyler outside linebacker signed recruiting class according recruiting class according recognition accomplishments helping alabama land highly rated class named year schedule schedule officially released december addition missouri conference sec abandoned previous scheduling format accommodate expansion alabama faced opponents arkansas auburn faced opponents official sec rival tennessee missouri alabama play opponents georgia kentucky south_carolina florida regular season alabama played non conference games michigan sun belt conference western alabama bye week games miss missouri victory auburn alabama won championship qualified play sec championship game georgia sec championship game alabama defeated captured 23rd sec championship football december qualified play notre dame finished position final standings addition weekly television coverage radio coverage games broadcast statewide radio season play play color commentary reports schedule source game notes michigan october officials alabama university_of_michigan announced meet open season classic arlington texas game alabama took quarter lead defeated open season michigan won coin toss elected second half alabama opened play michigan held possession drive ensued alabama mix play action passes rushes ended yard touchdown reception lead crimson tide defense forced punt alabama drive connected yard touchdown reception lead michigan stalled drive threw interception returned michigan yard line rushed yards end zone touchdown lead end quarter possession second quarter alabama drove yards michigan yard line kicked yard field goal lead team traded possessions robinson threw second interception game time returned interception yards touchdown lead drive robinson found wide open yard pass completion alabama yard line robinson scored yard run cut score alabama ended half recovered time expired halftime michigan received ball start second half opening drive robinson rushed yards threw yard pass alabama defense forced punt alabama drive started strong yard reception pair yard runs sacked yard loss result foster later missed yard field goal wide left michigan drive ensued stalled michigan elected fourth robinson rushed initially ruled yard later overturned video evidence turned ball downs alabama drove michigan yard line foster connected yard field goal extended crimson tide lead responded possession final points game robinson connected yard touchdown reception score end quarter team traded second possession fourth quarter started yard line drive rushed yards passed yards michigan called yard pass interference penalty set yard touchdown run alabama lead michigan alabama traded possessions scoring michigan possession game backup michigan quarterback threw interception alabama game non freshman rush yards game individual performances named named sec week victory improved alabama time record home opener season alabama shut open game alabama scored yard touchdown pass jones capped play yard drive drive ensued forced recovered square yard line unable capitalize turnover sacked twice forced punt defense responded drive second recovered game time caused recovered yard line play threw yard touchdown pass lead early second quarter sacked forced game time recovered returned alabama yard line seven plays later alabama took lead caught yard touchdown pass team traded halftime opened quarter offense plays later threw interception returned yard line plays face mask penalty brought ball yard line connected yard touchdown reception lead teams traded late fourth quarter scored yard run cap play yard drive final score game jones pair alabama receivers score pair touchdowns game caught season late game backup running suffered knee injury sidelined remainder season victory improved alabama time record arkansas road game season opponents home stadium alabama began conference play alabama previous game louisiana monroe starting quarterback suffered concussion result cleared team doctors play alabama wilson freshman start quarterback second consecutive shutout victory arkansas team traded possessions arkansas long snapped ball head gave alabama possession yard line play scored yard run lead responded play yard drive failed score points yard field goal hit left upright team traded extended lead early second quarter yard field goal arkansas possession ensued ended intercepted allen pass plays later threw yard touchdown pass cooper lead later quarter intercepted allen pass returned yard line plays later second touchdown game yard run led halftime alabama opened quarter play yard drive ended yard touchdown run ensued forced arkansas recovered foster yard line plays later alabama led scored yard run arkansas responded longest drive game ended forced recovered alabama yard line majority offensive starters pulled game reserves led alabama play yard drive ended yard touchdown run early fourth quarter final touchdown game set late game lost second game pagan tackle recovered plays later backup quarterback final score yard quarterback sneak touchdown shutout arkansas loss loss marked time alabama shut opponents consecutive weeks season performance named sec offensive week victory improved alabama time record ncaa fourth game season alabama defeated time meeting final score scored play offensive possession connected yard touchdown pass early lead alabama defense held possession crimson tide took lead drive ensued threw yard touchdown pass defense held punt recovered tim alabama yard line defensive hold blocked field goal attempt score second quarter scored yard field goal field goals yards threw yard touchdown pass jones halftime score defense dominated quarter allow single conversion period foster connected yard field goal early fourth quarter drake scored yard touchdown run lead game hand alabama played second half late fourth quarter shutout streak stretched quarter week victory michigan ended threw yard touchdown pass final score game rushed yards carries yard rushing game season late touchdown ended alabama shutout streak minutes stretched mark quarter game michigan miss alabama played home conference game annual rivalry game miss rebels game second quarter points rebels briefly held lead resulted victory team traded possessions connected field goals yards early lead second yard field goal extend alabama lead miss responded play yard drive culminated yard touchdown run gave rebels lead early second quarter time rebels took lead marked time alabama trailed regulation game tennessee miss lead lasted seconds scored touchdown ensued yard return gave crimson tide lead rebels possession threw interception plays later threw yard touchdown pass cooper extended alabama lead drive miss intercepted separate occasions intercepted wallace pass subsequently recovered scott plays later threw interception alabama yard line drove yards took halftime lead threw yard touchdown pass cooper miss scored points quarter yard touchdown run capped yard drive saw rebels convert pair fourth downs final margin provided pair field goals yards fourth quarter game eclipsed team record consecutive pass attempts throwing interception starting wide receiver backup running suffered knee injuries course game sidelined remainder season victory improved alabama time record rebels ncaa missouri meeting alabama defeated tigers season conference foes alabama won missouri stormy afternoon opened scoring second offensive play yard touchdown run early alabama lead team traded intercepted pass set alabama second scoring drive yard line yard completion scored second touchdown afternoon yard run plays later lead touchdown quarter set blocked punt recovered missouri yard line runs later alabama led pair tiger possessions ended alabama possession ended lost started fourth scoring drive afternoon drive began yard pass finished yard touchdown run immediately scored stopped game temporarily cleared field lightning strikes immediate vicinity stadium minute game resumed extra point lead missouri responded ensued touchdown afternoon yard return halftime score tigers opened quarter yard field goal cut crimson tide lead team traded fourth quarter scored touchdown afternoon yard run extended alabama lead crimson tide defense got turnover game tigers possession pass intercepted returned alabama yard line second string game final points scored yard run final score game ran yards ran yards combined touchdowns victory improved alabama time record tigers tennessee annual rivalry game alabama defeated tennessee volunteers sixth consecutive victory series teams traded open game alabama scored touchdown second possession yard pass cooper volunteers responded drive ensued yard field goal cut crimson tide lead alabama drive ended missed foster field goal yards defense responded turnover game intercepted tyler pass tennessee yard line runs yards later alabama led scored yard touchdown run crimson tide extended lead possession scored yard pass completed drive included yard cooper reception tennessee responded possession touchdown evening yard johnson run alabama closed half yard field goal halftime lead opened second half second missed foster field goal followed team trading alabama points fourth touchdown game came yard pass cooper extended alabama lead tennessee advanced ball yard line possession intercepted second pass evening early fourth alabama extended lead yard pass alabama defense held volunteers fourth possession yard line plays later scored yard run final alabama points lead tennessee scored final points game yard field goal set gave volunteers possession alabama yard line final score alabama players career days performance field career highs passing yards touchdowns cooper established alabama freshman record receiving yards game yard rushing game season yards carries touchdowns victory improved alabama time record volunteers ncaa annual rivalry game alabama defeated homecoming led early second quarter scored touchdowns offensive possessions opened game yard return set yard drive ended yard touchdown run blocked field goal attempt crimson tide took possession plays later led yard touchdown pass alabama defense forced punt game time possessions scored touchdown yard pass lead team traded outs nearly end second quarter alabama able convert yard field goal halftime lead team traded open quarter sustained longest drive game drove yards plays threw pass intercepted halted drive alabama drive ensued state managed force punt gave possession yard line early fourth quarter plays later threw career touchdown pass yards alabama lead ensued forced lewis recovered state yard line plays later alabama led yard touchdown run crimson tide reserves defense manage break shutout bid late fourth quarter state scored lone points yard touchdown pass final score victory improved alabama time record ncaa annual rivalry game alabama trailed remaining game went play yard drive capped yard touchdown pass left defeated team traded possessions took quarter lead connected yard field goal team traded alabama scored touchdown game early second quarter seven yard touchdown run completed play yard drive gave lead possession ensued alabama defense held tigers punt recovered yard line failed capitalize turnover tackled yard loss fake field goal attempt gave alabama possession yard line alabama punt missed yard field goal crimson tide took halftime lead yard touchdown run left half series open quarter scored touchdown yard run cut alabama lead ensued failed kick gave possession tigers yard line drive stalled yard line recovered responded seven play yard drive took lead caught yard touchdown pass early fourth quarter possessions included pair outs alabama drives stalled failed fourth conversion missed yard field goal tide went game winning drive left game alabama took possession yard line completed consecutive passes moved ball yard line game winning touchdown scored threw short screen pass took yards score create lead pair short passes game ended sacked square time expired tackle performance game named sec defensive player week victory improved alabama time record tigers meeting conference foes alabama upset opened scored possession yard touchdown run lead possession threw interception season plays later led caught yard touchdown pass defense held alabama second forced punt took lead late michael scored second yard touchdown run completed play yard drive crimson tide responded pair second quarter touchdowns halftime score favor visitors scored yard touchdown runs quarter points quarter came yard field goal score teams entered fourth quarter fourth connected yard field goal missed yards possession drive ensued lost responded yard touchdown pass lead alabama responded possession yard touchdown pass cut lead defense forced punt threw interception fourth goal play yard line gave possession yard line possession ensued alabama defense forced punt left game alabama gave sealed victory loss brought alabama time record final non conference game season alabama shut scored touchdowns quarters took halftime lead alabama took opening possession yards plays scored touchdown seven yard run lead defense held scored second crimson tide touchdown yard run lead second alabama scored touchdown possession second seven yard touchdown run lead end quarter open second quarter went touchdowns connected yard pass jones lead touchdowns backup quarterback took led alabama fifth touchdown possessions scored yard run touchdown afternoon defense held punt possession alabama yard line western unable capitalize turnover mitchell recovered returned yards touchdown halftime lead reserves playing offense defense second half final touchdown came quarter scored yard run final score victory improved alabama time record ncaa time sold alabama game auburn edition alabama shut auburn tigers opened game play yard drive culminated yard touchdown run lead alabama defense held auburn possession offense responded second touchdown afternoon yard touchdown run lead forced tigers punt second possession scored touchdown possessions threw yard pass cooper lead early second quarter auburn possession ensued alabama defense collected turnover game intercepted pass tigers yard line plays later led threw seven yard touchdown pass alabama defense held auburn second game crimson tide scored fifth touchdown game yard run lead auburn committed second turnover game forced mason recovered returned tigers yard line alabama took halftime lead threw yard touchdown pass cooper alabama starters game possession second half defense held tigers forced punt offense seven seven offense threw yard touchdown pass lead alabama defense allow auburn past yard line duration game secured fourth shutout season victory second largest history alabama win improved alabama time record tigers georgia victory auburn alabama clinched championship qualified play georgia sec championship game defeated team traded opening possessions recovered gave georgia possession alabama yard line crimson tide defense held yard field goal attempt missed kept game scoreless quarter ended scoreless tie georgia scored touchdown early second quarter yard touchdown pass set fake punt earlier drive gave lead team traded alabama drove ball yard line second threw interception end drive crimson tide forced punt possession alabama responded drive ensued touchdown game yard run tied game drive intercepted murray pass returned georgia yard line left half plays later connected yard field goal time expired gave halftime lead start second half georgia responded pair touchdowns took lead early quarter scored yard run completed yard drive opened quarter second came special teams play drive ensued blocked yard field goal attempt recovered returned yards touchdown lead alabama responded possession play yard drive capped yard touchdown run followed converting point conversion yard run score georgia alabama took lead play fourth quarter yard touchdown run blocking georgia responded yard touchdown run drive took lead team traded alabama scored proved game winning touchdown yard pass cooper lead team forced outs minute left game georgia drove alabama yard line drive saw long murray overturned interception final play game murray pass tipped caught alabama yard line georgia time outs remaining clock ran alabama victory game rushed yards rushed yards named performance victory improved alabama time record notre dame victory georgia sec championship game alabama qualified notre dame crimson tide captured years victory notre dame won coin toss elected second half alabama took opening possession yards plays gave early lead yard touchdown run irish possession followed held forced punt kick subsequently recovered notre dame kick catching interference penalty called irish gave possession alabama drive ensued crimson tide took lead threw yard touchdown pass capped play yard drive alabama defense forced second punt game responded touchdown game extended alabama lead yard run play second quarter notre dame responded longest play game yard pass irish surrendered ball downs failed convert fourth plays later team traded possessions scored final points half left quarter threw yard touchdown pass halftime score notre dame opened quarter offense intercepted pass gave alabama possession irish yard line drove yards plays ended yard touchdown pass cooper extended lead notre dame responded points game drive ensued yard touchdown run score alabama began final scoring drive night final crimson tide touchdown came early fourth quarter yard touchdown pass cooper capped play yard drive took clock score irish final score threw yard touchdown pass teams traded final play game short notre dame run time expired performances field named game offensive mvp named defensive mvp game rushed yards scored touchdown win alabama time leader touchdown passes surpassed previous record set cooper set single season record touchdown season caught pair season surpassed previous record caught victory improved alabama time record fighting irish rankings entering season ranked coaches victory michigan open season alabama moved position polls september rankings unveiled october crimson tide position alabama remained place major polls loss november dropped harris standings coaches poll prior loss weeks spent team poll set school record consecutive weeks ranked week loss moved position result upset losses oregon november december final rankings released position qualify victory notre dame alabama finished position unanimously coaches polls consensus national champions source ncaa football rankings season victory notre dame national championship team arrived regional airport afternoon january fans greet arrival january championship parade streets recognition championship season parade concluded master ceremonies event honored team april team trip white_house president barack_obama offered remarks championship season day celebrations april team captains square honored ceremony base final statistics victory notre dame alabama final team statistics released defensive ball teams ranked near major defensive categories nationally categories conference ranked total defense yards game scoring defense points game rushing defense yards game ranked seventh passing defense yards game individually led team total tackles assisted solo tackles tied nationally 8th conference 1st team quarterback sacks 20th conference 1st team tackles loss tied 30th nationally 3rd conference 1st team alabama total season offense teams alabama ranked 12th scoring offense points game 16th rushing offense yards game 31st total offense yards game 75th passing offense yards game conference ranked second rushing scoring offense fourth total offense eighth passing offense individually led nation pass efficiency rating led team passing offense completed passes passing yards touchdowns led team yards touchdown led team rushing attempts yards touchdown runs second team rushing attempts yards touchdown runs nationally total rushing yards placed 40th 3rd conference 9th conference awards following sec championship game multiple alabama players recognized field performances variety awards team awards banquet december square named permanent captains squad time named valuable player named defensive players year jones named offensive players year conference sec recognized players individual performances awards december named year december jones named sec team named sec second team named sec honorable mention team jones named coaches sec team named coaches sec second team named sec freshman team national season number alabama players named national award winners finalists finalists major awards crimson tide included jim award award manning award award december jones awarded referred academic december awarded center college football named academic america year coaches defensive coordinator named assistant coach year individual performances regular season players named national american teams named america team named named jones named named freshman america team jones named named named jones named america team ncaa recognizes lists determination consensus unanimous america selections order earn consensus selection selected team lists recognized ncaa unanimous selections selected team lists season unanimous selections jones consensus selections star games alabama players selected postseason star games selected play senior bowl extended participate game additionally syracuse invited compete fourth year non seniors participate history game seniors square participated inaugural college football star classic alabama players participate east west shrine game casino del college star game collegiate bowl coaching changes weeks followed conclusion season changes alabama coaching staff december defensive backs coach officially hired defensive coordinator replacement remained staff january colorado defensive coordinator hired replacement secondary coach february offensive line coach resigned position took assistant coaching position february head coach hired replacement offensive line coach february resigned position wide receivers coach took position tight ends coach recruiting coordinator later hired replacement wide receivers coach nfl draft draft eligible declared eligibility nfl draft january time announcement projected round pick projected lower second round picks previously indicated declare draft return senior seasons february alabama players seven seniors invited nfl scouting combine invited players defensive square linebacker defensive backs running offensive round players selected 9th new york jets 10th tennessee 11th san diego selected second round 61st johnson jones selected fourth round san francisco selected fifth round selected seventh round days draft players squad drafted signed free agents players included square atlanta | 2012 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
5972_2011AlabamaCrimsonTidefootballteam | alabama crimson tide football team alabama crimson tide football team variously alabama tide represented ncaa division football season overall season member sec 20th team led head coach fifth year played home games stadium alabama finished season record wins loss overall sec consensus national champions completion season signed highly rated recruiting class february completed spring practice following april seventeen returning starters previous season alabama entered campaign ranked number team nation favorite win compete sec championship alabama lost regular season matchup result qualify sec championship game despite winning conference championship final bowl championship series rankings released alabama number ranking qualify rematch crimson tide defeated tigers capture second championship years conclusion season alabama defense led nation major statistical category season additionally players recognized individual accomplishments field won trophy won walker award finalist named sec offensive player year seven players named consensus selection jones richardson unanimous selections april members squad selected nfl draft additional signed free agents teams season winning alabama fell short preseason expectations finished record wins losses conclusion regular season finished victory capital bowl secured alabama straight win season bowl win seasons february alabama signed recruiting class according rivals recruiting class according scout spring practice began march concluded annual day game april televised live crimson team offensive starters defeated white team defensive starters final score fans performances earned dwight day game award earned day game award weeks conclusion spring practice pair occurred directly impacted team april rated tornado devastated result storm long suffered broken wrist girlfriend fatalities attributed storm offensive found dead florida cause death subsequently ruled accidental result multiple drug transferring alabama douglas struggled field issues including charge following december arrest started career freshman tennessee volunteers new head coach granted release program spring august alabama combined players different preseason award watch lists included award fred award trent richardson award richardson award jones trophy jim award richardson walker award conclusion season beginning summer practice august seven players transferred transferred included south alabama north alabama auburn memphis personnel coaching staff alabama head coach entered fifth year head coach season previous years alabama led overall record wins losses national championship weeks capitol bowl victory changes alabama coaching staff defensive line coach resigned position serve defensive tackles coach texas day hired replace defensive line coach january assistant head coach offensive line coach announced retirement following day miami interim head coach hired replace offensive line coach january wide receivers coach recruiting coordinator resigned position accept head coaching job february hired replacement wide receivers coach recruiting coordinator returning starters alabama returning starters previous season including defense seven offense notable departures previous year defensive end left tackle tight end quarterback wide receiver running depth chart starters recruiting class alabama recruiting class included players espn cyrus hart alabama signed recruiting class according rivals recruiting class according scout football program received letters intent national signing day february prior national signing day high school players junior college transfers recruiting class enrolled spring semester order participate spring practice early included nose guard offensive nose tackle junior college linebacker quarterback safety high school schedule schedule officially released october accordance conference rules alabama faced opponents arkansas auburn miss faced opponents official sec rival tennessee florida alabama play sec opponents georgia kentucky south_carolina contest served homecoming game alabama played non conference games game originally scheduled played season series moved season request alabama fallout ncaa sanctions levied program non conference schedule included games mid american conference north texas southern conference alabama bye week tennessee game prior game december final bowl championship series standings unveiled rematch alabama computer ratings calculated alabama strength schedule fifteenth difficult teams computer rankings calculated ninth difficult teams rankings addition weekly television coverage radio coverage games broadcast statewide radio season play play color commentary reports source alabama football schedule game notes crimson tide opened season home alma mater meeting time golden flashes won holding opening possession scored touchdown yard run alabama lead holding alabama responded play yard touchdown drive featured yard reception yard touchdown reception lead tide scored final points quarter yard richardson run lead second quarter scoring yard field goal second quarter alabama led half second crimson tide possession quarter threw interception returned alabama yard line plays later scored points game connected yard touchdown reception cut lead crimson tide responded touchdowns consecutive drives richardson scored yard runs extend alabama lead entering fourth quarter fourth tide scored final touchdown afternoon yard run final points yard field goal final score game alabama defense dominant allowing yards rushing yards total offense contest offense total yards different running backs scoring touchdowns maze totaling yards receiving catches touchdown second consecutive meeting happy valley alabama won took opening possession field recorded yard field goal early lead alabama took lead later quarter connected yard touchdown reception cap play yard drive yard kick extended crimson tide lead early second quarter trading forced ball recovered alabama plays later led yard trent richardson touchdown run quarter connected yard field goal richardson scored second rushing touchdown game midway fourth yard run alabama lead final points game came late fourth scored yard touchdown converted point conversion bring final score trent richardson ran yards touchdowns ran threw yards touchdown seven tackles interception recovery named week fans attendance alabama squad compete victory improved time record outcome noted final career loss head coach meeting alabama opponent yards total offense alabama victory yard field goal gave lead scored touchdown evening alabama second offensive possession lead end period crimson tide extended lead halftime yard touchdown run yard field goal second quarter opened second half play yard drive set yard field goal attempt kick blocked preserve shutout alabama extended lead fourth quarter richardson scored second touchdown evening yard run missed yard field goal play fourth quarter richardson scored yard touchdown run alabama offensive possession extend lead scored final points game midway fourth second touchdown evening yard run alabama victory trent richardson ran career high yards touchdowns ran yards touchdowns pair running backs run yards game shutout defeated improved alabama time record mean green arkansas consecutive victories start season opened conference play arkansas defeated stadium alabama scored trick play opening possession driving arkansas yard line foster lined yard field goal attempt alabama quarterback received snap holder proceeded throw yard touchdown pass lead tied game late quarter threw yard touchdown pass arkansas goal line stand connected yard field goal alabama lead ensuing arkansas possession scored intercepted wilson pass returned yards touchdown alabama lead half holding arkansas scoreless possession quarter alabama returned punt yards touchdown lead alabama possession caught screen pass ran yards touchdown extended alabama lead scored following possession wilson threw second touchdown pass afternoon connected yard pass scored final points game late yard touchdown run crimson tide victory alabama defense allowed rushing total offense victory purpose yards touchdown reception named sec offensive player week victory improved alabama time record ncaa florida meeting opposing head coaches assistant coach crimson tide defeated swamp receiving opening florida scored touchdown game offensive play took early lead threw yard touchdown pass alabama responded following drive connecting yard field goal cut florida lead responded turned final points game connected yard field goal alabama returned ensuing yards florida yard line tied game seven plays later yard touchdown run alabama extended lead halftime pair second quarter touchdowns scored defensive touchdown early quarter intercepted pass returned yards score scored later quarter yard quarterback sneak cap play yard drive late quarter scoring opportunity driving alabama yard line alabama defense sacked consecutive loss yards knocked game injury missed yard field goal attempt alabama led half scoreless quarter pair fourth quarter touchdowns gave alabama victory richardson scored second touchdown game remaining yard run scored final points game yard run game alabama defense dominant allowing total yards offense rushing yards fewest allowed florida time series trent richardson established new career high rushing yards game yards attempts victory improved alabama time record ncaa vacation victory homecoming football game alabama history crimson tide defeated visit stadium season opening drive alabama scored touchdown evening yard touchdown pass complete play yard drive following drive opportunity cut lead carey spear missed yard field goal alabama lead spear missed second field goal later second quarter yards crimson tide responded second touchdown drive game threw second touchdown pass game yard reception alabama halftime lead quarter scored yard touchdown run followed yard touchdown pass white consecutive possessions following unsuccessful extra point alabama led entering fourth quarter early fourth intercepted pass returned yards yard line plays later threw yard touchdown pass fourth day final score game ran yards extend streak consecutive games rushing yards games defense dominant completing second shutout season allowing yards total offense victory improved alabama time homecoming record record ncaa miss miss took early lead scored unanswered points victory rebels stadium rebels scored points game possession scored yard touchdown run cap play yard drive miss lead game alabama responded following drive trent richardson touchdowns evening yard run tie game crimson tide added points second quarter halftime lead richardson scored seven yard touchdown foster missed yard field goal attempt connected yard field goal quarter alabama game away touchdowns consecutive passes gained yards richardson gained final rout touchdown evening alabama possession richardson gained yards scored touchdown yard run longest career lead play ensuing rebels possession forced recovered miss yard line plays later led scored yard touchdown run final points quarter came yard touchdown pass final points game came fourth quarter yard touchdown run final score alabama defense strong performance allowing rebels total yards offense rushing passing richardson set new career high rushing yards rushing touchdowns performance richardson named sec offensive player week total points alabama scored sec game defeating victory eighth straight miss improved alabama time record rebels ncaa tennessee edition saturday october alabama entered game point favorite rival volunteers looking upset tying game halftime unanswered points resulted victory extend overall record half dominated defenses allowing pair field goals connected yards tennessee connected yards alabama holding volunteers open second half alabama offensive responded quarter touchdowns yard touchdown run following tennessee drive alabama defense stopped quarterback fourth offense ball volunteers yard line play threw yard touchdown pass extend alabama lead trent richardson scored touchdown game following alabama possession yard run cap play yard drive foster scored early fourth quarter yard field goal interception richardson scored second touchdown day yard run final score game yards receiving catches set new career high yards passing defensive performance named impact player week sec defensive player week victory alabama fifth consecutive tennessee improved time record volunteers ncaa coming bye latest game century college football defeated overtime scoreless quarter saw miss field goals blocked early second quarter alabama took lead midway second yard field goal responded following possession driving alabama yard line kicking yard field goal time expired tie game halftime half dominated defenses second different alabama managing pair field goals alabama came yard score came fourth yard score overtime period foster missed yard field goal attempt connected yard attempt tigers victory defenses held offense yards total offense having pair loss alabama dropped time overtime games brought alabama time record tigers week loss traveled defeated long time rival pair missed field goals yard second yards alabama scored points second quarter capped play yard drive yard touchdown run lead later quarter missed yard field goal attempt ensuing alabama possession intercepted pass returned alabama yard line alabama defense held field goal attempt missed yards preserve halftime lead alabama extended lead connected yard field goal early quarter early fourth trent richardson scored yard run lead ensuing returned yards alabama yard line plays later cut score threw yard touchdown pass closed game play yard drive ground scoring second touchdown night yards alabama victory rushing yards gained richardson seventh yard rushing game season victory improved alabama time record ncaa triple option attack ranked alabama defense gave total yards rushing yards points season victory stadium receiving opening drove eagles yard line connected yard field goal lead opening possession play yard drive set yard field goal attempt adrian attempt blocked returned yards touchdown lead second quarter threw yard touchdown pass complete play yard drive lead eagles responded offensive play scored yard touchdown run cut alabama lead teams traded touchdowns richardson scored yard run alabama threw yard touchdown pass foster missed yard field goal attempt late alabama led halftime forcing punt open second half alabama scored touchdown opening possession yard touchdown reception ensuing returned yards touchdown cut lead alabama responded following drive richardson accounting yards seven carries yard touchdown run alabama lead fourth quarter alabama stopped eagles yard line incomplete pass fourth alabama offense began play yard drive took complete throwing yard touchdown pass final points win game richardson yards ground pair rushing touchdowns receiving yard touchdown run quarter gave richardson alabama single season rushing touchdown record breaking previous mark set auburn loss auburn tigers previous year surrendered point lead nearly year defeat phrase utilized team greater motivation win heated rivalry potential berth line alabama defense allow offensive touchdown victory plains trading pair outs open game alabama scored points game threw yard touchdown pass lead following yard punt ensuing auburn possession alabama got ball tigers yard line play threw yard touchdown pass lead play alabama fourth offensive possession forced recovered touchdown cut crimson tide lead end quarter pair long drives second quarter resulted yard trent richardson touchdown reception yard field goal alabama halftime lead opening second half scored touchdown yard return cut alabama lead alabama responded possession yard field goal lead entering fourth quarter play fourth quarter auburn threw interception returned yards touchdown successful point conversion alabama led getting ball downs late quarter scored yard touchdown run cap drive included yard richardson run final score game richardson set new career high rushing yards tied yard rushing games season defense held auburn total yards offense yards ground zero offensive touchdowns victory victory brought alabama time record tigers december final bowl championship series standings unveiled rematch alabama game crimson tide defeated tigers clinch second championship years points game set returned punt yards yard line quarter plays later connected yard field goal alabama lead attempt blocked tigers connected second quarter field goals yards halftime lead extended crimson tide lead converted yard field goal alabama possession second half missed yard field goal attempt wide right connected yard attempt lead end quarter midway fourth quarter offense crossed yard line time game pushed sacked fourth play possession alabama possession scored touchdown game yard run final score game alabama total offense yards shutout completed game advent established time bowl record seven field goal attempts tied time bowl record performances named defensive player game named offensive player game sophomore lead team rankings entering season ranked coaches alabama dropped rankings week ranked november game loss tigers alabama dropped standing dropped regained ranking polls upset retained position end regular season qualify victory alabama selected coaches polls source ncaa football rankings season following victory national championship team arrived regional airport afternoon january fans greet arrival january public national championship celebration attended approximately spectators speakers event included head coach university president championship trophies available public viewing day celebrations april team captains honored ceremony base april team trip white_house president barack_obama offered remarks championship season recognized team community service given april tornadoes final statistics victory alabama final team statistics released defensive ball teams ranked major defensive categories conference nationally ranked total defense yards game scoring defense points game passing defense yards game rushing defense yards game marked time single defense ranked major team defensive categories oklahoma squad individually led team total tackles assisted leader solo tackles tied sixteenth nationally fourth conference team quarterback sacks eighteenth nationally second conference team tackles loss led team alabama thirteen total season offense teams alabama ranked sixteenth rushing offense yards game twentieth scoring offense points game 31st total offense yards game passing offense yards game conference ranked rushing offense second total offense scoring offense fourth passing offense individually led sec team total yards rushing average rushing yards game average purpose yards game rushing touchdowns average points game led team passing offense completed passes passing yards touchdowns led team yards led team touchdown awards following sec championship game multiple alabama players recognized field performances variety awards team awards banquet december trent richardson named permanent captains squad time richardson named valuable player named defensive players year named offensive players year conference sec recognized players individual performances awards trent richardson named addition richardson named sec team named sec second team named coaches sec team wide receiver return specialist named coaches sec second team named sec named jones earned named year national season number alabama players named national award winners finalists trent richardson named finalist win trophy wisconsin ball stanford finished voting points griffin points luck points richardson won walker award named finalist named finalist award trophy named finalist award won trophy award named finalist jim award named finalist assistant head coach named finalist team honored disney wide world sports spirit award result collective efforts assist rebuilding following april tornado addition individual awards players named national american teams richardson named america team named named jones richardson named america team named named richardson named seven alabama players selected recognized unanimous american selections recognized consensus american selection star games alabama players selected postseason star games selected play january seventh member alabama team receive invitation selected play east west shrine game alabama players participate casino del college star game collegiate bowl coaching changes weeks following conclusion season changes alabama coaching staff december offensive coordinator introduced head coach stayed alabama began transition head coach january assistant head coach named defensive coordinator january alabama officials announced hires washington offensive coordinator tennessee outside coach nfl draft draft eligible trent richardson declared eligibility nfl draft january time announcement projected round pick february alabama players seniors invited nfl scouting combine invited players safety defensive tackle wide receivers running trent richardson trent richardson invited attend draft draft alabama tied school record players selected round round selections richardson 3rd 7th tampa bay 17th 25th new england patriots player selected second round 35th player selected fifth round eleventh player selected fifth round eighth final alabama player selected draft seventh round days draft players squad drafted signed free agents players included pittsburgh tennessee tennessee | 2011 Alabama Crimson Tide football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
6352_BenCrosby | march december american football player coach law student born new_york attended yale_university beginning popular student member delta skull bones year starter football team backup crew team junior year replaced football team freshman returned starting position remainder time yale successful enrolled graduation invited serve head coach football program accepted position rigorous practicing regime led team record included victory rival army army navy game repeatedly news coaching decisions leading game commended following upset victory end season returned new_york continue studies hospitalized cold caught coaching worsened shortly arrival died fever late december age career early life college born march new_york son child attended connecticut second person family graduated school following year began classes yale_university popular yale member delta secret undergraduate society skull bones sophomore year starting right end football team squad finished season thirteen record sole loss coming national champion harvard following year joined university crew team substitute described classmates prominent athletics football season turned disappointment early season starting end later follow navy football coach injured game observing team practice noticed play backup end watched brief time decided needed return practicing lose starting position share view game replaced starting end regain position despite remained popular senior year university graduates presented class award graduation school enrolled joined law office new_york_city coaching career october shortly began attending invited yale coach live maryland serve coach football team program requested camp serve coach response army hiring teammate camp suggested better fit job accepted invitation second head coach navy history independent program prior coach student academy responsible revival program strategy practices intensive academy early years classes day team play minute games team backup players followed immediately long swimming session cold pool shortly season began hired player serve assistant coach season commenced october shutout loss finish season record losing national champion yale team played game days later navy lost game shutout score losses continued losing streak dated november previous year following week october received coaching win navy defeated followed victory week small navy won shutout largest shutout win navy game continued winning streak november biggest win navy beginning season week break received fourth win point shutout nearby georgetown final game season annual army navy biggest rivals navy upset cadets previous year game came game unbeaten army despite expected victory telling reporters opinion navy certainly win caught attention press scheduling constant practices leading game including organizing night practices field closed press fan access practices unusual action time navy officials claimed army learned plays prior year observing practices actions proved successful november west_point navy led army entire game won easily month game appreciation coaching navy win team presented inch high sterling silver loving cup produced inscribed simple message officers cadets death legacy following conclusion season returned new_york_city continue studies attended classes brief time reportedly contracted severe cold time head coach continued affect season december attending law classes illness intensified apparently succumbed attack fever taken condition progressively worsened following days finally succumbed effects fever december age season head coach amassed record team opponents wins tied seventh fewest navy coach single season coaches fewest losses navy coaches win percentage tied tenth highest navy coach coaching position filled yale teammate subsequently replaced yale teammate largely forgotten outside navy football history event life remembered replacement yale end discussed magazines 1920s significant impact hiring serve assistant following navy coaches head coach brought navy national prominence won games later longest serving members college football helping forward pass ban flying wedge things head coaching record | Ben Crosby | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
6715_1893AlabamaCrimsonWhitefootballteam | football team football team represented college football season team led head coach played home games park birmingham alabama second season alabama football team finished record zero wins losses finished inaugural year record head coach fired replaced prior start season squad opened season pair losses month later birmingham crimson white shutout game state opponent closed season loss auburn montgomery season history alabama program background inaugural season alabama led head coach overall record wins losses season defeated split pair lost auburn final game season completion season fired head coach replaced player campaign team called crimson white changed currently crimson tide schedule source alabama football schedule game notes october game played defeated alabama campus game controlled defenses points came athletics touchdown second half loss later squads represented seasons alabama failed win game season game played november rematch month later park birmingham alabama lost second game season final score trailed end half alabama scored points season touchdown run early second half tied game athletics retook lead scored touchdown converted extra point walker scored second touchdown game final score missed extra point second loss marked time alabama football history team defeated twice season opponent outside state alabama shut crimson white park tigers took lead 22nd minute half wilson scored short touchdown run early second half extended lead norman scored yard touchdown run flying wedge formation nelson scored final tiger touchdowns runs yard victory later alabama biggest rivals early decades football program auburn playing previous game birmingham park city montgomery gave alabama known play riverside park second edition known iron bowl auburn won auburn scored scored yard touchdown run kicked extra point lead alabama responded possession scored yard touchdown run missed extra point auburn held lead auburn extended lead halftime pair touchdown alabama opened second half second touchdown game scored yard touchdown run cut tigers lead auburn responded touchdown runs score touchdown alabama auburn responded final points game yard run final score governor alabama thomas jones presented trophy auburn captain victory players following players members football team according roster published edition aftermath loss auburn alabama completed season alabama football history seasons losses attributed small stature crimson players coaching training team returned head coach season led alabama winning season included time win auburn | 1893 Alabama Crimson White football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
6798_1954OrangeBowl | orange bowl orange bowl postseason american college football bowl game ranked fourth ranked twentieth edition took place orange bowl stadium miami florida january game orange bowl feature tie ins champions meeting teams maryland oklahoma head coached colleagues respectively previously coached united_states navy pre game buildup game postseason bowl game players required play offense defense result ncaa newly instituted platoon rules limited player featured conference tie maryland maryland helmed seventh year head coach point compiled record spent year oklahoma head coach served assistant coach team ranked nation final rankings associated_press poll maryland finished regular season perfect record win victory missouri recorded wins 11th ranked mississippi 11th ranked alabama said greatest team coached regular season maryland defense allowed opponents score points games recorded defensive shut outs georgia able score seven points team held opponents equal lesser points maryland rushing defense yards allowed game scoring defense points allowed game ranked nation maryland opponents team scored total points maryland star quarterback injured midseason saw limited game action remainder year quarterback filled majority oklahoma oklahoma led seventh year head coach assumed position resigned leave maryland served assistant coaches iowa pre flight football team pioneered split offense teams employed taking oklahoma achieved record oklahoma entered game game winning streak single loss season opener notre dame tie week pittsburgh oklahoma injured quarterback second separated miami miss game reportedly compiled fake distributed discovered maryland personnel later admitted ruse occasion specifically stating employed orange bowl game summary quarter maryland started wind backs kicked punt pinned oklahoma foot line oklahoma quarterback rushed twice gain breathing room away maryland took oklahoma yard line quarterback completed yard pass connected followed oklahoma yard line rushed pick yards ran left stopped oklahoma gain rushed pick yard rushed yard line stopped inches shy end zone maryland turned downs maryland drove inside oklahoma yard line sent alternate line oklahoma stopped maryland short yard line failed capitalize second quarter maryland advanced oklahoma yard line elected field goal attempt wind kick failed ball going wide right took downs completed pass end yard gain rushed yards play pitched ran left picked yards completed pass yards faked pass ran right gain yards maryland yard line stopped sooner rushing attempts connected yard gain rushed yards advance maryland called time yard faked executed option run left pitched threw block tackled goal line managed extend body extra point shortly halftime suffered separated injured string quarterback remained little game experience quarter walker attempted punt maryland oklahoma tackle escaped block closed walker held ball attempted run brown tackled yard loss later returned threatened score man tackle fourth quarter threw long pass intercepted minutes remaining van pool led yard drive maryland yard line time expired statistical summary oklahoma managed score touchdown game extra point led rushing yards carries maryland led gained yards carries led maryland passing attempts yards led receiving yards oklahoma passing led quarterback game injury completed pass attempts yards leading receiver yards post game effects time final rankings declared postseason games maryland declared national championship team associated_press remained consensus national champions despite loss named notre dame oklahoma national champions finish maryland possessed best record nation time maryland suffered shutout games hands oklahoma ninth straight win team finished season record game streak head coach games date winning streak longest compiled ncaa major college football team oklahoma head coach declined declare team national champions addressed team locker room saying ball game desire spirit effort want won today maryland head coach said post game party | 1954 Orange Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
7551_RyanVanBergen | spelled born march free agent american football defensive end signed free agent following nfl draft roster team played college football football team fifth year senior preseason candidate posting tackles loss final big season games recognized postseason honorable mention big conference performer started defensive tackle switching defensive end started end tackle led team quarterback sacks tackles loss awarded michigan high school male athlete year performances football basketball track field high school attended shadow las_vegas freshman year started varsity football team family moved michigan sophomore season michigan high school male athlete year recognition accomplishments scholar high school maintained average member track competed throw went undefeated regular season junior year placed 13th michigan high school athletic association division lower championships throw feet inches 5th division finals throw feet inches entering state finals seeded 7th junior based qualifying throw feet inches 9th senior throw feet inch qualified throws regional champion junior senior placing shot ran second yard dash freshman got time prior senior season attended michigan summer football camps ranked 8th 18th best class high school football defensive end respectively rivals rated 10th best high school football player state michigan rated 13th best tight end country originally recruit michigan head coach college start freshman october following season michigan replace starting senior captain defensive johnson started game defensive tackle totaled tackles quarterback sacks recovery pass sophomore posted touchdown recovery wisconsin november mid 4th quarter sack indiana september set 3rd 4th punt subsequent game winning drive victory fourth year junior started game defensive end following departure defensive end totaled tackles sacks pass breakup solo november solo rivalry game ohio_state november achieved seven tackle solo assist outing january bowl started defensive end defensive tackle preseason named week november quarterback sack performance november addition solo assist sacks assist achieved second seven tackle effort solo assist recognized national defensive performer week defensive week following week solo nebraska regular season finale ohio_state november tallied seven tackles time solo assist including solo assist concluded big career regular season games honorable mention big conference selection coaches media van bergen finished conference leaders statistics sacks game tackles loss game recovered game professional career prior draft houston informed targeting sixth round pick team picked defensive earlier rounds whitney signed minutes draft ended van bergen actually came minute national_football_league tweeted irrelevant informed late draft free agent target cut august personal known media favorite according worked maintenance high school tool manufacturer time induction thanked members extended family including grandparents cliff mentioned brother tyler classes went play football tyler went anchor regional champions metres relay metres relay parents charles hart michigan father raised farm retired united_states_air_force veteran charles older siblings region | Ryan Van Bergen | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
7603_AbeMickal | september american college football player doctor played running notable passing skills play making ability team primary time southeastern conference selection led undefeated season conference championship played quarterback college star team team college players defeat national_football_league nfl team selected nfl draft play professionally charter member inducted addition football cadet member pre club debate team senior president university student body student declined seat offered senator noted supporter earned medical degree serving world war began lifelong career served head professor department years actively involved university affairs time student named alumnus year early life born syria area today lebanon immigrated family united_states arrived settled mississippi attended played football baseball basketball ran track father ran local general store initially son playing sports old custom later explained eldest son business father wasn aware playing father eventually persuaded townspeople let son play senior year recruited notre dame play football ultimately chose tigers death notre dame head coach college player triple threat running played defense regarded excellent deep ball words greater red greatest saw jones coach army sportswriter referred dean nation forward known play making ability crucial moments games compiled win loss record seasons played team showed versatility game season rice yard pass play end yards week completed touchdown passes yards ran yard touchdown responsible score win eventual champion scored touchdown final game season tennessee goal line dive end zone kicked extra point victory completed season having successfully extra point attempted tigers finished undefeated ties season members sec season named sec second team notable games came threw touchdown passes tie game second quarter late fourth quarter touchdown dropped yard line pass middle field caught stride yard line ran end zone tie game final score week 13th ranked arkansas completed seven passes yards included yard bomb quarter score win averaged yards punt week threw touchdown pass kicked field goal averaged yards punt win previously undefeated named team sec selection associated_press season acclaimed honorary senator senator befriended campus meeting long noted supporter highly involved operations football program came time ceremonial seating refused appear ceremony despite urging long long reasoned senate spectators study granted day leave absence senator work school forward preparation football duties remained silent matter reason refusal honor day inducted said telegram long accepted introduce joint resolution unlawful player cross goal line slow start recovered broken ankle suffered summer week threw touchdown passes game winning touchdown pass weeks later regular season finale responsible touchdowns win rival played end season game highly anticipated match offenses unable rain day field won game finished season undefeated conference play sec championship named sec second team season earned second team honors liberty magazine stars bears september played quarterback team composed college players southern schools play national_football_league cotton bowl stadium scored touchdown dive end zone foot line quarter bears scored touchdown later quarter yard run chance tackle goal line lot things mind explained goal line thought making perfect tackle reading stars hero thought size thought legend thought going school thought possible brain damage decided step aside let score extra point blocked game ended favor stars time team college players defeated professional american football team actively involved university reserve officers training corps received outstanding cadet award freshman regimental sergeant major junior senior attained rank cadet colonel earned williams sabre school outstanding cadet additionally member pre club debate team president school college arts sciences student body member fraternity later life medical career selected sixth round nfl draft play nfl instead chose complete medical degree graduated served major world war war worked shortly named faculty head professor position served retirement helped found served president death vice president medical affairs honors charter member named inducted named alumnus year medical alumnus year beautiful marriage better said involvement university gave distinguished service award | Abe Mickal | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
8597_ACCChampionshipGame | pepper football championship game american college football game held saturday december year determine football champion game pits champion champion game follows conclusion regular season game corporate sponsor pepper current champion history college football season determined champion round robin play course regular season conference championship game conference added teams miami expanding league teams time college football teams limited ncaa regular season games typically featured teams outside home team conference following season league added 12th team eligible hold championship game conclusion season conference divided divisions teams team best conference record division selected participate championship game inaugural championship game took place end college football season defeated virginia tech stadium jacksonville florida game teams faced played wake defeated game jacksonville awarded year extension host game remained jacksonville virginia tech returned game faced tech won game returned championship defeat defeated forced vacate championship ncaa following game organizers game jacksonville announced seek contract extension falling attendance jacksonville withdrawal future site selection selected tampa florida charlotte north_carolina future sites game games held tampa games held charlotte champion designated home team conference expansion team added league creating new team florida state school added conference league officials discussed offering schools navy pittsburgh syracuse south_carolina miami west_virginia virginia tech offer join league reasons team extended offer 1990s remained members ironically south_carolina charter member left nearby sec encompasses college football teams expanded instead adding team team sec added expansion sec school football conference eligible hold conference championship game ncaa rules game held sec enjoyed increased television ratings revenue 1990s earning million annually revenues shared member schools officials leagues took note financial followed sec expansion teams representatives began discussing expansion schools years new century began publicly pursuing possibility expansion representatives voted favor extending schools certain school spots debated initially league favored admitting miami month debate elected extend formal miami joined initially overlooked came years schools considered membership early 1990s came fruition pittsburgh syracuse eventually join members miami began official play college football season league settled lawsuit resulting departure teams began play season league officially teams eligible hold conference championship football game site selection announcement proclaiming expansion teams cities sports organizations preparing bids host prospect tens thousands visitors provide dollar economic boost host city region requiring additional facilities early contender city charlotte north_carolina virginia tech miami chosen picks expand owner operator charlotte stadium called lobbied heavily charlotte selection early options included orlando tampa atlanta jacksonville shortly negotiations location game began spring announced signed new seven year television contract espn deal earn million revenue year exchange networks exclusive right high profile regular season games revenues divided member schools july began bid accept august league officials announced jacksonville host game league option select jacksonville additional year contract charlotte runner competition years championship game held field known jacksonville municipal stadium contract expired season december awarded games tampa charlotte venue tampa games provided venue charlotte games charlotte hosted game february announced charlotte continue host game team selection following absorption miami questions arose team league fairly select participants conference championship game divisional structure involving team divisions competing championship game slots possible addition continue select champion round robin play teams seven conference games available team ncaa addition 12th game regular season little relieve conference problem prior college football season requested ncaa rule requiring conferences plus teams having conference championship game season began ncaa rejected application league use semi round robin format select champion football season season inclusion 12th team solved problem enabling championship football game october announced new football structure divisions team division plays round robin schedule division rotation conference games teams opposing division teams best conference records division earn places championship game event tie records division divisional records results head head games considered games divisions team permanent rival team played year year football games north_carolina louisville virginia syracuse pittsburgh duke miami notre dame joined conference non divisional member playing teams season eligible championship game divisions non divisional notre dame results winners listed bold rankings coaches poll released prior game forced vacate win ncaa violations results team appeared win later vacated louisville miami pittsburgh syracuse virginia appearance | ACC Championship Game | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
8628_2009MichiganWolverinesfootballteam | football team michigan football team represented university_of_michigan ncaa division football season played home games michigan stadium michigan competed team attempted rebound worst season loss wise year football history succeeded starting season earning ranking polls final games went ending season record failing qualify bowl game second straight year michigan seasons failed win road game time individuals excelled received numerous post season accolades including conference second team college football america team selections senior bowl mvp graham national statistical champion tackles loss repeat big champion received second team american team big average statistical champion season captains graham leading drafted nfl draft immediately draft signed free agent preseason preview michigan possibly worst season history program team finished regular season record failing qualify postseason bowl game time years struggled implement year head coach spread option offense michigan big passing offense scoring offense total offense turnover margin going optimism michigan led newly recruited mobile quarterback able turn things winning season win opening game time team returning offensive starters returning defensive starters conclusion starting quarterback battle incumbent anticipated competitive position battle according defense disappointment considered solid nucleus build team employed new defensive coordinator help guide defensive turnaround key losses team johnson morgan trent recruiting received commitments star blue chip players recruits princeton new_jersey ranked fourth offensive tackle nation sixth strong defensive end appeared game january san_antonio texas recruits included rated dual threat quarterback rivals run rich rodriguez spread offense rated safety michigan recruiting class ranked 7th nationally 10th espn players initially committed attend michigan later signed different college arizona jones recruits participated january army american game announced commitment program joining campbell america game safety receivers recruits began early enrollment michigan spring semester including quarterback star defensive tackle campbell running defensive end linebacker defensive safety position key recruits practice time limit investigation august article current players teams speaking anonymously said michigan frequently violated national collegiate athletic association ncaa season hour week season hour week practice limit rodriguez denied allegations press conference day new_york_times quoted saying know rules follow rules compliance office notified ncaa intentions investigate unlike university_of_michigan basketball scandal participants left school time investigation completed punishment handed athletes involved scandal students university_of_michigan failure cooperate investigation result ncaa athletes eligibility participate athletic competitions november university revealed finding team failed file proper document team training schedule ncaa right accept michigan findings athletic department inquiry completed conduct investigation october ncaa notified school decided begin formal investigation matter expected completed december february ncaa accused michigan failing comply practice time rules failed promote atmosphere compliance football program coach university days respond appeared ncaa hearing august michigan issued self sanctions included cutting practice time placing years worth probation michigan dispute claim coach rodriguez failed promote atmosphere compliance ncaa handed final verdict case november accepted self sanctions michigan provided michigan docked practice hours twice number excess hours university exceeded placed years probation originally proposed university rodriguez escape charge failing promote atmosphere compliance ncaa agreed michigan statement cases deliberate isolated ruling ended ncaa investigation michigan football program preseason award watch lists players excelled individually season began numerous national award preseason led way award preseason lists award lists preseason candidates respectively season started michigan burst start saw players recognized big conference player week early season players earned midseason finalist guy graham week offense special teams honored players week time named america player week brien national quarterback week award big offensive player week honor following week earned offensive honors northwestern named special teams player week october statistical leader team conference games averaged yards punt time michigan led big conference game average team big selections coaches media team media second team coaches honorable mention lists sixteen players midseason watch list named finalists graham seven finalists rankings source ncaa football rankings schedule radio radio coverage games online radio talk host play play color commentary reports game notes season opener played western michigan michigan stadium scored midway quarter yard touchdown pass junior added lead minutes later ran yards second quarter michigan added points field goal yard pass minutes later kicked yard field goal scored michigan final points caught yard pass putting halftime western michigan missed field goal end half second half largely uneventful michigan content hold lead essentially stopped passing fourth quarter replaced backup midway period western michigan finally got board fourth quarter yard pass win stopped streak consecutive season opening losses michigan football team ranked nation lost season opener shocking fashion time defending champion michigan football team lost opener utah finish undefeated team winning sugar bowl alabama notre dame week michigan renewed long time rivalry visiting notre dame fighting irish opening drive notre dame drove field unsuccessful field goal attempt michigan scored late quarter ran yard notre dame responded field goal seconds later michigan answered touchdown yard return notre dame came lead second quarter touchdown passes yards yards michigan irish way field stopped defense forcing kick yard field goal michigan got ball minutes half marched field little time left clock settle end half yard field goal michigan dominated quarter constantly stopping irish controlling ball period scored points quarter yard pass early fourth quarter notre dame ran yards 4th notre dame came later quarter starting yard touchdown pass following touchdown irish attempted failed score point conversion leaving michigan unsuccessful drive notre dame took lead yard run scored second point conversion attempt putting irish ahead minutes remaining michigan responded marching length field consuming remaining time eventually found yards away goal line seconds left plays later score game winning touchdown yard pass victory gave start michigan time record versus notre dame improved result victory highest scoring game history rivalry total points teams week hosted nearby michigan opened scoring quarter yard field goal eagles tied score yard field goal michigan regained lead ran yard near end quarter tied score second quarter yard run michigan responded yard run yard run longest run michigan football history eagles scored final points game halftime yard run michigan dominated second half beginning yard run little minute later robinson ran yard 4th quarter ran yards win michigan started time win michigan time record time mac schools finish season record indiana homecoming weekend hosted indiana opened scoring yard run michigan responded yard catch yard run indiana tied yard rush second quarter indiana kicked field goals consecutive possessions yards michigan responded yard run indiana retook lead 3rd field goal quarter yards making halftime score indiana points quarter came yard indiana field goal michigan regained lead fourth yard rush defender completed quarterback sneak point conversion play giving michigan lead indiana took lead offensive play yard run michigan regained final lead yard catch sealed win soon controversial interception 16th consecutive time michigan beaten indiana 24th consecutive conference opening win home michigan started season time week michigan took road trip season michigan play state rivals paul trophy interception michigan scored yard field goal early quarter countered yard run team field goal 2nd quarter michigan state putting halftime added lead start 2nd half yard run michigan responded 4th quarter yard touchdown tied time expired yard drive capped yard pass taking game overtime opening drive overtime led michigan yard line threw tipped interception end zone ending threat ended game yard run 3rd breaking michigan tackles forced kick field goal win total yards won rushing battle 37th time meetings team won rushing battle won game won points meetings teams decided seven points difference points games combined iowa week brought iowa primetime duel michigan went early 1st interception returned yards touchdown iowa responded minutes later yard pass took lead yard field goal soon michigan responded late quarter ran touchdown yards iowa added points 2nd quarter yard field goal yard run making halftime score iowa opened quarter yard field goal michigan responded yard run late 3rd minor connected yard 4th michigan scored yard run minutes left held iowa play drive getting ball points final minute game michigan drove field yards attempted drive kick game winning field goal robinson threw deep interception sealing victory michigan turned ball times fell big road games michigan left game minutes remaining fourth quarter later discovered sustained concussion game backup quarterback served able replacement leading drive bring threw game losing interception final drive delaware state week michigan hosted meeting teams michigan dominated game scored unanswered touchdowns half quarter yard run yard run blocked punt picked score yard catch second quarter added touchdowns yard run yard catch yard run finally got board halftime yard field goal second half team scored quarter fourth delaware state kicked second field goal time yards michigan responded touchdowns later yards michigan school records broken tied win yards total offense set new team record total offensive yards half set team record point win tied second biggest margin victory tied eighth largest margin victory school history half points team second highest point quarter tied school record effectiveness offense team punt ball time happened week michigan hosted rain soaked michigan stadium michigan got early lead drive game ran yard tied score yard catch took lead good yard field goal second quarter michigan surrendered safety bad snap end zone ensuing possession scored yard pass michigan responded yard field goal making halftime score dominated second half shutting added points lead catches quarter yard respectively capped victory yard field goal 4th michigan suffered home loss season time lost home ending game losing streak defeated michigan second straight season win streak versus game streak illinois week traveled illinois halloween afternoon contest illinois scored midway quarter yard run michigan tied yard run kicked field goals second quarter yards respectively making score halftime favor second straight game michigan held scoreless second half illinois held goal line stand following possession ran yard minutes later caught yard pass williams ran yards illinois score quarter fourth quarter illinois kicked yard field goal capped scoring yard run michigan loss illinois week michigan hosted quarter scored yard catch michigan tied score yard run retook lead yard field goal michigan tied score soon yard field goal second quarter michigan scored touchdowns yard rush yard catch giving point advantage halftime michigan collapsed second half quarter scored second game yard run michigan responded yard run point touchdown attempt failed scored touchdown day soon yard rush caught yard pass fourth quarter ran yard michigan minor ran yard attempted tie game failed reach end zone point conversion sealing victory michigan home loss wisconsin final road game season traveled madison wisconsin play wisconsin wisconsin scored yard pass michigan tied score yard pass second quarter teams traded lead michigan took lead yard field goal wisconsin went ahead yard pass michigan went ahead picked forced ran yards touchdown wisconsin responded yard run making halftime score wisconsin quarter scored yard catch michigan responded yard catch wisconsin scored unanswered points starting yard catch fourth quarter sealed victory yard run yard field goal game michigan straight loss wisconsin michigan 6th straight conference loss time happened seasons record fell needed win week bowl ohio_state game season michigan hosted arch rivals nationally ranked meeting teams ohio_state scored michigan end zone ball recovered ohio_state michigan score half yard field goal ohio_state ran yard late second quarter halftime quarter michigan closed yard catch ohio_state extended lead minutes later yard catch michigan attempted come fourth quarter drives ended came closest minutes left intercepted end zone play game illegal formation players penalty declined giving ball ohio_state downs ending game ran clock ohio_state sixth straight win michigan longest winning streak series worst game season throwing turning prior game thrown year second michigan quarterback throw ohio_state years michigan game losing streak ohio_state longest streak single opponent school history loss left michigan final record short wins needed bowl eligibility game posted solo tackles loss clinch national championship statistics offense rebounded performance finish big scoring michigan ranked big football bowl subdivision schools turnover margin graham national statistical champion tackles loss game led big average graham led conference total tackles loss graham posted games led nation average tackles loss game ahead conference rival brien second graham defended big total championship margin led big average eighth nation average game team rankings include football bowl subdivision teams big conference teams game rankings include players played team games ranked national leaders conference leaders postseason recognition conclusion season graham earned mvp award graham earned numerous college football america team michigan players earned big conference recognition graham team coaches media team media second team coaches honorable mention coaches media recognized team academic american graham earned mvp award january senior bowl graham winner big marking time award shared michigan players warren junior senior defensive end senior named stephen senior left guard received honorable mention offensive received athletes selected team academic american michigan athletes recognized fall term academic conference selections second academic year institution carry cumulative grade point average seniors 2nd team honorable mention 1st team 2nd team honorable mention named americans graham team selection espn second team selection earned mvp honors january senior bowl tackles sacks forced december warren declared eligible nfl draft athletes participate nfl scouting combine graham minor graham drafted 13th overall respectively warren went signed free agent nfl draft captains graham brown drafted nfl draft immediately following draft signed draft weekend free agent included roster december announced leaving michigan school closer home family issues february starting quarterback told michigan transfer start season october starting kicked team missing class study table according high school coach stated expected seek transfer | 2009 Michigan Wolverines football team | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
8709_GeorgeCampbell(Americanfootball) | american football born october american football wide receiver rated tenth best player rated athlete espn wide receiver national high school class completed junior season school year committed michigan prior high school junior season following season currently committed accepted invitation participate high school son george age father imprisonment developed close bond uncle certified nurse freshman freshman season nearly attended decided attend school florida freshman played varsity football defense reception yard touchdown tackles including forced season compiled record losing class region final overtime december plant won state championships plant went state champion year marking consecutive years reached championship game campbell accumulated statistics games november game named team selection linebacker true position safety selected region football team counties times county football team sophomore improved lost class region final time november margin game season starter injured ankle campbell stepped wide receiver later season team struggled pressure quarterback campbell moved safety defensive end sophomore tackle total declined receiving yards earned major division scholarship offers offers included arkansas auburn florida georgia illinois louisville miami mississippi notre dame ohio_state tennessee ucla west_virginia junior offensive committed michigan class february day cole invited participate year campbell played basketball ran track having surgery left wrist april following summer ran second yard dash time artificial turf timed grass day measured inches vertical leap second team region team county team selection junior prior junior season verbally committed university_of_michigan play football freshman team twitter time attended play junior year football team time july verbal commitment ranked number athlete number player class espn released list star rated football players august campbell included players listed wide receiver included end summer prior junior year football season selected usa today preseason usa team accepted invitation participate end october november class region won ended alleged punch coach left campbell cut inside mouth players involved altercation investigated november espn moved campbell number overall position class moved ahead remained campbell time finally got past regional finals defeating port charlotte high school lose following week december state semifinals overtime despite yard touchdown reception campbell following season campbell michigan december senior subsequently named schools considering excluding michigan july schools florida georgia ucla auburn maryland september selected | George Campbell (American football) | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
9158_KevinGrady | born june american football running completed athletic eligibility football team football season began michigan career converted played high school led team consecutive way established numerous career football rushing records playing stand widely regarded best junior class high school football player nation high school football season university_of_michigan school athlete graduate high school semester early order participate spring football practice backup years michigan missed year injury returned play final years eligibility high school career born michigan high school year varsity starter earned honors achievements including named title junior player year led consecutive state division football championships high school running backs nation high school par star blue chip recruit ranked running backs nation according holds following records career rushing yards career touchdowns career points career rushing attempts held following record consecutive games yards rushing consider schools route signing michigan college career football players early bowl championship series programs years university_of_michigan football player subsequent years players followed lead including following year graduating high school early able attend rose bowl participate spring football practice freshman year freshman rushed times yards touchdowns backup injury replacement starter played games injuries caught passes yards receiving touchdowns gave michigan lead quarter ohio_state game end starts freshman played michigan football team sophomore year based performance spring practice received john award entered season hart primary backup ahead senior depth chart opening day carries second team questioned total low season progressed remained second depth chart seeing limited playing time injuries starter healthy starting thirteen games rushed yards touchdowns carries added reception yards net rushing yards ranked fourth michigan football team junior year prior spring football practice switched jersey number high school number day born later year converted early april tore anterior april surgery miss entire season recovering injuries making use year able use year eligibility junior year replaced head coach spring football recovering injuries july pulled driving wyoming michigan blood alcohol content times state legal limit originally pleaded guilty began season suspension brown minor fought time season pleaded guilty drunken driving early august appeared brown minor starting job suspension brown minor nursing injuries tentatively starting position depth chart end accumulated yards rushing season senior year spring accused court officials probation reporting requirements meeting hours community service requirement probation violations result jailed seven days kevin brother point guard michigan men basketball team transferring michigan football team season october pair brothers score touchdown game michigan far told school record books course season kevin started games compiled yards rushing carries bringing career total yards carries touchdowns bringing career total yards selected nfl draft immediate free agent high school football players selected nfl draft personal november arrested charged driving influence recording blood alcohol level test required attend meetings times week december announced signed days scoring touchdowns slaughter sentenced days jail november drunk driving offense sentence included years probation hours community service random drug tests confinement state michigan given leave judge days car addition sentence resulted dropped slaughter | Kevin Grady | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
9242_2002GatorBowl | bowl bowl post season american college football bowl game stadium jacksonville florida january game final contest ncaa division football season teams ended victory selected play bowl regular season record despite having played jacksonville end previous year selection virginia tech syracuse orange despite losing head head syracuse having better conference overall records controversial failed win share title time joining league played games held point selected opponent bowl kicked january jacksonville florida exactly year played game game early going promising defense minded quarter tech held florida state scoreless despite managing single field goal offense second quarter began find gaps defense scored points halftime held lead quarter tech struck scored points quarter managed field goal american suffered season ending injury game season freshman carried offense season continued perform post season bowl game yard run jones yard pass tech took lead going fourth quarter lead quickly yard catch run added points long touchdown pass went win game team selection start college football season held contracts big east conference notre dame allowing committee select notre dame team conferences fill available slots according contract committee selection teams conferences conferences champions given automatic bids bowl championship series game according contract allowed select bowl eligible team long wins second place team conference clause generated controversy record received bowl spot instead syracuse record syracuse fans coaches players protested selection place ahead second place syracuse representing conference finished second conference record entered college football season loss oklahoma national championship game loss second season finished record despite appearance previous year national championship game ranked team country usa_today college football preseason poll record games joining conference favored win faced challenges replacing winning quarterback starters previous year team adding challenges season loss starting wide receivers suffered season ending injuries game season bad preseason discarded games season win duke victory alabama birmingham game season suffered worst defeat history play member loss north_carolina florida state recovered loss beating lost miami following week wins followed loss miami losses followed brief winning streak rival state rival florida loss home defeat hands opponent dropped contention championship following loss florida accepted bid final game win opponent effect improve regular season record began prepare bowl virginia tech began season having gone previous season ending victory bowl fans hopes new season high previous year star quarterback selected pick nfl draft questions team cope loss important players despite fears began season ranked coaches poll picked annual poll media covering finish second conference opening game season defeated connecticut lost starting running tore anterior game absence affect game defeated western michigan continued winning streak virginia tech games season heading conference contest syracuse record ranked country october game home winning streak defeating lane stadium loss syracuse followed pittsburgh following week twin losses effectively knocked tech contention championship games place miami tech won games season miami remained undefeated matchup miami played conference title implications miami game accepted bid pick teams bowl championship series gave automatic bid champion miami defeated tech final regular season game teams began preparations bowl controversy selection bowl controversy losses pushed place conference miami earned automatic bid national championship game syracuse lost game instead attending syracuse earned bid insight bowl considered prestigious game lesser shorter history syracuse fans coaches players offended virginia tech awarded bid despite syracuse better record tech reputation bringing large numbers fans bowl games wake tech selection syracuse athletic director vowed lobby changes way bowl selection buildup matchup 31st game teams met time held advantage wins record heading bowl spread predicted reversal trend virginia tech favored win points reflective overall feeling hadn finished place joining league participate national championship game time years decline stature fact game rematch national championship game received coverage ticket sales game relatively rapid sold entire initial tickets fans purchased approximately tickets total ticket sales neared mark tech sales increased officials requested initial days later tickets sold expectations game growing demand tickets demonstrated incident nearly access passes game stolen transit printer causing police search offense conclusion regular season ranked total offense averaging yards game rushing offense ranked yards game passing offense scoring offense averaging points game average field offense led quarterback rating seventh highest country completed pass attempts yards touchdowns setting record total offense freshman recognition achievement named preferred passing target wide receiver led team catching passes yards seven touchdowns fellow wide receiver walker touchdowns catching season history point ground offense led running finished regular season yards rushing touchdowns rushing game assisted mobility gained yards regular season team rushing yards kicking game run successfully kicked field goals extra points season total points offense offense slightly worse national average regular season ranked total offense averaging yards game particular tech passing offense lacking segment offense ranked averaging yards figure somewhat balanced rushing attack ranked despite worse average totals tech ranked scoring offense points game prior bowl announced virginia tech offensive coordinator leaving team position despite confirmed coach bowl game act coach field led quarterback completed pass attempts passing yards touchdowns favorite passing target caught passes yards seven touchdowns recognition success davis named team selection set single season receiving records catching passes yards touchdowns school records despite numbers offense gained ground beginning season running leader rushing offense set records career rushing touchdowns career touchdowns suffering season ending injury game connecticut following injury role taken freshman running set tech freshman running record accumulating yards figure fifth named rookie year american defense defense ranked country conclusion regular season allowed yards game average state rushing defense ranked passing defense ranked defensive squad led middle linebacker tackles regular season team defensive tackle standout performer leading team tackles loss setting single season single game records category defense regular season defense second best country allowing yards game defensive statistical category worse ranking came punt return defense tech allowed yards return rushing defense passing defense defensively led linebacker tackles team named award given annually best linebacker country free safety team accumulating tackles unexpectedly linebacker diagnosed syndrome hospitalized prior game game summary bowl kicked est january stadium jacksonville florida person attendance announced television broadcast earned nielsen rating bowl new year day bowl game ratings increase previous year broadcast provided nbc country music artist performed song god usa prior game sang traditional pre game national anthem weather sunny variable winds miles hour temperature humidity percent referee exchange playing game teams split won traditional pre game coin toss determine possession elected kick begin state quarter fielded near florida state yard line returned yards state yard line play game long pass quarterback throw caught second play sacked loss yards pass incomplete returned kick territory offense began tech possession game state yard line play yard pass quarterback tight end long florida state yard line running gained yards run middle field jones gained yards play sacked loss yards jones regained lost unable pick facing fourth tech sent attempt yard field goal kick successful remaining quarter took lead post score downed end zone second possession game began yard line running gained yards second pass gained yards game unable gain second time game return yards violating halo rule required yards player catching ball nearest defender rule rescinded second drive game started yard line penalty jones stopped little gain plays drive completed long pass wide receiver defenders advanced ball florida state yard line gain yards running plays long play gained little tech appeared gain touchdown passing play wide receiver play tech offensive committed holding penalty score yard penalty ball loose ball recovered state yard line tech denied chance score state play turnover sacked yard loss play virginia tech defender jumped pass intercepted green returned ball state yard line offense started drive inside territory play drive tech attempted reverse pass ball fell incomplete subsequent plays stopped gain tech time game kick stopped state yard line remaining quarter state pinned deep half field running play gained yards state earned yard line seven yard pass ball recovered sacked tech defense state yard line long rushing plays lost state earned yard line completed yard pass tech yard line final seconds quarter attempted touchdown pass ball fell incomplete quarter led second quarter second quarter began facing yard line play quarter resulted virginia tech sack game tackled long loss sack pushed field goal range ball bounced bounds tech yard line began possession second quarter running play stopped gain completed yard pass yard line tech play threw incomplete pass pushed yards false start penalty run yard holding penalty tech unable gain penalties remaining half returned kick yard line began possession second quarter running play stopped gain gained short pass short run yard holding penalty yards completed yard pass yard line gained yards scramble threw incomplete passes ball rolled end zone tech offense began drive yard line remaining quarter incomplete passes yard run later tech prepared punt ball away kick defense broke offensive line blocked kick ball rolled inside yard line offense took play block goal line game touchdown extra point attempt success remaining half took lead post score returned tech yard line began drive rushing plays resulted yard line unable enter half field incomplete passes running play resulted loss offense returned game yard line following kick remaining half play drive completed yard pass play advanced ball yards running play tech yard line stopped gain endured sack committed yard false start penalty pushed tech yard line unable elected try long field goal kick florida state entered game attempt yard kick kick successful remaining half extended lead virginia tech went proceeded run remaining seconds clock half ended leading quarter received ball begin game received ball begin second half returned yard line offense possession second half jones rushed yards completed pass florida state yard line sacked regained lost earned completed pass yard line tech rushes advanced ball yard line earned plays later jones goal line tech touchdown game extra point kick good tech tied score remaining quarter received tech returned yard line incomplete pass defense caught resulting yard gain florida state short run penalty gained play ball loose ball recovered defense began second possession second half state yard line tech unable capitalize field position threw incomplete pass sacked threw pass loss tech ball downed florida state yard line second possession second half began success possession state gained running plays completed yard pass yard line advanced ball short ground gains plays completed yard pass bell following pass tech yard line short gains incomplete pass failed gain state head coach ordered game attempt yard field goal kick attempt successful gave florida state lead remaining quarter following yard return offense began work yard line second play drive completed yard pass ran end zone second touchdown game extra point kick good regained lead seconds remaining quarter kicked ball returned kick yards yard line gained yards rushing plays time ran quarter ended leading fourth quarter fourth quarter began possession ball facing yards play quarter hit virginia tech defender released yard pass walker ran end zone touchdown extra point try good regained lead remaining game post score sailed end zone tech offense began drive quarter yard line tech play quarter yard completed pass followed yard run jones incomplete pass ran state yard line inside territory gaining ground difficult plays tech yards setting critical fourth play outside field goal range trailing needed potential scoring range fourth jones stopped gain running play turned ball downs play later cited game turning point turnover received ball yard line lead remaining game play turnover completed yard pass walker tech yard line plays followed yards sent game attempt yard field goal kick goal posts extending lead remaining game fielded inside yard line returned tech yard line tech gained yards running plays completed yard pass davis tech yard line jones carried ball gaining tech yard line completed pass short run jones resulted time yard line committed yard penalty unable gain field attempt convert fourth ball kick downed state yard line remaining game play drive jones gained yards yard line followed yard run jones tech yard line runs jones gained yards attempt field goal ordered offense attempt convert quarterback sneak resulted gain state drive continued play conversion completed yard pass walker touchdown score subsequent extra point gave state lead remaining game returned yard line incomplete pass gained yard line short pass sacked successive plays second sack florida state collided helmet twisting knee following injury tech sent backup quarterback attempt long pass pass intercepted seconds remaining game following interception ran clock secured win statistical summary recognition performances game receiver named valuable player winning team wide receiver named valuable player losing team walker finished game receiving yards average yards half field reception opposite ball davis caught passes yards average yards catch teams benefited receivers success opposing defenses florida state quarterback completed pass attempts touchdowns yards interception ran ball times game lost total yards positive rushes resulted rushing touchdown despite score game marked time season held negative rushing quarterback completed pass attempts yards touchdown backup quarterback threw interception pass attempt game wide receiver trick pass attempt fell incomplete ground running led players carries yards virginia tech running second overall rushing having carried ball times yards touchdown defensively tackles loss causing yards offense tackles loss encompassing yards loss tackles loss sacks tackles loss sacks successful field goals tied bowl record passing yards sixth recorded bowl history point receiving yards second recorded bowl yard pass walker longest bowl history opposite ball davis receiving yards ninth recorded bowl history yard reception ninth longest bowl history receivers totals bowl game records case receiving yards gained single player receiving yards allowed single player effects victory raised final record loss brought final record following loss record bowl games including bowl bowl games head coach victory gave head coach win career tying second overall division career wins list nfl draft strong performance college bowl players team selected play national_football_league nfl draft players selected led wide receiver picked round 20th overall following walker defensive taken supplemental draft expansion houston addition drafted running transferred team lack playing time players selected draft wide receiver selected second round 47th overall following davis linebacker defensive coaching changes following bowl loss offensive coordinator coach head coach announced prior game position offensive coordinator filled offensive line coach fill coach position vacated hired notre dame offensive coordinator | 2002 Gator Bowl | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
11275_DrakeDunsmore | drake born november american football tight end attended college played northwestern northwestern time academic big performer inaugural big clark tight end year northwestern team big conference selection honorable mention big selection holds northwestern single game receiving touchdowns record career tight end receiving yards record son pat high school finished fourth place kansas kids state wrestling tournament age group pound weight class like national_football_league veteran father pat drake played organized football high school honorable mention class state selection junior team class state selection team state selection senior 20th rated tight end national high school class according espn 15th rated football player class state kansas according earned varsity letters track baseball chose northwestern competing football scholarships variety reasons including academics coaching staff fact grandmother reside close campus declined invitation participate august kansas shrine bowl ongoing rehabilitation college northwestern true play northwestern pair yard duke september named sporting news big freshman team big conference football season injuring anterior fifth day practice sophomore year september reception yard effort including yard touchdown caught touchdown gave lead undefeated number ranked iowa november victory gave northwestern sixth victory season bowl eligible january bowl tallied yards receiving yard passing effort auburn tigers yard touchdown longest passing touchdown northwestern bowl game history second leading receiver big tight ends big conference football season started games earned recognition touchdowns september victory posted reception effort victory number ranked iowa team november earned recognition second time honorable mention coaches media selection touchdown yard game indiana victory october receiving touchdowns set northwestern record tying memorial stadium record earned big offensive player week earned academic big recognition team big coaches media selection established northwestern career receiving yards record tight ends yards inaugural big clark tight end year pre draft finished fifth tight ends nfl scouting combine yard dash time pair place finishes tight ends cone drill time yard shuttle time finished tight ends yard shuttle time ranked fifth tight ends bench press total vertical jump height inches placed seventh tight ends standing long jump distance feet inches professional career selected seventh round nfl draft selection overall northwestern big players drafted small nfl tight end according espn projected special teams player announced agreed year deal making officially member deal reportedly worth million years began nfl season practice squad following nfl draft free agent retired | Drake Dunsmore | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
11566_TylerLockett | tyler tyler born september american football wide receiver return specialist national_football_league nfl drafted round nfl draft played college football son nephew professional football players prominent member state high school championship teams football basketball college set numerous football records american consensus american selection punt college totaled career purpose yards touchdowns including yards touchdowns receiver games freshman college season led nation average yards return injured missed rest season nonetheless afterward recognized american return specialist honorable mention big performer team team big performer team wide receiver purpose receiver season established records single game receiving yards single game purpose yards career return yards senior team surpassed father school records career receiving yards career career receiving touchdowns senior big conference leader receiving yards national leader punt return average time big special teams player year began nfl career month september posted punt return touchdown games second rookie win multiple special teams player month awards rookie named 1st team pro nfl season selected nfl rookie team positions early years born oklahoma attended washington high school sport star football basketball track helped lead washington championships football basketball sophomore notable contributions team way school football championship years junior played year broken wrist diagnosed severe suffered injury second game football season screw wrist basketball season compiled record won championship football senior year played positions high school voted state defensive class state wide receiver state selection got invited state east west star game addition football competitor basketball track basketball reached state championship game basketball defeated win championship voted tournament second team track field state captured regional title meter dash state regional placing time seconds earned place finishes meter dash meter dash state finals recruiting regarded star recruit ranked wide receiver state oklahoma nationally according ranked nation rated 16th best high school football player state oklahoma class best national class best wide receiver class chose scholarship offer kansas college career received athletic scholarship attend played coach football team father kevin uncle aaron played wide receiver receivers coach coached father uncle freshman hoped season freshman year add size played true freshman got modest start recorded yards rushes yards return yards punt returns total yards games october things started turn october posted yard return touchdown ensuing weeks earned numerous big conference honors team including time big special teams player week player week recognition came october produced yard purpose yards performance october kansas included posting yard return touchdown player school history return touchdowns consecutive games having career high reception yard receiving day player week recognition season came november yard purpose yard november game included yard return rushes yards yards touchdown undisclosed injury play final games regular season later injury determined kidney games injury purpose yards game big offensive freshman year second team big selection punt honorable mention selection wide receiver team american selection second team american selection sports_illustrated result extent honors recognized consensus american ncaa picked numerous honors 2nd team honorable mention failed play percent games order eligible ncaa statistical leader average return averaged yards return returns yards freshman led ncaa statistical category average sophomore entered season preseason big team selection big media espn listed honorable mention selection giving team honor september posted career return touchdown returning quarter yards earned big conference special teams player week honors september october posted career highs receiving yards receiving west_virginia giving fifth highest single game receiving total school history fourth career return touchdown occurred november earned big special teams player week november earned second team selection big honorable mention selection wide receiver special teams honorable mention american return specialist selection sports_illustrated junior prior season recognized good nominee opened season yards including yard touchdown pass august following week added yards september connected quarterback yards texas big conference season opener additional return yards receiving yards single game record surpassing yards iowa state november receiving total 2nd highest weeks season yards suffered injury half october contest returned lineup october post touchdowns yards help achieve big win season west_virginia november posted yards including yard touchdown reception week later caught passes yards touchdowns oklahoma returned yards broke single game record receiving yards surpassed kansas state single game purpose yards record named week november time kansas state leader career return yards single game receiving yards fourth big history single game purpose yards ranked second big history fifth history following season recognized big conference team selection wide receiver purpose player named second team american wide receiver sports_illustrated gave honorable mention american recognition purpose player december buffalo wild wings bowl yards touchdowns marked receiver buffalo wild wings bowl bowl game receiver senior entered senior season preseason big selection walter camp award candidate september named posted yard game season iowa state september second game tallied receiving yards september named candidates senior class award september posted plus yard punt returns including yard touchdown september earned sixth career big player week recognition named big special teams player week following week posted yards touchdowns october added yards texas october october earned scholarship finalists campbell trophy november posted yards touchdown number ranked effort boosted career receiving total yards surpassing father school record total set named finalists senior class award semi finalists award november recognized team yards yard punt return touchdown west_virginia november yards touchdowns kansas november kansas rivalry game passed father school record tied school record touchdown final regular season game posted yards touchdown gave career touchdown broke tie father school record bowl game remaining career total receiving yards ranked 6th big conference history added receiving yards touchdowns ucla january bowl game yard punt return yard punt return touchdown holding penalty established bowl records purpose yards recognized game mvp december big coaches selected repeat big special teams player year team wide receiver espn selected big team purpose player associated_press named team big wide receiver purpose team selection college football america team espn sports_illustrated team punt selection second team selection usa_today wide receiver return specialist associated_press purpose player earned school eleventh consensus american recognition selected play senior bowl recognized big football scholar athlete year recognized team senior americans senior class award candidates recognized jet award finished college career yards touchdowns receiver returns yards touchdowns punt returns yards touchdowns rushes yards career tackles totals career purpose yards national collegiate athletic association officially recognizes punt returns game qualifying minimum threshold sources consider punt return game qualifying minimum punt return average leader sources senior season totals led receiving yards nation punt return average pre draft professional career seattle drafted round nfl draft overall selection team traded sixth round picks overall order order select rookie year nfl appearance yard kick return touchdown seattle preseason opener marking touchdown season team weeks later nfl regular season debut returned yard punt touchdown career return posted yards debut following week career regular season start returned yard kick return week bears setting new franchise record performance weeks season earned recognition month september rookie win award posted career touchdown reception thursday night football san_francisco october november san_francisco scored receiving touchdowns december time yards new career highs week later yard receiving game second multi touchdown game yards touchdown winning effort baltimore named rookie week performance december selected pro bowl selected running final week season january set scores long punt returns punt return yards punt returns set single game punt return record earned special teams player week recognition week punt returns yards game accomplished nfl seasons performance weeks season amassed purpose yards earned special teams player month december january making second rookie win award twice joined rookie record receiving touchdowns punt return touchdown return touchdown rookie named team voted teammate nfl selected team positions wide receiver punt personal tyler born having played school time leading receiver passed tyler played nfl uncle aaron played fourth time leading receiver second time leading punt aaron holds big conference records set school record meters head coach coached father uncle paternal grandparents john maternal grandparents | Tyler Lockett | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
11583_RoyRiegels | roy wrong way april march played football team wrong way run rose bowl cited worst history college football play overshadowed football talents earned team america honors served team captain bears shared speakers use life example overcoming setbacks background 1920s saw golden age california football golden bears went straight games defeat record wins ties 3rd longest unbeaten confused winning streak ncaa history squads dominant nicknamed wonder teams coached stars era university later established freshman leadership group called won championships trips rose bowl decade win ohio_state tie loss played center football team record going rose bowl game led golden bears conference minutes played season voted team good strength playing center defense similar present day middle linebacker position coach price gave credit player coached rose bowl opponent undefeated opponents points games played rose bowl game broadcast nationally radio time game january golden bears faced rose bowl california usa midway second quarter played center offensive defensive lines playing role similar modern defensive nose guard nose tackle picked tech jack yards away end zone turned ran yards wrong direction following describes perspective running picked ball told associated_press started turn left tech goal somebody bounded right away completely lost teammate quarterback chased screaming stop known speed finally caught california yard line tried turn immediately hit wave tech players tackled yard line bears chose punt risk play close end zone tech blocked punt safety giving lead roy wrong way run coach said excited players jumping near tech bench sit sit running wrong way step takes advantage calling game radio said roy wrong way run seeing wrong crazy crazy crazy play distraught talked returning game coach price second half roy said coach ruined ruined ruined couldn face crowd save life coach price responded saying roy game half play turned stellar second half performance including blocking tech punt addition passed touchdown kicked extra point tech ultimately win game second national championship safety score wrong way run difference outcome game increased significance roy mistake spite loss example distraught persuaded pick return field play hard second half speakers illustrate overcoming setbacks aftermath game coach price defended saying accident happened play overshadowed football talents center captain said best center played year quit spot team captain senior year earning honors helped bears record following season later ncaa football rules committee pass rule barring player advancing recovered hits ground remained place decades according contemporary article approximately stories totaling estimated column inches written wrong way run newspapers united_states gained notoriety wrong way run able capitalize famous run acts opening sequence movie flight based uses photographs movie come home released lead character performs similar college years earning picture book written published title day provides play play description moment sports history looking play years later said embarrassed realized wanted hole open ground jump soon passed reached stage mention cause soon passed bothered cases people tried exploit reminded mistake life said times run heard people saying wrong way weren referring immediately turned speaking don understand dealt situation laughing happened joked run direction surely thought going right way said run wrong way football people pretty hard lie presented membership card years later believe feel earned sent letters athletes similar mistakes example sent letter intercepted pass run yards end zone resulting safety centennial high won game wrote letter years laugh wrong way run brought grown tired listening reading certainly wasn thing world regretted addition nfl game san_francisco minnesota defensive end ran recovered yards end zone resulting safety won reportedly later sent marshall letter reading welcome club later years said better person gained true understanding life rose bowl mistake said interview star learned bounce view adverse happened inducted rose bowl hall fame posthumously elected panel chose wrong way run rose bowl memorable moments century family personal life born father denmark mother sweden sister named married children david richard graduated degree agriculture teacher coached football california high school junior college levels served officer world war later worked agriculture field executive started agricultural chemicals business woodland california earning contributions california farming state legislature governor sold company retired died march sleep home age complications disease | Roy Riegels | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
11627_LesHorvath | october november american football quarterback won trophy playing ohio_state player win award given best college football player united_states school retired jersey number grew suburb cleveland ohio standout high school athlete despite small stature entered ohio_state work scholarship tried football team following year played reserve team coached won ohio_state national championship graduated year moved ohio_state dental school acting ohio_state football coach asked rejoin team taking advantage world war era rule allowing graduate students remaining eligibility play agreed helped lead record second place showing poll won named american season graduated dental school served dental officer years following discharge played professionally released signing won championship year retired playing moved los_angeles practice lived rest life inducted ohio_state athletics hall fame early life born croatian immigrants indiana family soon moved ohio suburb cleveland ohio attended starting played track basketball football teams 11th grade decided switch schools felt basketball teammates taking sport seriously family relocated enrolled rhodes high school cleveland rivals playing quarterback guided team seven straight wins team lost chance nomination play city championship graduated college career graduating attended work scholarship managed school football team small football player weighed pounds quick runner strong arm ohio_state football team disappointment finishing season win loss record head coach fired season replaced ohio high school coach guided series undefeated records state championships brown simplified ohio_state offense imposed level discipline organization absent reserve single wing offense team posted win loss tie record finished second big conference standings played games senior senior got carries ohio_state despite small frame brown recognized potential senior regular starter ohio_state main offensive weapons averaged yards carry victory pittsburgh scored touchdowns passed yards win illinois cleveland ohio_state ranked country poll early season fell rankings loss wisconsin october team won rest games including victory arch rival michigan end season passed yard touchdown caught yard touchdown pass michigan game ohio_state record big standings final poll giving school national championship expected college football career finished undergraduate degree year enrolled graduate program ohio_state football program struggled brown best players entered military world war assistant brown appointed acting head coach led team record following year asked return team taking advantage wartime rule allowed college programs use graduate students exhausted years college eligibility promised leading role team left level prominence denied brown agreed come veteran leader team composed older players service war breakout season gaining rushing yards purpose yards turned record finished second national polls highlights season included scoring winning touchdown ohio_state annual matchup michigan calling ohio_state offensive plays nicknamed playing coach named team american valuable player big season voted teammates ohio_state valuable player won trophy award given year best college football player country ohio_state player win remains winner played football previous season early played annual east west shrine game college star game ohio_state member fraternity military professional career graduating ohio_state dental school signed play national_football_league applied commission join sworn junior lieutenant august sent naval station great lakes illinois training practiced acted assistant brown entered navy coaching base football team served hawaii coached football team won service national championship later traveled assignment far china naval dental officer discharge navy speculation join cleveland new team coached brown contract joined team moved cleveland los_angeles led quarterback los_angeles finished season record rushed yards yards rushing season finished record took place nfl west division worked offseason los_angeles released signed week later closing dental office moving cleveland reunite brown primarily defense early season yard return touchdown game new_york_yankees ran touchdowns november game cleveland finished season record won fourth straight championship disbanded season absorbed nfl decided quit football practice california later life death got married season airline moved los_angeles coached little league football practiced california major los_angeles suburb rest life wife died got remarried years later met hawaii vacation married years death heart failure inducted member ohio_state athletics hall fame ohio_state retired number uniform years death inducted senior high school athletics hall fame awards honors national championship winner team american champion college football hall fame class ohio_state block varsity hall fame class senior high school hall fame class number retired ohio_state | Les Horvath | Sports and recreation | Football | American college football |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.