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9486_WilliamOwsley | march december associate justice 16th governor kentucky served houses kentucky secretary state governor studied law briefly serving state legislature appointed governor serve alongside service court involved controversy state legislature unhappy court debt relief legislation attempted abolish court replace new court time courts operated simultaneously claimed court resort state supporters old court won control legislature abolished new court resigned years later returned state legislature served governor appointed secretary state resumed legal practice retired profession year nominated governor whig ticket defeated general election conservative policies able reduce state debt spite opposition large numbers kentucky citizens volunteered military service popularity declined sharply attempted remove secretary state successfully challenged removal court resigned protest actions charged practicing appointments term governor sought public office died december buried kentucky early life born march virginia thirteen children born william catherine cousin representative father anthony elder brother family relocated kentucky settling settlements crab orchard stanford english ancestry dedicated studies public schools area obtained better education peers march appointed adjutant time taught country school married students gill seventeen couple children time teacher studied surveying eventually deputy surveyor later served deputy sheriff father high sheriff capacity attracted attention offered use library opportunity read law opened legal practice political career began elected serving term governor appointed served alongside teacher soon appointment legislature reduced number justices court resigned seat elected state house vacancy occurred governor appointed court court crucial decisions tenure case commonwealth kentucky held right establish branches kentucky supreme_court united_states later overturned ruling second important decision participant case blair etc williams kentucky act law granted year grace period debts creditors accept notes colleagues opined law violation contract clause constitution decision extremely unpopular commonwealth citizens affirmed court opinion related case following decisions general_assembly attempted remove justices positions lacked thirds majority required assembly attempted abolish create new beginning controversy members existing court continued functioning role new court pro relief justices organized legislature time courts claimed court resort kentucky supporters won control legislature abolished having seen court controversy chief justice resigned december mills resigned attempt silence criticism defeated faction held seats defiance people supporters hoped men nominated confirmed legislature making charge credible accordingly newly elected governor submitted men legislature confirmation nominations defeated state senate ended tenure court time longest tenure justice returned legal practice case load soon compelled governor kentucky returned state house served state senate served presidential ascended governorship death appointed secretary state shortened term retired practice law purchased farm elected governor whig ticket defeating democrat vote fiscal conservative reduced state deficit slightly reluctant rebuild state damaged fire despite reluctance spend urged general_assembly increase funding public education money proclaimed left appropriate department legislature determine raising response assembly passed small tax benefit public education education progress tenure largely appointment public school superintendent credited architect kentucky educational system secretary war requested kentucky provide bolster forces new state texas refused request word request reached citizens state volunteered great numbers rushed reinforce taylor similarly responding troops service mexican american war joined fellow conflict war postal workers state opened letter delivering spread word federal government requested troops time formal volunteers entire regiment kentucky troops organized despite personal opposition war boasted report commonwealth raised volunteers times number requested later tenure marred conflict secretary state believed supporting gubernatorial election obtain influence choices appointments tensions worsened increasingly frustrated lack influence september removed cabinet charging abandoned duties reside challenged premise removal nominated replace state senate voted vacancy existed upheld decision resigned charging practicing kentucky constitution governor stripped power remove secretary state office following term governor retired farm kentucky lived death wife lived children died december buried cemetery kentucky named honor home early political career listed national_register_of_historic_places | William Owsley | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
9577_SirFrancisBernard,1stBaronet | sir 1st sir 1st july june british colonial administrator served governor provinces new_jersey policies harsh tactics massachusetts angered colonists instrumental building broad based opposition province rule parliament events leading american revolution appointed governor new_jersey oversaw province participation later years french indian war generally positive relationship legislature given governorship massachusetts stormy relationship assembly early actions turned colony responses protests parliament attempts tax colonies deepened divisions protests bernard sought british_army troops stationed boston colonists recalled publication letters critical colony returning england continued advise british government colonial matters calling responses ongoing difficulties massachusetts culminated suffered stroke died leaving large family early life francis born england francis bernard christened july father died years later mother remarried died smallpox probably raised aunt years stepfather forced failed courtship flee holland stepfather returned years later continued play role boy upbringing bernard formal education began westminster spent seven years oxford christ church granted master arts read law called bar years instead typical seven study settled lincoln practiced law took variety municipal posts neighbors lincoln son john serving thomas went north american colonies appointed governor bernard married daughter sheriff december couple raised large family couple living children prospects income support large family unlikely lincoln apparently decided seek posting colonies described bernard infamous degree time having numerous family provide governor new_jersey bernard wife cousin lord probably connections secured appointment governor january post available death leaving children relatives couple sailed north_america children arriving june colonies middle french indian war time bernard arrival established good working relationship new_jersey assembly able convince province raise troops funds ongoing war effort signed treaty agreement new_jersey pennsylvania group indian tribes principal concern new_jersey fixing boundaries colonial indian lands effort important reduced raiding possible provincial military strength war new france agreements negotiated bernard extinguished remaining indian titles new_jersey negotiations resulted establishment formal indian reservation near present day reservation sparsely populated abandoned remaining inhabitants joined upstate new_york governor massachusetts influence connections bernard appointed governor late delays communications slow travel bernard arrive boston august initially warmly welcomed tenure massachusetts difficult bernard sought vigorously enforce crown officials including governor customs officials received shares proceeds seizure ships caught violating acts legal actions involving heard jury admiralty court crown appointed judge extremely unpopular bernard early opponent appointing lieutenant governor chief justice province highest court post promised previous governors father upset younger resigned post advocate general crown representative equivalent government prosecutor admiralty court devoted instead arguing pro behalf merchants defense ships early actions bernard tenure drew clear dividing line popular party exemplified opposed british colonial policy court party exemplified supported bernard difficulties compounded death late king necessary reissue assistance customs tax collectors essentially open ended search controversial unpopular issuance later explicitly united_states_constitution approved acts chief justice saw popularity fall argued violated rights gained popularity elected provincial legislature placed continue attacks bernard policies session assembly engineered gift bernard partially successful divert bernard attention ongoing customs bernard continued tax measures including sugar act stamp act passage acts protest response stamp act included rioting streets united factions province governor passage raised storm protest colonies massachusetts provincial assembly issued circular letter calling colonies join boycott goods subject taxes bernard ordered april lord recently appointed newly created office colonial secretary dissolve assembly failed letter assembly refused bernard july says letters london greatly influenced officials distorted reality conviction faction espoused violence primary method opposition example kept recognizing peace keeping efforts equally dangerous bernard elaborate accounts built evidence warden argues bernard careful explicitly ask london troops exaggerated accounts strongly suggested needed fall warned possible insurrection boston day exaggerated report disturbance certainly given lord impression troops way enforce obedience town warden notes key british officials boston wrote london strain thousand british_army troops arrived boston october tensions bernard local press accused writing letters ministry situation challenged release letters refused opposition agents london eventually able acquire letters reached members april promptly published radical boston gazette governor council letter particular bernard called changes massachusetts charter increase governor power increasing council dependence subject particularly harsh treatment prompted assembly formally request forever removed government province recalled england lieutenant governor acting governor bernard left boston august town held impromptu celebration decorated church bells accomplishments massachusetts included design harvard_university construction summer estate pond street jamaica plain return england return england asked received hearing concerning colonial petition rule february considered petition dismissed charges despite bernard resigned governor confirmed ownership recognition seeking awarded promised pension service learned return pension reduced awarded crown expense appeals matter rejected lord north prime minister pension raised shortly replaced appointment commissioner ireland paid bernard advisor north administration matters concerning colonies generally took harder line predecessor advocated colonial interests parliament proposals included ideas central massachusetts government act severely constrained colonial political power including council appointed governor elected assembly bernard played role difficulties recognized colonial agent franklin credentials refused colonial secretary encountered bernard biographer observes bernard presence advisor ministry cast shadow virtually american measure massachusetts ministry considered bernard role breaking trust colonists london government subsequent massachusetts politics north government considering respond bernard published select letters trade government containing proposals deal ongoing difficulties colonies proposed reconcile constitutional grievances british radical americans possible introduction american representatives included essay principles law drafted laid point point exposition viewpoints concerning imperial governance ideas enacted notably massachusetts government act outrage london sparked sympathetic colonial advocate propose closure boston port enacted boston port act decline death late bernard bequeathed manor death cousin close childhood combined family members reside received irish appointment stress situation led bernard suffer stroke mobility impaired took waters bath appear helped recovery applied permission resign irish post settled manor resignation accepted pension restored travel oxford received honorary doctor civil law alma mater christ church health moved later smaller house nearby died june seizure legacy bernard believed difficulties massachusetts personal instead accepting responsibility blamed problems policies london instructed implement wrote bernard antagonistic reports matters massachusetts instrumental turning british government colonial interests bernard headed list drawn massachusetts american revolutionary war broke notorious conspirators government property confiscated entirely taken bernard son john resided maine war sided victorious americans able receive massachusetts title half island election governor massachusetts reverend sermon warned ignored state legislature bernard new_jersey town settled located renamed bernard honour massachusetts incorporated massachusetts administration named bernard named massachusetts county birth massachusetts british prime minister | Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
9629_DouglasBruce | born august conservative activist legislator state colorado known author colorado strict advocate limited government bruce wrote promoted spending limitation measure approved colorado voters associated measure attempts bypass restrictions known unsuccessful campaigns bruce eventually elected colorado county commission county commissioner bruce noted frequently falling losing sides votes disputes county staff fellow commissioners numerous occasions bruce appointed vacant seat december represented house district encompasses eastern kicking rocky mountain news photographer day sworn bruce legislator colorado history formally later removed house committee overseeing veterans affairs refusing sponsor ceremonial resolution honoring veterans defeated election term august republican_party primary bruce continued activism reduce government expenditures taxes colorado particular indicted decades worth criminal activity cheating colorado millions guise charity anti tax activism convicted counts indictment including counts criminal activity including money attempted improper influence public official tax fraud discovered small government charity founded hide millions dollars state department revenue sentenced february total days jail ordered pay total fines subject months probation includes extensive disclosure requirements early career born los_angeles california bruce graduated age double major history government completed law degree worked deputy district attorney resigning amid frustration court system bruce ran largely self financed campaign running 38th assembly district time centered running campaign slogan safe bruce ran local newspaper described law order primary campaign democrat bruce lost percentage points high turnout primary opponent narrowly lost general election republican colorado rental properties late 1970s bruce acquired number rental properties los_angeles area managed time leaving district attorney office late 1970s early 1980s bruce embroiled protracted tax disputes bruce acquired properties moved colorado permanently shortly moving colorado bruce changed political party affiliation democrat republican addition properties bruce acquired rental properties denver colorado cited repeatedly law code enforcement officials properties dozens brought overturned connection charge operating unsafe building bruce spent days jail contempt court citation response numerous complaints filed bruce questioned city code provisions accused city officials selective prosecution carrying personally bruce announced intended sell rental properties order devote time political activism cited keeping dilapidated properties recently bruce cited properties considered dilapidated windows boarded orders city charges ultimately dropped bruce sold buildings shortly august legislative primary declared owned bruce dilapidated bruce responded money repairing building sale early told bruce charge restart water service seven rental properties charge bruce said amounted political retaliation city staff justified noting properties abandoned bill rights similar tax limitation measures rejected voters previous decades bruce authored led campaign eventually successful bill rights colorado provisions mandated voter approval tax increases constrained state government spending grow rate greater rates population growth inflation pass garnering vote statewide reference bruce revised measure placed ballot received support attempt successful passed vote colorado constitution restrictions state spending triggered time resulting campaigns bruce primary spokesperson trading opponent colorado governor frequently cited incident likened proposal economic terrorism response bruce printed personal business cards reading passage bruce prominent political accomplishment years later bruce license plate read bruce wrote successfully passed similar spending limitation measure statewide local effects government finances led political science professor bruce influential colorado politician time passage hundreds local jurisdictions colorado sought voter approval temporarily permanently exceed spending limitations measures known reference author half colorado school district counties municipalities budget restrictions frequently cited officials bruce native resulting deficiencies health law enforcement administrative services state level creating financial difficulties higher education years tight budgets brought recession spending limitations budgetary obligations referred referendum statewide measure colorado voters bruce vocal opponent referendum facing supporters including supported original passage referendum ultimately passed voters authorized year time spending restrictions bruce threatened lawsuit state colorado referendum passed measure ultimately enacted law raising state revenue billion dollars following term state legislature bruce argued measure reverse spending restrictions bill rights initiative known divert given special fund education bruce opposed measure legislative hearings filed legal challenge house speaker primary proponent sought place measure colorado ballot citizen initiative measure ultimately placed november statewide ballot amendment bruce launched website opposing campaigns bruce attempt seek elected office colorado came bruce challenged incumbent republican state senator republican_party primary bruce lost powers went colorado state senate president bruce campaign powers bruce person banned powers ranch frequent site republican bruce ran unsuccessfully losing contested republican party primary ron republican district running slogan ron bruce bruce faced institutional opposition statewide republican leaders including governor supported initiatives ultimately won votes commissioner election bruce sought election colorado county commission winning republican_party nomination defeating party primary general election bruce defeated democrat republicans ran write candidates backing party leaders bruce won general election vote bruce self funded campaign refusing accept outside donations policy positions serving county commission bruce frequently opposition measures supported county commissioners cast vote implementing mail ballot elections county interference proposed incorporation falcon colorado opposed incorporation package road improvement projects recommended appointment building codes mobile homes awarding county grant anti poverty agency calling unsuccessful attempting reduce number paid holidays taken county employees instrumental lowering property tax rates negotiating expansion gravel pit operation spoke favor turning management county fair volunteer organization called number volunteer boards commissions reduced bruce outspoken support illegal immigrants went normal practice refusing support ceremonial resolutions support resolution favor creation office conflicts county staff commissioners bruce joined commission sought salary year directed charity campaign promise designating active citizens educational non profit helped found recipient bruce sought county income tax checks money directly charity receive direct personal benefit months arrangements county staff bruce agreed accept checks taxes withheld bruce attempted use non profit group donate copies local school districts distribute graduating seniors districts refused donation logistical grounds policies forbidding distribution external material nonprofit group purchased tens thousands copies constitution goal giving graduating high school senior colorado refused accept pass bribe objected introduction public prayer county commission meetings bruce objected inclusion alongside county commissioners plaque marking county support new courthouse expansion threatening physically remove plaque opposition financing methods courthouse driving factor county commission campaign bruce debating speaking style county commission meetings led occasional conflicts county staff commissioners year escalating series disputes commissioner led ruling meeting chaired bruce allowed discuss city politics bruce accused intervening county bidding process copying contract favor campaign supporter attorney denounced bruce supporting colorado amendment referendum designed ease rules measures election ballots bruce louis verbally louis called bruce tactics guerrilla louis announced plan limited power sure bruce tenure elected office comes end point good community colorado nation tensions rose bruce final weeks county commission sought vacancy committee appointment state legislature bruce criticized county staff inquiries sheriff responded accusing bruce morale county staff told bruce supported bid legislature order environment match statement applauded county staff final commission meetings bruce repeatedly cut commissioners comments members commission described behavior increase prior vacancy committee meeting activism june bruce called appear potential sexual assault trial jury selection process bruce distributed written support jury defense attorneys objected bruce actions presiding judge dismissed bruce potential received resulting week delay trial bruce authored measures issues appeared november election ballot reduced city sales tax rate eliminated property tax restricted city ability borrow money legality measures challenged city officials dispute rose ruled favor measures placement ballot bruce unsuccessfully contested editing statements support measures ballot voters claimed wording taxation measures election bruce subject criminal stemming charges campaigned tax increase polling place closer legal foot limit august man charged asked police stop signatures outside second time year bruce alleged attempted bully violate amendment rights charge city officials denied trial eventually held errors jury pool claims bruce selective prosecution day trial acquitted bruce later filed unsuccessful complaint alleging professional misconduct case prosecutor judge appointment swearing october bruce chosen republican contenders state house seat vacated following short contentious battle appointment bruce received thirds votes member vacancy committee eligible sworn immediately appointment certified bruce postponed oath office order eligible serve terms partial term colorado term limits rules action criticized republican democratic delay led enactment legislation requiring legislators sworn days selection bruce cast vote measure bruce demanded sworn house request denied republican democratic leadership individual swearing ceremony january house republicans voted representative named district bruce oath office end day morning sworn bruce kicked rocky mountain news photographer took bruce picture prayer bruce accused photographer violating order house refused apologize describing action instead tap member legislative panel recommended bruce house actions january house_of_representatives voted bruce representative recorded history state house formally legislative agenda session bruce named seats veterans session began bruce denounced house republican caucus legislative agenda socialism bruce similarly critical proposed state budget debated legislative session budget amendment proposals unsuccessful legislation introduced bruce died house committees including proposals distribute copies require instruction declaration independence constitution high school seniors prohibit counties assessing charges property taxes property tax bills raise legislative pay index pay inflation create panel draw colorado congressional legislative districts bruce routinely objected practice safety clause bills inclusion declares bill necessary immediate preservation public peace health safety law sooner prohibiting challenges legislation petition process offered amendments number bills remove safety clause failed account legislators personal hostility bills passed safety clause previous year bruce opposed proposals raise signature requirements citizen initiated constitutional amendments opposed bill impose new requirements despite criticism voting measure constituted conflict interest removal committee consistent bruce practice county commissioner bruce opposed ceremonial resolutions legislature february lone legislator refused sign resolution recognizing military republican legislators denounced bruce public letter indifference veterans republican minority leader mike removed bruce veterans military affairs committee bruce offered evidence support veterans successful amendment house bill include interest state resulted additional fund bruce later cite major accomplishments session peasants comments april bruce voiced opposition house debate bill sponsored create guest worker program facilitate temporary employment agricultural workers mexico speaking illegal immigration advised restrict comments bill debate chair bruce took floor second time commented bruce immediately order ruled longer recognized debate bill bruce comments denounced legislators sides aisle mexican denver bruce defended remarks accurate citing dictionary definitions peasant legislators responded bruce generating controversy declaring start ignoring following weekend bruce comments target local protest election bruce announced november stand general election house district seat faced challenge republican nomination attorney iraq war veteran bruce funded campaign personal funds refusing accept private campaign donations received endorsements contributions sitting state representatives colorado attorney general received vote republican assembly march claiming line august republican primary ballot differ publicly bruce political positions argued bruce temperament caused ineffective legislator bruce accused inappropriate conduct campaigning bruce accused distributing campaign republican representatives house floor promoting charity shortly primary listing endorsements web site turn bruce filed campaign finance complaints resulted campaign fined failing properly disclose campaign contribution ultimately bruce defeated republican nomination august party primary taking percent vote percent post legislative activism bruce began series challenges creation enterprise fee contended amounted illegal tax collected government entity attempt ballot measure end fee held violate colorado single subject rule bruce gained permission second petition following year long battle wording placed measure november ballot following struggles collect necessary number signatures rejected voters bruce successful placing measure targeting ballot despite challenges city signatures submitted time bruce lost disputes wording ballot measures passed voters percent vote mandated enterprise payments phased years bruce city officials disputed election measure apply city enterprise fee threatening launch ballot initiative cut property taxes initial vote city council years city council voted phase authority immediately bruce objected city council proposed implementation initiative allow city collect payments authority exchange services rendered bruce claimed plain meaning issue similar claims local government restructuring proposal mayor march bruce filed suit city city council charging illegally hired outside legal counsel accused council members receiving benefits greater authorized law june bruce filed ballot measure dramatically expand powers city mayor including eliminating positions city manager chief financial officer communications staff giving mayor power veto lower taxes excuse city code violations statewide ballot measures bruce attempted distance statewide ballot measures aimed limiting colorado governments power raise borrow money measures linked bruce records showing temporarily resided apartment buildings past work initiatives states measures amendment amendment proposition impose restrictions tax cuts eliminate governments ability borrow money voter approval cut state income tax percent eliminate vehicle ownership taxes opponents ballot measures filed complaint alleging violated colorado campaign finance laws failing disclose contributions expenditures bruce testify hearing related case march contested summons unsuccessfully month state attempted times serve notice court order testify bruce residence bruce stated town time notices delivered newspapers removed period hearing late ballot measures sponsors testified met bruce measures filed provided advice submitting legal matters early june administrative law judge ruled evidence showed bruce measures imposed fines proponents state attorney general office stated seek contempt citation bruce district court crime trial conviction sentence charged money attempted public official tax fraud discovered small government charity founded hide millions dollars state interest funds political agenda case went trial bruce acted attorney days trail hours convicted bruce counts february sentenced consecutive day jail terms months probation extensive financial court aimed ensure repeat years prison district attorney asked ordered pay cover cost prosecution cover taxes owed state assistant attorney general said bruce personal selfish reasons took advantage charitable giving process able cheat colorado better decade denounced trial saying trial seen years regardless outcome february denver district judge sentenced bruce months jail years probation imposing strict conditions require disclose detail financial life allowing government access personal computers said doubts bruce successfully complete probation bruce trial introduced evidence throwing documents floor judge said defendant absolutely regard rule law behavior trial said assistant attorney general said outcome fair life going extremely transparent wanted said bruce remained defiant saying able body soul said bruce began serving sentence february bruce spent days jail terms conditions required release year probation department brought complaints bruce claiming failed submit financial tax didn disclose financial deal colorado springs didn report code violations court cases related properties owns ohio wisconsin illinois nearly taxes ohio properties march found violation probation sentenced years currently serving sentence colorado | Douglas Bruce | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
9790_AyscogheBoucherett | lieutenant colonel april september british landowner businessman member parliament born family lincolnshire landed gentry involved local politics lincolnshire owing mainly marriage artistic circles london chairman oversaw reopening expansion dock friend artist sir proprietor lincolnshire constructed country seat investment received support lord main investors principal land owner owing largely lord patronage returned member parliament borough election frequent voter position interests corporation nonetheless company met financial difficulties opened harbour resigned seat favour heir pursued political life died carriage accident early life family connections born april son lincolnshire wife elder high sheriff lincolnshire landed gentleman lincolnshire family descended merchants married family inherited estate marriage elder daughter mary married army officer member parliament younger admitted cambridge aged degree married march daughter merchant london wife married widowed insurance broker art union helped younger garner london merchant circles died february aged son daughters august november died unmarried september high sheriff lincolnshire married daughter kent wife née high sheriff lincolnshire noted women rights born october married august middlesex child conservative politician member parliament april died unmarried paid construction new family seat larger mansion family previous seat closer constructed style likely miles west earlier house friendship sir family connection art led acquainted certain artistic circles late eighteenth century notably established close friendship portrait painter sir president visited family country home composing number studies young children beginning family painted times lawrence painted group portrait eldest children alongside half sister group portrait children depicting children wife painted held described lawrence celebrated group portraits separate study daughters maria sold auction house member parliament public service began rise lincolnshire civic circles especially north county family seat helped involved group businessmen planning reopen expand harbour rise charted appointments civic posts high steward remained death succeeding high sheriff lincolnshire plans harbour came fruition appointed chairman company tasked performing required work created act parliament express purpose building dock repairing haven secured friendship patronage 1st baron prominent local land owner involved returned member parliament owing friendship patron opponent administration younger supported duke portland voter told vote tended younger later disgusted fox style opposition known voted expedition seat allow interests proposing bill grant funds found funds financial success company decline elected following year resigned favour lord eldest son heir later 1st earl 2nd baron later life opened cost new harbour failed attract levels trade company projected caused largely lack inland transport networks financial problems facing led factions difficulty running strain relations having invested money time failing company found draining financially aside parliamentary business commitments served deputy lieutenant lincolnshire justice peace officer volunteers captain market lieutenant colonel commandant north lincolnshire death died carriage accident september death assets barely covered debts lifetime succeeded second son lord | Ayscoghe Boucherett | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
9937_WilliamTailer | february march military officer politician born wealthy influential family twice married politically powerful families served lieutenant governor province early times briefly acting governor political opponent governor supporter land bank proposal intended address province currency problems tenure acting governor authorized erection earliest lighthouse united_states active provincial defense commanded regiment siege port royal capital french queen anne war responsible overseeing defenses boston sent negotiate war initially political opponent later ally selected serve lieutenant governor held post death interred tomb uncle early life military service born february mother daughter early massachusetts sister magistrate father wealthy landowner merchant father owned commercial real estate boston member new_england powerful connected land development partnerships selected fraternity merchants engaged eastward trade neighboring french leading members boston merchant father committed suicide apparently suffering depression brought financial younger inherited substantial estate reported guardians operated mills behalf large estate uncle died childless bachelor married daughter leading colonial magistrate died childless father business partners relationship continued served provincial militia war commanded militia regiment saw action capture port royal following victory went london expedition leader expectation advancement expectations rewarded commission lieutenant governor serving governor returned massachusetts active defense colonies serving mary new_hampshire reporting frontier defenses southern maine massachusetts early married widow grandson thomas couple children raised old homestead joined ancient honorable artillery company elected captain year acting governor massachusetts elected separate occasions commissioned lieutenant governor massachusetts despite connection marriage awkward political relationship governor period commissions number colony skeptical faith raised way formally adopted anglican practices england opposite sides debate province currency problems favored issuance public bills credit means issuance paper currency problem end queen anne war father law favored establishment private land bank issue bills secured lands investors went london lobby behalf land bank interests seek post governor open consideration accession king george throne unsuccessful acquiring governorship able convince colonel chosen replace lieutenant governor land bank opponents resign post leaving england commissions sent massachusetts acting governor november formally proclaimed immediately taking office engaged political eliminating land bank opponents supporters number provincial positions efforts provincial assembly elected son paul attorney general london agents anti bank party worked ensure replacement agents ironically ally later years secure lieutenant governorship time efforts king chose colonel land bank opponent replace lieutenant governor turned office arrival october deliberately arrival choosing meet instead major long term accomplishment tenure acting governor establishment lighthouse built united_states member assembly sat legislative committee drafted enabling funding bills signed governor provincial military service traveled england lobbied behalf heir sir claims nova scotia nelson sought loss territory treaty efforts vain lobbied behalf military pension successfully convinced lord deserved service port royal awarded half pay colonel amounting year observed loss lieutenant governorship worth year proved advantage eventually returned massachusetts governorship times involved negotiations indians northern continued active provincial militia accompanied expedition maine negotiate northern new_england handled negotiations poorly raising tensions british settlers commissioners sent settlers potential basis agreement identified continued raiding disagreement details proposed terms caused situation deteriorate declared war july following raids british settlements maine coast ongoing conflicts provincial assembly prompted leave england early leaving handling war lieutenant governor hands lead members party sent albany new_york attempt convince join conflict embassy unsuccessful resisted attempts bring war continued involved war responsible maintaining boston defenses reprise acting governor politics shifted came align closely populist faction result time opponent allies governor died london acting agent connecticut assisting lobbying unpopular insistence permanent salary successfully gained post governor secured appointment lieutenant governor commission proclaimed arrival briefly served acting governor awaiting superior arrival months uneventful province suffering outbreak smallpox assembly died serving lieutenant governor march included governor leading political figures buried tomb uncle called north burying ground | William Tailer | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
9939_RichardMentorJohnson | october november ninth vice president united_states serving administration vice president elected united_states senate provisions twelfth amendment johnson represented kentucky senate began ended political career johnson elected allied fellow member faction favored war britain outset war johnson commissioned colonel kentucky militia commanded regiment mounted volunteers brother james served johnson participated reported personally killed chief later political advantage war johnson returned house_of_representatives legislature appointed senate fill seat vacated prominence grew relationship slave widely criticized worked political ambitions unlike upper class leaders african american mentioned johnson openly treated common law wife acknowledged daughters children giving surname constituents relationship believed led loss senate seat congressional district returned house year johnson democratic nominee vice president ticket campaigning slogan colonel johnson killed johnson fell short electoral votes needed secure election virginia delegation went state popular vote refused endorse johnson elected office senate dominated democrats johnson proved liability democrats election refused vice president campaigned running mate lost whig johnson tried return public office defeated finally elected died november weeks term early life education born october fifth robert johnson children time family living newly founded settlement near present day louisville kentucky kentucky virginia organized admitted state moved station future lexington johnson mother considered heroic women community actions raid station august according tradition forces surrounded fort occupants discovered water inside withstand siege indians concealed near spring outside fort reasoned indians stay hidden attacked approved plan women collect water spring usual men disapproved plan fearing women attacked killed faced option finally agreed shortly sunrise women went spring returned incident long returned attack began indian warriors set fire houses stables favorable wind kept fires spreading children water drawn women fires arrow landed baby sister help arrived lexington station indians retreated johnson family great crossing johnson purchased acres large portion acre land grant area surveyor successful chosen land purchases early region huge land grants son begin formal education age schools frontier entered lexington kentucky studying law reading law legal apprentice professors law university addition private practice customary way young men enter law johnson brothers notable careers eldest went shipping lines younger brother minister prominent 19th century movement protestant congregations career johnson admitted kentucky bar opened office great crossing later owned retail store pursued number business ventures brothers johnson worked pro poor people cases merit opened home disabled veterans marriage family family tradition holds johnson broke early marital engagement sixteen years old mother disapproval johnson vowed revenge mother interference despite fact engagement broken daughter named born raised johnson family later married men served johnson regiment battle thames father died inherited slave eighth african seven european ancestry johnson began long term relationship treated common law wife prohibited marrying slave johnson away kentucky plantation authorized manage business affairs died epidemic cholera summer johnson great grief johnson daughters johnson acknowledged gave surname provided education daughters married white men johnson gave large farms holdings confusion children account said son said childless disagreement year death writes died cholera epidemic wrote died library congress notes died february johnson treated daughters according surviving prevented estate time death court noted illegitimate rights case johnson death found left widow children father mother living divided estate living brothers john henry account written says son nephew family acquired johnson remaining land death mean brothers settled property son husband daniel johnson nephew unusual white families extend branch family time wife death johnson began intimate relationship family slave left man johnson picked sold auction afterward began similar relationship sister slave political career johnson entered politics elected represent kentucky house representatives years old kentucky constitution imposed age requirement members house_of_representatives johnson popular raised questions age allowed seat placed tenure supported legislation protect settlers land january delivered address condemning conspiracy johnson elected democratic republican united_states house_of_representatives time election august meet constitution age requirement service house time congressional session began following march met required age elected served consecutive terms represented kentucky secured kentucky large seats house represented kentucky district continued represent interests poor member house came national attention opposition johnson served chairman committee charged financial claims veterans revolutionary war sought influence committee grant claim widow wages hamilton declined serving george_washington hamilton champion rival johnson compassion hamilton widow end term secured payment wages war war popular kentucky depended sea trade port new_orleans feared british stir indian war election johnson war hawks group legislators war british congress declared war june johnson returned kentucky recruit volunteers men responded chose horses raised body mounted rifles johnson recruited men divided companies elected major merged battalion forming regiment men johnson colonel johnson force originally intended join general detroit hull surrendered detroit august army captured johnson reported territorial governor indiana command entire northwest frontier ordered relieve northeast territory attacked indians september johnson men reached time save turned indian ambush returned kentucky disbanded going way burn villages johnson returned seat congress late fall based experience proposed plan defeat mobile guerrilla warfare indians american troops moved slowly dependent supply line indians evade battle raid supplies american forces withdrew overrun mounted quickly carry supplies live woods attacked indian villages winter indians compelled stand fight supplies wage war decisively defeated johnson submitted plan president secretary war approved principle referred plan harrison found winter operations johnson permitted try tactics summer later conducted indian wars winter strategy johnson left washington congress raised thousand men nominally militia brigade kentucky governor largely operating independently disciplined men required man arms prime condition ready hand hired doctors expense devised new tactical system group men encountered enemy cover hold enemy place groups contact ride sound firing surrounding enemy got september johnson raided northwest burning war supply centers indian villages surrounding indian fighting units scattering killing indian warriors time september perry destroyed british fleet battle lake taking control lake british army fort supply threatened cut rest canada landing east british general withdrew northeast followed harrison advanced michigan johnson kept indians engaged indian tribe hired mercenaries covered british retreat countered johnson called raid taken post british distributed arms money hired indians johnson cavalry defeated main force september took british supply trains october factors inducing stand fight battle thames october demanding battle johnson forces attack battalion men johnson elder brother engaged british force regulars simultaneously somewhat smaller battalion attacked indians led tree cover british effective quarters regulars killed captured indians harder fight main field battle edge adjacent swamp eventually ordered suicide squad men ride forward draw indians fire planning charge rest ground indian position support cavalry johnson order men hold infantry came eventually broke fled swamp point fight slain credited later killing personally indian reports killed man horseback johnson mounted men battle men infantry furthermore johnson wounded times shot shoulder indian chief advancing johnson shot killed indian instantly single pistol shot nineteenth century source asserts body found near johnson hat shot horseback wounded johnson usual load pistol ball johnson fell unconscious duel dragged battlefield addition wounds bullets hit horse gear war northwest organized resistance presence canada harrison withdrew detroit supply problems canadians feed men johnson eventually recovered crippled hand suffering wounds returned house february april act congress requested president united_states present johnson sword honor daring distinguished battle thames johnson military officers presented sword act congress prior american_civil_war august british forces attacked washington burned white_house congress formed committee investigate circumstances allowed washington captured johnson chaired committee delivered final report washington tide battle turned british treaty ended war johnson prepared return kentucky raise military unit end war turned legislative attention issues securing funding internal improvements west post war career house johnson believed congressional business slow tedious system compensation encouraged delays members remedy sponsored compensation act measure proposed paying annual salaries days body session time effect increasing total compensation johnson noted pay increase years salaries employed government johnson bill provided congressman absent salary reduced bill passed house senate quickly law march measure proved extremely unpopular voters applied current congress legislators supported bill lost congressional seats result including johnson colleague kentucky johnson popularity matters helped retain seat days session support law repealed session place legislators passed increase salary president choice secretary war declined office johnson declined serve post ultimately went result johnson chair considerable influence defense policy fifteenth congress congress investigated general execution british subjects johnson chaired inquiry committee majority committee favored negative report jackson johnson jackson supporter drafted counter report favorable jackson opposed ensuing debate pitted johnson fellow johnson report prevailed jackson spared disagreement johnson clay marked beginning political separation lasted duration careers approved expedition build military outpost near present site johnson awarded contract brother james ultimate failure expensive escaped political ill home district venture seen endeavor frontier senator johnson announced intent retire house early december state legislature elect replacement outgoing senator johnson lost election votes despite fact officially declared candidacy reported local newspapers johnson friends intended nominate governor election johnson term house expired march august returned state legislature helped secure passage law abolished imprisonment kentucky december resigned post state legislature fill senate seat vacated resignation elected term total senate tenure ran december march introduced legislation later washington inflation war establishment times paper currency took form banks johnson like caught ensuing financial collapse took strong politically popular struggle debt relief form bankruptcy legislation called relief war help problems neighbors johnson campaign relief abolition practice debt imprisonment nationwide nearly years goal accomplished spoke issue senate december introducing bill end practice pointing positive effects cessation effected home state bill failed johnson persisted introducing year passed senate late acted house passed senate second time house failed act measure died years owing johnson exit senate year known securing government contracts brothers friends offered land establish school devoted european american education indians southeast tribes built farm ran conflict interest standards day colleagues considered actions questionable johnson paid school federal government gave portion promoted european american students attended academy including nephew arkansas pet project johnson supported prompted friendship proposed earth hollow johnson proposed senate government fund expedition center earth proposal defeated receiving votes house senate combined johnson served chairman post roads nineteenth near end term senate asked congress prevent handling delivery mail sunday violated biblical principles working petitions referred johnson committee response johnson practicing baptist drafted report commonly referred report presented congress january johnson argued government civil religious institution particular report applauded elegant defense doctrine separation church state johnson criticized conflict interest defense friends contracted haul mail suffered financially banning sunday deliveries johnson unsuccessful candidate election owing relationship slave lived common law marriage members district little bothered arrangement state defense johnson said unlike jefferson clay married wife eyes god apparently found objections note named men suspected known similar relationships slave women according people objected johnson trying introduce daughters society people having relationships slave women expected deny return house failed election bid johnson returned house representing kentucky fifth district second served chairman post roads capacity asked address question sunday mail delivery drew second report largely similar content arguing legislation preventing mail delivery sunday report commonly called col johnson second sunday mail report delivered congress march contemporaries doubted johnson authorship second report claimed instead written claimed seen report drafted said altered words speculated author reverend historian concludes reason doubt johnson authored report johnson chaired second fourth beginning arose public support johnson pet project ending debt imprisonment subject began appear frequently president jackson addresses legislature johnson chaired house committee report subject delivered committee report january later year bill practice debt imprisonment passed houses congress signed law july johnson stands won widespread popularity endorsement presidency johnson abandoned campaign announced seek second term began campaigning jackson running mate jackson favored instead johnson finished distant vice presidential receiving votes kentucky indiana illinois persuade withdraw election election johnson continued campaign vice presidency available endorsed new_york labor leader march days jackson inaugurated moore praised devotion freedom religion opposition imprisonment debt boston printer published biography johnson new_york dated july kentucky followed play entitled battle thames poem honor johnson johnson friends supporters encouraged run president jackson supported vice president office johnson accepted choice worked gain nomination vice president poem provided line johnson campaign slogan colonel johnson killed jackson supported johnson vice president thinking war hero balance ticket served war jackson decision based johnson loyalty president anger primary rival despite jackson support party far united johnson preferred running mate letter jackson justice doubted lucky random shot hit man vice presidency johnson death related johnson open relationship slave baltimore held thirds rule largely demonstrate wide popularity nominated unanimously johnson barely obtained necessary thirds vote motion change rule obtained bare majority thirds tennessee delegation attend convention happened baltimore picked cast votes states endorse senator new_york prevailed vote johnson giving twice votes cast nomination jackson faith johnson balance ticket proved general election johnson cost democrats votes south relationship particularly unpopular failed garner support west supposed strong reputation indian fighter war hero failed deliver home state kentucky democrats regardless democrats won popular vote electoral vote counted congress february found received votes president johnson received vice president virginia elected pledged johnson state refused vote johnson leaving electoral vote short majority time senate charged vice president provisions twelfth amendment vote divided strictly party lines johnson vice president vote opposed whig senators absent vice presidency johnson served vice president march march term largely enjoyed little influence president penchant wielding power interests lobbied senate promote owed favor position indian agent requested presentation abolitionist petition senate johnson declined request presiding officer senate johnson called cast tie breaking vote fourteen times predecessors save despite precedent set predecessors johnson addressed senate occasion tie breaking vote explain vote article kentucky gazette financial panic johnson took month leave absence returned home kentucky opened tavern spa farm offset continued financial problems visiting establishment wrote president found johnson happy pursuit tavern keeping giving personal chicken egg purchasing water selling department later political career known wearing bright red vest tie adopted dress term vice president mail contractor known dress passed tailor shop displayed bright red cloth window johnson suggested wear red vest mail coaches owned operated red agreed johnson men ordered red known attire rest lives election clear johnson liability democratic ticket president jackson conceded johnson dead weight threw support president stood election countered reluctant drop johnson ticket fearing dropping democrats war hero split party cost votes harrison unique compromise ensued refusing nominate johnson candidate vice president idea allow states choose candidates return question senate elected clear winner vice presidential race lack confidence peers johnson continued campaign retain office campaign vigorous behavior campaign trail raised concern voters speeches speech ohio raised shirt order display crowd wounds received charges leveled harrison cleveland poorly received touched riot city end johnson received electoral votes virginia south_carolina voted president selected johnson vice president johnson lost home state kentucky added embarrassment losing home district later life death term vice president johnson returned kentucky tend farm oversee tavern represented kentucky house served interred cemetery johnson gave return public service ran unsuccessful campaign briefly sought party nomination president ran independent candidate governor kentucky talking democratic candidate replaced ticket johnson decided drop speculated real object campaign secure nomination vice presidency hope denied johnson finally returned elected office elected time physical mental health failing november reported col attack renders totally unfit business painful floor attempting discharge duties member incapable properly exercising physical mental powers died stroke november weeks term interred cemetery kentucky ruling surviving daughter illegitimate split estate brothers john henry legacy counties states bear johnson illinois iowa kentucky missouri nebraska namesake indiana political prominence led family dynasty brothers james nephew elected house_of_representatives kentucky robert arkansas robert later elected senator civil war representation media johnson daughters featured characters alternate history novels rivers war arkansas war | Richard Mentor Johnson | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10026_TanyusShahin | spelled given spelled peasant leader led peasants revolt area drove area nobility feudal lords declared peasants republic reputation members clergy european popular figure christian considered guardian interests view promoted following victory fighters launched intermittent raids villages nearby regions defending rights local christians assaults repercussions served mount lebanon civil war particularly battle local principal claimed raise army combat forces feudal lords participate war following war end defeated struggle political influence affairs subsequently relinquished republic worked judiciary home village early life character according historian sparse biographical details available born christian family village district according thompson indicated early career entrepreneur historian describes half prior leading peasant revolt transported goods tall muscular build according thompson man spoken word pen famous powerful sermon like speeches village meetings violent temper according acted local leader young men title carried honor typically denoted village derived power following armed men admired respected peasants considered according local chronicler residents prepared grand amid joy celebrations entered local village european diplomats described character regarded leadership peasants revolt uprising peasant anger building mid-19th century number factors including unpaid labor landlord imposed rule general economic decreasing availability land family traditionally served chiefs power significantly diminished rule opposed creation double mount lebanon 1840s divided christian run sectors appointment mixed family deputy governor section feared appointment formally subordinate following death successor attempted reduce influence prompting stir peasants revolt revolt soon turned feudal allies peasant subjects long wary rule excessive taxes imposed additional gifts peasants virtually peasants considered early group peasants lodged formal complaint ottoman governor later march held summit people garner support nomination new instead peasants participating summit voiced dissent october villages entered alliance chosen alliance peasants leader december declared delegate january intensified armed revolt peasant fighters besieged summit holding siege prompted flee village peasants subsequently plundered estates men proceeded attack villages little blood process exception wife daughter killed july raid home peasants patriarch condemned killing horrific crime silk wheat warehouses belonging plundered goods peasants july routed family members fled impoverished state peasants main demands tax relief illegal payments previously paid include political legal reforms cited mandated equality ottoman citizens establishment republic following victory peasants formed government declaring republic known general delegate fall moved headquarters rebellion coastal village hometown mountains revolts relatively commonplace noble family peasant subjects unprecedented government consisted member council representatives villages half representatives peasants land relatively farmers merchants point oversaw strong militia exercised power seizing arms ensured law established security roads disciplined suspected government issued public entered negotiations reached stalemate main villages supported government representatives villages able gain solidarity villages inhabitants peaceful means christians single community united purpose leaders villages opposed revolt popularity christian peasants mount lebanon grew came viewed nobles traditional reputation solidified men backed christian residents clash residents mixed village august demanded restoration rule lodged complaints ottoman government property stolen damaged ottomans launched investigation interviews peasants claimed unaware looting crimes representatives denied rebels insisting sought implementation reforms restoration law order petitions peasants demanded compensation taxes illegally abolition traditional gift giving required peasants abolition marriage taxes levied end practice beating peasants demands nominally recognized ultimate disputes consistently urged honor obligations incident men fired shots patriarch headquarters hosting number seeking refuge march rebuffed church request agreement citing need consult villages rise generally confused ottoman government revolt ottomans consider religious equality called reforms translate class equality interpreted ottomans semi arabic speaking peasant rural region serve representative reacted revolt negatively provincial ottoman authorities generally felt powerless act peasant rebels lack funds forces ground letter accused lead minds people seduce following evil ways principal focus ottoman authorities lebanon containing revolt later historians lebanon accused supporting order break communal solidarity dispatched family peasant rebels sent letter warning intervene affairs christians united claimed christians syria common cause condemned ousted relatives accused attempting christians achieved freedom threatened return delay desires fight eager afraid confidence support received christian parts challenge populist approach alarmed church ottoman authorities response priest complaints harassment muslims christians men attacked plundered villages travelers demanded villages convert christianity avoid assault residents protested assaults june actions frustrated local christian muslim alike reputation defender christian rights bolstered popular level civil war mount lebanon increased peasants result revolt confidence demographic majority alarmed feudal lords began peasant fighters likewise peasants despite general confidence wary growing muslim hostility christians ottoman syria armed particular bishop tensions violence march killings attacks nature christians occurring mount lebanon immediate late men entered village mixed district seize silk owned noble family instead returning proceeded enter nearby village considered feared presence fighters village threatened residents christians turn viewed deployment troops suspected allied signal beginning counter attack stated purpose entering protect christian based village requested men withdraw vicinity avoid conflict clashes occurred village christian residents led participation respective villages vicinity defeated fighters fighting subsequently spread christian villages burned according historian fighters proved ineffective experienced unified better organized forces fighting spread mount lebanon surrounding area civil war mainly christians later parts syria claimed raise fighters fight christians areas outside appealed intervention men halted ottoman forces militia leaders largely restricted operations guarding areas origin mid june christian stronghold besieged send reinforcements town fell consolidated victory july pressure agreed openly declare obedience ottoman sultan peasants revolt directly ottoman state declaration served virtual revolt legitimacy declaration asserted forced revolt men corruption later life death french led international intervention ended civil war order restored movement state war aftermath financially support impoverished peasant partisans clergy disillusioned ottoman local nobility ottomans clergy nobility resolved bring end movement represented obstacle political reorganization mount lebanon threatened convert partisans restored patriarch prepared supporters leader acquired degree popularity war backing french government appointed acting christian areas war end opposed bid reconcile community issued orders directed peasants restore properties seized compensate losses backed sought replace tensions late march culminated battle forces area defeated fled subsequently raided home imprisoned supporters posted number troops villages supported movement advised pursue capture british consul communicated desire restore position ultimately reconciled april french general agreed submit authority conditions later relinquished republic established subsequent retirement politics served judicial official died relative obscurity left memoirs role civil war | Tanyus Shahin | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10173_WilliamBeverley | 18th century legislator civil servant landowner colony virginia born virginia son historian wife prominent virginia families nephew speaker grandson wealthy virginia mother died shortly 17th birthday sent england education england began career public service clerk court representing orange served virginia governor council inherited large estate father death significant virginia received revenue tobacco production rent tenants development acre km2 tract present day encouraged settlement west blue ridge mountains commissioned 6th lord cameron expedition establish line early life education born child wife plantation king queen county wealthy participated knights native born historian colonial virginia wrote history present state virginia known history virginia uncle peter speaker mother daughter known little family died october shortly 17th birthday buried paternal grandmother great grandson scottish noble 9th lord died mother death sent england educated political career education completed returned virginia began career public service clerk court years courthouse estate judge member elected represent orange term served represented served appointment county lieutenant commander chief militias confirmed november appointed virginia governor council upper house virginia colonial legislature replacing father law appointment fulfilled ambition father unable achieve agricultural pursuits inherited large estate father death continued land received income tobacco production rent tenant farmers estate produced tobacco income tenants caroline orange king queen counties far lucrative marriage lived acre km2 estate parish named wife family granted patent grandfather acre km2 tract construction georgian style mansion longer standing probably began plantation tobacco shipped atlantic addition agriculture land received additional revenue land sales western virginia restrictive land laws virginia colonial government allowed establish terms settlers lands initially sold parcels september john land patent sir 1st behalf crown acre km2 tract present day september robinson transferred sole ownership tract planned survey sell tract known encouraged settlement west blue ridge mountains commissioned ship captain recruit irish immigrants purchase settle land august wrote glad import families hands reasonable price order mentions families sic families ireland authorized northern ireland father sell land donated lot construction years later wished receive land grant acres km2 south branch rivers 6th lord cameron planning raise horses cattle divide northern neck land tenants including father named john purchased acres km2 speculation settlement land sales totaled acres km2 death sold acres km2 profit according owned land essex prince acres km2 including properties land lots port royal land tract acres km2 known lots towns according historian land grants behalf crown reflected council recognition elite connections demonstrated leadership abilities business pursuits owned operated tavern participated trade west_indies wrote merchant situated sale sugar sic sold salt virginia shipped virginia barbados partial inventory estate listed slaves plantations cattle sheep horses son robert reported father estate earned currency plantation expenses expedition commissioned 6th lord cameron represent expedition father western virginia mark supervising work jefferson following year participants line expedition jefferson plantation draft map known personal life family married born elizabeth daughter jordan point sister statesman wife children son daughters took active role children education traveling england son nephew young man children married prominent virginia families robert married daughter carter hall elizabeth married merchant married anna unmarried death anglican close relationship anglican minister saint anne parish parish family attended anglican later episcopal services church near estate april provided lot completed succeeded present death legacy death son robert designated heir law wife elizabeth inherited plantations including estate slaves cattle horses sheep plantations divided large fortune children daughter elizabeth leaving husband slaves valued received husband anna unmarried time death instructed robert maintain sister marriage birthday receive inheritance robert inherited remainder plantations lands including tract lots town district south namesake patent mother death robert inherited properties including built present georgian mansion site father residence owned descendants sale | William Beverley | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10203_NinianEdwards | march july founding political figure state illinois served governor united_states senators illinois governor illinois time place personal influential parties edwards led main factions frontier illinois politics born maryland edwards began political career kentucky served legislator judge rose position chief justice time kentucky highest court president appointed govern newly created held post terms overseeing territory transition democratic second grade government second day session elected edwards conflict rivals damaged politically edwards won unlikely election governor illinois conflict legislature state bank regulations marked edwards administration pursuit indian removal governor territorial governor twice sent illinois militia native americans war war signed treaties native american land edwards returned private life term ended died cholera years later early life born prominent edwards family maryland mother prominent local family father served maryland state convention united_states house_of_representatives filling vacant seat months educated private future attorney general attended graduate leaving college study law son wrote later edwards spent time reading medicine field devoted considerable time later years age edwards moved kentucky manage family land showed great business leadership soon elected seat eligible vote awarded rank major militia moved kentucky won succession public offices circuit court judge presidential voting judge finally chief justice time kentucky highest court joined high court won leadership position educated edwards deliberately cultivated image natural leader writes continued dress like 18th century gentleman long gone style public speaking marked edwards consciously positioned select class men dominated kentucky later illinois politics edwards married relative maryland territorial governorship created included today state wisconsin parts minnesota michigan population entirely concentrated south region later known egypt president appointed kentucky politician governor collected salary position days resigned edwards job kentucky chief justice friends washington helped secure edwards appointment territorial governor meantime territorial secretary cousin edwards assume powers acting governor creating illinois counties appointing officials form new government years old time appointment youngest man govern illinois state territory edwards settled american land received grant appointment governor named new farm wife family edwards brought number slaves free slavery illegal territory law concerning servants governor maintained status people brought territory contract serve trade occupation law remained force illinois territory permitted slavery persist decades guise illinois early governors edwards exception later extra income renting servants labor missouri new territorial governor sworn june edwards tried avoid soon found faction inevitable result power appoint officials distribute government jobs continued define national politics republican parties took hold frontier illinois created personality personal bonds militia service especially distribution patronage early territorial years rival factions grew edwards judge factions formed illinois political landscape time territory years democratic government edwards terms governor showed willingness surrender considerable powers order expand government illinois grade territorial status edwards vast powers appoint county local officials practice consider local opinion making appointments giving weight petitions signed local residents attempted militia officers time letting men unit elect leaders soon abandoned policy impractical edwards successfully persuaded congress modify provision ordinance limiting voting rights acres land long running disputes sold lands illinois qualify edwards urging congress granted illinois territory universal white male suffrage making democratic territory time april edwards held referendum moving second grade government allowing people illinois elect legislature non voting delegate congress referendum passed elections held october sent washington illinois congressional delegate war edwards governor long illinois scene fighting war relations illinois settlers native americans worsened territory june governor edwards ordered construction series called companies militia declaration war convinced edwards territory preparing launch major attack southern settlements capacity commander chief edwards gathered mounted rangers volunteers near personally led expedition north burning villages way militia advanced told short campaign burned villages inflicted dozens casualties returning attack angered villagers government carried native americans loyal leaders joined considered friendly interests second attack captain killed large number french settlers illinois missouri militia joined force united_states infantry drive native american villagers away establish edwards actions alienated native americans friendly region having lost confidence madison administration waited war kentucky second term territorial governor named second terms years territorial governor edwards good deal money profitable ventures including farming land speculation investment mills stores edwards political rivalry continued rest time governor edwards legislature criticized territory judges inactivity complaints judges hold court spent time absent territory legislature passed bill reform territory judicial system judges refused acknowledge act claiming outside jurisdiction legislature issue resolved congress passed law supporting edwards legislature december edwards responding movement led ally recommended legislature illinois apply admission union recommended census taken territory standard practice legislature rejected legislators particularly opposed slavery feared delay allow missouri apply illinois missouri slave state cause turmoil congress delay illinois admission longer order emphasize congress illinois free state legislature passed january bill abolish illinois servant system facto slavery prohibit illinois future constitution governor edwards issued veto send bill legislature revised objections constitutional grounds conflict interest owner slaves edwards terms territorial governor illinois population census finally conducted later year population meet threshold required new state congress expected continued growth senate career illinois quickly proceeded steps constitution finished august elections held september october general_assembly met october stepped inaugurated illinois governor following day new state legislature voted illinois members edwards quickly chosen ballot rival thomas elected fourth edwards thomas drew determine respective terms thomas placed class senate serve edwards placed class iii face reelection february edwards thomas wait congress formally illinois constitution admission union november december senators finally seated leaving edwards mere months term edwards election difficult months lost temporary support thomas allies general_assembly voted narrowly defeated thomas partisan vote influence powerful secretary state thomas ally like members congress senator edwards sat member democratic republican party second term drew joined faction develop national republicans edwards left office edwards voted bill thomas sponsored voted law reducing prices federal land edwards representative targets criticism home cook married edwards daughter julia caused trouble wrote articles washington republican pseudonym attacked treasury secretary edwards alleged known impending failure withdrawn federal money edwards found rivals willing support charges unable produce evidence resigned senate seat march job wanted united states minister mexico route new position edwards called washington testify special house committee concerning unable claims edwards resigned diplomatic post replaced illinois edwards settled belleville town site owned selling lots profit state governorship election returned appeared politician longer loyal coalition general_assembly elect actions lose favor president adams expect federal appointment addition supporters force illinois politics illinois frontier voters admired jackson soon time support national party democrats criticized jackson republican senator jackson growing coalition deeply resented edwards ally cook voted jackson presidential election decided house_of_representatives ran governor edwards good fortune enter way race split state senator lieutenant governor campaign issue edwards focused illinois dire financial situation blaming legislators edwards won percent vote percent rest going administration edwards gubernatorial term period rapid growth illinois decade population nearly era illinois fastest growing territory world edwards administration hampered conflict legislature primarily struggling bank established beginning notes badly helped state deeply debt inaugural address edwards attacked bank officials politicians alike accusing fraud point edwards poor relationship general_assembly term assembly eventually pass bank regulation bill passed measure relieve despite edwards objections state afford illinois established year state received federal land grant build illinois michigan canal work begin years edwards ordered illinois militia join war native americans northern illinois war fought white settlers members tribe broke wisconsin spread lead mining region edwards dispatched militia ordered men recruited force convinced surrender war edwards urged federal government remove remaining native americans northern illinois claiming presence violated rights sovereign independent state dispatch militia force federal government applied diplomatic pressure july ottawa ceded square miles km2 northern land august later life constitution governors limited single term edwards ended december returned private life ran lost edwards devoted charitable medical work belleville giving free care local residents cholera epidemic came area carried troops edwards stayed town care patients caught disease dying july interred belleville later moved springfield family edwards sons son law followed politics named father father childhood tutor served illinois attorney general general_assembly illinois superintendent public instruction married sister daughter married editor son congressman son assistant secretary president abraham_lincoln founded firm missouri son established successful law practice springfield illinois served judge illinois thirteenth circuit daughter married congressman son mayor springfield general union_army american_civil_war legacy illinois named missouri metro east area city illinois named time territorial governor territorial legislature named named founder pioneer trail named war campaign | Ninian Edwards | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10239_JamesD.Black | september august 39th governor kentucky serving seven months ascended office governor elected black graduated taught school studying law admitted bar opened legal practice kentucky eventually son son law partners practice called deeply interested education served superintendent public schools years instrumental founding served president college black chosen democratic nominee lieutenant governor despite having previous political experience elected ticket elevated governor stanley resigned seat seven months governor spent election campaign unable answer charges corruption stanley administration opponent won election votes black returned legal practice served president bank founded older brother campaign manager campaign died pneumonia august early life family born september miles creek kentucky youngest children born jones black black older brother august october captain 49th union_army civil war black educated rural subscription schools graduated near tennessee bachelor_of_arts degree college black returned taught public schools years concurrently studied law admitted bar august opened legal practice black married december couple children members children graduated kentucky went study law admitted bar partner father law firm married partner firm educational career black elected represent counties democrat representing district majority republican voters served single year term black citizens purchased stock fund start new college black insisted college named hoped college unify community continued involved development college serving attorney fund deeply interested education served superintendent public schools returned law practice long time black served master local lodge seven different occasions twice high priest chosen grand master kentucky chosen kentucky governor commissioner representing kentucky forestry mineral departments september black named eighth president following year alma mater awarded honorary doctor laws degree served president political career black returned politics kentucky assistant attorney general chosen democratic nominee lieutenant governor black pro chosen balance ticket opposed prohibition black defeated opponent votes stanley republican votes closest gubernatorial election state history won election political allies time election service kentucky constitution prescribed lieutenant governor act governor time governor left state consequently stanley refused travel state vacation feared approve black appoint governmental offices gone black ascended governorship governor stanley resigned assume seat pro stand cost stanley supporters association stanley prohibition opponent caused support legislative session general_assembly black term potential conflicts legislature avoided black immediately faced accusations poor appointments stanley singled particular criticism ruled commission acted illegally selecting textbooks submitted dummy form black called commissioners resign refused claimed power remove fraud corruption pointed black replace stanley confirmed senate black refused believed black agreed retain stanley exchange stanley support black election campaign settlement state inheritance taxes estates plagued black case governor stanley compromise settlement taxes death compromise criticized black asked attorney general investigate case decided black tenure governor second case stanley appointed special attorneys collect inheritance taxes estate black wanted attorneys resign save state large fees refused remove outright action attorneys member black campaign staff black chosen democratic gubernatorial nominee chief justice votes republicans nominated voters right wrong black little record governor right campaigned attacking stanley administration corrupt cited evidence tax cases black black tried remain positive race focused national issues defending stanley administration touted support president declared support admission support wilson hurt german american voters wilson handling recent coal strikes hurt black traditionally democratic labor vote days election exposed contract approved state purchase cloth man named twice normal price black responded allegation temporarily campaign ordering investigation investigation revealed armstrong bidding behalf brother law prison official stanley administration despite revelation black refused remove members issue finally sank black candidacy won election votes final days office black considered requests executive december issued pardon recent served eighteen years conspiracy assassination governor serving lieutenant governor black assumed presidency named founded older brother chief prohibition inspector kentucky later served director working ninth congressional district campaign manager senator black developed pneumonia died august cemetery | James D. Black | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10303_CecilBrown(Hawaiipolitician) | cecil brown hawaii politician cecil brown october march hawaiian attorney politician businessman banker territory hawaii brown served member deputy attorney general attorney general served senate hawaii brown diverse investments director officer sugar companies vice president service developed brown founding president national bank chartered hawaii background brown born hawaii thomas rhodes brown moved england fifth siblings survived infancy involved hawaiian politics minister foreign affairs minister finance frank house_of_representatives kingdom hawaii brown married widow august children died september family thomas rhodes brown children arthur alice frank leaving england warmer climate louis died infancy cecil born hawaii entire family left boston arthur frank school remaining members brown family returned hawaii end early life cecil parents educated maternal aunt sarah rhodes attended followed december brown left honolulu united_states enrolled washington graduated honors june moved new_york_city employed law firm brown moved san_francisco returning honolulu shortly return hawaii brown licensed practice law supreme_court january appointed public july starting private practice representing clients circuit court end supreme_court despite future political business careers brown continued private practice law mainly duration life occasions brown sat bench acting justice political career cecil brown political career spanned nearly years engaged politics prior annexation united_states constitution brown adopted july effect point cecil brown career public service kingdom hawaii september representative died office special election fill remainder term held september brown elected bid election february close unsuccessful july brown appointed clerk attorney general november year legal announcements published local newspapers referenced deputy attorney general listed deputy attorney general use title official brown carried government appointments addition public appointed person agent instruments later resign appointments compliance constitution kingdom hawaii february brothers frank elected cecil proposed passed signed law bill legislative session named turkey law brown elected appointed planning run vacant seat appointed attorney general newly formed cabinet cabinet disbanded january january coup état resulted overthrow provisional government hawaii established legislative powers brown appointed january declining appointment attorney general january evening overthrow march appointed commissioner person committee tasked revision hawaiian code appointed chair act calling constitutional convention brown delegate passed march convened july brown constitution newly formed republic hawaii brown resigned october run senate elected november served continuously tenure senate brown served june committees november nominated brown elected talk brown running general elections elected effectively retired senate business career boards directors sat multiple association business boards trustee director officer beginning early 1880s brown director treasurer business interests included vice president ltd president president president sugar interests included vice president telephone service hawaii incorporated began service december august founded competitor began operations march august companies consolidated control cecil brother elected board directors early vice president cecil end year president january president treasurer cecil vice president positions hold years september cecil elected board directors rival company companies merged named vice president years later elected treasurer cecil remained vice president decade anticipating annexation hawaii territory july expected adoption beginning parties sent requests reserve title brown served attorney organization incorporation bank organizers anticipated having fully functioning bank place extended include territory hawaii allow meeting september cecil brown elected president congress eventually extended national banking act include territory hawaii april july meeting agreed convert national bank honolulu opened business october brown remained president bank stepped chairman board declining health death summer visiting san_francisco brown health began deteriorate half month illness hospitalized suffered severe stroke reported condition arrived hawaii november suffered second stroke march leaving right partially paralyzed reported critical condition initially reported brown condition slowly improving end functioning significantly deteriorated late december courts declared mentally non competent appointed nephew guardian march cecil brown died following day house issued resolutions expressing loss hawaiian annual annual listed annual annual annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual hawaiian print annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher annual publisher | Cecil Brown (Hawaii politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10653_HughMason | january february english mill owner social reformer liberal politician born brought entered family cotton business seven year period working bank having originally opposed trade unions mason mill owner creating colony workers associated facilities ensuring experienced good conditions 1860s refused cut workers wages common practice mason liberal elected councillor mayor council retired local politics conflict party mason returned liberals stood election member parliament voted supported progressive policies included women suffrage making unpopular party died aged amassed million early life business career born christened youngest children textile manager mary daughter family moved working manager mill thomas established business partnership town rapid growth enterprise saw expand 1820s 1830s age hugh working mill education consisted attending methodist sunday schools spending years private school leaving school age mason got job district bank attended night school spare time worked left age join family cotton business driving force business business early 1850s mason family built state art cotton mills area known oxford mills able purchase ancestral seat lord house workers mills mason began construction workers colony colony provided terrace houses housing estimated people leisure facilities library swimming pool gymnasium reading room mason built saw model industrial community according mason annual death rate significantly lower rest residents expected adhere strict moral code discouraged use public houses estimated establishing settlement cost year maintain today maintain leadership company prospered number use mills increased brothers henry booth worked company retired respectively father remained active company retired leaving hugh sole owner set mason success cotton industry led chairman beginning winding began concluded purpose company increase number producers cotton important american market closed american civil war causing mason served president came hold interests coal iron companies having initially opposed trade unions factory legislation mason changed mind 1850s workers treated believing welfare employees impacted welfare employer popular workers things local employer workers saturday refused cut workers wages common period stated work people employed work lend money pocket apply relief poor rate pound pay high poor rate necessary contributed equivalent today borough cotton famine relief tumultuous 1870s 1880s mason kept workforce fully employed continued invest mills wages mills higher employees working fewer hours noted wealthy manufacturers lancashire devote hours occupied business service fellow men accustomed leading public improvements long political chief unpopular mars virtues self assertion stamps conduct invite affection fellow securing physical social employees highly built admirable cottages swimming lecture halls acts secure popularity manner sympathy nature qualities mason lacks mason staunch liberal local party figure familiar free trade meetings citizens manchester fail receive enthusiasm working men hail appearance applause reward efforts frequent cheers political career local influenced father liberal politics strongly opposed injustice prejudice supporter political representation supported repeal corn laws early 19th century area poorly represented parliament major urban centres manchester combined population million represented county mps lancashire case comparison half mps elected total voters political representation led calls reform eventually hugh said father life honest industry example commercial high christian character training early years wise owe god position society claimed reluctant enter politics liberal elected councillor november represented portland place ward retirement politics mason quickly impression elected mayor consecutive years happened supported progressive measures opening public park providing public libraries addressing conditions parts mason policies led come constant clashes conservative members council popular party financed newspaper news convey views provide competition pro liberal reporter conflict liberals drove mason early retirement local politics age councillor mason elected local magistrate time office deal bread riots march caused cotton famine murphy riots anti catholic demonstrations fueled irish nationalist organisation lancashire led personally went mob murphy riots read riot act face face appointed deputy lieutenant lancaster june significance manchester appointed president years time governor city mason appointed member harbour national mason group advanced liberals supporting founding members manchester political club founded liberals supporters despite retiring local politics conflict liberals favour liberal encouraging mason stand parliamentary election popular candidate initially reluctant forward stood parliament campaign march april involved attacks local april elected beating opponent votes lived square member mason supported bills spokesman proposed motions women suffrage defeated occasions led women suffrage movement illness forced retreat public life temporarily defeat ascribed support issue irish home rule illness lost conservative votes mason demanded increased majority vote succumbed illness died result announced personal life married daughter father cotton mill owner went millionaire businessman landowner child arnold born sarah died age mason married sarah sister illegal marry sister law england time overcome problem married denmark june marriage approved special licence held children born sydney died birth sydney mason married time annie daughter died days birthday february home death amassed fortune worth worth person statue protected grade listed building erected honour financed public subscription immediately mason death | Hugh Mason | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10669_RobertWhite(attorneygeneral) | attorney general february december american military officer lawyer politician state west_virginia white served attorney general west_virginia served terms west virginia house delegates representing born virginia present day west_virginia white son second wife educated worked father office years studied white admitted bar practiced law prior outbreak american_civil_war white commissioned captain later company 13th commanded colonel commissioned colonel command 23rd served capacity unit disbanded april following war white returned practiced law john jacob devoted efforts bringing economic development south branch war white members revive literary society following war organization successfully secured west virginia schools deaf blind served terms school white established president white elected west_virginia attorney general served charged important lawsuits prominent state tax railroad companies white argued case ruled white favor ultimately enriched west_virginia state treasury successfully secured pennsylvania accused burning courthouse fled williams white argued favor rights confederate soldiers supreme_court united_states secured favorable verdict following tenure attorney general white served terms west virginia house delegates represented state dedication white subsequently served terms city solicitor later counsel baltimore later life white involved confederate memorial activities member board trustees chief officer united confederate veterans served commander rank major general national organization white chairman construction committee richmond served grand master state west_virginia white attended 100th anniversary burial george_washington chosen grand marshal ceremonies attending noted lecturer later years following prolonged illness white died early life education born february virginia present day west_virginia white eldest son child court clerk white second wife ann white grandson prominent virginia judge likely named grandfather judge white older half sisters father marriage father second marriage mother white siblings including brothers sisters white obtained primary education local common schools including presided beginning age worked father clerk office years following law father white studied lexington following completion legal studies white admitted bar march immediately began practicing law relative father brother active influential member bar prior american_civil_war white enrolled member military career following raid october virginia volunteer military company known formed white commanding officer rank captain following outbreak civil war governor ordered frontier report lieutenant general ferry white unit marched unit traveled north baltimore mainline green spring following arrival white company reassigned company 13th commanded colonel company marched ferry winchester returned june time occupied town days detachment white command consisting 1st tennessee sent destroy railroad bridges detachment successfully burned bridges engaged skirmish white forces defeated guards captured cannons trophies war colonel hill marched winchester company came command general winter white reassigned ordnance department served capacity authorized raise command battalion cavalry white formed 41st september continued serve battalion commanding officer seven companies consolidated companies form 23rd april white commissioned colonel command cavalry regiment served capacity unit disbanded april white remained service white served ability war saw action virginia war white father left wife youngest children traveled richmond served treasury government president white father died soon arrival richmond october reconstruction efforts following war white returned account father death war white eldest son family patriarch resumed practicing law provide entered practice began tenure governor west_virginia white expanded law practice largest kind west_virginia continued law practice attorney general west_virginia white devoted efforts bringing economic development south branch devastated course american_civil_war remained undeveloped effort rebuild hometown following war white sought confederate war dead early spring meeting held white home wife brother later sister later following meeting inspired group women assembled adopted constitution white wife served president association efforts decoration confederate graves indian mound cemetery took place june association sponsored construction confederate memorial indian dedicated september members including white commenced effort revive society activities library destroyed war state west_virginia founded institution deaf blind students white helped pass legislative act established west virginia schools deaf blind april meeting schools white sent formal offer buildings grounds board white efforts school established campus remains white subsequently appointed serve terms schools white appointed second terms served secretary time report governor close institutions school year white wrote board express entire satisfaction present condition institution discipline progress pupils studies general improvement deserve highest deaf dumb blind institution patronage state addition appointments schools white appointed state boards trustees resigned position board trustees remained member board white created railway line linking baltimore mainline green spring established accomplish served company president years relocating efforts means finances raised construct railway political career attorney general west_virginia white lifelong member democratic_party white nominated held charleston party candidate attorney general west_virginia despite expressing interest position november white elected office largest majority won politician west_virginia time time election state capital april relocated family serve post morning departure residents community bid white farewell turning brass bands escorting white family outskirts town address delivered elder residents white family left tenure attorney general white charge important lawsuits prominent state tax railroad companies prior election attorney general railroads paid taxes state west_virginia white instituted proceedings tax railroads state obtained injunction taxes leading judicial test case white argued case lower courts ruled white favor supreme_court united_states affirmed ruling state supreme court compelled railroads pay taxes state ultimately west_virginia state treasury white played prominent role position attorney general case convicted burning county courthouse public records burning sleeping courthouse time fire sentenced death crimes following sentence escaped pennsylvania company friends supporters family prominent region west_virginia governor white subsequently requested appear pennsylvania governor argue west_virginia white successful argument governor issued order immediately obtained writ corpus brought presided judge wilson pennsylvania white traveled met infuriated mob friends supporters awaiting attorney appearance mob threatened lynch white attempting return west_virginia carry sentence white informed threats friend advised leave town quietly white responded stating duty perform perform higher power die attempt secure right justice white way courthouse chosen remarks secured attention crowd white depicted crime detail time reportedly feet hours minutes west_virginia white associated high profile case williams involved rights confederate soldiers case appeal white argued case securing favorable verdict case significant hundreds similar cases previously fought point rights confederate soldiers recognized term attorney general white maintained private law office street white declined accept reelection office west_virginia attorney general following tenure west_virginia attorney general white served terms west virginia house delegates representing according biography white described able active legislator sessions served chairman served important capacities including composed largely members white member white colleagues legislature delivered white gratitude service stated sir members legislature west_virginia general desire express formal way appreciation great zeal ability industry marked course legislature session chairman house duties incumbent exceeding sic important committee room floor house performance duties conservative attract attention win respect confidence entire legislature deserve thanks gratitude fellow members people state large permit tender expression appreciation benefit state derived earnest feel fully deserved right gratitude respect fellow citizens state west_virginia subsequent political positions white appointed governor represent state west_virginia dedication washington dedication ceremony february white acted assistants grand marshal white served terms city solicitor years served counsel baltimore tenure white charged important cases tried courts west_virginia time twice elected president time white served legal advisor board directors later life death white presbyterian faith years served ruling elder represented centennial session general_assembly met philadelphia white member arbitration convention sons american revolution held washington served president organization white member board trustees september member organization executive committee tennessee white served chief officer united confederate veterans organization white held position commander rank major general white confederate memorial ceremony held richmond following september meeting charleston white reelected post commander white led local endeavor establish confederate veterans chairman committee construction richmond ceremony held richmond laying cornerstone white gave ceremony principal address delivered history movement construction abbey spoke importance abbey built confederate capital called cooperation southern states providing artifacts abbey early adulthood death white served grand master state west_virginia capacity laid cornerstone capitol building prior relocation master clinton lodge october gave address according ritual cornerstone laying ceremony new school white attended 100th anniversary george_washington december chosen chief ceremonies attending staff charge procession matters celebration reproduction washington funeral services held white served commander occasion stood president address attendance prior anniversary november published sheets anti secret society publication denied washington white released statement remarked attack thing saw christian publication went illustrate historic narrative citing dates washington activities white called serve grand marshal visit admiral february remembered subsequently sent white picture signature later life white noted lecturer popular lectures entitled old foundation stands prepared delivered white response lecture foundation faith criticized white delivered lecture states summer white traveled europe visited village germany created lecture illustrating white active member years served president celebrated birthday february enjoyed dinner close friends place home suffered prolonged illness caused miss number high profile engagements example white guest lieutenant governor virginia richmond cancelled visit account ill health slated address commencement exercises june unable attend declining health white died old age december residence place having ill months prior white interred december white survived daughter kate white brother wife ellen wife died richmond december interred personal life family white married july december daughter influential banker old richmond mother related chief justice united_states paternal grandfather wealthy merchant white wife ellen children died age died infancy died war july businessman philadelphia eleanor white february september died railroad collision near kate white february july married richmond later married relocating white wife resided 13th street later relocated 14th street house contributing property addition national_register_of_historic_places november couple final residence place legacy biography white published volume white described brilliant lawyers produced state west_virginia obituary published white described kind time strictly exact virginia lieutenant governor said richmond owed white man efforts securing location | Robert White (attorney general) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
10971_WilliamHenryCushing | august january canadian politician born ontario migrated west young adult started successful lumber company later alberta minister public works 11th mayor calgary minister public works government oversaw creation resignation precipitated alberta great waterways railway scandal forced resignation hopes asked replace role fell instead province chief judge left cabinet seek election election enter politics chairman board governors sixteen years died early life born august ontario father farmer immigrated carpenter moved calgary partnership engaged building houses stores married died years later married children opened door factory wealthy business flourished expanded occupied city lots employed workers number reached active local methodist church golf club served years school trustee supporter municipal politics elected calgary town councillor term beginning january remained capacity january years later council calgary city served january january january term elected thirteenth mayor calgary position held january january subsequently served term january january served president calgary provincial politics asked form alberta government appointed minister public works notes important portfolio given rapid development infrastructure expected new province keeping custom cabinet ministers westminster parliamentary systems ran district calgary election liberal opposed conservative leader campaign meeting bennett accused giving fellow liberal candidates road building money bribe districts election day defeated bennett attributed defeat roman catholic influence elected calgary primary supporter legislature debate alberta capital city claiming new province economic centre alberta status province result political movement begun calgary cheaper build legislature site interim capital motion calgary capital defeated votes permanent capital located preferred location public works minister choose design new alberta legislature building based minnesota state capitol calgary representative dismayed elected locate hometown immediately felt having denied capital line university public works minister primary advocate government intervention labour disputes alberta coal industry eventually appointed commission examine problem presided government entry telephone business telephone lines alberta privately owned largest private owners bell controlled telephone service calgary refused extend operations densely populated profitable regions province response attacked bell monopoly people claiming free sponsored legislation creating service areas bell new company later purchased bell lines financing venture issuing contrast government usual policy pay zeal government involvement member warned public works minister going crazy public ownership someday find lot trouble thomas argued strange successful businessman like aggressive successful corporation historian suggested experience living monopoly hostile saw symbol eastern capitalism hopeful bringing telephone service rural areas guarantee continued liberal success railway scandal election calgary growth earned second seat legislature finished candidate field elected fill seats bennett finishing second elected minister public works initially responsible railway policy november created new ministry railways appointed head february resigned minister public works expressing disagreement policy offering loan guarantees private railway builders including alberta great waterways railway stated letter resignation policy adopted knowledge consent accepted resignation regret publicly disagreed claim kept unaware government railway policy february gave account events leading resignation legislature responsibility railways removed department offered guarantees mile railway constructed making guarantee consulted government engineers department construction costs relying instead engineer felt mile regardless actual construction costs believed government reliance engineer let company away building sub standard railway followed dramatic series legislative debates votes liberals including frequently voted government motions non confidence march invited rejoin cabinet according assured rival attorney general resign declined offer considered longer able work premier allies urged fight rumours began resign replaced lieutenant governor alberta convinced resign order save liberals powerful liberals view capable leading government instead invited provincial chief justice form government reputed sitting hotel room ear telephone waiting summons lieutenant governor assume robes left major figures dispute cabinet staunch ally resigned seat protest seek election election later life legacy chairman holding post designated honorary chairman died calgary january heart attack calgary named honour primarily remembered role alberta great waterways railway scandal assessing role episode thomas suggested actions motivated appeared contract railway company instead believes concluded premier began conduct publicly way undermine authority motivations resignation precipitated scandal ended political career profound effect alberta political history evaluating legacy considers role establishing government telephone system opinion produced financial difficulties province years ahead electoral record | William Henry Cushing | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
11205_AlbertGould | sir february july australian politician solicitor served second president australian senate solicitor businessman citizen soldier entry politics member time served minister justice free trade governments later served years election australian senate interest parliamentary procedure saw involved relevant standing committee elected unopposed second president senate tenure remembered predecessor defeated labor nominee following defeat remained parliament retired endorsed active community religious affairs long retirement early life career born sydney son solicitor wife anne née attended school went study law degree served articles father admitted bar december worked sydney legal firm developed significant business interests involved syndicate serving director september married paul church england citizen soldier enlisting volunteer company new_south_wales volunteer forces later took command major later received long service retire regiment lieutenant colonel state politics elected member renamed initially opponent coalition associated later supported government supporting career legal practice sydney party system came new_south_wales year identified free trader appointed minister justice serving held position period ministry involved dispute chief justice sir requests improved court accommodation contested punishment contempt witnesses despite embarrassing premier remained close state career later years frequently gave speeches memory career justice minister marked consolidation law licensing laws reforms relating police courts supporter federation opposed bill believed deprived new_south_wales adequate recognition defeated election year premier appointments enabled passage legislation referendum federation senate career contested federal election march standing senate elected positions year term speech largely devoted support free trade early years senator supported opposed proposals establish federal capital supporter policy expressed concern labour queensland assumption arrangement temporary enabled issue involved defence matters supporting introduction conscription maintaining loyalty empire men experienced principles government election easily elected position winning largest vote senator time maintained interest procedure senate member standing orders committee appointment supported opening senate proceedings prayer frequent reference standing orders contested presidency senate defeated incumbent sir baker retirement unanimously elected president february senate representative states interests free party politics focused language relevance appointed differed predecessor adherence british influence election defeated presidency despite support conscription endorsed new contest election deeply offended elected retire run independent split nationalist vote later life retirement continued community involvement director served member chancellor sydney newcastle church_of_england died july rose bay aged survived sons daughters wife died daughter given state funeral andrew cathedral buried | Albert Gould | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
11411_CorneliusGallagher(Canadianpolitician) | canadian politician december october meat merchant politician alberta canada served municipal councillor briefly mayor born new_brunswick son irish immigrant father attending schools birthplace moved west family involved family meat packing business established father soon west later province continue business providing product local police establishments soldiers north west rebellion contracts expired west permanently settle established developing town largest meat packing business land atop banks overlooking river valley involved city local politics sitting 1890s early 1900s incumbent mayor resigned town council selected briefly interim mayor election held later year served term retired defeat elections retire meat business retirement lived lavish estate land owned atop death early life career born december new_brunswick patrick née father patrick came canada ireland age worked meat industry wholesale meat merchant meat mother native attend schooling 1870s hometown later joining father meat business father relocated established wholesale retail meat distribution business son brother edward work moved today bought father firm interests contract supply troops stationed aftermath suppression moved south regina business supplied meat remained years contract expired career relocated time located northwest territories intrigued fact majority territory wheat vegetable crops came area business opportunity decided settle purchasing lot business hours arriving established calgary based businessman hull meat company wholesale retail butcher incorporated january establishment storey brick building located banks establishment relied freshwater supply contained rooms animals storage preparation meat offering variety different proteins beef lamb turkey chicken pork business rose largest kind developing city producing pounds meat year turn century operate establishment retirement interests brick industry founding serving president local brick company civic politics sought public office elected race candidates elected gained final spot term council sat licensing committees elected placing sixth candidates term expired stayed politics months mayor resigned dispute involving town funds fell council fill mayor position nominated rival candidates won mayor elected position later join distinction sworn town council meeting october brief term mayor oversaw town time headed saw point inaugural president founded november ensuing election chose run seeking term mayor remains time city history sitting mayor run elected placing fifth candidates term sat committees involved issues relating finance police utilities fire water light seek election election december december ran mayor defeated stayed politics elected year term defeated election bid placing fifth candidates year terms meant council elected election bid office took place election placed eleventh candidates race personal life resided grand house street overlooking river valley owned land referred flats later renamed married adopted children mary marie involved community affairs member president member president faith member old association retirement meat business embarked month trip south_america wife death legacy died october years old buried funeral survived wife daughter seven siblings known prominent men western canada widely praised successful business career publication history province alberta states following view success attained enter somewhat detail concerning plans methods followed characteristics manifested industrial commercial career marked consecutive progress business connections beginning continually scope importance force character developed talents power field commercial industrial financial activity business affairs energetic prompt notably reliable social qualities rendered popular energy keen perception honesty purpose genius executing right thing right time joined day common sense chief characteristics named area named honour park known hosting annual | Cornelius Gallagher (Canadian politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
11474_OliverP.Morton | perry august november commonly known politician indiana served 14th governor indiana american civil war ally president abraham_lincoln war thwarted democratic controlled exceeded constitutional authority calling militia approval period legislative suppression privately financed state government federal private loans criticized arresting political enemies suspected southern president lincoln war governors contributions war effort man state earned lifelong gratitude union soldiers support second term governor partially paralyzed stroke elected serve leader reconstruction era supported numerous bills designed reform southern confederacy second term senate suffered second stroke caused rapid deterioration health died later year nationally funeral procession witnessed thousands buried indianapolis crown hill cemetery early life family background indiana native born near small settlement salisbury august grandfather shortened family surname males family carried middle named victorious commodore battle lake disliked early age beginning political career shortened dropping middle names mother died raised maternal grandparents spent young life living ohio returned eastern indiana young man joined family leaving school age briefly worked clerk left dispute proprietor hat maker years hat making business dissatisfied quit oxford ohio studied years briefly attended continue law studies returned admitted indiana bar formed law practice judge newman successful moderately wealthy attorney married couple children survived infancy early political career campaigned elected serve circuit court judge resigned year found preferred practice law active indiana politics initially anti slavery democrat living region dominated little hope political career changing party affiliation passage repealed ban slavery western territories missouri divisive effect parties democrats divided issue took stand free soil supporters opposed act influence senator state democrats expel anti slavery members including indiana state convention year joined political factions form forerunner state republican party february way newly formed republican party national level member resolutions committee preliminary national convention met pittsburgh served delegate philadelphia thirty year old people republican candidate governor indiana democratic opponent popular state senator despite hard fought campaign time brought attention voters state defeated general election fewer votes amid charges sides fraudulent voting radical republican contended strong position slavery conservative claimed issue state southern born residents wanted blacks despite criticisms anti slavery speeches popular republicans indiana noted plain convincing manner speaking contemporaries said witty logical reasonable people party officially adopted republican republicans nominated lieutenant governor indiana ticket conservative whig gubernatorial candidate republican politicians thought seen radical carry vote southern half state man whig like lane men strong support party desire open war compromise arranged giving lane gubernatorial nomination nomination lieutenant governor nominees understood carried state republican majority elected state legislature fall choose lane seat successor indiana governorship campaign focused primarily prevailing issues nation including legislation possibility civil war lane won state general election republicans gained control state legislature pre arranged candidates day lane inauguration governor general_assembly chose fill seat lane resigned immediately succeeded fourteenth governor indiana january governor born state governor war effort served governor indiana years strongly supported union civil war urged compromise demanded end concession discussions compromise necessary use force preserve union speech delivered november declared worth bloody struggle establish nation worth preserve staunch supporter president abraham_lincoln conduct war favor believed role indiana governor treason uphold cause union believed war inevitable began prepare state outbreak early tenure governor appointed men positions state government opposed compromise southern states established legislative permission state arsenal men produced ammunition preparations impending war days war began april battle fort south_carolina governor president lincoln offering volunteers indiana arms help suppress rebellion end april volunteers signed fight union exceeding state initial regiments men special session held april called indiana politicians set aside party considerations unite defense union received state legislature authority borrow spend funds purchase arms supplies indiana troops lincoln war governors critically important early prosecution war governor played role effectively efforts controversy garnered significant opposition political adversaries greatest strength war ability raise volunteers money union army equip battle successfully suppressed indiana confederate leader republicans state confronted peace democrats especially lincoln maintained close alliance war lincoln wary times lincoln recognized indiana governor significant fears remarking good fellow times person know especially afraid kentucky indiana southern border union pose threat indiana security went great lengths ensure indiana contributed possible war effort afraid criticize felt indiana interests overlooked frequently clashed federal authorities military leaders recruitment policies regimental assignments appointment military leaders purchases supplies care given sick wounded soldiers issues wanted indiana receive recognition states political opponents challenged efforts governor complained lincoln free state populated believed kept forceful wanted attended pennsylvania organized pennsylvania governor gave lincoln support needed emancipation proclamation emancipation conscription men fight protracted war major issues divided republicans democrats tenure governor conflict general_assembly able state united phase war emancipation issue republicans suffered major defeat mid term elections lost support strong democratic majority legislature new legislature convened began circulating reports democrats intended seize control state government union riots democrats responded harsh criticisms lincoln conduct war issues emancipation loss constitutional rights accusations sides created tense atmosphere worsened relation parties guaranteed confrontations unconstitutional moves acting authority legislative approval including establishment state arsenal democrats drafted legislation attempted reduce authority democrats state legislature sought remove state militia command transfer state board democratic commissioners governor immediately disbanded feared control militia democrats attempt force office union issued secret instructions republican legislators asking stay away indianapolis state capital prevent general_assembly attaining needed pass legislation republicans fled madison indiana quickly flee kentucky democrats attempted force return indianapolis enactment bill state government funds operate democrats assumed forced special session recall republicans democrats hoped press measures weaken governor aware plans going constitutional powers millions dollars federal private loans state legislature successful able privately fund state government war effort indiana new_york banking firm company loaned funds pay interest state debt state government resume revenue collecting efforts moves caused considerable rage democrats launched vicious attack governor responded accusing democratic opponents treason following suppression general_assembly asked general assistance organizing state service established intelligence network leadership deal rebel affiliated knights golden circle beginning american knights merged sons liberty members secret groups included democrats supported states rights opposed union cause war succeeded keeping state secure carried arbitrary arrests suppressed freedom speech freedom association generally maintained control southern sympathetic minority incident later referred run soldiers disrupt democratic state convention leaders democratic_party arrested detained threatened urged pro war democrats abandon party unity duration war met success governor democrats expelled party attempt appointed reaction actions called dictator republicans countered democrats tactics conduct war illegally approval state legislature called state militia july counter morgan raid incident confederate raiders confederate general crossed ohio river southern indiana large scale support confederacy members southern general declined morgan raiders homes bearing banners golden circle despite proclaimed support confederate cause failed support morgan troops significant numbers slowed crackdown confederate state failed come morgan aid large numbers similarly fail aid larger invasion despite controversial actions notable thing historians record period term governor honesty government run borrowed money accounted political corruption years war honest actions able avoid repercussions state legislature reelection time new republican majority second term war nearing end war weary saw end sight prepared state gubernatorial election indiana constitution prohibited governor serve years year period elected indiana lieutenant governor completing lane term claimed eligible run governor upcoming election democrats furious launched bitter campaign great deal campaigning instead successfully returned active duty soldiers home leave vote election presumably soldier friend fellow republicans reelected office defeating democrat longtime friend votes campaign conducted time war parties strongly opposing mcdonald remained friends campaign later served democrats claimed rigged election republicans retook majority houses assembly partially crippled stroke october time treatment traveled europe sought assistance specialists able help recovery lieutenant governor served acting governor war ending baker oversaw state forces returned governorship march able walk assistance senator term elected serve senator resigned post governor year turned leadership state government lieutenant governor baker member foreign affairs committee quickly grew republican leader chairman stroke sat delivering speeches noted senators effectiveness speaking debating close observers saw man activity determination quick far seeing restless energy newspaper accommodated kind cynical indifference crippled body house badly repair dragged shell senator duties acted chairman member committees absent seat ready debate times sources described negative terms quality called force senator possesses terrible public life news correspondent described dark determined brooding desperate mind reflected introspective eyes powerful frame prematurely wrecked carrying alive savage towers pace wants terrible sake freedom conscience fed like bloody thinks feels god mercy moving served reconstruction supported radical republican program making confederate states early term supported legislation eliminate civil government southern states impose military government supported legislation void southern states nearly case imposed submitted voters require elections representatives state constitutional conventions charged writing new ones addition voted favor provisions declaring new state effect adopted majority registered voters voting special elections called adoption time favored stringent restrictions permitted vote particular taken oath support united_states_constitution served political office military trial president voted favor conviction moderate radical republicans openly voiced disappointment johnson delivered speech fall arguing recently freed slaves vote worked end indiana called black laws restricted blacks basic civil rights state constitutional provision forbidding entry state reversed position war come share general republican belief means loyalty governments protective black civil rights giving adult males race franchise explained confess shame educated great events war championed passage fifteenth amendment democrats began resign senate debate prevent engineered maneuver kept bill allowed passed senator judged man little regard constitutional oath uphold constitution added believed constitution interpreted light declaration independence law life great powerful free people principle interpretation strict narrow criticism founded literal meaning yield assessment category senator openly declared declaration decree men created equal defining words constitutional duty judged president elect inauguration grant administration able reliable floor leaders helped shepherd bill virginia representation congress voted favor treaty santo domingo united_states later countered chairman massachusetts bitter debate president motives intentions caribbean nation people senate argued favor enforcement act known called gave president expanded power oppose terrorism known bloody shirt efforts connect democrats wartime treason peacetime violence generally relied provide ready strong defense federal government right intervene enforce protection civil rights black americans championed right louisiana black leader seat effort unsuccessful voted civil rights act strongest support black republicans increasingly solid south grant administration recognized powerful friend offered position minister great_britain replacing declined controlled democrats feared democrat elected seat similar concerns caused refuse accept nomination supreme_court united_states later grant recalled concerns ill health kept proposing chief justice grant mistaken advised sources time heard senator indiana offered place supreme_court unofficially justice took credit convincing grant job cause physical breakdown second term reelected began second term stand paper money added controversial reputation time economic favored bill added paper currency money supply began second term leading senate support inflation bill president grant vetoed action politically indiana demands easy money topped democrats list priority issues fall carried state elections largely basis year joined republicans supporting effectively suspended new currency issues gave secretary treasury authority withdraw currency circulation contender republican nomination president party cincinnati ohio offered delegation nominee position issuing paper money currency combined failing health hurt bid nomination convention delegates issues difference association deeply scandal ridden grant administration nomination republicans vulnerable reconstruction corruption issues addition grant supporters alternative choice senator new_york nominees republican divided prospect coming began vote total placed second slipped fourth place sixth ballot opponents stop nomination uniting candidate acceptable reform minded delegates seventh ballot nearly anti delegates including united republican nomination ranked strongest members called faction republican_party members deeply committed protecting preserving republican governments south surprisingly winter aggressive supporters right presidency close election placed group determined outcome election doubt vote cast supporters southern democrats offering assurances president elect active role republican governors louisiana south_carolina fears cause difficulties speech clear democrats guarantees fair play equal rights southern blacks support program guarantees given promises general surprise policy withdrew military support republican governments states proved president strongest defenders urging fellow republicans patience called new departure time prove death named lead committee investigate charges newly elected senator oregon committee spent eighteen days oregon holding hearings investigations return trip san_francisco rest visit dinner night august suffered severe stroke paralyzed left body day taken train met brother law governor accompanied home mother law richmond indiana stayed october moved home indianapolis recover remained indianapolis surrounded family death november remains laid state removal indianapolis funeral service held service attended dignitaries united_states president ordered flags half staff church hold large crowd thousands waited outside followed long procession witness burial indianapolis crown hill cemetery legacy remains powerful important controversial governor indiana history supporters decisive effective ambitious energetic leader governor indiana civil war detractors describe power hungry politician shifted stance issues suit prevailing views political gain tactics controversial occasion unconstitutional remained dominant political figure lincoln war governors successful recruiting union troops civil war known soldier friend tribute crucial efforts supplying supporting union soldiers field known standing firm political opponents frequently responded severe criticism actions policies criticism critics long tenure government service derided manner ran indiana state government civil war criticized open suppression freedom speech arrests political opponents violations state federal occasion justified forceful actions necessary wartime measure protect indiana defend union foremost defenders republican governments southern states recent historiography reconstruction found consistent supporters cause equal justice law formidable personality enemies opposition newspapers according account wit humor breadth intellect conversation attract disagreed politically republican said declared presence deadly poison trying hold conversation man according southern newspaper opposed actions vice bundle moral physical loads wings breeze sweeps critics political opponents called bully highlighting denouncing enemies spreading rumors forcing female favor governor mansion democratic journalist wrote probably country corrupt utterly man public life rotten physically morally politically alleged came social disease brought habits senator declared favor woman suffrage surprised shouldn woman cause asked woman critics charges corruption stick senator earliest refuse share called pay congress awarded members returned money soon given untouched scandal hostile official files evidence bribe taking awarding civil war contracts came handed despite holding positions angered opponents highly regarded remaining clean war period corruption commonplace honest conduct offered thanks numerous occasions learned president grant nominated son territory senator immediately wrote ask selection withdrawn protest afford relative appointed political office poor decision making senators succeeded raising indiana national prominence lifetime state citizens common subject jokes eastern states ceased civil war memorials united_states capitol indiana statues statue governor serves mississippi honor role powerful wartime governor statues downtown indianapolis statue east facing sculptor dedicated statue created sculptor installed served city park moved new location circle sailors monument statue stands second floor wayne county courthouse richmond indiana previous high school named central section current high school named honor senior high school hammond indiana home named annual indiana called honor kansas named honor added national_register_of_historic_places | Oliver P. Morton | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
11526_BenjamínGalvánGómez | june february mexican businessman politician mayor january september political projects focused promoting education improving standards living bringing sense public security citizens city owned newspapers mayoral administration received numerous threats organized crime months term kidnapped killed alleged members crime syndicate early life career born mexico june parents married children graduated degree accounting degree law businessman general director owner newspapers taught professor served president del politics held following positions head director director delegate member leader january september served municipal president mayor border city border sponsored won mayoral election votes succeeding mayor created party coalition known mexico won votes favor runner contender pan received votes candidates ran office received votes received convergence received mayor pro administration said projects based main pillars bringing citizens improving employment standard living working promote education annual government speech year office talked administration projects security financing public works stated end municipal government managed reduce debt million equivalent coordination state government federal authorities emphasized importance crime prevention second annual speech talked projects carried administration recognizing public debt security biggest challenges priorities term final annual speech talked city advances infrastructure public works city officials including politicians parties mayor texas graded term good term inaugurated seat capacity future home stadium basketball team sport complex home stadium football club amusement park mechanical educational attractions park reconstruction installations social events year administration office mexican federal government discovered irregularities city spending budget september end mayoral administration succeeded pan threats organized crime tenure mayor received death threats organized crime mexico drug trafficking organizations given proximity mexico border interstate lucrative route cocaine marijuana reaches united_states smuggled alleged organized crime members left corpses men inside vehicle near city hall alongside corpses written message reportedly accused city officials working accusations local officials common mexico june car bomb detonated outside city hall parking area injuring february police chief kidnapped brothers found dead appointed head police following murder police chief interview held said aside violence generated organized crime plagued armed car regular recognized restoring public safety possible reiterated difficult long process branches government solutions proposed reconstruction social fiber believed younger generations suffering poverty away lure organized crime admitted police force composed entirely members state law enforcement municipal police officers suspended investigation training said military role play wanted civilian forces step job future kidnapping death left near home evening february kidnapped businessman vehicle discovered abandoned open doors parking lot wife following day corpse found trunk truck town taken hospital month forensic examination experts officially identified corpse march post reports concluded tortured killed coup exact location murder remains unknown authorities tend believe likely killed march mexican authorities arrested member policeman involvement murder confessed following arrest alleging recruited police reported unidentified ordered alias transport mayor corpse state law enforcement surveillance planned route abandoned truck corpse orders organized crime members killed dumped body march alias arrested involvement murder investigators believe men charge ordering transport body escaped prison prison riot arrested following information provided april stabbed death unknown area prison kidnapping murder mayor came surprise law enforcement authorities given fact living seemingly ordinary life citizen border area didn worry gets kidnapped said authorities believe attack motives incident remain unknown funeral hundreds people including family members friends local citizens politicians attended funeral april bishop texas bishop jointly conducted mass assisted priests following ceremony mayor buried cemetery | Benjamín Galván Gómez | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
11592_EdwardEverett | april january american politician pastor educator diplomat massachusetts whig served senator 15th governor massachusetts minister great_britain united_states secretary state taught harvard_university served president great american civil war eras remembered today featured dedication ceremony national cemetery spoke hours immediately president abraham_lincoln delivered famous minute address son pastor educated harvard briefly boston taking teaching job harvard position included preparatory studies europe spent years studies years traveling europe harvard taught ancient greek literature years involved politics began extensive popular speaking career served years united_states congress winning election governor massachusetts governor introduced state type nation defeated election vote appointed minister great_britain serving president harvard job quickly came dislike assistant longtime friend colleague appointed secretary state death served acting secretary months later years life traveled giving speeches country supported efforts maintain union civil war running vice president ticket active supporting union effort war supported lincoln election early life education born april independent boston fourth children daughter father direct descendant early mother family deep colonial roots father served pastor retiring poor health years born died edward mother moved family boston attended local schools private school time brother daniel taught classes later form close friendship attended briefly older brother teaching age admitted age graduated class unlike students time earnest student absorbed taught student member pastor student uncertain encouraged pastor study ministry harvard president earning time particular developed facility working written spoken word reverend died immediately offered post basis graduation permanent november dedicated work highly popular preacher listeners wrote affluent fancy daring imagery critic wrote common criticism speaking style spoke like superior intelligence ought feel know far require feelings knowledge year served pulpit came somewhat formulaic demands required constraints congregation placed workload took toll young time acquired nickname life change pace traveled washington visited massachusetts late offered newly endowed position professor greek literature harvard position came authorization travel years europe readily accepted formally invested professor april elected member way western europe visiting london major dutch cities route german city entered university studied french german italian roman law greek art disciplined student traveled noted viewed university focus attention granted september believed degree awarded american traveled german cities including berlin received permission harvard extend time europe spent years traveling continent constantinople black_sea paris visiting major cities continent returning united_states met england prussian diplomat influential architect prussian education system leading english abolitionist constantinople acquired number ancient greek texts harvard archives teacher writer speaker took teaching duties later hoping scholarly methods germany harvard bring generally wider appreciation german literature culture united_states greek class translated greek students future speaker presidential son future representative future philosopher heard speak wrote voice rich tones precise perfect slightly nasal mellow beautiful correct instruments time editor literary magazine contributed articles studying europe addition editing numerous contributions magazine flourished tenure reached nationwide audience instrumental expanding harvard collections german language works including volume edition collected works visited works championed pages review began public speaking career taught harvard combined review bring national prominence preached service held united_states capitol brought wide notice acclaim political circles delivered series lectures boston art series attended repeated subsequent years major speech december advocating american support greeks struggle independence ottoman_empire subject adopted subject speech congress support greek independence hero greece portrait hangs athens collaboration start lifelong political association men marriage children married november july daughter like old new_england lineage brooks fortune variety business endeavors including marine insurance financially support embarked career politics associated brooks family son married charlotte sisters happy marriage producing children survived infancy march street boston massachusetts usa october place london england august december married captain wise grace december january november married december october married october february representative massachusetts early political career decided early particularly like teaching july gave unexpectedly significant speech harvard beta society alter career trajectory publicity event dominated news french hero american revolution attendance hall packed subject speech circumstances favorable progress literature america pointed america situation expanding nation common language democratic foundation gave people unique distinctive opportunity creating truly american literature europe traditions bureaucracy americans use experiences settling west develop new style intellectual thought crowd reacted lengthy applause long afterward informal non partisan caucus nominated candidate united_states house_of_representatives political factions endorsed candidacy easily elected november election expected continue teaching harvard serving informed dismissed election victory took news agreeing college costs european travels continued remain associated harvard joining serving years political situation country fluid late 1820s collapsed victorious democratic resulting political place party affiliation associated national republican faction supported clay national system called protective internal improvements national bank interests massachusetts class elected additional terms national republican serving national republicans formally sat chaired term known president adams frequent guest white house came champion president agenda house supported legislation protected massachusetts growing industrial interests favored renewal charter opposed indian removal act controversial action congress took place relatively early tenure congress debated constitutional amendment alter way president elected congress required decide election rising opposition amendment march delivered hour speech generally opposed need amend constitution issue slavery noting says slaves obey masters accepting document contained compromise reaction speech highly critical attacked political friends foes apparent endorsement slavery attempted justify statements pointing rejected slave trade act kidnapping slavery damage heavily criticized massachusetts press speech rest political career governor massachusetts retired congress deciding like rough nature proceedings house offered nomination governor massachusetts anti party known secret societies like refused supported governor year davis won election held november february state legislature elected davis united_states senate arrangement promised whig nomination governor upset lieutenant governor armstrong sought nomination easily defeated perennial democratic_party candidate november elected comfortable margins following years facing elected member notable achievements tenure introduction state board education improve school quality establishment normal schools training teachers based details prussian education system learned groundbreaking accomplishment emulated states state established reformer secretary state normal school opened lexington year afterward moved known accomplishments tenure include authorization extension railroad system worcester new_york state line assistance border tensions maine neighboring british canadian province new_brunswick massachusetts involved dispute maine separation state retained ownership public lands disputed area border issue years tensions rose substantially late 1830s sides pushed development activity disputed area united_states refused accept proposal dutch king proposed president special commission established address issue issues politically prominent tenure matters whig indifference play role defeat election abolitionist began shape ill timed passage law banning sale gallons alcohol drive popular support away election held november close results whig dominated legislature met january joint legislative committee reported received exactly half votes cast sufficient secure victory vote resulted whig legislature deciding election refused contest results despite calls party wrote willing let election diplomatic service leaving office traveled europe family months led won presidential election appointed ambassador great_britain recommendation friend appointed secretary state charged handling northeast border issues encountered governor new british administration united_states previous sent lord washington negotiate directly role reduced acquiring documents british records pressing american case role instrumental acquiring distributing map united_states accusations cheated britain land treaty major issue countries seizure american ships british naval forces slave trade coast africa owners ships accused acquitted trade filed claims recover losses british government ambassador advanced cases generally successful given friendly british stance aspect slave trade proposed found way treaty negotiated american squadron coast africa cooperate british effort issue related caused friction home especially replaced secretary state succession southern politicians particular school diplomatic pursuing claims slaves aboard ship american coast sailed bahamas rebuffed offers diplomatic posts unhappy serving tyler apparently sought way distance unpopular president eventually resigned remained post accession presidency replaced democrat months post occupied oregon boundary dispute eventually resolved lines negotiated harvard presidency departure london considered possible successor president harvard returned boston september learn offered post principally tedious aspects job difficult matter maintaining student discipline accepted offer entered duties february years spent extremely unhappy found harvard short resources popular students notable achievements expansion harvard academic programs include school theoretical practical science known post apparent early april negotiating harvard conditions job talks ultimately advice doctor resigned post december suffering number related following years health increasingly fragile somewhat visit springs new_york secretary state senator won national election returned power returned politics served aide president appointed secretary state died october appointed apparently request serve secretary state remaining lame duck months administration post drafted official letter accompanied perry expedition japan reversed claim denying sovereignty rich refused engage united_states agreement united_kingdom france guarantee spanish control cuba stated administration interest cuba clear want option engaging essentially political alliance reinforced notion saw cuba concern matter outside interference serving secretary state approached massachusetts whig leaders running united states senate elected state legislature took office march senate sat opposed extension slavery western territories concerned radical free soil party stance result opposed kansas nebraska act allowed territories choose allow slavery popular vote calling horrible bill health missed critical vote bill departing chamber debate ended lasting night angered massachusetts anti slavery interests sent strongly petition submit senate extreme elements abolition debate speech support petition weak criticized situation greatly upset submitted resignation letter little year year term citing poor health years free political obligations traveled country family giving public speeches cause took preservation george_washington home years toured speaking washington compared favorably duke donate proceeds touring refused travel expenses agreed write weekly column exchange gift mount ladies association columns eventually bound sold mount papers divisions northern southern states late 1850s election threatened produce national crisis pro slavery splitting democratic_party threatening republican elected president group conservative organized claimed sole principle preservation union supporters forward candidate president party ended vice president reluctantly accepted post campaign ticket received electoral votes southern states wake election abraham_lincoln seven southern states began seriously debating active participant advancing unsuccessful compromise ditch attempt avoid war early months american_civil_war broke april active supporter union cause think highly lincoln came support war progressed toured northern states causes war wrote behalf union cause proposals forward serve ambassador europe counter confederate diplomatic initiatives brought fruition november military cemetery pennsylvania dedicated widely renowned finest country invited featured speaker hour formal compared battle battles antiquity marathon spoke opposing sides previous civil wars war roses thirty years war able reconcile differences afterward followed far famous address president lincoln deeply impressed speech wrote lincoln noting glad came near central idea occasion hours minutes election supported lincoln serving presidential massachusetts republicans death january spoke public meeting boston raise funds southern poor savannah meeting caught cold exacerbated days later hours civil dispute concerning property owned winchester massachusetts died boston january interred mount auburn cemetery cambridge legacy near birthplace named intersection columbia road massachusetts avenue boston street marker placed near birthplace stood statue stands near square appears facade helped found serving years president board given nephew grandson actor massachusetts separated named honor borough pennsylvania western massachusetts elementary schools lincoln nebraska named school minnesota torn donated books beginning community library film documentary film address portrayed actor publications edward defence christianity works george english boston edward account constantinople belonging library university cambridge memoirs edward speeches occasions volume boston edward speeches occasions volume boston edward speeches occasions volume boston edward speeches occasions volume boston edward life george washington new_york | Edward Everett | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
11726_CharlesMathias | mac july january republican member united_states senate representing maryland member united_states house_of_representatives representing 6th congressional district maryland studying law serving united_states navy world war worked lawyer elected state legislature elected elected times serving house years aligned influential liberal wing republican_party elected senate incumbent democrat years earlier roommate attending continued record liberal republican senate frequently clashed conservative wing party months late early considered running presidential campaign attempt increasing influence conservative republicans led ronald_reagan confrontations conservatives cost leadership positions senate including despite isolation conservative colleagues played influential role african american civil rights ending vietnam war preserving chesapeake_bay constructing retired senate having served congress years years eighteen years early life career born frederick maryland son née trail father politically active descendant maryland legislators graduating graduated pennsylvania went attend yale_university received law degree time met future wife birthday party law school roommate daughter massachusetts governor world war enlisted united_states_navy served rank apprentice promoted ensign served sea duty pacific_ocean including recently devastated hiroshima released active duty following war rose rank captain briefly served assistant attorney general maryland worked city attorney frederick supported civil rights african americans played role local movie theater restricted african american seating theater worked relocate frederick post office helped protect park city elected serving delegate voted favor maryland fourteenth amendment united_states_constitution secured african american rights following american civil war support legislature ratified amendment nearly years introduced house_of_representatives january declared candidacy house seat maryland 6th congressional district officially began campaign march establishing public education controls government spending priorities elected primary elections defeated rivals garnering margin victory opponent general election judge democratic landslide state years prior candidates attacked voting records accusing votes having worst republican record previously accused voting present facto house argued led inflation higher taxes prevailed election day november term incumbent representative year career house established member liberal wing republican_party influential time author amendment unsuccessful civil rights bill open housing concerning environmental issues sponsored legislation national park supported conservation initiatives served member proponent establishing home rule district_of_columbia united_states senate career election leading united_states senate elections frequently mentioned potential challenger democratic incumbent college roommate representative maryland 1st congressional district considering run seat republican party leaders state favor candidacy decision largely geography seat representative 6th district established recognition baltimore washington metropolitan areas densely populated liberal areas state seat likely stay republican control unlike seat located socially conservative democratic voting maryland established liberal voting record argued serve better state democratic advantage registered voters officially declared candidacy senate february calling troop reductions vietnam war identifying urban racial discrimination welfare reform improving public schools major issues campaign drew primary issues war crime argued extensive bombing campaigns reduced argued increasing bombardment adopted hard line stance law order advocated addressing causes poverty low standard living urban campaign finances issue controversy campaign contributions senate staff families november elected garnering vote perennial candidate term conflict nixon began term senate january laid legislative agenda soon appointed district_of_columbia committee argued favor home rule district providing residents representation chambers congress positions carried career house december finally gained passage legislation creating served chair produced senate report course term frequently odds conservative colleagues senate richard_nixon administration june joined fellow liberal republican pennsylvania threatening rebellion nixon administration worked harder protect african american civil rights warned republicans southern strategy attracting conservative voters expense moderate liberal voters voted controversial nominees confirmed early advocate setting withdrawal troops vietnam bombing campaigns nixon launched october republican judiciary nation support investigation scandal early stages disagreements administration known causing new president nixon evans commented defeated white_house republican outraged nixon senior staff senator tendency bolt party lines bred animosity inner differing speculation going party nixon similar manner threats disappeared scandal escalated numbers sided nixon administration time voted majority republican colleagues senate time term early group americans rated liberal member senate based key votes legislative session percent score higher democrats senate fourth highest members issues considered rating senators included positions civil rights mass transit home rule tax reform reducing overseas troop levels gave issues important agreed key labor votes conversely conservative group americans stated agreed positions time election challenge republican representing heavily democratic maryland faced potentially difficult election bid election state democrats nominated known residents city social activist limited recognition rest state republicans primary election challenge conservative doctor substantial threat lack competition fallout scandal advocate campaign finance reform refused accept contribution avoid curse big money led trouble year managed raise nearly times total agreed issues closing tax taxes middle class issues argued reform congress tax system address inflation corporate price fixing contrary retrospect washington_post felt election intelligent discussion state national foreign affairs smart informed people maryland voters benefited frequent disagreements nixon administration liberal voting record november elected margin lost badly popular second term growth introduced legislation illinois senator prohibit foreign aid june expressed concerns state party leading presidential election specifically shift right referring nomination contest ronald_reagan remarked party leadership placed isolation extreme fringe position november hinted entering presidential primary elections steer party away saw strong conservative trend months continued signs entering election campaigned aggressively lacked political organization columnist george commented contemplating race presidency reference campaign months consideration decided march seek presidency asked withdrawn massachusetts primary ballot added automatically considering independent bid said raising money difficult campaign finance laws withdrawal stated work republican_party upcoming elections despite pledge support republican candidate criticism party stating felt like member chorus greek tragedy criticism party neglect liberal voters commented deal hard truths people don like hear got percent electorate pretend important following blacks young people urban communities feel greatest importance republican_party look facts face short candidacy conservative wing organization june lost vote state republicans determine represent maryland platform committee republican national convention instead group chose conservative member point close denied attendance convention altogether large delegate minute compromise ensured republican congressional representatives seats large delegates maintained low profile convention received harsh criticism conservative delegates maryland attended beginning new congress line potential committee promotions ranking member outspoken criticism party previous election cycle aroused colleagues member south_carolina held ranking membership ranking membership allowed senator resigned ranking membership serving ranking member prevented assuming leadership positions following power struggle member party leaders uneasy idea allowing team liberal democrat chairman voted instead ranking member election uncertain party speculation raised leave republican_party especially elections approaching prominent conservatives state considering challenging seat contrast democratic aisle fewer suggesting win easily switch parties chose remain republican teamed republican senators express dissatisfaction hard line wing party later stated seriously considered switching parties came time nominate members maryland republicans voted delegation represent liberal conservative wings party respectively nomination contest lacked fierce ideological marked state convention nearly excluded delegate despite initial concerns strong conservative run republican primary face major opposition seat easily won party nomination elected substantial margin november democratic counterpart election positioned conservative national defense primary issue campaign accused weak countered stating voted defense spending career senate winning easy election maryland republican win election senate term republican win city baltimore point secured support baltimore democratic political machine labor unions final term republicans gained control senate sought relegated relatively mundane appointed chairman district_of_columbia accepted seat influential sacrifice seat chaired senate inquiry methods fbi corruption investigation found dozens officials named accepting bribes basis served chair member library leading elections unclear seek fourth term support president reagan lukewarm isolated republican colleagues delegate maryland state party convention called liberal record additionally frequent difficulties securing committee low attendance rate raising questions ability showing signs seeking election dismissed claims claimed matter minutes talk member cabinet hours accident chesapeake_bay mentioned president state union address took lot hard work despite initial indications announced september seek fourth term announcement concerned republican party officials state feared local republicans poorer election chances ticket national level announcement came shortly news republican nevada retiring departure republican senators swing democratic leaning states treated republican party leaders poor sign party chances upcoming elections won republican primary senate seat lost democrat remained active final days senate playing important role removing death penalty provision senate drug bill threatening preparing proceedings federal judge day senate january point succeeded legacy post senate life held retirement party july attendees proceeds event person establish foreign studies program planned teach following departure senate washington_post commented lasting reputation elected house moderate conservative life congress moved center frequently party line sided democrats fact went way ronald_reagan elections hindered chances established record civil rights having played important role passing fair housing bill house establishing national holiday held liberal views abortion defense spending equal rights amendment senator virginia sponsors bill authorize construction vietnam veterans memorial discussing retirement new_york_times commented fair flexible concerned able rise responsibility asked senators respected listed cooper cliff case people issue responsibility simply come conclusion right thing country environmental issues established record strong advocate chesapeake_bay touring bay shoreline sponsored legislation led study years later reports public aware harmful levels nutrients waters result report cleanup efforts evolved recognition established research facility analyze human impact bay medal established maryland sea grant environmental record thirty years launched study recognized influential role played initiating restoration efforts partner law firm jones day chosen lead committee supervise operations prior arrival american secretly acquired resulted major banking scandal appointed chairman board american november replacing attorney general continued chairman american retirement served numerous boards committees member member member chair presidential appointment senate confirmation process member board member board member board board member emeritus additionally served practiced law washington resident maryland october endorsed barack_obama united_states presidential election died complications disease home january | Charles Mathias | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
11929_AugustusE.Willson | october august 36th governor kentucky orphaned age went live relatives new_england exposed literary masters holmes associates older brother poet afforded opportunity attend harvard_university earned graduation secured position law firm future supreme_court justice lifelong friends association deepened support republican_party republican primarily democratic state suffered defeats public office elected governor kentucky second attempt handling wars individuals involved assassination democratic governor drew democrat controlled general_assembly result proposed reforms considered legislature term ended unsuccessful bid seat following defeat retired louisville died early life born october kentucky second child née year following birth father moved family family moved time indiana mother died years later father died leaving orphan age younger sister went live grandmother new_york moved cambridge massachusetts live brother poet renown exposed men letters holmes took preparatory course study new_york later enrolled year preparatory school cambridge harvard_university ill sophomore year took brief hiatus studies care following death resumed studies received bachelor_of_arts degree graduation studied receiving master arts degree studied law firm bishop lincoln boston returned lived indiana congressman admitted bar wrote letter introduction applied position louisville law firm described young met lifelong friends association deepened support republican_party junior partner firm continuing appointment supreme_court justice political career political career began appointed chief clerk served capacity december august resigning continue law practice louisville july married child died infant republican predominantly democratic state suffered defeats public office loss election seat kentucky senate marked string political defeats failed bids represent kentucky fifth district delegate member executive committee national monetary conference indianapolis indiana advocated sound money position sought republican gubernatorial nomination backing republican governor state history convention favored louisville businessman ruling contested delegation convention withdrew candidacy bradley angered party united candidate convention defeated democrat general election governor kentucky chosen republican candidate governor opponent chosen convention years earlier governor convinced democrats hold primary early secure party nomination election serving governor wanted influence selection successor governor assured selection party gubernatorial nominee primary campaign issue ongoing black patch tobacco wars carried stigma hand picked candidate governor largely ignored violence administration hand twice represented business practices reason farmers discontent violence democrats issue little counter accusations plight farmers tried appeal sides conflict ultimately lost support position appealed urban voters wanted state reputation violence end meant siding tobacco industry state farmers general election garnered votes scattered votes cast minor party candidates strong support urban areas swung election half vote majority came city louisville republicans won mayoral races louisville disagreement associate governor caused support candidate voters favored prohibition strong supporters pro stand deserted issue sworn december immediately drew handling black patch wars contrast immediately deployed state militia declared martial law western predominantly democratic counties troops helpful deployed major factor ending violence hostile democrats general_assembly formed investigative committee found guilty violating state constitution calling militia formal request civil authorities sent spies infiltrate night riders organization violence determine local officials supported publicly announced pardon killed night rider decision hailed newspapers effective criticized encouraging ultimately little end violence courts began handing convictions night riders leaders escaped convictions measure sponsored kentucky representative removed national tax tobacco supreme_court united_states found violation laws events helped raise tobacco prices violent farmers alienated legislature issuing individuals convicted assassination governor included republican governor taylor secretary state convicted assassination turned state evidence pardoned leading democrats portray taylor powers partisan likeness removed state checks documents replaced abraham_lincoln session general_assembly dubbed education legislature significant accomplishment passing legislation establishing high schools county state increased funding newly renamed later strengthened school attendance requirements progressive reforms passed including stronger child labor law law establishing juvenile court system track betting illegal abortion defined crime message legislature called uniform system accounting based legislation recently passed neighboring state indiana advocated measure requiring disclosure campaign expenditures hostility assembly scarcely considered governor agenda needed legislation tax reform reforms advocated later pass democratic administration accomplishments legislature included making legal form capital punishment establishing hour work day public workers outside state enjoyed somewhat higher esteem harvard_university presented honorary doctor laws degree president called meeting state governors washington discuss conservation natural resources elected chair meeting known meeting sparked interest annual gubernatorial meeting organized second conference elected chair advocated propose uniform state laws opening remarks clear intent meeting legal authority stated house governors simply conference governors later life gubernatorial election republicans divided celebrate administration actions quell violence black patch wars taylor powers unpopular voters eventual candidate lukewarm best administration upset lent rear modest support campaign trail governor bradley disagreed rear selection engaged minimal campaigning failure party unite candidate gave democrat easy victory following term governor returned legal practice louisville served candidate senate seat state election passage seventeenth amendment meaning seat filled popular vote vote legislature seat originally belonged governor bradley died office governor appointed fill term agreed seek election run seat republican primary defeated general election gubernatorial administration combined overwhelming popularity democratic president ensured won seat votes campaign died august buried cave hill cemetery louisville | Augustus E. Willson | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12110_HamiltonFish | august september american statesman politician served 16th governor new_york united_states senator united_states secretary state fish recognized pillar considered best scholars known efforts reform diplomatic fish settled controversial alabama claims great_britain development concept international arbitration fish kept united_states war spain cuban independence handling volatile incident fish initiated process ultimately lead hawaiian having negotiated trade treaty island nation sugar production organized peace conference treaty south american countries spain fish worked america african american consul settle war president grant said trusted fish political advice fish came prominent wealthy new_york family attended graduation fish passed bar worked new_york commissioner deeds ran unsuccessfully whig candidate marriage fish returned new_york politics elected fish ran new_york lieutenant governor defeated democratic contender office vacated fish ran elected lieutenant governor fish ran elected governor new_york having served term fish elected senator state new_york served term fish gained valuable experience serving 1850s fish republican whig party dissolved terms slavery issue fish moderate having disapproved kansas nebraska act expansion slavery traveling europe fish returned america supported abraham_lincoln republican candidate president american civil war fish raised money union war effort served lincoln presidential commission successful arrangements union confederate troop prisoner exchanges fish returned law practice civil war thought retired political life elected president appointed fish secretary state fish took reorganized office established civil service reform year tenure fish contend cuban settlement alabama claims canadian border disputes incident fish implemented new concept international arbitration disputes countries settled negotiations military conflicts fish involved political feud senator president grant unsuccessful efforts annex dominican_republic fish organized naval expedition unsuccessful attempt open trade korea leaving office politics fish returned private life continued serve historical associations fish male descendants later serve generations fish died old age luxurious home early life education career born august known fish house new_york_city great great granddaughter parents named friend leading politician notable figure american revolutionary war col fish active resulted surrender lord prominent founder new_york dutch colony family owned property manhattan fish received primary education private school fish graduated columbia_university having obtained high honors columbia fish fluent french language later help secretary state graduation fish studied law years law office served president admitted new_york bar practicing briefly influenced politically father fish aligned served commissioner deeds city county new_york unsuccessful whig candidate marriage family december married descendant new_yorker new_jersey governor couple lengthy married life described happy fish known judgement couple sons daughters multiple notable descendants relatives new_york political career representative years defeat representative fish reluctant run office whig party leaders convinced run house_of_representatives november fish elected house_of_representatives having defeated democrat serving 28th congress new_york time minority house fish gained valued national experience serving fish failed win election bid second term house lieutenant governor fish whig candidate lieutenant governor new_york defeated democrat endorsed farmers new_york refused pay rent large land tract owners resorted violence intimidation fish opposed use illegal tactics pay rent elected judge vacated office lieutenant governor fish november elected fill vacancy lieutenant governor fish favorable reputation new_york senate governor november elected governor new_york defeating served january december years age fish youngest governors elected new_york history fish advocated signed law free public education facilities new_york state advocated signed law building asylum school disabled tenor canal system state new_york increased fish recommended state legislature form committee collect publish colonial laws new york bills governor fish vetoed overturned new_york legislature annual messages fish spoke extension slavery land acquired including california new_mexico anti slavery messages gave fish national attention president whig going nominate fish cabinet taylor died office nominate fish despite national popularity fish governor senator fish retired office openly seek nomination elected senator fish supporters january nominated candidate senator ensued nomination new_york legislature whig senator upset fish publicly supporting compromise election fish stated government enforce laws fish favor spread slavery hesitant support free soil movement finally democratic senators fish nomination absent senate took action voted march fish elected senator new_york took seat december serving alongside future secretary state united_states senate member end term march fish friends president secretary state attorney general republican term moderately anti slavery faction 1850s republican_party replaced central party democratic_party fish privately considered whig knew longer viable politically fish quiet senator liked fish disagreement senator firmly opposed slavery advocated equality blacks policy vote legislation justice economy public virtue strongly opposed repeal fish voted free soil faction strongly kansas nebraska bill february merchants represented criticized fish bill immigration maritime commerce fish bill designed protect irish german immigrants dying merchant ships oceanic passage america merchants believed fish bill oppressive commercial interests human interests tenure nation congress tremendous political slavery included violence disorder disturbances peace pro slavery advocates invaded kansas violent tactics anti slavery senator attacked term traveled family europe remained shortly opening american civil war returned begin actively campaigning election abraham_lincoln france fish studied foreign policy diplomats distinguished americans having gained valuable experience eventually benefit tenure secretary state american civil war abraham_lincoln elected president fish spent time lieutenant general commander fish private secretary aided efforts star west american merchant ship sent president bring relief supplies major fort fish dining general scott new_york telegram received announced attacked star west fish stated meant war scott replied don utter word friend don know thing war fish joined participated april april operated new_york_city government raising troops million relief new_york volunteers families committee included chairman new_york men fish appointed chairman committee joined union_army fish appointed president lincoln commission serve visit union_army prisoners held capital richmond virginia confederate government refused allow commission enter city instead fish able start system prisoner exchange remained virtually unchanged american_civil_war war ended fish went private practice lawyer new_york secretary state appointed secretary state president served march march president grant longest serving cabinet officer assuming office fish initially including state fish immediately took responsibilities office zeal intelligence fish tenure secretary state lengthy years contend foreign policy issues including cuban insurrection fish assumed office immediately began series reforms given office congress fish organized volumes miscellaneous documents created fish introduced files subordinates easily find documents fish implemented civil service reform having applicants required pass entry examination appointed consultant policy hampered president grant appoint person office person having examination policy testing overall improved staff fish methods organization included disciplined staff prompt copying dispatches method record keeping having remained world regions countries listed order correspondence embedded bound diplomatic category archives subject matter added countries information miscellaneous category filed resulted tedious time consuming process congress diplomatic ministers kept informed current world events took place parts world cuban insurrection cuban nationals open rebellion mother country spain spanish rule american sentiment favored cuban rebels president grant appeared verge acknowledging cuban fish desired settlement approve recognizing cuban rebels queen_victoria government recognized confederate recognizing cuban settlement arbitration great_britain february senator authored senate resolution recognized cuban working scenes fish cuban recognition ultimately lead war spain resolution went house_of_representatives ready pass fish worked agreement president grant send special message congress urged acknowledge cuban rebels june message written fish sent congress president congress debate decided recognize cuban president grant continued policy cuban non recognition rest policy tested affair dominican_republic annexation treaty president grant assumed office march immediate foreign policy interests annexation caribbean island nation dominican_republic time referred santo domingo united_states president grant believed annexation santo domingo increase mineral resources alleviate effects racism african americans south loyal president grant desire annexation divided island nation run leader president troubled civil strife imprisoned american citizen speaking government fish told grant senate ready pass santo domingo annexation treaty april fish gave grant private secretary special agent status search island september preliminary treaty annex santo domingo united_states opportunity apply october fish drew formal treaty included payment dominican national debt leased united_states yearly payment santo domingo eventually given private conference president grant fish agreed support santo domingo annexation president grant sent congress non statement involved cuban rebellion spain chairman treaty believing santo domingo needed remain independent racism black citizens south needed dealt continental united_states believed blacks santo domingo share anglo american values january grant submitted santo domingo treaty united states senate fish believed senators vote annexation withdrawn president grant refused option senate took time finally rejected treaty june eighteen senators led defeated treaty grant angered refusal support treaty fired friend grant ambassador england fish instructions grant believed january stated support santo domingo treaty deprived grant allies senate inter oceanic canal treaty president grant secretary fish interested establishing inter oceanic canal panama secretary fish organized treaty signing january united_states colombia established panama route inter oceanic canal amended treaty strategic value inter oceanic canal construction ineffective result united_states senate refused treaty treaty washington previous administration president secretary state attempted resolve johnson convention treaty alabama claims arisen american civil war confederate raiding ships built british ports notably sunk significant number union merchant ships johnson treaty presented congress president overwhelmingly defeated senate claims remained unresolved led time high fish secretary state demanded britain canada united_states payment late opportunity arrived settle alabama claims prime minister fish determined improve relations britain president grant senate supporters removed vote door open renewed negotiations britain january fish met british representative sir washington agreement negotiations establish joint commission settle held washington direction stake financing america debt british civil war peace britain required february distinguished high commissioners representing britain led earl united_states led fish met negotiations settlement went remarkably representing britain canadian prime minister sir meetings treaty washington signed landmark international senate ratified treaty august settlement alabama claims international arbitration committee meeting geneva united_states awarded gold damaged confederate warships treaty settlement disputed atlantic fisheries concerning oregon boundary line treaty considered unprecedented accomplishment having solved border disputes trade navigation issues friendly perpetual relationship great_britain america established britain having expressed regret alabama damages south american armistice april peace conference presided held spain south american peru chile ecuador resulted armistice countries countries technical state war united_states served direction representing spain represented peru represented chile represented ecuador president grant gave fish powers control negotiations meeting countries signed armistice treaty consisted seven articles hostilities cease minimum years countries allow commercial trade neutral countries korean expedition conflict korea known kingdom country determined remain isolated nations specifically commerce trade western nations including united_states relations korea troubled christian missionaries beheaded korean regent king crew trading ship secretary president demanded perceived outrageous actions korean government naval warships ordered orient term ended unable organize naval expedition fish took office organized korean naval expedition purposes april fish ordered minister china voyage seoul purpose expedition seek retribution assaulted sailors open commercial treaty fish told fleet use force honor low rear admiral commander korea warships eighty guns sailors marines naval squadron reached week later lowered anchor near mouth han sent unofficial representatives stall time hope american squadron leave june american fleet nautical survey fired korean forts leading seoul american fleet fired damaging forts americans demanded apology grounds honor american flag violated june military expedition launched failed apologize attack objective destroy korean forts forts inch guns sailors marines landed island captured destroyed korean forts citadel fortress steep foot resistance american troops fought hand hand combat korean forts taken destroyed leveled june korean tiger hunters killed compared american officer american sailors navy officer die battle korea remained weeks open negotiations commercial treaty american squadron left believed won great victory americans attempt open korea trade similar commodore approached opening japan korea proved isolated japan commodore naval fleet went korean government commercial treaty western nation establish formal trade korea affair 1870s cuba state rebellion spain united_states americans divided militarily aid rebel believed united_states needed fight cuban rebels pressured action privately owned ship run guns ammunition vital supplies cuban rebels captain officer confederate federal navies october run neutral waters spanish warship tornado jamaica hit took water forced surrender spanish authorities crew members consisted cuban rebel recruits american british citizens spanish hauled american flag brought prisoners total crew members executed spanish authorities spanish finally stopped british warship appeared guns ready fire time formidable worldwide decline american_civil_war news reached united_states executions president grant secretary fish forced immediate response americans demanded scale war spain fish found registration american ownership executions americans demanded action fish handled situation called spanish minister admiral held conference settlement spain relinquished severely damaged survivors released included americans spanish captain ordered executions spain paid american families family members executed national honor spain united_states preserved chiefly restraint fish satisfactory settlement affair reached united_states spain hawaiian trade treaty fish negotiated treaty reign hawaiian sugar duty free manufactured goods clothing allowed island kingdom opening hawaii free trade process annexation eventual united_states begun war settled war dispatched uss alaska president grant authority practice american colony envoy african american ambassador requested warship protect american property turner bolstered naval presence harbor support uss alaska captain negotiated incorporation people society foreign traders republican convention republican convention approached president grant unknown fish written letter republican leaders nominate fish presidential ticket letter read convention fish nominated president grant believed fish good compromise choice rival factions cartoonist drew caricature fish republican_party ticket fish ready retire private life desire run president content returning private life fish found later president grant written letter convention nicaragua inter oceanic canal negotiations president grant close second term secretary fish remained interested establishing inter oceanic canal treaty fish negotiated special envoy nicaragua february inter oceanic treaty negotiations failed status neutral zone established later life health leaving grant cabinet briefly serving president fish retired public office returned private life practicing law managing real estate new_york_city fish revered new_york community enjoyed spending time family fish resided estate near garrison new_york new_york health remained good having suffered death funeral burial september fish retired evening having played cards daughter following morning september fish age suddenly died death attributed advanced age september fish buried garrison philip church highlands cemetery waving trees hills hudson_river shoreline buried wife oldest daughter fish buried near grave edwards president grant attorney general notable persons attended fish funeral conducted services widowed wife attended fish funeral historical reputation described fish quiet easy going man aroused thought formidable possible fish 20th century biographer stated fish free petty drag reputation level politicians fish language practiced manners gentleman member fish commanded men confidence respect justice survey scholars december ranked fish number list secretary states noting settling alabama claims peaceful settlement incident obtaining spanish hawaiian treaty ratified starting annexation process leading eventual hawaii memorial fish albany new_york hamilton fish spans hudson_river miles north new_york_city named fish fish long time member cincinnati right father service officer continental_army fish succeeded father seat society father death fish vice president general national society president general fish elected president fish served president general national society president death year tenure office president general far longest society history notable descendants fish direct descendants named hamilton served state new_york fish son served term representative served assistant secretary state fish grandson served representative fish great grandson served representative son fish important railroad executive son diplomat appointed second secretary berlin secretary minister belgium engaged banking new_york_city fish grandson nicholas graduate saw service spanish american war rough riders member regiment killed action battle las cuba books october new_york new_york james chester arthur lawrence kansas isbn fuller dictionary american biography fish hamilton new_york sons presidency isbn civil war black leader columbia missouri isbn grant biography new_york new_york inc isbn inner history grant administration volume new_york new_york pub smith grant center new_york new_york isbn december foreign relations united_states washington washington journals newspapers december best state retrieved april little war retrieved october years ago retrieved new_york_times hamilton fish joins race house new_york new_york new_york_times april retrieved merchants denouncing hamilton fish new_york_times new_york new_york february retrieved internet retrieved stephen june bull pulpit retrieved ancestry albert fish retrieved political graveyard july retrieved fish hamilton biographical united_states congress retrieved fish hamilton biographical united_states congress retrieved fish hamilton biographical united_states congress retrieved governor retrieved biographical united_states congress retrieved management 20th century | Hamilton Fish | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12204_OlavMeisdalshagen | march november norwegian politician labour_party best known serving norwegian minister finance december november norwegian minister agriculture january member parliament long time elected time parliamentary election serving death period parliament norway facto defunct occupation norway nazi_germany death came halfway fifth term parliament shortly parliamentary speech profession came humble family background growing farm rural losing father 1920s studying moved worked attorney built labour_party organization region background formed main political goal improve economy rural farming districts proponent economic regulation marked period minister finance period marked dominance deciding country overall financial policy succeeded minister finance ministry regained dominance set gradual addition discontent increased defence figure labour_party return briefly cabinet minister agriculture government position chairman national association consumer tendencies grew stronger later life rumours worked scene facilitate change personnel policy labour_party death came period early life career early life education born march son family lived farm attended took secondary education financial support brothers father died took enrolled law studies studying involved students branch came influence revolutionary group member graduated university degree pre war political career involved politics attending school chaired labour_party chapter chaired local chapters board member labour_party county chapter elected member municipal council elected serve served council executive committee spent professional life opened attorney office headed municipal board arbitration debt matters significant influence political career sought improve economy rural norwegian districts especially centralized increase farmers income favoured ensuring low interest term served deputy representative constituency election elected regular seat parliament youngest member parliament time world war parliament amended constitution introduce year terms instead year terms representatives elected active april year norway invaded occupied germany world war german invasion radio broadcast coup état followed german diplomat sent norway demand vii cabinet initially refused parliament meeting april issued authorization empowered king government continue representing norway norway germany war time fighting continued months mainland norway june new negotiations nazi_germany opened resulting request submitted exiled king government case controversial splitting parliamentary group labour_party agreed king majority parliamentary group king broadcast refusal july famous king germany gradually grip norwegian society parliament defunct rest german occupation norway prominent figure norwegian resistance movement german rule position district leader left norway fled sweden secretary stockholm briefly served advisor london coordination cells post war career post war years parliamentary election war elected second term parliament clear nominated ballot usual labour_party members summer agreed king service probably tipped scales favour member customs secretary member december board chairman minister finance midway year term appointed minister finance second cabinet served december november cabinet formed prime minister party secretary architects appointment ultimately opposition labour_party foreign defence policy general extraordinary monetary grants defence measures specifically cited reason resignation cabinet entire cabinet shift period minister parliamentary seat occupied june succeeded minister finance candidates discussed rejected including old acquaintance politician noted opposite figure predecessor minister finance earlier argued strongly favour law proposed meant elected politicians gave temporary authority norwegian price regulate economy stated majority parliament probably agreed law permanent effect renewed time time stated left charge price policy easy heart hand new appointed minister clearly important period higher importance ended period exception history ultimately criticized lack economical insight ran norway governor according prime minister took long persuade post minister finance interested economical questions traditional planning economy said cabinet interest away parliament driven significant increases farmer income threatening overall balance planning state finances fact income farming measured money earned doubled war end introduced regulated future price negotiations negotiating partners state table time lines parts government somewhat blurred state budget presented cabinet subsequently treated standing committees parliament committee members contact directly ask proposed budgetary change feasible resignation practice altered contact initiated labour_party committee fraction committee known arrangements came ministry assistant secretary good relationship doubled assistant secretary state secretary resignation double role person politician time uncommon probably unique formally appointed appear historical lists state according clear division tasks came ministry daily work addition consultant friend influence period especially budgetary questions return parliament appointed cabinet return parliament later provided year term expired leaving minister finance returned parliament member customs chaired january january minister finance elected labour_party parliamentary ticket elected fourth time member customs january cabinet formed served minister agriculture period parliamentary seat occupied returned parliament time member defunct elected fifth time time member member labour_party central committee chairman death national association consumer way represented trade interests meetings government time parliament member internal opposition regarded internal opponent labour_party foreign affairs defence policy writes controversial party outside tendency surfaced 1940s reluctantly accepted norwegian signing remained non neutral foreign policy 1950s february conflict minister defence arose formally proposal grant extra nok million years furious entered budgetary debate notified certain press release issued grant nok million declared according influenced persons newspaper write print editorial titled let member board spent time working war policy labour_party gradually adhered 1950s hand viewed proponent gradual november rumours return cabinet probably minister transport communications believed worked removed cabinet succeed minister finance according told predecessor minister agriculture time member hoc worked questions policy thought committee policy proposals undesirable compromise minister position information given parliamentary secretary january heard time deputy secretary state friend tied alleged noted scheme diary caused background broader party strongest man group consisting questions foreign policy supporter voicing dissent labour_party socialist students association gained signatures labour mps nato critical resolution obituary likened nato critical labour politician halfway fifth term parliament november suffered sudden parliamentary speech hospitalized died later day cause death parliament replaced advanced deputy regular representative | Olav Meisdalshagen | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12285_IncreaseSumner | increase increase november june american lawyer politician massachusetts fifth governor massachusetts serving trained lawyer served provisional government massachusetts american revolutionary war elected appointed year served associate justice times elected governor massachusetts wide margins died long start term descendants include son boston massachusetts named 20th century diplomat early life born november children elder successful farmer descended early settlers held number public offices including enrolled grammar school future justice supreme_court united_states excelled school resistance father envisioned son future agriculture enrolled graduated legal career graduating harvard took charge school taught years law provincial solicitor general sought study students adams wrote promising genius youth admitted bar opened law office year chosen member represented town participated state convention draft new constitution result adopted continued serve provincial congress state constitution adopted elected state senator post held years june elected state legislature replacing resigned actually took seat august governor nominated associate justice replace accepted position instead senate seat served details judicial record sparse official court records survive time decisions usually oral court begin formal record keeping written decisions detailed notes cases heard notes preserved form valuable early massachusetts judicial history period served included time great turmoil massachusetts following american revolutionary war value paper currency circulation fell significantly leaving citizens financial difficulties administration raised taxes pay public debt run war stepped collection taxes economic pressures led civil unrest culminated rebellion uprising central western massachusetts lasting sat criminal cases participants rebellion tried participants pardoned eighteen convicted sentenced death sentences men hanged sat court heard appeals cases concerning slave seeking confirmation freedom ruling cases confirmed state constitution effectively abolished slavery chosen legislature sit committee revised laws state remove references british authority member state convention met united_states_constitution explained convention meaning importance corpus elected fellow governor massachusetts factions sought promote candidate governor formally nominated governor reelected following year actively promoted adams able prevail comfortable margin campaign divisive presented comparatively youthful alternative aging adams wrote adams sea political troubles grown old good country adams popularity declining decided run reelection number popular figures raised nominees year election won vote total votes cast divided opposition june rode home accompanied citizens horseback boston secretary commonwealth proclaimed governorship eastern balcony governor called seat government moved following year reelected minimal opposition popularity governor seen garnering larger share vote term won votes cast receiving unanimous votes towns state period office state principally preoccupied threat attack france result ongoing naval quasi war comparatively younger vigorous predecessors actively built state militia worked ensure case attack assumed duties office winning election sick death bed time order avoid constitutional issues surrounding succession governor office managed oath office early june died office aged june funeral military honors took place june attended united_states president funeral procession included regiments militia ran governor mansion service old south meeting house interred northerly corner boston brass indicates remains born november died place june 53rd year age bar years associate judge supreme judicial court elected governor massachusetts office died lawyer faithful able judge patient decisive chief magistrate accessible frank decisive private life mild public life firm party feuds conduct weight virtues manners intellectual midst called rest fathers went chambers death belief grave future existence lieutenant governor acting governor ran state elections held family legacy married september daughter father law death inherited sizable estate allowed maintain lifestyle public service couple children son known efforts develop boston named later descendants include 20th century diplomat advisor president maine incorporated governor named honor described son talented practical farmer excellent fond agriculture personally entire orchard fruit trees farm member president | Increase Sumner | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12490_ThomasH.Tongue | june january american politician attorney state oregon born england family immigrated oregon oregon serve seventh mayor republican chairman state party national convention delegate tongue served congressman representing oregon 1st congressional district early life born lincolnshire england june attended public schools england united_states parents family settled oregon november parents house west oregon tongue attended preparatory school nearby enrolled college affiliated graduated school june graduating moved county seat studied law december married daughter career tongue admitted began private legal practice practicing law farmer raised livestock member member served grand master organization tongue started political career mayor serving terms elected seventh person hold office serving december december serve second term years later december december purchased held approximately years acres south avenue present day downtown tongue land hobby farm tongue elected year term oregon state senate serving sessions republican represented selected judiciary committee replaced mayor state senator republican_party official tongue served party state central committee elected post chairman republican state convention followed position president state party oregon received second congressional district tongue served republican_party chairman district tongue served delegate held minneapolis minnesota served vice president oregon delegation convention congress elected republican 55th congress oregon 1st congressional district replacing tongue won total votes opponents elected times served 56th 57th united states tongue won election congress died session began campaign defeated opponents led candidate winning votes tongue won votes votes campaign march began serving united_states house_of_representatives remained death washington january start fourth term congress tongue chairman 56th 57th served alongside oregon house delegates advocated creation national park southern oregon introduced bills create park finally bill passed congress fifth national park president signed bill law tongue death tongue succeeded congress elected complete tongue term speaker house tongue terms considered tongue seven men house family tongue wife children married serve united_states senate lawyers older forming legal partnership father congressman tongue buried oregon family private plot cemetery tongue grandfather served associate justice | Thomas H. Tongue | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12513_JamesWalker(Australianpolitician) | australian politician march january scottish born australian banker politician walker born scotland spent early childhood new_south_wales returning scotland family study finance joining returned australia held financial positions new_south_wales queensland gaining public reputation financial expertise active cause delegate constitutional convention significant figure development commonwealth finance schemes assisting successful yes campaign referendum elected senate free trader senator walker continued focus finance views social policy saw outside party supported policy disagreed key elements leader opposition test potential immigrant required pass test european language application accepted campaigned railway capital city located federal territory attempts guide financial reform parliament senator led frustration walker retired ill health legislation early life career walker born edinburgh wife elizabeth née family migrated new_south_wales settled station near sold property returned scotland james educated college london returning edinburgh years scotland working paper manufacturers joined london branch march cousin bank directors january departed posted bank sydney office walker sent bank queensland worked appointed manager branch transferred branch managed promoted assistant inspector brisbane married april range view resigned manager returned new_south_wales manage estate daughter late cousin thomas federation walker strong interest federation member attended proposed financial scheme provide savings federal government based income state taxes federal spending reputation financial expertise saw elected supported equal representation states upper house commonwealth control railways national capital federal territory reiterated financial proposals overlooked finance trade committee having described mere commercial man despite setback walker continued play active development australian constitution federal upper house changed senate proposal colonies adopt view future inclusion new_guinea new_zealand fiji adopted supported minimum age senators voted proposal include recognition divine sovereign constitution second session convention took place sydney september walker appointed federal finance proposed financial scheme based walker proposal adopted convention active federation referendum campaign travelling new_south_wales encourage yes vote focused financial issues went western australia reluctant colony increase support following success referendum walker encouraged stand senate petition signatures staunch free trader walker campaigned endorsed ticket resigned president remained director federal election march walker elected new south wales senator head poll senate career senator walker devoted support variety causes including railway equal pay women opposed federal old age pension scheme grounds lack funds opposed immigration restriction bill supported policy principle opposed proposed form test supported amendment requiring test administered language known immigrant moving amendment defeated expressed reservations labourers supporting reduction use advocating resident australia years permitted remain vigorously opposed compulsory arbitration voted elected walker expressed view party system australian parliament decade dysfunctional vote socialism anti socialism end triangular government continued support railway lamented slow progress decision site federal capital supported higher rate immigration immigration restriction act introduced bill permitted special reserve funds banks assist shareholders financial crisis followed similar bill complained difficulty passing private senators bills election retired suffering ill health later life walker maintained interest politics retirement remained director president director member finance committee fellow london vice president continued director councillor walker died january sydney survived wife seven children buried south head cemetery estate death worth | James Walker (Australian politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12639_ThomasFerens | british politician philanthropist industrialist member parliament hull east years served city justice peace high steward helped establish manufacturer household goods kingston hull foremost businesses career company spanned years initial employment confidential clerk death chairman house_of_commons spoke cause women rights supported women suffrage home repeatedly drew attention trafficking women girls colonies great nature retiring man work westminster completed committee rooms away seek election campaign devout numerous charitable donations life gifts hull include donation establishment university motto parts country substantial donations schools hospitals charitable organisations early life childhood early career born village close market town seven children flour miller wife anne née jackson attending private school age thirteen found employment clerk office mineral department years later left home worked clerk head committed taught grammar mechanics weekends taught sunday school enjoyed playing cricket working years left post confidential clerk kingston hull family life hull continued teach sunday school practice began time teaching sunday school met field fellow teacher wealthy merchant daughter masculine appearance married continued teach rest lives remained childless couple adopted nephew known till till separated wife estranged adoptive parents war till like thomas liberal stood general election career industry successful firm joined produced household washing blue black lead acquired run sons francis james forward thinking moved swiftly company managerial ranks works manager share profits secretary general manager joined board directors private joint stock company died years later named joint chairman guidance company flourished successful city opened offices london new_york expanded natural progression business launched politics public life appointed justice peace freeman entered parliament liberal member unsuccessful bid seat years earlier king george appointed year high steward hull frequent speaker parliament chaired committees member world war printed record parliamentary debates records parliamentary contribution related schools orphan homes health troops palestine theme parliamentary contributions women rights presented petition favour women house discussed allegedly speech wondered speech influenced example following year asked questions slave trading women including trade west african women trade european japanese women india questioned home secretary role women police force personal religious convictions evident parliamentary contributions number questions concerning home colonies question orphan schools later asked railway accidents children trafficking young girls india opened parliamentary debate increase cost living caused war causing especially poor noted labourers families content owing high price life meal meat week prime minister agreed prices high felt high expected considering scale global conflict remarked current high prices precedent peacetime price coal higher intervened behalf constituency inhabitants april drew attention general case post office clerk having difficulties claiming pension august fatal raid early previous morning city able muster single gun asked adequate defences provided brought action necessary election campaign subjected personal attacks accusing little reporting contested hull seats times spoke attacks covert insults challenges weapons noted opponent busy digging little navy speeches little elected resolved stand war active supporter away politics important figure community typically stayed survey personalities leaders times noted respected men seldom figure platforms went list number leadership largely hands commented attempted intervene behalf ship painter sentenced death murder telegram addressed king sent early hours december appealing exercise appeal unsuccessful smith executed later morning lifelong strong advocate youth attended band hope meetings elected treasurer shared platform archbishop_of_canterbury mansion house occasion inaugural meeting organised christian churches england wales campaign objectives present modern scientific indictment alcoholic moral implications rally local support council immediate legislative program included prohibition sale alcohol persons age banning sale alcohol sundays campaign firmly opposed prohibition plain times report archbishop address mind prohibition cheers open confession failure donated fund established accomplish aims campaign man time started earning salary allocated income charity personal wealth increased quickly growth opportunity generous donations deemed greatest life distributing annual income purchased plot land queen victoria square centre land site church later year wrote council informing intended donate land city donate shares worth letter read council meeting explained shares land build art gallery years later prince wales laid foundation stone prince visited premises greeted company workforce numbered finally opened educational establishments hospitals donated extend bath year later queen opened extension possible donation similar year new post graduate theological college donated opened cambridge training ministers february formally handed prince arthur possible donation handing institute said hoped attract workers parts empire countries outside largest single donation wrote lord mayor kingston hull inform intended donate foundation university college city college built west city eighteen half acre site previously donated duke york laid foundation stone prince george opened new college college president motto carrying light learning dove university logo signifies peace taken coat arms remained modest man saw giving moral duty repeatedly declined offers speech visited school king said right assuming acquainted parts country time associated manner know thing want public expression thanks like allowed share debt gratitude owes today legacy march ill health prevented attending company annual meeting missed years fulfilled public engagements weeks wrote speech presented sir speech able present board pleasing figures net profit increase record year source great able relations exist workers management board died home years earlier bequeathed house grounds rest home poor preserved open space house continues run residential home ladies year death held mark opening major new centre city times reported rank finest continued street wide wider london way new street large area cleared houses low rent housing provided displaced new road merged company merged acquired billion company headquartered hull site remains city significant employers 21st century legacy remains woven fabric city hull university college continued expand gaining university awarded queen award technological achievement alumni include houses internationally renowned permanent collection includes works generations hull children enjoyed summers boating lake trips aboard donated city provide shelter city century death new secondary school named opened hull named honour school renamed | Thomas Ferens | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12717_ErnestLucasGuest | sir august september politician lawyer soldier held senior ministerial positions government notably minister air second world war guest born cape colony grandfather moved family leaving england printing business generations saw active service second boer war enlisting despite world war injured france legal career began wars won case sir time premier invited partner firm known return world war guest took responsibility salisbury practice elected member representing constituency charter held cabinet minister government appointed minister june second world war guest minister air administered war minister defence minister finance leader house elections stood held seat retirement office married daughters twin sons killed action second world war death high_court parliament paid public tributes continuing legacy evident project went ahead active support early life born cape colony modern south_africa province august guest grandfather moved family south_africa england involved printing business generations grandfather appointed manager printed published family resided father moved buying local newspaper printing business military career second boer war outbreak second boer war guest minimum age enlisting managed join city volunteers regiment father served task guarding bridge railway line took opportunity joining light horse attached recruiting volunteers ride shoot early brigade advance way relief guest got food poisoning returned recovering joined guided officers persuaded surrender strong british force following close soon retook town guest captured sent prisoners executed managed escape travelled satisfying authorities actually taken prisoner surrendered voluntarily returned depot unit disbanded discharged guest joined enlisting january given rank sergeant chasing boer success recommended commission posted colonel decided guest young lead force composed miners considerably older returning guest learned recruiting experienced officers went accepted unit served end war rifles mobile force function round boer detachments execute earth policy destroying boer farm buildings crops women children concentration camps world war great_britain declared war germany august british_empire war administered territory took steps aid recruiting forces men paid england join number eligible recruits afford guest captain reserve officer awaiting organised private fund pay passages recruits arrived england enlisted captain later colonel elected member form platoon king guest summoned told stop recruiting administration decided raise regiment guest joined salisbury battalion 1st regiment rank lieutenant battalion sent south_africa assist suppressing rebellion opposed fighting britain deployed rebellion ended battalion sent reinforce south african troops south west africa campaign german south west_africa present day landed christmas morning contact enemy sent campaign came end battalion returned salisbury guest travelled england sought commission joining rank lieutenant september later promoted captain went battalion france posted division line sector occupied active sides carried fairly regularly long guest wounded fell victim irritating persistent skin complaint common trenches respond treatment evacuated england brief period hospital sent told fit return unit months contact guest added list officers available special employment selected undertake propaganda tour united_states delivering lectures approximately people total sent france promote benefits large number soldiers unsettled wished guest returned family spent war england members guest family served world war eldest brother lieutenant south west africa campaign regiment disbanded end campaign commissioned machine gun officer service killed action november battle checking advance vastly superior enemy force gun crew casualties handling gun killed guest younger brothers served elder duke later commissioned south african scottish served france long stay hospital declared unfit service remained england end war legal career admission start second boer war guest left school educational qualifications managed start legal career solicitor offered job drawing claims compensation farmers properties destroyed damaged british forces claims submitted guest father served committee ceased function suggested guest need obstacle family connection attend day boy passed duly applied supreme_court admission attorney accepted took oath offered post leading firm attorneys clause articles prohibited guest practising competition firm years permission guest acquainted recently practising informed guest solicitor wanted practice months away shooting trip guest application accepted return post asked report early july champion practice deputy sheriff consisted mainly debt collecting lending money doubtful high rate interest guest prepared petition admission counsel represent chief justice sir judge requirement apply admission cape colony admitted attorney days guest arrival young man arrived advocate began friendship endure rest hudson life legal profession active service world war years members cabinet hudson years minister justice chief justice office door appointed commanding officer contingent attend coronation king george june departure england offered guest management practice absence brother estate agent property transfers firm guest gained valuable experience especially number cases high_court magistrate court commissioner guest came sir senior partner case commissioner represented mining company gold claims guest client farm commissioner gave judgment favour guest instructed oppose registration following case initially irritated guest invited join firm salisbury guest january salisbury office opened passing away provided opportunity guest join firm partner firm known joined firm salisbury reverted died little time later return world war guest took salisbury practice sir charles returned politics early career world war guest involved municipal affairs served committee help returning soldiers adjust civilian life elected second term appointed deputy mayor best year acted mayor mayor absence united_states guest prominent citizens members advocating joining government referendum alternative option responsible government self governing colony britain right electorate returned vote proposition october premier guest opposite statesman impressed capabilities drew list like stand election death guest head guest stood charter representing elections despite constituency largely won seat defeating incumbent majority votes held charter elected unopposed elections stood won remaining retirement politics cabinet minister elections defeated guest key advocate accepting merger parties new appointed cabinet guest minister june february came portfolio responsibility ensuring generation electricity kept pace growing needs mining farming secondary industry guest constructing thermal power station kept running short money minister finance reluctant grant funds support electric scheme guest proposed source electric power provided money investigation guest arranged civil engineer named earlier surveyed route proposed railway knew country survey area select site power station submit report eventually guest appointed committee engineers examine proposal reported favourably recommend scheme proceeded immediately cabinet particularly impressed idea strongly criticised outbreak second world war caused project shelved war project revived joint scheme serve second world war special sitting parliament august determined stand great_britain event war break expected white population fit available active service decided create formation wiped colony future prosperity risk instead small groups distributed british_army navy air_force stated forces trained organised internal security defence defend british interests service outside borders empire air training scheme early air training scheme inaugurated near salisbury civilian flying school instructed pilots facilities later extended august squadron leader flight lieutenant raf oversee service training september direction air vice marshal later sir took recruits offer run flying school train personnel man squadrons duly accepted effectively ceased exist training course completed april squadrons squadrons royal_air_force bearing invited public submit design proposals squadrons preparations underway expand facilities training pilots january government announced creation completely separate defence guest appointed minister air post held march inaugurated administered second largest empire air training scheme beginning establishment units salisbury comprising preliminary advanced training school commonwealth countries enter empire air training scheme turn fully qualified pilots salisbury school opened air chief marshal sir followed established ground surface moved guinea elementary schools equipped service schools single engine twin engine gunners passed september bombing came mainly britain australia canada south_africa new_zealand usa yugoslavia greece france poland czechoslovakia kenya fiji malta total british trained war squadron squadron units posted kenya september undertake role army operation including reconnaissance air photography work dive bombing operations ground conducting artillery shoots april squadron renamed squadron royal_air_force took latin motto vanguard sky field september squadron relieved units months showed involved reconnaissance dive bombing pamphlet dropping start squadron equipped aircraft replaced army operation planes fighter squadron moved defeat italians seen active service kenya squadron involved summer took heavy casualties closing months inflicted withdrawn february months squadron crest presented air chief marshal sir march squadron squadron raf formed october majority squadron exception commanding officer equipped fighter squadron took motto word skies went action june june squadron led stationed near duties included patrolling escorting convoys offensive sweeps northern france belgian dutch coasts escorting bombing raids france rhine january squadron received later month moved squadron squadron raf stationed south lincoln renamed squadron september took motto king bomber squadron equipped took raids berlin targets laying sea traffic lanes september squadron received type lancaster bomber squadron raf receive new aircraft visit squadron december guest meredith taken flight new plane order given december cease operations march lancaster active service battle mission entire raf squadron given key targets bomb april squadron alongside squadron bombed man diesel engine factory produced half german boats engines ships tanks transport vehicles success cost planes crew squadron earned thanks prime minister squadron involved took aircraft attack cologne war guest leader house retired political office retained wartime role air minister experience form highly efficient air_force tackled problem young airmen returning civilian life training civilian duty helping young men complete academic education continued minister defence air june september chaired south african air transport council air traffic control establishment control centres salisbury communications future needs air transport southern africa time minister briefly minister finance september acted prime minister times absence acted ministers number occasions retired political office guest continued active public life example organising rhodes centenary exhibition family married daughter singapore couple met brought uncle daughters twin sons sons killed action second world war second daughter enlisted women soon outbreak second world war eventually promoted flight officer july posted cairo palestine married squadron leader raf remained cairo end war october commissioned pilot officer royal_air_force october eventually promoted flight lieutenant october initially posted squadron england flying anti submarine missions squadron west_africa transferred navigation instructor transferred england soon killed action fortnight later son born received mentions despatches awarded november twin brother turned rhodes scholarship oxford war broke enlisted england instead commissioned second lieutenant king june served campaign killed bayonet charge battle november honours guest appointed new year honours list public services especially inauguration empire air training scheme appointed visit april new years honours list granted right december retain title honourable having served years member recognised honorary degree doctor laws death sir died september age salisbury special sitting divisions high_court convened pay tribute guest september parliament motion moved november minister foreign affairs defence public services partner acting leader house legacy construction enormous value development led creation time largest lake africa south | Ernest Lucas Guest | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12858_BeriahMagoffin | april february 21st governor kentucky serving early civil war personally adhered states rights position including right state union confederate cause adopted position neutrality war held refusing calls aid union confederate governments special elections held june captured kentucky congressional seats obtained thirds houses state legislature despite strict adherence policy neutrality legislature trust routinely unable provide effective leadership hostile legislature agreed resign governor provided choose successor lieutenant governor died office refused allow speaker senate succeed governor accordingly resigned elected choice speaker resigned robinson ascended governorship elected speaker senate war encouraged acceptance union victory passage thirteenth amendment died february kentucky named honor early life born april kentucky son jane father immigrant county ireland mother daughter prominent pioneer early kentucky early education obtained common schools graduated kentucky earned law degree lexington kentucky afterward moved jackson mississippi began legal career served reading clerk mississippi state senate returned kentucky illness continued legal practice appointed police judge governor april married granddaughter kentucky fifth governor couple children survived infancy active democratic_party serving presidential delegate served term kentucky senate declined party nomination seat democratic nominee lieutenant governor running ticket defeated know candidate governor kentucky elected governor kentucky vote taking office august supported states rights institution slavery believed right states union hoped avoid outcome reaching agreement southern northern states end wrote circular letter governors slave states december detailing plan save union plan unite slave states set minimum concessions north accept alternative war concessions included constitutional amendment state law interfered enforcement fugitive slave act passage amendments fugitive slave act ensuring state return fugitive slave slave return compensate owner slave passage law requiring indicted grand jury escape slave passage amendment constitution slavery current future territories south degrees north latitude passage amendment constitution states right mississippi_river provide protection southern states oppressive slavery legislation slave state governors refused plan endorsed authored fellow january called state legislature special session asked convention determine kentucky course civil war majority legislature feared vote convention kentucky union consequently refused convention response president abraham_lincoln troops april declared telegram send man dollar wicked purpose sister encouraged lincoln confederate secretary war pope walker requested kentucky troops southern cause week later similarly refused called special session legislature legislators refused convention determine state course war instead approved resolution neutrality proclaimed position later month sent letter confederate president asking recognize honor kentucky neutrality august sent identical letter president lincoln pledged majority people state uphold state federal legislature trust state special elections june candidates swept kentucky congressional districts obtained thirds houses general_assembly routinely early september federal confederate troops entered kentucky declared sides equally guilty violating kentucky neutrality demanded sides withdraw resolution calling immediate withdrawal union confederate forces defeated legislature instead legislature passed resolution ordering confederate troops state vetoed resolution veto issued order withdraw november self constituted convention southern met kentucky order form provisional confederate government state despite southern sympathies denounced actions convention legislature continued clash remainder found agreement legislation bill allow common schools continue sessions interrupted outbreak hostilities found particularly bill citizenship fought aided confederacy march veto bill opposed military rule brigadier general believed violating civil rights states rights advocates advocate calls legislature resignation begun early september august declared willingness resign condition allowed choose successor lieutenant governor died office speaker senate line governorship refused accept successor resigned speaker senate elevated choice speaker resigned governor august robinson assumed office governor remainder term later life death war returned legal practice engaged agricultural pursuits series land speculation ventures near chicago illinois wealthy encouraged fellow accept results war advocated civil rights blacks urged passage thirteenth amendment act public service represented kentucky house representatives died home february buried spring hill cemetery monument erected cemetery honor kentucky created named honor | Beriah Magoffin | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
12896_TedJolliffe | march march canadian social democratic politician lawyer ontario leader ontario section operative leader ontario legislature 1940s 1950s rhodes scholar mid-1930s came canada help studies complete called bar politics practised labour law toronto eventually labour retirement moved british_columbia died early life education family lived ontario generations parents reverend charles missionaries living near known china born hospital near march home china mother early teens family returned ontario attend went high school undergraduate head member won scholarship ontario rhodes scholars year attended oxford_university years affiliated christ church college member oxford met club leader fellow canadian fought communist red october club lord lewis planned silent protest february speech oxford carefully sure members attended meeting groups strategically walked speech wooden floors effectively speech audience caused riots street meeting lewis thick oxford experiences socialist joined operative shortly formed summer vacation helped form overseas branch oxford year called bar england canadian win scholarship permanently returned oxford worked ontario organizer called bar ontario practised law toronto onwards candidate canadian election toronto riding placing fourth ran federal election time electoral district noted calling federal conservative government soldiers return home time proper measures taken protect future canadian soldiers countered government stop war protect interests country soldiers small defeated like candidate placing distant leader election leader following year led party seats victory seats vote election elected conservative minority government won york south seat note renamed members banned communist_party ran elected labour candidates formally founded days election agreed sit legislature representatives oliver formally joined entered hepburn cabinet having supported hepburn government outside liberal caucus years oliver elected liberal election supported liberal government took office leader formally joined elected leader remaining elected elected liberal left legislature campaign ontario election drew ran anti semitic union red campaign previous years anti socialist attacks conservatives supporters like effective previously popular source material anti campaign came special investigation branch agent captain office supposed investigating war time 5th column instead starting november investigating exclusively ontario opposition mainly focusing caucus fact knew secret investigations early february led infamous incidents 20th century canadian politics radio speech previous description campaign replied giving radio speech written assistance accused drew running political ontario speech excerpt alleged secret department acting political police opposition media dramatic tone speech time writing time speculation supporters speech damaged party reputation maintains book dilemma canadian socialism percent popular support poll prior speech election day received percent popular vote best added extra percentage point support worst didn effect highly unlikely speech main issue campaign dominated coverage media rest election drew attorney general denied accusations public outcry appointed investigate charges party wanted election suspended commission report drew ignored requests continued hold election original date despite months commission findings available election day june went seats garnering number actual votes cast percentage popular vote dropped percent drew attack campaign successfully drove voter turn driving percentage seat totals monday june ontario important elections 20th century according shaped province years conservatives won massive majority legislature remain government consecutive years going seats puts june june federal election proved black days socialism effectively removed canadian political agenda fully recover defeat eventually cease party 1970s social democratic party attain popularity election consequence tenure ended time lost election better candidate toronto outlying drew appointed justice royal commissioner terms reference restricted question drew personally responsible establishment secret political police organization purpose collecting secret material attempt power wider questions like ontario civil servants keeping files allowed act counsel commission assisted fellow lawyer able establish agent prove access information letters drew wrote supporter suggesting finance lawsuits charges stemming information provided advertisements late leading advertisement campaigns newspapers bill boards information presented witnesses claimed seen documents produce actual letter drew deny writing october justice issued report essentially drew presenting evidence linked drew murray commissioner found information believed interaction murray inappropriate motives accusations choice words questioned years change late 1970s research memoirs came archival evidence proving charge lewis discovery drew son edward placed extremely restrictive conditions father papers housed continue lewis pointed memoirs found premier drew disclose information deliberately head government ontario given false witness testimony ontario got away faced leadership challenge elected leader elected result ontario election recovered winning seats result cold war red scare labour movement acted purge individuals including suspected communist influence general public support socialism suffered reduced seats election lost seat resigned party leader august order focus law practice career returned previous career labour lawyer founding firm lewis fellow activist future leader 1950s 1960s firm assisted union fight mill workers union ontario appointed chief federal staff position held active labour retirement historical novel wrote entitled published social democratic leader opposition ontario legislature lived long form ontario government september died march british_columbia | Ted Jolliffe | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
13329_HaakonLie | lie september norwegian politician served party secretary coming humble origins involved labour movement early age quickly rose party system actively working resistance movement exiled government world war elected second highest position party war years office successful party history lie widely considered architect post war success labour_party norwegian welfare state time subject criticism organising surveillance norwegian particular communists lie remained active norwegian public life 100th birthday celebrated birthday release new biography early life education born september family finnish origin oslo named baptized later change spelling world war father mother describes childhood happy family poor father work hours week parents brothers sisters grew fathers fire station sharing room kitchen neighborhood lie got involved labour movement age sixteen met lifelong friends colleagues labour_party left split new founded communist_party remaining social democrats lie ended wing bitter strife factions strongly influenced lifelong anti communist stance early career attending elementary school later elementary school graduated secondary school giving university studies having attended brief stint industrial worker happy occupation bout tuberculosis started working secretary party leader institution recently created promote education working class lie cited achievement career early 1930s journeys germany russia experience authoritarian states fascist communist helped reinforce political outlook democracy dictatorship simple right left spanish civil war helped organise aid fighting winter visited country point lie took flying lessons actively participate conflict plan carried world war norway invaded germany april lie immediately started organising resistance taking charge free radio broadcasts locations country months work kept constant movement norway june vii government left country london replacing broken point broadcasts impossible lie way south finland sweden oslo involved underground labour movement mainly printing newspapers spreading information german invasion soviet_union june occupying authority norway started cracking harder opposition strike milk rations september led arrest execution labour leaders followed high profile arrests lie flee country left house hours germans appeared arrest sweden way united_kingdom worked propaganda secretary exiled norwegian labour movement london visits united_states gather support financial aid time went new_york seattle held series lectures radio interviews travelled canada east coast second trip labour diplomatic status exile brother labour activist arrested norway imprisoned eventually sent died fever march party secretary june lie returned norway national convention labour_party year elected party secretary chairman prime minister gradually assumed role father nation lie maintained party discipline political strategy background position head party helped predominant position party hold following years absolute parliamentary won elections reconstruction post war years helped lead party moderate path private versus public ownership industry practical ideological question policy proved highly successful country experienced unprecedented growth improved conditions working class tenure anti communist surveillance lie personally shaken post war soviet suppression social democratic parties poland czechoslovakia hungary viewed yugoslavia leader communism openly defied soviet_union way soviets initiated blockade yugoslavia following split lie organized humanitarian aid shipments norway concern pro moscow gaining support leftist voters opinion polls showing increase voting based myth soviet_union land peace socialism myth broken period lie support trade union center set significant wide ranging surveillance norwegian communists practice later deemed illegal government committee commission lie defended hard line tactics claiming communism represented threat democracy party famously labour party damn sunday school norwegian external events aided cause marshall plan accepted norwegian membership nato drew nation closer united_states soviet invasion czechoslovakia demonstrated threat represented soviet_union lie stronger support united_states fierce anti communism labour party left wing splinter group previously centred party newspaper decided break form new party known later deny labour_party majority elections bring cabinet result kings bay affair feud relationship lie grew cooler far soviets influence wife highly sympathetic soviet_union claiming informant grown frustrated lie hard line tactics communists perceived soviet attempts foreign policy debate lie grew perceived couple protecting key according hardly spoke national party convention openly attacked lie lie reportedly responded threatening break like later regretted attack later sent lie letter apology replied lie resigned party secretary retired active politics year behest defence minister pair officially reconciled later life lie remained active public commentator politics retirement party politics centenary led losing campaign norwegian membership early 1970s led battle prevent national oil company preferred method staying updated current international events weekly readings economist influenced support experienced jewish labour leaders united_states supporter state israel highly critical israeli government current treatment settlement lie initiated operation donor funds construction israeli settlement called change memory children crashes air disaster wrote books controversial memoir way strongly attacked wrote volume biography mentor beacon resolve latest book released years age traditionally strong proponent cooperation united_states called enhanced security cooperation countries argued norway buy swedish aircraft instead retiring party secretary acquired patch woodland resume passion forestry years spent winters state florida eventually moved permanently norway lie died aged long illness hospitalised months earlier norwegian israel planted forest memory israel personal life lie married twice companion labour youth movement divorced america met future wife creating scandal married left daughters wife karen second wife addition left grandchildren great grandchildren | Haakon Lie | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
13500_BroderKnudtzon | october march norwegian merchant politician born trondheim wealthiest families travelled england developed great admiration english language literature despite commercial background drawn fields politics culture art father family firm acting foreign correspondent little interest everyday business england befriended lord came influence english national liberal movement prior death bequeathed entire library artworks early years born trondheim sixth youngest child merchant née father german origin moved norway career merchant firm financially family rallying point trondheim artists authors having spent childhood trondheim moved germany live house father uncle confirmation travelled trondheim father subsequently travelled france search education paris met danish poet playwright brief visit sister relocated england came contact poet lord leading figures national liberal movement stay england acquired great fondness knowledge english language literature culture later trip italy met danish sculptor portrait persons family political engagement spring brother assisted gain english supporters independent norway member sweden travelled father stockholm autumn year return stockholm foreign correspondent father firm owned brother christian brother law maintained duties firm office displeasure quoted saying business hate reading leisure member met parliament acting secretary constitution committee member board member secretary having profound wish spread norway acquaintances england supply society enlightenment books journals eventually bequeathed entire book collection sculptures society condition death legacy died unmarried march trondheim buried christened prior death burned letters notes including lord little remains written production aside translations periodical articles biographer wrote banker trondheim resided years england kindness native north literary man polish english gentleman | Broder Knudtzon | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
13590_PrestonLeslie | march february 26th governor kentucky territorial governor montana ascended office governor different means succeeded kentucky governor resignation accept seat united states senate later year elected term governor defeating general election finally appointed territorial governor president confederate civil war began adopt progressive position gubernatorial campaign opposed ratification fourteenth influence governor effect passage laws admitting testimony blacks court providing educational system recently freed slaves helped quell violence areas state territorial governor montana quickly drew press pro position territory political machinery turned removed office president succeeded harrison second term office appointed district attorney montana continued practice law considered district court montana fell ill pneumonia died february age early life born kentucky march second son educated public schools studied law judge worked father family farm supported odd jobs including driving running ferry store clerk admitted bar october served deputy clerk courts relocated kentucky worked farmer county attorney november married seven children died august married widowed november children died september political career began political career elected whig defeated seat state senate single vote continued serving house won election senate representing monroe barren counties served senate 1850s gradually faded kentucky democrat declined nominations seats united_states congress preferring instead work farm moved glasgow kentucky built prosperous estate added plot land texas holdings kentucky december year eldest son traveled property slaves large family possessions establishing household returned kentucky left texas estate care son feelings mixed issues central civil war known strong union man prior war sympathies switched southern cause war began believed south solve differences north diplomatic means favor idea kept low political profile refused military service returned state senate serving president body governor kentucky february governor resigned post accept seat ascended governorship death lieutenant governor president senate lieutenant governor line succeed gubernatorial election scheduled later nominees forward democrats opposition fourteenth candidacy opposed founder powerful despite emerged field democratic candidates included future governors confederate governor chosen running mate declared commentator odds man ticket opposition bill serving state senate proved liability voters party southern sympathies opposed progressive new departure wing party enjoyed support democrats state state tobacco interests louisville nashville railroad campaign opponent republican political having changed stance issues joint debate quoted speech called republican platform revolutionary carried result destruction free government admitted inconsistent stands declaring right consistent began moving closer new departure wing party course campaign ultimately supporters deemed sober conservative safe perception enabled defeat considerable margin election blacks allowed vote laid aggressive legislative agenda inaugural address general_assembly september legislators concerned passing bill create connection railroads cincinnati ohio line pass central kentucky opening trade region funded primarily capital ohio provide competition louisville nashville railroad monopoly state wasn particularly supportive bill refused veto potential economic benefits state faced issue post war violence legislature refused pass law mob violence address legislature december endorsed legislation illegal write post threatening notices band wear proposal enjoyed favorable public opinion passed legislature session railroad violence issues resolved governor urged legislature improve status blacks state including creation educational system blacks approval testimony blacks state courts commissioned new geological survey appointing native head work advocate movement secured additional regulations sale liquor tenure system improved devout governor serve alcohol governor mansion given silver service set term good kentucky charity following term office elected serve glasgow circuit court position held years beginning failed election bid votes governor montana president appointed territorial governor montana cleveland appointment recommendation opponent kentucky gubernatorial election serving associate justice soon ran local press labeled governor stands favor press opinion pardoned prostitute convicted grand equipped accommodate women urged territorial legislature enact fiscal reforms improve facilities insane incarcerated match political machinery montana territory pocket veto appointment bill supported legislature final straw pressure republicans president replaced territorial governor kentucky state treasurer honest dick nearly state money investigation followed discovered state officials personal loans state treasury later life death following removal office opened legal practice montana president cleveland second term appointed district attorney montana served final years practicing law gained widespread acclaim served president return visit kentucky addressed legislature noting helped state adjust new order following civil war montana governor circulating petition named district court judge fell ill pneumonia died february buried cemetery memorials kentucky formed named honor | Preston Leslie | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
13664_RobertLathamOwen | february july senators oklahoma served senate born affluent circumstances virginia son railroad company president owen suffered reversal fortune family ruined financially teens owen mother responded heading west built new life turn working lawyer administrator journalist federal indian agent founder president community bank achievements brought wider public notice helped way election oklahoma incorporating achieved success lawyer winning major court case behalf seeking compensation eastern lands lost time indian democrat active progressive causes including efforts strengthen public control government fight child labor owen especially remembered senate sponsor glass owen federal reserve act created discussions time resisted campaign formally control banking industry act emerged broadly line owen compromise proposal creating central nominated government alongside regional dominated larger banks owen subsequently highly critical saw bias policies early 1920s early 1930s attributed excessive influence largest banks fed identified largely responsible causing great depression minority view time recent decades gained wide acceptance conservative having popularized 1960s owen unsuccessfully sought democratic_party nomination presidency owen mother foster son career published set memoirs life lived mainstream societies recently attracted scholarly attention republished critical edition early life career owen born virginia february younger sons col civil engineer surveyor president virginia tennessee railroad family welsh origin record public service doctors teachers owen grandfather owen uncle practised medicine served surgeon chief charge thirty hospitals major wartime hospital center civil war owen family lived best known mansion point honor owen attended private schools baltimore maryland relates long civil war husband resigned position president virginia tennessee railway opposition proposed railway consolidation ran evidently successfully election virginia state senator june owen father died financially ruined man family fell hard times owen writing connected struck nation railroads especially hard value father property completely destroyed mother life abundance suddenly compelled earn living teaching music support scholarships initially obtained mother contacts subsequently including president scholarship awarded merit owen able graduate washington received university gold medal debating prowess older brother attended went medical career army eventually retiring rank colonel owen mother conflicting indications extent ancestry owen listing rolls dating records 16th blood mother according account memoirs appear 16th correct imply son 32nd editor memoirs raised possibility missed generation possibly account family tree adjusting possibility blood grown largely capable making use heritage describing father leader moved west trail tears hereditary war chief gave sons parallel indian names derived famous chiefs named noted chief late eighteenth century according memoirs great great uncle advice col family friend confederate colonel leader owen moved indian territory oklahoma accepted member nation served principal teacher orphan asylum mother joined taught music years owen studied law admitted bar served secretary nation worked school system parallel served president oklahoma billed time indian capital world fair held time owner editor indian newspaper based present day oklahoma democrat white house owen launched successful lobbying campaign saw appointed federal indian agent called tribes described student career important position held indian territory absence court system promoted use compulsory arbitration settle thousands civil cases assisted establishment mother served marriage new year eve daughter born white_house changed hands owen left government service organized serving president years later wrote bank narrow survival influence thinking need fundamental reform banking system bank like banks lost percent deposits days panic frightened people caused withdraw funds united_states led creditors press settlement panic demonstrated complete instability financial system america hazards businessmen meet banking system lawyer owen handled number significant cases dealing indian land issues notably took celebrated case behalf government seeking compensation claimed treaty eastern lands lost time indian years owen won case obtained compensation close million successful handling important cases obvious drive ambition legal political career hampered owen physical presence tall man erect bearing kept head hair end life contemporary newspaper profile described looking like leading man society drama new_york_times spoke arrival senate square black eyed young man west continued senator voice impressive asset liquid soft quality talking harsh file aroused time launched political career combination owen lucrative legal lobbying practice controversial land deals business activities including investments mining oil wealthy man political career owen served member helped promote passage act citizenship residents subsequently played leading role group organized pursuit admission union despite receiving overwhelming support referendum campaign ran entirely opposition president congress combined admitted union state oklahoma owen active number efforts increase popular control government consistent supporter prohibition common late 19th early 20th century america supporters prohibition supporters popular control government vice versa campaigned women suffrage oklahoma original constitution worked successfully place direct primary initiative referendum recall combination measures described oklahoma state constitution outspoken critic corruption politics organizers served president time elections accompanied local democrats managed harness popular resentment large corporate earlier republican political dominance words history oklahoma politics november elections oklahoma democratic state half century come owen ran non binding primary senator democrats recommended voters statesman lawyer businessman significantly indian owen took place primary subsequently officially elected legislature democrat united_states senate senators elected simultaneously owen men entered lottery determine serve longer shorter term needing run election owen won draw went member senate class serve term years ending march owen elected defeating primary challenge governor challenge served told december march owen reportedly maintained list names newly elected senator owen campaigned actively behalf presidential election men remain political allies years arrival senate owen second senator time acknowledged native american ancestry alongside republican senator future vice president united_states kansas maternal quarters native american ethnic ancestry curtis original author curtis act dissolved tribal governments tribes including promoted communal tribal lands individuals view encouraging indians mainstream society market economy bill heavily amended committee point curtis reservations legislation final form issues shortly owen elected senate mother published memoirs references son united_states senator exploration cultural identity woman navigating mainstream society recently attracted scholarly attention memoirs published critical edition words editor new edition owen identity fluid process self representation noble savage dominant culture constantly demanded confederate christian friend family member teacher community organizer tribal translator mother indian queen wife social activist painter widow banking issues formation federal reserve act history entered senate time heightened concern financial system exemplified absence central bank felt obliged intervene personally lead rescue financial banking system owen taken close personal interest financial sector issues days inter traveled europe summer study operation major european central banks including meeting senior officials germany banking issues subject maiden speech senate unusually interrupted extensively senators appreciate attack power larger banks early years senate owen proposed range financial reforms including unsuccessful efforts institute national level system insurance bank deposits parallel operated states including onward oklahoma event federal deposit insurance adopted elections saw democrats control white_house senate held house owen lobbied successfully creation new chairman position retain capacity working administration president owen senate sponsor known glass created series financial convinced united_states needed effective resort comparable central banks found european countries advanced economies saw need described elastic currency concept multiple dimensions including money supply respond time development real economy given economy heavily dependent agricultural production monetary arrangements able handle seasonal demand credit yearly harvest worked way distribution system draining money industrial commercial sectors economy said americans retained fear concept central bank informed debate time focused significant degree issues governance control common congressional owen opposed proposal senator system explicitly controlled large banks owen countered words early biographer remedy presented form plan satisfactory provided private control great public utility banking system months following election subsequent assumption office president wilson held meetings authors competing proposals proposed private sector dominated system board primarily private regional reserve banks currency private bank liability glass southern democrat marked centralized power intended proposal differentiated similarly private sector dominated largely absence central institution glass horror wilson told add central agency wilson word model secretary soon wilson son law proposed centralized model featuring government central bank regional reserve system currency government liability owen proposal drafted assistance republican economist assistant secretary treasury represented middle way proposals included national currency board appointed government regional reserve banks currency government liability owen proposal received support progressive ally secretary state bill wilson sent congress closest owen model ensuing months debate owen failed maintain effective control committee tended glass committee house stage august owen publicly support regional structure brought line wilson personally owen committee eventually split middle owen version bill centralized alternative promoted senator nebraska democrat political rival state level owen ally break committee agreed report bills senate recommendation wilson maintaining close watch legislation progress intervening considered necessary ordered senate democrats meet caucus line party owen bill making vote matter party loyalty december senate defeated bill narrow margin republicans joined democrats endorse owen bill comfortable vote signed law december signed act remained closer owen plan alternatives discussed publicly provided greater government involvement proposals particular appointment members central putting region charge regional compromise left important issues settled actually began operations including exact nature relationship coordination achieved different leading student history described compromise follows began operations peculiar hybrid partly public partly private institution intended independent political influence principal officers government board endowed central banking functions central bank reserve banks set rates subject approval washington policy decisions set standards eligible differences view mandate began increasingly open aftermath world war words detailed study owen role shaping fed owen viewed price stability moderate interest rates key objectives early fed leaders preferred focus maintaining international gold standard strength banking system owen critical viewed early 1920s early 1930s follow monetary policies writing stated attempted senate version mandate pursue stable price level avoiding significant inflation provision struck house version bill managed glass described secret hostilities implied originated largest banks recalled opposition time policies pursued referring period continued president credit took place scale force dollar index purchasing power consequence universal bankruptcy bank united_states forced suspend operations close services owen argument stance largely responsible causing great depression considered unorthodox time recent decades view come widely accepted large influence study monetary history united_states work owen helped pass provided credit small farmers owen role creation commemorated grounds washington photograph committee owen discussed section prominent far comparison relatively mundane obscure nature second congress committee narrow focus overseeing claims indian act allowed citizen claims federal government crimes committed native americans committees considered obsolete committee wound major evidence suggests owen assumed leadership committee briefly following death original chairman november second congress committee appointed following investigation finances heavily established select committee standing committee committee terminated committee banking currency fifth banking issues formation committee tribes indians sixth congress tribes term historically applied creek significant presence oklahoma owen chairman committee wound owen paid consistent attention time senate issues affected indian groups tribes actively involved debates indian land rights issues indian mineral rights cases disputes membership different indian nations clear special use promote significant new initiatives owen committee assignments included service inter banking currency end congress iii 62nd congress issues remembered primarily role establishment owen worked wide range issues time senate reflected policy agenda direct bearing interests constituents helped pass removal restrictions act lifted prevailing restrictions sale individual indian land oklahoma issue run extended earlier process converting indian lands communal individual ownership policies long controversial critics converting indian land collective individual tenure removing restrictions argued traditional tribal structures undermined indians induced land rights unfavorable terms owen countered restrictions spirit applied ineffective stated goal protecting indians exploitation obstacle economic development common owen supporter lowering exception oil industry argued protection needed small independent producers state ability import large volumes cheap mexican oil owen opposed course public career sought unsuccessfully strengthen anti trust act attacked described said members illinois legislature elect senate election overturned evidence corrupt methods including vote buying owen said subsequently owen role exposing scandal funding efforts defeat election owen unsuccessful efforts mandate effective disclosure corporate campaign contributions interests open government supporter sixteenth amendment passed congress allowed congress levy income tax states basing census results federal income tax required inter revenues lost federal government reductions rates senate owen continued work support greater popular control government repeated attempts starting propose constitutional amendment providing direct public election senators place election state senate passed seventeenth amendment effect continued strong support extending franchise women opposing amendment restricted franchise whites successful passage nineteenth amendment unsuccessful attempts initiative referendum adopted federal level campaigned unsuccessfully election recall federal judges prevent federal courts declaring acts congress unconstitutional power argued assumed illegally likewise unsuccessful efforts easier amend constitution republicans blocking admission arizona planning admit new_mexico declared grounds opposing arizona arizona constitution included initiative referendum right recall enhanced public sovereignty owen long supported generally expected arizona return democrats senate new_mexico expected favor republicans owen senate hours forced senate vote joint admission states course message brought come president sincere effort reach accommodation arizona owen responded present president advise present engaged addressing presidents united_states onwards encouragement brother william medical doctor served years army owen campaigned unsuccessfully establishment cabinet level promoted information achievements demonstrate potential systematically organized programs field public health efforts create cabinet level initiated similarly failed achieve success lifetime combined eventually added cabinet president april owen actively involved efforts outlaw child labor served sponsor owen act aimed prohibiting sale interstate commerce goods manufactured child labor united_states act struck unconstitutional decision supreme_court hammer noted dissent justice holmes following court decision owen initially unsuccessful attempt pass legislation limited modification event congress responded court decision child labor tax law products child labor turn declared unconstitutional vote bailey congress sought amend constitution power regulate child labor finally owen retirement active political life unanimous supreme_court united_states overruled decision process endorsing going principles set forth holmes dissent ruled commerce clause gave congress right regulate conditions employment owen close ally president wilson american involvement world war withheld support campaign fellow democratic senator oklahoma gore repeated criticisms wilson positions war peace gore defeated democratic primary went lose general election republican gore eventually returned senate following election owen worked unsuccessfully war salvage wilson hopes participation january time ailing wilson refused reservations influential republican senator refused accept membership reservations owen issued compromise small group parties including lodge substantial progress agreement wilson intense opposition anti league senator learnt discussions pressured lodge pulling owen concerned prospects international economic recovery war november wrote wilson warning gold standard temporarily broken urging president address problem emphasized importance post war period united_states helping european countries obtain credit marketing owen unsuccessful attempts early post war years promote establishment help expand credit international trade campaign presidency final years politics owen launched run presidency oklahoma undertook tour states seeking support spring published number books period involvement passage views variety economic foreign policy issues works owen received indications support fellow progressive long time ally party time standard bearer joined campaign visits western states support owen lukewarm influence party past peak placed focus promoting cause prohibition main theme eventual speech convention declined run nomination multiple reasons health problematic described journalist end life expected democrats defeat privately left open possibility accepting nomination exceptional circumstances owen gained significant endorsements time democratic national convention san_francisco owen ambitions candidacy favorite son appearance received votes ballot increased twentieth ballot support came primarily state votes nebraska adopted state ballot received votes putting fourth place oklahoma delegates remained loyal fourth ballot owen released ensure unanimous vote party nominee governor ohio chronicler owen career relates efforts secure owen consent accept nomination vice president failed efforts appear originated party nominee decisive preference running mate slate went defeat landslide owen later views international affairs escape controversy initially firm supporter treaty versailles including assertion german responsibility outbreak world war views changed radically influence studies including publication extensive incomplete materials diplomatic archives pre war russian foreign office major speech senate december primary responsibility war france especially russia germany owen hoped public issue war guilt encourage reversal clauses imposed germany versailles settlement way reconciliation germany france attempts promote senate investigation war guilt question narrowly defeated largely party lines fellow democrats concerned undermine reputation expert report prepared library congress broadly supportive owen arguments event published considered unlikely obtain support following retirement senate owen publish book advancing thesis title gigantic intrigue time owen wrote convictions underlying efforts war guilt issue germans war forced russian german russian french belgian allied peoples alike victims happiness future peace world require reconciliation german french people said seen owen war guilt question degree growing detachment current political issues following democrats loss elections domestic administration return offered little scope advances owen progressive agenda international affairs turn policy ran counter long held principles february owen announced run election march age retired senate owen campaign presidency year reached ballot delegates cast votes leading student owen political career sums overall assessment follows owen failed live expectations ambition case productive united_states senator order later life death owen retirement democratic_party failed retain seat senate reflected split party candidacy oklahoma governor removed office governor november accusations inter acted corpus face race riots won nomination largely platform local democratic leaders including owen declined support candidacy seat won landslide republican candidate seat reverted democratic control elected senate retirement senate owen initially practiced law undertook lobbying formally adopted took presidential election owen felt unable support party nominee smith strong anti prohibition position connections subsequent deep regret prominent democrat endorse candidacy republican returned democratic fold strong endorsement retirement owen worked personal proposal develop promote universal alphabet based principles inducted later years owen blind wife died washington complications surgery july buried spring hill cemetery virginia near beloved mother family members fellow sponsor glass owen federal reserve act owen experienced frequently strained relationship lies nearby works list focuses owen book length works shorter pieces prolific journalism individual speeches code peoples rule compilation statutes etc relating people rule system government league nations proposes propose new_york new_york foreword dated october money creators chicago gigantic intrigue time edition privately printed second edition published albert new_york god european war new_york results work united_states_army recording owen delivering speech dating heard library congress website cgi field range archive owen papers library congress smaller collections largely covering period retirement senate link albert center | Robert Latham Owen | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
13925_JohnBreckinridge(U.S.AttorneyGeneral) | attorney general december december lawyer politician state virginia served state virginia kentucky elected appointed united_states attorney general second term president kentucky political family namesake kentucky father local politician mother member preston political family attended william intermittently attendance interrupted revolutionary war election youngest members body political activities acquainted prominent politicians married member political family despite making comfortable living combination legal agricultural endeavors letters relatives kentucky convinced western frontier established plantation near lexington kentucky appointed state attorney general soon arriving november resigned elected month legislator secured passage humane criminal code abolished death penalty offenses degree murder trip virginia gave kentucky resolutions denounced jefferson request assumed credit modified resolutions jefferson authorship discovered death opposed calling state constitutional convention elected delegate influence state government remained comparatively aristocratic maintaining slavery limiting power electorate called father resultant constitution emerged convention acknowledged leader state selected speaker elected functioned jefferson floor leader guiding administration bills chamber narrowly controlled party residents western frontier called nomination vice president jefferson appointed attorney general instead cabinet level official west little impact death tuberculosis december early life family grandfather immigrated ireland pennsylvania family moved virginia near city born december second children second wife mother daughter virginia preston political family children previous marriage half brothers uncle future congressman veteran french indian war served sheriff sheriff justice peace soon birth family moved constable justice peace serving local militia died leaving year old john acres km2 land slave half ownership slave according biographer attended school including washington records containing information lost father death younger helped support family selling whiskey learned surveying uncle employed recorder land office preston sought opportunities nephew attend private schools alongside sons schools prone intermittent operation responsibilities interfered attendance preston nominated deputy surveyor position accepted passing exam february later year joined cousin future kentucky senator william instructors influenced reverend revolutionary war forced william mary close buildings barracks british french american troops nation controlled college surrounding area records previously served ensign harrison notes reliable records military service indicate participation revolutionary war reliable sources mention virginia militia enlisted harrison speculates served short militia campaigns supporting army southwest virginia early political career sought office old serve elected represent virginia house delegates late legend says twice refused seat age constituents reelected time seated time official records support legislative colleagues included caroline prevented british soldiers meeting house convened richmond failed achieve british general advance city legislators arrived present conduct legislative business june morning rode city warning legislators light approaching legislators quickly fled horses days later completed session business stayed mother house sessions rejoining legislature richmond november session consisted adopting resolutions thanks individuals city safe defeating financial difficulties prevented return college seek reelection instead spent year earning money surveying reelected joining legislative colleagues joined fellow society members included future presidents house june returned william mary studying end year legislative session november december war urged economic political penalties imposed loyalists contrast later political views desired stronger central government provided argued national government survive tax citizens power articles financial problems caused leave william mary spring semester studies earlier year time campaign reelection asked brother joseph cousin campaign behalf initially prospects favorable beaten future virginia congressman defeat voters previously surveyor chose represent house appointed prestigious committees religion fellow committee members included inspired legislative service spent summer legislative sessions studying lawyer legislative session focused domestic issues like virginia establish tax benefit religion state associated writings indicate opposed tax instead secured approval religious liberty bill proposed years earlier legislature rose january admitted bar later year beginning practice marriage children june married daughter member political family received acre km2 plantation dubbed children born john robert john fell ill survived smallpox epidemic robert died later serve speaker kentucky secretary state father vice president younger attended princeton theological seminary served chaplain president georgia appointed superintendent public instruction governor known father kentucky public education system prominent presbyterian minister serving later president kentucky yale mississippi married son virginia senator died married later serve secretary war president profits barely growing family legal career provided money required long hours difficult work regularly represented clients opposite referred clients asked represent clients absence interested politics refused campaign people support believed changes needed agreed proposed constitution support equal representation states senate federal judiciary advice brother james friend seek election delegate virginia ratification convention relocation kentucky half brothers andrew robert moved kentucky brother william followed andrew robert trustees louisville letters described kentucky abundant land plentiful legal business contrast crowded bar scarce land virginia convinced kentucky offered opportunity year traveled west seek land construct estate inaccurate reports death reached virginia arrived safely kentucky april returned virginia june following year paid pounds sterling acres km2 north creek miles present day lexington kentucky land purchased sister father law lay adjacent land owned sister purchased adjacent acres km2 bringing total holdings kentucky acres km2 purchase instructed friend living kentucky find tenants lease improve land february democratic republican elected token opposition date election wrote people appearing willing elect objection serve winter congress despite left kentucky march resigned serving day congress convened march chose longer safer route kentucky joining group pennsylvania trip ohio rivers limestone kentucky family slaves arrived april established plantation time owned acres km2 kentucky domestic life kentucky arrived kentucky land occupied tenant farmers expired planted wheat acres km2 land sent slaves clear land fall planting eventually crops included corn wheat hay grass seed refused grow tobacco major cash crop found vulnerable cultivation bred horses planted orchard practiced law engaged land speculation particularly times owned interests iron salt works ventures successful plantation productive interested ways sell excess goods august charter member lobbied federal government secure use mississippi_river spain elected chairman chosen vice elected authored tract entitled citizens west mountains president written inhabitants united states west sic sic mountains pledged funding french minister proposed military operation spain recalled executed alarmed frontier settlers initiate war spain president george_washington immediate attempt obtain use mississippi society maintained natural right citizens commonwealth resistance eastern states particularly politicians caused reconsider support strong central government concerned overland transport goods virginia formed committee raise funds road connecting cumberland gap central kentucky disappointed quality route finished late concluding individual maintaining keeping tolls instead road interested education moving kentucky accumulated substantial library histories biographies law government texts classical literature frequently allowed aspiring lawyers students access library extensive west provided funding municipal library lexington lobbying college established lexington bore fruit opening elected seminary board trustees october supported hiring president february consolidating seminary conservatives board forced liberal resign enthusiasm waned attended board meetings frequently resigned late kentucky attorney general kentucky needed qualified governmental leaders december kentucky governor appointed attorney general weeks accepting offered post district attorney declined secretary state directed prevent french agents kentucky organizing expedition spanish louisiana advice responded lacked authority interfere lack funding prevented expedition response helped prompt passage neutrality act outlawed participation citizens expeditions november democratic republicans nominated succeed generally unpopular kentucky signing treaty temporarily secured use kentucky mississippi_river expedition indians prompted surge support federal government kentucky election ballot reflected candidate received votes votes incumbent edwards runoff ballot marshall elected vote harrison marshall general_assembly aided election notes marshall significance kentucky gubernatorial convened choose successor votes split candidates received votes baptist minister received received cousin senator received kentucky constitution specify majority required election held runoff vote supporters voted won election claimed authority intervene declared private citizen believed logan governor state senate authorized settle disputed elections refused intervene resigned attorney general november extension attorney general duties include representing state federal district court reluctance serve publicly declaring right office contributed decision month later declared candidacy fill vacancy delegation votes cast garnered candidates race pressed reform state criminal code based english system imposed death penalty different crimes inspired failed attempt reform virginia code asked study ways proportional crimes november drafting new code based principles criminals victims compensated injury public cost criminal punishment severity serve offenders january introduced proposed code general_assembly month later assembly reformed code death penalty crime degree murder kentucky resolutions august traveled virginia improve health visited family friends exact dates locations visited known point obtained draft resolutions written vice president denouncing recently enacted alien acts jefferson wished authorship secret accepted credit life revealed jefferson authorship grandson wrote jefferson confirmation taylor claims passage time failing memory cause details jefferson responded possibly met date jefferson recall discuss need resolutions denouncing decided jefferson pen resolutions introduce kentucky legislature return state letters indicate different series events letter dated october given copy resolutions sent introduce kentucky letter indicated original plan deliver draft legislator north_carolina introduction legislature nicholas felt recipient closely associated jefferson discovered resolutions author according nicholas wanted discuss draft jefferson nicholas advised meeting fearing jefferson subsequent letter jefferson expressed approval nicholas actions notes left virginia contacts jefferson election senate harrison considered unlikely jefferson mistaken meeting discuss matter important resolutions jefferson met separately nicholas discuss resolutions meeting kept secret nicholas uncertainty surrounding activities virginia extent influence jefferson original draft resolutions unknown november state commonwealth address encouraged general_assembly declare views chosen chairman person committee carry governor charge resolutions committee brought floor november known kentucky resolutions seven exactly jefferson written modified eliminating jefferson suggestion unpopular acts debate house floor endorsed congress repeal acts majority states declared opposition led opposition resolutions house vote led similarly unsuccessful opposition senate houses signed resolutions state primarily north sent negative responses resolutions kentucky adopt second set resolutions lack reply seen jefferson refused compose resolutions maintaining sufficiently talented individuals kentucky compose fearing discovered author set chosen speaker outset session took task drafting resolutions original principles endorsing resolutions unanimously passed house minority senate opposed especially endorsement chamber adopted resolutions written presumed authorship original resolutions subsequent defense caused popularity kentucky kentucky constitution kentucky citizens displeased parts state constitution disputed gubernatorial election added enthusiasm calling constitutional convention revise opposed fearing changes wealth power asked difference robbed horse highway man slave set people called convention experiment slaves principle pursued enable second experiment land titles held rights equally sound desire convention strong aristocratic position nearly cost seat legislature seeking election term seventh highest vote securing seats legislature votes despite efforts conservatives like late general_assembly called convention july delegates convention elected conservatives immediately began organizing candidates represent interests popular role securing adoption conservative candidates promoted elected men arrived late july convention delegates seven owned slaves held substantial property election convention judge worked nicholas seek election delegate draft resolutions introduce convention attempt steer proceedings conservative positions largest group delegates convention number advocated protection wealth status including voice voting legislature left legislators vulnerable intimidation legal slavery limiting power electorate smaller group led consisted opposed limits power legislature believed superior executive judicial branches group led future governor agreed notion legislative supremacy opposed limits branches government smallest group populist led conservative faction strengthened previous constitution slavery denying suffrage free blacks legislative based population addition lieutenant governor voice voting legislature issues advocated adopted unable preserve electoral college elected governor state senators direct election officers balanced provision county judges appointed governor confirmed senate attempts judicial decisions subject legislative approval defeated defended extant judicial system architect constitution provisions amendment changing document difficult entirely impossible leading role convention regarded father resultant constitution ratified emerged convention leader party reelected speaker house senator november elected vote eligible special congressional session called march summons session remained lexington post office march consequently missed entire session left washington late year left pending legal cases hands rising attorney later secretary state democratic republicans held narrow majority senate senators experienced devoted cause acted floor leader democratic republicans newly elected president proposed repeal supported judicial act increased number federal courts judges particularly controversial january presented data argue new courts judges unnecessary leader countered proposal unconstitutional established courts maintained january moved return bill committee consider amendments south_carolina democratic republican voted result tie empowered break tie jefferson vice president voted man committee consisted prevent bill return floor vermont senator traveled home family illness returned chamber democratic republicans regained majority introduced successful discharge petition attempt legislation debate argued judiciary strike repeal unconstitutional denied notion courts power act congress february senate repealed act vote house month later louisiana purchase advocated internal improvements formed coalition legislators south_carolina georgia tennessee kentucky support system roads connecting southern coastal states western frontier routes proposed proved impossible construct technology available time spanish kentucky right deposit new_orleans violation treaty frustrated angered frontier residents desired war spain jefferson believed diplomatic resolution possible urged restraint seeking divide democratic republicans favor west abandoned usual advocacy peace pennsylvania introduced measure million raising seize spain jefferson desire time offered substitute resolution february troops unlimited funds potential invasion new_orleans left use discretion president resolution adopted heated debate invasion necessary ambassadors learned spain ceded louisiana france treaty san france offered sell territory ministers france agreed purchase given authority jefferson pleased purchase feared constitutional authority effect august letter jefferson discussed constitutional proposed introduce simple constitutional amendment senate louisiana ceded france ignored proposed amendment immediately formed coalition western senators approve purchase purchase approved jefferson drafted system governing newly acquired territory fearing oppose system devised delivered draft asked introduce senate maintain ruse moved committee formed recommend plan governing working committee brought jefferson plan senate floor intact plan provided taxation louisiana residents giving representation congress democratic republicans opposed passed vote consideration vice presidency july citizens western states representation federal government intent breaking pattern new important federal offices advocating nomination vice president presidential election expected reelected democratic republicans grown vice president jefferson running mate service senate floor leader natural choice democratic republican congressional caucus convened february contrary previous conventions proceedings open formal afraid taking vice presidential nominations floor divisive chairman called open nomination new_york received majority votes garnered votes western delegates remaining votes scattered candidates historian concluded felt ticket composed jefferson little political sense choice reports hold asked colleagues vote caucus thirteen man committee formed promote election democratic republican ticket represented kentucky committee expressed dissent clinton nomination instead preferred candidate june edition philadelphia independent carried editorial signed true american denounced virginia new_york coalition attacked clinton old called vote vice president potential western states pledged carry true american proposal attempted warn advance editorial publication letter dated june reach july july published response kentucky denouncing proposal encouraging vote democratic republican slate nominated requested newspapers printed true american editorial print response edition carried response editor kentucky gazette penned editorial revealing close friend author true american article noting waited nearly week publish response claiming delay intended allow gauge public sentiment denouncing proposal odds constitutional convention dislike intensified refused use influence gain appointments relatives public printer united_states secretary respectively claims quickly endorsed anonymous editorial writers newspapers west swore oath composing true american article publicly stated brother charles shown draft true american editorial prior publication asked opinion advised publish temporarily obliged illness said confined home time editorial publication aware printed attended court days later immediately returned home composed light evidence maintained credibility reports kentucky gazette time election kentucky voted jefferson clinton senate matters focused securing vote present twelfth amendment states ratification agree changes effected amendment primary purpose direct presidential vote separately president vice president supported electoral college officials popular vote democratic republicans wanted amendment adopted election avoid jefferson hostile vice president announced support amendment late october members party absent able secure thirds majority needed send amendment states ratification recognizing fact pushed immediate vote putting position trying delay vote measure constituents supported debate began november democratic republicans returned south_carolina contended amendment allow large states pick president democratic republican georgia countered federal president vice president elected end time moved december determined hold vote night blocked took floor time days senators vote measure approved state quickly acted amendment september declared force upcoming election business session included creating special fund allow jefferson recover uss philadelphia captured coast northern africa repeal bankruptcy act supported passage measures feared passage act making permanent pay raises executive administrative personnel enacted hurt party upcoming elections especially house act passed significant backlash polls measure congress baltimore maryland protest legislators poor accommodations washington defeated vote considered issue moving capital worthy study supported successful federal judge served senate committee prepared rules governing supreme_court justice widely seen politically motivated democratic republicans joined minority voting obtained articles fell votes short required thirds majority democratic republicans voted convict article fifth senator sided chase attorney general attorney general resigned december jefferson treasury secretary sought replacement virginia choice declined appointment secretary desired office jefferson agreed appoint contingent finding suitable replacement smith secretary navy jefferson appointed massachusetts congressman replace smith appointments confirmed senate march refused appointment smith forced remain secretary navy jefferson offered position second choice resigned senate august accept appointment cabinet level official west appointment boosted jefferson popularity west called appointment mistake jefferson lacked qualifications jefferson able replace leadership senate noted departure chamber minority experienced revival influence leadership connecticut tracy stopping visit friends route washington arrived december nomination confirmed senate december influential jefferson cabinet meetings served lone voice west notable advisory opinion local government territory power tax federal property upheld supreme_court chief justice maryland sworn represent federal government supreme_court convened week late illness justices february spared practicing judge voted absent court entire week term court heard cases term cases inherited predecessor harrison wrote lasting importance cases involved international maritime law area familiar arose napoleonic wars complicated neutral american trade great_britain france term lost cases won justices sent lower court death legacy returned early fell ill june july visited kentucky hoping aid recovery doctors disagreed cause illness ranging fever stomach attempted return washington october horse prepared journey collapsed pain helped inside friends relatives hoped recovery came died december cause death eventually determined tuberculosis according family tradition distraught husband death went blind crying buried december later time death owned acres km2 land net worth estimated workforce nearly slaves largest state breeding horses profitable selling excess crops raised daughter husband inherited horse breeding operations eventually stable kentucky created portion named honor | John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
14267_JohnEdwardBrownlee | august july fifth premier alberta canada serving born ontario studied history political science moving west calgary lawyer clients included alberta connection lobby group involved founding entered electoral politics won election new premier asked serve attorney general agreed elected election riding attorney general important member government closely involved important activities including efforts better lot farmers living alberta drought ridden south money losing railways win jurisdiction natural resources federal government group grew frustrated weak leadership asked replace eventually agreed premier enjoyed early success premier won election signed agreement federal government transferring control alberta natural resources provincial government sold struggling government railways railway companies ran series balanced budgets things difficult advent great depression unable restore province prosperity face global economic crisis reluctantly ran budget political increased found orthodox approach political economy attack family friend sued denied sexual relationship jury found favour judge disregarded jury verdict trial testimony stigma resulting jury finding forced resignation premier ran election provincial election defeated swept province politics resumed practice law joined management serving president general manager shortly death early life childhood born august ontario née named maternal grandfather miller paternal grandfather carpenter school mistress operator port general store sister born september lived general store building john spent times childhood preferred parents books political discussions neighbours details business life outside store village children displeased temperament throwing age seven john assisting store tasks mixing butter different father dealt produce standardized blend end 1880s port dying advent railways making tiny lake ports obsolete port case town mill burning august backdrop family moved john began school attended sunday school village methodist church pupil tiny school farm later claimed exposure farmers gave early understanding concerns involved church young people club speaking programs nature shy programs challenge found able succeed focus discipline september began high school closest high school distant daily age fourteen boarded away family seeing holidays occasional weekends good student described instructors brilliant social success peers wrote examinations july graduated shortly early professional career graduating high school travelled father sales trip northern ontario assisted operation family business family expected teacher september eighteenth birthday enrolled completed week program included subjects school management school law reading instruction graduated december second person class month teachers school fast gained reputation competent instructor old work ethic served seriousness cool blue grey eyes foot frame combined impressive presence year salary satisfy ambition spring half years job decided wanted university education teaching salary sufficient finance spent summer selling volume newly settled areas providing income required patient effective salesman later boasted thrown farm job gave year old glimpse western canada returning ontario summer end enrolled university toronto pursued honours program history political science chosen subjects required study mathematics biology english literature composition latin additional languages despite having knowledge french chose german hebrew continued trend scholarship earned subjects year latin german mathematics received trend continued year class subjects economics eighth involved pursuits grades fell fourth final year graduated iii class honours leaving tier students professors included historian held high esteem involved wide array pursuits chief dubbed lit college literary journal bob satirical revue allowed skills formal debate earned reputation effective dramatic speakers involvement journal developed business skills second year named assistant business manager promoted business manager fourth year financial management college glee club served business manager fourth year organizing day tour region earned accolades bob temporarily abandoned seriousness write fun college classmates won good reviews declaring edition headed best summer following year attended lake attended bible study classes heard guest speakers encourage pursue career clergy summers university spent selling viewers england magazine toronto derived salary fourth year business manager sources income allowed rent small room private home meal plan local week family female classmate return announced engaged news stunned friends aware romance apparent engagement odds reputation seriousness caution engagement following winter met began court arts student summer moved family calgary combination personal professional reasons soon followed pair married december toronto home sister honeymoon trip calgary chicago followed wife sons born december born september florence pregnancy combined bout poor health virtual invalid subsequent years exacerbated birth death infancy daughter visited family ontario returned alberta sister assisted florence care children soon time maid hired life alberta florence missed friends family ontario health worse worry sons john nervous high help beginning husband spent work week home calgary weekends situation continued family moved region way home visit east sons examined given clean bills health florence particular advised resume active life public image severe private allowed christmas morning boys find coal dust leading fireplace stairs note mess explaining searching mistaken florence feet emerging covers foot bed occasion reacted sons displeasure leaving parents cat ontario acquiring large came enjoy legal career early career time graduation path entry chosen profession law years instead law school victoria classmate resolved west choice calgary vancouver selected basis legal community established offered better prospects young lawyers significant capital bennett partners included sir close bennett future prime minister visited hours studying memory impressive skills younger man detailed lectures area law reading illustrated precise invariably accurate references cases despite relationship dissatisfied work given moved adams hoped practice commercial law benefited spent hours finding precise relevant studies left open appropriate page find morning december called alberta bar began work associate adams partner took advantage membership newly founded calgary alumni branch build professional connections outbreak world war enlist biographer historian speculates notes involve patriotic fundraising volunteer work questions completely shared values ideals generation farmers lawyer adams major clients new agricultural lobby organization called alberta group began work closely tasks assist creation province wide farmer owned company operate province grain elevators early delegation lobby provincial government grant charter company political power quickly incorporated refused farmers request guarantee bank loans new company guarantees instead received based equivalent lawyer capacity dealt lawsuits company alleging incompetence general manager fraud important work merging form new president began advocate amalgamation western canada farmer controlled grain elevator companies leaving potential partners accompanying meeting minister initially found agreement stewart belief companies shareholders accept amalgamation holding company instead created run companies affairs study changed mind pursued amalgamation typical focus reviewed companies corporate charters found prevented selling company acquiring sufficient buy charter amended concerned request amendment lead eastern canadian financial interests successfully lobby weakening farmers rights meeting companies boards offices reached reluctant conclusion request necessary amalgamation continued fear resistance shareholders companies annual general meetings approved proposal heavily involved meetings fielding questions shareholders legal serving hoc study aspects proposal proposal approved drew necessary agreements stock certificates instruments came existence september lawyer began prevailing farmers view eastern canadian business establishment hostile interests example wanted sell manufacturer supply recommended reduce farmers reliance eastern establishment expanding operations insurance investment real estate result helped quietly sell stock held directors began doubt bank subtlety considered essential directors concerned airing doubts publicly bank failure self fulfilling prophecy assistant general manager found interested buyer advised murray insisting intricate written sales contract fear buyer sense directors concerns advice sale concluded december bank failed years later july left adams accept time position year months later increased view increased responsibilities general manager king counsel law business expected continue future legal work contact leaders proper including importantly charismatic wood president accompanied speaking engagements locals alberta wood held audiences cooperation social justice point likened religion explained services offered central office answered members legal questions trips interest political farmers movement began study greater detail contacts recently leader turned political education introduced newly elected ontario arranged meeting alberta premier meeting told stewart felt desires accommodated stewart liberal government warned quick election foster suggests strategic advice political offended stewart true stewart quick election july decided january woods wishes run candidates election provincial election federal election scheduled june running local farmer asked wood vice president broker alliance farmers labour mixed rural urban riding efforts come fruition federal government conservative disclosed allegations irregularities management elevators hearing june employees testified storage false bottoms railway employees allegations involved events sudden prominence suspect hearings politically motivated attorney successful obtaining injunction hearings time conduct investigation importantly medicine hat election won wide margin preparing provincial election went vacation victoria month despite recent interest politics viewed lawyer businessman little role play electoral activities leaving calgary assured wood win alberta seats fact won watched results come offices political party conventional sense contested election leader control majority seats legislature entitled conventions westminster parliamentary system form government clear premier wood natural choice declined job reasons surprise wood proposed premier instead declined newly elected farmer politicians seen urban lawyer premier office stood ultimately selected attorney general appointed attorney general soon acclaimed election training business law unique caucus gave central role government initiatives led defense attacks liberal opposition eventually responsible setting agenda cabinet meetings quickly entrenched conservative wing caucus resisted measures decision making government departments transfer caucus locals opposed efforts transform application westminster system alberta radical elements called creation government owned bank dismissed idea financially feasible concern government finances extended budget deficit found spending cuts wanting cut staff department set example attempt better government financial position unsuccessfully advocated sale money losing railways longstanding objective alberta government winning control alberta lands natural resources federal government older provinces control alberta admitted confederation federal government retained resource rights paid provincial governments annual grant compensation attorney general alberta chief efforts met frequently representatives liberal prime minister negotiations occasionally promising king unwilling fully commit transfer possibly king alberta lieutenant leader provincial liberals sworn enemies farmers government committed helping farmers province drought stricken south authored drought relief act created drought relief commissioner provide farmers financial help reach settlements banks unable pay debts played leading role creation alberta wheat pool department responsible administration prohibition policy initially enjoyed support disregard sufficiently widespread effective enforcement proved impossible murder constable hanged helped turn public opinion referendum held issue found voters willing replace prohibition government owned liquor stores regulated beer act repealed lord day act prohibited commerce sundays responsibility little enthusiasm prosecuted violations came government reliance embarrassing abilities limited continue lead pressured resign replace plot warning resignation accompanied second attempt successful wood intervened convince accept assured pleased rid premier alberta november premier term challenges premier similar faced attorney general winning control alberta natural resources selling money losing railways balancing provincial budget needed win impending provincial election accomplished winning seats election increase won majority seat legislature returned office turned attention priorities required cooperation federal government provincial control resources require federal government felt deficit result federal government failure cover rightful share expenses king reliant minority government survived thank support allied factions including mps legislators preferred conservatives personally supported king government appeared consider offer prime minister cabinet attempted leverage relationship king win provincial control natural resources won agreement soon scuttled federal addition clause requiring alberta continue supporting separate roman catholic schools clause persisted compromise reached remained question compensation alberta land given away federal government end agreement reached returned ottawa alberta greeted cheering supporters similarly successful government railways initial attempts sell failed provincial government took direct operation lines began profit lines soon sold joint offer remaining lines judged low sold near end million control natural resources railways factors permitted balanced provincial budgets registered despite success continued advocate tried unsuccessfully persuade federal government assume greater share costs new social programs old age pension resulting reputation penny came cost personal popularity government attempted advance progressive agenda way manifested attempt consolidate alberta thousands school districts far smaller number school divisions plan supported educational believed status quo province wide reform impossible scrapped rural residents expressed fears mean closure local schools progressive initiative sexual act alberta allowed mental act repealed viewed time enjoyed support moral like believed subjects protection second term campaigned vigorously election elected slightly diminished majority great depression making felt alberta price wheat alberta major export declined high summer following march end guaranteed members minimum price farmers earn living found facing banks denied credit individual farmers turn difficult afford seed crop provincial government faced calls provide loan guarantees concerned guarantees encourage loans higher interest rates knowledge provincial government pay farmers sought federally guaranteed minimum price rebuffed prime minister saw source problem global farms failed young people migrated farms alberta cities situation scarcely better unemployment rate rose labour december saw hunger march thousand unemployed men women attempted hold protest march alberta legislature requested city government prohibit display pronounced sympathetic workers ordeal said felt event create volatile atmosphere breed communism lens viewed founding operative members supported new party saw partnership farmers labourers considered dangerously socialist hunger march attempted ahead government brutally dispersed city police took blame weakening control situation time took sharp left ward turn replaced retiring president provincial body weakened economy presented significant challenges provincial government finances saw deficit approximately million larger year province came hours million bond avoided loan federal government cut spending aggressively closed province agricultural colleges reduced civil service cut provincial employees salaries disbanded replacing government increased corporate taxes implemented new provincial income tax measures proved insufficient joined colleagues western provinces bennett help bennett said privately sympathetic refused provide assistance appointed representative unorthodox economic views despite conservative approach alberta finances outside province viewed spokesperson progressive movement argued banks treating eastern western charging predatory interest rates farmers joined majority commission calling creation central bank canada proposing entirely publicly controlled great depression early years calgary began preach version social credit economic theory believed proposals unconstitutional implemented provincial government control monetary policy ineffective create markets alberta agricultural products gained popularity attacked solutions little offer critiques sex scandal sued family friend clerk provincial attorney general office alleged subsequent affair lasted denied story completely said lawsuit result conspiracy opponents sensational publicized trial jury found favour justice presided trial disregarded finding ruling failed suffered damage appeals eventually led time canada highest court appeal emerged victorious jury issued finding realized time premier finished announced resign soon successor found july replaced later political career months resignation kept low profile returned public eye speech january convention attacking plans implement social credit alberta impress loss hope additional despair follow attempt system kind province jurisdiction matters despite hearing directly convention defeated wide margin motion endorse version social credit government chief social credit tactic adopted serve consultant alberta government economic reconstruction hoped opt promise social credit benefit discredit demonstrating widely interpretation social credit differed douglas effort failed confronted contrast fiery charismatic douglas preferred invited come prepare proposals government act attempt force specific positions attacked relying vague assurances economic salvation continued toured southern alberta attacking policies vague unconstitutional april gave series radio speeches designed counter popular radio program bible hour customary appeals logic work resorted attacking personally comparing resist comparison rid capitol rats responded led children destruction announced social credit movement contest provincial election ridiculed candidate selection process personally interviewed selected candidates riding ultimately run candidates wrapped carefully hidden away dry day calls rest election took place august spent campaign trying retain riding despite respect commanded constituents desperate economic straits tired failed raise condition later recalled man got said listened great deal attention answers given pretty hard meet question selling wheat cents tried sell steer tomorrow probably hardly pay freight cents dozen eggs lucky dollar cream tell got lose cheer went audience knew result election going election day candidate province defeated won seats defeated votes election sought political office life politics shortly electoral defeat started new law firm based soon appointed general counsel restored career position entered politics firm counted number major agricultural companies clients brought considerable work hired write legal column newspaper capacity general counsel responsible restructuring provided farmers buy shares directly company placed limitation buy shareholders effect limiting capital farmers afford buy shares depression transferring control company non farmers purchasing shares impoverished farmers solution create classes share investment share par value voting share par value held person maximum shares person held farmers maximum shares person director vice president capital included rider non farmers held shares time new structure came effect hold voting shares clause allowed consequence elected company board directors annual shareholders meeting appointed vice president time appointment embroiled income tax dispute farmers movement generally supported introduction income tax rates climbed began especially given pools exempt rationale exemption pools agents members income personal income corporate income pre initially accepted argued pools reorganization eliminated differences exemption competitive disadvantage travelled ottawa express case collaborated representing private grain companies form north west line elevators association objected pools exemption joint brief minister national revenue government ruled pools pools appealed found government favour time government agreed tax pools revenue grant generous taxation world war federal government appointed examine question greater detail prepared submission pleased commission eventual findings recognized cooperative recommended granted pools enjoyed government intended collect taxes pools february returned ottawa present case finance minister eventually sided extended pools exemption dispute pools led suggest true cooperative old style grain company played major role allegations major contributor written response delegate opposed resolution calling continued tax exempt status pools resolution proponents suggested stating endorsed objected cooperative wording withdrawn later published pamphlet entitled history events leading taxation placed blame accusing working hated private grain companies enforce taxation seizing incorrect date pamphlet dismissed charges substantially true light joint brief incorrect shareholders subjected vigorous questioning held firm controversy died gave series radio addresses alberta president president general manager fell ill february named acting general manager january general manager spring law stepped completely succeeded president general manager capacity offices calgary worked constantly arriving work monday machine recordings foster says known staff man life work lived recreation changing job turned work ethic expanding company building new grain elevators purchasing existing ones time undertook study operating costs volume delivery points found roughly dozen elevators losing money climbing costs threatening increase number tried reach accommodations competitors divide centres small support elevator achieved success especially time increased presence larger centres especially regina remained involved grain industry outside position executive capacity found middle controversy british wheat agreement agreement sell wheat british clients fixed price year period price adjusted following years having regard world wheat prices years world wheat prices continually price stipulated agreement breeding resentment british especially sold fixed price wheat large profit european markets exacerbated british refused adjust price upwards years grounds agreement result considerable ill loss grain farmers estimated million federal government negotiated agreement offered supplement british payments million sum large raise eastern canadians small western farmers opposed agreement authorized purchase advertising country pointing government fixed domestic price wheat world price reached high view million payment government comparison benefit consumers federal policy subsequent international agreements acted advisor canadian delegation resulted favourable terms farmers continued status grain industry leading figures exhibited involvement government relations appeared oppose system box cars grain elevator formula favouring instead system retained flexibility assign saw fit september submission defense crow nest pass rates rejected railways calls rates charged shipment grain presidency coincided anniversary founding organizations celebration event travelled country speaking outlets oversaw publication wrote years history point capacity came conflict vice president charge department published book assistant general manager style president foster acknowledged outright interference years wore decision making board directors expected serve rubber stamp june ill health forced resignation later political activities sought political office defeat commented publicly political issues rarely social credit government particular contention viewed unfair left government bankrupt prevent advising scenes number issues notably alberta submission case alberta early 1940s met new federal leader train according ensuing conversation indicated prepared consider running federally candidate reported alberta leaders question report true adhered conservative view politics conducted telephone despite apology indicate interest running occasional public comments political issues attracted considerable attention spoke convention post war reconstruction expressed canada economic prospects advocated policy employment emphasized jobs meaningful men work building roads like china machines better criticized government imposed wartime ceiling wheat prices forcing farmers shoulder unfair burden national crisis depression personal life father died january suit pending april mother died left estate relinquished claim estate favour sister cared mother years sons successful careers graduated law joined father firm renamed baldwin john studied photography los_angeles returned canada work photographer married children time relinquished law firm returned calgary wife led quiet reserved life calgary planners announced intention widen memorial drive lived residents expressed concern plan destroy street trees consulted mayor saved trees years received number honours premier inducted province order buffalo hunt november recognition contributions prairie provinces awarded honorary life membership prime minister appointed ill health prevented participating inaugural march meeting beginning june underwent series major time memory failing ask wife details escaped died july weeks resigning board barely resigning president legacy premier remembered sex scandal ended career accomplishments largely forgotten highly regarded historians foster calls alberta greatest cites particular successful negotiations transfer resource rights provincial government cause alberta subsequent prosperity journalist noting willingness confront federal government sets apart contender title wrote lasting political estate left premier alberta today canada wealthiest provinces dollars oil gas royalties undergraduate ranked province greatest premier manning impact felt organizations participated founding alberta wheat pool remained important player canadian agriculture merged form new company merged form wheat pool took forming vision unique members publicly controlled central bank reality shifted private government control buried near provincial government named honour local government law electoral record party leader | John Edward Brownlee | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
14346_CharlesL.McNary | june february united_states republican politician oregon served senate senate minority leader senate helped pass legislation led construction worked agricultural forestry issues supported new deal programs beginning great depression surpassed mark oregon longest serving senator republican vice presidential candidate ticket presidential candidate lost democratic ticket composed running term president landslide justice dean hometown salem deputy district attorney brother later federal judge died office unsuccessful surgery brain oregon held state funeral body lay state oregon state capitol salem dam field land owned oregon named honor early life born maternal grandfather family farm north salem june ninth children son born née married father law gave acre km2 farm city paternal grandfather moved kentucky maternal grandfather namesake moved missouri father helped family farm taught school years returning farming near salem mother died father moved family salem bought general merchandise store unable run family farm declining health charles known began education room school later attended salem living died making charlie orphan age head household siblings took jobs order provide family boy charles worked orchard farming tasks met future president moved salem later worked county recorder office brother elected county recorder short time attended leaving school enrolled college preparatory classes eye attending stanford_university time met began dating social club helped start member club future governor oregon legal career autumn moved california attend stanford studied law economics science history working pay housing left stanford returned oregon family asked come home salem read law supervision brother john passed bar brothers practiced law salem john served deputy district attorney time charles bought old family farm returned family served president helped organize agricultural association partnered brother began teaching property law spring hired dean replace dean worked school secure additional classroom space recruited prominent local attorneys serve faculty increased size school graduates year dean drive law school programs west_coast located leased space office buildings university campus november married daughter successful salem businessman died july automobile accident south way home salem oregon attend funeral mother returning portland family car flipped crushed spent days oregon funeral returned washington charles children state politics held public office deputy recorder remaining position managed successful campaign brother john district attorney judicial district oregon john appointed charles deputy served biographer describes progressive stuck republican_party left party favor west democrat backed reforms initiative recall referendum primary elections direct election senators early supporter public private power companies west won election chose special legal counsel oregon railroad commission urged lower passenger freight rates maintained friendly relations progressive conservative factions oregon republicans west west appointed fill new position created legislature expansion court justices seven youngest justices left law school private practice quickly established judicial activist strong advocate progressive reform supporter organized labor consistently defended rights injured workers hesitant bench instrument social change hour day public employees unions supported political career criminal convictions resulted portland vice scandal november surrounding city gay male time seated convictions appealed court wrote opinion reversal conviction prominent portland attorney dissent emotionally charged revealed deeply seated personal discomfort sex court moved new filed run year term bench time office partisan lost republican primary single vote recounts discovery ballots defeat served remainder partial term left court july close contest contenders elected chair seen unify progressive conservative wings party oregon federal politics chairman state republican_party campaigned republican presidential nominee elected presidential election hughes supreme_court justice future chief justice carried oregon lost presidency incumbent senator died office created opportunity failed bid election possible successors considered oregon governor governor preferred supported national women suffrage prohibition shared interest farming furthermore supporters argued progressive conservative factions republican_party accept unity party best chance retaining senate seat election appointed term resigning state party chairman prepared campaign term senate faced speaker republican primary defeated november general election defeated friend governor win year term senate won election replace finished lane original term end january took office november replacing seat shortly taking office resigned seat effective december senate december took office december instead taking office january term elected started resigned order slight edge new members senate adversary defeated incumbent democrat oregon senate seat making state senior senator won election times serving washington death senate years world war wilson sought senate approval treaty versailles treaty included provisions establishing joining wilson fourteen points republicans opposed going party group senators known proposed minor changes support united_states entry league ultimately senate ratified treaty versailles united_states joined league prime opponents wilson league senate majority leader demonstrated skill debate league lodge took wing formed longtime friendship friendship helped secure favorable committee assignments inner power circle senate early career served chairman member president asked secretary interior replace fall involvement ongoing dome scandal declined preferring stay senate selected senate minority leader fellow republicans senate democratic control new deal era remained minority leader rest time office time periphery republican left opposed republican senators supported roosevelt supported new deal programs beginning roosevelt presidency world war approached favored aid england france short war voted arms place supported lend lease agreement british preparation military conscription civilian men early 1920s supported development federal hydroelectric power dams introduced legislation led building grand dams columbia public works projects voted joining favored buying lands fire protection forests clarke act farm support vetoed president relief bill forerunner farm legislation new deal vice presidential nomination republican nominee vice president western farm leader chosen balance ticket presidential nominee pro business leader east men differed issues writing life magazine shortly general election said vice president endorsing government power projects isolation high huge farm relief president believes things remains seen acceptance speech reiterated support federally owned power producing corporation head far private utilities empire opposed campaign promoted farming issues criticized foreign trade agreements said closed european markets grain meat fruits fiber ticket lost massively roosevelt wallace family legacy december married second time met dinner party world war hometown washington marriage worked private secretary marriage second produce children charles adopted daughter charlotte built new ranch style house designed creeks farm north salem estate called featured putting green rose garden tennis court acres km2 trees described oregon later senator hosted meetings politicians national stage farm included acres km2 fruit helped establish industry oregon developed imperial complaining suffering speech beginning early went maryland november doctors diagnosed brain removed week released hospital december cancer spread parts body family departed florida spend winter partly recovered surgery february elected republican senate leader died buried memorial cemetery salem given state funeral body lay state chamber oregon state capitol salem running mate died months later time members major party presidential ticket died term sought election time death held record longest serving senator oregon record kept surpassed mark days office dam oregon washington named field salem airport named honor | Charles L. McNary | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
14433_ClaudSchuster,1stBaronSchuster | 1st baron 1st baron august june british civil servant noted long tenure permanent secretary lord chancellor office born business family educated oxford study history graduation joined aim called bar practising liverpool noted particularly successful joined secretary chief commissioner serving secretary commissions permanent secretary lord chancellor office served position years different lord contacts obtained thanks long tenure work outside office influential permanent 20th century influence decisions lord chancellor office greater led criticism suspicions power throne culminated verbal attack lord chief justice lord session house_of_lords retired baron despite officially retired continued work government circles austria seat house_of_lords way directly legislation early life education born august manager manchester firm merchants company wife daughter lieutenant colonel family described descended jews converted christianity included notable people sir sir later sir age seven educated expensive preparatory schools country known harsh treatment standard pupils force students staff listen screams school holidays accompanied father switzerland developed lifelong love skiing president fourteen sent known academic main public schools discomfort time george prepared discomfort noted proud attending school winchester played football occasionally involved debates noted particularly exceptional pupil oxford graduated second class degree history noted particularly outstanding student attributed time spent enjoying studying despite lack academic brilliance invited present honour normally given eminent alumni oxford graduation applied fellow souls college oxford rejected bar work career change failure fellow souls joined called bar practised liverpool noted particularly successful late important position point married required steady income support family bar providing love english language knowledge good paper decided join intention permanent secretary entered qualified lawyer exempt required examinations marked different civil service employees worked post secretary chief commissioner produced report leading creation worked secretary great northern railway workers union job union noticed employed temporary legal assistant understanding job permanent promoted principal assistant secretary appointed national insurance act followed appointed chief friendly societies granted place societies committee february gave position chief secretary legal adviser newspapers time reporting promotions months consequence high standing period involved drafting education bills commission galaxy future stars contained individuals later noted civil servants right including contacts time committee instrumental advancing career lawyer dedicated civil servant considered outsider links particularly friendships struck fisher anderson helped extent services committees permanent secretary lord chancellor office sir served permanent secretary lord chancellor office close retirement current lord chancellor lord believed duties lord chancellor man divided lord chancellor minister justice looked permanent secretary qualified lawyer help set war appointing early work lord chancellor second time forced resign months started work july accused pro german sympathies lord chancellor served lord appointed senior government offices time held wealthy office lord chancellor stood lawyers middle class considered lord son farmer later justice peace permanent secretary july month took post immediately tried impression workings office previous permanent secretary time saving mechanisms forbidden office owned similar world war sons serving western certainly helped write memorandum circulated arguing forces concentrated western spread attempt assault areas resigned prime minister december member cabinet followed replaced lord appointed december aged appointed oldest person lord chancellor lord campbell appointed age showed decisions slow cautious job lord chancellor years world war limited maintaining system changes tenure uneventful period influential judicial appointments reports way accept candidate member cabinet war cabinet limited representation ministers limited political influence extent close friends lord contacts coming politicians sir group described future labour cabinet tenure lord chancellor question came law society favour department opposed changes status quo person prepared report matter lord chancellor best express disapproval changes continued work commander year later king counsel odd honour man longer worked lord appointed conditions claim pension war time retired lord claiming year resign required despite surprised dismissed general election hearing mentioned newspapers replacement lord appointed january controversial choice appointed unpopular large sections bar result wrote prime minister appointed said majesty feel sure established reputation men minds ensure country welcome second highest position occupied subject crown established strong partnership played legal reforms particularly relating law real property real property law english welsh legal system evolved immensely complex system understood small number lawyers particular meant land owned sold agreement involved partially settled land act land transfer act despite statutes reform area needed lord presented reform bills parliament real progress thanks opposition law society march sir created consider land policy world war scott working liverpool appointed member decided law changed merge real personal property law outdated aspects land law eliminated lord chancellor inherited problem english property law immediately instructed prepare department forcing bill parliament matter general agreement property law reformed process difficult interests involved law society example opposed changes reduce fees dedicated property earn making possible understand area law involved intense negotiation law society representative agreed period probation lasting years included bill chief considered good bargain bill finally got house_of_commons met additional opposition members parliament members lord cave later lord chancellor negotiations bill passed june taking credit law property act assisted attempts reform administration court system particularly preparation act committee set look reform supreme_court divided institution served member committee primary goal end patronage filled judicial system supreme_court resistant committee succeed making changes introducing mandatory retirement ages masters unable end patronage attempted reform increasing jurisdiction procedure known chairman set serving member commission concluded august lord chancellor office instead responsible courts committee final report basis correct problems appointed knight commander new year war honours summer coalition government member began splinter finally collapsed forced resign october replacement lord cave member new conservative government appointed october conservative government soon ran trouble desire introduce protect british jobs baldwin called early general election december serve referendum subject conservatives remained largest party members parliament claim parliamentary majority opening new parliament january party defeated vote confidence king instead invited labour_party form government caused constitutional problems traditionally member cabinet including prime minister prime minister king asked lord cave way problem expert constitutional issues helped draft response end determined sworn councillor invited form government member old conservative government cave left office january replaced lord serving second time sworn january favour creation privately suggested accepted responsibilities ministry condition remained control lord chancellor office ill labour government lasted months thanks publishing large scale reforms creation pushed collapse labour government october returned power lord cave lord chancellor second time november spending half years office cave time push significant reforms including law property act based act involved spent decade permanent secretary described contacts long service allowing greater influence policy decisions permanent secretary normally expansion lord chancellor office overseen gave greater opportunities delegate subordinates allowing time spend committees inquiries directly influencing way government worked result power influence grew dislike opposed way led conflict heads department reward continued service lord chancellor office order bath january new year honours lord cave resigned march ill health died day replacement lord appointed march tenure lord chancellor lasted barely year highlighted fact despite abilities politicians considered accepted offer lord chancellor likely prime minister particularly innovative lord chancellor short period august acted prime minister baldwin holiday chief adviser rarely went downing street happened time charge lord lord left office fall conservative government replacement member newly elected lord appointed june appointed advice served longer lord chancellor reforming lord chancellor reforms helped draft pass period question judge salaries arose caused constitutional crisis permanent secretary tasked ensuring courts ran correctly judges independent paid lord chancellor office recommended judges paid year increase failed appear economic hardships caused world war increase eventually implemented meantime high court judges lobbying increase pay stayed level produced report recommending pay increase economic prevented plan implemented economic crash led government passing national recovery act reduced salaries high_court judges judges expecting pay raise pay cut shocked high court judges threatened resign accusing having salary doubled years prime minister met write letter judges demanding soon heard rushed stop madness protests judges increased judges including threatening sue government negotiations judges failed bring end crisis section act cutting judges pay quietly dropped soon permanent secretary decided aim sure entire court system control office partially control partially control started recommended departments business like approach work spurred making attempt reform lord chancellor office persuaded set business courts lord friends committee sitting member lord attempted reform partially succeeded recommendations included appeals act sent appeals county courts straight court appeal attempted number jury trials civil cases reduced supported blocked took law reform lord decided set january consisted judges solicitor academic lawyers committee produced reports variety subjects recommendations legislation negotiations fell formed permanent law commission subject public attack lord lord chief justice december clerk found bill parliamentary papers clause allowed lord chancellor appoint lord justice appeal vice president right traditionally held lord chief justice immediately plans attend house_of_lords lord expected second reading bill question immediately second reading rose began speech violent attack lords criticised officials lord chancellor department listeners clearly meant specifically bill conspiracy power judiciary politicians civil service create speech provoked house public quarrel senior judges civil servants happened centuries especially traditionally calm collected place lord reading lord chief justice debate following friday lord time leader house_of_lords defence saying absolute scheme hatched showed proposal originated long permanent secretary addition report helped prepare clearly biased creation ministry opposed went praise author great reforms similar speech lord amendment bill helped lord returned power june election new government point health beginning decline limiting effectiveness second italo war alerted ambitions italy germany asked review defence legislation world war present fisher horrified outdated laws permission cabinet organised draft new code defence regulations later head served secretary committee described model piece organisation thanks work chairman regulations drafted committee eventually law passing emergency powers defence act lord left position failing health replaced lord appointed march appointment advice considered surprise real political experience admitted expected offered job difficult relationship especially start second world war differing political opinions play active policy decisions period partially disagreements partially preferred work legislation policy changes later said got lord simon lord resigned september giving failing health reason left post replaced lord day later held office months period spent large time preparing legislation second world war putting country war impact ability people civil obligations example chairman cabinet consider problems arising inability persons owing war conditions contractual obligations particular consider complaints mps government departments reports recommendations eventually wartime adjustment acts led committee drafted bill provided criminal proceedings relation behaviour soldiers stationed britain led military authorities british government lord forced leave position months fall government replaced lord simon took position simon frequently delegated accepted advice judicial appointments high_court influence committee appointments simon asked select chairman delegated chose sir retirement retired june year raised baron time retired served permanent secretary years lord records broken served high sheriff retirement undertook work austria tackled unexpected young man despite returned britain served treasurer took seat house_of_lords voice opinions legislation previously unable publicly tradition neutrality participated debates criminal justice act criminal justice act noted point gave subject continued play active public life helping reconstruct bombed second world war june fell ill old dinner taken died morning personal life met rector oxford friends shared love met merry daughter elizabeth married children son daughter death christopher attended killed western elizabeth later married king counsel dying | Claud Schuster, 1st Baron Schuster | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
14505_BarbaraGittings | july february prominent american activist gay equality organized new_york chapter edited national magazine ladder worked closely 1960s picket lines brought attention ban employment gay people largest employer time united_states government early experiences trying learn fueled lifetime work libraries 1970s involved especially gay caucus professional organization order promote positive literature homosexuality libraries movement drop homosexuality mental illness self described life mission tear away related homosexuality associated crime mental illness awarded lifetime membership named annual award best gay lesbian novel gay lesbian alliance named activist award memorial service executive director said owe barbara early life education born elizabeth née brooks vienna austria father serving diplomat barbara siblings attended catholic schools montreal immersed catholicism point childhood considered nun family returned united_states outbreak world war settled wilmington delaware aware attraction girls said heard word homosexual rejected membership high school despite excellent student teacher reservations character took aside told rejection based teacher believed homosexual drama developed close non sexual friendship female student prompting rumors led examine sexual orientation attempts understand suspicions confirmed psychiatrist offered cure having money regular visits unable money father reasoned problems psychiatrist solve priest close friend suggested encourage rumors having talk issues consuming decided read topic found little found described abnormal medical books texts abnormal psychology odd stated unable whistle favorite color green found information focused homosexual men recalled interview thought love happiness better research took time northwestern ended failing school found purpose time saying mission general education find life like stopped going classes started going library organizations turn days libraries safe information contained dismal college age returned northwestern disgrace failing school unable tell family compelled continue search information found novels available time loneliness extraordinary women soon father discovered loneliness pile things bedroom appalled found instructed burn book letter unable speak face face eager learn homosexuality took night course abnormal psychology met woman brief affair age left home moved philadelphia began weekends new_york_city dressed man visit gay bars knew philadelphia knew places gay community interview recalled wore drag thought way gay changed early 50s basically types women gay bars called ones short hair plain masculine attire called ones dresses high heels makeup knew high heels makeup weren personal style thought kind found little common women met bars witnessing gay male acquaintance beaten leaving bar began focus energies collecting books activism 1950s 1960s daughters traveled california advice visit office new inc early organization dedicated providing support california met founded san_francisco cute haired young woman wearing shift remember seen like remembered meeting living room brought obscurity thought impractical difficult spell referenced fictional bisexual character homosexual pretty like wasn nice reasonably good spirits martin asked start chapter new_york_city dozen women responded notice newsletter asking women new_york area interested forming chapter september served chapter president years new_york philadelphia twice month remembered joined movement subject homosexuality complete silence radio talk shows documentaries united_states maybe half dozen groups people active daughters served social alternative bars took great care deny arranging immoral contacts president new_york attending members numbered meeting met twice month invited doctors ministers attorneys address meetings message clearly recalled grateful people anybody pay attention listened accepted said matter bad helped break silence matter silly look today important admitted early meetings writings urged members upset mainstream society integration acceptance won dramatically different worked clerical positions time spending years operator architectural firm new_york chapter distributed newsletter people worked required stay overtime job company mail newsletter covering firm wrote firm newsletter addressing distributed sure fired boss woman stated familiar topic having served armed forces fired cautioned careful instead ladder edited organization magazine ladder following martin editors political stand san_francisco mayoral race martin preferred ladder remain impressed influence editor impacted magazine opinions readers discovered power press power want order influence readers said convention newly formed audience heard speaker named tell exclusive homosexual articles essays ladder carried viewpoints difficult doctors address homosexuality form said people like talked homosexuality sickness talked cure sit listen social hour afterward spoke gay activist making impression point useless try find causes homosexuality valid evidence illness thinking didn change came said firmly homosexuality kind sickness disease disorder malfunction fully par suddenly found looking things happened past different light taking position increasingly positions began implement changes ladder included adding lesbian review underneath title cover replacing line drawings cover photographs actual taken partner distributed ladder new_york philadelphia store displayed magazine prominently selling copies month focus magazine shifted controversial issues spark debate printing articles titled hate women remarking women politically act teach forth debate effective educate public political action protests participated earliest lgbt actions united_states marched gay picket lines white house independence hall philadelphia protest federal government policy discrimination holding sign read sexual preference irrelevant federal employment men agreed picket wear suits ties women participated wear dresses heels look federal government reactions varied tourist witnessing demonstration remarked don believe somebody stunned high school student pointed look normal recalled remember man said kids hold dirty woman dragging string kids said angrily married children like distributed described reasons surprising recipients unaware fired easily remembered risky scared popular tactic time cause gay people evening prior group secretary state announced press conference connected high profile visibility breakthrough mainstream publicity led annual reminder independence hall philadelphia july riots june riots annual commemorating riots took place differences political stance leadership began came culmination ousted editor ladder source claims creating issue reported convention late according source removed adults cover magazine consulting november worked counsel hearings held discredit expert witness named testified converted question policy held homosexual employees fired named publicity objective recalled years later dressed wore buttons said gay good pray held press conferences benefit sharp eyed reporters went hearing room certain shake hands participants avoid reading buttons attorney end cross examination removed lists expert witnesses hundreds appearances speaker late 1960s carried mission convince alike homosexuality illness stating letter trying convince people movement charge sickness greatest problem progress directions assumption sickness demolished sympathetic person attitude homosexuality undesirable sort twist malfunction failure kind psychic sickness society sick people definition sick equal treatment equal treatment want compassion swallow think represents improvement attitudes equal treatment activism 1970s later 1970s continued search resources libraries addressed homosexuality positive supportive way discussing pursuit improvement materials libraries said years libraries book shops trying find stories read people active arenas gay rights movement kept eye emerging literature began talk healthy happy good lives bells libraries gay books found home gay group formed gay caucus professional association coordinator pushed visibility profession staffed kissing booth dallas convention underneath banner homosexual women men took advantage patience sarah author pen kissed rolling television cameras describing success despite reaction negative said needed audience decided let gay love live offering free mind free sex kisses let tell came booth free kissed shown twice evening news morning map appearance pbs including open appear television debated long held stereotypes week appearance david middle aged couple approached supermarket claim realize gay people love way arnold organized discussion entitled friend foe dialogue panel discuss homosexuality partner noticed protested remembered partner said isn right pitted need panel agreed add gay psychiatrist find come forward wrote letters phone calls country gay psychiatrist philadelphia finally agreed appear panel heavy disguise voice microphone calling discussed forced practicing read aloud letters declined appear fear professional described event homosexuality removed statistical manual mental disorder celebrated photographed philadelphia newspaper headlines million gain instant cure spent years working libraries campaigning positive gay lesbian themed materials libraries eliminate censorship job discrimination wrote library land gay lesbian task force sixteen years brief history group helped start called later named served board 1980s inspired nurses form held exhibits conventions gay love good medicine portrayed happy healthy legacy appeared documentary films past remembered decisions open life said time decision forward stay use real television decline earliest picket lines remain usually took public position weren afford risk honored contributions lgbt cause seventh annual philadelphia organization described parks gay lesbian civil rights movement renowned ferocious dedication cause eyed optimism kindness gentle sense humor recognition contributions promotion gay lesbian literature renamed book awards book award barbara literature award honored highlighting dedication activism year announced books dedicated gay lesbian issues items collection second largest gay lesbian collection books outside rewarded highest tribute lifetime honorary membership earned award goes people significant impact mental health october acquired sign carried donated readers advocate included list favorite gay lesbian heroes october city philadelphia named section street memory inducted legacy walk outdoor public display celebrates lgbt history people personal life avid music lover interested baroque renaissance music sang choral groups life spending years hiking lifelong partner known born met picnic rhode_island described began hit started flew boston got plane big bunch flowers hand couldn resist care world thought dropped flowers grabbed kissed years donated copies materials photographs covering activism donated original papers photographs head said collection donated remarkable hand chronicle detailing battles overcome prejudice restrictions prevalent prior activism protest movements started 1960s main library received donation books gay book collection pushed grant couple membership reduced price health insurance acts activist come newsletter published assisted living facility reside february died pennsylvania long battle breast cancer survived life partner sister summed inspiration activism teenager struggle learn meant gay years satisfaction working gay people country backs oil closet door change hearts minds gay love good rest world hard work vital fun | Barbara Gittings | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
14609_AlexiosApokaukos | greek died leading byzantine statesman high ranking military officer reigns emperors iii owed rise high state offices patronage patriarch leaders faction supporting emperor john civil war time died political prisoners inspection new prison biography early life humble origin born late 13th century studied scholar tax official director salt later advanced position themes west rose bureaucratic hierarchy appointed imperial chamberlain position useful included conspiracy aimed aging emperor favour grandson iii threat war emperor surrendered districts macedonia rule grandson iii sole emperor close friend chief minister awarded positions held head imperial charge state finances positions allowed considerable personal fortune construct personal refuge fortified tower house site near coast early shortly death rewarded high office giving high command byzantine navy equipped fleet paying pocket civil war death factions emerged court supporters chiefly provincial macedonia opposed led mainly patriarch obtained support widow anna claim throne demanded regency based close association deceased emperor support capital troops secured position weakened adherence patriarch camp account relates urged seize throne hopes advancement refused powerful chancellor switched opponents camp soon left constantinople july campaign empire enemies assaulting moves commander fleet duty guard dardanelles attempt turks cross europe deliberately allowed happen order cause disruption tried kidnap young failed forced flee house returned victorious capital instead offices counsel friends pardoned protégé exaggerated display allowed resume offices return constantinople left campaign city patriarch seized power family friends imprisoned mother eventually die prison patriarch declared regent anna named urban constantinople responded having declared emperor october opponents followed coronation john november finalized split civil war byzantine_empire neighbours victory course remaining imperial possessions create deep rift byzantine society aristocracy classes generally supported lower middle classes primarily urban merchants sailors supported regency gave dispute civil war strong social overtones war excessive wealth perceived indifference aristocracy common people standard fixture propaganda addition conflict acquired religious significance controversy divided pious byzantines despite important exceptions supporters supported days coronation inhabitants rebelled aristocracy declared regency sending younger son city governor similar development empire second largest city seized group known anti aristocratic beliefs enemies earned support regency arrived fleet ships aid appointed elder son city governor authority remain nominal years war tide favour regency summer forced flee court serbia onwards aid friend began reverse situation initial support regained macedonia despite failure turkish allies enabled return old stronghold gradually supporters abandoned including son deserted post went camp early rejected offers reconciliation conveyed monks trying bolster power began series capital ordered new prison constructed political prisoners june suddenly decided inspect new prison escorted bodyguard prisoners immediately rose head severed stuck pole prisoners believed getting rid hated rewarded empress anna shocked dismayed loss principal minister gave supporters joined fleet marines free avenge leader death result prisoners total attempted seek refuge nearby monastery death bring immediate collapse regency removed main civil war chief protagonists resulted regency camp marked beginning war end come entry constantinople february family brothers john little known married twice wife daughter priest called second married cousin marriage produced children second governor killed governor defected unnamed daughter married drowned remarried unnamed daughter married son patriarch unnamed daughter married son empress anna latin sons married daughter assessment self new man aristocratic families dominated imperial government accounts period civil war memoirs history pro aristocracy bias paint negative picture man adopted virtually modern historians view historian der believes image protégé responsible outbreak civil war inaccurate largely result propaganda acknowledges adversary war nature regime according historian seen radical change nature direction byzantine state place old agricultural empire run land based aristocracy favoured commercial maritime likely westward looking state italian maritime | Alexios Apokaukos | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
14677_MatthewCradock | spelled died london merchant politician governor founded organization businessmen organized established massachusetts bay colony visited colony owned property businesses acted behalf london business trading empire encompassed ships extended west_indies north_america europe dominant figure tobacco trade strong supporter parliamentary cause years leading english civil war opposed royalist member supported root branch attempts radically reform church_of_england played leading role died long early life business known early life family cousin named mayor built mansion site father grandfather merchant family members involved trade twice married wife daughter named second wife children apparently survive survived children mentioned apprentice major london shipping firm probably began trading northwestern europe eventually expanded business joined purchased stock served director death business personal connections establish lucrative trade shipping tobacco sending provisions colonies north_america west_indies produced known owner owner ships relatively small number businessmen trade encompassed eastern trade india levant trade european waters end stood center largest trading business involved americas member group business men opposed conservative royalist leadership engaging unsuccessful attempt reform company interest london merchants establishing managing colonial settlements north_america waned failure subsequent conversion colony virginia crown colony notable exception major investment formed group religious business leaders assets failed new ventures north_america elected company governor long company acquired grant land massachusetts bay sent small group settlers begin process establishing colony place called salem massachusetts company land grant problems overlapped grant previously acquired wrote early warning issue suggesting settle colonists claimed area treat old surviving colonists failed settlement recommended colonists work building ships profit making activities later small fleet sailed colony board addition settlers skilled types engaged businesses company order protect claims acquired royal charter named colony governor london governed colony year financial instability government caused king charles desire prosecute war scotland led company investors fear investment risk meeting july suggested company transfer governance colony possible charter specify company meetings held investors want colony means buy investors needed devised negotiating summer agreement reached august called shareholders buy remained england seven years receive share colony business activities including fur trade shareholders elected company governor october sailed massachusetts fleet carrying colonists included ships agents servants commercial interests took leave isle remained england representatives secured plantation base business operations funded including colony shipyard colony developed land holdings expanded include properties travel colony continued operate london behalf worked recruit sympathetic ministers sought permission king freely export provisions colony claiming colonists dire straits shortage provisions threats native americans governor exchanged letters written promised establishment institute higher learning known harvard_university actions massachusetts bay colony rulers came question opponents charges colony administrators sought independence crown laws england company representatives called council answer charges successfully defended actions colonists opponents succeeded having ships colonists detained sailing february colonial charter presented council inspection called provide informed council charter colony secured release ships promise charter delivered colonial council boston wanting send document fear charter revoked claiming july meeting document released vote colony scheduled meet september time matter taken refused consider issue began expecting military confrontation issue launch ship intended carry force colony unsuccessful ending military threat colony political threats continued charter colony land grant revoked furthermore criminal charges clearly laid associated acquitted charges convicted authority deprived ability act behalf company politics april elected member parliament elected november london mps politically allied faction sir younger supported root branch petition calling radical reforms church_of_england opening session denounced king plan tower london declared city contribute share taxes garrison removed early brought word parliament reports king planning send armed troops seize tower london news sparked played leading role continued active parliament serving committee death apparently sudden | Matthew Cradock | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
14721_JohnDavis(Massachusettsgovernor) | massachusetts governor january april american lawyer businessman politician massachusetts spent years public service serving houses united_states congress non consecutive years governor massachusetts reputation personal integrity known honest john davis born massachusetts davis attended studying law worcester massachusetts established successful law practice spent years united_states house_of_representatives national republican later whig supported legislation won election governor massachusetts way race decided state legislature terms elected united_states senate served term resigning early elected governor second term governor split fellow whig variety issues lost election democrat reelected senate served opposed worked prevent extension slavery territories hard line matter voting provisions compromise retired public service died year early life born massachusetts attended local schools leicester academy attending graduated studied law worcester lawyer gaining admission bar years later elected member lawyer congressman davis practiced law massachusetts soon returned worcester eventually took blake practice briefly partnership appointed davis entered politics winning election united_states congress represented massachusetts house_of_representatives 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd supported successful bid presidency favored conservative fiscal policies keeping state worcester increasingly industrial character favored legislation speeches support widely reprinted opposed policies president politically aligned clay proposed compromise governor senator davis encouraged leaders run governor massachusetts president running anti ticket democrat political support came textile interests faction national republicans later led outgoing governor election davis gained votes majority required result state legislature decided election choosing davis adams withdrew preferring whig controlled legislature reward breaking chance parties form working relationship davis reelected aided general dislike massachusetts president jackson attacks terms davis particular initiatives continuing lincoln business friendly fiscal economic policies state continued grow economically expanding transportation infrastructure industry senator term ended decided run reelection davis approached whig leader running seat december bid oppose adams announced interest seat idea davis strong candidate positioned adams long standing rival running vote state legislature opportunity run governor davis vacated seat state house senate choices speech adams congress arguing favor jackson foreign policies alarmed senators change votes favor davis resolved february davis reelected governor resigned post assume senate seat went win governor seat election adams son believed achieve end support idea exchange advocacy behalf davis expected davis faction support future bid presidency davis term senate notably hard line took question nation northeastern boundary dispute united_kingdom concerned boundary maine british canadian province new_brunswick partially resolved jay treaty 1830s sides pushed development disputed area leading petty conflicts possibility war massachusetts maine prior maintained property interest disputed land davis took hard line matter insisting united_states surrender territory claimed davis sat special committee formed consider legislative responses flood allegedly abolitionist materials sent southern slave states northern anti slavery organizations davis committee opposed sort legislation committee unable reach consensus introduced legislation materials davis spoke pointing effectively act unconstitutional gag people seeking speak slavery bill rendered administrative actions serving senate davis appeared representing defendants charles river bridge toll bridge constructed boston defendants competing bridge state issued charter argued defendant charter charter claimed state granted exclusive right control crossing davis argued rights granted interpreted narrowly state granted exclusive right court found defendants chief justice decision echoing defendant reasoning charles river bridge charter acquired state davis term governor early years political career davis good terms highly influential party politics state national levels looked late 1830s davis notably came believe lacked broad based national support successfully contend weak showing whig convention introduced rift davis deepened split western land policies split davis permanent harshly criticized lawrence speech celebrating successful negotiation great_britain resolved matters northeast boundary governor senator long won gubernatorial election whig leadership prevailed davis run governor election davis rode harrison landslide presidential victory office harrison death april democrats attacked davis year election charged supported poor opposition western land policies speculated lands davis won narrow majority reelected period office like term governor contain new programs initiatives overshadowed ongoing negotiations secretary state lord boundary issue davis contentious disagreements negotiations finally able convince davis accept final agreement matter deepened division men stopped speaking anti slavery risen sufficient prominence state davis able secure majority state senate democratic majority elected davis showing election undoubtedly harmed ongoing feud refused campaign behalf davis considered potential vice presidential nominee whig party convention nominated state whig convention opposition worked ensure chosen national convention forces successfully got elected senate early despite opposition faction davis elected senate later fill vacancy caused death elected term opposed annexation texas grounds expand territory willing split party issue slavery davis senators voted davis opposed slavery extension territories voted provisions compromise including bill texas borders shocking anti compromise regularly voted favor measure ban slavery territories won mexican war frequently attached legislation late 1840s adopted notable debate davis procedural measures delay vote amendment remove military bill hoping force vote time conference differences house senate versions congress difference respective chambers house finished speaking bill wrote episode political lives spent best direction compensate half hour noted loss bill delayed end mexican war davis deserve country scholarship divided davis claimed strategy worked davis weak stance slavery began cause decrease popularity abolitionist sentiment state gained ground 1840s refused support presidential bid campaigning behalf declined election retired public life later years davis associated served president years died worcester april interred worcester rural cemetery known honest john davis reputation personal integrity personal life business davis nephew founders life insurance companies country davis served president death nephew took davis married daughter worcester minister sister historian statesman children including diplomat general congressman descendants include grandson cousin named honor served governor massachusetts | John Davis (Massachusetts governor) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
15099_JamesFerguson(Scottishpolitician) | scottish politician september scottish advocate politician large estate area north east scotland known north studied law edinburgh qualifying gain membership undertook tour europe following father footsteps joining scottish legal profession later life interests turned politics scottish politician extensive work carried credited beginning work canal estate sea order transport agricultural produce despite planning objections neighbours work began credited establishing planned village ancestry early life born eldest son parents married february born years later younger children undertaking grand tour europe continued family tradition studying law edinburgh qualifying gained membership july spent great deal time apartment westminster middlesex death father lord known associate brother patrick designer rifle november close associates younger 1st rector confidential report titled view political state scotland published described man real good sense document published covered personal circumstances involved county elections scotland previous century good looking man appeared plain small mother wrote expose james charge rape broad shoulders cause jury think probable attempt face manifest remained bachelor speculation gordon born edinburgh scottish political sharp humorous good written lines refer confirm attractive man reads established planned village credited expanding prior death edinburgh address row second new town died issue death james place london september estate passed younger brother years old poor health said died struggle political career scottish politician sat death unsuccessfully contested election support duke gordon proposed held tremendous sway political circles time defeated total electorate defeated votes nominated july appointed withdrew alcoholism began political career elected election holding seat elected general election held seat death years later member close associate political friend prime minister younger death easily retain seat parliament elections retained seat votes opponent general demanded investigated corruption beat hay contest seat june time convincing majority votes unopposed elections records indicate spoke complain broken window seat causing draught actually recorded speaking occasions years fellow lawyer gave indication political party affiliation recorded diary late related great effect experience repeat old man benefit young members absent division heard arguments convinced judgement influenced vote voted according opinion worst vote gave found way quiet parliament vote ministers place introduction scottish reform act control scottish politics taken hands landowners small number merchants opposed landed gentry politicians act came effect changed raised electorate area north east scotland country extensive lavish estates 18th 19th centuries estate shown old maps estate purchased grandfather developed extended sheriff lord covering large area policies stretched square miles valued peak 18th century attributed development work mansion house designed architect architectural guide describes estate northern scotland canal lake period known industrial revolution britain began work canal despite major opposition adjoining landowners canal proposed cover miles following course references refer canal river canal project considered completed owing difficulties necessary arrangements neighbouring objections particularly raised owned land south despite advised prevent work january hospital feel strong case months later miles canal dug north south joined hospital apply granted july years starting work canal member artificial lake built flat piece land mansion house landscape carrying work adjacent estate time assumed gave help work lake extends acres based artificial lake windsor great park later history estate death member estate inherited younger brother died shortly estate succeeded illegitimate son despite severe debts continued develop estate adding stable block race course observation tower huge gambling debts estate valued inherited sold farms parts estate raise funds despite funds died estate extent son remained estate marketed eventually sold mansion house knocked | James Ferguson (Scottish politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
15183_ArlenSpecter | february october american lawyer politician served united_states senator pennsylvania democrat republican switched democratic_party elected represented state senate years born kansas russian jewish parents graduated served united_states_air_force korean war later graduated opened law firm later federal judge served assistant counsel investigating assassination helped single bullet theory elected district attorney philadelphia position hold year senate career spot political center selected time america best senators lost reelection bid primary election lost general election succeeded january diagnosed early continued work senate undergoing later died complications october early life education born kansas youngest child née grew village ukraine jewish wrote memoir father family jewish family village family lived moving russell kansas graduated russell hometown fellow politician graduated said father weighed items scale owned father owned said brother brother kenny contemporaries friends father served infantry world war badly wounded great depression father fruit tailor owner graduating studied transferred international relations graduated beta penn member fraternity said family moved philadelphia sister age jews russell military career korean war served united_states_air_force obtained rank lieutenant officer early legal career personal life married elected allotted minority party large seats held seat terms defeated election couple sons graduated serving editor afterward opened law practice served judge philadelphia death october assistant district attorney district attorney member democratic_party early political career involvement worked investigated assassination recommendation representative commissioners assistant commission wrote proposal single bullet theory suggested non fatal wounds kennedy wounds texas governor caused bullet crucial assertion wounded separate bullets short time frame demonstrated presence second assassin conspiracy united_states published report stating forensic panel conclusions consistent called single bullet theory advanced quests political offices ran philadelphia district attorney boss incumbent city democratic leaders want candidate switched parties ran republican prompting defeated votes supporter capital punishment prosecutor questioned pennsylvania death penalty statute republican_party standard bearer candidate philadelphia mayoral campaign democratic incumbent need guys watch guys younger tougher owns served year terms district attorney city philadelphia defeated bid term noted criminal defense attorney ran republican primary defeated defeated primary governor pennsylvania years private practice philadelphia law firm ran time won assumed office january senate career sponsored amendment fair housing act prohibited discrimination rental sale marketing financing nation housing amendment strengthened ability enforce fair housing act expanded protected classes include disabled persons families children criticized republican_party president bill_clinton believing clinton received fair trial cited scots law render verdict proven clinton verdict recorded guilty senate records october voted favor authorizing iraq war feature story designating politicians named toughest work subscription based political newsletter described breed republican described political stance pennsylvania middle road politics known avid republican partisan soon election stepped public spotlight result controversial statements views future supreme_court press conference stated talk judges change right woman choose wade think confirmation unlikely president aware happened number nominees sent expect president considerations mentioning activist groups interpreted comments warnings president implications supreme_court justices opposed wade decision maintained comments prediction warning met conservative republican senators based assurances gave recommended late officially assumed position convened january march revision usa patriot act signed law amended process interim appointments attorneys clause wrote change allowed appoint interim attorneys term limits confirmation senate bush administration law place interim attorneys office claimed changes added staff member information dismissal attorneys controversy critical bush citizens story broke called effort inappropriate clearly wrong said intended hold hearings matter early appear answer program declined force testify oath january mentioned criminal prosecution potential bush proved broken law likelihood outcome april speaking bush administration leaking classified intelligence stated president united_states owes specific explanation american people vote amendments placed federal electronic searches entirely executive branch national football league season wrote nfl commissioner concerning destruction new england patriots tapes wondering link tapes super bowl victory february stated tapes destroyed confirmed knew issue released follow statement strong preference nfl activate mitchell type investigation careful congressional hearing believe nfl step forward embrace independent inquiry congress busy matters nfl continues leave vacuum congress tempted fill starting sponsored legislation fix long standing american law shut majority service members equal access sponsored personnel act senators hillary_clinton bill failed congress sponsored measure congress december involved controversy result telling polish jokes new_york rainbow room speaking annual meeting voted favor senate version february republicans break ranks party support bill favored president barack_obama unanimously supported democratic senators result support republican mainstream began calling removal office instrumental ensuring act allocated additional billion years late april facing tough republican primary switched democratic party giving democrats super majority denied senate committees democratic colleagues october called repeal supported november introduced bill require proceedings explained supreme_court makes constitutional federal law direct impacts rights americans rights substantially enhanced oral arguments court public hear issues presented career united_states senate ended january primary defeat succeeded won general election committee assignments chairman republicans gained control senate chairman chaired committee times republicans controlled senate chaired campaigns republican nominee senate republican incumbent announced retirement faced mayor pittsburgh won election margin later reelected despite bad years republicans ran reelection time democrat defeated primary presidential bid march announced candidacy president united_states challenge incumbent bill_clinton entered race alternate stereotypical religious conservative image critical saying far conservative campaign focused balancing federal budget strict crime laws establishing relations north_korea candidacy expected succeed winning republican nomination overwhelmingly large number social conservatives republican_party able gain support fellow pennsylvania senator supportive candidacy supportive republicans hopeful trim party far right fringe campaign ultimately unsuccessful conservatives widely believed strong showing november start suspended campaign endorse kansas senator campaign faced challenge republican primary election conservative congressman campaign theme conservative match closely watched nationally seen symbolic clash conservative moderate wings republican_party state national republican establishment including state senator time closed ranks supported president narrowly avoided major upset primary vote defeated challenge right able enjoy great support democrats race trailed recognition campaign funds poll results minor candidates seen conservative able vote easily reelected campaign election senate expressed plans run march said considering running independent said eliminate doubt republican running reelection republican republican ticket subsequently conservative primary challenger announced run republican nomination republican primary april stated republican_party moved farther farther right found increasingly odds republican philosophy line philosophy democratic_party said switching party affiliation run democrat election announcement said surveyed sentiments republican_party pennsylvania public opinion polls observed public opinion polls found prospects winning republican primary bleak march poll indicated trailed likely primary challenger additional polling found pennsylvania republicans disapproved vote favor bill percent pennsylvania republicans disapproved job following switching parties chairman criticized leaving republican_party claiming flipped bird february overwhelmingly endorsed senator annual endorsement convention held pennsylvania received votes winning members vote far excess threshold needed claim endorsement went win democratic primary nomination following primary endorsed general election lose general election political views according voted democrats time switching parties republican split votes parties according january march voted time following support package entrance republican primary began vote democrats switching democrat voted new party initially entered democratic primary started vote time abortion stated personally opposed abortion supporter woman right choose received rating based certain votes related regulation abortion received lgbt issues supported lgbt rights voted prohibit job discrimination based sexual orientation sponsor opposed sex marriage opposed federal ban supported civil unions opposed supported voted favor don ask don tell lame duck session gun control strongly opposed gun control voting background checks gun shows ban assault weapons trigger locks action supported action voted civil rights act receiving percent rating tax cuts minimum wage republican vote limit tax cuts individuals million dollars voted supported increase federal minimum wage leading supporter illegal immigration immigration supported citizenship guest worker program opponents amnesty introduced senate bill comprehensive immigration reform act april passed senate reaching stalemate house health care reform public option went asked support health care reform puts government run public plan compete private plan issued private insurance company said months later changed position single believed single healthcare system taken table according interview cnn votes health care reform healthy americans act proposal supported voted affordable care act healthcare bill passed senate democratic senator party line vote presented annual public service award work expanding mental health care card check received rating voted employee free choice act early announced voting act congress switched parties changed position issue wrote letter unions indicating supported card check legislation privacy computers spurred case high schools admitted secretly taking photos students homes school issued held hearing march said issue unbeknownst people movements activities surveillance said use cameras surveillance convinced new federal legislation needed regulate electronic privacy introduced legislation april amend federal clarify illegal capture silent visual images inside person home said going law significant invasion privacy information coming light speaking floor senate said expect subject video surveillance leave homes day traffic lights stores example expect visual surveillance homes especially expect children homes jewish daily newspaper forward reported wake july organ trafficking scandal involving brooklyn organ trafficking prohibition act sponsored officially introduced criticized federal government policy cancer stating day republican vice presidential nominee congressman died cancer alive federal government better job funding cancer research february wrote letter president obama stated chairman pardoned stated unfortunately uncommon practice allies friendly nations entire career senate public offices fact foremost considered essentially trial attorney professional politician senate committees approach hearings similar courtroom examinations trial witnesses electoral history post senate career fall professor taught course relationship congress focusing separation powers confirmation process course national named professors die december senator donated nearly boxes historical papers memorabilia dating career philadelphia district attorney service united_states senator including materials associated role assistant counsel collection jointly managed house organize manage collection universities collaborate related education consequently provide access archives ends state support center public policy center initiative dedicated promoting greater understanding public policy issues foreign domestic center accomplish goals support research educational programming exhibitions inspired senator career permanent collection historic papers center managed located house located nearby campus parts date georgian period house constructed frame expanded point history owned published american textbook anatomy president friend famous botanist named vine added house list registered buildings prior university purchase property house bed breakfast establishment illness death february announced diagnosed advanced form type cancer despite continued working ended treatment july senator shaved head solidarity temporarily bald undergoing april announced cancer returned stage significantly advanced disease originally diagnosed underwent second round ended july august announced battling form cancer hospitalized diagnosed weeks earlier new form disease september released philadelphia hospital expected return additional treatment died complications aged october home philadelphia statements issued president obama vice president colleagues opponents congress pennsylvania legislature city philadelphia senator accused parties certain positions took times switched parties issues nonetheless respected statesman state country including politics legislature pennsylvania home state kansas longest serving pennsylvania senators said state possible exception sign respect mourning president obama ordered flags lowered half staff public institutions military bases washington rest country day | Arlen Specter | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
15231_LuisMuñozRivera | july november puerto rican poet journalist politician major figure struggle political autonomy puerto_rico leadership newly formed successfully ran campaign position delegate district subsequently member group organized party discuss proposals autonomy grant puerto_rico autonomous government following election served chief cabinet government august treaty paris transferred possession puerto_rico spain united_states military government established resigned position cabinet remained inactive politics time elected resident commissioner puerto_rico participated creation jones act proposing amendments final approval shortly contracted infection traveled puerto_rico died november son subsequently involved politics elected governor puerto_rico early life born puerto_rico couple child banquet offered celebration came middle class family puerto_rico elite father came lines puerto_rico politics paternal grandfather decided career army received participating followed commanding officer puerto_rico settled acre km2 farm puerto_rico married fathered children town mayor rivera childhood small rural town family house moderately large time built wood roof mother home books private library owned father age completed education offered town school finished class educated spanish french took music classes father hired private continue instruction student strong interest works particular don authors studied include years old mother fell ill died time family grown include siblings taught age fourteen managing legal documents working local church clergy helping father store institutions higher learning island time families sent children cuba founded spain north_america complete university education wanted travel spain study law father wanted care family business political career early involvement politics poetry early life began writing poetry publish work years old editor working newspaper named accepted publish poem titled advised continue writing urging concentrate science politics instead love poems began writing puerto_rico political status promoting necessity autonomous government father member decided follow uncle ideals joined working organization established store limited success gained confidence named president committee member municipal council ran position district representation elected year began publishing writings newspapers magazines including puerto_rico poems published del cuba las est general establishing autonomous government january members organized convention discussed reorganization party activity met mentor disciple new party called created following reunion included organization ideology pursued creation separate government puerto_rico keeping relationship spain base grew rapidly writings speeches directed population considered threat closed newspapers published work sending staff jail fort san del editor jailed position offered accepted released prison criticized policies elected secretary party named honorary president action angered challenged duel originally accepted challenge later declined preparations underway losing position party hierarchy progressed conflicts liberals conservatives worsened governor ordering arrest liberals political tension increased year known terrible year prohibited person leaving puerto_rico intention preventing actions spain liberals able send situation public learning replaced juan nominated delegate district father nominated position moved nomination district respect won election admitted conservatives opposition july founded party newspaper puerto_rico publication directed politics included poetry stories published puerto rican artists newspaper brought immediate controversy eventually led arrest protest organized puerto_rico released father paid bond sold half store order raise funds publication establishment married ceremony took place later year traveled spain learn political system realized president better option help task spain received notice father died heavily affected returning puerto_rico published article father subsequently noticed travel caused controversy divided followers factions known group opposed claiming supporting establishment republic participated writing proposed administrative autonomy island debates agreed send men reunite organization behalf including proposed won spain puerto_rico receive chapter autonomy degree sovereignty spanish provinces learning resigned forming new institution named spain prime minister following power vacuum occurred assassination december granted promised autonomous government changed party served secretary chief cabinet independent government puerto_rico american invasion military government february son born time family moved old san_juan born february rushed home learned american vessel uss maine sunk coast cuba likely spark war spain united_states expected american government grant puerto_rico autonomy gained control news knowing united_states planning build canal panama puerto_rico strategic location protect structure insisted happen continuing support military operation united_states navy bombarded san_juan initiating initially supported spanish government members agreed took possession chief cabinet position july days later july united_states_army landed led beginning land offensive august signing treaty paris public bringing halt military puerto_rico amnesty spain ceded cuba puerto_rico converting archipelago possession united_states military governorship welcomed american government expected puerto_rico possession refused cooperate military government returned wrote poem titled comparing puerto_rico political situation punishment subsequently returned san_juan accepting request continue office new cabinet assisted establishing police replaced military governor following change men began having violent discussions trying push positions vocally debate decisions communicating interpreter february resigned position president puerto_rico experiencing economic crisis problems arising population inability communicate americans universal election suffrage canceled reducing voting population henry eventually dissolved cabinet removing final remnants recognition autonomous government established spanish rule opposed military structure promoted autonomy later year founded newspaper voiced concerns landowners affected blockade imposed united_states april signed act proposed end military government establishment civil government supreme_court created members american appointed united_states president position resident commissioner puerto_rico enacted considered law advance eventually creating new institution named published heavy criticism angered members new organization rumors assassination attempt widespread friends visited house armed discussion sides concluded gunfire leaving injured perpetrators escaped present arrested charged armed assault charge dropped established acted self defense act failed prevent land allowed american corporations control puerto_rico agricultural years death united_states eventually designed program puerto day working article friend brought newspaper informing education puerto rican public schools taught english surprised announcement expressing plan fail lack teachers knowledge language began publishing articles directed population promoted self government puerto_rico group supporters broke building equipment following incident family moved reopened receiving threats movements decided new_york_city leaving paper editing charge followers founded bilingual newspaper heavily criticized stance puerto_rico following years family constantly traveled locations founded party won election following party victory selected member ran resident commissioner united_states house_of_representatives representing party served spending nearly year english began forming friendships rivera proposed granting puerto_rico greater autonomy requesting independence united_states equal rights state proposal greeted opposition members party including end party agreed proposal march signed granting united_states citizenship puerto creating pleased jones act judicial executive branches controlled united_states march gave speech house floor argue favor american citizenship declared earth swallow island prefer american citizenship citizenship world long island existed residents preferred puerto rican citizenship shortly ill returned puerto_rico late friend family summoned wife son puerto_rico informed suffering infection begun expanding body died november town san_juan jones act enacted law died town bells sung present funeral procession began days death traveled puerto_rico attended thousands people way traveled municipalities attend activity request remains buried san cemetery puerto_rico legacy honors son important figure politics taking foundation elected elected governor puerto_rico municipality erected statue honor renamed northern plaza city main square plaza rivera sixteen puerto rican schools named | Luis Muñoz Rivera | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
15272_HeinrichRau | april march german communist politician time subsequently spanish civil war leading member world war east german statesman grew suburb early active socialist youth organizations military service world war participated german revolution onward leading agricultural policy maker ended adolf_hitler came power shortly afterward thrown jail years enemy nazi regime germany imprisoned total half time hitler reign imprisonment emigrated soviet_union ussr went spain participated spanish civil war leader arrested france delivered regime nazi_germany months prison transferred march concentration camp participated prisoner activities led camp uprising final days end world war europe war played important role political scene establishment east german state chairman precursor east german government subsequently chairman deputy chairman leading economic politician diplomat led different times ruling member party origins early political career early years world war born son peasant later factory worker grew adjacent city finishing school spring started work press operator shoe factory november changed employer moved factory works completed training metal remained autumn war service subsequent german revolution active labour movement year joined metal workers union social democratic youth group following years saw beginning world war youth group leader significantly influenced left wing considered war conflict powers local members far left group later known members visited youth group gave lectures joined founder youth organisation accordance politics joined left wing founded mainly members spring time elected trade union official firm participated attempt organise strike war action led employer conscription army august army trained garrisoned infantry regiment deployed western member machine gun company september shell splinter penetrated lungs following weeks treated military hospitals neighbouring town managed leave short notice november joined days developing revolution revolution revolution november led like germany end monarchy king left november shortly revolutionary crowd stormed residence flown red flag building day able seize barracks parts garrisons openly joined took active events streets following day civil started days earlier large strikes demonstrations november workers council leadership year old established following days weeks spontaneously elected worker soldier councils formed took large elected leader military police home city urban area early november gathered day meeting majority entrusted leaders political parties invited meeting establishment provisional government chairman soldier council initially assumed key position minister war quickly established government time shared power councils resigned days later disputes future course government considered ideal aim kinds results achieved previous year october revolution russia position politicians unclear leaders supported parliamentary democracy early elections ensuing months communists tried repeatedly seize power cities armed rebellion accompanied large scale strikes seized public buildings print offices attempt beginning april formally proclaimed munich general strike took place area government imposed state emergency people died street fights time events position chief military police shut companies remained operational strike ongoing strike collapsed removed office government resumed employment general strike cities august september led strike committee firm resulted dismissal influences head local group chaired organisation party leader time visited youth group long standing friend influential teacher library available use outstanding ideological authority movement time political involvement founding member second international friedrich written liked emperor said referred worst witch germany living suburb gathering circle friend editing magazine house built meeting place leading national local left wing communist activists visited international communist leaders like stayed overnight elected berlin moved berlin berlin november time party secretary agricultural division berlin land federal schools edited left wing agricultural journals head initially come elected november succeeded division chief following year leading member national international left wing farmer peasant organisations onward member beginning executive committee followed membership moscow office member member prussian federal state parliament joined committee agricultural affairs parliament chairman imprisonment international brigades world war hitler rise power january subsequent suppression party instructor southwest germany active building underground party organisation arrested december convicted preparations commit high treason sentenced years imprisonment release custody emigrated ussr august czechoslovakia deputy chairman moscow outbreak spanish civil war following formation attended school military commanders ussr subsequently went spain arrival april joined participated civil war political beginning chief staff finally commander brigade march injured brigade achieved temporary successes months troops road victory brigade saw combat battles offensive wounded took charge odds predecessor future son law leader time great purge spain powerful enemies chief based great purge spain following injury managed pretext brief time report written moscow described political criminal contact spanish members allegations time accusations frequently led death sentence accused reach authorities influential friends released prison expelled spain moved france charge emergency committee german austrian spain fighters member country leadership paris beginning crossed border spain subsequently led remaining international units combined fought spain northern border fall barcelona protecting stream refugees escaping france enabled escape civilians soldiers arrested french authorities september sent camp centre france november secret prison june handed regime held march prison prince street sent remained participated camp rebellion organisers secret military camp organisation new start war went vienna weeks helped representatives city gather liberated political prisoners germany left vienna july led car convoy inmates soviet occupied berlin september soviets appointed member provisional province title vice president responsibility food agriculture forests succeeded held position end june chairman central administration agriculture forests new position member commission execution land reform province spring assumed responsibility economy transport capacity june onwards chairman newly established commission province year forced merger eastern eastern resulting membership important events november elections preceded official status change province federal state following year state parliament delegate minister economic planning march chairman period administrative organisation predecessor future east german government organisation existed time difficult challenges coming different sides particularly event time currency reform june western german zones introduced new currency leaving eastern zone use old common currency order avoid inflation leadership forced follow quickly reform issued currency exploited currency reform capital different exchange rates private state run companies disagreement new berlin triggered ussr western airborne supply leadership supervision germany german quickly developed partner intentions policy endorsed soviet chief diplomat germany future chief ussr germany january stated orders accompanied orders merely purpose authority german orders aims meetings come agreements obliged soviet including subordinate soviet authorities engaged wild purposes important success direction half year plan economic development second half accepted followed likewise accepted year plan biggest obstacle plan implementation soon proved ussr followed western counter blockade soviet occupation zone long established economic ties western zone eastern highly dependent supplies west blockade damaging east newspaper reported april clearly criticized blockade meeting reason believe meetings according paper spoke bad speculation dependence western supplies stating soviet help turned insufficient blockade soon lifted finally lifted increasingly administration resulted substantial increase level grew employees beginning march like representative state signed treaty foreign state trade agreement poland establishment difficult years new state time ended october establishment east german state proclaimed october ceremony berlin seat organisation days later formally abolished october delegate newly established parliament joined new government likewise ruling implemented traditional leadership structures communist parties member newly established candidate member member deputy chairman minister planning chairman position key figure economic development came conflict general secretary face imminent economic collapse blamed bureau wrong policy response old president renewed old accusation later letter november protested manner speech economic affairs led newly established purpose office effective control economy order overcome difficulties caused grown bureaucracy unclear decision paths prime minister described talk death march new collective soviet leadership started advocate new course moscow favored replacing party leader inquiries potential candidate response leading party candidate member assistance drew concept new course workers uprising suppressed soviet army june led backlash weeks later session person plus candidate members july recommendation replaced spanish civil war chief spain known general accused having party majority supporters moment viable candidate replace immediately suggested hesitant decision postponed day meeting went plane moscow soviet leadership feared sign weakness secured position subsequently members candidate members lost positions competition economic reform unlike rebels leadership kept positions remained member deputy chairman continued responsible industry position weakened follower successor chairman new candidate member ensuing period supported gradually superseded senior leader economy official press mentioned described cooperation success story concentrating tasks leadership minister despite occasional internal criticism avoided giving impression disagreement public received gold later stated interview introduction socialism people heavily involved economic development time consulted led new established combined responsibilities existing deputy ministry early 1960s architect economic reform known nes later reform reform middle 1950s economic historian considers nes 1960s continuation reform origin reform 1950s scientific study commissioned ministry assess need greater economic efficiency factories subsequent results study promised enhanced economic efficiency shifting responsibility enterprises spring advocated planning reform planning boss consistently opposed august ministry sent concept reform eventually reform got way influence new personal economic adviser approved policy end subsequently reform accelerated found early end generally aggravated political atmosphere countries previous year particular hungary desire central control subsequent economic development following years eventually led 1960s concept new planning reform nes foreign trade foreign policy served minister foreign trade term meant trade west_germany time german states saw german aim different political systems west german position freely elected government exclusive mandate entire german people consequence official diplomatic relationships states narrowed states practically states recognized result ministry established numerous new trade missions states served kind addition responsibility export oriented industry chaired period actual decision making body foreign affairs visited states different parts world capacity visited states core states peripheral states like china albania leading states like india yugoslavia visited diplomatic advertisement campaign arab world arabic states repeatedly egypt deals closed minister trade agreement cuba signed cuba minister december poor health final years died heart attack march aftermath legacy death firms schools recreation homes numerous streets fighter squadron named issued stamp picture times married twice sons daughter like members lived secured area district moved near lived widow moved street prominent west german politician future president germany visited rally east german city time german introduced prime minister ironically commented lapse observing minister trade communist | Heinrich Rau | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
15560_AltonB.Parker | american judge best known conservative democrat lost presidential election incumbent landslide native upstate new_york parker practiced law kingston new_york appointed elected served chief judge resigned run president defeated liberal publisher democratic_party nomination president united_states general election parker opposed popular incumbent republican president disorganized ineffective campaign parker defeated electoral votes carrying traditionally democratic returned practicing law managed successful campaign governor new_york served prosecution counsel successor governor early life parker born new_york farmer parents educated encouraged reading early age age parker watched father serve fascinated proceedings resolved lawyer trained initially teacher taught engaged daughter man owned property near school parker married clerk legal firm relatives senior partner enrolled graduating degree practiced law kingston senior partner firm parker active democratic_party early supporter future new_york governor president served delegate cleveland named party presidential nominee cleveland went narrowly defeat republican fall election time parker managing hill gubernatorial campaign hill won landslide judicial career election hill appointed parker fill vacancy created death justice parker elected fourteen year term seat years later parker judge hill appointed newly formed november parker successfully ran post chief judge defeating republican judge parker notable independently researching case heard generally considered pro labor active supporter social reform legislation example maximum hours law constitutional decision parker found woman face advertisements permission ruling use violate common law privacy rights decision unpopular press led passage privacy law following year year parker upheld death sentence given convicted murderer woman executed electric chair time chief judge parker wife sold kingston home bought estate hudson_river calling house couple daughter son died young presidential nomination presidential election approached democrats began search nominee oppose popular incumbent republican president parker arose possible candidate roosevelt secretary said parker opened mouth national question roosevelt feared man neutrality prove political advantage writing neutral individual win man pronounced views active life held july missouri hosting world fair summer olympics parker mentor having attempted failed capture nomination convention led campaign nomination nominated defeated longer considered delegates viable alternative party supported publisher lacked sufficient numbers secure nomination opposition hall powerful new_york political machine small clusters delegates pledged support candidates including missouri senator cleveland secretary state senator delaware delegates spoke cleveland served terms cleveland longer popular outside party rift parker long service bench proved advantage nomination avoided taking stands issues divided party particularly currency standards hill parker supporters remained deliberately silent candidate beliefs time convention cast votes clear candidate parker unify party selected ballot elderly west_virginia millionaire senator selected vice presidential candidate hope partially finance parker campaign convention debate include free silver campaign platform opposing gold standard calling government mint large numbers silver dollars free silver movement key party popular western farmers felt inflation help repay debts business interests contrast supported lower inflation gold standard famous cross gold speech opposing gold standard fought avoid inclusion gold standard party platform ultimately convention agreed include subject seeking win support eastern sound money faction parker sent telegram convention immediately hearing news nomination considered gold standard firmly established decline nomination state campaign telegram sparked new debate fresh opposition convention eventually replied parker free speak issue liked national support parker began rise roosevelt praised opponent telegram private bold campaign receiving nomination parker resigned bench august formally visited delegation party elders inform nomination parker delivered speech criticizing roosevelt administration involvement turkish affairs having failed date philippines independent american control speech considered supporters historian described speech parker candidate recover initial speech parker retreated strategy silence avoiding comment major issues parker campaign soon proved poorly run parker advisors opted porch campaign brought parker speak model successful campaign remote location campaign inefficient use funds bring delegates parker received visitors introducing issues differentiate parties democrats preferred emphasize roosevelt character portraying dangerously unstable parker campaign failed reach traditional democratic voting immigrants contrast roosevelt campaign headed organized committees appeal specifically demographics including jewish black german american voters roosevelt secretary state wrote parker poor showing calling absurd political campaign time month election parker aware large corporate donations roosevelt campaign theme speeches accusing president previous trust efforts late october went speaking tour key states new_york new_jersey reiterated president exhibition willingness compromise dignity roosevelt enraged released statement calling parker criticisms monstrous parker attacks came late turn election november roosevelt won landslide votes parker roosevelt carried northern western state including missouri total electoral votes parker carried traditionally democratic accumulating electoral votes parker roosevelt night returned private life book ran defeated presidential candidates author stated parker defeated presidential candidate history biography written stone parker effective president election american history voters rate candidates choose stone professed americans liked roosevelt colorful style later life election parker resumed practicing law served president represented organized labor cases notably popularly known case case fur hat manufacturer attempted enforce open shop policy unions subsequently company sued north_america violation act conservative supreme_court found ruling union acting restraint interstate commerce parker later entered politics managing successful gubernatorial campaign delivering address nominated president counsel managers trial leading successor governor parker wife mary died remarried day campbell days recovering pneumonia parker died heart attack riding car new_york_city days birthday buried kingston | Alton B. Parker | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
15955_PatMorton | pat october january australian businessman politician born prominent political family educated left school fourteen employed legal firm branching businesses moving sydney entered politics rising mayor entered representing electoral district soon rose party ranks touted possible leader liberals lost election party leader contested leadership july defeated stay long resigning august stood party whip asked leadership proved ineffective deposed september party spill elected succeed leader contested leader elections gaining seats time failing defeat long standing months election deposed leader deputy leader july remained led electoral victory appointed minister local government minister highways served cabinet prominent controversial role reorganisation minister state planning regulations retired parliament june died aged early life background born october new_south_wales son born north coast new_south_wales family prominent members new south wales south coast grandfather born edinburgh scotland arrived australia surveyor mayor private town founded wife sons served mayor served hastings speaker served member later pat father serving moved wife served municipal council educated left age employed law firm varied career different businesses march married march daughters margaret moved new_south_wales elected december rising mayor remain council september political career joined new member local branch federal councillor soon joined party leader stood seat state election election succeeded defeating conservative independent member reverend vote led coalition june election resulted hung parliament coalition gaining seats swing total seats holding seats balance power lay elected members expelled party previous parliament interpretation rules party support premier labor able stay power elected finished term february election retained seat liberals suffered total loss seats swing reversing gains previous election confidence leadership decayed soon descended fighting culminating resignation deputy leader july publicly announced july citing felt doubted loyalty replaced party whip resignation split party sparked leadership challenge criticised lack aggression labor government party meeting july narrowly defeated votes party support eroded remain long leader friday august announced resign leader august following party meeting vote persuaded accept leadership compromise candidate like senior members party having conservative government experience government little interest policy cold war anti communism ignored majority views party fellow parliamentary colleagues alienated party members trying forge closer alliance year assumed leadership party meeting september senior party member moved leadership declared vacant citing leadership lacked qualities necessary winning election motion carried votes moved motion prevent person nominated leader taking leadership defeated votes elected leader remaining deputy leader leadership leader direct campaign upcoming election early official campaign launch february began accusing government losing way public funds promising invest public works education health election march liberals gained seats regained seat reducing government majority retained coalition failed win government official report blamed defeat seat abolition postal voting strong right wing labor support premier led opposition ballot march election resulted overall gain seats loss labor counting finalised left overall majority seats attributed loss opposition failure promises actual figures led premier nickname promising pat retained significant vote time leader refused business interests including manager motor accessories distributor director led accuse focusing political responsibilities including sydney morning herald article said called time leader stated points told refusal renounce considerable business interests fact increased life parliament leadership undermined april liberal challenged leadership won vote votes result interpreted occurring alternative months leader confidence leadership recover july liberal called resign stating party needed time leader longer commanded majority support colleagues refused instead called emergency meeting july confirm leadership soon main opponents member deputy leader declared leadership given absolute majority votes party meeting removed leader votes surprised deciding forward nomination leaving contender subsequently elected unanimously leader eventually deputy leader unlike predecessor accepted loss declaring pledged loyalty deposition sydney morning herald editorial summed leadership true margin election slender true campaigned vigorously punches wild better directing blows vital points instead trying hit sight addition losing election labour vulnerable years office disappointed colleagues expanding private business interests urged concentrate wholly job leader opposition sad truth measured inspiring leader march election led coalition defeat premier following death october retained seat premier retirement april succeeded tenure perceived days party quarter century government tired election led coalition state electoral victory gaining seats swing achieve majority liberal premier elected minister crown named minister local government minister highways sworn governor new south wales sir sydney minister involved dismissal april triggered involved prosecuted secret commissions prohibition act receiving bribes development company influence planning development decisions received sentences appointed public servants administrators serve new council elected minister crown oversaw rapid building development inner city sydney central business district followed wake controversial abolition municipal electoral boundaries aimed reducing power rival abolition commented essential sydney progress replaced city_council commission headed predecessor february election increased majority seats retained seat soon gained reputation strong advocate allowing free enterprise business precedence planning controls government regulation time minister marked increasing strains state infrastructure pro development stance largely attributed attempt alleviate problems despite continuously criticised totally public particularly pro business worked planning authority increase developments sydney highest levels embodied construction centre demolition theatre royal sydney controversial schemes planned government massive freeway system planned driven hearts historic inner city suburbs including equally ambitious scheme clearance brought destruction historic areas rocks eventually culminated 1970s green ban movement led unions leader protect architectural heritage sydney february election majority reduced seats retained seat despite significant reduction majority stayed office year june retired politics time departure rumoured threatening dismiss stop blocking million development retirement july queen elizabeth_ii granted retention title honourable life having served minister crown mid term retirement caused election seat july election succeeded liberal candidate primary vote retirement appointed trustee new south wales chairman died january home survived eldest daughter youngest daughter margaret having died funeral held january | Pat Morton | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16026_WilliamEgbert | february october canadian physician politician served lieutenant governor alberta born farming family today province ontario attended taught served principal ontario schools receiving medical degrees began practice ontario moved calgary involved politics community affairs alberta entered confederation unsuccessful legislative candidate general election liberal prime minister arranged appointment lieutenant governor served years post participated variety activities welcoming hosting students left position lieutenant governor returned practice medicine died long illness early life education born february canada west ontario née father owned farm near attended graduated teaching certificate taught served principal studied medicine received doctor medicine master surgery degrees attended post graduate education year edinburgh london early career returning ontario established medical practice described best known physicians eastern provinces surgical training winning fame early 1890s played key role establishing rural telephone service area held community positions choir leader local methodist church member local school board decade practice spent year new_york_city post graduate courses impressed canadian west trip family moved calgary established medical practice registered medical year province alberta entered confederation addition medical practices active community member serving member served president established served director politics unsuccessful liberal candidate legislative district calgary alberta general election year elected served terms served acting mayor calgary month absence mayor candidate position december unsuccessful served president lieutenant governor alberta appointed lieutenant governor alberta october governor general 1st advice sworn october year simple ceremony calgary swearing ceremony lieutenant governor taken place capital city tenure lieutenant governor family resided visited areas province remarking alberta greatest places live lieutenant governor attended functions annual convention union alberta municipalities welcoming ceremony new calgary gave speeches events 100th anniversary father birth speech alberta legislature building member commemorated importance achievements family participated events held celebrate visit edward prince wales duke kent alberta following year helped open canadian national railway station year saw completion canadian telephone service connections calgary vancouver victoria events held celebrate completion participated telephone conversation lieutenant governor british columbia victoria despite schedule took interest entertaining groups students popular attending university events hosting debate sessions term lieutenant governor extended october served successor sworn personal life married december couple children born born born graduated went librarian judges library william lawyer judge appointed king counsel youngest daughter died age enjoyed sporting activities football younger years golf later years wife described lover home books circle friends later activities death legacy following end term lieutenant governor returned calgary resume medical practice received honorary doctor laws degree chairman establishment representatives members boards trade chambers commerce province died october calgary following long illness funeral service october held park memorial chapel calgary attended people buried calgary alongside wife months physician described humane services efforts behalf suffering rank profession premier alberta alexander said fulfilled duties governor private citizen took equally useful past alberta life future lieutenant governor stated popular lieutenant governors province kind men points view | William Egbert | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16037_LeverettGeorgeDeVeber | spelled february july canadian politician served member alberta minister government alberta member born new_brunswick trained physician joined came west eventually settling leaving police force represented new province alberta appointed minister portfolio alberta government resigned months later accept appointment senate remained death early life born february new_brunswick great grandfather british army officer rewarded service american revolution land new_brunswick descendants lived educated kingston attending windsor nova scotia prominent rower new_brunswick played cricket baseball took shooting hunting fishing events studied year completed medical studies london graduated studied year practiced medicine years coming west join surgeon years stationed fort calgary town left set civilian practice married born melbourne father posted british_army pair children married moved england worked toronto moved medical officer health capacity continued involved music took charge church choir year sang local concert intended failed active church political career territorial provincial service acclaimed election elected election liberal supported efforts premier conduct territory politics non partisan lines federal government prepared create new provinces alberta joined advocating continuation non partisan approach governments new provinces position odds liberal federal government led wanted new provinces governments liberal liberal george appointed lieutenant governor alberta understood appoint liberal province premier alberta prominent liberals clear interested considered possible candidate months alberta formal creation wrote colleague possibilities practically came weak god knows sense belief appointed premier appear founded opposition introduction party lines earned liberals aligned conservative historian fellow liberals inclined seriously potential premier clear premier turned ambitions canadian senate little interest sustained involvement government alberta accepted named premier invitation serve cabinet minister portfolio clear viewed appointment interim time evaluate politicians entering new province legislature words new blood rise surface keeping expectations government minister westminster system ran provincial election defeating conservative comfortable margin electoral district senator serve long minister member having received word appointed senate resigned cabinet march exactly months appointment legislature march formally began term senator day time short sign rolls alberta legislature sworn senate chaired issue examined committee water pollution beginning march nearly year studied question view increasing mortality fever concluded words university_of_michigan country required form legislation manage problem loss form body chair committee attended october federal provincial conference ottawa called attempt coordinate canadian jurisdictions responses water pollution recommending provincial governments use constitutional authority health municipal government prevent water pollution municipal sewage systems advised federal government use authority waterways prohibit dumping waste supplied draft bill parliament consideration time colleague similar measure senate ottawa resident disturbed effect city water supply dumping waste upstream quebec quoted extensively report committee bill came debate floor senate committee report supportive bill actually law professor comments assured bill defeat remained senator death alberta mount located wilderness park named honour electoral record | Leverett George DeVeber | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16172_JohnLeverett | baptized july march english colonial magistrate merchant soldier governor born england came massachusetts teenager leading merchant colony served military went england fight english civil war opposed strict religious colony believed colonial government power english crown government politically position contributed eventual colonial charter business military activities leading colony view popular troops repeatedly elected governor colony death oversaw colonial actions king philip war expanded colony territories purchasing land claims present day maine early life baptized july church boston lincolnshire father close associate church pastor served church elders known mother bore husband children youth known prior family departure early father boston acquired partnership grant known land state maine family arrived massachusetts bay colony settled capital called boston married bore son hudson died freeman joined focal point colony people disagreed colony leaders leading members opposed colonial religious members engaged trade frequently partnered major general trading ventures example owner ship lost virginia coast mixture military leadership commercial enterprise led conflicts interest convinced governor allow massachusetts volunteers assist french governor dispute negotiated exclusive trading privileges exchange help able secure trading privileges french english civil war went england fought parliamentary cause english civil war military command cavalry supposedly served distinction returned home gone england following years married daughter sarah couple children survived adulthood time england brought belief need religious tolerance pursue idea politically face opposition conservative leadership massachusetts opposed religious views accord narrow views specifically opposed cambridge platform describing new_england church opposed individuals sat deputy massachusetts general court colonial legislature writing adopted platform noted came england strongly opposed resolutions massachusetts politics active local politics freeman sent diplomatic envoys negotiate chief amid concerns local indian tribes wage war english colonists came boston convinced governor rumors heard called diplomatic missions future following return england resumed political activities elected boston representatives colony general court served brief stint speaker house served terms general court popular leader colonial militia resulted unusual situation caused colony militia laws colony voted limit size militia companies restricted officers hold post captain company horse elected captain boston infantry companies captain colonial refused grant exemption rule required boston post apparently allowed retain company exempt regulations governing militia governor sent survey party determine colony northern boundary specified charter miles north survey party discovered incorrectly northern limit near known lake new_hampshire east west boundary latitude found include number small settlements southern maine sent commissioners negotiate inclusion settlements colonial government resulted eventual formation massachusetts interested developing land maine result official visits invested significant land lands inherited father formally appointed massachusetts colony agent england unclear given overlap governance actually went england served capacity lord protector colony benefited relationship cultivated civil war particular took steps enforce navigation act colony merchants overlooked complaints colony tactics religious occurred despite personal opposition colony extreme stance religion common claim charles_ii lacks solid foundation documentary record military rule england netherlands went war word arrived new world rumors flew english colonies new_england dutch region indians war saw significant benefit trading operations dutch eliminated competitors lobbied military action religious like opposed new amsterdam director general invited delegation new_england colonies discuss matter commissioners sent took careful note colony defenses new haven colony petitioned commonwealth government assistance dutch threat position supported went england press colonial case war responded giving commission military commander new_england coast sent ships troops war dutch fleet augmented force command time new_england force raised peace english dutch took advantage commission act instead french neighboring home preyed english shipping captured principal ports port royal fort july gave military command province governed nova scotia years turning command sir time enforced virtual trade monopoly french benefit leading colony view predatory funded cost occupation petitioned government authorized payment contingent colony performing finances took place consequently compensation restoration military command governorship held rank major general massachusetts militia repeatedly elected deputy general court council assistants time oversaw strengthening boston defenses sent colonial settlements new_hampshire southern maine colonists objected massachusetts rule arrested colonial officials following restoration charles_ii throne england colonies came scrutiny charles sent commissioners massachusetts instructed gain colony agreement terms demanded charles letter sent colonial government instructed colony adopt tolerant religious laws enforce arrival commissioners concern government placed committee draft petition king demanding commission recall document drafted characterized commissioners agents evil sent massachusetts charter destroy independence served deputy governor governor succeeded position governor death tenure governor chiefly notable king philip war rising threats colonial charter culminated colony angered king purchasing claims sir portions maine territory charles intended acquire son duke sent charles report new_england colonies reported believed colony crown reach freely declared laws majesty parliament consists interest colony favored religious tolerance colony able openly begin worship boston tenure criticized historians harsh anti laws passed time boston thrown governor death legacy died office reportedly complications kidney stones march interred king chapel burying ground boston descendants include grandson john seventh president 19th century governor massachusetts massachusetts named grandson wrote affections quick advances lesser stages honor office unto highest country courage recommended martial actions abroad younger years wisdom justice home elder | John Leverett | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16243_JohnHaynes(governor) | governor january spelled colonial magistrate founders connecticut colony served term governor governor connecticut ultimately serving separate terms influential drafting laws legal massachusetts connecticut committee drafted connecticut called written invested fortune connecticut early life likely born essex england eldest son family gentry family lived great father died eventually inherited family properties possible attended cambridge relevant time period listed attending living norfolk sentiment lord manor married daughter norfolk nobility children wife mary died buried early purchased hall near essex estate reported produce year essex center greatly influenced pastor close friend founders extended join new world apparently leaving minor children emigrated sailing aboard settled later renamed cambridge guest house ready massachusetts bay colony man means referred man great estate admitted freeman elected colony council assistants named committee overseeing military matters position assumed importance war broke tribe year assistants called consider controversial english flag claiming symbol cut salem militia company banner moderate faction disagreed action claiming cross reduced symbol nationalism action deprived serving offices year served variety municipal capacities cambridge served commission decided boundary boston elected governor winning election expected win argued lowering taxes alleged deputies towns private agreements concerned vote occurred elected assistant apparently motivated loss leave colony settlement year term governor marked political conflict faction led led major disagreement concerned judicial procedures process rendering faction believed decisions conservative faction successful regulations judicial procedures passed legislation banning smoking tobacco restricting overly fashionable clothing presided trial act williams reports later expressed regret connecticut colony significant religious division began grow massachusetts colony espoused view laws church_of_england apply argued opposing position harsh reactions controversy played role decision consequently leave colony new settlements historians cited shortages land food reason migration political competition recorded company motivated strong bent spirits remove making arrangements follow continued involved massachusetts serving assistant colonel colony militia regiments lieutenant colonel came england sister john married children joined settlement called colonial settlements river established sort royal charter bounds years small settlements governed general court headed likely preoccupied ongoing conflict war ended late began drafting body principles laws ratified january known connecticut document called written constitution chief architects fundamental orders colony principal legal mind known advocate liberties document terms constitution elections held april elected colony governor restrictions constitution consecutive terms office governor total times death years governor instead deputy governor lack detailed documentation exact role played colony political activities unclear notable achievements negotiations neighboring colonies led creation organization loose confederation connecticut principally established coordinate defense common threats connecticut major threats came indians dutch new netherlands west particular smaller colonies benefited confederation expense significantly populous massachusetts colony terms office called disputes local indians negotiate dutch representatives claimed land south connecticut river dutch trader complained seizure land claimed responded develop land sin let rich land lie effectively claim dispute resulted minor military confrontations english dutch resolved temporarily treaty dutch ceded claims river territorial disputes continued english took dutch territory described charter overlapped connecticut death legacy contrary engraved date die march letter written january mentions recent death issued statement march calling day humiliation following sudden death late governor son military officer served english civil war noted father invested colony estate valued significant landowner area operated mill town daughter married son connecticut founder descendants continued legacy political involvement connecticut | John Haynes (governor) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16306_IsaacParsons(Americanmilitaryofficer) | american military officer january april american politician military officer state virginia west_virginia parsons served justice peace district later served member representing parsons grandson virginia house delegate parsons great grandson military officer died grandfather lady west_virginia parsons inherited family plantation north fugitive slave escaped parsons plantation pennsylvania slaves parsons went north pursue resulting arrest nephew arrest trial parsons nephew caused dispute states virginia pennsylvania refusal execute fugitive slave act following trial dispute ensued parsons legal fees time dispute member united_states house_of_representatives virginia 8th congressional district parsons declared originally offered legal services cost nephew trial following onset american_civil_war parsons served committee safety parsons received permission raise independent company mounted infantry provide defense border served military officer 13th parsons died natural causes following skirmish union_army cavalry grassy run early life family born january west_virginia west_virginia son wife parsons family prominent family ancestors arrived england relocated parsons paternal grandfather likely namesake served member representing death operated public ferry south branch mother parsons great grandson military officer died parsons raised childhood adulthood family plantation north following death january testament dated november february devised including referred tract son colonel parsons brother inherited collins tract lot number brother inherited parsons brothers inherited nearby tract tract town lots parsons eventually acquired plantation outright undertook story stone expansion main house ballroom upper story addition served scene events parties political career following ratification elected serve justice peace district parsons served office alongside parsons served member representing parsons represented multi member electoral district following sessions session alongside session alongside session alongside session alongside prior american_civil_war parsons ardent proponent virginia passage ordinance affair august slave owned parsons escaped farm slaves neighboring plantations october year green returned parsons plantation persuaded slaves neighboring farms owned parsons family relatives escape pennsylvania party men including parsons went north pursuit course pursuit captured escaped slaves sent son parsons brother wife information obtained recaptured slaves parsons went hoped intercept green headed west pittsburgh intercepted green local thwarted attempt capture green arrested kidnapping learning arrest nephew parsons sought assistance prominent lawyer united_states house representative virginia 8th congressional district united_states senator virginia mason offered legal services defense pledged support parsons virginia defending constitutional rights protect prosecution virginia governor appointed attend parsons trial special commissioner virginia dispute virginia pennsylvania escalated january article published new york herald read threatened civil war virginia pennsylvania parsons tucker traveled james parsons iii trial provided parsons legal defense leading having acted legally provisions fugitive slave act september billed parsons legal services parsons disputed charge series articles declared originally offered services cost lauded publicly denying working pro practicing deception trying win reputation district acts brother born later series articles published issues parsons chronicled arrest nephew attempting capture fugitive slave resulting dispute parsons family legal fees american civil war following onset american_civil_war parsons began serving committee safety parsons served committee safety alongside angus committee safety continued meet parsons armstrong permitted execute bonds behalf county raise money fund war purposes convened departing fight defense parsons dozen men led wagon train conveying volunteers baltimore mainline parsons volunteers departed train ferry parsons traveled richmond received permission raise independent company mounted infantry provide defense border parsons set volunteers short period time enlisted approximately men following organization company known 13th following personnel elected serve leadership positions company parsons captain command lieutenant son second lieutenant parsons company utilized muskets retrieved courthouse additional horse pistols american revolutionary war parsons provided blue ball rifle reportedly seized ferry parsons traveled richmond supply cattle returned company camp november return parsons anxious learn condition family property needed additional change clothing blanket accompanied blue parsons traveled west northwestern pleasant set traversing series roads paths nighttime reached miles north parsons stayed hollow blue started retrieve set parsons clothes blue approached knowledge union_army forces kept guard main house day night blue rear mansion knocked window uncle residing parsons family blue warned nephew union_army soldiers possibly stationed home porch subsequently parsons daughter kate provided blue parcel father blue returned parsons awaiting parsons set locating pine light way hollow parsons carried small began splitting pine darkness fashion torch parsons accidentally struck knee blue applied wound stop bleeding men traveled dark rain nearby home ate dried clothes fire following morning men mounted horses traveled harris home parsons blue parted parsons blue continued east town hill reached residence little river risen previous night rainfall parsons blue remained thompson days little river subsided traveled blue gap set camp blue received orders col angus carry expedition general number union_army infantry cavalry artillery present town blue departed parsons son accompanying parsons provided confederate soldiers food table horses stables plantation parsons family moved residence gap physician wife residing parsons family gap march union_army forces closer allowed parsons wife return home younger children parsons eldest daughters kate stayed son arrived wife march parsons eldest child daughter kate died despite recovering illness blue carried news kate death met parsons halfway parsons instructed blue proceed delivered news wife susan parsons longer felt safe returned gap parsons blue traveled remained days decided return blue traveled family residence miles north parsons residence plantation blue subsequently captured union_army forces held building later escaped parsons sons confederate soldiers encountered union_army cavalry south april parsons carried double shotgun proceeded fire weapon union forces close range parsons escape union_army forces saw son fired ran road supposed killed traveled home told news son possible death parsons pale helped horse sons fall according parsons died moments later parsons body transferred burial parsons family burial ground union_army forces assumed parsons died skirmish claimed right examine body search wounds serve sufficient cause destroy property professor nelson presbyterian minister instructor friend parsons family denied union_army officials access parsons body compromise professor nelson allowed union_army officers present room parsons corpse examined wounds found parsons body remains interred parsons family burial ground indian mound cemetery april acting completed death certificate parsons circumstances parsons death recorded captain company 1st captain company present examination parsons body attested evidence gun shot wounds violence witnesses present examination parsons drafted testament proved issue later cited case french french wife died october interred alongside parsons indian parsons family history record parsons relative family said parsons broad minded conservative gifted good common sense judgment honesty integrity personal life parsons married born january daughter blue wife parsons wife susan children consisting sons daughters daughter parsons grandfather served lady west_virginia husband term governor west_virginia | Isaac Parsons (American military officer) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16427_HenryFownesLuttrell(died1780) | died october born somerset high sheriff somerset member parliament borough born family belonging devon gentry led life country married added wife comply late father accordance era laws concerning property rights married women marriage legal owner wife property including newly named altered castle considerably interior park building tower grounds following death wife remarried candidate election defeated realised estate bought relatively little political power frustrated set nursing interest borough later compromise rival landowner placed borough parliamentary seats pocket stood election returned support government returned alongside eldest son john prime minister returned favoured candidate resigned condition government candidate interfere future permission abolition reform act borough parliamentary seats effectively controlled family inactive politician known spoken voted parliament years member instead led life country hunting managing estates died eldest son succeeded estates early life family born eldest son devon member parliament wife daughter oxford degree february married second cousin born february daughter family owned castle wife daughter sir somerset according sir historian union proved exceptionally happy letters husband conceived spirit affection following marriage inheritance required add surname compelled spend months year wife sons daughters died alexander born died anne born died anne born died anne born died lieutenant officer died unmarried married devon sat portrait sir year remainder notable lieutenant colonel member parliament reverend baptised died educated cambridge took holy orders married sat member parliament went lieutenant colonel army officer sat member parliament died years later married daughter died country father died inherited position father left debts lifestyle provisions parents forced support niece daughter francis brother situation caused family seat closed valued family silver possession sold cases relatives went live mother new husband wealthy landowner married resident devon improve wife estate obtained sell found buyers subsequently attempted sell manor offered parliamentary seats borough largely high prices fact fact inherited control seats putting sale spending helped recover estate invested manor near purchased went buy manor number leisure particularly enjoyed hunting keeping horses beginning numerous significant alterations style renovated great converted bedroom created hall southern castle altered changes castle noteworthy particularly use newly fashionable alterations castle grounds created park constructed commissioned designed decorative improve views castle built gatehouse statue neptune wood similar time commissioning reconstruction adjacent bridge rebuilt castle reduced level adjoining walls removed road passing gateway covered additionally acre park built south castle required number tenant farmers member parliament lord manor theoretically gave natural interest elections parliament borough power influence votes let slip control warned estate agent appear sure quarter vote happen quarter fail serving high sheriff somerset barred standing candidate member parliament merchant london approached offered candidate borough place warned returned member instead lord local landowner offered considerable financial support candidate incumbent mps offered sell parts estate loyal supporters intervention duke newcastle request led forming alliance petitioned parliament supported angered eventually agreed truce agreed return member oppose candidates reluctant stand supported pair spend seven years dealing estate consolidating interest coupled arrangement meant duly returned alongside earl brother beating outsider earl parliament entertained voters castle village laid expensive wife death decided stand general election despite efforts build support factions opposition gain form patronage travelled london obtained government control offices prevented opponents won election accumulating worth expenses process member parliament recorded speaking appear small number division lists surviving according appear real parliamentary life probably far fighting devon somerset appears prime minister lord north believed return government support promised return government candidate election time came north supported warned rival elected alongside eldest son john caused dispute north dispute resolved elder offered resign december favour condition seek approval friends future draft document outlining conditions included payment return resignation despite resigning asserted influence control seats son francis elected alongside remained mps went sit son thomas john son called john elected subsequently died october ancestry portrait unknown artist bbc paintings portrait margaret | Henry Fownes Luttrell (died 1780) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16762_RichardBellingham | december colonial magistrate lawyer time governor massachusetts bay colony surviving colonial charter death wealthy lawyer lincolnshire prior departure liberal political opponent moderate arguing expansive views suffrage somewhat conservative opposing times harshly efforts settle colony architects document sentiments found united states bill rights generally minority early years colony served years colonial governor delicate years english restoration king charles_ii behavior colonial governments notably refused direct order king appear england action contributed eventual colonial charter twice married survived second wife son samuel died leaving estate present day massachusetts large house boston estate embroiled legal action lasting years challenged son eventually set aside scarlet letter events colonial days early life son born lincolnshire england family apparently resided manor near studied law oxford december elected recorder highest community legal post boston position held represented boston member parliament married number children son samuel survived adulthood investor land grant issued appears royal charter issued resigned recorder boston began selling properties year sailed new world wife son elizabeth died long arrival boston massachusetts massachusetts bay colony immediately assumed prominent role colony serving committee oversaw affairs boston precursor board role participated division community lands included establishment long arrival purchased ferry service boston present day tracts land encompass addition mansion house boston established country home near ferry house built stands known house years elected colony council assistants advised governor legislative matters served judicial body served terms colonial treasurer elected deputy governor colony time dominant favor elected post sat trial voted banished colony according historian somewhat antagonistic repeatedly clashed political matters early years chosen board contributed development colony legal code known work opposed repeatedly stalled favored common law approach legislation elected governor time running formally adopted term served year replaced defeat caused surrounding second marriage friend guest house young woman according won heart waiting marriage wedding issue came colonial governor chief magistrate refused step bench face charges bringing matter somewhat awkward end term office characterized extremely difficult uncomfortable reason set opposite frame proceedings business constitutional issues concerning power assistants arose case involving escaped pig assistants ruled favor merchant allegedly taken widow animal appealed general court ruled favor assistants asserted right veto general court decision sparking controversy argued assistants experienced able check democratic institution general court democracy civil nations accounted worst forms government assistants opposed final decision assistants veto stand minority opposed conservative views sat committee established demonstrate colony legal codes laws england called colonial charter assistant concurred judicial decision banning price redemption expressed views considered elected governor death governor annually elected post death ultimately serving total years governor thirteen deputy governor deputy boat carrying arrived boston salem time directed government reaction arrival confined ship belongings searched books promoting religion destroyed weeks captivity sent england administration penalties colony progressively included death penalty repeat offenders laws death returning colony historians harsh assessments massachusetts authorities agreed death penalty work long term negative consequences feeding perceptions massachusetts law modified reduce penalties branding english restoration england time great turmoil english civil war led establishment eventually period massachusetts generally sympathetic parliamentary cause restoration charles_ii throne colonies massachusetts particular came scrutiny issued forbidding persecution requested specific changes massachusetts laws increase suffrage tolerance protestant religious practices actions resisted ignored administration charles finally sent royal commissioners new_england enforce demands massachusetts new_england colonies refusing substantive demands changes addressed issues reaction charles issue order demanding governor speaker general court travel england answer colony behavior issue answer demand divided colony petitions cross section colony population calling obey king demand debate introduced long term rift council assistants wanting resist king demands costs thought king demands accommodated sided decision reached send king letter letter questioned request actually originated king protested colony loyal claimed explained fully unable comply king demands angered sovereign sending ship masts gift new_england valuable source timber royal_navy distracted war dutch domestic politics charles pursue issue death numerous reasons massachusetts bay colony charter finally death legacy died december surviving colonial charter buried boston survived son samuel marriage second wife years tied legal action lasting years involved court procedural decisions sides atlantic resolve terms properties set aside religious uses son challenged eventually set aside litigation continued carried heirs succeeding owners occupants properties finally concluded town massachusetts named honor number features including square street hill bear fictional character brother woman executed real life book practicing apparently contemporary references sister formation connection appears based edition journals tree published early 20th century mention second husband married sister died year later buried england appears events dealing | Richard Bellingham | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16835_WilliamDummer | september october october politician served lieutenant governor fourteen years including extended period acted governor remembered role leading colony called war fought british colonies northeastern north_america loose coalition native tribes new_hampshire maine new_brunswick nova scotia born wealthy massachusetts merchant family traveling england young man participate business return massachusetts entered provincial politics gaining royal commission lieutenant governor efforts brother served turbulent tenure governor assembly matters left province abruptly end middle war natives northern new_england war brought successful conclusion negotiated treaty formed basis succession later treaties replaced years office consumed fight salary died office eventually replaced selected lieutenant retired dividing time farm home boston proponent education bequeathed funds establishment preparatory school massachusetts donated estate use years known called early life born boston capital american born anna grandfather early massachusetts colony wealthiest men related magistrate oldest children survived adulthood baptized boston september october little known early years given family wealth probably attended attend harvard younger brother harvard went europe studying elected membership boston ancient honorable artillery company went england likely early joined extended family merchant business returned massachusetts england reported married cousin family death prompted return massachusetts marriage produced children married daughter massachusetts governor april gift anticipation wedding father november gave substantial tract land section property couple country home divided time property family home boston death commissions issued reign set resulted political scramble appointments leadership massachusetts supporters proponents land bank proposal designed deal issuance colonial currency brother london representing faction unable secure able bribe successor chosen land bank faction commission commission governor finally issued june land bank opponent lieutenant governor arrived colony following october time assumed offices lieutenant governor role governor turbulent administration documented difficult relationship provincial assembly refused pay crown officials regular salary objected policies instructed implement ongoing disputes assembly reduced grant lieutenant governor returned funds observing pocket expenses office exceeded assembly complicated negotiations occupied lands province eastern borders state maine objected settlers lands desire french peaceful resolution dispute massachusetts assembly objections took hard line cutting trade authorizing militia expedition main towns relations deteriorated open warfare declared war july ongoing disputes assembly abruptly left province london january leaving act governor commander chief prosecution conflict left known war names western frontier war tenure acting governor described historian able half efforts recruit upstate new_york allies sought avoid participation bands western based vermont conflict unsuccessful despite significant financial refused arms tribes seen allied engage conflict stake massachusetts embassy principal leader western failed find august began raiding massachusetts frontier communities valley taking captives inflicting casualties appealed leaders connecticut colony stationed company militia december little effect authorized construction fort north land acquired years connecticut auction called equivalent lands massachusetts gave connecticut compensation border issues fort located vermont named fort honor regarded start permanent european settlement modern state vermont fort ineffective stopping indian raids raids continued renewed appeals connecticut governor noting connecticut equally vulnerable raiding massachusetts towns connecticut river abandoned sent reinforcements raids area continued apparently tired continuing war outside support sent indian commissioners albany new_york eastern leaders failed contact warrior disappeared view eastern frontier war disputes engaged assembly time departure concerned appointment militia officers governor assembly demanded removal militia commander eastern district maine colonel continued argue issue assembly eventually relented replacing led second raid february village abandoned winter war eastern frontier consisted similar raiding activities conducted eastern tribes conducted provincial militia massachusetts new_hampshire destroyed raid august action influential french jesuit priest killed war died adopted aggressive stance raid accusing french war demanding neutrality peace negotiations began early boston leaders led negotiations taking hard line refused principle halt settlement activities contested territories allowed retain roman catholic priest pressured bring leaders peace table talks led preliminary peace end july took peace cause wider sending belts representing peace tribes translation written treaty french priest revealed differences stated negotiated written treaty january peace conference held august attempted argue language convinced sign treaty despite reservations promoted peace confederacy reported march tribes band agreed final major peace conference held bay july formally closed hostilities included new_hampshire acting governor nova scotia military commander representatives treaty negotiated staple diplomacy massachusetts eastern tribes despite written oral versions major treaty meeting years included terms policies sought generally dealings provincial legislature example selection led opposition speaker assembly assembly attempts interfere management militia organizing expeditions body session earning opponents meet assembly refused appropriate funds pay soldier salaries leading rise firing brother widely seen supporter faction colonial agent complaints london resulted eventual issuance province council sided major issues preparing return massachusetts king george died king chose massachusetts governorship instead commission renewed commission lieutenant governor matter colonial currency arose instructed allow new issues exceptional circumstances retired assembly proposed need exception issue repair fortifications requested funding proposed currency issuance greatly exceeded needed repairs vetoed request dissolved assembly assembly met kept body session days demanding act mandated currency withdrawal assembly threatened salary ultimately retired currency relented matter significantly poisoned atmosphere arrived july office later years short administration primarily consumed dispute assembly failure grant regular salary died suddenly september resumed acting governor commander chief remained office june replaced selected incoming governor lieutenant replaced lieutenant governor apparently retired private life successful gentleman farmer reported served provincial council public records note left letters papers died home october interred boston days later legacy charitable gave grant purchase books partially endowed chairs single largest gift grant property preparatory school called opened february later history known recently governor july changed surname sounded like decided predictable sport meets georgian mansion remains central feature school campus serving residence towns new_hampshire vermont named honor | William Dummer | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16850_HenryB.Payne | november september american politician ohio moving ohio native new_york quickly established law business local leader democratic politics serving elected single term united_states house_of_representatives house worked unsuccessfully compromise debate nation currency backed gold defeated reelection served convened early resolve dispute results presidential election ran democratic presidential nomination lost lose general election elected united_states senate election ohio legislature charges investigation senate permitted seat senate voted moderate reforms reliable democratic vote run reelection died early life legal career born hamilton new_york son parents connecticut natives moved new_york attended common schools graduated graduation read law office whig politician future secretary war working good friends future united_states senator democratic presidential candidate studying law local attorney moved cleveland ohio town people douglas preceded ill task arrival ohio nurse friend health continued study law time admitted bar opened practice year forming partnership future united_states federal judge firm successful quickly years firms ohio married child wealthy local merchant children including age businessman future mayor cleveland business career law practice continued successful early 1840s suffering attacks bleeding lungs forced activities instead devoted time business affairs local politics began promote extension railroads cleveland associates cleveland columbus railroad served president invested local railroads resigned railroad presidency following year president different railroad year cleveland water works commissioners invested real estate arranged construction present day ohio politics entered local politics democrat serving presidential democratic nominees elected served time member skill led party nominate united states senate election went whig candidate vote attended worked successfully nomination ran governor ohio narrowly lost incumbent republican votes cast fell short victory attended democrats convention helped nominate old friend sided douglas faction party divided northern southern halves convention denounced right civil war began year staunch supporter union abolitionist opposed extension slavery war wealth help equip ohio regiments years old war began old volunteer sons served union_army blessing war continued political activity leading ohio delegation democratic national convention supported eventual nominee campaigned behalf raising political profile process ran seat united_states house_of_representatives ohio 20th district elected vote majority incumbent republican house_of_representatives 44th united states congress assembled house controlled democrats time civil war placed time currency circulating united_states mix gold backed dollars backed credit united_states public considering worth gold dollars previous congress controlled republicans passed return united_states gold standard opinion democrats split eastern democrats supporting act western southern members hoping repeal drew compromise bill resumption act repealed replaced gradual partial return gold backed money act national banks required build gold reserves equal percent value circulation year adding additional percent year gold reserves thirty percent value circulating point thirty percent gold compromise eastern democrats republicans favored gold standard refused approve bill contrived bypass committee bring bill vote house voted house later passed complete repeal resumption act senate declined matter resumption remained law land 44th congress term expired presidential election republican ohio defeated democrat new_york contested presidential elections time nation history results initially indicated democratic victory electoral votes states disputed mere days new president inaugurated members parties congress agreed ultimately decided race named committee request results went democrats declared winner disputed votes commissions result joined democrats attempting delay house proceedings hopes forcing favorable result republicans democrats sided speaker accepting commission result effort failed president march presidential politics ran reelection defeated republican remained involved politics considered running democratic nomination president officially candidate heavy influence convention ambiguous willingness participate campaign leading delegates defect candidates stayed loyal old standard bearer tell close supporters run choice house speaker second loyalists pledged support decided enter race ultimately declined nominated chances hindered ohio delegation remained loyal senator place convention ballot second delegates nominated united_states senate election senate democrats held majority ohio legislature caucus meeting determine party choice united_states senator democratic legislators looked replace incumbent senator democrat disagreed advocacy civil service reform low opponents led promoted senate seat recalling opposition positions time house secret ballot democratic caucus received votes oliver trustee treasurer standard oil company supporters immediately alleged oil trust bribe democratic legislators claimed open ballot favored legislature met elected votes democratic legislature initially refused investigate members alleged corruption republicans regained majority session legislature looked allegations results federal senate evidence gathered senate declined expel proclaimed innocence evidence definitive proof biographer wrote evidence convict charge interstate commerce senate prominent fight need strong protective foreign goods expensive encouraged domestic manufacturing supported high thought small reductions order reduce federal government surplus joined fellow senate democrats rejecting bill proposed iowa republican raised rates higher thought contribution debate argue reduction steel iron bill passed republican controlled senate failed pass house controlled democrats time regulation interstate commerce especially concerned railroads political issue regulation railroads divided nation business interests railroads working legislation manufacturers high railroad rates joining joined group calling congressional action voted bill reform railroad rates slightly considered ineffective amendments house bill returned senate substantive practices consumers manufacturers found voted strengthened passed signed law president explaining vote said law impractical methods shipping boat transportation great lakes railroads death legacy died cleveland september age eighty interred lake view cemetery cleveland descendants continued involved ohio politics addition sons oliver son law secretary navy politically prominent whitney family maternal grandfather great grandfather later served united_states house_of_representatives great grandfather confessed spy | Henry B. Payne | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16868_LenoreRomney | born adopted variation november july american actress political figure wife businessman politician lady michigan republican_party nominee michigan youngest son governor massachusetts republican presidential nominee born logan utah raised salt_lake_city went day developed interest drama met attended graduating studied acting new_york went hollywood bit player appeared number films metro mayer turning contract offer married couple children stay home mother eventually living michigan success business politics popular lady michigan frequent speaker events civic groups involved charitable volunteer cultural organizations including high positions active lifelong member asset husband presidential campaign advocate greater involvement women business politics urged husband state republican_party officials run popular term democratic incumbent senator struggled establish candidate apart husband failed capture support conservatives party narrowly defeating state senator party primary difficulties continued general election lost hart margin returned volunteer activities 1970s including boards jews gave speeches organizations early life education born november logan utah second daughters née father born birmingham england mother born idaho colonial english ancestry distant french roots sisters older younger family belonged father converted england come maternal grandmother pioneers father worked manufacturer mother prominent local charities raised salt_lake_city house located fifteenth south played member girls club attended strong interest drama junior year senior high school family struggled financial failure debt reach terms social standing pursued point studying nearby junior college senior graduated high school years attended years george went england scotland serve missionary making promise kiss anybody away university member attractive young women chosen welcome salt_lake_city following historic spirit flight featured page salt lake telegram result later year strength friendship senator appointed president serve new family moved washington transferred graduated degree english literature june spending years total college george returned missionary stint soon followed washington acting career mother wanted explore theatrical career marrying aunt offered encouragement assistance moved new_york enrolled study acting taught system school founder found experience inspiring student productions starred roles appeared roles plays received performance award talent scouts attending productions impressed received offer perform series shakespeare radio programs metro mayer hollywood apprentice actress contract decided despite arguments threatened george visiting weekends job arranged transferred los_angeles september couple engaged inch slender woman skin naturally colored hair earned bit parts hollywood included appearing fashionable young french woman film film tailor man appeared films starred stand trained voice valuable dawn talking pictures era worked voice actor animated cartoons parts speaking cats dogs appeared promotional film clip mgm star dog george long time jealousy contact men worse met stars like reaction attempts control threatened break engagement months hollywood opportunity sign year contract mgm worth options picked dismayed aspects hollywood including studio request pose photos constant gambling extras found long waits shots read novels set pass time finally convinced ahead marriage return washington worked earning month independent women time later stated regrets giving movies time said choice marriage acting career acting career couldn stand george later consider successful seven year courtship greatest sales achievement marriage family married july salt lake temple wedding reception house attended guests washington cultural hosting skills father social political connections helped george business career couple met prominent washington figures george called host short notice parties hosted minute weekly program washington famed radio station selected read poems staff announcer introduced directed student plays couple child known born difficult stay home mother second daughter jane followed family moved detroit michigan area george took job rented house michigan years bought woods section detroit couple son known born couple child doctors told probably pregnant survive begun process adopting war orphan living switzerland pregnant difficult pregnancy lying month hospital stretch delivery known born birth required subsequently refer miracle baby family moved affluent michigan suffered health crisis blood wrong type life danger recovered george named president chairman time bad attack left movement left arm years rest family took couple spent summers cottage canadian shore slipped disk suffered gave trouble caused switch golf swimming main exercise couple marriage reflected aspects personalities courtship george devoted tried bring flower day single rose love note george strong blunt personality winning arguments force self controlled willing push couple grandchildren later nickname end allow settle arguments finally accepting wanted nature later recalled wanted little later reserved private controlled nature george traits got lady michigan husband decided enter electoral politics running governor michigan said family supported know difficult easy dedicated better government played productive role campaign making speeches groups republican women time unusual women campaign separately husbands given task campaigning rural naturally republican areas focused naturally democratic detroit area following george victory november state lady new role said goal real breakthrough human relations bringing people people like george women interesting role don expect society leader holding series meaningless proved popular lady frequent speaker events civic groups known useful political career business like husband public appearances sundays elected campaigned frequently played active partisan role party michigan lady knew policy positions official aides went state trips gave speeches sudden events unable attend time impression grew public biographer concluded considerably lady women liberation movement voices burning male pigs relaxed sexual talk new morality saying morality discuss morality old hills advocate involvement women business politics telling audiences state women men great decisions facing nation added women represent reservoir public service hardly tapped explicitly criticized phrase turn tune drop saying kind philosophy instead urged young people think outside greater self told high school audience right rebel sure greater devout faithful taught sunday school lessons church years including stint early 1960s teaching year olds views social issues liberal republican_party appeared stage march issue policy time allow black people lay clergy defended church saying church taught negro equal person accept member detroit said resign club dropped policy barring black guests eating dining room husband presidential campaign continued exert influence helped problematic temper check adept campaigning appearing ease speaking lively fluent manner notes audiences types associated_press wrote probably new_hampshire primary circuit including candidates new_york_times wrote action watch authentic stand spell view seasoned politicians far effective speaker wife national candidate recent memory select group political wives win votes husbands speeches contacts campaign went george fell far republican rival richard_nixon polls withdrew february took place continued health difficulties visiting medical centers country unable clear diagnosis specialist attributed problems failure absorb sufficient calcium given week shots found food spent time chicago suffered injury outside house year fell suffered shoulder turned october hospitalized seeing bone mineral specialist worked behalf volunteer organizations number years chair starting member special committee national board directors member national advisory board held high positions child guidance study association children michigan association emotionally disturbed children worked chair active boston_globe later characterized pillar detroit society campaign presidential election named secretary administration newly elected president nixon enthusiastic leaving michigan return washington decades away said wife wants husband state federal government develop creative ideas couple grandchildren election michigan state republicans looking run democrat term incumbent hart heavily favored win election republicans thought vulnerable ideological grounds liberal owing anti war protest arrest involving wife mentioned possible candidate nixon good relations personally policy grounds decided wanted administration want fire hatched plot run senate race george came idea running sprung children end began mentioned republicans professed want run candidate found minority leader michigan thought unite state party different factions governor succeeded george eager power opposed notion achieved good reputation campaigning husband behalf suspected senate candidacy stalking horse keeping george options open sentiments exacerbated george completely rule possible race state party system series meetings leaders order declare consensus candidate party support primary election initial february meeting faced opposition liberal representative conservative state senator meeting contentious helping block ballots unable reach majority needed consensus nod february formally entered contest republican nomination senate seat george successfully pressured endorse gained bad publicity exposed actions party meeting march won percent leaders gained consensus candidate position talk george running ended continue run ensuing primary contest effort emphasized gender saying campaign theme voice understanding concerned woman needed billboards featuring face reference political party thin described husband worried weight issued half hour campaign film featured endorsements national state party leaders celebrities showcased family role concern people contrast emphasized edge political experience derided concern criticized said trying force statewide office vietnam war called withdrawal american troops end characterized war disastrous troubled ongoing said elected vote cut funds nixon pledge withdraw end month issues took overly broad appeared come multiple sides conservative wing party trusted husband reaction largely male press corps tended deal way identified stories photo initially heavily favored campaign failed gain momentum polls showed close race response shifted ads focus stands issues august primary won narrow victory percent vote compared percent general election lost prestige divided party campaign resources partly drained primary fight incumbent beginning issued position papers emphasized themes dealing crime social advocated national healthcare plan increased attention environmental damage caused industry personal attacks hart woman running year traveling state chartered making stops day perception grew vision senator race wife response said point stand substitute campaign material continued refer negatively impacted primary general election fallout husband effort secretary enforce housing integration warren michigan consistently far ahead polls hart staged low key campaign public appearances ignored acted private children campaigned including took student leave work driver advance man schools county summer visited michigan counties george washington time publicly campaign campaign final day november general election hart won term percent vote percent unusual election night visit hart person saying hope good things gave victor termed graceful moving concession speech heard campaign loss left emotional pain election night remarks said thought running woman asset disappointing find people closed minds woman article published following year look magazine describing openly dismissive reaction gotten men women wrote factories encountered men small groups laughing shouting kitchen george needs know politics friend wrote idea open bare wide vulnerability body wounds deep told children wished run concluded thing know run office later years following campaign returned washington cabinet wife george long interested helped found member executive committee late assumed lady role public advocate visiting regional volunteer centers cabinet administration wives board jews serving brotherhood chair vice chair main force sought apply volunteer efforts problems large cities worked promote electoral women gave speeches colleges came explicitly pro life issue abortion having previously ambivalent presidential election worked women program president husband relationship nixon administration worse august wrote fruitless letter presidential aide urging change low regard poor treatment administration showed left administration politics january continued vice president commentator radio subsequently public political eye remained active gave speeches local religious civic organizations midwest focusing faith potential people power role women age emerged interviews son campaign seat massachusetts contrasted opponent long time incumbent senator kennedy news drinking sexual noted wife waited marriage sex lost race kennedy july died heart attack age exercising couple home discovered went looking having found rose day late save married years press noted strength marriage health declined final years fairly age suffered stroke home died days later michigan july children survived grandchildren great grandchildren interred brighton michigan family plot husband following death state political figures paid tribute including governor wife called michigan rose lieutenant governor characterized beloved role model state awards honors received woman year award named given distinguished received recognition years beginning successor organizations volunteer given annual citizen later retitled george citizen awarded honorary degrees received received received doctor degree | Lenore Romney | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16928_GilbertThomasCarter | sir january january administrative officer royal_navy colonial official british_empire starting treasurer gold coast moving colonial administration started administrator dealt aggression native king post governor colony negotiated treaties local chiefs protected christian missionaries ending human later served governor bahamas barbados finally governor trinidad early life naval career carter born devon son commander educated carter joined royal_navy serving assistant clerk hms transferred hms july carter promoted clerk serving hms served variety ships clerk december serving promoted assistant added navy list following posting months carter final posting colonial steamer august time involved anglo war sold british commissioner responsible stores ordnance left dutch married later having sons daughters son director retired navy july leeward_islands carter private secretary sir governor leeward_islands august appointed treasurer appointment kept december carter administered settlement treasurer acting administrator colony december appointed administrator colony separation working appointed companion order michael january native organising abusive acts british colonists carter official residence sent envoy message abuses continued expect visit disciplinary nature marine forces queen england king sent envoy mutilated message king answer response carter sent british avenge outrage envoy nigeria carter appointed governor commander chief colony february carter ordered attack interest civilization continued justify attack war end slavery promote civilization carter travelled parts accompanied soldiers attempt demonstrate british carter received chiefs advised interfere slavery chiefs said afraid slaves assert freedom running resident refused sign treaty carter impose resident city january chiefs signed treaty independence agreed freedom trade guaranteed return road closed approval governor agreed complete protection assistance encouragement afforded christian ministers crown agreed annexation portion nation shall majesty government consent authorities nation aggressive action shall taken said nation independence shall fully recognized chiefs promised abolish human sacrifices promoted knight commander order michael june recognition services conducting mission country resulted negotiation important treaties brought end long standing war carter given works art recently crowned king hopes decision favour residents outside city works including known sent carter europe later life retirement death carter transferred bahamas governor commander chief temporary transfer trinidad july transferred barbados governor commander chief carter met born february spring travelling bahamas parents second wife august married boston carter continued working senior colonial positions appointed governor commander chief island barbados administrator government colony trinidad absence governor retired changed surname early 1920s moved barbados lived designed built died january march year total value effects | Gilbert Thomas Carter | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
16949_CharlesWilsonCross | november june canadian politician served alberta attorney general alberta born ontario studied law coming west practice active alberta created chosen premier attorney general implicated alberta great waterways railway scandal resigned rest government leader liberals opposed government successor appointed attorney general cross served capacity successor stewart fired receiving response request cross resignation cross remained provincial politics radically diminished role leaving provincial politics elected defeated election bid died early life cross born ontario merchant wife studied moved west opened law practice exists today idea creating new provinces gained currency cross people selected travel ottawa ensure interests respected provincial politics early provincial career cross liberal fast established party leading lights assessments second influential liberal city owner local member parliament decision create province alberta question emerged govern governed non partisan basis premier conservative federal politics liberals premier alberta head non partisan government formed coalition liberals conservatives cross cross view prevailed alberta lieutenant governor liberal invited form government went created portion time alberta lead cross named alberta attorney general consequence required contest election district conservative fought campaign liberal federal government alberta requirement fund separate schools older provinces subject cross won election margin lost deposit questions considered new alberta choice provincial capital terms autonomy provisional capital movement calgary permanent choice movement led legislature minister public works cross cabinet colleague argued cheaper build legislature building calgary calgary economic centre province ought capital cross countered history capital canadian fur trade geographic location close centre province gave stronger claim eventually selected vote issue cross disagreed attorney general cross responsible overseeing especially aggressive enforcement act prohibited business activities sundays introduced new workers compensation legislation highlight making compensation automatic result lawsuit injured worker bill addressed labour movement concerns remained criticisms failed fine employers responsible workplace hazards apply injuries sustained building repairing buildings feet height protect casual labourers limited compensation maximum response concerns cross lowered minimum building height feet raised maximum compensation farm leaders included exemption farm labour railway scandal cross elected election members elected newly expanded soon february resigned cabinet stating disagreed approach railway policy specifically actions alberta great waterways railway new railways advantage government offer considerable public pressure loan guarantees attacked government charging deputy attorney general removed papers government files cross denied charges deputy behalf followed motion assets believed taking advantage government guarantees build sub standard railway government expense cross led government opposition motion march cross abruptly resigned attorney general woods resigned day cross gave reason told entering cabinet cross felt position gave different account said asked enter cabinet premier told cross resign denied having agreed accused cross story completely stayed silent march announced refused cross resignation attorney general soon set accusations saying agents liquor license department cross demanding bribes exchange licenses cross aware cross denied charge crisis divided camps pro government liberals led cross liberals led insurgents objective replace important liberals outside legislature including lacked confidence little newspapers characterized struggle visible element battle influence oliver long alberta prominent liberal cross seen rising star actually lost confidence motion pressured resign favour province chief justice cross supporters attempted extract promise cross attorney general exchange support government unwilling agree eventually reluctantly complied wishes rest government including cross followed suit subsequent rumours suggested cross followers agreed resign belief appointed approximately year premier cross asked form government subsequent commission declined find cross guilty wrongdoing relation incident criticized granting generous terms railway return cabinet keeping policy excluding prominent players affair cabinet cross appointed left despite cross declared support government admiration response default obligations government introduced bill money raised sale government guaranteed bonds cross supporter building concerned bill include commitment use money opposed bill passed courts left little choice use money purpose raised announced new policy railway construction time invited cross resume post attorney general admitted cabinet minister education major players affair withdrawn return legislature election cross accepted offer telling public new railway policy proper support join government keeping custom time appointed cabinet cross resigned seat legislature contested election election held time liberal papers endorsing liberal candidates gave cross somewhat ride editorial advocating return liberal candidates elections criticized cross beginning end bulletin owned oliver complained elections voters asked judge government appeared asked judge cross defeated main opponent conservative albert smaller margin managed claimed electoral fraud appealed outcome courts election pre appeal election recalling election win cross ran won second victor member making person alberta history represent time try prohibition gaining currency alberta conservatives included platform supported increasingly powerful alberta government generally opposed idea cross held example failures government behest introduced direct democracy measures allowed citizens initiate organized movement prohibition endorsed ensuing legislature passed prohibition act spring attorney general cross responsible enforcing conscription stewart cabinet held burst conflict conscription crisis conservative federal government supported imposing conscription help win world war english canada supported liberal leader opposed conscription party english speaking members supported defected led union government dispute repercussions alberta party supported conscription shortly winning election cross elected run resigned premier federal politics ministry government cross opposed conscription joined oliver aside years animosity campaign federal election cross regarded hero proclaimed fairly convinced duty canadians country rid crowd ottawa brought country present condition successor premier minister public works cabinet stewart supported conscription actively campaign kept cross attorney general despite rumours cross major challenge enforcing prohibition proving challenging conservatives particular accuse cross meantime rift opening cross stewart conservatives accused somewhat ironically influenced attorney general stewart found cross duties cross refused dismiss detectives department work stewart felt better stewart requested resignation days passed reply cross stewart fired august replacement attorney general nemesis alberta great waterways era cross remained legislature years took active role proceedings soon ceased regarded major force elected election making veterans legislature office fielding candidates time won majority seats election stewart resigned premier cross continued indifferent performance resigned enter federal politics federal career later life cross ran liberal federal election riding defeated progressive incumbent stewart left provincial politics elected adjacent liberals incumbent prime minister won fewer seats conservatives king decided remain prime minister result cross sat ensuing election cross defeated rematch died heart attack june calgary electoral record | Charles Wilson Cross | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17022_ThomasDudley | october july colonial magistrate served terms governor chief founder later cambridge massachusetts built town home provided land funds establish signed new charter term governor devout opposed religious views rigid early massachusetts leaders like son military man died young saw military service french wars religion acquired legal training entering service likely earl lincoln lincoln circle helped organize establishment massachusetts bay colony sailing served year terms governor colony regularly positions authority descendants include daughter prominent early american poet famous americans gates existed named honor harvard named family early years born village near england october roger father captain english army apparently killed battle time believed killed battle unlikely later found widowed battle suggested occasion death family long asserted connections similarity coats arms association probable common ancestry demonstrated mother descended ancestors like young men good birth page case household william baron nearby castle later raised company men following arms served english army led sir fighting king henry france french wars religion fought spanish siege september surrendered final action war discharged military service returned entered service sir relative mother clerk lawyer later judge recognized honesty time judges susceptible sympathetic cause exposure legal affairs religious views probably significant influence sudden death took position clinton 4th earl lincoln serving steward responsible managing earl estates earl estate lincolnshire center thought recognized virtues time entered earl service according biography successfully legacy financial difficulties bequeathed earl earl consequently came depend financial advice services entirely nature said important role securing engagement clinton lord daughter acquired assistance eventually drawn daughter anne married years later briefly lincoln service time lived growing family boston lincolnshire likely church preached known lincoln estate daughter anne came smallpox treated massachusetts bay colony decided form view establishing colony north_america appear land grant issued company year certainly involved formative stages company investors supporters included individuals earl lincoln circle company sent small group colonists led begin building settlement called salem shores massachusetts bay second group sent company acquired royal charter april later year critical decision transport charter company corporate governance colony enabled shareholders buy remained written october elected governor chosen deputy fleet preparing sail march decided leave england immediately chosen deputy governor place family sailed new world flagship april arrived salem harbour june finding conditions salem inadequate establishing larger colony led watershed apparently unable immediately agree site capital limited time establish concerns rumors potential hostile french action leaders decided distribute colonists places order avoid presenting single target hostilities probably spent winter boston leadership chose stay choice found inadequate water letter wrote lincoln march narrated year experience colonists arrived fleet intimate tone son servant appeared print time compilation early colonial documents founding cambridge spring leadership agreed establish colony capital near present day harvard square cambridge town surveyed laid built houses anger decided build boston decision caused rift resigned posts considered returning england reconciled retracted reported kept peace good love friendship dispute harshly questioned authority governor number actions consulting council assistants differences came fore january orchestrated series accusations overly judicial decisions expense erected renamed cambridge enclosed acres land principally defense wild animals indian raids colony agreed imposing taxes area communities meetings need instances truly representative government north_america town chose representatives advise governor subject principal extended govern colony year elected governor term colony established committee oversee military affairs manage colony munitions colony came legal threat sir attempting revive earlier claim territory raised issues colony charter governance colony governing drafted response charges raised opposing language referring king sacred majesty bishops church_of_england reverend bishops quo writ issued calling charter returned england king financial straits prevented served issue eventually died affair following years elected deputy governor member council assistants governor henry colony split actions come colony began preaching grace following mentor colony leadership including ministers espoused view works split divided colony cotton supported end colonial strife called banished colony number followers left colony consequence settled rhode_island persona non massachusetts theological differences offered shelter role affair unclear historians supportive cause argue significant force unhappy colony adopt rigid stance ban followers turned office affair insistence flying english flag colony fort felt flag symbol replaced served terms according concerns length service led election governor clashed number issues agreed banning relationship significant positive elements granted tract land miles concord northward reportedly went area survey land select parcels governor deferred deputy governor choice land land place properties met marked large stones carved owner described spot brothers remembrance brothers children marriage political activities term office new laws passed led introduction following year document contains guarantees later placed united states bill rights term joined including opposing attempts local clergy prominent explicit role colony governance governor colony threatened war making war english allied prompted leader sign peace agreement new_england colonies lasted king philip war broke years later presided trial held year charged abuses power magistrate residents previous year appointed serve commissioner president umbrella organization established new_england colonies address issues common interest ill aging consequently unable discharge duties office despite illness elected governor fourth time notable acts term issuance new charter judicial decision burn price redemption book springfield resident religious views ruling called views chose return england instead facing years massachusetts governor served deputy governor colony commissioners served magistrate colonial courts sat committees drafted laws colony views conservative english flag act deprived office year sided moderate faction issue believed flag depiction reduced symbol nationalism early chronicler plymouth colony wrote zeal order appeared good laws executing criminal offenders true religion piercing judgment discover wolf clothed early massachusetts historian wrote public private life character modern historical view observes precise rigid moderate approach issues facing colonists founding harvard colony established committee order new college committee consisted colony elders including childless bequeathed colony library half estate contribution college consequently named honor college charter issued second charter issued signed governor served years college harvard_university administrative unit located hall actual house torn named honor family gate bearing words written daughter anne torn 1940s way construction reverend established school living gave significant donations land money school survives day family legacy married children samuel came new world married daughter mary alliances family later served pastor exeter new_hampshire married poet published north_america child sarah married militia officer union unhappy resulted reported instance divorce colony returned england marriage formal divorce proceedings known sarah eventually married patience fourth child married colonial militia officer mercy children married minister died december years age remembered daughter anne poem lies worthy life loving mother wife friendly neighbor poor fed clothed store married second wife widow descendant noble berkeley families children joseph paul joseph served governor paul confused joseph son paul served provincial attorney general time colony register moved cambridge moved died july buried descendants including son joseph grandson paul buried famous descendants include naval commander revolutionary war military commander democratic presidential candidate united_states senator massachusetts secretary state justice past political figures president new_hampshire senator massachusetts named paul william owns parcel land called governor brothers rocks located area listed national_register_of_historic_places road historic district 12th great grandfather heather tampa florida | Thomas Dudley | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17056_JulianCarroll | born april american politician state kentucky democrat member kentucky senate representing anderson franklin owen counties served 54th governor kentucky succeeding resigned accept seat kentucky governor state far western running mate woman elected lieutenant governor kentucky graduating spending years air_force lawyer returned kentucky gained acclaim leading campaign allow provide low cost electricity county elected terms served speaker body ran lieutenant governor informal ticket governor lost democratic primary defeated primary opponents went win general election elevated governorship ford election senate won term right governor increased funding public education promoted use coal means energy crisis oversaw major reorganization state judicial system natural man disasters occurred term office including great beverly_hills supper club fire leading better safety practices law enforcement state left office predecessor cloud investigation alleged insurance scheme convicted wrongdoing elected elected current term early life born kentucky april children born father tenant farmer shortly ohio river flood family moved sold tractor opened automobile repair shop early teenage years lived grandparents help care ailing grandfather selected represent kentucky boys state week long civic affairs summer camp high school seniors participants camp create miniature state government based state actual government camp elected governor miniature government following year graduated student body president began dating near end parted ways attend college family better financially nearby year decided married ceremony took place july couple eventually children kenneth bradley born june child born residing earned associate arts degree summer family moved lexington funded education working earned bachelor_of_arts degree political science earned degree college received training officer training corps graduation risen rank highest rank student university graduation enlisted air_force stationed texas years served air_force attorney returned joined law firm reed active civic affairs including membership serving charter president frequent lay speaker served kentucky january group local businessmen approached leading campaign allow provide electricity provide electricity lower cost voters hold public referendum buying private power provider area agreed lead campaign months later voters approved margin political career campaign public eye elected consecutive terms representing county kentucky house representatives chosen speaker house member house_of_representatives uncommon floor freely members bring bring friends family members floor debate determined bring higher degree chamber proceedings opened legislative session single powerful shattered stunning legislators subsequently barred outsiders floor debate forbade eating chamber shattered legislative session finally given solid oak brought order chamber proceedings end session member opposing party declared floor house improved percent compliment present speaker house eliminating practices today member right speak fear shouted legislator compliment followed standing ovation considered running dropped race weeks discovered run competitive primary campaign governor sought second term governor chose informal running mate governor lieutenant governor elected separately time native sought geographic balance ticket selecting far west said provide needed financing agreed enter race seven democratic candidates lieutenant governor entered race formidable sitting attorney general lost ford gubernatorial primary won separate primary lieutenant governor partly strength eastern kentucky votes gained association went defeat republican general election lieutenant governor lieutenant governor chaired governor kentucky governor ford allies encouraged run set sights governorship instead ford ran won senate seat succeeded governor sought term office won democratic gubernatorial nomination way primary general election faced republican coal company owner central kentucky main issue campaign city louisville candidates opposed criticized sitting governor televised debate insisted called truth bell bell time perceived telling truth eventually debate ordered bell away credibility suffered eyes voters won general election vote representing record margin victory kentucky governor race carried congressional district including democrat won race years running mate woman elected lieutenant governor kentucky considerable experience general_assembly speaker house later presiding kentucky senate lieutenant governor exercised great deal control proceedings legislature observer couldn crawl senate floor governor stamped reaction criticism severe prompting political enemies refer emperor julian final year term lieutenant governor left acting governor left state business called special session legislature enact tax cut opposed general_assembly passed tax cut partly retaliation governor tight control previous sessions charged implementing amendment state constitution approved voters drastically state judicial system state court resort renamed new created supreme_court state circuit district courts position county judge purely administrative position office renamed county judge executive opined amendment kentucky legal system model nation improvements public schools term money coal tax enacted ford administration increased revenue improving economy increased teacher salaries eliminated fees required classes strengthened state provided free textbooks created help poor school districts construct new buildings special education expanded administration program gifted talented students piloted consequently kentucky improved national educational including moving sixth thirty eighth nationally teacher salaries higher education fare cut proposed budget state percent considerable political golden triangle lexington louisville spared severe budget cuts imposed state regional universities governor leading coal producing state nation advocated use coal alleviate energy crisis called testify congressional committees served energy adviser president state level created department energy constructed resource recovery roads state regions accomplishments initiation grant program support arts expansion state park system opposed flooded supporter lemon law sought provide remedy cars failed meet quality standards defeated legislative session served chairman chaired served technology committee served state chairman received honorary degrees kentucky tennessee named alumni tenure plagued disasters natural man flooding struck eastern state state capitol extreme cold entire state including great explosions killed people beverly_hills supper club fire claimed lives disasters led enforcement safety laws formed construction strengthened state fire marshal office credibility took severe hit result investigation alleged insurance scheme ford administration carrying administration called grand jury invoked fifth amendment convicted wrongdoing state democratic_party chairman investigation hurt commerce commissioner choice governor finished candidates democratic primary year later political career concluding service governor resumed law practice kentucky governor chairman non profit organization fight drugs unsuccessfully sought term governor finishing fifth democratic primary lieutenant governor governor winner returned law practice kentucky purchase parkway renamed actively lobbied general_assembly casino style gambling state horse elected kentucky senate defeating older brother governor wide margin district includes portions anderson franklin counties headlines called lieutenant governor resign endorsed republican gubernatorial primary backing election bid refused resign citing investigation administration hiring practices reason refusing endorse won republican primary lost general election democrat elected unopposed advance legislative session unsuccessfully sought replace retired senator democratic floor leader losing senator blamed contentious relationship senate president reason colleagues hesitant choose post november defeated republican retain seat years | Julian Carroll | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17218_JoelPalmer | general october june american pioneer pacific_northwest region north_america born canada spent early years new_york pennsylvania serving member traveled played central role leg oregon trail road specifically noted having climbed high observe surrounding area party ran difficulty wrote popular immigrant founded oregon served controversial administrator oregon state served branches selected speaker session lost bid governor oregon home added national_register_of_historic_places early life born ontario canada october parents years old moved new_york response war received months formal education elementary school parents family period years gained freedom moved pennsylvania work canals bridges married death october united_states citizen married second wife bought land near laurel indiana supervised construction project canal elected democrat year term representing elected legislature oregon pioneer spring traveled oregon family captain wagon train wagons served train paid guide left group fort hall lead members remaining parts wagon train reached end overland oregon trail unwilling wait transport dangerous party joined party quest passage cascade range south mount hood climbed foot level mount hood october little food protection scout route mountains recorded climb mountain named onset winter rector parties forced leave wagons mountain eastern foothills left horseback rector trail foot later returned partner establish mount hood toll road known road returned family indiana published diary rocky_mountains book provided equipment guidance comprehensive route information crossing oregon trail publication general description detailed description valley included copy organic laws oregon adopted settlers popular immigrants years traveled family oregon captain year major wagon train passing met marcus mission shortly deaths massacre event precipitated war motivated meeting later returned serve peace commissioner tribes considering joining outset war appointed general militia forces war joined returned found oregon lower built donation land claim oregon politician president appointed superintendent indian affairs debate native americans ranged integration total proved effective negotiating cessation hostility treaties native tribes treaties joined counterpart successful indian war approximately indians attended june gained anti reputation immigrants newspapers officials said acted favorably indians moved tribes reservations outside seeking avoid friction settlers natives physical distance late moving tribes violent resistance threatened settlers felt land given tribes succeeded territorial legislature petitioned removal office effective leaving office worked farm land claim operated enterprises spent time british_columbia merchant gold rushes route gold fields upper portions elected represent member republican_party named speaker house session year established build trail columbia river gorge oregon river elected served chamber included special session legislature oregon adopted thirteenth amendment united_states constitution abolished slavery united_states ran governor election republican candidate narrowly defeated largely indian policies treaties negotiated treaty treaty cow creek band treaty treaty etc treaty treaty etc treaty etc treaty middle tribes oregon treaty later years legacy brother named like father immigrated oregon served captain regiment state indian agent tribe remaining office children completed higher education died june age home built added national_register_of_historic_places operating restaurant chambers oregon state capitol located senate chamber world war ship built named honor | Joel Palmer | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17284_JackKemp | july american politician professional football player republican served housing secretary administration president having previously served terms congressman 31st congressional district republican_party nominee vice president election running mate presidential nominee previously contended presidential nomination republican entering politics professional quarterback years played briefly national_football_league nfl star served captain earned award leading bills second consecutive championship played years existence appeared star game seven times played championship game times set league career passing records founded served terms president early football career served economic conservative advocated low taxes supply policies political career positions spanned social spectrum ranging conservative opposition abortion advocating immigration reform proponent chicago school supply economics notable influence reagan agenda architect economic recovery tax act known tax cut days political office remained active political advocate commentator served corporate nonprofit organization boards authored authored edited books promoted american football advocated retired professional football players posthumously awarded presidential medal freedom president barack_obama early life youth born raised educated los_angeles sons née pope paul turned motorcycle messenger service company grew trucks educated social worker spanish teacher grew heavily district tight middle class family attended youth sports consumed chose forward pass subject school essay important mother attempted piano lessons trips hollywood bowl attended time known high concentration jewish students concentration celebrities children classmates jewish later supporter jewish causes classmates included years high school worked brothers father company downtown los_angeles spare time rigorous reader preferring history philosophy books college graduating high school attended founding member california athletic conference selected football team professional formations plays hoped help professional quarterback feet inches pounds considered small play major southern_california college football programs record setting played positions football team quarterback defensive place near sighted field years starting quarterback team posted records named little america player year threw yards year led nation small colleges passing close friend later nfl head coach members teammate college nfl umpire years record declined involved student government graduating degree physical education pursued studies economics served military marriage family graduated married college sweetheart graduated main grown california attended father teacher football coach vice principal eventually superintendent district biblical literature professor presided wedding converted wife presbyterian faith 33rd degree sons professional football born played nfl born played significantly man demanding schedule jack missed games children college daughters born born wrote right live right die setting concerns abortion took time surgical practice series films christian father entitled happened human race based book title previously written elder associate provided private hour screening wife home according account late evening early morning event book crazy god led obtaining access republican_party suffered later said evaluate human life affirmed opposition abortion survived wife years children grandchildren football career selected 17th round nfl draft cut team nfl season began spent taxi squads san_francisco new_york_giants giants hosted nfl championship game known greatest game played overtime nfl playoff game string quarterback member taxi squad field time nfl served year private service played game ineligible nfl according older brother tom parents drove california calgary alberta cut time cut professional teams lions giants family encouraged life february newly formed agreed policies nfl respectively protecting league players players like modest nfl experience signed time signed free agent era led western division championship record finished second league passing attempts yards making league yard led yards completion times sacked finished rushing touchdown short league lead offense averaged points games scored points games championship game led team field goals possessions posted touchdown second quarter lead recovered editor convinced los_angeles san_diego led relocated team record repeat western division championship finished second passing yards time earned championship game rematch time unable score fourth quarter field goal loss berlin wall erected august october president activated san_diego based reserves unit duty response september right handed injured left shoulder playing football medical found swelling muscle described voluntary range motion decision reviewed upheld united_states_army army doctors found unfit active duty year led division title passing yards touchdowns years later roommate recalled needed shots game commented sounds weird play football fit serve army broke middle finger games season unable play persuaded doctors set broken finger football grip affected finger healed coach try hide coach noticed available claimed fee september sportswriter called biggest professional football history dallas attempted claim awarded commissioner era according acquisition solved bills quarterback problem excited coming buffalo according jack wanted denver play hated thought coming buffalo buffalo known love reading broad range books including led injuries including broken finger kept playing season received military draft notice service vietnam war granted draft knee problem injuries healed debuted buffalo november directing touchdown drive win played games buffalo team bills won games finish december bills green bay notre dame quarterback season starting quarterback battle began continued left raiders felt learned lot jack truly believe great punch position bills led bills slow start tie lead record placed second passing attempts yards finished second rushing touchdowns bills played playoff game determine division title december war memorial stadium buffalo new_york weather game buffalo replaced falling lost said lawyer bills role conflicts managed personalities walked field plays called kept cutting following week managed politics quarterback battle engineered winning touchdown drives bills seven games player pass touchdowns quarter season opening game record tied broken years later team won games went regular season winning final game victory patriots park led league yards attempt finished rushing touchdown short league lead shared championship game scored final touchdown minutes left victory according team new emphasis depended lot running attack carry changed bills traded season went pass oriented game season went receivers threw lot running backs think brought best jack year bills finished record finished season second league pass championship game buffalo defeated victory special came team role leading bills repeat championship star receiver playing games earned share awards split teammate won associated_press award championship game valuable player award eras following championship game resigned coach defensive coordinator promoted head coach season led bills consecutive division title record championship game played right represent super bowl bills lost named sixth consecutive year bills endured season named star game time career august bills suffered preseason loss august bills play fell right knee injured forcing sit entire season bills went despite return injury arrival running bills compiled record season new coach named seventh time league years advocated recognition league year lobbied teams wear patch honor county republican party approached running united_states congress january star game returned home talked wife deciding enter politics said year cut contract bills time figured lost come play fans elected congress career summary led buffalo straight years playoffs consecutive titles straight championships led league career passes attempted yards gained passing played championship games holds career records passing attempts championships second championship game categories including career single game rating ranks rushing touchdowns nfl quarterback sporting news league selection quarterback quarterback listed starter years league existence players serve years number retired bills despite success important records prominently listed nfl record book accomplishments including place record holder quarterback sacks game despite records selected time team member founded elected president times founding involvement players union contributed frequent siding democrats labor issues later career ncaa highest honor roosevelt award presented named association influential student athletes political career political career began long campaign editorial assistant editor future richard_nixon aide subsequently volunteer presidential campaign ronald_reagan successful california gubernatorial campaign football season worked reagan staff sacramento special assistant chairman reader political beliefs founded early readings conscience conservative novels constitution liberty brought football career belief racial equality came playing football black teammates said wasn going need football colleagues confirmed influence explained congress self described bleeding heart conservative represented suburban buffalo region known traditionally voted democratic united_states house_of_representatives remembered good hair handsome looks athletic prowess political described having charisma earlier described independent politician outside committees jurisdictions spoke favor ideals principles party political platforms supply proponent balanced speaking growth economic goal new_york republicans drafted incumbent congressman decided run united states senate inaugural campaign district economic new_york_times described throwback campaigned family values patriotism sports defense election congress class newcomers day discussed time article described football fan like united_states president richard_nixon recipient advice white_house adviser boss nixon director communications nixon aides encouraged endorse invasion oppose criticism nixon war policies order firm support military hawks championed chicago school supply economics issues economic growth free markets free trade tax lower tax rates employment investment income long time proponent flat tax defended use anti communist forces central_america supported gold standard spoke civil rights legislation opposed abortion enterprise zones supported foster job creation expand public housing tenants career sounded like liberal democrat supported action rights illegal immigrants new_york_times described war poverty differed republicans earlier combatants supporting incentive based systems instead traditional social programs commitment inner city concerns republican_party heralded courageous voice wilderness liberal social issues supported civil liberties opposed certain gay rights right teach schools times felt role time magazine identified year old second term congressman future leader faces future feature early career notable magazine appearance issue article explained allegations homosexual activity ronald_reagan sacramento office implicated considered running mentioned contender presidential election runner vice presidency received votes conservative detractors reelected sixth term republican peers elected party leadership position served seven years chairman promotion occurred immediately urged reagan memorandum days working economic package congress considered running governor new_york ultimately decided stay house viewed reagan heir apparent encounter supply economics wall_street_journal interviewed congressional office questioned day midnight maryland home eventually converted professor supply discipline espoused supply economics freely delaware proposed tax cutting legislation credited responsible supply economics inclusion president reagan economic plan time nobel memorial prize economics recognition attributed credit wrote isbn deliver message rising tide lifts boats realization early 1980s tax cuts attributed reagan initiated legislation reagan budget based legislation passed objection chairman reagan years followers ignored budget balancing promoting tax cuts economic growth tax cuts credited conservatives economic growth longest expansions american history notes chairman success stemming inflation favorable regulatory environment major factors detractors note expansion fueled undesirable sectors like gaming prisons medical treatment credit card use early tax reform attempt unsuccessful proposal index tax cost living fluctuations incorporated reagan package sponsored legislative attempt enterprise zones trying times congressman came reagan decided reverse tax cuts promote tax increases reversal controversial stimulated opposition nonetheless revised taxes passed opposed policies chairman multiple occasions debates included domestic monetary involvement roles funding delivered speeches addressed convention july detroit michigan august dallas texas convention trent chairman claimed control party platform senators official role chairman platform foreign policy platform proposed involved tax gold standard role despite official role real influence author structure tax leading contender presidential nomination delivered remarks free enterprise zones houston texas despite efforts considerations expanding political domain held fundraiser outside suburban district eighth term congress critic association football known soccer united_states house floor debate united_states host world cup proclaimed think important young someday hope play real football throw kick run hands distinction football democratic capitalism soccer european socialist sport compared speech comedy routine differences baseball american football wrote tongue firmly planted cheek making speech despite speech garnered significant backlash continued insist soccer main problem doesn quarterback noted half grandchildren play played organized soccer claimed changed position soccer attended world cup longtime soccer fan wrote world cup soccer interesting watch boring game presidential bid won campaign united_states presidency person united_states house_of_representatives white_house formed committee signed reagan election political director advisor outset failed position primary alternative vice president bush select general public recognize leadership ability successful man ideas fact republican electorate found unfamiliar early campaign political recognized visionary idea man addition quickly perceived speaker lost contact audience tried appeal conservatives tolerance individual rights commitment supporting minorities women blue collar workers organized labor clashed conservative voters social religious values democrats free market form anarchy wanted minimize government role acknowledged moves system thought scandal new_york_times requested things psychiatric records access fbi files presidential candidates candidates party expressed opinions sides personal privacy issue rejected times inquiry beneath dignity presidential candidate campaign early positive course key early endorsements new_hampshire bush held support republican establishment new_york eclectic mix supporters campaign began borrowing anticipated federal matching funds quickly spent red use expensive direct mail fundraising techniques offset socially moderate clarified opposition abortion support strategic defense initiative support stronger military favored secretary state position reagan successor called resignation based claims neglected freedom fighters afghanistan nicaragua attempt highlight stands key reagan era foreign policy initiatives traveled september costa_rica honduras el_salvador lobby presidents nations peace plan peace accord conservatives felt central american communists accompanied trip plus conservative leaders despite platform covering range political subjects primary campaign weapon fiscal policy based tax cuts fiscal policy opposed benefits freeze endorsed freeze government spending viewed supply stance attempt ignore national budget deficit late political saw needed gain support far right non social issues majority republican candidates opposition reagan agreement soviet_union despite general republican voter approval treaty aspirations support right wing voters candidates low levels poll support nomination took sabre stand early bush clearly runners battling conservative alternative somewhat negative advertising campaign intended initial effect contention campaign based platform supply economics inner city enterprise zones rooms life american politics campaign chairman described candidate campaign managers ignored speeches refused contributors refused practice debates super tuesday delegate total fewer eventual nominee president bush ended campaign withdrawing race considered contender vice president nomination switched official residence hamburg new_york maryland residence time death campaign reached settlement agreeing pay civil penalties campaign election law violations things excessive contributions improper direct corporate donations press exceeding spending limits iowa new_hampshire failure corporations providing air transportation cabinet called bleeding heart conservative logical choice bush secretary job foster public sector private sector methods meet demands public housing scandals reagan secretary neglect president obstacles start unsuccessful major initiatives enterprise zones promoting public housing tenant ownership goal plans change public housing tenant owned residences lure industry business inner cities federal incentives affect policy director cleaned reputation developed plan salvage troubled halted revamped corrupt programs developed offensive enabled collaborate director supported operation clean sweep similar movements prohibit possession public housing bush support billion housing program encouraged public housing tenants buy apartments democratic congress allocated million plan addition opposition congress fought white_house budget director opposed pet project project involved selling public housing tenants opposed proposed welfare adjustment government hope proposed white_house chief staff june create enterprise zones increase subsidies low income expand social services homeless elderly enact tax changes help time home buyers opposed cabinet august urging united_states attorney general encouraged president bush endorse budget negotiations overshadowed new project battled allies budget left million plan increased battles soon appointed chief white_house domestic policy advisor economic empowerment task force abolished president bush avoided federal issues instead speak administration low priority conservative activist agenda bush contribution urban agenda points light theme received stronger support ideas presidential candidate bill_clinton time los_angeles riots bush bit late supporting enterprise zones tenant ownership welfare reform compared bush vision racial issues man riding backwards railroad car nonetheless riots focal point administration overlooked probably summarized prospects success advance best said good ideas money lot good ideas money aren probably going lot issue decision fund ideas unable money visions administration leading users class corporate jets cited lingering effects knee injury reason fly class government expense housing secretary generally time housing secretary considered unsuccessful federal funding empowerment zones passed tenure states created empowerment zones billion approved president clinton free market initiative allow houses purpose creating rental units bureaucracy executed clinton administration mounting formidable campaign considered vice presidential candidate partly fault achieving primary goals rest cabinet point told white_house chief staff bush best chance win reelection dump economic advisors dramatic fashion prominent republican conservatives prepared controversial memo urging bush revise economic policy conservative republicans office media george felt ousted favor followed reference parts president economic policy state union address respected party opposing bush end bush administration recognized value late republican signed letter authored requesting bush domestic authority domestic policy letter highlighting energy enthusiasm national insulted bush bit surprise stay duration presidency described members tough stands expect retained republicans reelected agreed gave public speeches apiece time housing secretary vice presidential nomination embarked fund raising raise million presidential bid pay campaign debts stepping secretary job personally earned million years primarily speaking behalf local republican candidates super bowl festivities hosted notable fundraiser series considered star considered favorite favorite presidential nomination time mid term elections widely anticipated announce candidacy supporters wanted formal announcement end year january stated reason entering republican_party presidential personal beliefs balance contemporary republican political landscape opposed term limits preferred tax cuts resembling balanced budget amendment unlike republicans favored federal incentives combat urban poverty noted step contract america noted vast fundraising necessary presidential campaign stated selection process expensive mean personally invasive discouraged republicans running world awaited campaign decision announcement positive thoughts prospect campaign senate majority leader appointed head tax reform commission response voter concern tax code complicated championed issues including flat tax formally proposed appointed proposal included politically popular income tax mortgage interest remained fairly general republican_party candidates proposed flat tax campaign endorsement highly forbes tried run campaign declined fact endorsed forbes closing nomination gained endorsements contenders feel primary reason endorsement flat tax idea supply views alive thought destroyed political future endorsement apologized campaign offices clear nominee attempted form produce fiscal plan endorsed parties outspoken immigration time according interpretation scientific index bennett support immigrants blessing curse bennett opposed california ballot proposition measure bar illegal immigrants obtaining public services direct opposition term republican california governor running election republican senate candidate endorsed proposition supported rights illegal immigrants opposed proposed restrictions legal immigration vice presidential nomination reputation highest profile progressive republican declined invitation speak suggested substitute vice presidential nominee august announced board tax cut response forbes campaign tax reform commission campaign ideas came forbes alexander example borrowed tough foreign policy bennett right conduct alexander school choice interest bennett declined offer running mate suggested man described antagonist august republican_party chose vice presidential nominee running alongside senator seen means attract conservative minded voters like tough nomination forbes chosen john_mccain assumed partly influential positions senior advisors long history representing budget balancing faction party long history representing tax cutting advocates tax cutting fiscal track record seen perfect fit ticket running mate appeared cover august issue time magazine pair barely edged story reported discovery extraterrestrial life mars close cover story time cover wrote difficult decision politicians history stemming alternative perspectives objectives longstanding conservative deficit hawk voted tax cuts outspoken supply early 1980s according persuaded reagan board tax cut central presidential campaign feature reagan elected chairman claims resisted plan step way expressed reservations plan big confrontation came tax plan approved subsequently proposed tax increases referred reforms vocal opposition reforms penned piece new_york_times enraged reagan supported reforms request causing summon allies meetings stop act eventually passed allies added party platform president reagan record ruling tax increases called action platform passed opposition proposed budget barely passed senate patient casting tying vote vice president bush casting deciding vote meetings president excluded reworked budget exclude crucial said crushing political defeat contributed republican loss control senate presidential election bush won left congress cabinet cross paths endorsed opponent forbes eve march despised economic theories felt like tax cuts offered best chance electoral success concessions children illegal immigrants public schools despite longstanding opposition proposition mute opposition action programs california derided compromise referred con artist outset campaign trailed faced party able use nomination promote opposition clinton partial birth abortion ban veto campaign forbes advocated stronger stand tax cutting general opinion helpful ticket chances catching bill_clinton advocacy gave clear picture tax reforms likely occur condition successful campaign seen likely influence types swing voters especially native state california democrats feared lure voters receiving nomination ticket spokesman minorities inner city agreement self help policy endorsed including million man march sense aligned perceived anti semitic considered ally republican jews issue necessitated political nominee times overshadowed fact described presidential nominee addition having overshadowed despite negative campaigns ticket positive running mate relied rally type campaign tour football related metaphors enjoyed style referring good shepherd detractors writer criticized extensive use stories passing balls relative use stories passing bills campaign expressed opinion republican_party leaders stand ticket despite voice minority issues support polls showed blacks identified conservatives issues school prayer school criminal justice republicans unable improve historical support levels african american voters presidential aspirations induced pursuit debate higher plane addition gore long time friends unlike gore previous vice presidential opponent avoided personal attacks felt failed counter substantive attacks final october vice presidential debate held ticket trailed badly national polls beaten performance considered best modern debate performances debate topics ranged broadly usual abortion foreign policy unusual incident preceding current baseball playoffs second baseman cursed umpire mexico policy debate interesting topics critical review gore victory surprise gore previous encounters gore reputation experienced legacy legacy includes tax cut 1980s known reagan tax cuts served foundation supply economics known republicans endorsed view tax cuts spur economic growth reduce called philosophy economics treasury secretary believers remembered alongside influencing history changing direction presidential elections despite defeats early 21st century continued considered reagan politician responsible implementation supply tax cuts political figure responsible continued place marketplace political ideas described beacon economic hero urban agenda today continues described hero fiscal conservatives believe free markets low taxes work better government considered leader progressive conservatives adhere hard right social issues avoid fiscal trade policy addition numerous political allies times collaborated tax cuts collaborated tax cuts spending restraints campaigned fought poverty progressive conservative ally retiring congress serving cabinet remained close member federal committee promote day national holiday progressive voter rights leaders conservative black intellectuals like supporters friends boasted having democratic friends deputy secretary reagan presidency able effect tax cutting leading united_states senate tax cutting proponent democrat basketball star american football players followed congress congressman cites mentor mentioned acceptance speech republican vice presidential nominee senator severe federal governmental policy stated day died cancer alive federal government better job funding cancer research late career bennett financial founded free market advocacy group later merged form represented populist wing party avoiding divisive issues abortion gay rights promoted free markets growth balancing budget cutting deficit resigned march fbi questioned ties oil trader implicated oil food scandal pleaded guilty criminal charges including illegally acting iraqi government testimony prominent trial fbi informant tied weeks election named director corporate boards director briefly served board ceo friend resigned ran vice president named board december opted stand election board served habitat humanity board directors served board atlanta based software maker served board directors private company ran world election internet won business partner promoting membership elite private ski golf partnered failed anti terrorism software venture called investigated conning federal government million contracts software claimed detect secret messages television broadcast signals founder chairman strategic consulting firm helps clients achieve business public policy goals addition corporate boards directors served advisory boards toyota diversity advisory board served march selected chairman board national advocacy group amateur football created national_football_league nfl organization supports pop warner boys girls clubs america vice president late 1990s remained outspoken political issues critical clinton policies south_korea early contender united_states presidential election campaign possibilities instead endorsed eventual winner continued political advocacy reform taxation education budget surplus debt opposed plan favor tax cuts endorsed reform payroll taxes eliminate double taxation addition fiscal economic policies advocated abortion congress considering bill banning intact advocated retired nfl veterans issues screening assisted living disability benefits joint replacement program argued support reforming immigration laws late 1990s vocal advocate free market reform africa arguing continent great economic growth potential shed governmental policies embroiled house ethics controversy served save republican_party leader later remarks upset supported apology saying encouraged segregation manifestation prominent leaders pledged raise money defense charged justice case release information vice presidential nominee chaired task force russia producing document called russia united_states task force roles ended pair advocated solutions poverty america january endorsed republican presidential shortly new_hampshire primary surprised conservative republican tax neared official nomination press associated prepared open letter conservative talk hosts behalf quell addition advised economic policy february associated group called defense advocating electronic surveillance bill failed house_of_representatives group television caused controversy advisors including resigned member advisory council served board member named defensive awarded annually college football defensive impact player year illness death january office issued statement announcing cancer type cancer anticipated treatment announced diagnosis publicly disclosed continued serve chairman washington based consulting firm continued involvement charitable political work death died home maryland cancer unknown primary origin president barack_obama praised work race adding understood divisions involving race class stood way country common goals president said remembered significant contributions reagan revolution dedication conservative principles long distinguished career public service april announced plans establish plans later scrapped died year following death jack son created late continue father legacy charitable organization foundation mission statement develop engage recognize exceptional leaders champion american idea foundation located committed advancing universal values american idea growth freedom democracy hope electoral history books addition significant legislation congressman wrote authored books american idea ending limits growth isbn tax policy economy debate representative april new_york isbn american renaissance strategy 1980s isbn harper row people isbn authored edited people plan free economy create better america isbn narrated meet challenge winning fight drugs isbn government intervene isbn numbers left right wrong america isbn incorporated communities homes pathways housing america isbn wrote foreword books supply economics action isbn angel rescue isbn best editorial cartoons year edition isbn incorporated leadership common sense isbn world watching economy saving world isbn incorporated papers papers bulk items held | Jack Kemp | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17366_HerbertCharlesWilson | december december canadian politician physician served mayor town speaker wilson born province ontario son manufacturer wilson family extensive business interests area ontario wilson studied medicine moved physicians settle appointed official medical positions years owned town served consultant nations reserves near director local corporations elected soon speaker helped change council rules procedures left territorial politics years citing health reasons maintained medical practice town years went considerable efforts latest practices wilson interested civic activities eventually ran mayor winning election left office years dispute town funds attempted comeback defeated run town council married son daughters died industrial park city named early life education wilson born canada west ontario son october née wilson father known manufacturer carriages sailing ships leading banker hometown additionally served councillor mayor good friend prime minister wilson mother daughter like wilson paternal grandfather descent wilson member parliament northumberland east ontario wilson mother died february seven years old father later marrying daughter born wilson family irish descent attending public high schools wilson went study graduating february went attend achieved degrees respectively early career wilson moved west town shortly arriving active local community elected director october member methodist church committee served president oil company director wilson registered medical province alberta entered confederation physicians wilson opened drug store office served medical consultant nearby nations reserves addition serving official police surgeon district numerous insurance companies pressed time recent marriage earlier year increase practice town rapid population growth increasing political roles wilson sold drug store town partnered practice politics wilson entered territorial politics submitted bid seat elected representative district elected september age defeating opponent votes youngest member council wilson delegation sent ottawa deliver council agreed reply speech throne remained council abolition elected opponent speaker wilson nominated member calgary speaker assembly prior opening session october commonly assumed speaker wilson mentioned position decided hold vote ballots ended ties ross called supporters vote wilson elected unanimously lieutenant governor presented wilson petition controversial election member opponent wilson presented petition verbal message lieutenant governor royal initiating discussion proper procedures receiving petitions assembly petition subsequently read sent committee ruled report follow correct procedures mitchell victory affirmed november wilson hosted dinner members guests hotel regina kind history speaker wilson helped revise rules forms proceedings served library wilson left territorial politics years citing health reasons succeeded speaker post territorial politics wilson returned retirement speaker continued active community member served president upper canada boys association member community organizations north west territories presently patron wilson spent year europe wife took post graduate education edinburgh london physicians sent letter vital support building general hospital opened december year served medical board resignation disagreement patient admission appointed justice peace mayor municipal election wilson elected mayor defeating important issues election included choosing site building securing funds hospital lowering high insurance rates wilson acclaimed mayor resigned october year dispute town funds stating regret simple affair assumed form fought manner attempted comeback ran newly formed city defeated finishing fourteenth seventeen candidates personal life toronto september married emily traditional ceremony emily wilson owned piano dances activity couple enjoyed friends notable early leading canadian figures father son born daughters born born charles like father attended law student based law firm served killed action violet served overseas ambulance brigade voluntary aid worker later worked immigration officer broadcaster author couple younger daughter nurse death legacy wilson died december age following stroke history health problems including disorder partner medical practice attended final illness wilson funeral held december procession extended half mile comprised nearly vehicles buried following death wife emily buried death newspaper stated wilson best sense phrase great old school sense old doctor practice visit eastern hospitals frequent sic touch medical progress described active public spirited citizen outstanding qualities nature named honor | Herbert Charles Wilson | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17450_ElbridgeGerry | july july november american statesman diplomat democratic republican selected fifth vice president united_states serving known best namesake process electoral districts drawn aim aiding party power initial hard born wealthy merchant family vocally opposed british colonial policy active early stages organizing resistance american revolutionary war elected signed declaration independence articles confederation men attended refused sign united states constitution include bill rights ratification elected inaugural united_states congress actively involved drafting passage bill rights advocate individual state liberties opposed idea political parties cultivated enduring friendships sides political divide democratic republicans member diplomatic delegation france treated poorly affair held responsible breakdown negotiations democratic republican running unsuccessfully governor massachusetts times winning office second term legislature approved new state senate districts led word lost election state senate remained republican chosen madison vice presidential candidate elected died year half term declaration independence buried washington early life born july massachusetts father merchant operating ships mother elizabeth daughter successful boston merchant came mother ancestors parents children survived adulthood educated private entered shortly turning fourteen receiving entered father merchant business numbered wealthiest massachusetts merchants trading connections spain west_indies north american coast father migrated england active local politics leading role local militia early political career early time vocal opponent parliamentary efforts tax colonies french indian war ended sat committee sought enforce british goods frequently communicated massachusetts opponents british policy including mercy warren won election legislative assembly worked closely advance colonial opposition parliamentary colonial policies responsible establishing committee correspondence set boston incident mob action prompted resign committee year prominent established hospital performing smallpox means transmission disease known time fears local population led protests escalated violence wrecked facilities threatened properties politics closed city port port relief supplies colonies delivered town leading merchants patriots played major role ensuring storage delivery supplies boston activities care dying father elected representative september refused loss father congress revolution elected provincial assembly governor dissolved body october assigned committee safety responsible assuring province limited supplies weapons gunpowder remained british_army hands actions partly responsible storage weapons ammunition concord stores target british raiding expedition sparked start american revolutionary war battles lexington concord april staying inn arlington british marched night april siege boston followed continued leading role supplying nascent continental_army continue war progressed business contacts france spain acquire munitions supplies types involved transfer financial subsidies spain congress sent ships ports american coast financing operations unlike merchants evidence activity spoke favor price controls war related merchant activities notably increased family wealth gains tempered extent decline value paper held large quantities speculated served february matters ongoing war occupied body attention influential convincing number delegates support passage united_states declaration independence debates held summer wrote man safe gates earth hell implicated member called conway group military officers dissatisfied performance general george_washington military campaign took pennsylvania leader washington critics task early episode specifically denied knowledge sort conspiracy washington february political philosophy limited central government regularly advocated maintenance civilian control military held positions fairly consistently political career principally need stronger central government wake rebellion known personal integrity later years idea political parties remaining somewhat distant developing democratic republican parties later career formally associate democratic republicans opposition saw attempts power national government resigned issue refused offers state legislature return congress refused appointment state senate claiming effective state lower chamber refused appointment county judge comparing offer governor appointed governors benefit political allies elected fellow convinced rejoin state legislature agreed support needed reforms served body september time met new_york_city following year married daughter wealthy new_york merchant years junior best man good friend couple children ann health war sufficiently wealthy ended sold merchant interests began investing land purchased cambridge massachusetts estate royal lieutenant governor massachusetts confiscated state acre property known family home rest life continued property bought number properties massachusetts communities owned shares prompting political opponents characterize owner vast tracts western lands constitutional convention played major role held philadelphia summer consistently advocated strong state federal government powers state shaping membership federal government positions opposition popular election representatives rooted events rebellion populist uprising western massachusetts year preceding convention despite position sought maintain individual liberties providing checks government power abuse limit freedoms supported idea senate composition determined population view instead composed equal numbers members state prevailed connecticut compromise compromise adopted narrow vote massachusetts delegation divided voting favor proposed senators state casting single vote behalf state instead vote individuals vocal opposing compromise counted slaves person purposes house_of_representatives gave southern states decided advantage advocating indirect elections fear belief people united_states easily advocated indirect elections unsuccessful obtaining lower house congress obtain indirect elections members elected state advanced numerous proposals indirect elections president united_states involving limiting right vote state governors voting proposed constitution unhappy lack expression sort individual liberties proposed constitution generally opposed proposals strengthened central government delegates voted proposed constitution convention citing concern convention lack authority enact major changes nation system government constitution lack federal features state ratification ratification debates took place states following convention continued opposition publishing widely circulated letter documenting objections proposed constitution document cited lack bill rights primary objection expressed qualified approval constitution indicating accept amendment strong pro constitution forces attacked press comparing particularly vicious injury country infamous letter able life convention delegate connecticut charged deliberately faction consequence letter selected delegate massachusetts convention later invited attend convention leadership convention leadership dominated given formal opportunity speak left convention shouting match convention chair state ratified constitution vote debate result number previously friendly politicians including chairman united_states house_of_representatives forces nominated governor defeated popular incumbent following ratification opposition constitution noting number state conventions called amendments supported nominated friends opposition idea seat inaugural house_of_representatives served terms june proposed congress consider proposed constitutional amendments state conventions called notably rhode_island north_carolina time ratified constitution debate followed led opposition proposals arguing far ensuring individual liberties successfully lobbied inclusion freedom assembly amendment leading architect fourth amendment search seizure sought unsuccessfully insert word tenth amendment significantly limited federal government power successful efforts severely limit federal government ability control state militias tandem protection argued idea federal government controlling large standing army comparing standing excellent assurance domestic dangerous foreign adventure vigorously supported reports public credit including assumption value state debts supported hamilton new positions consistent earlier calls economic speculated continental bills credit issue evidence participated large scale speculation attended debate took place major investor new bank floor house speak aristocratic tendencies saw threats republican ideals generally opposed laws provisions perceived limiting individual state liberties opposed attempt officers executive significant powers specifically opposing establishment head gain power president opposed measures strengthened presidency ability fire cabinet officers seeking instead legislature power appointments stand election returning home raise children care wife agreed serve presidential election adams term office maintained good relations adams vice president hoping divided executive lead friction hopes realized split adams democratic republicans jefferson widened president adams appointed member special diplomatic commission sent tensions risen nations ratification jay treaty great_britain seen french leaders signs anglo american alliance france consequently stepped american ships adams chose cabinet opposition political grounds long standing relationship adams described men america adams joined commissioners france october met briefly foreign minister days meeting delegation approached french agents identified published papers leading controversy called affair demanded substantial bribes commissioners negotiations continue commissioners refused sought unsuccessfully engage formal negotiations commissioners marshall informal negotiations left france april sought leave stayed threatened war left refused significant negotiations afterward left paris august dispatches describing commission reception published united_states raising calls war naval quasi war followed notably secretary state accused supporting french breakdown talks adams republicans supported negative press damaged reputation burned home later correspondence published response attacks perception led military buildup threatened republican values formally joined democratic republican party early standing election governor massachusetts governor massachusetts years unsuccessfully sought governorship massachusetts opponent races popular moderate party dominated state politics despite national shift republicans republicans state divided regional support party decided run returning semi retirement deal personal financial crisis brother business affairs loan matter ultimately ruined finances remaining years republican won governor seat strong successor unable hold seat election went stood election gore won narrow victory republicans cast gore british loving wanted restore monarchy parents remained loyal revolution patriotic american described french gore honest man devoted government foreign influence temporary threat war britain aided battled victorious highly campaign year governor controversial second controlled state senate preached political discourse noting important nation present unified dealings foreign powers second term republican control legislature notably partisan state government legislature enacted reforms court system resulted increase number judicial appointments filled republican partisans party shortage qualified candidates played scored points complaining vocally partisan nature reforms legislation passed second year included bill membership harvard religious membership religious taxes harvard bill significant political slant recent split orthodox divided state extent party lines recently gained control harvard board state adopted new mandated electoral district boundaries republican controlled legislature created district boundaries designed enhance party control state national offices leading oddly shaped legislative districts unhappy highly partisan according son law thought highly signed legislation shape state senate districts resembled leading local newspaper print political cartoon calling creation districts called engaged partisan investigations potential libel elements press damaging popularity controversy libel investigation impending war contributed defeat hands brought retirement state senate notable success election body thoroughly dominated republicans house governor seat went substantial margins vice presidency death financial difficulties prompted ask president federal position loss election held early year chosen democratic republican party congress madison vice presidential running mate presidential election nomination offered viewed relatively safe choice attract northern votes pose threat thought likely succeed madison madison easily won reelection took oath office march time office vice president largely duties included advancing administration agenda congress patronage positions new_england actions support war partisan edge expressed concerns possible seizure boston fort independence known prelude cooperation sought arrest newspapers november fell seriously ill visiting treasury department died long returning home seven buildings buried washington memorial declaration buried nation capital estate left wife children rich land poor cash managed repay brother debts pay vice president legacy generally remembered use word refusal sign united states constitution role affair path politics age difficult characterize early biographers including son law struggled explain apparent changes position biographer consistent advocate originally envisioned role significant impact document eventually produced children seven survived adulthood son commanded uss albany united_states navy war sloop went hands ann left west_point father death commander war sloop uss albany sloop disappeared hands september near west_indies grandson member maine grandson thomas distinguished lawyer philanthropist new_york great grandson member united_states senator rhode_island depicted declaration independence painting reproduced reverse dollar bill beginning upstate new_york town believed named honor western new_york town town massachusetts originally incorporated honor changed present town submitted petition citing democratic republican support war landing road cambridge massachusetts located near bridge far 19th century area known landing known sir richard landing relative short time landing supposed house birth uncertain born house currently standing site earlier structure stands town named honor | Elbridge Gerry | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17789_MichelAflaq | arabic june syrian philosopher arab nationalist ideas played significant role development political movement considered principal founder thought published books lifetime notable battle destiny struggle movement arab revolution born middle class family damascus syria studied met future political companion returned syria began political career communist politics communist activist broke ties communist movement syrian supported france colonial policies later established later renaming arab movement taking group movement proved successful arab movement merged arab organisation establish arab party elected party executive committee elected amid meaning party leader arab party merged establish party elected party leader mid late 1950s party began developing relations president egypt eventually led establishment forced dissolve party consulting party members shortly dissolution reelected secretary general following 8th march revolution position party weakened extent forced resign party leader ousted syrian coup état led party escaped lebanon later went iraq elected secretary general iraqi led party tenure held facto power held post death june theories society economics politics collectively known hold arab world needs unified arab nation order achieve advanced state development critical capitalism communism critical view truth thought placed emphasis liberty arab socialism socialism arab characteristics international socialist movement defined west believed separation state religion strong believer christian believed islam proof arab genius aftermath party split syrian led party accused stealing ideas called thief iraqi led party rejects believe contributed thought early life born damascus middle class greek orthodox christian family father joseph working grain merchant educated schools french mandate syria left syria study philosophy abroad paris stay influenced works met longtime collaborator fellow syrian nationalist founded discovered writings returned syria active communist politics left movement government supported continued france old politics colonies believed followed pro independence policies french colonies helped syrian supported decision saw communist movement tool soviet_union impressed organisation ideology arab movement return syria teachers prestigious secondary school syria taught history taught physics managed set student circle usually met year political party established spare time party showed skills compelling speaker able utilize theatrical pause great effect party changed arab movement radical changes sweeping middle_east prime minister iraq challenged britain domination iraq replacement word revival arabic literally means resurrection rebirth arab revival replaced need arab rebirth change led leader party accuse stealing party men promoting party platform based arab nationalist stance bitter rivals october resigned teaching positions determined devote fully political struggle help iraq established support led british invasion anglo iraqi war leader arab movement skeptical new committee opposed helping ground lose movement began publishing documents arab movement later asked authorities grant movement party license arab movement official party merged arab movement found arab party arab movement led drew supporters 1940s started public eye developed deep distrust according associates paranoid movements merged established arab party subject discussed socialism include movement wanted adopt radical socialist policies early political career founding early years arab party congress held damascus took pre eminent position amid translated leader elected member executive committee constitution adopted congress effective leader party sweeping powers organisation elected secretary general leader given position membership party amid responsible ideological affairs party mentor controlled party day day management merger prove problematic members party left leaning later tenure leader highly critical leadership late 1940s gave free lessons thought established newspaper english rebirth resurrection tested party strength arab israeli war early syrian defeats led demonstrations government led president personally led demonstrations claimed landowner corrupt politician blame army defeat called resignation wrote articles criticising presidency prime minister later arrested orders prime minister government brought coup état led military officer banned parties claiming syria ready establish liberal democracy set free presidency sent notorious rule long august toppled elected took place established national unity government appointed post minister education government post hold held august december presidency long took power military coup extended support new government believing party collaborate shared arab nationalist sentiments analysis proved wrong decisions ruler ban political parties including party party leadership leading members escaped lebanon wake increased government repression lebanon agreed merger arab party led establish party newly formed party worked base operation rule rest opposition forces toppled february power politics following overthrow syria held democratic elections years party led members elected parliament increase influence largely attributed old strongholds voted party presence time losing power supporters majority party proof decision collaborate openly opposed elected party secretary general newly established title equivalent party leader party forced dissolve party disbanded party instead congress matter proved disastrous party party sidelined great extent government movement verge dominant arab nationalist movement found disarray years rule handful given public office government vice president minister culture guidance members young blamed situation dissolved party consulting eventually established save syrian movement party supported decision dissolve party delegate representing unknown reversed decision called party congress decided improve relations faction party led called syria broke members applauded dissolution party captured seats election years convened invited cells stayed active defied orders period invited congress reelected secretary general ordered syrian regional organisation congress contact time committee asked permission initiate coup état supported conspiracy following success february iraqi coup état led party iraqi hastily convened hatch coup presidency 8th march revolution military coup launched proved successful government syria established order establish consisting entirely controlled military personnel civilians beginning struggle beginning relationship best uncomfortable party rise power iraq syria hammer establishment union iraq syria weaken credentials pan arab leader started launching bitter propaganda attacks party dismissed theorist mocked puppet roman emperor accused christian party meetings responded pure anger anti position took falling believed chance good ties break weakened original leaders party turn gave room expand taking power looked theoretical guidance instead going solve problems usual contacted party faction led syrian proved equally traditional leadership moderate social economic policies bent removing position power believing old sixth national congress held october barely able hold post secretary general factions led syria iraq respectively majority group problem facing colleagues elected party office instance reelected seat instead traditional civilian leadership new leadership consisting military officers gradually growing syria iraq elected fact taking control party civilian leadership sensitive criticism stated ideological pamphlet civilian military major importance socialist reconstruction achieved outside world charge newspaper philosopher iraqi syrian month movement running smoothly rest world believed iraqi regional branch starting lose membership iraqi military party militant arm national_guard regional secretary iraqi regional branch eventually exiled madrid spain november military officers moderate anxious hastily traveled syria dissolved regional branch rule iraq place new elected greeted warmly majority iraqi military officers idea christian rule muslim country considered situation iraq improve president iraq plotted coup party november succeeded dream pan arab project instead movement hearing news fled iraq syria falling member told committee secret plans civilian leadership led party shortly sent exile ambassador spain supporting faction responded threat posed leadership office secretary general calling dissolve forced withdraw request majority party members proved oppose contest power ensued open struggle losing plain beginning initiative lay anti forces counter military threat invoked party rules regulations counter befriended anti civilian faction calling group dissolved party organisations ordered 1950s regional branch march power center regional secretary considered syria head state regional secretary power appoint prime minister cabinet chief staff military commanders unsettled way things moving convened showdown followers came fruition civilian members advised caution believing pressed hard military syrian regional branch party happened iraq following iraqi regional branch concerns kept quiet keeping quiet caused lose post secretary general succeeded secretary general syrian origin power camps unexpectedly defected camp contrast military officers little influence outside party led resurgence activity faction brought spain form new government downfall successor secretary general came pro faction ordered ruling body party appointed prime minister defence minister chairman retained post president syria responded arresting supporters responded dismissing handful pro officials important removal post head country military intelligence head february coup état led party leadership exiled syria ordered return homeland members party factions fled captured detained pro supporters government guest house new rulers launched purge august year managed escape help closely trusted friends colleagues able flee lebanon later brazil downfall caused split party party facto dissolved parties established iraqi led party syrian led party syrian led party led supporters hailed founder arab father thought iraqi led party led proclaimed founder thought february ninth national congress held coup ousted pro faction iraqi delegation split syrian iraqi held true ninth national congress february elected secretary general election secretary proved final break congress convened announced left party given movement iraqi led party moved baghdad following reelection secretary february stayed jordan palestine war broke criticised leadership little help palestine conflict conflict lobbied extensively wanted iraqi intervention refused iraq involved conflict returned lebanon self imposed exile government president syria condemned death death years self imposed exile returned iraq year civil war broke taking iraqi politics published works period notable struggle movement arab revolution regained influence befriended president iraq iran iraq war iranian leadership accused control christian labelled christian effectively tenure secretary general iraq given honour founder movement policy making ignored died june paris undergoing heart surgery disputed conversion islam claimed converted islam prior death according western diplomats claim later disputed members family son confirmed father thought conversion disputed conversion taken according german conversion happened given islamic funeral disputed conversion considered anonymous members family tool christianity tomb constructed orders later american soldiers american invasion iraq military barracks troops stationed according family tomb badly damaged invasion memory legacy death given state funeral large tomb erected form shrine tomb widely regarded work great artistic merit designed iraqi architect located western grounds party intersection street expressway currently army base rumors accusations tomb destroyed iraq war burial chamber building left untouched blue dome seen concrete walls surrounding camp perimeter thought unity liberty socialism party slogan unity liberty socialism key thought unity meant unification arab people nation creation arab nation direct implications arab development establishment new state lead arab literally meaning renaissance arab nations time progressively decline unified nations intellectual way cure arab nations according revolutionary movement influenced saw need vanguard party rule indefinite period time period transition old new need liberty defining features liberty sense liberal strong believer thought form votes theory party rule guide people transitional period time consulting people party knew right socialism mean socialism defined west unique form arab socialism coined word arab socialism variant socialism socialism original form arab world according come rule muhammad point arab socialism answer questions state control necessary economic equality instead arab socialism system freed arab people oppression turn created independent individuals opposed view truth believed importance material economic conditions life greatest discoveries modern history critical capitalism communism want power collapse cold war believing cold war sort check balance power role islam saw islam revolutionary movement contrast arab awakening expansion attributed religious message believed arab spirituality directly linked islam islam equation essentially essentially arab arab nationalism islam lifetime muhammad spiritual revolutionary movement leading arabs new renaissance arab nationalism second revolution appear arab world arab religious communities according respect worship spirituality islam worship islam religious sense christian islam believe necessary worship muhammad believed arabs emulate muhammad words arabs belong nation gave birth muhammad arab individual member community muhammad efforts creating muhammad arabs let today arabs muhammad muslim muhammad days according synonymous arabs arabs ones preach message islam muhammad lifetime contrast jesus religious leader political leader muhammad leader islam arab world shape arab world west called arabs muslim non muslim alike admire role islam played creating arab character view islam purely spiritual emphasised islam imposed state society time emphasised party equally represented shallow false faith according ideology religions equal despite anti stance strong supporter secular government stated state replace religion state based foundation arab nationalism moral freedom legacy criticised lack real substance stating nearly pages text yield insight went wrong needed visible words summons party renounce power pure essence truth critique spent time energy writing future past arab world unified author notes reality confined inner world party contrast philosophers ideological view world makes clear stand behavior humanity philosophers real real descriptive analysis rule define ought thought category contrast longtime friend colleague practical came politics visionary political life described associates shy intense figure living simple life accused seeking help people instead fulfilling goal led collaborated finally 1970s syrian led party believe stole ideology original founder individuals denounced labelled thief writings favor free speech human rights aid lower classes gradual power syria rallied saw establishment military dictatorship instead democracy planned ideals realized governments ideology scholars government syria government iraq employed ideology dictatorship selected works english way resurrection published english unity syria egypt published english battle destiny published english published english arab unity published english socialism published english struggle movement arab revolution published | Michel Aflaq | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
17913_JamesBalfour(died1845) | died april scottish landowner politician son prosperous influential gentry descent trader india having fortune supplying royal_navy returned scotland buy landed estates including built classical mansion member parliament achieved ministerial office descendants found fame success including grandson served prime minister death estates scotland estimated worth million equivalent million family early life born second son advocate owned near town elder brother inherited lieutenant general british_army ancestor purchased late 16th early 17th century late 18th century land included profitable mines fought battle pedigree written authority lord king arms traced descent direct line king son law career india studying book keeping edinburgh went madras march writer junior clerk held posts following years sent britain disciplinary issue returned india merchant partnership breakthrough came partners obtained contract royal_navy supply needs contract held built flour mills madras returned england ill health intended appoint baker agents leaving notified navy reviewing accounts dating navy lost returned england permanently settle accounts took instead engaging agents passed contract baker held point partnership dissolved contract held left india accumulated fortune equivalent million indian business end return home run behalf agents decades family assets grown fold million equivalent million scotland return scotland married daughter politician 8th earl children died fire infancy years marriage bought large county estates sporting estate shooting lodge highlands ross purchased acre estate colonel castle provided net rental income year equivalent bought town house london square 1820s employed architect designer build large classical mansion stable block gate equipped home french furniture china built pale stone house expanded altered designs entirely successful describe having changed dry composition boring rebuilt local church created new model village north west old built red sandstone consists row cottages school established country gentleman known locally justice peace appointed deputy lieutenant paid equivalent million buy 10th earl large estate native including castle adjacent native estate included coal mines worked described iron workings parliament november death triggered election borough father law lord great influence supported admiral sir defeated general election march petition july disliked opposition popular significant issue campaign agents claimed opposed trial alleged adultery portrayed close liverpool ministry properly represent interests borough days polling lost votes whig sir vacancy occurred contest seat instead turned set located miles newly purchased estate general election won support easter sitting lord advocate scotland sir won votes declared elected petition lodged rejected march groups constituents submitted petitions roman catholic relief bill presented petitions parliament april voted majority favour bill opposed general election warden oxford won seat taking remaining general election drafted stand instead county seat area included sitting lord advocate parliamentary reform view supported county tenant farmers opposed existing voters lord john position looked drafted lord hay brother lord describing opponent current reform proposals supporter wise amendment representative system won seat margin votes opponent sir crowd non voting residents shouted attempts speech thanks new parliament dominated reform bills parliament voted opportunities general election december franchise expanded scottish reform act elected narrower majority votes health declining cited reason retiring dissolution parliament december general election january seat won whig robert death legacy died april aged survived wife sons daughters daughter died infancy father sons daughters married daughter 8th child 6th noted artist married owner estate chief secretary ireland married lord later 7th duke death estate valued million widow eleanor survived years left legacy life rest divided children estates left eldest son house square london property including castle left second son charles daughters mary anna given equivalent million reform act political power britain dominated centuries land owning century shared power rising family groups new wealth brought new ancient family grandchildren great grandchildren achieving include children prime minister united_kingdom eleanor cambridge alice amateur greatest day cabinet minister daughter early advocate organic farming founder colonel architect served king edward vii son army officer sons work diplomat mary son anna sons estate houses scotland family ownership house ended 20th century arthur lost lot money series poor investments particularly efforts develop processing green alternative coal mining 1930s death duties forced house sale contents building leased purposes sold residential school converted apartments older tower restored remains residence descendants | James Balfour (died 1845) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18063_VernonTreatt | sir september australian lawyer soldier politician born new_south_wales educated interrupted studies enlist outbreak world war serving served france awarded military medal returning australia awarded rhodes scholarship educated oxford briefly practising law britain returned australia admitted new_south_wales bar year serving crown prosecutor supreme court law lecturer entered march representing electoral district premier ousted leadership august premier appointed serving months parliament minister justice served office lost power time witnessed break parties including democratic_party joined establishment major conservative political force australia second leader party resigned march elected succeed leader new party leader contest election serving years winning government election resigned leader august following july attempt continued member parliament defeated served organisations posts including chief commissioner death early life born new_south_wales youngest son frank educated moved sydney attended cadet lieutenant took residence studying bachelor_of_arts world war interrupted studies enlisted gunner 6th field artillery battery sent november western later promoted sergeant service received military medal returning military completed studies awarded rhodes scholarship year oxford oxford gained master arts bachelor civil law briefly admitted bar year returned australia appointed sub warden played grade married june children given position lecturer criminal law position hold students future justice coming stage took lectures task year law students important discipline criminal law toss hat chair open notes begin reading latest lesson hear talking sections crimes act new_south_wales dealing unnatural offences recall voice old provisions section exceptionally ugly words parliamentary prose march appointed served crown prosecutor sessions metropolitan district political career entered politics state election candidate seat narrowly lost margin years tried enter parliament march state election candidate seat occasion successful gaining vote minister crown august serving months member parliament appointed minister justice government premier defeated motion confidence house king counsel minister justice generated controversy alleged acted reduce fine imposed sold short weight bread resulted matter march august chaired justice motion introduced labor leader defeated removed suspicion findings royal commissioner finding evidence thing remotely suggest minister guilty misconduct conclusion reached fully shared permanent head department fine severe manner dealing company application start finish discover suggesting action minister opposition served minister election defeated landslide defeat losing seats despite retained seat significant margin increase poor results federal federal election large number members including formed democratic_party new_south_wales led moved democratic_party merged january resigned replaced led divided conservative forces defeat election losing seats retained seat divided conservative parties formed form joined party leader died office november succeeded succeeding deputy leader months leader resigned march elected succeed leader leadership leader contest election election failed defeat labor government new premier despite overall swing gain seven seats retained seat increased opposition leader proved effective attacking shortcomings national level particularly areas economics pressure largely result low production policy continuation subsidies necessary basic everyday goods utilities public sick seeing ministers hunting shifting explanation washing hands responsibility pretext matters ideology supported federal liberal leader opposition communism particularly soviet_union china korea returning london december declared communists world australians sit notice happening narrow northern waters outstanding importance australia secure uniform policy combat communist asian menace led coalition june election resulted hung parliament gaining seats swing total seats holding seats balance power lay elected members expelled party previous parliament interpretation rules party support labor able stay power june declared party concessions particularly regards election speaker retained seat term criticised government cuts transport services supported reductions death duty taxes remembrance day address criticised radical student politics embodied long haired intellectual types belief value university life higher education generally strong sort long haired type thinking university degree self satisfied assurance mental superiority speech hall warned australia attitudes success sort mental obscure vision splendid lies country proud british country country british traditions institutions things british heritage pride matched pride australian strongest sources weakness near loss election labor weakened position replaced premier april won popular support vigorous impressive minister resolved problems electricity supply months premier party appeared decisive brought order government chaotic public works program addition attacked increasingly unpopular federal coalition government contributed defeated february election total loss seats swing retained seat february received premier majesty queen elizabeth_ii queen australia sydney beginning visit australia occasion reigning monarch set foot australian soil present day february majesty opened time monarch opened australian parliament confidence leadership demolished descended fighting culminating resignation deputy leader july publicly announced july citing felt doubted loyalty replaced party whip resignation split party sparked leadership challenge criticised lack aggression labor government party meeting july narrowly defeated votes party support eroded remain long leader friday august announced resign leader august following unsuccessful challenge parliamentary leadership expected end activities damaging party morale effectiveness unfortunately activities continued responsibilities political leader particularly present time new_south_wales heavy leader giving best receive support member party support forthcoming health effectiveness prove man following party meeting vote asked nominate subsequently elected succeed june queen elizabeth_ii granted retention title honourable life having served leader opposition later life soon replaced led coalition defeat march election increased majority contested election march resulted defeat winning final term office retained seat wife remarried lawyer attended perth granddaughter twice served premier western australia stayed parliament seat abolished upcoming election point stood new seat election defeated labor candidate gaining vote joined local government circles later appointed chief commissioner dismissed city sydney overseeing council boundaries reorganisation council agencies served president sports ground trust service chief commissioner knight commander order british empire died september sydney new_south_wales | Vernon Treatt | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18215_JosephMcCarthy | november american politician served senator state wisconsin death beginning mccarthy visible public face period cold war tensions fueled fears widespread communist noted making claims large numbers communists soviet spies inside united_states federal government ultimately controversy generated led united_states senate term coined reference mccarthy practices soon applied similar anti communist activities today term critics mccarthy reference consider reckless accusations public attacks character patriotism political opponents mccarthy born town grand wisconsin attended eventually earning age mccarthy volunteered served world war successfully ran united states senate defeating largely years senate mccarthy rose suddenly national fame february asserted speech list members communist_party members spy ring employed succeeding years speech mccarthy additional accusations communist administration president united_states_army charges communism communist sympathies sex crimes attack number politicians individuals inside outside government mccarthy attempts investigate hold practice law locations persons accused threatened publicly accuse homosexuality senator written called main focus historians period time lesser known element harmed far people scare witch hunt mccarthy conducted highly publicized army mccarthy hearings following suicide wyoming senator year mccarthy support popularity faded december senate voted senator mccarthy vote making senators disciplined fashion mccarthy died maryland age official cause death acute biographers caused exacerbated alcoholism early life career mccarthy born farm town grand wisconsin near fifth seven children mother ireland father born united_states son irish father german mother mccarthy dropped junior high school age help parents manage farm entered wisconsin graduated year mccarthy worked way college studying engineering law receiving degree milwaukee admitted bar working law firm wisconsin launched unsuccessful campaign district attorney democrat mccarthy better success ran elected post circuit judge years attorney mccarthy money gambling mccarthy youngest circuit judge state history defeating incumbent judge years campaign mccarthy exaggerated age claiming allegedly old handle duties office writing reds twentieth century america wrote disliked lawyers reversed inefficient huge cases mccarthy judicial career attracted controversy speed dispatched cases worked clear heavily inherited wisconsin strict divorce laws mccarthy heard divorce cases possible needs children involved contested priority came cases argued mccarthy compensated lack experience demanding relying heavily precise attorneys reversed low percentage cases heard having lost evidence price fixing case military service shortly entered world war mccarthy commissioned despite fact judicial office compulsory service education qualified automatic commission officer second lieutenant completing basic training served intelligence briefing officer dive bomber squadron mccarthy reportedly chose marines hope veteran branch military serve best future political career according morgan writing reds joe friend lawyer later judge mccarthy named divorce counsel applied active duty early advised hero join marines mccarthy hesitant asked got shit blood managed mccarthy senate campaign mccarthy senate career stayed mccarthy served months intelligence officer august february held rank captain time discharged april volunteered fly combat missions gunner observer acquiring giving nickname joe course missions later falsely claimed aerial missions order qualify received mccarthy publicized letter claimed signed commanding officer admiral chief naval operations revealed mccarthy written letter capacity intelligence officer war wound mccarthy subject varying stories involving airplane crashes anti aircraft fire fact received aboard ship ceremony sailors crossing equator time mccarthy lies military heroism joe nickname term critics mccarthy campaigned republican senate nomination wisconsin active duty defeated nomination incumbent resigned commission april months end pacific war september reelected unopposed circuit court position began systematic campaign republican senate primary nomination support republican_party political boss wisconsin race challenging term senator founder son celebrated wisconsin governor senator senate campaign campaign mccarthy attacked enlisting war bombed claimed huge profits investments mccarthy away fighting country fact mccarthy invested stock market war profit investments consisted partial interest radio station earned profit years suggestion guilty war deeply damaging mccarthy won primary nomination votes campaign mccarthy started war time nickname joe slogan congress needs tail gunner later stated mccarthy elected term senate support communist controlled preferred mccarthy anti communist general election democratic opponent mccarthy won democrat joined senator challenged unsuccessfully years earlier senate united_states senate senator mccarthy years senate mccarthy popular speaker invited different organizations covering wide range topics aides washington social circle described charming friendly popular guest cocktail parties far liked fellow senators found quick tempered prone rage outside small circle colleagues soon isolated figure senate active labor management issues reputation moderate republican fought continuation wartime price controls especially sugar advocacy area associated critics personal loan mccarthy received executive earning senator nickname kid supported act veto labor unions wisconsin business base incident widely criticized mccarthy lobbied death sentences given group soldiers convicted war crimes carrying massacre american prisoners war mccarthy critical convictions allegations torture led german soldiers confessions charged engaged judicial misconduct presented evidence support accusation shortly poll senate press corps voted mccarthy worst senator currently office speech mccarthy experienced rise national profile february gave speech west_virginia words speech matter debate audio recording saved generally agreed produced piece paper claimed contained list known communists working mccarthy usually quoted said infested communists hand list list names known secretary state members communist_party working shaping policy dispute mccarthy actually gave number people list later telegram president entering speech number origin number traced later debates senate floor mccarthy referred letter secretary state sent congressman letter said security investigations resulted recommendation permanent employment persons removed jobs left payroll fact time mccarthy speech employees mentioned letter undergone security checks time mccarthy speech communism significant concern united_states concern exacerbated actions soviet_union eastern_europe victory communists chinese civil war soviets development nuclear weapon year contemporary controversy surrounding confession soviet spy background sensational nature mccarthy charge speech soon attracted flood press interest mccarthy claim mccarthy taken massive media response speech accused continually charges figures salt_lake_city utah days later cited figure senate february claimed hour speech mccarthy presented case case analysis loyalty risks employed widely accepted mccarthy cases selected called lee list report compiled years earlier led agent named house investigators reviewed security clearance documents employees determined incidents security reviews employees mccarthy hid source list stating penetrated iron curtain secrecy aid good loyal americans reciting information lee list cases mccarthy consistently exaggerated representing witnesses facts converting phrases inclined communism communist response mccarthy charges senate voted unanimously investigate hearings called united_states set february conduct complete study investigation persons united_states employed democrats mccarthy attack democratic administration hoped use hearings discredit democratic chairman senator reported said let mccarthy days public hearings face senate hearings mccarthy moved original unnamed lee list cases hearings charges specific people longer worked previously subject charges varying worth validity particular focus mccarthy point described russian spy hearings mccarthy employed colorful rhetoric produced substantial evidence support accusations beginning marked partisan final report written democratic majority concluded individuals mccarthy list communists pro communist said effective security program labeled mccarthy charges fraud hoax said result mccarthy actions confuse divide american people degree far hopes communists republicans responded kind stating guilty conspiracy history senate voted times accept report time voting precisely divided party lines fame notoriety personal life onward mccarthy continued exploit fear communism press accusations government failing deal communism ranks mccarthy began investigations numerous working foreign policy bureaucracy considered prime candidates blackmail soviets accusations received wide publicity increased approval rating gained powerful national following congress little doubt belong sensitive government positions late 1940s government dismissing month civilian posts number grown fold mixed logic faced condemnation discrimination wishing conceal orientation vulnerable blackmail called congress testify employed cia said use control mechanism individuals recruited espionage generally accepted technique limited basis years soon said words aide signaled remainder testimony record political historian uncovered notes reveal remainder statement agency employ rolls necessary past actually valuable use known agents field certain member high satellite official known homosexual member committee congress use technique penetrate operations intelligence espionage best extremely dirty business senators reluctantly agreed cia flexible mccarthy methods brought disapproval opposition barely month mccarthy speech term coined washington_post cartoonist block word synonym later embraced mccarthy supporters rolled mccarthy said speech later year published book titled fight america mccarthy accused attempting discredit critics political opponents accusing communists communist election mccarthy campaigned race term incumbent mccarthy conflict hearings speeches supporting butler mccarthy accused protecting communists mccarthy staff heavily involved campaign collaborated production campaign tabloid contained composite photograph appear intimate conversation communist leader senate later investigated election referred street type campaign recommending use literature campaign grounds expulsion senate pamphlet clearly labeled composite mccarthy said wrong distribute thought fine election defeat claimed foul play lost votes reelection campaign trouble heads mccarthy highly visible chairman responsibility lack korean campaign increasingly unpopular african american voters support laws mccarthy anti communism popular maryland catholic voters election time addition butler race mccarthy campaigned republicans elections including democratic incumbent senate majority leader candidates mccarthy supported won elections opposed lost elections including mccarthy involved overall republican sweep impact elections unclear mccarthy credited key republican regarded powerful men senate treated new found colleagues senate elections mccarthy returned senate seat vote compared democrat mccarthy assaulted journalist washington club reportedly groin mccarthy admitted assault claimed merely pearson rumors collected publisher hank wrote mccarthy homosexual major media refused print story notable mccarthy biographer accepted rumor probable mccarthy married researcher office wife adopted baby girl named january mccarthy administration mccarthy president clashed years held office mccarthy characterized democratic_party soft league communists spoke democrats years treason turn referred mccarthy best asset calling mccarthy actions attempt sabotage foreign policy united_states cold war comparing shooting american soldiers hot war mccarthy accused known communists secretary defense target mccarthy rhetoric marshall army chief staff world war secretary state marshall highly respected general statesman remembered today architect victory peace based marshall plan post war reconstruction europe awarded nobel peace prize mccarthy lengthy speech marshall later published book titled america retreat victory story george marshall marshall involved american foreign policy china mccarthy charged marshall directly responsible loss china communism speech mccarthy implied marshall guilty treason declared marshall merely stupid laws probability decisions serve country interest famously accused conspiracy immense black dwarf previous venture history man korean war president dismissed general mccarthy charged advisors planned dismissal late night sessions time president cheerful mccarthy declared son bitch support roman catholics kennedy family strongest bases anti communist sentiment united_states catholic community constituted national vote mccarthy identified catholic great majority catholics democrats fame leading anti communist grew popular catholic communities country strong support leading catholics newspapers catholic journals time catholics oppose mccarthy notably anti communist author father influential journal mccarthy established bond powerful kennedy family high visibility catholics mccarthy close friend anti communist frequent guest kennedy compound port dated kennedy daughters godfather child chosen mccarthy counsel committee resigned months disagreements mccarthy committee national network contacts vocal supporter building mccarthy popularity catholics making sizable contributions mccarthy campaigns kennedy patriarch hoped sons president anti catholic prejudice faced campaign office supported mccarthy national catholic politician way younger kennedy presidential candidacy unlike democrats served senate mccarthy death attacked mccarthy mccarthy refused campaign kennedy opponent republican incumbent friendship speaker february final club dinner stated glad mccarthy attended angry kennedy jumped denounced speaker left event asked avoided criticism mccarthy kennedy said hell half voters massachusetts look mccarthy hero mccarthy presidential election campaign toured wisconsin mccarthy speech delivered declared agreed mccarthy goals disagreed methods draft versions speech included strong defense mentor direct mccarthy frequent attacks advice conservative colleagues fearful lose wisconsin alienated mccarthy supporters deleted defense later versions speech discovered reporter new_york_times featured page day widely criticized giving personal convictions incident low point campaign victory presidential race republican president years republican_party held majority house_of_representatives senate elected president clear close approve mccarthy worked actively diminish power influence directly confronted mccarthy criticized speech mccarthy power giving impression president afraid criticize directly disputes stating known man diverse factions work common goal leadership explained meant patience hitting people head mccarthy won reelection vote defeating attorney general badly trailing republican ticket swept state wisconsin republican winners including received wisconsin vote expected party loyalty cause mccarthy tone accusations communists government soon disappointed admirer mccarthy relationship hostile office november speech carried national television mccarthy began praising removing gotten rid communist connections activities went complain payroll months davies actually dismissed weeks earlier repeated accusation davies tried communists espionage agents key spots speech criticized secure release missing american pilots shot china korean war end mccarthy altered years treason coined preceding democratic began referring years treason include year office mccarthy increasingly faced repeated calls confront mccarthy directly refused saying privately mccarthy publicity generated public president occasions reported said mccarthy want guy beginning second term senator mccarthy chairman according reports republican leaders growing wary mccarthy methods gave relatively mundane panel committee normally involved investigating communists putting mccarthy harm words senate majority leader included mandate sufficiently flexible allow mccarthy use investigations communists government mccarthy appointed chief counsel year old assistant counsel scene mccarthy publicized exploits records closed executive sessions mccarthy public senators wrote following preface documents senator mccarthy zeal uncover espionage led disturbing tactics destroyed careers people involved government style caused senate revise rules governing future investigations prompted courts act protect constitutional rights witnesses congressional hearings hearings national past afford forget permit investigated allegations communist influence time administered personnel questioned television cameras packed press gallery mccarthy questions hostile false accusations employees alleged communist influence content broadcasts charges morale badly damaged engineers committed suicide mccarthy investigation policy advisor service later comment hour senator mccarthy chief man succeeded turned overseas library program toured europe examining card libraries looking works authors deemed inappropriate mccarthy recited list supposedly pro communist authors press mccarthy ordered overseas remove shelves material controversial persons communists fellow travelers etc libraries went far burning newly forbidden books shortly carefully oblique public criticisms mccarthy president urged americans don join book don afraid library read book soon receiving chair mccarthy appointed generally known staff director nation foremost anti communists staff director appointment controversial learned recently written article titled reds churches opened sentence largest single group supporting communist apparatus united_states composed group senators denounced shocking attack american clergy demanded mccarthy dismiss mccarthy initially refused controversy mounted majority joined mccarthy finally yielded accepted resignation mccarthy opponents signal defeat senator showing invincible investigating army autumn mccarthy committee began ill fated inquiry united_states_army began mccarthy opening investigation laboratory fort mccarthy newly married cut short honeymoon open investigation garnered headlines stories dangerous spy ring army researchers weeks hearings came investigations unable expose signs mccarthy focused instead case new_york drafted army promoted major november shortly came attention military bureaucracy member left wing declined answer questions political loyalty review form superiors ordered discharge army days mccarthy appear january refused answer mccarthy questions citing rights fifth amendment mccarthy responded sending message secretary army demanding court day asked pending discharge army effected immediately day brigadier general commanding officer camp new_jersey gave honorable separation army mccarthy encouragement promoted rallying cry anti communists mccarthy supporters fact mccarthy knew promoted automatically provisions doctor draft law mccarthy voted army mccarthy hearings early accused mccarthy chief counsel army favorable treatment aide mccarthy friend serving army private mccarthy claimed accusation bad faith retaliation questioning previous year usually chaired mccarthy given task conflicting charges republican senator appointed chair committee army mccarthy hearings convened april army consulted attorney familiar mccarthy determine best approach attacking based recommendation decided pursue mccarthy issue communists government attorney feels impossible counter mccarthy effectively issue kicking communists government generally basis matter slight claim communist connection hearings lasted days broadcast live television abc estimated million viewers hearing witnesses million words testimony committee concluded mccarthy exercised improper influence behalf engaged persistent aggressive efforts committee concluded army secretary army counsel efforts terminate influence investigation hearings fort adams vigorous efforts block members means personal appeal certain members mccarthy committee far greater importance mccarthy committee inconclusive final report negative effect extensive exposure popularity audience saw bullying reckless daily newspaper hearings frequently unfavorable late hearings senator angry remark mccarthy told mccarthy senator american people look weeks polls january polled positive opinion mccarthy june number fallen polls negative opinion mccarthy increased increasing number republicans conservatives coming mccarthy liability party anti communism congressman noted growing republican_party synonym witch hunting star chamber methods denial civil liberties reporter long standing reputation staunch anti communist wrote series articles criticizing mccarthy stated mccarthy major liability cause anti communism accused wild twisting facts near facts authorities field famous incident hearings exchange mccarthy army chief legal representative june 30th day hearings challenged provide attorney general mccarthy list communists defense plants sun goes mccarthy stepped said concerned persons aiding communist_party check man boston law office named belonged called legal communist_party defense fisher suggested prepared advance hoped responded moment senator think cruelty mccarthy resumed attack interrupted let assassinate senator sense sir long left sense said new_york_times length article published mccarthy persisted cut demanded chairman witness point gallery erupted applause called asked mccarthy sense sir long hearings prominent attacks mccarthy methods episode television documentary series hosted journalist broadcast march titled report senator episode consisted largely clips mccarthy speaking clips mccarthy accuses democratic_party years treason describes listed work communist_party witnesses including general conclusion said mccarthy familiar history country deny congressional committees useful necessary investigate line investigating fine junior senator wisconsin stepped repeatedly primary achievement confusing public mind internal external threats communism confuse dissent remember accusation proof conviction depends evidence process law walk fear driven fear age dig deep history doctrine remember descended fearful men men feared write speak associate defend causes moment unpopular time men oppose senator mccarthy methods silent approve deny heritage history escape responsibility result way citizen republic responsibilities nation come inheritance tender age defenders freedom continues exist world defend freedom abroad home actions junior senator wisconsin caused alarm dismay allies abroad given considerable comfort enemies fault didn create situation fear merely exploited successfully right fault dear stars following week ran episode critical mccarthy focusing case african american army clerk target mccarthy investigations shows televised army mccarthy hearings year major causes nationwide popular opinion backlash mccarthy time statements publicly challenged noteworthy figures counter negative publicity mccarthy appeared april number charges popular including accusation russian espionage propaganda organization response viewers result decline mccarthy popularity staff spent months editing film mccarthy shown picking nose episode showed mccarthy business like reasonable mccarthy hostile catholic critic pointed totally different selection film turn mccarthy man shining white infinitely reasonable single cleaning face violent criticism wrote television combined explode person group face said partial truth critics accused mccarthy joe recall attempt march prairie star editor wisconsin urged recall mccarthy page editorial ran alongside sample petition readers fill mail newspaper republican mccarthy supporter gore cited senator president authority wisconsin ignoring plight wisconsin dairy farmers faced price despite critics claims recall attempt joe movement caught fire backed diverse coalition including republican leaders democrats businessmen farmers students wisconsin constitution number signatures needed force recall election exceed quarter number voters recent gubernatorial election requiring movement gather signatures days little support organized labor state democratic_party roughly organized recall effort attracted national attention particularly concurrent hearings following deadline june final number signatures determined petitions sent state avoid district attorney ardent mccarthy supporter investigating leaders recall campaign grounds violated wisconsin corrupt practices act chicago later tallied names said hidden minneapolis lists buried farms public opinion members opposed mccarthy senator maine republican delivered declaration conscience june calling end use tactics mentioning mccarthy republican senators joined condemning mccarthy tactics mccarthy referred smith fellow senators snow white march vermont republican senator gave humor laced speech senate floor questioning mccarthy tactics fighting communism recommended mccarthy turn attention worldwide communism outside north_america june speech flanders compared mccarthy adolf_hitler accusing spreading division confusion saying junior senator wisconsin pay communists better job june flanders introduced resolution mccarthy removed chair committees senate believed sort disciplinary action mccarthy clear majority supporting resolution resistance concern senate rules committee chairs flanders introduced resolution mccarthy resolution initially written reference particular actions mccarthy flanders rules laws disturbing overall pattern behavior ultimately bill listing charges added resolution special committee chaired senator appointed study evaluate resolution committee opened hearings august months hearings recommended mccarthy counts contempt called testify abuse count dropped senate grounds mccarthy conduct arguably induced behavior place count new drafted mccarthy statements counts senate ultimately voted mccarthy failed cooperate repeatedly abused members trying carry assigned duties mccarthy charged members select committee deliberate deception fraud special senate session lynch party characterized committee agent attorneys fact communist_party acted contrary ethics tended bring senate constitutional processes senate dignity december senate voted condemn mccarthy counts vote democrats present unanimously favored condemnation republicans split evenly senator record hospitalized surgery kennedy indicated voted immediately vote senator mccarthy supporter argued resolution resolution word condemn final draft word removed title resolution generally regarded referred mccarthy historians senate documents mccarthy said wouldn exactly vote confidence added don feel final years mccarthy continued duties half years career major public figure ruined colleagues senate avoided speeches senate floor delivered near chamber received conspicuous displays press recorded public statement ignored outside speaking engagements president finally freed mccarthy political intimidation cabinet mccarthy continued rail communism warned attendance summit conferences reds saying offer friendship murderers advancing cause murder declared communists possible honorable desirable long term objective communism face earth final acts senate mccarthy opposed president nomination supreme_court reading speech given shortly characterized mccarthy anti communist investigations witch hunts mccarthy opposition failed gain traction senator vote confirmation mccarthy biographers agree changed man declining physically emotionally pale ghost self words reported mccarthy suffered liver frequently hospitalized alcoholism numerous including senate aide journalist reported finding drunk senate journalist wrote heavy times seasons discontent drank drunk went wagon meant beer instead whiskey days weeks time difficulty end couldn hold stuff went pieces second drink snap quickly death mccarthy died age official cause death listed acute liver hinted press died alcoholism accepted contemporary biographers given state funeral attended senators requiem mass said priests washington thousands people viewed body washington buried wisconsin filed pay respects senators flown washington plane carrying mccarthy quietly attended funeral wisconsin mccarthy survived wife jean adopted daughter summer special election held fill mccarthy seat voters parties turned away mccarthy legacy republican primary won called clean break mccarthy approach defeated congressman charged soft communism democratic winner called late mccarthy disgrace wisconsin senate america august won election serving seat years end fifth term start legacy remains controversial figure view conservative day authors commentators mccarthy place history scholars including generally regarded conservative opposed views authors historians including assert new evidence form soviet messages soviet espionage data opened west newly released closed hearings mccarthy partially mccarthy showing communists correct scale soviet espionage activity united_states 1940s 1950s larger scholars suspected reviewing evidence sources historian concluded people identified lists referenced mccarthy evidence substantial aided soviet espionage efforts suggested majority lists legitimately considered security risks substantial minority implicated files later public project soviet sources viewpoints considered scholars challenging efforts aimed rehabilitation mccarthy argues mccarthy attempts anti communism partisan weapon actually threatened post war anti communist consensus ultimately anti communist efforts helping drew experience provide view penetration american governmental services members agents conscious late 1930s imagination existed assumed proportions overwhelming trivial wrote roosevelt administration warnings fell deaf ears assessment revelation facts documents previous cautious assessments revised hundreds american communists soviet espionage united_states 1930s 1940s modern government thoroughly penetrated plus tiny fraction knows entire extent penetration know sure soviet penetration united_states government massive reagan administration secretary education summed perspective book america best hope cause anti communism united millions americans gained support democrats republicans undermined mccarthy addressed real problem elements government approach real problem cause grief country claimed love worst mccarthy honorable cause anti communism legitimate efforts counter soviet american institutions mccarthy hearings incorrectly hearings american activities best known investigation investigation hollywood film industry led hundreds actors writers directors house committee formal connection mccarthy served senate existence house american activities committee result mccarthy activities active years similarly member committee established mandate similar inspired mccarthy locate investigate called sympathetic communists accused promoting establishment dictatorship united_states vetoed act sending congress lengthy veto message criticized specific provisions greatest danger freedom speech press assembly alien laws called bill rights long step veto active years popular culture start notoriety mccarthy favorite subject political traditionally depicted negative light normally pertaining accusations cartoon coined term appeared months senator famous february speech west_virginia popular daily comic strip introduced character physical resemblance mccarthy worried rhode_island newspaper editor protested syndicate provided strip creator began depicting character bag head features explanation hiding rhode_island red clear reference controversy character fame grew mccarthy increasingly target ridicule parody nightclub radio mad magazine red comedy songs senator released including point order senator folk singer band sung tune band radio comedy team bob ray parodied mccarthy character commissioner soap opera spoof noble wife year radio network broadcast satire investigator title character clear imitation mccarthy recording popular united_states reportedly played president cabinet meetings fiction novel hero described noted journalist author time great story senator novel adapted radio broadcast july interview commented concerns ongoing prompted write story fictional portrayal mccarthy played central role novel character senator anti communist closely modeled mccarthy varying numbers communists asserts employed federal government remains major character film version mccarthy portrayed emmy winning television movie mccarthy life archival footage mccarthy movie good night good luck episode challenged mccarthy mccarthy portrayed hbo film german french drama real american joe mccarthy directed mccarthy portrayed british actor comedian song mccarthy album document largely deals mccarthy contains sound clips | Joseph McCarthy | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18315_AnneDallasDudley | née november september prominent activist women suffrage movement united_states founding serving president moved ranks movement serving president vice president helped lead efforts nineteenth amendment constitution ratified especially noted successful efforts nineteenth amendment ratified home state tennessee final state necessary bring amendment force early life family born nashville tennessee distinguished upper class family father moved nashville established entrepreneur textile industry grandfather commodore brother served vice president united_states educated nashville married banker insurance broker children died infancy women suffrage movement years married involved movement supporter alcohol prohibition work movement association friends convinced women place society improved women allowed vote time men majority women opposed idea women participating political process september clark women met founded organization dedicated building local support women suffrage quietly avoiding militant methods selected organization president presidency league organized giant day suffrage usually led children helped bring time largest conventions held city serving president local league years elected head time helped introduce lobby suffrage amendment state constitution amendment defeated later measure women right vote presidential municipal elections eventually passed state legislature vice president contributed significantly advancing legislation issue women suffrage led campaign tennessee approve ratification nineteenth amendment constitution august tennessee 36th deciding state amendment giving women right vote country later life following success suffrage campaign woman associate chairman selected female delegate large involvement politics declined significantly subsequent years efforts focused civic charitable causes remainder life active worker world war later served board chairman died unexpectedly september home tennessee years old buried family nashville legacy legacy honored numerous ways women featured tennessee woman suffrage memorial tennessee french memphis featured prominent official tennessee state portrait hangs tennessee state capitol historical marker nashville dedicated inducted apartment building completed nashville named dallas honor | Anne Dallas Dudley | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18325_MatthewMcCauley(politician) | politician july october mayor city member legislative assemblies alberta born farming family province ontario irish father canadian mother restless nature desire adventure led travel west established business ran set farmed years finally moving established settlement business couple prominent citizens formed association aimed restore order area settling disputes including captain soon established school board recognizing need school served president trustee years shortly incorporated town formed incorporation acclaimed town mayor following years run election end term opting run seat representing territorial legislature served years following defeat moved alberta farm returned elected new alberta following year resigned seat serve warden province years warden moved british_columbia fruit farm moved alberta years later farm died early life born july ontario alexander eleanor née father alexander irish immigrant born moved canada age went successful farmer early years described typical farm boy time received schooling desired follow footsteps father farmer completing education restless nature passion adventure set west set established business kind later married ontario resided years continued operate business growing restless sold business traveled west time arrived fall days travelling cart purchased farm following spring farmed years moving opened town business butcher shop early activities protective association arrived time described biggest conflicts hudson bay company recently surveyed lots land intended sold property word broke particular land land surveyed entire district people attracted area unable afford land built claim moved requested miles refused sent urgent messages ottawa settle dispute civil manner avail result government able lack law enforcement agency town group prominent citizens formed protective association attempt restore law order elected captain captain tried hard settle dispute reach compromise claim desire peaceful settlement involved brief altercation claim approached ordered man armed refused crew foundation sent involved legal problems brought claim damage property brief trial resulted captain fined dollars members committee found guilty let court costs order replace damaged property eventually managed restore peace order claim eventually decided area place build land surveyed realizing suitable place raising children soon recognized community need school led group prominent men arranged school built land donated school opened january years opening school found small group people paying bills school initially suggested land owners funds going school protest followed decided propose designated official school district government ottawa voted favor following close vote school district successfully negotiated ottawa kind known having finest school system west prairie set example following cities served chairman newly formed stepped served trustee years following nicknamed father education honour efforts bring education system community rebellion rebellion news frog lake massacre spread fear residents concerned citizens town quickly responded organizing group men known formed ensured security possible attacks arrival additional military protection political career mayor founded forerunner incorporated town january held election acclaimed mayor candidates names forth concerns term establish order scattered near trading post widening streets town preparation envisioned future busy metropolitan acclaimed stepping aside voluntarily term having contested election term mayor canadian government decided separate community south arrival government agents carry citizens quickly set resistance headed group prominent citizens including councillor descended office cut horses loose tore pieces wagon officer packing records transportation situation escalated quickly heated called people request ottawa later day decision reversed went ottawa enter negotiations federal government street railway system successful system west advocated federal government assistance building railway bridge existing rail connection completed saw need hospital consequently established later arranging grey establish town nurse sought election time easily elected finishing candidates election elected served single term seek election following election territorial provincial following decision run election mayor years later sought representative term representative worked upgrade school system upgrading town trade industry served capacity defeated time kept focus development school system introducing single tax bill intended schools boards power adopt tax sold proceeds buy thousand acres farmland beaver lake near alberta farmed returning married wife died children bringing total alberta province returned elected liberal member riding province general election tenure introduced bills house advocated university founded played vital role chosen provincial capital city speech pointed ongoing development northern town alberta logical centre province later career resigned seat legislature following year elected appointment warden kind alberta said reputation honesty ability law order contributing factor appointment years served capacity instituted number new practices including creating labour jobs prisoners like producing bricks concrete clothing tools prisoners garden produce food end tenure warden coal formed greatly respected colleagues said complaint staff inmates resigned warden fruit farmer valley thirteen years farming moved alberta farm recently bought acre farm personal life married ontario remain married sudden death married originally manchester england seven children wife alexander frank children john active member community served director years association brought prominent west time telephone service brought receive installed telephone number 1st visit business wife usually ones entertain avid founder led team served skip enjoyed sports including horse carriage racing named honour work pioneering public school board death legacy died october following long illness survived second wife children step children learning death school flags ordered fly half staff students named honour stood salute body brought laid state october funeral services later conducted interred called honest matt said strong personality high ideals generous fault neighbourhood named known plaza built site home overlooking renamed | Matthew McCauley (politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18345_WilliamS.Edmiston | november july architect politician present day alberta canada member terms mayor originally native scotland came canada settle early 1880s living years relocated employ architect town engaging partnership fellow architect firm design buildings newly developing town involve town politics sitting later serving terms mayor time mayor involved local affairs run architectural business lobby new bridge built connecting town voluntarily relinquish position mayor run election opting retire active sporting affairs participating managing sporting activities clubs died accident resulted heart failure industrial park subsequently named early life born section glasgow scotland son née mitchell immigrated canada settled farmed siblings immigrated canada named justice peace served trustee local school board career relocated town town architect operated settling working independently time contracted draft map town year member committee tasked project establish brewery established partnership local architect operated headquartered firm designed notable buildings town including post office city brick school home retail store fire hall end partnership enter new calgary firm firm responsible constructing hospital building new presbyterian church making alterations article published praising firm specifically skill artistic tastes stating built reputation second line briefly involved meat industry establishing pork packing business 1890s director civic politics nominated subsequently elected finishing race field candidates votes elected finishing second candidates term sat chair board works sat council finance public works market committees seek election election early member planning committee queen_victoria celebrations town ensuing december election having nominated mayor candidate forth position acclaimed position response getting nominated election mayor responded purchasing advertisement stating requested large number run mayor thank honor pleasure pride accepting nomination elected election later year defeating mayor votes seek election opting retire following council meeting members council treated members council press members excellent supper dining hall terms mayor involved dominion government bridge low level bridge constructed shortly final mayoral term introduced permitted new flour mill operate reduced taxation rates authorized widening queen street provided purchase additional property expansion town named corporate governing board advice personal life mason member sons scotland active sporting community serving football rugby committees 1890s honorary president member local hockey clubs played local cricket team 1890s local tournaments resided neighbourhood mayor lived time living wife born new_brunswick sister children son kenneth serve world war 19th death legacy died suddenly heart failure july street home years old recovering accident suffered week prior sustained broken leg funeral july buried obituary lauded respected citizen taken prominent matters pertaining welfare industrial park located northwest portion near trail named honour architectural firm lasted 1960s changing partners multiple times ultimately folding howard | William S. Edmiston | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18377_HenryAdamsThompson | march july american professor vice presidential nominee thompson native pennsylvania spent career ohio member church taught mathematics colleges midwest thompson served president time college president devoted improving financial standing school economic depression followed initially republican early member attempt election vice presidency running ticket party best showing date placed distant fourth eventual winners ran office prohibition banner times success early life educational career born pennsylvania march son manager later owned general business pennsylvania married thompson presbyterian politically active served terms county sheriff active anti slavery causes son henry followed thompson graduated bachelor degree studied years western theological seminary pittsburgh theological seminary appointed professor mathematics united affiliated college iowa taught year church arose pennsylvania germans earliest churches united_states embrace thompson time joined fight prohibition alcohol republican_party join small single issue year thompson began teaching mathematics natural science school ohio year married artist taught children louis medical doctors thompson left superintendent schools ohio years position returned teaching serving mathematics professor school illinois thompson elected president remained position received doctorate following year president thompson continued teach delivered speeches country school church business thompson took office shortly financial panic result primary concern president keeping college funded successful college borrow money stay afloat economy recovered initial debt incurred thompson worked raise donations pay quickly worked attract new professors teach improving quality education school reputation scholars thompson involved organizing served coordinating body schools affiliated church political career thompson identified republican_party founding 1850s left join new movement party focused efforts banning alcohol like thompson party members came churches republicans party nominee federal house_of_representatives ohio 12th district special election held year resignation democrat term follow thompson lost receiving votes losing democratic candidate served chairman cleveland young party nominees fared poorly winning fewer votes nationwide party nominated thompson vice president joining ticket headed portland maine author nation municipal prohibition laws states sent delegates convention platform agreed silent issues day focusing instead alcohol increased vote total election year received votes million cast thompson bid elected office nominated governor ohio unsuccessful percent vote finishing distant fifth place winner democrat thompson vote total surpassed republican candidate candidates minor parties thompson ran congress times ran ohio 3rd congressional district nominee members split main party received vote republican won election ran seat united won vote losing election democrat thompson ran governor ohio despite growing popularity idea prohibition candidate got vote democrat carried state final attempt election came indiana 4th congressional district ohio border vote thompson best performance fell far short victory later life retiring college president thompson remained active school party church affairs director prepared exhibit world exposition chicago wrote books church topics including bishops sketch origin growth church united christ published elected editor died ohio july buried ohio | Henry Adams Thompson | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18380_JohnRobertBoyle | february february february canadian politician served member alberta cabinet minister government alberta judge born ontario came west eventually settled practiced law brief stint city council elected alberta inaugural provincial election liberal alberta great waterways railway scandal leader liberal forced premier office initially left cabinet successor named minister education served capacity time alienated non english speakers insisting english school system attorney general retained seat legislature liberal defeat election briefly served leader liberal opposition appointed bench judge died early life born ontario february february scottish irish descent father died leave school support family eventually completed high school following graduation taught school years came west accounts vary exactly settled purpose studied law regina taught school settled sources agree area taught school called bar married children helen frederick jean partnered form later known freeman firm forerunner present day king counsel ran municipal election elect hitherto town finished second seventeen candidates race elected year term resigned completion term provincial politics early provincial career ran alberta inaugural provincial election liberal candidate defeated wide margin served deputy speaker 1st focus government affairs resigned election held fill seat term supported selection rival calgary new province capital supported liberal government decision borrow money finance creation abandoning usual pay approach predicted alberta undertake provincial government telephone system model province dominion sided government rejection conservative demands build operate railways felt viable long trunk lines private hands enthusiastically backed private construction railways greeted announcement alberta great waterways railway run northward later fort historian describes extravagant eulogy speaking running new_orleans arctic circle northern alberta second region alberta great waterways railway scandal government comfortably elected election acclaimed shortly elections rumours began spread alberta great waterways railway government given loan guarantees behalf sold bonds london bond market new legislature convened february list questions government minister railways premier duly answered writing found answers unsatisfactory february gave notice motion bond money held government raised money needed construction alleged deputy attorney general removed key components government files advance having inspected conservative leader resolution rapidly divided liberal members insurgents led resigned position minister public works issue loyalists led remaining cabinet ministers especially cross ensuing debate charges agriculture minister accused motivated rejection position solicitor admitted applying position denied attacks government accused approaching liberal members hotel keepers offering immunity prosecution liquor offenses helped bring government replace led attorney general survived motion non confidence moved votes successfully pressured resign lieutenant governor alberta george expected replace defeated prominent liberals confidence instead selected alberta chief justice minister crown left major figures affair including cabinet instead appointed fellow judge attorney general decided time passed old wounds heal appointed cross attorney general time brought cabinet minister education law required members newly admitted cabinet resign seats legislature immediately contest election elected safe margin time education minister tumultuous teachers enlisted fight world war left profession lucrative opportunities members handbook describes efforts remedy situation heroic citing particular convincing legislature set minimum teachers salary year tactics alleviate teacher shortage easier teachers qualified quebec teach alberta subject applicants english proficiency insisted instruction alberta schools delivered english teacher passed english language proficiency exam granted temporary teaching license upgraded alberta teaching certificate months study normal school insistence alberta english offended province french canadian minority ukrainian speaking population editorial ukrainian newspaper maintained angrily minister education lies says alberta english province alberta canadian province equal rights including election accused conservatives promising ukrainian language schools court immigrant vote new premier succeeded entered federal politics fired cross appointed attorney general following year introduced legislation formally making english alberta official language time boasted past election majority came english contrast conservative supported russian schools russian people attorney general supported unsuccessful legislation allow construct pipeline alberta response opposition calling common carriers said adopt course tell oil companies free spend vast sums exploration work oil found pipe chief responsibilities attorney general enforce alberta recently enacted prohibition proved difficult law widely judges presided liquor trials estimated prohibition tune million denounced supporters prohibition enforcing opponents powers election sought election election new multi member constituency defeated victorious making members 1st elected 5th cross predecessor attorney general rival alberta great waterways affair liberals defeated alberta election won seats liberals leader late stewart term premier speculation resign ill health candidates mentioned possible successors stewart resign immediately following election selected replace assessment historian showed legislature presented strong opposition new government showed private courtesy attorney general legislature missed session illness assured liberals attack government vigorously absence leader corresponded extensively leader prime minister canada according letters king mixture useless information pleas rescued appointment bench possible letters impact history attempting negotiate control alberta natural resources king federal government sent king letter warning doomed election extraordinary happens extraordinary thing wants happen obtaining natural resources king drew negotiations returned alberta handed soon forced office replaced judicial career later life appointed supreme_court alberta resigned legislature succeeded liberal leader attorney general judge refused issue injunction end coal miners strike turned violent believed contain violence properly instructed judge later issued injunction statement claim filed case forced resign premier member sitting judge died february way jamaica neighbourhood street village named honour ironically lies alberta great waterways railway line electoral record | John Robert Boyle | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18454_PhilipPrimrose | hill october march canadian police officer fifth lieutenant governor alberta born nova scotia attended graduating graduation took employment later merged years spent stationed locations serving superintendent separate occasions retirement force moved accepted position city police magistrate position hold years positions world war commanded actively participated politics appointed lieutenant governor alberta position held days died long illness early life education career born halifax nova_scotia second children alexander née named good friend father father alexander came nova scotia scotland settled area served term distant cousin including 5th earl prime minister united_kingdom cousin served canadian senate death descendant graduating accepted graduated remained canada graduation rejecting option accepting commission british_army appointed inspector north west mounted police august sworn august year police career years inspector posted locations including today calgary today alberta addition serving served justice peace stationed outbreak assigned stationed superintendent division october transferred superintendent month later posted assumed responsibility men station time main role police guarding people awaiting trials prisoners serving sentences supervised census reporting commissioner territory population members sporting fraternity territorial treasury activities included community oriented tasks permitted time befriended lawyer currently practicing area predecessor office lieutenant governor alberta assignment ended returning assumed command today months took today alberta superintendent serving prominent landowner time owning lots town section outside appointed commissioner police new province alberta november posted headquarters regina assist organization august granted leave absence went rochester undergo surgery repair undisclosed remove appendix returning regina retired rank superintendent april dominion police merged new magistrate following retirement offered position police magistrate accepted wanted retire city chairman person board commissioners tasked supervising new force retirement magistrate july estimated dealt cases world war commanding officer rank lieutenant colonel president lobbied hard adequate veterans lieutenant governor alberta liberal family heritage disposition sought public office actively participated politics september advice prime minister appointed office lieutenant governor alberta governor general succeeding old friend sworn october time lieutenant governor wife resided time plagued illness making essentially unable fulfill duties office remaining medical care october death duties carried wife lily hosted new year day reception served honorary officer auxiliary public functions attended family members assisting absence february speech throne read chief justice supreme_court alberta illness personal life january married june march daughter superintendent richard burton north west mounted police served rebellion tasked guarding participants uprising prison cells children oldest son lawyer practicing created king counsel served judge grandchildren won trap shooting championships commonwealth games respectively appointed member lake named inspector charge branch life member army navy received subdivision named honour member canada death state funeral died march occupying office lieutenant governor post held days lieutenant governor alberta die office suffered heart attack pre existing complications long undisclosed illness march lay state hours main chamber described impressive ceremonies coffin lay table chamber speaker guarded members purple velvet request dressed uniform inspector lying state hours body taken funeral home taken morning brought church afternoon state funeral alberta held attended prominent provincial level politicians including premier chief justices president attorney general alberta mayor assistant commissioner colonel interred plot state funeral said set precedent future sworn successor lieutenant governor march legacy described colourful interesting forceful characters civic life years command described model force police career described won confidence respect public exceptional degree delivered eulogy funeral remarked colonel sought men record service allowed speak somewhat tradition service duty discharged reward obituary published shortly death described courageous outspoken firm dealing criminals mayor stated col outstanding officers force good citizen good police officer man admirable qualities january subdivision alberta north drive avenue west street named honour area better known | Philip Primrose | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
18470_IraRoeFoster | foster january november born south_carolina teacher medical doctor attorney soldier businessman politician 1840s foster served brigadier general outbreak american_civil_war appointed general state georgia position continued hold war end remained active georgia state politics reconstruction period foster elected mayor georgia served elected state georgia alabama early political life careers born january south_carolina ransom school teacher early age studied medicine practiced south_carolina moved georgia elected democrat state senate representing foster licensed lawyer georgia serving county state representative legislature september representative wrote president urging president appoint foster position west_indies reminded president georgia delegation supported foster application foster receive appointment addition merchant foster maintained extensive business interests land flour saw mills north central georgia alabama early invested road company military service indian war foster served colonel mounted infantry seriously wounded carried litter miles recovered joined aide camp commander chief foster subsequently commissioned brigadier general 2nd brigade 7th division general georgia early months american civil war georgia governor foster friend political appointed state georgia assistant actual title chief ordnance charged supervising turning gun barrels days appointment foster appealed women atlanta meet city hall prepare uniforms soldiers preparing leave virginia fall need obtain clothing temporarily satisfied establishment depots shops established shoe shops built georgia companies fighting virginia sent men home georgia collect clothing blankets troops adjutant general instructed foster proceed personally duly agents parts state buy suits clothes pairs shoes troops confederate service apart brief period supplies adequate georgia soldiers need basic december appropriated purchase military clothing blankets anticipating measure authorized governor brown seize factories supplies needed governor executed order authorized foster pay sellers manufacturers value seized goods foster course duty appealed people love liberty meeting demands placed foster actions benefited troops effect civilians harsh according persistent purchases bulk state textile shoe left civilians facing intense prices conditions led accusations civilians faced high prices conditions georgia soldiers far worse late august following georgia colonel foster reported command men unit worn pairs shoes northern march faced prospect pneumonia coming winter period war historian observes georgia clothing depots atlanta columbus athens uniforms based state adopted pattern manufactured gathered inspection shipment richmond items distributed georgia units serving lee army foster level organization georgia result smooth flow supplies left state notes logistical nightmare getting clothing richmond warehouses followed transport army caused countless shortages soldiers forced acquiring clothing means situation desperate writing foster january general noted army crews cavalry brigade alike excessive need shoes clothing kinds blankets send received duties general required occasion degree clandestine activity ensure security textile mills prevent mill owners shipping goods state buyers according sources dangers mills clear june factory georgia burned company worked exclusively supplying finished goods georgia soldiers governor georgia forced surveillance ensure state received goods employees warned foster parties watching concern expressed belief says goods blood general limit efforts supplying material georgia troops july effort union recruitment foreigners foster wrote president proposing confederacy send foreign born men talent native lands especially ireland write speak way labor minds europeans union recruiting agents foster worked maintain supplies clothes georgia soldiers war continuing office collapse confederacy appealing foster attempted secure supplies source december according professor historian foster appealed woman state georgia send pair army notable effort campaign secure organizations week member individual girls women georgia october foster placed announcements newspapers state asking contributions pledged available ample supply willing undertake task lacking material foster asked attach names work complete detailed record maintained contribution contributor request expressed hope cheer soldiers discourage hurry able bodied men stimulate prefer honorable deaths face enemy lives prolonged duty december notice placed savannah republican president local stating having received general large supply thread members society interested soldiers supplied calling time week unable supply come forward entered names members society having entirely thread weeks hand eighty ninety pair hope interested matter come forward assist getting early possible beginning new year let renew efforts behalf suffering soldiers comfort foster campaign stimulated supply needed item met certain suspicion backlash rumors office circulated earlier foster purchases shoes driven price goods foster claimed new rumors denied spread department alleged contributed sold given freely troops charge precedent historian notes especially damaging rumor later found true circulated north alleging union_army purchased pairs donated intended troops private relief agency undertook propaganda campaign georgia newspapers combat alleged rumors encourage continued contribution offered citizen soldier come forward prove bought department ladies purchased issue said troops battle atlanta leading atlanta campaign foster home occupied general headquarters marker erected location states site foster house occupied headquarters military operations atlanta july issued orders directing troops july atlanta capture refugee settlement established civilians forced flee city settlement named general according author ambitious refugee project approved period march authorized continue provide maintenance said unable labor support families balance present year capture fall atlanta general began march sea route atlanta savannah took left wing army city georgia state capital fall imminent governor brown ordered foster remove state records city task proved difficult undertaken midst chaos federal troops closed city records stored asylum miles outside town train held depot facilitate removal panicked citizens fleeing city labor difficult find arrest union commission foster traveled virginia imprisoned union_army service confederacy recognition abilities subsequently released commissioned union army distribute livestock supplies georgia history state georgia historian remarks federal soldiers acted turned confederate horses wagons harness distribution poor col associated foster aid distribution june general wilson expressed appreciation foster washington relieved authority placing task mississippi personal life later years foster married march june children foster moved family alabama owned miles farming land large portion mountain saw mill purchased war simultaneously foster operated saw mill georgia building residence foster participated area saw mill boom said average mill miles industrial corridor created book georgia author states shipped lumber loaded timber transported international markets like liverpool rio_de_janeiro havana city incorporated foster served mayor foster elected position state senator alabama moved wife died built story colonial home stage coach route area known alabama senate foster regarded reformer supporting efficiency state operations consolidation county poor farms regional centers efforts largely thwarted sentiment indifference fellow legislators foster continued serve alabama senate death november correspondence collections foster papers finding aid created october collection war time letters papers manuscript library collection consists correspondence deals duties general georgia civil war georgia lumber industry georgia personal family matters include collection contains letters georgia governor | Ira Roe Foster | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
19417_StylianosZaoutzes | greek high byzantine official armenian origin rising high rank byzantine emperor reigned rose prominence successor emperor wise close friendship possibly affair daughter leo leading minister half reign awarded unique title standing influence declined leo father law byzantine emperor married died year following attempted coup relatives clan deprived considerable power amassed biography origins early career armenian descent born macedonia historian son contemporary macedonia named son connection ultimately impossible prove according surname derives armenian word negro reflecting particularly dark vein known byzantines exact ancestry shared ethnic geographical origin emperor factor probably played important role ascent high office reign late young second son heir death elder brother constantine member family bride choice empress leo instead preferred company beautiful daughter actually mistress uncertain leo denied later accounts point held post commander junior regiment byzantine emperor mercenary bodyguard leo relations father strained informed affair reportedly enraged beat leo married furthermore leo denounced plotting imprisoned intervention patriarch blinded affair hurt standing career end reign senior commander rise prominence leo spent years prison released restored rank late july played major role personally pleaded byzantine emperor secure leo release time ailing august wounded hunt participation hunt raised suspicions conspiracy generally rejected survived days punish death leo crowned emperor awarded titles office effectively assumed control government directing state policy tradition based patriarch holds appointed regent sources indicate ascent power gradual indicative authority leo novels directed person succeeded getting protégé elected patriarch constantinople period emperor delivered church built orders constantinople rise prominence consolidated given newly created title father emperor promotion new enigmatic title subject controversy reasons creation title exact functions known early date elevation relation eventual rise daughter imperial throne leo empress gratitude support played role common theory office implied form emperor office certainly confirmed senior secular official byzantine_empire traditionally regarded powerful regent weak emperor small account provided actual relationship different careful evaluation source material led modern scholarship conclude leo actively involved government chief minister loyal master assessment record byzantine_empire minister difficult available sources career compiled years death extremely hostile seeking pin responsibility reign failures unpopular decisions preserve leo blame account colored fierce rivalry leo spiritual father influence byzantine emperor accuses responsible successful general elder army outbreak hostilities bulgaria allegedly moved main market bulgarian goods constantinople proceeded extract fees bulgarian merchants leo behest rejected merchants protests bulgarian found pretext attack byzantium recently suggested scholar transfer fact leo initiative aiming patron saint showed special favor fall favor death led enduring image leadership foreign military affairs explain despite resumption leo affair relationship emperor strained tales alleged plot son murder leo indicate rift involved major quarrel ensued shortly reconciled standing declined found guilty accepting bribes punished leo late summer following death december husband early leo married raising year died following deaths leo proposed marry choosing wife numerous relatives benefited patronage fearful losing positions new empress relations overthrow leo chief nephew plot betrayed servant conspiracy suppressed relatives exiled confined monasteries clan power broken richly rewarded taken imperial service rapidly promoted fell favor | Stylianos Zaoutzes | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
19604_EdithRogers(Albertapolitician) | alberta politician rogers née cox september july canadian politician served member born nova scotia came west alberta accept job teacher later moved calgary encountered convert social credit economic theories advocating theories province elected provincial election candidate newly formed left cabinet despite loyalty sided insurgents revolt rejoining followers settlement reached defeated election defeat abandoned moved served years school trustee died early life born nova scotia née graham cox rogers raised farm attended worked teacher nova scotia visited aunt alberta accepted offer teach attended taught near disillusioned teaching rural took business course began work bank later merged unusual career choice woman time moved continued work year moved married local high school principal october couple moved calgary friends family rogers foray politics took place federal election assisted successful calgary west campaign governments inability end alleviate effects great depression soon disillusioned conventional politics hearing beginning incorporate politics economics weekly gospel radio addresses began listen soon convert version social credit early involvement social credit rogers convinced hold public meetings social credit calgary subsequently organized neighbourhood study groups theory calgary coordinated city social credit study groups named women organizer capacity held mass meetings designed recruit women social credit embarked sixteen month speaking tour alberta time organized social credit study groups province including seventy concluded tour organizing mass meeting spring spoke people appeared people supported orthodox version social credit proposed movement british founder rogers remained loyal assessment loyalty second young protégé decided run candidates provincial election adopted unusual system candidate nomination constituency nominate candidates committee headed deciding actually run different nominated rogers candidates decided run opponent governing alberta premier resigned previous year wake sex scandal sued young woman biographer speculates selection female candidate run called sober faced deliberate strategic decision noted aside fielded stronger candidate member rogers won riding votes ahead fact lost seat contested candidates won alberta seats premier appoint rogers woman cabinet historian suggested gender cost appointment female cabinet ministers unprecedented alberta cabinet minister time office argues given rogers recognized sharp articulate hard working reasonably expected cabinet portfolio despite loyalty rogers frustrated delay implementing social credit economic reforms promised revolt sided insurgents threatened bring government took concrete steps implement social credit insurgents reached settlement returned position loyalty sought election election prior election opponents including liberals conservatives elements moved formed ran nominally independent candidates candidates led rogers votes count distant johnson votes accordance alberta electoral laws time margin increased nearly votes declared victor later life defeat rogers husband moved disapproved government right new premier joined socialist considers surprising light long time devotion ideals social credit role played election defeat assessment interested monetary reform general social critique forward served member membership organization committee rogers elected board election candidate left leaning elected dissolved advance election joined newly formed dissolved ran independent election seek election election year rogers junior high school named honour died november died july electoral record | Edith Rogers (Alberta politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
19629_GeorgeMcGovern | july october american historian author senator democratic_party presidential nominee presidential election grew mitchell renowned volunteered country entry world war pilot flew missions german occupied europe medals bestowed distinguished flying cross making hazardous emergency landing damaged plane saving crew war gained degrees culminating phd history professor elected elected failed bid successful candidate senator modern american known outspoken opposition growing involvement vietnam war staged brief nomination run presidential election stand assassinated subsequent fundamentally altered presidential process greatly increasing number reducing influence party sought end vietnam war legislative means defeated long shot based presidential campaign found triumph gaining democratic nomination left party badly split failed vice presidential pick undermined credibility general election lost incumbent richard_nixon biggest landslides american electoral history elected senator defeated bid fourth term career involved issues related agriculture food nutrition hunger director program oversaw distribution abroad instrumental creation sole chair publicized problem hunger united_states issued led new set guidelines americans later served ambassador appointed global ambassador provided school meals millions children dozens countries resulted named world food prize early years early education born person farming community father born pastor local joseph son alcoholic immigrated ireland grown states working coal mines age age thirteen professional baseball player minor leagues given teammates heavy drinking gambling entered seminary instead george mother born initially raised ontario family later moved calgary alberta came looking work secretary george second oldest children salary reached month received compensation form potatoes food items firm republicans politically active george years old family moved calgary near ailing mother formed memories events george family returned united_states moved mitchell community attended public schools average student shy child afraid speak class grade behavior going movies forbidden good normal childhood marked visits renowned mitchell corn palace later termed sense belonging particular place knowing long remember dust bowl storms swept prairie states great depression family lived edge poverty line 1920s 1930s growing amid lack gave young george lifelong sympathy workers struggling farmers influenced currents unrest practical teachings sought fight poverty injustice ignorance attended solid member track team turning point came tenth grade english teacher recommended debate team active high school debate coach history teacher capitalized interest subject proved great influence life spent hours meticulous forensic style debating partner won events area gained renown state debating followed general public debate changed life giving chance explore ideas logical end perspective sense personal social confidence graduated percent class enrolled small mitchell star student supplemented forensic scholarship working variety odd jobs world war underway overseas feeling insecure courage took flying lessons aircraft received pilot license government recalled frankly scared death solo flight walked away enormous feeling satisfaction taken thing ground landed tearing wings late early brief affair acquaintance resulted giving birth daughter public knowledge lifetime april began dating fellow student grown encountered high school debate eleanor twin sister defeated partner listening radio broadcast sophomore year music appreciation class heard news december attack pearl harbor january drove students nebraska volunteered join military accepted airfields aircraft instructors start training volunteers stayed george eleanor engaged initially decided marry war sophomore year won statewide peace contest speech called brother keeper later selected nation best smart handsome liked elected president sophomore class voted glamour boy junior year february junior year partner won regional debate tournament featured competitors thirty schools dozen states return campus discovered army finally called military service soon sworn private fort minnesota spent month missouri months illinois ground school training later maintained academic work physical training toughest experienced spent months base san_antonio texas went oklahoma basic flying school training single engined married october day leave lonely love couple decided wait longer father presided ceremony small methodist church months went army airfield kansas months training april went advanced flying school texas twin engine training showed skill pilot exceptionally good depth perception aiding followed different duty stations present received wings commissioned second lieutenant assigned kansas transition school learn fly assignment pleased recalled later learning fly toughest training difficult airplane fly physically early war didn hydraulic controls imagine driving truck power steering power brakes like controls biggest bomber time eleanor constantly afraid husband suffering accident training claimed huge toll airmen entire war schooling followed stint nebraska met crew traveling country mixing people different backgrounds proved experience generation sped training times heavy losses bombing missions suffering europe despite partly risk come combat decided child eleanor pregnant june crew received final training idaho shipped camp patrick henry virginia found history books fill especially trip overseas slow september joined stationed near region italy crew found disease ridden local population ill fortunes war far worse seen home depression sights form later motivation fight hunger starting november flew missions enemy territory pilot experienced crew rest pilot plane known queen wife eleanor targets austria czechoslovakia germany hungary poland northern german controlled italy oil complexes rail yards strategic bombing campaign europe hour missions tests endurance pilots crew german fighter aircraft diminished threat time compared earlier war missions faced heavy anti aircraft artillery fire filled sky bursts december mission second pilot piece came missed fatally wounding inches following day mission nearly collided bomber close formation flying complete cloud cover following day recommended medal surviving blown wheel dangerous completing mission germany landing damage plane december mission czechoslovakia plane engine flames hit unable return italy flew british airfield small island adriatic_sea yugoslav coast controlled partisans short field normally small fighter planes engined aircraft bomber crews tried emergency landings perished successfully landed saving crew feat awarded january time sight rome participate audience pope bad weather prevented missions carried winter spent time reading discussing war come resolved survived history professor february promoted lieutenant march incident austria accidentally bombed family farmhouse jammed bomb released structure destroyed event haunted decades later public appearance country owner farm approached media let senator know victim incident hurt farmer felt worth price event helped achieve defeat nazi germany small way greatly relieved returning base flight told child ann born days earlier april saw 35th mission marked requirement combat tour heavily defended sky turned black red later said hell worse queen hit multiple times resulting holes fuselage wings hydraulic system waist gunner injured flight engineer experience subsequently hospitalized battle fatigue managed bring plane safely assistance improvised landing technique june following end european war flew food relief flights northern italy flew united_states crew discharged july rank lieutenant awarded air medal oak leaf clusters instance safe landing final mission later education early career coming home returned aided graduated june degree cum suffered flying plane fire continued debate winning state peace contest speech entitled cave cave presented christian influenced outlook couple second daughter susan born march switched regular influenced movement began studies illinois near chicago preached methodist student supply minister illinois dissatisfied pastoral duties late left ministry enrolled graduate studies worked teaching assistant relatively small history program best country took courses given noted academics received history returned alma mater professor history political science assistance fellowship continued pursuing graduate studies summers free time couple daughter born june began suffer bouts depression continued assume large share household child duties earned phd history page sympathetic account miners revolt interests colorado war thesis advisor noted historian later said seen better student years teaching influenced link american historians previous generation progressive historians future analyses world events informed training historian personal experiences great depression world war popular politically outspoken teacher students college nominally republican growing began admire democratic president world war supported roosevelt opponent presidential election northwestern exposure work china scholars convinced unrest southeast_asia foreign policy asia discouraged onset cold war thinking incumbent president presidential election attracted campaign vice president secretary wrote columns supporting wallace attended national convention delegate disturbed aspects convention atmosphere decades later referring certain remained public supporter wallace afterward wallace kept ballot illinois registered vote general election coming think democrat radio broadcast governor speech accepting presidential nomination immediately dedicated campaign publishing seven articles newspaper outlining historical issues separated democratic_party republicans named son born immediately convention new hero lost election remained active politics believing engine progress time america democratic_party early left tenure track position university executive secretary state chair having recruited reading articles democrats state low holding statewide offices seats state legislature friends political figures making despite mild manner ambitious nature intent starting political career spent following years rebuilding party building large list voter contacts frequent travel state democrats showed improvement elections winning seats state legislature political organization advisory group fifth final child mary born sought office ran house_of_representatives 1st congressional district consisted counties east faced term incumbent republican_party representative aided voter lists earlier accumulated ran low budget campaign spending borrowing quiet personality appealed voters met suffered general administration farm policy polls showed gaining campaign implied support admitting united_nations past support meant communist closing speech responded despised communism ruthless mind spirit man staged upset victory gaining votes opponent democrat elected congress years established home chase maryland entering united_states congress member labor representative district staunch supporter higher prices farm price supports grain storage programs beef import controls believing stored programs guarded drought similar favored rural development federal aid small business education medical coverage aged traveled studied conditions middle_east fellowship allied kennedy family supporting house version senator eventually unsuccessful labor reform bill reelection campaign faced strong challenge term republican governor world war medal honor recipient initially considered favorite win ran effective campaign showcased political strengths having firm beliefs ability articulate debates prevailed slightly larger margin years united states congress assigned longtime chair committee subsequently recall single member congress fought vigorously american farmers congressman helped pass new food stamp law representatives congress nato parliamentary assembly conferences senator strongly advocated reconstruction public law agricultural surplus act come greater emphasis feeding hungry world establishment executive office run operations goal promoting peace stability world time house regarded liberal overall voted accordance rated positions americans times times themes house career improvements rural america war hunger defining ones legislative career public life decided run challenge republican incumbent formidable figure politics old style race centered rural issues catholicism ticket protestant state charges campaign press turned years later worst campaign hated lost sense balance defeated november election gaining votes margin kennedy loss vice president state presidential contest director having relinquished house seat run senate available position new kennedy administration picked special assistant president director kennedy high priority program realized advocating house assumed post january director urged greater use food enable foreign economic development saying thank god food abundance use supply privileged home abroad found space program worked deputy director kennedy advisor visiting south_america discuss surplus grain distribution attended meetings june seriously ill contracted infected white_house needle south american trip hospitalized unable come office months close program operating dozen countries million people fed american surplus year february visited india oversaw greatly expanded school lunch program thanks subsequently indian fed million children world audience rome pope warmly praised work distribution program popular wheat farmers addition instrumental creation december started distributing food stricken regions world following year largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide administration strength restless try senate approval president kennedy resigned post july kennedy said program vital force world improving living conditions economies allies creating powerful barrier spread communism columnist drew pearson wrote spectacular achievements young kennedy administration later write greatest unseen weapon kennedy world policy senator election early years senator april announced run election senate seat intending face incumbent republican case died june instead faced appointed senator lieutenant governor campaign revolved policies kennedy administration accused kennedy family trying buy senate seat appealed worried young people state strong support polls showed slightly ahead race hampered problem final weeks campaign read classic making president time began thinking running office someday campaigned ailing husband preserved chance winning november election result close required votes prevailed margin making democratic senator state years joined senate january congress seated supported high farm prices controls beef administration relationship secretary sympathetic farmers resolution informally freeman senator popular home state fellow new senator saw voice farm policy sought guidance agriculture related votes largely inactive given chair chair personally politically refused allow staff greatly limiting effectiveness regretted indians introduced resolution indian self determination passed named great white eagle speech senate floor march praised kennedy initiative spoke policy cuba saying suffered august advocated reducing billion defense budget billion influenced advisor held special doctrine nuclear try reduce defense limit military expenditures year 1960s voted weapons programs especially missile anti missile systems opposed military assistance foreign nations published book war want america food peace program argued expanding old program senate measure introduced eventually passed adding million effort funding preferring focus broad policy matters speeches master senate legislative tactics developed reputation senators described private guy member senate club want turning chance join powerful relatively pieces legislation bore legislative accomplishments generally viewed modest try influence contents bills terms ideology fit modern american voted accordance rated positions percent time lacking specific knowledge particular matter ask staff liberals opposition vietnam war speech senate floor september member challenge growing military involvement vietnam bothered buddhist crisis recent developments concerns influenced vietnam historian said speech little noticed backed away saying publicly year afterward partly november assassination president kennedy partly appear skeptical senators voted favor august turned essentially authorization president involvement war thought commander chief given limited authority attack subsequently said instinct vote voted yes based senator urging stand johnson politically day resolution vote spoke concerning fears vote lead greater involvement war senators oppose resolution noted fell category interesting vote regretted january major address vietnam saying winning opposed policy gaining support washington extending war north instead proposed point plan advocating negotiated settlement involving vietnam local autonomy presence guarantee security fair treatment speech gave national visibility debate vietnam moderate statements times rejecting withdrawal forces criticizing anti war draft card immature impractical illegal personal criticism johnson november traveled weeks human saw hospital deeply upset increasingly outspoken war return convinced vietnam political military problem ready later said merely dissent crusade war voted favor vietnam military wanting forces necessary equipment anti war rhetoric increased years johnson invited senate white_house attempts explain rationale actions vietnam came away final visit august shaken sight president tortured confused mess gotten vietnam presidential senate campaigns august activist founded dump johnson movement soon seeking democratic_party figure campaign challenge johnson presidential election group choice senator declined late september approached declined largely feared run significantly damage chances reelection senate seat month later forces able convince senator run dove senators reelection year democratic primary campaign mccarthy staged strong showing entered race president johnson withdrew vice president ran instead privately favored kennedy mccarthy neighboring state minnesota publicly remained neutral hosted campaigned june south democratic primary resulted strong win kennedy win crucial california primary night spoke kennedy phone minutes kennedy assassinated los_angeles death left emotionally distraught point life days kennedy aides urging run place mccarthy ideological opposition unwilling support candidate delayed making decision making sure bobby brother want enter staff concerned senator reelection prospects voting changed rating falling sought middle road late july decision complicated daughter arrested marijuana possession charges led troubled life teenage years developing problems alcohol depression suffering consequences relationship unstable neighborhood boy based recently enacted strict state drugs law terry faced minimum year prison sentence found guilty convinced socially conservative voters reject daughter arrest charges subsequently dropped technically invalid search warrant formally announced candidacy august washington weeks advance democratic national convention committing goals gave life asked better choice mccarthy said gene doesn want president convention chicago near certain choice initial rallying point kennedy delegates chaotic circumstances convention found denouncing chicago police tactics police brutality given internal politics party difficult gain delegate strength black protest candidate drew support actual roll came delegates far mccarthy endorsed convention dismay anti war figures considered betrayal went lose general election richard_nixon returned senate reelection race facing republican governor voters daughter arrest initially suffered substantial drop popularity events chicago conducted energetic campaign focused service state ran lackluster effort november vote consider easiest decisive victory career middle senate years continued opposition vietnam war democratic convention motion passed establish commission reform democratic_party nomination process named chair known commission influence mccarthy kennedy supporters staff commission significantly reduced role party officials nomination process increased role mandated proportional black female youth delegate representation somewhat consequence commission reforms massive increase number presidential true republican_party presidential process different scholars politicians debating changes better wake high profile reports hunger united_states created july chair seeking problem march took committee florida base farm workers saw graphic examples hunger encountered resistance complaints bad publicity local state officials battled nixon administration congress year expanded compromise number points legislation signed established principles free food stamps nationwide standard eligibility generally lacked interest expertise economics outspoken reaction nixon wage price controls declared administration pledged slow inflation reduce unemployment instead given highest rate inflation highest rate unemployment decade minutes included report liberal politicians journalists advocated integrated schooling avoiding children known continued opposition vietnam war march senator explicitly criticize new president policy action seen breach customary protocol senate diversion years aid instead badly stricken countries world greatly upset end calling immediate cease fire total withdrawal american troops year october featured speaker boston vietnam november spoke anti war march afterward decided peace demonstrations criticized anti war figures reckless irresponsible instead focused legislative means bring war end amendment annual military bill sponsored republican oregon required funding complete withdrawal american forces end underwent months public discussion alterations acceptable senators including pushing deadline end obtained second mortgage washington home order fund half hour televised panel discussion amendment nbc broadcast brought donations work passage eventually amendment gained support majority public polls effort denounced opposition groups organized white_house aide called retreat defeat surrender maintained president conduct foreign policy amendment defeated september vote short hoped constitute moral victory floor debate criticized colleagues opposing measure senate reacted stunned silence faces showed anger fury member told personally offended speech said meant believed vietnam immoral war destroying pure hopeful different america character nation defeat amendment left somewhat accused vice president south vietnam running heroin trafficking operation american soldiers powerful chair suggestion troops return declared tired old men dreaming wars young men fight wants use american ground troops let lead charge denounced nixon policy ing continued killing people technology mercenaries playboy interview said george_washington vote somewhat weaker provisions designed gain support polls large majority public favored intent took final form senators june failed pass gaining votes year certain way war come quick end new president presidential campaign announced candidacy january televised speech studios time announcement ranked fifth democrats presidential preference poll earliest entry designed time overcome large lead runner maine senator january percent national support democrats poll attracted significant press coverage campaign manager decided guerrilla like strategy battling selected focus campaign organizational strength resources fell victim inferior organizing reliance party endorsements nixon dirty tricks march new_hampshire primary worse expected coming close second campaign funding support dried rejoined senate primary rival nomination alabama governor mix dominating march primary florida won key breakthrough victory wallace april wisconsin added blue collar economic appeal followed dominating april primary massachusetts point runner late decision enter ohio primary considered stronghold paid managed close second amid charges election fraud forces leading candidates nomination won wallace campaign effectively ended seriously wounded assassination attempt operation effective garnering delegates caucus states climactic contest took place california attacking televised debates june vote defeated percentage points claimed delegates state winner rules appeared clinch nomination delegates won new_york primary june attacks radical began downward slide poll standing nixon tagged label amnesty abortion acid supposedly reflecting positions primary victories approach stressed level organization bypassing conventional campaign techniques traditional party power centers capitalized support anti war activists reform liberals thousands students engaged door door campaigning benefited won press focused showed electoral weakness south industrial midwest actually received fewer primary votes overall modest edge wallace ran platform advocated withdrawal vietnam war exchange return american prisoners war amnesty draft left country platform included board percent reduction defense spending years proposed program payment citizen america based existing ideas negative income tax intended replace welfare bureaucracy complicated maze existing public assistance programs nonetheless garnered considerable poorly thought liberal dropped platform august anybody coalition led southern democrats organized labor formed weeks following final nomination assured night florida following intricate parliamentary led campaign credentials challenge california winner rules defeated divisive arguments party platform followed resulted arguably liberal major party july officially won democratic nomination taking party processes platform produced new_york_times termed stunning sweep convention led process pick vice presidential running mate turned choice selected virtually missouri senator final night convention procedural arguments matters new party charter prolonged vice presidential nomination process descended delayed nominee acceptance speech result delivered speech come home america clock morning reducing television audience million people million weeks convention revealed hospitalized received therapy nervous exhaustion depression times early mid-1960s years later diagnosis refined disorder initially supported saw parallels daughter terry battles mental illness following day july stated publicly percent intention dropping ticket people supported candidacy increasing number influential politicians newspapers questioned ability handle office vice president potentially president questioned campaign ability survive distraction resulting negative attention combined consultation including doctors treated prompted accept announce august offer withdraw ticket remains time major party vice presidential nominee forced ticket prominent democrats publicly turned offer vice presidential slot sequence kennedy approached offer finally named united_states ambassador brother law percent statement subsequent look considered worst presidential campaign history long view affair having catastrophic campaign general election campaign nixon little campaigning success visit china arms control signing summit meeting soviet_union earlier year shortly election somewhat premature statement peace hand vietnam republican figures attacked weak defense issues encouraging enemy nixon asserted peace price vietnam peace honor nixon said bring chose emphasize war record campaign changes convention rules influence establishment democratic_party figures struggled endorsements figures president johnson chicago mayor remained neutral having endorsed democratic presidential candidate past southern democrats led texas governor switched support incumbent president nixon campaign effort called democrats nixon nixon nixon directly requested aides use government records try dig dirt contributors publicly attacked nixon target operations nixon dirty tricks campaign infamous break headquarters june alternate target headquarters explored dimensions subsequent scandal emerge election vast majority press focused difficulties news break majority voters unaware end nixon covert operations little effect direction election outcome final week campaign knew going lose appearing michigan november nixon admirer told got secret said ear kiss ass incident reported press tale campaign general election november ticket suffered percent percent defeat nixon time second biggest landslide american history total electoral vote victories came massachusetts washington failed win home state gone democratic previous eighteen presidential elections years loss remained senate enormous defeat wife eleanor took worse winter couple seriously considered moving england allies replaced positions power democratic_party leadership publicly introduced party affairs attended january hours richard_nixon inaugurated gave speech talked abuses nixon presidency brought criticism including democrats ill order past bitterness self pity felt forced deal defeat audiences starting march frequently related campaign self fashion saying years wanted run presidency worst possible way year sure emotions surrounding loss remain decades defeated presidential nominees nixon resigned august scandal said president subsequent september pardon nixon difficult understand given nixon subordinates going prison displayed political shown past elections faced possible political having neglected state long presidential campaign begun campaigning reelection air_force pilot medal honor recipient repatriated years prisoner war publicly accused having given aid comfort enemy having prolonged time replied war goal ending war sooner republican nominee despite men different roles war significant issue instead campaign dominated farm policy differences economic concerns recession charged time senator concerned national office spending million election bid having grown minnesota year democrats scandal won election november percent vote following victory thoughts running presidential election given magnitude presidential defeat democratic_party wanted later unfamiliar uncomfortable democratic nominee secretly voted ford instead view intervention southeast_asia took turn reaction ongoing genocide noting affected percentage population hitler operation look advocated international military intervention regime power expanded scope include national nutrition policy issued new set guidelines americans sought combat leading killer health conditions titled goals united_states known suggested americans eat fat refined processed complex fiber public health officials said time committee issuance guidelines gave higher public profile recommendations proved controversial cattle dairy egg sugar industries including home state committee guidelines led reorganization federal executive functions predecessor detailed guidelines americans later issued twice decade senate election liberal democratic senators targeted defeat year worth negative portrayals pro life groups especially focused support pro choice abortion laws faced democratic primary challenge time pro life candidate republican opponent term incumbent congressman held identical positions farm issues conservative national issues liked state campaign focused liberal voting record said lack involvement affairs issue outside involvement group eventually withdrew campaign denounced letter sent far polls earlier repeatedly criticized refusal debate drawing attention slight speech defect showing comeback pattern past races state closed gap november defeated election getting percent vote percent democratic casualties year republican sweep known reagan revolution life presidential campaign leaving senate rejected state accept south wanted conservative representative eleanor felt touch country ways liberated loss refused believe american dead time reagan remaining active politics january founded political organization americans common sense group sought rally liberals encourage liberal thinking combat moral majority new christian right forces turned group political action committee raised million liberal candidates elections shut committee decided run president began teaching number universities europe accepting year contracts replaced historian professor began making frequent speeches earning thousand dollars year attempted presidential run democratic friends political initially feared effort prove embarrassment knew chances winning remote felt compelled try influence debate liberal direction freed practical concerns trying win outlined point program sweeping domestic foreign policy changes seen threat fellow competitors attack positions media commentators praised conscience democratic_party having recognition little funding staff garner critical funding celebrities won surprise place showing iowa amidst crowded field candidates finished fifth new_hampshire primary announced drop finished second massachusetts primary came campaign manager vice president good promise later endorsed eventual democratic nominee hosted saturday night live april addressed party platform committee placed nomination delivered speech strongly criticized president reagan praised democratic unity received votes delegates went actively support ticket eventual landslide defeat bore similarities 1980s fellow think tank washington real estate investments area interested hotel operations money earned speeches bought renovated began running room inn connecticut goal providing hotel restaurant public conference facility went bankruptcy closed following year published reflections experience appeared wall_street_journal attributed failure early 1990s recession cost dealing federal state local regulations passed good intentions life difficult small businesses cost dealing lawsuits wrote wish years public office experience difficulties business people face day knowledge better senator understanding presidential contender briefly exploring presidential run contest instead president non profit organization seeks educate american citizens policy makers political economic security issues national interests middle_east july previously served board held position replaced night december daughter fell madison wisconsin heavily died heavy press attention followed revealed daughter battled alcoholism years treatment programs having extended period authored account life terry daughter life death struggle alcoholism published presented view depths descended rest family experienced trying unsuccessfully help ongoing thoughts guilt demands political career time spent away family things worse book modest best seller proceeds founded madison help suffering combination alcoholism mental health problems later terry death far painful event life sure live ambassador food agencies later activities april returned public service began year stint united_states ambassador serving rome italy having named post president bill_clinton effort meet goal reducing number hungry people world half formulated detailed plans urging delivery surplus food foreign school lunch programs establishment specific targets old american programs began working fellow senator convince senate support effort expanded school lunch food stamps help pregnant women poor children robert international food education nutrition program created funded largely congress provide million meals children countries years credited improving school attendance especially girls likely allowed school meal provided august president clinton presented nation highest civilian honor recognition service effort world hunger book freedom ending hunger time published january title making reference roosevelt freedoms speech proposed plan chronic world hunger eliminated thirty years january asked stay post incoming administration concluded stint september october appointed global ambassador agency helped found years earlier active goodwill ambassador position remained death honorary life member board served senior policy advisor frank food drug regulatory counseling law lobbying firm washington specialized issues food nutrition agriculture wartime story center best selling profile men flew germany world war wild blue time public familiar life political career rarely mentioned war service medals won continued lecture public appearances appearing college campuses contributed essays volume ending hunger challenge persons faith owned summer home montana deciding sell lack sufficient market time residents florida eleanor struggling heart disease october million george eleanor library center leadership public service dedicated couple helped raise funds seeks prepare college best students future careers public service classes research raise visibility university dignitaries attendance led president clinton wife eleanor ill attend ceremony died heart disease january home mitchell later events held washington celebrate birthday 35th anniversary nomination president hundreds staff volunteers supporters friends attended public officials sought voice heard american political scene outspoken opponent iraq war involvement country failed vietnam effort wrote book iraq practical plan withdrawal january wrote washington_post calling president vice president saying violated constitution national international law repeatedly lied american people subtitle article read nixon bad guys worse tumultuous presidential nomination campaign endorsed senator later switched senator barack_obama concluding clinton longer win october efforts curb hunger world particular joint program school feeding enhanced school attendance final years death moved florida seventh book author author contributing editor issued decade 2000s abraham_lincoln published released close embarked book tour including prominent visit treated exhaustion hospitalized fall december way participate live program presidential campaign january promoting latest book means democrat hospitalized april spells birthday celebrated july washington event hosted attended liberal democratic politicians washington_post termed respectful conservative republican senator july son died age daughter ann said steve long struggle alcoholism miss deeply grateful peace august moved nearer family final public appearance october introduced recorded narration aaron october family announced entered daughter ann said coming end life morning october died age surrounded family lifelong friends family released statement blessed know father lived long successful productive life advocating hungry progressive voice millions fighting peace continued giving speeches writing advising way past birthday celebrated summer addition remaining children survived grandchildren great grandchildren president obama paid tribute champion peace statesman great conscience conviction memorial service vice president addressing world war service opposition vietnam war saying family father genuine hero father senate blood treasure wasted funeral held science falls ashes buried alongside wife daughter terry rock creek cemetery washington july leader daily newspaper published article detailing extensive files compiled years including letters fbi director revealing direct interest fbi monitoring newspaper published complete fbi file obtained freedom information act request filed shortly death legacy loss nixon election causes label generation democratic politicians tried avoid nationally syndicated chicago_tribune columnist wrote politicians republicans democrats synonym presidential campaigns touch american people conservatives ready synonym saw liberal failures according republican_party began act democratic leader matter southern pro war middle road nearly years conservative movement defined opposition democratic standard bearer come play right role played older principles limited government fiscal foreign policy association weakness defense especially prevalent publicly stated use force necessary world war later said political image exaggerated liberal wild eyed character republicans continued feel views saw son prairie reciting traditional upbringing family values culminating normal healthy ideal american like said hell elected years wild eyed radical later decades senator remained symbol standard bearer political left particularly relation turbulent 1960s early 1970s country torn involvement vietnam war corruption abuse power nixon administration career positions reflected experiences personal synthesis traditions american historian wrote career extraordinary historic primarily impress searching critic political careers offer alternative understanding compelling chair commission instituted major changes democratic party rules continue day large degree ultimately adopted republican_party large institutional changes taking place decisions process national party level states campaign fundamentally altered presidential primary campaigns waged democratic_party power shifted new deal coalition younger affluent issue oriented activists women movement gay rights movement found place skepticism military foreign took hold 1960s new politics found culmination nomination turn overwhelming defeat general election led liberal wing party decades come turn party directions recognized mixed results candidacy saying effort open doors democratic_party soon half democrats walked political scientist wrote campaign time presidential politics liberals chance speak goals enthusiasm dreams fire instant insurgents successfully stormed heights american politics found brink worst free falls record worked campaign later influential democratic_party campaign manager staged presidential runs future president bill_clinton assistance future wife politician managed campaign operations texas hart embraced moved away aspects past affiliation clinton movement explicitly rejected ideology legacy terms clinton white_house post political career generally enhanced reputation referred greatest generation wrote remains country decent thoughtful public servants legacy includes commitment hunger united_states globe said gone want people best end hunger country world view knock activities arguably accomplished people need presidents state history responding prayer desire grant accept things change said simply rejected notion trying change writings | George McGovern | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
19968_JohnWinthrop | january march wealthy english lawyer leading figures founding massachusetts bay colony major settlement new_england plymouth colony led large wave immigrants england served governor colony years existence writings vision colony city hill dominated new_england colonial development influencing governments religions neighboring colonies born wealthy merchant family trained law lord manor suffolk involved founding involved anti king charles began crackdown religious thought october elected governor massachusetts bay colony april led group colonists founding number communities shores massachusetts bay death served annual terms governor lieutenant governor force comparative conservative colony conservative liberal respected political figure attitude governance somewhat authoritarian resisted attempts widen voting civil rights narrow class approved individuals opposed attempts body laws colonial bound opposed democracy calling worst forms government authoritarian conservative nature massachusetts rule influential formation neighboring colonies instances formed individuals groups opposed rule massachusetts elders son john founders connecticut colony wrote leading historical accounts early colonial period long list descendants includes famous americans writings continue influence politicians today life england born january adam anne née england birth recorded parish register father family successful textile business father lawyer prosperous landowner properties suffolk mother family properties suffolk essex young father director cambridge uncle john adam brother emigrated ireland family took residence home assumed attended grammar school regularly exposed religious discussions father came early age deep understanding admitted december university months later students interacted men important roles new_england close childhood university friend later member parliament correspond rest life teenage admitted diary time good biographer suggests need control prompted leave school early marry unusually early age essex friend stayed home family friend favorably impressed daughter left marry mary april mary bore children survived adulthood oldest children younger governor magistrate connecticut children girls died long birth mary died complications birth couple spent time great living forth estate transferred family holdings lord manor lord manor lord manor deeply involved management estate overseeing agricultural activities manor house eventually followed father practicing law london brought contact city business elite appointed county commission peace position gave wider exposure lawyers landowners platform advance saw god kingdom commission responsibilities included overseeing issues including road bridge maintenance issuance licenses members empowered act local judges minor offenses able exercise authority cases affecting estate commission met quarterly forged number important connections activities documented religious life keeping journal beginning described religious experiences feelings described failures divers vows sought reform god grace praying god new heart joy spirit somewhat distressed wife share intensity religious feelings eventually observed proved right woman notably intensely religious father diaries dealt exclusively secular matters wife mary died following custom time remarried soon marrying december noticeably pious mary wrote truly religious died december complications child survive approximately records indicate earlier enrolled read law advance bar legal connections introduced family essex began daughter sir judge wife sister leading preacher family initially opposed match financial grounds countered appealing virtue compensated modest income couple married april continued live necessarily divided time london eventually acquired highly desirable post eldest son john assisted margaret management estate away decision mid late religious atmosphere england began look bleak groups adherents believed danger king charles ascended throne married roman catholic charles opposed manner supported church_of_england efforts religious groups like adhere fully teachings practices atmosphere views led religious business leaders consider emigration viable means escape persecution successful religious colonization new world occurred establishment plymouth colony shores effort orchestrated pastor led short lived colony massachusetts coast investors effort joined new investors acquire land grant territory roughly charles styled renamed acquired royal charter granting permission govern territory shortly acquiring land grant sent small group settlers led prepare way migration apparently involved early activities involved primarily individuals lincolnshire early probably aware company activities plans exact connection involved company uncertain indirect connections individuals directly associated company aware attempts places son henry involved efforts settle barbados financially supported time march king charles dissolved parliament beginning years rule parliament action apparently raised new concerns company company july meeting governor proposed company transport charter governance colony worried lost position crackdown followed dissolution parliament wrote lord good provide shelter place following months involved company meeting lincolnshire early august emerged significant proponent emigration august circulated paper providing separate reasons favor emigration appears formal connection company cambridge agreement signed august document provided means shareholders buy non shareholders company company shareholders met october enact changes agreed august governor new governor needed chosen seen dedicated candidates proposed replace won election interests dedication cause settling massachusetts viewed uncertain chosen deputy governor post relinquished following year decided delay emigration company officials began process arranging transport fleet supplies migration worked recruit individuals special skills new colony require including colony spiritual needs unclear wife come pregnant birth april near fleet departure time consequently decided come later time couple reunited new world maintain connection wife separation couple agreed think hours evening monday friday worked convince grown children join migration john henry decided henry sailed fleet april affairs order sold long running title dispute legal dispute resolved departure property sale finalized margaret left colony coat arms coat arms reportedly confirmed london paternal uncle sons arms appear king chapel burying ground coat arms harvard_university displayed intact house youngest son house arms overall lion rampant massachusetts bay colony arrival april ships left carrying leaders colony sailed accompanied young sons samuel stephen ships larger fleet totalling ships carry migrants colony son missed sailing ended sailed wrote sermon entitled christian charity delivered crossing described ideas plans society strong faith comparing struggles overcome new world story exodus famous phrase city hill describe ideals colonists consequently eyes people said times rich eminent power short meant rich successful poor said groups different equally important colony groups members community fleet arrival salem june new colonists welcomed deputy found salem area inadequate creating settlement suitable arriving colonists embarked surveying expeditions area decided base colony lack good water prompted instead peninsula founded city boston season relatively late colonists decided establish dispersed settlements coast banks order avoid presenting single point hostile forces attack colony struggled disease early months losing people including son henry variety causes returned england spring conditions set example colonists joining servants laborers work colony according report fell work hands encouraged rest idle person found plantation built house boston relatively plot land granted larger parcel land banks called mystic shipyard owned colony boats blessing bay built operated trading ship coast new_england issue locate colony capital caused series constructed home present day harvard square cambridge council agreed capital established decided instead build home boston asked residents stay upset relationship worsened criticized perceived excessive decorative house reconcile children married recounts having granted land near concord going stake claims boundary lands pair named brothers remembrance brothers children marriage lands colonial governance colony charter called governor deputy governor assistant served precursor idea elected annually colony meeting consisted exactly men decided governor deputy elected assistants violation charter rules elected governor times general court admitted significant number settlers established rule requiring local church members following appointment strongly anti archbishop_of_canterbury colony saw large influx immigrants election set place sent towns insisted seeing charter learned colony authority election governor deputy rested assistants point elections conducted secret ballot observed conducted relatively large number compromise reached town select delegates send general court representatives interests ironic twist opponent popular election won election governor deputy previous elections invited fellow dinner late judicial decisions led calls creation body laws opinions opposed moves power repeatedly stall efforts enact opposition rooted strong belief common law tradition desire magistrate flexibility deciding cases unique circumstances pointed adoption written laws laws england allowed charter laws adopted likely opposed english law formally adopted governorship laws enacted massachusetts cited reasons colonial charter constitutional issues concerning power assistants arose case involving escaped pig assistants ruled favor merchant allegedly taken widow animal appealed general court ruled favor assistants asserted right veto general court decision sparking controversy argued assistants experienced able check democratic institution general court democracy civil nations accounted worst forms government focus allegations arbitrary rule formally charged interfering local decisions case involving militia case centered disputed appointment new commander panel headed parties sides dispute imprisoned pending meeting court assistants minister dispute questioned authority specifically characterized arbitrary actions matter stepping bench appear defendant successfully defended pointing acted judges usually errors bench dispute required intervention acquitted fined major issue involved occurred petition submitted general court concerning limitation voting rights formally admitted local church rejected appeal civil liberty freedom granted truly english fined imprisoned principal petition signatories pursued complaints massachusetts government england issues religious controversies served assistant influx migrants brought henry governorship men espoused religious political views odds earlier arrivals including view following religious laws required salvation believed view religious rift commonly called significantly divided colony saw beliefs particularly unpleasant dangerous december dispute reached colonial politics bid bridge divide factions penned account religious awakening theological position papers designed facilitate opposing views widely documents circulated known survived pastor reacted way biographer describes horrified containing color believe soul election turned offices elected governor election immediately quell controversy later trial banished colony rhode_island founded exeter new_hampshire order free massachusetts rule active arguing supporters criticized moderate claiming manifest men farther sink left massachusetts new settlements nucleus connecticut colony left england election suggesting seek acquire commission governor general colonial government returned colony important figure parliament english civil wars beheaded restoration aftermath election general court passed new rules residency colony forbidding housing newcomers weeks approval vigorously defended rule protests arguing massachusetts rights refuse receive suit ironically protested policy favor office actually good relationship controversial baptist ordered williams arrest warned making possible flight resulted establishment providence rhode_island williams later relationship discussed religious differences indian policy attitudes local native american populations generally diplomacy described early meeting local chief came chiefs presented governor indian corn small cup sack beer men tobacco sent away men women governor stayed regard rain thunder chief stayed night english clothes governor set table behaved englishman day dinner returned home governor giving cheese small things colonists generally sought acquire title lands occupied early years practiced policy historian calls vacuum land sort active use free taking meant lands natives fishing hunting appeared claimed claimed rights advanced peoples superseded rights hunter cultural differences trade issues colonists natives meant clashes inevitable war major conflict colony engaged sat council decided send expedition raid native villages war major action communication williams encouraged convince english traditional enemies war ended destruction tribe survivors scattered tribes shipped west_indies slavery slave trade slavery according thought considered god institution existed area prior arrival arrived area slaves supported practice clearly evident aftermath war captured enslaved massachusetts council headed approved action male warriors deemed dangerous colony shipped west_indies females children divided colonists recorded exported male traded salt cotton tobacco practice captured indians exchange goods african slaves routine practice known slaves male females enacted things rules slavery member committee drafted code role drafting slavery language known records committee survived generally opposed favored common law approach legislation trade diplomacy rising tensions england culminated civil war led significant reduction number people provisions arriving colonies noted colonists consequently began expand trade interacting colonies non english english led trading ventures barbados source cotton neighboring french colony french covering eastern half present day maine new_brunswick nova_scotia time embroiled minor civil war competing administrators english colonists began trading opponent warned boston traders away territories june tour came boston requested military assistance assaults governor refused official assistance allowed tour recruit volunteers colony service decision brought storm criticism principally geographically closest ongoing dispute particularly critical noting given french chance colonial defenses election referendum policy turned office dispute eventually resolved victor governor seat appeared boston demanded damage english volunteers french governor gift chair originally given english property family addition responsibilities colonial government significant property owner owned land town site logan international airport engaged fur trade partnership blessing bay business named remained family purchased construction farm hills suffered poor oversight steward farm questionable financial deals early caused cash crisis colony insisted paying salary regularly refused accept past pocket expenses engaged official duties private support raised colony granted wife acres km2 land wife margaret arrived second voyage baby daughter anne died crossing children born new england margaret died june december birth child married fourth wife widow sister thomas died natural causes march buried called king chapel burying ground boston survived wife martha sons writings legacy rarely published relatively literary contribution time spent life continually producing written accounts historical events religious major contributions literary world history new england known remained unpublished late 18th century model christian charity wrote delivered lay sermon called crossing north_america route described ideas plans society strong faith struggles overcome new world phrase city hill derived bible sermon mount light world city set hill hidden characterize colonists special pact god create holy community encouraged colonists bear view company christ bound love told colonists religious church_of_england view objective establishment model state god glory man shall succeeding lord like new_england sermon characterized forerunner concept american recent research shown speech given attention time delivery unlike farewell sermon furthermore introduce significant new concepts merely repeated widely held beliefs work published nineteenth century known circulated manuscript time history new england starting voyage atlantic continuing time massachusetts kept journal life experiences originally written account acknowledged central source history massachusetts published long thought lost rediscovered complete journals published history new england governor colony massachusetts bay original manuscripts second destroyed fire savage office volumes belong modern preparation combining new analysis surviving volumes savage second prepared journal began nearly day day ocean crossing time progressed entries frequently wrote greater length work began shape history wrote primarily private accounts journey england arrival wife children colony birth son wrote profound insights nature massachusetts bay colony nearly important events day majority early journal entries intended literary merely observations early new_england life gradually focus writings shifted personal observations broader spiritual scenes views political matters works earliest publication likely humble request loyal subjects london defended physical separation england reaffirmed loyalty crown church_of_england work republished compilation massachusetts new england end manner coming addition famous works produced number writings published unpublished living england articulated belief validity experience private religious journal known journal wrote intermittently sort different tone style journal later life wrote short story rise reign described controversy surrounding work published london time publication discussion nature church governance recently begun meet evidence presented seen supporters evidence worth english opponents evidence editions adapted opponents henry leading independent political leader discussion opponents sought tie round neck stuff struggling monsters sack sink sea according biographer writings echoed unpublished new_england journal efforts divine pattern events justify role believed called play legacy reference city hill enduring symbol american political discourse leading american politicians going revolutionary times cited writings speeches reputation suffered late 19th early 20th century critics like pointed negative aspects rule leading modern assessments lost founding father political scientist argues significant founding father america best worst calls charity public participation offset rigid heart truly want good leader gave speech july kinds liberty natural liberty wished evil good liberty believed restrained civil liberty good strongly believed civil liberty proper end object authority meaning duty government people promote justice instead promoting general welfare supports point view past actions passed laws requiring heads households sure children servants receive proper education town support teachers public funds actions unity colony believed crucial colony working single unit wouldn split force case leader respected principal disarmed activities admired gave pounds despite criticism modern politicians diverse ronald_reagan reference writings speeches ronald_reagan described early freedom man came america looking home free like reagan praise fail note anti democratic political tendencies major character novel hope set colonial massachusetts makes brief appearance scarlet letter chapter entitled minister descendants number thousands today addition son john governor colony later generations family continued play active role new_england politics 19th century twentieth century descendants include massachusetts senator current secretary state educator towns massachusetts maine named honor harvard_university named honor descendant briefly served president harvard namesake squares boston cambridge boston city built site homes | John Winthrop | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
20212_MieczysławJagielski | january february polish politician economist times leading politician eastern regions pre second world war poland communist deputy legislative body poland continue serve capacity seven consecutive terms posted member polish appointed minister agriculture left position minister agriculture deputy prime minister year member august represented government talks city negotiated agreement recognized solidarity polish trade union officially recognized independent trade union august august continued interact representatives polish workers health declining period late july fired deputy reportedly failed produce recovery program economic crisis poland experiencing time year left membership died warsaw poland heart attack age early political career born peasant family january poland ukraine spent second world war agricultural farm parents war finished studies graduate school preparing people prominent positions polish communist party structures signed sources vary polish worker party transformed member new party served communist organization designed control countryside december december deputy director institution december director position hold december march deputy member retain position march result january polish legislative elections appointed deputy polish legislative body january year deputy minister agriculture appointed october position hold june march appointed member previously deputy member june deputy member hold position december economist specializing issues agricultural economics beginning held warsaw deputy prime minister june appointed deputy prime minister ending tenure minister agriculture deputy december member polish previously deputy existing member october chairman october relieved post chairman suffered severe heart attack polish representative february president described having profound influence poland economic policies lost position chairman july polish government announced price increases led workers striking polish cities including result strike city virtually shut led delegation city able ease tension negotiations focal point strike movement august replaced lead polish government commission negotiating represented demanding workers represented given better rights including better rights strike august meeting representatives shipyard promised right strike added new law official trade unions poland days difficult negotiations settlement reached government known agreement contends end realised alternatives remained general government victory negotiations agreement terms immediate resort force government prepared agreement giving workers shipyard right strike allowed form independent trade union said negotiations led agreement spoken poles poles winners important thing understood best guarantee hard work reported spoken negotiations october interacted delegation solidarity members included future president complained polish government keeping promise allowing independent labour movement opportunity indicated try movement better access polish press polish radio network led delegation went meeting moscow economic community january month government declared poor economy forcing cut promise ensuring polish workers work saturdays offer number saturdays work free instead unrest grew polish workers government decision negotiated hours building saturday issue talking points included solidarity standard state censorship negotiations end unrest offered compromise appearance polish national television network stating government grant workers saturday saturdays free add half hour working day warned poland economic troubles increase polish workers gain saturdays work appealed patriotism people polish workers stayed work following saturday april described veteran met france president able gain pledge million aid france month received united_states secretary state vice president promised sell poland tons surplus butter dried milk consider poland billion debt june member offered members group terminate position position deputy prime minister stating submit resignation member especially certain incident life submit resignation vice premier deputy prime minister offer rebuffed incident life spoke heart attack recently suffered july fired position deputy prime minister reportedly failed produce recovery program economic crisis poland experiencing time later life death july lost polish remained deputy died night february heart attack home warsaw poland age death described sensitive man listened arguments said differed respect polish politicians awards received order builders people poland order highest civil decoration | Mieczysław Jagielski | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
20577_IsaacParsons(Virginiapolitician) | virginia politician january august american politician militia officer state virginia west_virginia parsons served member representing death following act parsons appointed serve trustee town parsons began serving justice served captain command company virginia militia american revolutionary war continued serve captain militia following war parsons operated public ferry south branch later died drowning river parsons grandfather represented virginia house delegates served officer early life family born january virginia west_virginia parsons son wife spelled parsons parsons family prominent family ancestors arrived england relocated parsons father settled maryland prior relocating virginia following death father date testament recording march parsons inherited plantation lot number survey 6th lord valuable lands present day counties hardy grant parsons brother baldwin received land father acquired divided parsons brother parsons owned acres lot number lot number lord south branch survey parsons owned corner lot number town parsons acquired additional acres south branch parsons lot property south branch later purchased gibson established plantation ferry service parsons petitioned establish public ferry south branch connecting property sides river october passed act establishing public ferry parsons property near present site bridge west assembly act set ferry toll man price horse parsons continuing operation ferry known ferry december passed additional act settlement regulation public ferries assembly act mandated parsons ferry constantly kept location established toll amounting cents man cents horse political military careers american revolutionary war parsons served captain command company charge major virginia militia december parsons serving captain command company parsons served member representing death august parsons represented multi member electoral district october december session parsons served alongside sessions parsons served alongside parsons served alongside session session served alongside parsons died august november december session served alongside parsons seat filled served parsons term session final sessions parsons member february parsons appointed property act december parsons appointed act serve trustee town parsons served trustee alongside parsons fellow trustees given authority settle disputes town land lots open clear town streets lanes accordance original survey plan parsons elected appointed justice alongside parsons died august according tradition died drowning south branch personal life parsons married april born february parsons wife sons married born married | Isaac Parsons (Virginia politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
20624_JohnFloyd(Virginiapolitician) | virginia politician april august virginia politician soldier represented virginia united_states house_of_representatives later served 25th governor virginia career house_of_representatives floyd advocate settling unsuccessfully arguing behalf left congress area territory united_states floyd received votes presidency united_states running carried south_carolina electoral votes governor virginia turner slave rebellion occurred floyd initially supported emancipation slavery eventually went majority term governor saw economic prosperity state family early life floyd born virginia near louisville kentucky parents pioneer killed native americans days son birth cousin member lewis die letter dated december stated floyd cousin lewis floyd educated home nearby log pennsylvania age thirteen member class withdraw financial troubles guardian failed payments family accounts relate floyd poor obliged borrow pair return home kentucky step father died able return withdraw lung illness moved philadelphia placed care experience influenced decision pursue medical career louisville kentucky floyd enrolled medical department philadelphia honorary member member floyd graduated graduating entitled moved lexington virginia town virginia floyd served justice peace floyd married came prominent southwest family daughter sister virginia children including governor virginia secretary war president married united_states senator secretary later member west_virginia legislature married professor surgeon rank major outbreak war floyd moved family new home near present day virginia tech near friends entered regular army july appointed surgeon col virginia militia returned leave absence discovered appointed replace service role ended november floyd commissioned major militia april promoted rank brigadier general 17th brigade virginia militia served elected time moved family time spring large plantation virginia golf course inherited father located near older brother near home virginia tech father completed mother died bears tree political career floyd member established record strong nationalist supported joint resolution coordinate virginia defense federal government opposed resolution authorize governor communicate government addition floyd supported bill authorized virginia raise troops place order federal government supporting resolution condemn terms peace proposed british commissioners opponent tactics leader questioned united_states sovereign country floyd elected democratic republican united_states house_of_representatives served march march proposition send minister buenos_aires recognize argentina bid independence spain floyd support urged recognition matter national self interest justice floyd biographer noted proposed recognition meant floyd trade advantages justice step america afford relief political impossible european nation matters relating america creating corresponding movement tired negotiating things related exclusively america london paris madrid general tried executed british agents spanish held florida precipitated congress claiming exceeded orders president demanding floyd supported jackson actions maintaining acted according precedent orders denied sovereignty tribes missouri sought sparked heated debate eventually ended allowed slave state admission maine free state prior compromise proposals floated allowing prohibiting slavery new state majority virginia representatives congress desired retention slavery missouri price floyd silent biographer statements floyd preferred immediate extension slavery admits little evidence opposed general principles anti slavery forces congress tried clause missouri state constitution prevented free blacks settling state floyd opposed principal state rights decide matters opposed growing federal power stated gentlemen memories progress european liberty institutions find america number states separate independent distinct nations common safety mutual protection taught wisdom eternal feuds spain england france germany consolidated large states confederation war peace raise armies build navy coin money pass bankrupt laws foreigners regulate commerce informed europe knew arise constant strife render armies nation necessary defence liberties homes states sovereign independent characters willing enter compact power making war peace regulating commerce possessed alike transferred congress states exercised mutual benefit avoiding enslaved europe powers intended granted states powers conferred compact necessary carry execution floyd position congress allowed missouri sovereign state choice admit union missouri came presidential election issue electoral votes valid awaiting final approval constitution congress floyd argued counting votes debate followed precipitated scenes witnessed disorder followed floyd persistent joint session compromise brought forward count vote missouri floyd opposed later prompted describe action effort bring missouri union storm end war claimed britain united_states pressed claim floyd wanted pursue america interests aggressively december brought question person attention congress resolution appoint committee situation settlements pacific_ocean occupying resolution passed committee formed floyd chairman kentucky virginia members floyd presented committee report january bill authorize occupation area happened bill criticized floyd characterized politician seeking win prestige patronage particularly vigorous opposition party power attributed motives occupation desire provide retreat relative possibly floyd brought forth resolution december occupying area week later presented resolution secretary navy estimate survey pacific_coast january introduced bill authorize require president occupy territory united_states waters organize territory north parallel latitude west rocky_mountains territory oregon soon population reached floyd asked correspondence relating treaty presented house possibly attempt damage political ambitions negotiation neglected interests west floyd bill unsuccessful possible attempt discredit adams floyd capitalized fear russia claims sovereignty area succeeded having resolution adopted asking president inform house foreign government communicated claims territory information deemed sensitive disclose house attempt discredit adams floyd learned letter written december contained proof positive adams neglect west treaty negotiations successful passing resolution inquiry gave letter actions press attacked floyd forced defend conduct adams certainly saw attempt damage chances presidency president monroe acknowledged time consider rights united_states area december floyd reintroduced bill argued passage vote taken january failed pass tally rest floyd continued pursuit president monroe suggested second session 18th united_states congress look establishing military base mouth floyd reintroduced bill argued appeal house consider interests western coast trade china india ease brought missouri commerce thousands years passed year year nations earth year sought rich commerce country enjoyed east trade sought king solomon tyre wealth found way egypt rome france portugal spain holland england finally republic vast rich country commerce ceased day highest point jewish instant speaking supply globe busy imagination man desire ease comfort enjoyment whilst rave fair opportunity offered participate largely wealth enjoyment govern direct possible doubt mere points speculation weigh house cause lose forever prospect presented eyes nation bill passed time vote failed senate continued argue settling oregon rest term congress role presidential elections period leading presidential election leading candidate charges brought select committee formed investigate charges chairman floyd rivals determined remove floyd known favored candidacy efforts failed committee acquitted charges presidential election clear runner southern politicians united determination adams thought time passed unsuccessful bid popularity grown convinced jackson serve cabinet ran things alliance formed northern plain republicans spokesperson southern senator virginia intimate friend floyd spokesperson jackson white house floyd later wrote moment came struggle great parties congress founded claim majority north right lay tax united_states intended act protection northern manufacturers excluding foreign kind states south dependent supply thing want way south compelled sell products low buy north articles needed cent higher france england southern party brought jackson floyd worked hard jackson behalf considered efforts sufficient post new cabinet declined run congress receive post governor virginia floyd governor virginia rift forming floyd southern politicians jackson failed act issue matters december floyd wrote friend long ago wrote told personally predicted jackson thrown overboard unwilling employment promised declined reelection congress single instance refused office friends respectful consideration letters recommendation stop moment enduring weight opposition friends power patronage government break friends virginia prevent reelection office fill having reputation political matters read folks washington thoroughly temper pocket insult neglect injury dear friend determined course silent patient ancestors like feel vengeance sweet day retribution shall come marked effects know notwithstanding efforts prevent reelection begin message know principles maintained january floyd successful bid election governor time years governor new state constitution enacted virginia economy seen december address wanted continue unveiled bold economic program included network state internal improvements designed virginia commercial empire success plan virginia future depended national politics captured white_house economic growth virginia jackson plans threatening different southern main fear abolition slavery floyd opposed slavery purely economic reasons viewed inefficient southern rights man governor foe peculiar institution presidential election approaching floyd torn wanted vice president presidential candidate wondered proposed vice presidential candidate second term felt better chance beat jackson clay wrote april know opinion views know course announce candidate presidency hazard war wait fate clay glad know opinion things floyd considered leaders jackson turned felt jackson virtue ability old republican according historian floyd opinion federal government king andrew power left right allowing majority run minority clay agree postpone bid presidency favor forward point floyd went home rest time returned time witness political friends party candidate president floyd refused absolutely morals political thinking turn federal government religious floyd ceased objections jackson time time turner slave rebellion occurred august november decided recommend general_assembly gradual abolition slavery state counties west blue ridge mountains attained goal abolition state time caused change mind annual message contain recommendation instead encouraged delegates western counties introduce discussion debate heated floyd alarmed eastern delegates talked splitting state floyd observed sensation required great caution touching result vote instead forth state issue pro slavery party narrowly won seven floyd address general_assembly touch national issues country floyd biographer noted clear forceful language floyd state sovereignty theory government guaranteed compact constitution holding merely agent states entrusted powers originally intended operate externally nations foreign composing confederacy called attention disregard majority received memorials protests sovereign states acts precedent melting away federal chain fact strongly states arrest unconstitutional measure course certain result federal constitution complete failure experiment government democratic_party announced vice presidential candidate floyd happy renewed jackson accordingly floyd felt northern principles government lead sic sudden immediate emancipation slavery led movement prevent election brought forward running mate ticket way floyd expected throw choice vice president senate thought election prevented historian noted virginia replacing achieve desired goals eliminate man designated great enemy virginia doctrine symbolize political resurgence virginia later withdrew candidacy accept jackson appointment judge virginia vice president ongoing december jackson came proclamation presidential election jackson confirmed power south winning election jackson movement clay appear southern tickets stronghold south_carolina jackson fare electoral votes floyd ally president united_states south_carolina time legislature appoint state election floyd biographer commented despite advocating annual message december secretly counting costs war floyd characterized response south_carolina outrage institutions satire revolution making war inevitable letter time called jackson feared civil war result floyd learned clay willing compromise south_carolina submit issues convention states supported crisis toned opposition jackson unwilling return democratic_party leader result turned clay attempted bring new political party support views elimination clay list presidency temporarily set task working fighting alliance factions opposed administration end encouraged democratic_party keeping conflicting ambitions friends background beginnings floyd suffered stroke office able serve term approached successor ultimately successful believing great events gale urged richmond prepared lay share power state sic confederacy april left richmond home escorted bigger blues richardson artillery richmond volunteer companies electoral history floyd elected vote defeating floyd elected unopposed floyd elected unopposed catholicism death floyd daughter converted catholicism owing prominence caused sensation state virginia followed family members including floyd left office governor conversion floyd families led catholic_church members distinguished families south floyd suffered stroke died august virginia west_virginia found lewis family cemetery hill remains historic grave near january passed act creating present county floyd named floyd governor time | John Floyd (Virginia politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
20905_CharlesA.Wickliffe | june october representative kentucky served speaker 14th governor kentucky appointed president consistently identified politically independent differences opinion whig founder fellow received strong education public school private studied law debate club included future attorney general future governor florida elected vigorous supporter war served brief time aide camp american generals war elected consecutive terms returned state house elected tenth lieutenant governor kentucky governor died office october served governor remaining months clark term president tyler appointed following term governor aboard steamship stabbed man later found insane president sent secret mission report british french regard texas assess feasibility united_states undertaking action participation endeavor distanced elected serving single term tried civil war serving delegate peace conference war declared sided union cause sought office governor federal military forces interfered election resulting landslide victory later life crippled carriage accident went completely blind died october visiting daughter maryland early life born june log cabin near springfield kentucky youngest children born family emigrated kentucky virginia attained early education local schools springfield attended wilson academy year received private instruction acting president read law cousin mother admitted bar began practice prominent lawyers formed debate club called club included members cousins participated debates members club early life known cards friends considered gambling excessive judge devised scheme break habit knew collecting thousand dollars upcoming session court plotted invite play cards agreed secret system signals communicate strengths weaknesses cards hands way hoped win money return exchange promise vice night appointed won money despite schemes later learned designs friends agreed gambling married couple sons daughters notable children robert governor louisiana contracted architect construct residence dubbed later called home governors son grandson future governor kentucky occupied residence political career political career began elected represent kentucky house representatives tenure enthusiastically supported war served aide camp general august enlisted private company september chosen aide camp general served capacity october battle thames succeeded commonwealth attorney returned period controversy known controversy raging kentucky financial panic state citizens demanded debt relief debt relief measures passed legislature declared unconstitutional legislature attempted dissolve court replace sympathetic time courts claimed court resort kentucky supported court eventually prevailed service house_of_representatives elected served consecutive terms succeeded cousin friend whig disagreed positions party founder candidate received majority electoral votes presidential election constitution mandated election decided house clay advice vote instead voted choice kentucky legislature opined break party loyalty explain lack committee appointments early years house beginning chaired capacity attacked clay plan distribute surplus revenue states unfair younger states differed clay clay willingness limit slavery wrote clay concerning respond problem fugitive slaves clay responded loyal platform letter brother lamented jackson attacks publicly encouraged strengthen despite disagreements clay chosen colleagues managers proceedings judge candidates proposed succeed votes needed elected seat received candidates included votes votes votes days assembly unable fill seat allowed remain vacant session seek election seat house governor kentucky returned state legislature defeated speaker house elected lieutenant governor kentucky defeating democrat margin votes death governor october acting governor served remaining months clark term governor primary concern advocated raising property taxes offset spending climbed legislature borrowed money meet current expenses instead maintained state credit paying interest state areas called spending improvements river navigation preservation state archives public education aside concerns inundated requests service presidents tyler campaigned behalf whig ticket presidential election tyler friends having shared room congress harrison death elevated tyler office president tyler appointed choice angered clay supporters party served tyler administration march august daughters boarded steamship georgia traveling old point comfort virginia baltimore maryland route stabbed chest man wielding knife bounced damaging major internal organs officer prevented second blow hitting attacker disarmed arrested later night wrote letter apology seriously injured returned home days attack tried found insane later sent asylum supported annexation texas issue helped seal clay defeat presidential president sent envoy secret mission originally purpose british french attempts annexation texas later joined commodore lobbying leaders order military forces rio mexico believed provoke invasion mexico united_states stronger case texas ultimately failed convincing invade succeeded drumming support annexation position annexation willingness carry assignment distanced later political career february elected received votes contest chosen delegate state constitutional convention despite having opposed calling convention decade earlier political opponents including claimed showed political charge denied following year appointed committee charged state code laws january chaired state democratic convention louisville elected term congress serving union whig opposed idea member peace conference attempted civil war april attended secret meeting participants planned arm union supporters key areas state president lincoln supplied rifles nicknamed lincoln guns venture forces destroyed railroad near personally hired carry area mail private carriage rebuilt february need service near end term thrown carriage permanently crippled despite injury remained politically active ran governor peace democrat platform military authorities considered subversive interfered election lost landslide served delegate democratic national convention chicago casting vote final years life totally blind visiting daughter near maryland fell ill died october buried world war naval ship named honor | Charles A. Wickliffe | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
20957_AlexanderW.Monroe | december march prominent american lawyer politician military officer states virginia west_virginia monroe served member representing speaker west virginia house delegates legislative session monroe represented monroe born virginia present day west_virginia age siblings orphaned provide education brothers sisters later county surveyor studied monroe elected time participated reform constitution virginia admitted virginia bar purchased newspaper operated onset american_civil_war monroe commanded rank colonel oldest person commissioned rank state militia took skirmishes following regiment disbandment monroe volunteered raised battalion cavalry 18th regular later commanded rear guard withdrawal confederate forces command general successfully protecting mile wagon train monroe served civil war monroe returned practice law participant west virginia constitutional convention member west virginia house delegates twice elected speaker delegate represent monroe twice appointed director insane served west virginia house delegates monroe retired farm little river died early life family relations born december virginia west_virginia oldest child robert parents scottish descent monroe great uncle early physician baptist minister monroe younger brothers sisters brother later appointed united_states president indian agent idaho age monroe siblings orphaned monroe took responsibility education younger brothers sisters accomplish feat taught school winter months worked family farm growing season early political career monroe studied surveying began career public service county surveyor tenure surveyed majority county land tracts monroe read law prominent local attorney studying law elected represent virginia house delegates alongside monroe member reform constitution virginia nominated democratic candidate represent district senate virginia monroe admitted virginia bar age engaged law practice elected commonwealth attorney monroe purchased newspaper joint ownership offices located old stone building housed monroe continued serving editors publishers union_army closed offices august newspaper revived military career following outbreak american_civil_war july monroe commanded rank colonel age monroe oldest colonel commission serving virginia militia october monroe took skirmish unit left column formation union_army troops command brigadier general skirmish took place present day wire bridge carried south branch lower hanging rocks monroe led soldiers gap january monroe remained commanding officer disbandment april serving monroe completed term member participated legislative session conducted wartime returning military duties following session following passage conscription bill monroe volunteered raised battalion cavalry 18th regular elected major 18th known shortly creation served 18th command brigadier general monroe later command rear guard withdrawal confederate forces command general capacity monroe successfully protected mile wagon train monroe fought duration war following war union authorities later political career confederate veterans initially prohibited holding public office practicing law west_virginia taking test oath west virginia house delegates passed bill allowed monroe practice law having swear oath following passage bill resumed practice law represented west virginia constitutional convention charleston monroe returned politics elected democrat represent west virginia house delegates year term legislative session monroe served speaker west virginia house delegates delegate represent march year later march appointed governor john jacob director insane june state democratic convention charleston monroe selected delegate west_virginia 2nd congressional district attend monroe served member representing nominated house lost monroe member charged laws statutes political career monroe continued engage practice law defense attorneys accused murdering lover business pursuits february passed act incorporating responsible construction operation branch line connecting baltimore main line monroe named legislature commissioners charged responsibility signing investors purchase capital stock company later life death later years monroe resided farm little river community monroe succumbed heart failure died night march home near monroe survived second wife margaret children monroe interred wife margaret indian mound cemetery marriage children monroe married wife daughter john monroe wife sarah son following sarah death monroe married second wife daughter benjamin november monroe margaret children october married march born october married january married november annie monroe | Alexander W. Monroe | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
20962_JamesBowdoin | james august november american political intellectual leader boston massachusetts american revolution following decade initially gained fame influence wealthy merchant served branches initially supportive royal governors opposed british colonial policy eventually influential advocate independence authored highly political report boston massacre described historian influential pieces writing shaped public opinion colonies served president executive council facto head massachusetts government elected president constitutional convention drafted state constitution ran unsuccessfully governor losing following resignation elected governor large debts massachusetts incurred revolutionary war ran platform fiscal responsibility years office combination poor economic conditions harsh fiscal policy laid government led uprising known rebellion personally funded militia forces instrumental putting uprising high handed treatment rebels contributed loss election populist returned office addition political activities active scientific pursuits collaborating pioneering research electricity elected fellow founder president bequeathed library maine named honor son early life born boston wealthy boston merchant grandfather refugee france took family ireland eastern massachusetts present day maine finally settling boston modest inheritance parents greatly expanded father merchant business land holdings wealthiest men province young james attended graduated father died inherited considerable fortune married daughter harvard roommate children year went harvard receive master degree scientific pursuits met early frequent collaborators scientific subjects harvard years educated sciences developed interest electricity astronomy traveled philadelphia meet franklin interested franklin experiments electricity franklin advice papers prepared submission offices franklin letters read society instrumental gaining support provincial assembly expedition newfoundland observe transit venus sun year published treatise suggesting improvements published series memoirs arguing theory light transmitted citing natural observations scripture maintained lifelong interest sciences founders served president death left society library published scientific papers poetry english latin awarded honorary doctorate fellow harvard election honor bestowed american independence extensive business interests characterized merchant engaged atlantic trade principal interest land inheritance included major tracts land kept present day maine rich state south coast expanded holdings eventually acquiring property new_england states rhode_island managing large territory frequently involved legal proceedings land competing land interests dealings particular left dislike lower classes massachusetts society affected politics inheritance included sold apparently time consuming manage despite revolution careful manage financial affairs supported cause independence financially damaging business interests unlike business suffered neglect later years served president president organization initially devoted rescuing survivors water based disasters governor council opposition british rule elected provincial assembly served named governor council supportive royal governor politics radical british colonial policy increasingly unpopular believed policies negative effect new_england economy personal factors played role shift views local customs commissioner son law embroiled nasty disputes governor principal opposition governor council year bernard rejected renewed election council instrumental causing bernard downfall office private letters critical provincial government bernard written published great outrage charges claims bernard letters published highly pamphlet arguing bernard removal sent colonial secretary lord won reelection assembly promptly reelected council year soon bernard left province acting governor return council reasoning dangerous outspoken critic lower house seat vacated assembly taken leading political opponent royal governors faced prospect opposition fronts march chosen boston town meeting serve committee investigated affair committee took produced report describing event published short narrative massacre work highly critical governor behavior british_army troops stationed boston characterized historian major propaganda pieces influencing public opinion colonies opposition british policies continued administration letters published outrage similar bernard letters affair penned works highly critical governor calling removal successor general vetoed reelection council citing express orders majesty excluded body government massachusetts named delegate attend citing poor health wife bout poor health probably caused tuberculosis time affected ill american revolutionary war broke family relocated british occupied boston siege area militia eventually resided beacon street mansion occupied general despite kept events occurring boston elected president executive council position held facto head massachusetts government citing ongoing poor health resigned post withdrew public view continued correspond revolutionaries enjoyed confidence absence war effort lead later political difficulties began return public life massachusetts wrote constitution president convention called create chairman committee drafted committee member generally credited major author new constitution likely significant contributions gubernatorial election held ran office absence formal party politics contest personality popularity patriotism immensely popular patriotic given personal sacrifices leadership cast supporters citing things refusal serve illness supporters principally commercial interests massachusetts coastal communities cast populace won election easily receiving vote offered lieutenant governorship seat state senate declined account poor health election appointed commission revise consolidate state laws ran subsequent elections able overcome enormous popularity contest men element long running rivalry encompassed business politics religion apparently deeply personal men involved administration harvard feud ugly example simultaneously treasurer harvard president committee headed decided physically held risk war delegation sent philadelphia receive accounting physical custody papers responses refusal produce accounting college books dragged years result orchestrated harvard board matter reached peak sorts college issues read discussed open meeting presiding officer attended competed size quality improvements building location new funded captured differences men don feelings sting like disappointed succeed hurt modest pride rivalry men bitter founding named honor delayed died apparently sensitive rising unrest western massachusetts poor economy offered resign expecting asked stay office legislature request eventually resign pleading poor health gubernatorial race year dominated lieutenant governor widely viewed lacked charisma revolutionary war general campaign times nasty went faction seizing recently established locally controversial social club known card play dancing took place activities previously banned socially conservative boston sign moral decay took place term supporters accused war insulting people refusing lieutenant governorship electorate gave candidate majority ended choosing divisive voting rebellion governor time office refused vigorously act collect taxes seeking payments state owed nation foreign debt raised taxes stepped collection taxes actions combined general post war economic depression credit squeeze caused shortage hard currency wrought havoc rural parts state conventions organized rural parts state submitted letters protest state legislature dominated conservative wholesale merchants coastal portions state legislature august addressing complaints rural massachusetts organized direct action began protest marches shut state court system enforced tax civil focus discontent issued proclamation early september denouncing actions took overt steps immediately organize militia response unlike governors neighboring connecticut new_hampshire court worcester shut similar action september county militia composed mainly men sympathetic refused turn protests court continued correspondent writing october state bordering civil war leadership legislature enacted suspended corpus passed bill unsuccessfully attempted address financial reasons protests january protests began demands reform grown direct attack government massachusetts particular included rebellion leaders like luke day beginning organize attack government institutions federal government unable raise significant number troops longer trust local militias western counties proposed early january creation private militia funded eastern merchants revolutionary war general raised funds men effort men worcester january springfield january resulted death rebels lincoln broke main rebel force february ending large scale resistance day lincoln arrived state legislature passed bills authorizing state martial law giving governor broad powers act rebels authorized state payments lincoln merchants funded army authorized recruitment additional militia february legislature passed disqualification act seeking prevent legislative response rebel bill forbade acknowledged rebels holding variety elected appointed offices crushing rebellion harsh terms reconciliation imposed disqualification act worked governor politically election held april received votes rural parts state served member massachusetts convention ratified united_states_constitution strong supporter worked hard ratification bringing skeptical supporters fold inviting dinner pro ratification delegates offering support future elections supporters backed election stood election remained active charitable scientific pursuits later years continuing leadership continued engage new business ventures buying interest american merchant ships sail china death legacy died boston november fever funeral largest time boston people lining streets view funeral procession interred boston gift awards known son donated lands family estate maine funds books establish honor constructed harvard science department includes bronze figures supposedly cast responsible having device rescued pope house caught fire landmarks bearing boston include square station maine incorporated named neighboring maine incorporated named grandfather brother william | James Bowdoin | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21000_SamuelShute | january april english military officer royal governor provinces massachusetts new_hampshire serving years war war spanish succession appointed king george governor massachusetts new_hampshire tenure marked disagreements massachusetts assembly variety issues poorly conducted diplomacy respect northern new_england led partly responsible breakdown negotiations returned england early resolutions ongoing disagreements massachusetts assembly leaving conduct war lieutenant governor protests resulted issuance explanatory charter essentially confirming position disputes assembly return new_england replaced governor refused considered sudden death massachusetts royal governor early history massachusetts described tenure governor contentious early life born london england january eldest children london merchant mother identified sources mary daughter presbyterian clergyman brother john afterward lord influential member parliament political leader religious king educated afterward emigrated new_england attended holland subsequently entered english army serving war spanish succession served campaigns duke 3rd guards captain cavalry regiment wounded battle end war promotion lieutenant colonel promotion colonel accession king george colonel commissioned governor massachusetts new_hampshire massachusetts agents representing opponents land bank proposal promised support resign left england instrumental promoting alternative believing things likely received new_england prominent family governor massachusetts new_hampshire arrived boston october began difficult contentious tenure office signaled taking residence son appointed governor land bank opponent acting governor new_hampshire administration new_hampshire troublesome massachusetts issues began early lieutenant governor acting governor year arrival insisted claiming authority act present province direct orders absence dissolved assembly dismissed councillor september council suspended recalled assembly reinstated afterward formally replaced lieutenant governor positive event connected administration governor large number north ireland early reverend arrived petition land behalf number presbyterian families seeking favorably received ships migrants arrived august eventually settled new_hampshire founded town beginning major wave irish migration new_hampshire massachusetts grants land modern state new_hampshire southwestern new_hampshire time disputed provinces governed grants area went massachusetts interests upset number new_hampshire politicians notably lieutenant governor discontent grants combined competing ones issued new_hampshire authority build power base eventually death successfully lobby separation disputes massachusetts assembly engaged wide array disputes provincial assembly concerning royal issues administration assembly successfully expanded authority expense governor permanently affected relations later governors assembly independence currency major issue divided province politically large populist faction supported issuance paper currency economically powerful groups supported competing proposals dealing currency problem faction secured appointment supported private land bank proposal issue bills secured private property supporters backed favored idea paper backed gold major opponent representing popular factions province politician major landowner maine massachusetts opposition rooted disagreements currency matter logging maine territory administration logging interests widely white pine act british parliamentary legislation reserved large trees public lands government use ship masts sought crack behavior earning early challenges law legal nature rapidly political nominated serve assembly vetoed choice assembly appointed speaker began constitutional argument governor powers refused accept appointment claiming authority veto assembly refused appoint following year seated different speaker given notice election disagreements assembly extended ability short periods time assembly formally called session governor provided means governor control assembly took issue temporary days dispute combined refusal approve appointment prompted assembly strongly opposed virtually actions extended denial attempts governor fund improvement defenses province northern eastern ongoing difficulties notorious controversies concerned assembly refusal grant regular salary frequent source dispute matters veto appointment resulted reduction salary grant salary issue continue regular source disagreement provincial assembly governor administration attempted impose press censorship partisans published pamphlets harshly criticizing policies assembly refused pass proposed legislation effectively freedom press province boston conservative religious establishment expressed reservations attendance anglican church services loud parties indian policy war spanish succession ended north american theater known war came uneasy end treaty ended war acknowledge native american claims contained ambiguous language concerning french contested areas northern new_england included present day nova scotia new_brunswick eastern maine negotiated end hostilities tribes massachusetts new_hampshire written form treaty portsmouth differed content negotiated agreements terms violated british settlements lands maine coasts rivers furthermore neighboring signed treaties france britain claimed claimed tribes inhabiting contested area tribes loosely organized asserted sovereignty ownership disputed area meeting maine representatives attempted reach agreement concerning colonial native lands establishment operated trading posts chief objected establishment settlements lands construction forts claimed sovereign control lands interrupted british claims territory willing existing illegal settlements proper boundary settlement allowed responded desire ambiguous response treaty ultimately agreed satisfy years settlers continued lands east including construction block house fortifications east responded raiding livestock nova scotia settlement disputed parties fortified nova_scotia primarily occupied massachusetts fishermen conflict receiving complaints harassment raids based fishermen dispatched royal_navy frigate area seized french ships goods tensions raised attacked conference agreed pay fur property damage maine leaving hostages delivered protested presence french jesuit priest lived central maine demanding removed july delivered half demanded return hostages refused hand accompanied meeting site massachusetts official response raids soon resumed went extraordinary lengths produce written document sovereign claims disputed areas areas claimed threatening violence territory violated dismissed letter menacing sent militia forces asserted based influence claims french intrigue french claims disputed areas following idea sent militia expedition capture january force reached village based priest escaped militia recovered containing papers including communications french authorities reinforce claims french involvement reiterated british claims sovereignty disputed areas letters governor general response pointed france claimed sovereignty area maintained ownership suggested misunderstood way ideas european native american ownership interacted raid fortification maine coast brought predictable response went war raiding british settlements maine coast seizing shipping vessels nova scotia july formally declared war marking formal start conflict referred war lieutenant governor end conducting massachusetts involvement war decision leave leadership country party assembly investigated province expenditures finding payments militia assembly able introducing spending bills precisely public funds spent represented increase assembly power expense governor assembly governor authority establishing committee oversee activities militia december indian war saw threat power decided returning london able correct situation long christmas sailed england later years legacy arrival london presented issues opponents represented having long served colonial agent london chosen assembly forward case arguments accepted council diplomacy convinced council colonial charter council issued explanatory colonial charter confirming position issue approval house speaker provincial assembly reluctantly accepted following year preparing return massachusetts king george died brought change administration london colonial massachusetts new_hampshire given governor new_york new_jersey given pension brief administration dominated extended attempt governor secure annual salary sudden death opened massachusetts new_hampshire seats apparently considered post offering support instead actively seeking post married died england massachusetts named honor | Samuel Shute | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21136_HalvdanKoht | july december norwegian historian politician representing labour_party born north norway fairly distinguished family soon interested politics history starting political career switched labour_party turn 20th century represented party municipal council parts interwar period elected member parliament served nonetheless norwegian minister foreign affairs capacity sought preserve norway neutrality second world war action garnered political growing political decisions ultimately led exit cabinet war returned academic career track wrote major works 1950s 1960s academic professor history having research fellow honors held honorary degree university_of_oxford prolific writer touched numerous subjects long academic career wrote biographies works spanned volumes known norwegian history emphasised roles peasants wage labourers historical agents found place expanding notion norwegian nation interested united_states history pioneer norway respect views norwegian language garnered nationwide academic recognition championed language reform declared aim consolidate standards written norwegian reform pushing formal written language direction implemented historical events led failure policy advocate international peace founding member ordinary member activist politician described strong strong belief taking academic legal perspective political problems background born august larger cities second children born educator politician time teacher penchant singing languages drawing betty mixed descended father norwegian origin distinguished great grandfather civil servant offspring maternal grand uncle cousin lineage distant ancestor stems german immigrants norway 17th century intended stopped request voiced dislike christened changed years later family lived mayor family moved years old father immersed politics served mayor finished school taking father teachers norwegian greek year death father family moved borough studied september married essay writer women rights activist half years senior bore children child died infancy remaining distinguished careers née child psychologist ambassador father law literary scholar grandfather politician academic psychologist politician leader late 1920s karen declining health work placed strain relationship union entered friendships following decade pen friends second world war rumors romantic relationship secretary relationship karen strength education graduated degree studied history geography minor subject main history teacher examination different languages classical modern choice classical latin norwegian german including norse chose norwegian german finishing history studies spent months mediterranean travelling ships norway venice second venice constantinople norway studied german literature travels december finally examined earned degree students examined norwegian german late candidate history previous year break studies came second half father death afford attend university semester worked briefly private tutor district paid write newspaper returning studies worked correspondent newspaper eventually worked took anniversary writer years contribute extensively publications den liberal norwegian nationalist publications months graduating worked unpaid volunteer continuing attend university lectures given scholarship nok award nok studied abroad fellowship studied paris des des especially influenced leipzig worked substitute time school teacher engaged help publishing source text years work completed volumes biographical dictionary norwegian writers posthumous work principal author having died academic career appointments doctorate appointed research fellow rarely responsibility teaching students busy remained research fellow took degree thesis die und opponents hired internal opponents university designated cover cultural history instead history later university changed history cabinet changed cultural history parliament finally decided history going start tenure argued deserved travel abroad travelled united_states england sweden visiting peace conferences london chicago stockholm years wife daughter lived returned norway university remained promoted professor remained professor served dean faculty fields research faced considerable skepticism academics announcing intentions study social history farmers perspective claimed farmers norway effort person wanted study farmer politician given nok research professor replied wish study social history yes socialist completed developed theories role farmers history published journal featured theory class nation according community nation expanded democratic way movement labour movement rose political demand place political national sphere wrote article book published compilation presented material university lectures represented culmination work topic class conflict urban population argued peasant movement abandoned cause class interest favour universal rights social reforms perspective applied struggle labour movement maintained economic background farmers rising presented originally lecture second norwegian conference historians lecture historical came fruition stated thought theories political social uprising stay united_states impact historical views adaptation historical tried encourage study american history norway american culture particularly high standing norway time school learn proper english embarked historian colleagues country barely history worth visiting writing subject came lecture genesis american independence followed monetary power labor america based people academy lectures american culture den american nation return briefly american career instance autumn hold course harvard_university wishing unite interested psychology role individuals history focus led words biographer greatest biographers 20th century inspired work wrote life author later published biographies foreigners volumes volumes vii norway wrote pieces edition biographical dictionary source important figures norwegian history published letters original writings chaired institutions dealt publishing source texts chaired honorary positions fellow learned society vice held honorary degrees university_of_oxford university_of_chicago decorated france knight legion honour received medal member political career early involvement local politics father introduced son politics taking national convention allowed enter studied university political arena argued flag norway contain union badge flag case left forum founded new students association called students association collectively entered board member local party branch continued fight union badge union union dissolved altogether agitated establishment republic decided monarchy adhered christianity adolescent adult life valued faith human beings prompted greatest religions started feel solidarity labour movement working classes leading views voted years prior began consider socialist living united_states developed form historical led fusion history scholarship political views viewed important agent norwegian history pronounced rights farmers viewed working class class included political life specifically period radical members later join labour_party joined labour_party returned united_states moved lived family commissioned house house designed architect dubbed university offered office conduct research home served member municipal council terms wrote year history foreign affairs politician internationally tried prop institutions maintained public international law participated denmark norway disposition sovereignty claimed denmark teamed conservative politician edited contributed negotiations led agreement norwegian trade rights area question sovereignty remained forces outside government annexed red land 1930s foremost international politician labour_party positioned labour_party prospective minister foreign affairs party form government fellow historian minister foreign affairs died making foreign minister designate labour_party polled norwegian parliamentary election leading prepare office labour government formed march minister foreign affairs cabinet actions minister persuade labour_party pull norway party declared recently foreign policy matters usually decisions consulting ministers merely informing rest cabinet decisions failed effective international body favoured strict neutrality policy norway adhered membership years reluctant expansion norwegian military defense capacity principally oppose expansion friendly principle national defense past neutrality policy nonetheless defense skeptical cabinet defense friendly cabinet minister defense expressed great concern consequences arms race taking place europe felt easily lead war following outbreak spanish civil war followed policy non intervention conflict spanish government rebels led general franco view matter norway involved conflict way policy government duration civil war government soon banned sale transfer norwegian arms aircraft ships spain promoted ban use norwegian ships transport arms ammunition aircraft foreign countries general ensure norwegian connection items delivered spain strict non intervention policy promoted prime minister heavily criticised forces labour_party central figure apparatus labour_party editor party newspaper led critics policy conflict spain critics saw non intervention policy government giving equal standing elected government spain rebels went great lengths avoid direct norwegian involvement conflict especially trying block travelling spain join september attempted impose spain followed popular referendum country constitution proposal received little support failed personally civil war spain came close ending cabinet career occasions april following series incidents warships intercepted norwegian vessels sailing spanish ports confiscated ships norwegian protests failing gain results formal proposal dispatch norwegian spain protect norwegian shipping proposal met opposition parliament set fail offered resign prime minister refused accept resignation stating shot lose case came close causing cabinet fall parliament agreed dropped attempted establish trade agreement franco blocked party requesting allowed resign stayed months debating ended party giving cabinet free saw best regards trade franco october negotiated trade agreement franco formal norwegian recognition franco government representative spain followed march days fall madrid nationalist forces second world war pre war phase outbreak second world war september norwegian government declared country neutral conflict sides subsequently stated respect norway neutrality provided protect neutrality clear early norway remain neutral event forced enter war critical british months second world war norwegian neutrality violated repeatedly air sea parties dramatically february incident incidents lack firm norwegian response led parties impression norway effectively protect neutrality initially german view norwegian neutrality positive german war effort allowing german merchant ships transport cargo norwegian territorial waters interference british april allies sent notes norway sweden warning action necessary germans allowed use neutral countries territory advantage responded speech said allies gain interfering norwegian shipping lanes british significant trade norway germans day allies decided launch mining operation norwegian coast land troops case germans responded mining landing norway shortly mining carried warned british neutrality violations tolerated future respond force germans repeatedly violated norwegian neutrality following visit norwegian fascist leader hitler december began planning possible occupation norway following incident hitler ordered invasion norway response british mining operation april norwegian government lodged formal protests british french governments secretly remaining set avoiding war allies cost told norwegian parliament believed allies trying bring norway war allied mining norwegian coast coincidentally distracted norwegian government realising large german forces way invade norway days prior german invasion war advent nazi german invasion norway april germany sent envoy present demands capitulation personally met rejected demands threats war stating war started cabinet fled norway capital morning april rejected initial contact convince cabinet listen german proposals negotiations later day norwegian negotiations germans ended failed attempt capture norwegian king government early april willing fight invaders wrote key speeches delivered convey staunch resistance german demands vital norwegian effort try halt german advance assistance allies requested early hours april skeptical potential allied aid rest government fled landing minister defense continued cruiser london negotiated british government representatives lord halifax chamberlain admiral british aid norway radio speech london bbc broadcasting norway speech american radio met paris norwegian ministers departed london arriving norway talks allies resulted concrete promises plans large french reinforcements norwegian plans abandoned allies following situation allies france evacuation decided informed british minister norway sir june decided retreat norway owing difficult situation western response allied decision evacuate cabinet sent sweden try previously rejected plan create line germans norwegian swedish troops planned occupy plan named plan prime minister meeting swedish minister foreign affairs act middle man germans relation plan revealed allies evacuate norway revealed evacuation plans germans heavily criticised colleagues return norway exile cabinet eventually fled country june landed london june heading exile norway close ally united_kingdom seen somewhat neutrality policy embracing alliance united_kingdom autumn championed change policy meant seeking lasting allies western world viewed distrust rest cabinet grew known received reports possible forthcoming assault norway having informed cabinet thoroughly furthermore discontent decision establish headquarters exile miles west cabinet headquarters granted leave absence november ultimately left post minister foreign affairs february succeeded decided travel canada united_states lived daughter family returning norway end second world war political legacy war secretary general united_nations characterised memoirs expert foreign affairs relatively little contact politicians kept study peace spent time extensive writing reportedly preferred solve problem instead involving workers employees experts way thinking logical rational allegedly exaggerated belief belief international law thought countries obey formal regulations times alternatives neutrality policy ways based entire career foreign affairs policy claimed second world war neutrality policy religion role weak defense debated occupation world war commission named scrutiny commission set actions norwegian government concluded partial criticism receiving analysis volunteered undergo trial parliament norway find necessary trial took place lived wanted honor naming street street named controversial street named professor professor road emphasise academic political career language views spoke northern norwegian dialect early life dialect provoked negative reactions peers inspired surroundings wrote rural language form strong dialect attempted write stuck early publications norwegian language controversy board member based publishing house edited periodical chaired association propagation renamed spoke language social context general class struggle particular eventually labour_party vehicle language activism especially asked party write class struggle language struggle norway wanted popular gathering written language member labour_party agreed language reform carried moving language forms closer language reforms took place promoted ideal reforms reversed nazi rule original changes reinstated end occupation norway nazi_germany according historian hated language reforms routinely perceived attacks preferred language ideals dubbed knot contrasted definite article formally substituted titles publications peace activism travel abroad accompanied father peace conference london founding member board member serving chairman edited monthly periodical named peace times dominated politicians perspective people noted active peace movement prominent sons meant capable asserting ship owners county governors board followed goals period chairman wanted tie peace movement closer labour movement create economic justice employ use arbitration labour conflicts goals embraced members particularly wanted politically neutral larger problem rated norwegian nationalism higher carried compulsory military service notes demanded resist armed defense national convention refused acknowledge principle resigned membership followed result pragmatic peace activists assessed ineffective leader defense question solved swedish norwegian union peacefully dissolved later returned serve board member member consultant task examining proposed candidates nobel peace prize served gave award ceremony speech absent decisive meeting awarded nobel peace prize absent serving minister foreign affairs wishing combine roles returned briefly leaving reason inactivity lived norway way prize awarded years academic writing encompassed peace issue books subject include history peace movement norway notion peace history norway post political life having stepped exiled cabinet lived united_states remainder war continued literary production books invaded released london book dealt directly advent war norway released swedish year second book written son law dealt older history literature norway released swedish norwegian returned norway end war returning norway published books war time events norway fred released memoir like books analysed putting self message forth political career effectively ended ideas prevailed instance analysis class situation norway general social democratic ideology post war years despite holding professor chair longer continued academic writing principal work post war volume volumes describe decisive moment norwegian history volume released centers second volume describes norway descent denmark fourth volumes released medieval kings fifth volume focuses sixth final volume chronicles years denmark norway transitioned absolute monarchy died december buried oslo works released posthumously memoirs diary son law wrote biography man | Halvdan Koht | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21176_JoshuaSouleZimmerman | january september american lawyer politician state west_virginia early years 20th century served attorney democratic member west virginia house delegates born reverend methodist pastor church administrator began post secondary education received bachelor_of_arts degree worked clerk washington earned degree following graduation opened law office west_virginia july engaged practice law provided legal services number companies organizations including orchard owners secretary winchester western railroad serving west virginia house delegates appointed west_virginia governor serve west_virginia legislature select committee charged drafting road transportation bill known road law appointed governor serve similar select committee following ratification good roads amendment constitution west_virginia addition serving west virginia house delegates chairman member participated judicial state conventions played active role commercial apple orchard industry operated commercial early life family born january near maryland ancestral home mother father reverend methodist pastor church administrator family originated estate near baltimore maryland father presided district south brothers maryland kentucky pastoral profession father caused family relocate number towns maryland virginia west_virginia spent majority youth salem virginia father transferred west_virginia district south education attended salem virginia began attending virginia graduated bachelor_of_arts degree following graduation worked briefly tutor plantation near accepted position clerk washington second administration president years serving completed night courses graduated institution degree attending served editor class book resided street northwest near member delta social fraternity delta legal honor society later golden delta fraternity law career following graduation opened law office west_virginia july began engaging practice law legal case argued west_virginia smith client charged breaking entering intent commit lost case history west_virginia earliest settlement present described young man success bar hampshire law practice expanded began arguing cases adjoining west_virginia county courts west_virginia state united_states federal courts seven years starting law practice appointed fill term attorney resigned position subsequently reelected twice position served attorney total years months served commissioners served member lawyer headquartered west_virginia provided legal services secure bank incorporation world war served member lawyer following outbreak world war registered draft registration men aged winchester western railroad company received charter august build operate rail line connecting valley west_virginia baltimore winchester virginia served company secretary political career prominent leader democratic_party dominant political party county times served chairman member attended judicial state conventions nominated democratic_party candidate seat representing west virginia house delegates won seat republican_party candidate november general election subsequently served member west virginia house delegates following election democratic_party floor leader west virginia house delegates appointed west_virginia governor serve west_virginia legislature select committee charged drafting road transportation bill west_virginia senate joint resolution known road law new road law necessary following authorization million usd bond issue general election appointed governor serve similar select committee following ratification good roads amendment constitution west_virginia legislative session assigned judiciary roads game fish committees legislative session sponsored following bills gave county courts authority impose special building levy exceed cents purpose completing construction repair county provided establishment county high school authorized impose levy exceed cents years construct maintain high school tenure west virginia house delegates supported legislation strictly enforced prohibition agricultural pursuits played active role commercial apple orchard industry responsible promotion county orchard companies served officer legal advisor orchard companies owned acres km2 commercial apple november operated mill creek mountain west according census west_virginia published engaged management commercial apple near west_virginia orchard company produced stark delicious produced rome beauty produced northern spy rome beauty yellow transparent stark marriage children married october near west_virginia daughter wife children march married west_virginia february married texas west_virginia august august september married active south served steward south congregations served number years superintendent congregation sunday school program represented church district annual conferences south despite involvement church wife children presbyterian later life death wife died maryland september interred wife indian west_virginia practiced law west_virginia years | Joshua Soule Zimmerman | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21178_DimitrijeLjotić | serbian august april serbian fascist politician established collaborated german authorities territory military commander serbia world war joined outbreak balkan wars fought serbian world war remained active service decided pursue career politics joined year regional deputy district appointed position yugoslav minister justice king alexander resigned following disagreement king layout yugoslav political system founded party received little support largely anti german serbian public won percent vote yugoslav parliamentary elections arrested run elections briefly sent insane asylum authorities accused having religious voiced opposition agreement supporters reacted violently soon outlawed yugoslav government forcing hiding remained hiding april axis powers invaded yugoslavia later invited germans join serbian puppet government offered position economic commissioner took office partly disliked idea playing secondary role administration partly resorted indirectly influence serbian puppet government closest associates germans selected commissioners september germans gave permission form serbian later renamed serbian publicly denounced traitor yugoslav government exile leader july serbian officials left belgrade october way intended launch assault croatia march april agreed ditch alliance yugoslav partisans forces came command general march killed automobile accident april buried funeral service jointly conducted serbian orthodox patriarch release concentration camp secured previous december early led formations command northwestern italy surrendered british placed camps later yugoslavia thousand executed partisans buried mass graves plateau immigrated west established organizations intended promote political agenda groups affiliated continued exile early life born belgrade august wife née father prominent politician port town served serbian government consul greece family descended brothers hailed village origin surname rests went nickname brothers settled village relocated half 18th century closely connected dynasty ruled serbia times 19th century rival dynasty seized power country forced exile father forced country implicated conspiracy dynasty head return serbia milan march apart close friend serbia future king peter father person translate communist manifesto serbian maternal great grandfather outlaw killed slaughter january finished primary school attended gymnasium family relocated devoted youth contemplated career serbian orthodox church greatly influenced doctrine christian non violence later rejected doctrine world war following father advice went study law graduated outbreak balkan wars joined autumn accepted state scholarship study paris stayed city nearly year studying exposed right wing fascist ideas writer french counter revolutionary founded far right political movement known action writings went influence european regime world war described rare shining spirit cited greatest intellectual influences returned paris september rejoined attained rank corporal year end wounded pole offensive winter participated retreat albania remained active service war ended unit guarding border newly formed near town time worked intelligence service helped break railway strike meant disrupt flow munitions intended anti communist forces fighting hungary ordered troops command arrest striking railway workers convinced communist conspiracy june subsequently married roman catholic village couple sons daughter wife relocated belgrade long marriage passed bar examination september began practicing law later vice president council town represented diocese church council interwar political career joined serbian stating god ran public office parliamentary elections received votes accounted percent votes cast win seat parliament won democratic_party politician left shortly elections june politician assassinated croatian representatives mortally wounded leader shooting took place floor parliament shooting led king alexander constitution january proclaiming royal dictatorship country renamed yugoslavia divided provinces named country major rivers territory kingdom serbia divided danube lesser extent granted audiences alexander regional deputy district february appointed position yugoslav minister justice king alexander royal dictatorship result loyalty dynasty june year suggested alexander yugoslav political system structured italian fascist model presented draft constitution proposed organic constitutional hereditary monarchy non parliamentary based popular forces gathered economic professional cultural charity organizations politically king king rejected constitution authoritarian august resigned post government decided create single government backed political party yugoslavia alexander assassinated bulgarian mercenary working year contact pro fascist movements publishers respective newspapers published belgrade monthly rally published weekly published modern contributed publications influential movement subsequently founded known created merger fascist movements fighters officially established belgrade january sixth anniversary king alexander dictatorship proclamation members elected president vice president second vice president secretary general official stated goal planned economy racial biological defense national life force family official newspaper declared illegal establishment virtually political parties yugoslavia banned declaration king alexander dictatorship september attorney petitioned interior november conceded recognized official political party german officials yugoslavia quickly took notice movement german envoy yugoslavia providing financial assistance german agents german observer noted movement represents kind national socialist party principles struggle jews communists western capitalism german industrial firms provided financial aid german intelligence services support received serbia came members urban middle class right wing students members armed forces majority members ethnic serbs joined membership fluctuated primarily disagreements lack popularity political power serbia unpopular figure serbia pro german sympathies religious limited support received stemmed fact radical right wing sentiment strong serbian population reason right wing politics associated germany extremely anti german majority ethnic serbs rejected fascist nazi ideas outright active members given time support coming ethnic german minority exposed nazi propaganda milan members left party joined movement continued advocate abandonment parliamentary democracy called yugoslavia unite single ruler return religious cultural traditions embracing teachings christianity traditional values advocated centrally organized state stating unification south historical political serbs shared blood feeling common fate time yugoslavia envisioned dominated serbia openly promoted party yugoslavia openly elections despite opposition parliamentary democracy participated yugoslav parliamentary elections offered candidates yugoslavia yugoslav government announced results elections showed percent eligible electorate cast total ballots party received votes seats parliament led received votes seats finished polls votes acquired seats parliament votes received came home district located election results initially published authorities caused public forcing government publish results showed additional ballots recorded cast party received votes seats opposition received seats received votes seats began attacking publications accused king alexander assassination years earlier government responded exposing having funded germans provided financial resources spread nazi propaganda promote german economic interests serbia material linking germans given yugoslav authorities commander supporter revelations benefit following year parliamentary elections presenting opponents including responded attacking issues subsequently banned government went prohibit rallies newspapers confiscated propaganda material arrested leaders september arrested yugoslav opened fire crowd supporters killing person frequent charged religious briefly sent insane asylum released october dissolved parliament yugoslavia proclaimed new elections arranged arrests members responded publicly stating supporters arrested order prevent participating forthcoming elections parliamentary elections december offered candidates voting members opposition parties including arrested subjected police intimidation voting registers allegedly favour finished elections receiving votes winning seats parliament votes favour cast votes increased december world war activities yugoslavia august cousin appointed yugoslav minister defense later year publications including path prohibited exploited connections ensure banned published journal bulletin distributed members journal published illegally military printing house distributed country military journal main contributor editor chief issues published march october advocated pro axis yugoslav foreign policy criticized belgrade tolerance jews copies printed later issues journal particularly pleased able exert ideological influence young military academy older officers outbreak world war supported yugoslavia policy neutrality conflict promoting position yugoslav diplomacy focus relations berlin opposed august agreement repeatedly wrote letters prince paul urging letters advocated immediate organization government according ideology croatian autonomy division contingents ethnic serbs volunteers armed contingents armed forces serve labour units unarmed effectively purpose points reduce non serbs yugoslavia status second class citizens point german military intelligence pro german elements lost influence held armed forces followers responded agreement violence youth wing incidents attracted new members led formation student wing known july expressed bitter opposition diplomatic recognition soviet_union belgrade meant strengthen yugoslavia internally case war october members outside campus university president belgrade police alleged riots withdrew area violence erupted members threatened faculty students pistols knives stabbed hailed adolf_hitler heroes shouted jews members slavic south serbian nationalist movement participated riots orchestrated provoke martial law bring centralized system control university serbian public responded riots outrage october yugoslav government revoked legal status november sent list members municipal administrators serbia government cracked members forcing hiding public figures serbia speak favour period serbian orthodox bishop praised faith god good character government investigation found guilty high treason accepting german funds authorities careful arrest order provoke germans placed government surveillance authorities quickly lost track hid friends belgrade remained contact november resigned post protest government crackdown additional issues continued printed despite resignation supported pro axis yugoslav foreign policy criticized government tolerance jews attacked pro british members government opposition yugoslavia signing pact remained hiding april occupation yugoslavia axis invasion yugoslavia dozen officers affiliated captured quickly released germans sent written notice assuring freedom movement german occupied serbia long german forces entered belgrade followers given task selecting estimated jews city non jewish population occupied country germans prohibited activity serbian political parties originally intended head serbian puppet government germans realized government led failure germans believed dubious reputation serbs told officer man generally recognized authority force personality needed convince people germans friends want best people communism germans soon invited join initial serbian puppet government commissioner administration milan offered position economic commissioner took office partly disliked idea playing secondary role administration partly resorted indirectly influence serbian puppet government closest associates germans selected commissioners official function held german occupied serbia administrator helped town reconstruction large parts destroyed ammunition depot explosion june july august germans gave permission broadcast speeches consulted prior appointing leader territory military commander serbia july speeches proclaimed ultimate aim soviet_union destruction national christian order followed rule jews nations formation serbian response communist uprising erupted aftermath german occupation serbia hundreds prominent influential serbs signed appeal serbian nation published major belgrade newspapers august appeal called serbian population help authorities way struggle communist rebels called loyalty nazis condemned partisan resistance signatories germans trusted ethnic occupied yugoslavia need reliable force combat communists gave permission form serbian serbian september initially launched public appeals calling volunteers struggle communist danger eventually grew consist armed men appeals failed mention guerrilla leader november openly denouncing newspaper article accused responsible deaths serbs causing widespread destruction result cooperation communists direct response communist uprising germans decreed serbian civilians executed german soldier killed executed german soldier wounded policy culminated massacre october division volunteers involved earlier month partisans ambushed column german soldiers near killing wounding germans turned retaliation anti german activity town adult males found meet required executions according commander men entered barracks hostages held german approval freed recognized supporters political attitudes considered nationally correct accused failed free supporting communists spreading communist propaganda serbian society leftist ideas remained german hands subsequently executed high school students according post war testimony high ranking commander ordered arrests countless civilians surrounding villages handed germans execution citizens killed massacre serbian propaganda efforts october grand anti exhibition opened belgrade organized german financial support exhibition sought expose alleged communist conspiracy world domination displays featuring anti semitic propaganda serbian newspapers struggle wrote positively exhibit declaring jews ancient enemies serbian people serbs wait germans begin jews newspaper established earlier year title echoed hitler struggle contributors educated included university students teachers lawyers engineers associates responsible printing titles founded youth movement similar november intervened behalf men detained germans suspected persuaded german military administration chief captured men told shot hostages according personal secretary asked turner order killing jews stating jews ruling country economy murder added blood bring good people turner reportedly surprised statements given history march indicated turner event departure person considered successor leader turner remarked prophet visionary leader statesman december renamed serbian serbian placed command general der lieutenant general formally received arms ammunition food clothing germans like serbian direct command police leader august commanding general serbia operations units tactical command german divisions group armed serbs germans trusted war units praised action german commanders helped track round jewish civilians managed evade capture germans involved sending jewish prisoners concentration camp units allowed assigned territory german authorization members took oath pledged fight death communist forces stay months serve cause serbian people control directly commanded officers came ranks disbanded yugoslav morale high volunteers education officers similar employed soviets yugoslav partisans assigned company battalion regiment teach soldiers help maintain high levels morale according ideology guiding spirit political philosophical instructions unit commanders stressed importance volunteers believing having respect god urged pray regularly warned poor battlefield results failure gain support serbian public came result faith commanders frequent god criticized widespread practice alcoholism gambling sexual found volunteers condemned acts unnecessary violence committed reported july sent telegram yugoslav government exile asking publicly openly leader yugoslav government exile responded publicly october forced withdraw representatives serbian puppet government order avoid held responsible unpopular difficult economic measures food policies enacted month surrender italy september commander established ties later provided weapons food supplies retreat death february 2nd battalion 5th regiment sent montenegro assist accordance plans men sent killed action fighting partisans september took control serbian formations including sent member editor detachment men montenegro persuade withdraw german held plan mass serbian forces launch attack october serbian government officials escaped belgrade german officials early october tasked defend partisans german units command colonel head 5th police regiment battle belgrade commenced october germans decided evacuate location guarding duties anti partisan actions considered unsuitable conventional operations hitler ordered moved adriatic placed command leader commander ordered evacuation railway station october october southeast cleared transport west end october arrived city german official agreed arrange safe passage coast retreat troops easy exceptions november removed thirty officers transports moving executed december arranged release serbian orthodox patriarch concentration camp imprisoned germans july suspicion written letters german officials summer urging release bishop account allegedly praised hitler war transferred alongside vienna september held honorary prisoner released relocated tourist resort hotel vienna guests german government met serbian officials discussions serbian germans took place petitioned forces commander allowed passage general allegedly supporter war said voted yugoslav parliamentary elections germans urged raise force men fight advancing soviet forces agreed principle creation army insisted fight soviets demanded new government include stood opposed creation new serbian government form insisting established plan received support early decided gap independent arranged forces meet near western bosnia assist movement order safe conduct agreement elements croatia captured followers april killed leaders serbian orthodox priests march april exchanged messages concerning ditch alliance partisans agreement reached late practical use forces came command general march tried contact western allies italy attempt secure foreign aid proposed anti communist offensive restore royalist yugoslavia mid april request blessed approximately members collaborators gathered coast april contacted requested meet town coordinate general withdrawal italy left village following day meet poor approaching bridge failed notice partially destroyed partisan killed ensuing car accident buried hungarian count abandoned town funeral service conducted jointly loyal son went describe politician bearing cross religious nationalism importance boundaries serbian politics aftermath early led troops command northwestern italy surrendered british placed detention camps yugoslavia executed partisans buried mass graves plateau immigrated western countries established organizations intended promote political agenda followers settled munich ran publishing house printed newspaper called spark brother shot killed agents groups affiliated continued exile following war body removed tomb buried theories exist happened claims removed followers taken unknown location following creation theory holds buried signing treaty followers removed body tomb buried took unknown location outside yugoslavia possibly italy views anti semitic said advocated jews years prior outbreak world war claimed speeches great director world problems referred collective personality consisting people land language stable religion people roots jews claimed supposed jewish conspiracy began french revolution involved significant historical event claimed jews responsible russian revolution writings portrayed jews responsible advent liberal democracy communism enemies yugoslav state advocated influence jews spiritual jews way preventing outbreak war yugoslavia attributed political subversive influence serbian jews education media largely lacked ideology christian belief despite efforts serbia reach levels seen regions europe jewish community largely spared harassment violence arrival german troops april considered form resistance future global jewish control lauded hitler exposing conspiracy dubbed europe admiration germany stemmed partly fascination country military power fear political ambitions ideology shared parallels european fascist movements stressed differences fascist movements germany italy despite numerous similarities authors describe fascist historian claims view sided characterization believed divine providence destined serbian people certain grand role concept recurring theme writings patriotic deeply religious man believed core religious ethics advocated absolute loyalty dynasty ardent believed organization state integrity yugoslavia considered christian politician devotion christian faith earned nickname regarded serbian orthodox suspicion accusing british agents encouraging join known murdered forces war legacy following breakup yugoslavia local campaigned town largest square named despite ensuing controversy defended wartime record justified initiative stating collaboration biological survival serbian people demanded world war later serbian magazine published series articles attempting future yugoslav president praised public statement seeking promote romantic nationalist picture anti communism actively campaigned figures following overthrow socialist government october attempts generated mixed response devices drawn modern experimental theatre serbian playwright written stage production life titled stock footage attending funeral fallen member featured film | Dimitrije Ljotić | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21223_JosephGoebbels | german october german politician propaganda nazi_germany adolf_hitler close associates devoted followers known skills public speaking deep led supporting jews holocaust author obtained doctor philosophy degree joined worked northern branch appointed district leader berlin began interest use propaganda promote party programme nazi seizure power propaganda ministry quickly gained exerted controlling supervision news media arts information germany particularly adept relatively new media radio film propaganda purposes topics party propaganda included attacks christian churches start second world war attempting shape morale began pressure hitler introduce measures produce total war including closing businesses essential war effort women labour force enlisting men previously exempt hitler finally appointed total war july undertook largely unsuccessful measures increase number people available armaments production war drew close nazi_germany faced defeat children joined berlin moved underground hitler underground bunker complex april hitler committed suicide april accordance hitler succeeded chancellor germany served day post following day wife committed suicide poisoning children early life born october industrial town south near parents catholics humble beginnings father factory clerk mother née dutch siblings maria maria married german filmmaker published pamphlet family tree rumors grandmother jewish ancestry childhood suffered ill health included long bout lungs deformed right foot turned thicker shorter left foot underwent failed operation correct prior starting grammar school wore metal special shoe shortened leg walked rejected military service world war educated christian gymnasium completed university entrance examination student class given traditional honor speak awards ceremony parents initially hoped catholic priest seriously considered studied literature history universities munich aided scholarship time begun distance church historians including speculate lifelong pursuit women compensation physical disabilities met fell love years senior went continue school wrote semi autobiographical novel michael work parts iii survived felt writing story content material charismatic leader added shortly book published publishing house relationship break filled thoughts suicide wrote doctoral thesis minor 19th century romantic hoped write thesis supervision time known literary historian bother jewish longer performing teaching duties directed associate professor jewish recommended write thesis submitting thesis passing oral examination earned phd returned home worked private tutor found work journalist published local newspaper writing time reflected growing dislike modern culture summer met began love affair revealed half jewish stated ruined continued continued years try published author diaries began continued rest life provided outlet desire write lack income literary works wrote plays sold forced jobs stock exchange bank clerk cologne job dismissed bank august returned period read influenced works british born german writer book foundations nineteenth century standard works extreme right germany began study social question read works according biographer diary entries late early reflected writings man isolated preoccupied religious philosophical issues lacked sense direction diary entries mid december forward moving nationalist movement nazi activist took interest adolf_hitler february hitler trial treason began wake failed attempt seize power beer hall november trial attracted widespread press coverage gave hitler platform propaganda hitler sentenced years prison released december serving year drawn hitler charisma commitment beliefs joined time member number late offered services district leader rhine district touch leading nazi organizer northern germany hired work weekly newspaper work regional party offices work party speaker representative members northern branch including socialist outlook rival hitler group munich disagreed hitler parts party platform november began working revision hitler viewed actions threat authority summoned party leaders including special conference gave hour speech new political programme hitler opposed socialist northern wing stating mean political germany princes germans legal system jewish system exploitation people future secured acquiring land estates nobility colonization territories east horrified hitler characterisation socialism jewish creation assertion private property nazi government longer fully believe hitler terrible thing inner support taken away wrote diary hopes winning opposition hitler arranged meetings munich greater leaders including impressed hitler sent car meet railway station evening hitler gave speeches beer hall rally following day hitler offered hand reconciliation men encouraging differences hitler gave new insight social question completely offering hitler total loyalty pledge clearly sincere adhered end life love thought wrote sparkling mind leader bow greater political genius later wrote adolf hitler love great simple time calls genius result munich meetings new draft party programme discarded original retained unchanged hitler position party leader greatly strengthened berlin hitler invitation spoke party meetings munich annual party congress held following year event involved planning time hitler arranged rally filmed receiving praise events led shape political ideas match hitler admire offered position party berlin section august travelled berlin mid september middle october accepted position hitler plan divide dissolve northwestern group served successful hitler gave great authority area allowing determine course organisation leadership given control local answered hitler party membership numbered arrived reduced core active promising members raise money instituted membership fees began charging admission party meetings aware value publicity positive negative deliberately provoked beer hall battles street including violent attacks adapted recent developments commercial advertising political sphere including use catchy cues new ideas poster design included large type red ink cryptic encouraged reader examine fine print determine meaning like hitler practiced public speaking skills mirror meetings preceded ceremonial marches singing venues decorated party banners entrance late timed maximum emotional impact usually planned speeches ahead time pre planned choreographed gestures able adapt presentation good connection audience tactic bring attention violence public party meetings demonstrations led berlin police ban city violent incidents continued including young nazis randomly attacking jews streets subjected public speaking ban end october period founded newspaper attack propaganda vehicle berlin area modern style newspaper took aggressive tone disappointment circulation initially small material paper highly anti communist paper favourite targets jewish deputy chief gave nickname subjected relentless campaign jew hope provoking crackdown exploit continued try break literary world revised version book michael finally published unsuccessful production plays seed final attempt period berlin relationships women including old flame married small child quick fall love easily tired relationship moved new worried committed personal relationship interfere career ban lifted early time elections held results poor losing nearly voters earning cent vote nationwide results berlin worse attained cent vote members gain election gave immunity prosecution long list outstanding charges including week jail sentence received april insulting deputy police chief changed immunity regulations february forced pay fines material placed course previous year newspaper highly critical failure attract urban vote party better rural areas attracting cent vote regions partly hitler publicly stated prior election point party programme mandated land compensation apply jewish private election party efforts try attract votes agricultural sector shortly election hitler considered appointing party propaganda chief worried removal post lead split party considered suited position began ideas propaganda schools media violence nazis communists led local troop leader shot members later died hospital death turned martyr nazi movement officially declared march raise flag renamed anthem great depression greatly impacted germany dramatic increase unemployment time brothers started publishing new daily newspaper berlin like publications conveyed brothers brand including nationalism anti capitalism social reform anti complained rival newspapers hitler admitted success causing berlin newspapers pushed wall late april hitler publicly firmly announced opposition appointed replace leader propaganda acts ban evening edition given control nazi papers country including party national newspaper wait july supporters announce leaving receiving news relieved crisis finally glad lost power rapid deterioration economy led resignation march coalition government elected new cabinet formed power president govern emergency appointed chancellor took charge national campaign elections called september campaigning undertaken huge scale thousands meetings speeches held country hitler speeches focused blaming country economic particularly adherence terms treaty versailles called war proven devastating german economy proposed new german society based race national unity resulting success took hitler surprise party received million votes nationwide took seats making second largest party country late met joined party months earlier worked volunteer party offices berlin helping organize private papers flat soon favourite meeting place hitler officials married december elections held organized massive campaigns included rallies speeches hitler travelling country airplane slogan germany undertook numerous speaking tours election campaigns speeches published records pamphlets involved production small collection silent films shown party meetings equipment widely use medium campaign posters violent imagery giant half clad male destroying political opponents perceived enemies international high finance propaganda characterized opposition november criminals jewish wire communist threat support party continued grow elections led majority government effort stabilize country improve economic conditions appointed hitler chancellor january propaganda minister celebrate hitler appointment chancellor organized parade berlin night january estimated men uniforms spectacle covered live state radio broadcast commentary longtime party member future minister aviation disappointed given post hitler new cabinet appointed minister culture post expecting receive like officials deal hitler leadership style giving contradictory orders subordinates placing positions duties responsibilities overlapped way hitler fostered distrust competition subordinates consolidate power took advantage fire february passing fire decree following day hitler urging pieces legislation dismantled democracy germany dictatorship headed hitler place march election took place held defeat nazis end second world war increased number seats percentage vote landslide expected party leadership finally received hitler appointment cabinet officially head newly created propaganda march role new ministry set offices 18th century nazi control aspects german cultural intellectual life hoped increase popular support party cent achieved free election held germany march cent support goal present nations impression enthusiastic backing entire population productions staging day ceremonial passing power hitler held march composed text hitler decree authorizing nazi boycott jewish businesses held april later month travelled given reception lined main street renamed honour following day declared local hero converted holiday celebration workers rights observed especially communists day celebrating place usual hoc labour celebrations organized huge party rally held field berlin following day trade union offices country forcibly disbanded nazi run created place masters germany commented diary entry weeks later gave speech nazi book burning berlin began passing laws jews remove german society law restoration passed april forced non retire legal profession civil service similar legislation soon deprived jewish members right nazi concentration camps initially created house political founded shortly hitler seized power process termed proceeded rapidly bring aspects life control party civilian organisations including agricultural groups volunteer organisations sports clubs leadership replaced nazi party members june virtually organisations control army churches manipulate germany middle class shape popular opinion regime passed october editor law cornerstone control popular press modeled extent system italy law defined wrote edited selected texts illustrated material serial publication individuals selected position chosen based educational racial criteria law required journalists regulate work accordance philosophy life conception government end june officials opponents regime including arrested killed purge later called night long knives present arrest leader munich august president died radio broadcast announced offices president chancellor combined hitler formally named und leader chancellor workings ministry propaganda ministry organized seven departments administration legal mass rallies public health youth race radio national foreign press films film censorship art music theatre protection counter propaganda foreign domestic style leadership unpredictable suddenly change direction shift support senior associates difficult boss liked staff public successful job life wrote likes liked runs efficient nazi department film chamber members film industry required join created june promoted development films nazi slant ones contained overt propaganda messages auspices created september added additional sub chambers fields broadcasting fine arts literature music press theatre film industry wishing pursue career fields member corresponding chamber way views contrary regime excluded working chosen field addition journalists considered employees state required prove descent year married requirement applied members chamber allowed leave country work prior permission chamber committee established censor books works published list approved works similar regulations applied fine arts entertainment performances censored german artists intellectuals left germany pre war years work restrictions particularly interested controlling radio fairly new mass medium protest individual states particularly prussia headed gained control radio stations nationwide placed july manufacturers urged produce inexpensive home receivers called people receiver nearly million sets sold placed public areas factories schools important party broadcasts heard live nearly germans september day start war proclaimed illegal listen foreign radio stations news foreign broadcasts result death penalty hitler architect later minister armaments war production later said regime complete use technical means domination country technical devices like radio million people deprived independent thought major focus nazi propaganda hitler heroic leader focus cult personality spontaneous stage managed propaganda work hitler focus moves carefully choreographed rally subject film triumph nazi propaganda films directed won gold medal venice film festival nazi party congress rally declared declaration war jewish led international culture involved planning staging summer olympics held berlin time met started having affair actress continued major project art exhibition organised ran munich july november exhibition proved wildly popular attracting million visitors music exhibition took place following year disappointed lack quality artwork films literature church struggle hitler signed treaty vatican required regime honour independence catholic institutions prohibited clergy involvement politics regime continued target christian churches try weaken influence hundreds clergy lay leaders arrested charges currency smuggling sexual offences widely publicised trials propaganda campaigns showing cases worst possible light restrictions placed public meetings catholic publications faced censorship catholic schools required reduce religious instruction removed state buildings hitler church struggle priority frequent comments issue convince intensify work issue half response persecution pope mit burning concern smuggled germany passion sunday read pulpit denounced systematic hostility regime church response renewed regime crackdown propaganda catholics speech berlin party members broadcast radio attacked catholic church morally corrupt result propaganda campaign schools dropped sharply schools disbanded converted public facilities harassment threats imprisonment led clergy cautious criticism regime partly foreign policy concerns hitler ordered scaling church struggle end july war early february hitler announced undertaken albeit violation versailles treaty year later told military leaders target date going war east enthusiastic supporters hitler aggressively pursuing germany policies sooner later time summed general attitude diary time action fortune favors brave wins lead crisis took initiative time use propaganda whip sympathy germans campaigning czech government aware growing war panic germany july press conduct propaganda efforts lower level intensity western powers hitler demands concerning czechoslovakia soon propaganda machine poland onwards orchestrated campaign poland stories atrocities ethnic germans danzig cities unable persuade majority germans welcome prospect war privately held doubts wisdom protracted war britain france attacking poland propaganda ministry chambers control access information domestically rival minister foreign affairs continually challenged jurisdiction international propaganda hitler declined firm ruling subject men remained rivals remainder nazi era participate military decision making process diplomatic negotiations fact took broadcasting facilities conquered countries immediately surrender began broadcasting prepared material existing way gain trust citizens aspects media domestically conquered countries controlled department controlled information permitted music allowed play party rallies speeches demonstrations continued speeches broadcast radio short propaganda films exhibited mobile film hitler fewer public appearances broadcasts war progressed increasingly voice nazi regime german people wrote frequent editorials published later read aloud radio found films effective propaganda medium radio insistence initially half films wartime germany propaganda films particularly war propaganda films historical wars current exploits preoccupied morale efforts people home believed people home involved war effort better morale example initiated programme collection winter clothing ski equipment troops eastern time implemented changes entertaining material radio film produced public late cent films propaganda cent light entertainment berlin dealt increasingly shortages food clothing need beer tobacco important morale hitler suggested beer quality cigarettes produced refused saying cigarettes low quality impossible worse propaganda campaigns worked hard maintain appropriate level morale public military situation optimistic grim series military setbacks germans suffered period thousand bomber raid cologne allied victory second battle november especially catastrophic defeat battle february difficult matters present german public increasingly weary war won january hitler appointed head newly created air raid damage committee meant nominally charge nationwide civil air defenses shelters assessment repair damaged buildings defence areas berlin remained hands local main tasks limited providing immediate aid affected civilians propaganda improve morale early war produced labour crisis regime hitler created man committee representatives state army party attempt control war economy committee members head field marshal chief der controlled party committee intended independently propose measures regardless wishes hitler final decisions committee soon known met times january august ran resistance hitler cabinet ministers headed deeply entrenched spheres influence excluded committee seeing threat power worked bring result changed committee declined september partly response excluded committee pressured hitler introduce measures produce total war including closing businesses essential war effort women labour force enlisting men previously exempt measures implemented january dismay demanded favourite restaurants berlin remain open successfully lobbied hitler women children conscription child care available receiving enthusiastic response speech january topic believed support german people total war speech speech february passionate demand audience commit total war presented way stop onslaught save german people destruction speech strong element hinted jewish people underway speech presented live radio filmed efforts little impact time hitler principle favour total war prepared implement changes objections ministers discovery time mass grave polish officers killed massacre use propaganda attempt drive wedge soviets western allies total war allied invasion sicily july strategic soviet victory july august began recognize war longer won following allied invasion italy fall september raised hitler possibility separate peace soviets britain hitler rejected proposals germany military economic situation grew steadily worse august took post interior minister replacing written rivals lucky remain alive hours hitler protective hand removed intensive air raids berlin cities took lives thousands people luftwaffe attempted air raids london early longer sufficient aircraft impact propaganda period indicated huge retaliation flying bombs launched british targets beginning mid june little effect cent reaching intended targets boost morale continued publish propaganda effect improvements weapons decisive impact outcome war normandy landings june allies successfully gained france july continued press hitler bring economy total war july plot hitler killed bomb field headquarters played hands pushing change objections appointed july charged manpower armaments industry expense sectors economy critical war effort efforts able free additional half million men military service new recruits came armaments industry conflict armaments minister workers readily absorbed armaments industry likewise new recruits waited barracks turn trained hitler behest people storm nationwide militia men previously considered unsuitable military service formed october recorded diary recruits sworn men age received rudimentary training properly armed notion men effectively serve lines soviet tanks artillery unrealistic best programme deeply unpopular defeat death months war speeches articles took increasingly apocalyptic tone beginning soviets western allies preparing cross rhine longer disguise fact defeat inevitable berlin little way fortifications artillery units sent noted diary january millions germans fleeing westward tentatively discussed hitler issue making peace western allies hitler refused privately conflicted pushing case hitler want lose confidence nazi leaders urged hitler leave berlin establish new centre resistance opposed arguing heroic stand berlin family son served luftwaffe captured allies moved house berlin await end discussed suicide fate young children long meeting night january knew outside world view criminal acts committed regime desire subject trial burned private papers night april knew play hitler fantasies encouraging hand providence death united_states president april hitler saw event turning point proclaimed known time gained position wanted long hitler utterly stripped offices april appointment commander led disaster disgrace hitler hitler inner circle including prepared leave berlin immediately hitler birthday celebration april anxious meet end hitler april hitler announced stay berlin end shoot moved family connected lower garden central berlin day told vice admiral entertain idea surrender escape april following proclamation people berlin fight city fight got sake wives children mothers parents arms defending held dear generations come proud courageous inventive colleagues remain midst wife children captured city men use means defense capital battle berlin signal nation rise battle midnight april soviets advancing closer bunker complex hitler married small civil ceremony hitler hosted modest wedding breakfast new wife hitler took secretary room dictated testament witnesses testament hitler named successor leader instead appointed chancellor grand admiral near danish border president minister wrote stating hitler order leave berlin reasons humanity personal loyalty stay wife children staying end lives mid afternoon april hitler shot hitler suicide depressed later recounted said great pity man longer lost way left hitler chose shall follow example completed sole official act chancellor dictated letter general ordered german general deliver white flag commander soviet commanded soviet forces central berlin letter informed hitler death requested rejected decided efforts futile later vice admiral saw time saying goodbye asked join replied captain leave sinking ship thought decided stay little children able especially leg like evening arranged children unconscious crushed mouths according later testimony gave children hitler personal doctor administered left bunker walked garden committed suicide different accounts event according account shot account bit given coup immediately adjutant testified walked ahead stairs garden waited heard shots sound walked remaining stairs outside saw bodies following prior order soldier fire shots body bodies petrol partially burned buried days later brought bunker soviets identify partly burned bodies children remains family hitler general hitler dogs repeatedly buried burial facility february director authorised operation destroy remains april soviet team detailed burial charts wooden boxes facility burned crushed scattered river tributary nearby holocaust like germans time young age joining meeting hitler grew radical began jews destructive force negative impact german society nazis seized power repeatedly urged hitler action jews party goal remove german cultural economic life eventually remove country altogether addition propaganda efforts actively promoted persecution jews legislation actions measures instituted berlin early years regime included public transport requiring jewish shops marked november german diplomat killed paris young jewish man response arranged material released press result start jews attacked destroyed germany situation speech gave party meeting night november called party members violence jews making appear spontaneous series acts german people jews killed damaged destroyed thousands jewish shops event called night jewish men sent concentration camps destruction stopped conference held november pointed destruction jewish property effect destruction german property intention eventually confiscated continued intensive propaganda campaign culminated hitler january speech helped write international finance outside europe succeed nations world war result earth victory jewish race europe pressing expulsion berlin jews living city delay needed workers armaments industry german jews began october transport berlin leaving october jews shot immediately arrival destinations preparation ordered german jews required law wear identifying yellow badge september march received copy minutes conference document nazi policy clear jewish population europe sent camps occupied areas poland killed diary entries period aware fate jews general probably established percent percent work judgment carried jews thoroughly deserved wrote march frequent discussions hitler fate jews subject discussed time met aware jews completely supported decision officials publicly family life hitler fond children enjoyed staying berlin apartment relax close relationship hitler member small female friends unofficial representative regime receiving letters germany women questions domestic matters child custody issues met czech actress winter began intense affair long conversation hitler august unwilling scandal involving ministers hitler demanded break relationship joseph reach truce end september couple falling point hitler involved insisting couple stay hitler arranged publicity photos taken reconciled couple october affairs including relationship family included son marriage born plus member family survive war explanatory notes | Joseph Goebbels | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21307_SirJamesShaw,1stBaronet | sir 1st sir 1st august october lord mayor london humble beginnings farming family successful merchant politician relation wealth support burns orphaned children lord mayor london led funeral procession lord nelson having established right created twice later chamberlain london lost fortune investments died early life career born august scotland son respectable farmer family farmed area years death father family moved studied local grammar school age followed elder brother america seek work returning years position company london offices junior partner firm wealthy merchant financially assisted children burns death elected sheriff london middlesex lord mayor london developed reputation gentleman citizen sponsored office lord mayor london second member guild achieve honour having taken office determined establish tradition lord mayor took precedence public reigning monarch took opportunity funeral lord nelson according account discussed matter prime minister lord liverpool aware prince regent attending funeral willing action offered visit king windsor castle resolve matter liverpool said following day granted duly led procession later career created created second patent include future interest nephew appointed member parliament london sat resigned appointed chamberlain london ruined inadvertently invested huge sum city funds fake bills discovering error began property repay sum cleared commission resigned positions long term illness died months later october unmarried normally extinct death second patent title passed nephew president president legacy commemorated town centre statue marble feet tall base granite executed sculptor cost public subscription raised unveiled august originally located march statue moved area london road increase traffic centre town described noble work art worthy creative genius sculptor worthy commemorates believe faithful likeness symmetry form truly admirable mild features sir james finely developed animation intellectual expression mark superior powers sculptor object high permanent interest portrait pictured shown london | Sir James Shaw, 1st Baronet | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21310_CharlesCoghlan(politician) | politician sir june august lawyer politician served premier later prime minister october death having led responsible government movement territory days company rule head government self governing colony british_empire born raised educated south_africa irish descent moved lawyer elected representing western electoral district decade supported renewal royal charter administer opposed amalgamation led delegation london discuss responsible government years later self governing colony sat member death buried near grave world view near early life born june town british cape colony elder brothers father ireland roman catholic arrived south_africa private british_army having enlisted escape irish fighting eighth war 2nd queen royal regiment foot james stationed mountains settled wife née originally scotland moved king william town discharge military birth child boy called james elder town councillor town educated home january enrolled college awarded cape_town studied law intent plans disrupted father death short money charles quit university went work law firm eldest brother james partner arrived join brother town search according year incorporated elected member newly come diamonds found brothers farm initially dubbed new rush site renamed lord british secretary state colonies respectively miles miles independence restored following boer war admitted advocate courts december months later death elder brother formed firm position diamond trade led brothers develop expertise formidable reputation work mining industry rhodes main opponent brought mines control company october year signing concession king obtained exclusive mining rights territories soon formed queen_victoria granted royal charter administer develop territories october initial period years charter included right possession deal dispose land september rhodes pioneer column reached salisbury took active public debates loyal britain held parts british_empire internally self governing territory supporting arguing extend ancestral home ireland expressed support home rule movement disapproved policy south african republic government british settlers military service denying electoral franchise elected town council following year colonel youngest daughter described attractive woman arrived stay house shared sister mother married southern suburb cape_town january time friend invited join main settlements adjoining areas collectively called receptive idea compelled stay outbreak second boer war october besieged boer forces cut rail telephone october relief general february break cape_town wife left july found conditions basic buildings settlers enjoyed outdoor pursuits dances musical theatrical performances wife lodged grand hotel long arrived child born baby lived days second child girl named born november lived old age gained admission bar entered partnership frames create frames frames left late citing poor economic conditions following second boer war ending firm formed new partnership firm expanded salisbury south african cricketer friend joined shortly elections welsh sent telegram visiting relatives advising stand successfully march responsible government widely expected eventually incorporated fifth province generally considered south_africa geographically colonial terms british expansion region begun representatives participated section south africa act specific provision accession territories represented interests people convention contribution insignificant presence delegation supported secured keen win trust settlers november banquet lord departing high commissioner cape_town spoke people working entering union settlers wished enjoy called artificial stage responsible government order council provided constitution resembled crown colony responsible government changes territory administrative framework asked union governor general form government began policies speeches appeared unfair south british origin attorney general interpreted convention way considered english speakers came conclusion joining union previously thought saw territory inevitable destiny timing terms local electorate determine time rejected notion responsible government self government retaining colonial status grounds thought decades achieve furthermore idea keeping english speaking settlers seeing end racial discrimination perceived dutch speakers displaying british union partnership ended died time representing mining company encountered opposition case court mining commissioner judged favour guest client irritated guest recognised ability offered partnership accepted leading formation salisbury article charter gave british government right alter repeal administrative provisions charter years widely anticipated sections southern african political opinion administration come end remained place course world war white population split amalgamation independence led leader lawyer like believed lacked population resources independent state britain union south_africa mean avoiding having buy leaving burden south_africa instead war noted new secretary state winston_churchill determined achieve amalgamation south_africa encouraged expecting better price assets south_africa major corporations pro union south_africa able provide cheap labour south interests controlled local press highly influential debate general statesman unlikely dissuade electorate entering union elections domestic interests aligned favour responsible government run referendum long union leading citizens salisbury british south african presses british government founded biography man hand gives credit victory responsible government lobby reviewing book recalls campaigning says undisputed leader movement highly competent clear vision sincere attributes resolve years experienced rule mining company owned display unity white farmers chartered rule elections fell apart majority tobacco relied southern market voted union hand wanting retain share local produce markets wanted responsible government referendum results responsible government joining south_africa role women defeat substantial approximately voting responsible government husbands voted union letter south african prime minister company administrator sir cited anti sentiments particularly women major factor result opposed amalgamation northern concerned responsible government harder attain outcome prevent concentration administration instead maintained kept administration britain oversaw affairs closely year began consider territorial expansion claim northwestern rejected claim grounds respond claim southern half territory directed attention minister mines works supervised mineral exploration years earlier knew rich copper deposits public claim northern territory november issue control railway grant control central african cattle trade imperial conference london degree control railway granted issue attracting labour mines farms far north gave impetus territorial called britain colonial secretary north entirely south right refused request tour following year appeared support claims neighbouring territories death maintaining territory intact favoured association east african kenya death legacy died sunday august age cerebral requiem celebrated initially buried cemetery following petition parliament alongside ceremony august governor retirement spoke progress country years responsible government sir country economy grew annual revenue increasing million million exports million million despite setbacks cotton tobacco industries building housing bore sir charles april changed office prime minister ancestral spirit invoked opposing government honours services national convention led south africa act ultimately formation rank conferred warrant having signed friend chancellor order served governor general south_africa president | Charles Coghlan (politician) | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21355_Jean-HilaireAubame | november august politician active colonial independence periods french journalist said training practicing catholic customs official helped integrated man political power end born family orphaned young age raised chief political rival encouraged colleagues entered politics serving representative leader solving african problems particularly developing standard living planning urban sites quick rise politics spurred support missions administration strength came colonists despite rivalry president formed political unions sufficiently politically balanced appeal electorate appreciation help appointed foreign minister later president supreme_court tensions soon rose refusal merge party create party state installed president coup état coup toppled days later participate coup planning sentenced years hard labor years exile beaten daily prison guards serving sentence successor president allowed return elder politician died capital youth early political career born family near lost father years age mother looked orphaned arranged schooling roman catholic missions graduated helped job customs march appointed transferred founded branch brother politician member association des organization dominated soon politicians paul following speech given appeal june sided november sent authorities rally cause february met colonial administrator quickly protégé served informant african affairs reward promoted february european section civil service january appointed president municipal commission section participated conference served post november sudden death march worked adviser governor general secretary encouraged run office returned campaign support administration missionaries deputy deputy lost elections november representative winning votes possible commissioner shipping press communication labor social security voted independence august establishment july june reelected deputy votes total january votes total term lasting end time establishing political career exiled french section workers international later worked closely african parliamentary group leaders deputy lived paris toured regularly continued develop local politics particular clans fact asserted involved pay attention interests southern tribes charge ridiculed leader solving african problems particularly developing standard living planning urban sites september voted increase minimum wage overseas territories france served vice president commission organized democratic leadership came interior particularly party turn backed reelection philosophical differences led including advocating economic dependence france faster french political jobs fairly quickly politics dominated supported missions administration supported settlers deputy elected representative elected march elections placed winning contested seats party won seats party absence absolute majority parties submit list individuals agreed suitable inclusion government day appointed vice president government soon divisions government grew resigned position filed motion government motion rejected vote victory elected members joined parliamentary majority giving ruling government legislative seats installed government slowly began reinforce power independence opposition opposition leader voting favor constitutional referendum september pseudo politically independent legislative elections scheduled june voting system form voting party offers list candidates population vote list majority votes declared winner wins contested seats district constituency boundaries received seats received months followed legislative majority plagued internal strife president decided dissolve assembly looked opposition strengthen position formed number sufficiently balanced political unions appeal electorate february won vote later day running unopposed elected president cooperation appointed foreign minister replacing contrast wanted strong executive regime preferred parliamentary republic tensions rose new constitution unanimously adopted february providing regime system able appoint ministers functions limitations decided february broke ties representatives dismissed exception supporter refusal merge create party state attempt legislative seat appointed president supreme_court february claimed resigned citing parliamentary functions resolved accusation resigning post president supreme_court matters faced reports tension government composition members president dissolved legislature january economy measure electoral conditions announced election districts reduced disqualified announcing held post recently banned party submit candidates pay deposited considering campaign expenses idea party money enter candidates response opposition announced refusal participate elections consider fair unlikely participated planning coup état appears joined effort recruited new government nephew ambassador united_kingdom known plot notified uncle unknown established contact coup état night february early morning february members military police headed lieutenant seized presidential palace arrested president french commanders major ministers president dragged bed gunpoint military announced people coup état taken place required technical assistance told french interfere matter instructed broadcast speech acknowledging defeat day measure people patient patience limits said came events fired people react strongly according military sign approval provisional government formed presidency offered government composed civilian politicians coup content ensure security civilians small army intervene coup composed french officers remained barracks unaware coup french ambassador called telephone roughly half hour sunrise noisy streets checked happening replied find government directly mentioned coup midway morning automobile carrying revolutionary committee arrived residence drove governmental offices named president second lieutenant gave instructions transfer electoral stronghold heavy rain deposed president captors took shelter unknown village morning decided easier road hours later returned new head government quickly contacted french ambassador assure property foreign nationals protected ask prevent french military intervention paris french president decided loyal allies france africa visiting france said france regime europeans enjoyed particularly friendly treatment president advice chief adviser african policy decided restore legitimate government accordance treaty french ironically signed stint foreign minister intervention commence formal request head state occupied french contacted vice president arrested remained decided compose letter later sign confirming intervention hours later french troops stationed landed restored power course operation french soldier killed died trial fled eventually discovered august trial military rebels provisional government opened state enacted decreed local government maintained surveillance suspected necessary order special permits required travel town trial held school building overlooking near hospital space limited representative section public needed permit witness trial family members restricted press coverage limited journalists allowed representing high profile news agency addition restrictions defence accused prosecution called witnesses trial claimed involvement coup lack development army judge judge case said reason coup état deserve severe penalty affirmed position participate planning according formed provisional government constitutional manner request stated french intervention illegal act interference assertion education minister shared september judge came verdict consulting sentenced years hard labor years exile remote island miles coast criminals case particularly popular political career according time arrest heroic proportions eyes aroused public serving years labor beaten regularly prison guards imprisoned opponents sentenced years hard labor actor doctor given years imprisonment appealing peace february pledged pardon pity enemies total punishment later life successor president allowed return afterward lived paris removed world politics visit occasion appointed special adviser honorary post supporter home bombed december anti family barely escaped harm journalist having harsh voice severe appearance stern character died french journalist said training practicing catholic customs official helped integrated man political power end speculates president instead country democratic death high school established awards decorations national national national national | Jean-Hilaire Aubame | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21465_PanFusheng | chinese december april chinese communist revolutionary politician party secretary short lived served secretary party chief provinces great leap forward pan marshal critic policy result dismissed party chief subjected persecution later cultural revolution began pan party chief province embraced rebel movement gained support soon involved major violence dismissed investigation posthumously criticized committing mistakes cultural revolution born december poor peasant family original chinese courtesy pan excellent student admitted highest score entrance examination later forced drop owing poverty taught rural senior elementary school years admitted number rural normal school influenced communist classmates joined incident led japanese occupation pan organized students join anti japanese protests capital march arrested government held number prison sentenced years republic released late eruption second sino japanese war release prison pan organized led communist later leader communist base participated second sino japanese war subsequent chinese civil war government early august official establishment appointed communist_party secretary newly established march number peasants cattle death transporting grain government storage pan took partial responsibility incident demoted deputy party chief november abolished merged party chief called secretary succeeding september elected alternate member 8th anti movement marshal criticized disastrous policies result major target persecution loyalist second secretary approval 9th june lower ranking officials denounced pan yang right anti party subjected brutal struggle sessions october communist_party calculated billion big character posters denouncing written people posters labelled little pan dismissed office sent work farm replaced pan secretary implemented policy leadership worst affected provinces great chinese famine nearly million people death end great leap forward pan minister level director cultural revolution october appointed secretary political cultural revolution erupted shortly january province set revolutionary committee enthusiastically embracing power seizure movement rebel pan able gain support known figure china cultural revolution pan chairman revolutionary committee march provincial party chiefs country transformed incumbent provincial secretary head revolutionary committee considered rare feat vast majority provincial overthrown power removed power means april pan elected member april member soon establishment revolutionary committee faction opposing pan emerged sought remove power pan involved violence jailed people rival faction including party members ordinary people supporters opponents fought major armed conflicts pan disagreements local military leadership june central government dismissed posts investigation death april pan died stroke issued statement criticizing pan committing mistakes cultural revolution | Pan Fusheng | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21599_EugeneV.Debs | gene november october american union leader founding members times candidate president united_states presidential work labor movements eventually best known living united_states early political career member democratic_party elected democrat working smaller unions including instrumental founding nation industrial unions workers organized strike pay cuts summer signed called boycott handling trains cars nationwide strike affecting lines west detroit workers states mail running president united_states_army break strike leader convicted federal charges court injunction strike served months prison jail read works socialist theory emerged months later committed international socialist movement founding member ran socialist candidate president united_states times including earning popular vote time prison cell candidate native indiana noted speech denouncing american participation world war led second arrest convicted act sentenced term years president sentence december died long admitted problems developed time prison cited inspiration numerous politicians biography early life born november indiana immigrated united_states france father came prosperous family owned textile mill meat market named french authors victor hugo attended public school dropping high school age took job railroad cleaning trucks freight engines cents day later painter car cleaner railroad shops december drunken locomotive failed report work pressed service night decided remain run indianapolis earning dollar night half years july left work wholesale grocery house remained years attending local business school night joined february active organization served delegate lodge organization national convention elected associate editor monthly organ years later appointed grand secretary treasurer editor magazine july worked january magazine editor september time prominent figure community served terms city clerk september september fall elected democrat serving term marriage family married june home stands preserved amidst campus labor activism railroad comparatively conservative organizations focused providing fellowship services collective gradually convinced need unified approach railroads powerful companies economy influence involvement railroad strike defeat labor convinced necessity organizing craft lines stepping secretary organized industrial unions united_states workers union successfully struck great northern railway april winning demands strike involved strike grew compensation dispute started workers constructed train cars citing falling revenue economic panic cut wages employees workers members appealed support union convention chicago illinois tried persuade union members worked railways boycott risky given hostility railways federal government weakness union possibility unions break strike membership ignored warnings refused handle cars railroad cars attached including cars containing director extended strike doubling size workers relented decided strike endorsed members immediate area chicago july new_york_times editorial called large enemy human race fought establishing train cars eventual leadership strike came known rebellion federal government intervened obtaining injunction strike theory carried cars refusing work president supported presidential campaigns sent united_states_army enforce injunction entrance army break strike overall killed strike chicago thousands estimated million worth property damaged found guilty contempt court violating injunction sent federal prison represented later leading american lawyer civil previously corporate lawyer railroad company commonly thought switched sides represent myth repeated biography defense fact resigned railroad earlier death mentor supreme_court case decision later upheld right federal government issue injunction socialist leader time arrest mail socialist serving month term jail comrades received steady stream letters books pamphlets mail country recalled years later began read think anatomy system organized shattered battered single stroke writings early appealed impressed writings clear conclusive readily merely argument caught spirit socialist thank helped darkness light additionally visited jail milwaukee socialist newspaper editor words came instrument delivered message socialism heard obituary time said left copy prisoner read slowly emerged jail end sentence changed man spend final decades life socialist cause released prison started socialist political career persuaded membership join found federal office candidates fledgling socialist party running unsuccessfully president congress running mate received votes popular vote electoral votes wife kate opposed socialism relationship wife rejects values holds dear basis biographical novel adversary house split found year later group split went majority faction found united_states called elected chairman board governed party party sole figure governed actions position chairman notoriety gave status party candidate president final time prison showing election received votes popular vote received electoral votes vice presidential candidate ultimately finished overall election ran ticket receiving slightly higher number votes popular vote received popular vote received electoral votes received popular vote total votes total votes campaign remains time high candidate running alongside received electoral votes received success party candidate largely dismissive electoral process political sewer winning local offices value organizing workers unions favoring unions brought workers given industry organized craft skills workers practiced founding work major work organizing labor union came founding june chicago illinois influential union leaders including big bill leader leader held called stated confederate workers country working class movement shall purpose emancipation working class perform task great appeals best thought united energies enlist loyal support task presence weak men despair impossible shrink working class split built basis uniting workers industry rift began union started electoral wing led irritated speeches december told audience new_york parliamentary step time people step little shorter preceding step better said elect superintendent branch industry elect congressman united_states congress response attacked purely cooper union speech beginning split leading split factions faction loyal rift presented problem influential final straw came disgusted decision elected officials lawrence massachusetts send police subsequently clubs children publicly declared vote passage amendment focused direct action sabotage tactics advocated probably person saved seat trial life idaho described lincoln labor called run president united_states times changed facing split party chose echo words accusing representing anarchy stated opposed amendment adopted remained friendly expulsion despite perceived differences tactics prior dismissal membership reached time high year later months recalled membership dropped attributed decline departure element predicted party recover election elected public office lost seats leadership style noted charismatic speaker called vocabulary christianity style generally organized religion said socialist radical fierce convictions kind personal relations noted eulogy quoting fellow socialist old man burning eyes actually believes thing brotherhood man funniest long believe called king wholly comfortable standing leader told audience detroit labor leader want follow looking moses lead capitalist wilderness stay right lead promised land led lead use heads hands present condition political prisoner speeches wilson administration war earned president later called traitor country june speech ohio urging resistance military draft world war arrested june charged counts trial defense called witnesses asking allowed address court defense unusual request granted spoke hours found guilty september sentencing hearing september addressed court speech classic liberal journalist partisan said beautiful moving passages english language afternoon touched inspiration told fire danced shoulders spoke believe said honor stated court opposed form present government opposed social system live believe change perfectly orderly means thinking morning men mills factories thinking women wage compelled work lives little children system robbed childhood early tender years seized grasp forced industrial dungeons feed machines body soul honor ask mercy immunity realize finally right prevail fully great struggle powers greed hand rising hosts freedom dawn better day humanity people awakening course time come sailing seas looks relief weary watch turns eyes burning ocean midnight approaches begins bend worlds change places finger points marks passage time universe bell beat glad look knows midnight passing relief rest close hand let people heart hope cross bending midnight passing joy morning sentenced november years prison life presented called best remembered statement sentencing hearing honor years ago recognized living beings mind bit better earth said lower class criminal element soul prison free appealed conviction supreme_court ruling united_states court examined statements world war socialism carefully speeches attempt comply espionage act court found intention effect draft military recruitment things court cited praise imprisoned draft justice holmes stated opinion little attention needed case essentially united_states court upheld similar conviction went prison april protest led parade communists march day cleveland ohio event quickly broke violent day riots ran president election prison atlanta georgia atlanta federal received votes slightly won received highest number votes presidential candidate time prison wrote series columns deeply critical prison system appeared form published book walls bars added chapters published posthumously march president wilson asked attorney general opinion offering doubt wisdom public effect action generally favored releasing people convicted wartime security acts consulted prosecutors records defenders civil liberties assured conviction correct sentence appropriate president attorney general believed public opinion opposed releasing strengthen wilson opponents debate ratification peace treaty proposed august october success point wilson wrote flower american youth pouring blood cause civilization man stood lines attacking denouncing man traitor country pardoned administration january citing deteriorating health proposed wilson receive presidential pardon freeing february lincoln birthday wilson returned writing denied december president sentence time served effective christmas day issue pardon white_house statement summarized administration view case question guilt means outspoken expressions prominence resulting far reaching effect words probably received sentence old man strong physically man personal charm impressive personality qualifications dangerous man calculated excuse criminal intent years released atlanta prisoners sent cheers crowd greeted return accompaniment band music route home warmly received white_house greeted saying heard damned glad meet personally nominated nobel peace prize finnish socialist grounds started work actively peace world war mainly considered war interest capitalism spent remaining years trying recover health severely undermined prison confinement late admitted died heart failure october age body cremated buried indiana legacy helped american left measure political opposition corporations world war american communists honor compassion labor movement motivation average working man build socialism large state involvement books written life inspirational american socialist home purchased worked preserve memorial begun designated official historic site state indiana designated united_states preservation museum monitored national_park_service named member labor hall fame leave collection papers university library pamphlet collection brother amassed held scholar author biography donated biographical research materials chicago open researchers original manuscript book walls bars amendments presumably held thomas morgan papers special collections department town minnesota named new_york radio station espn radio named honor place housing block new_york named honor university_of_michigan michigan named named red eugene representation media included historical figure trilogy featured figures 42nd parallel affiliation prompted actions fictional characters novel mac years eyes documentary including historic footage directed narrator named honor appears novels great war blood iron elected congress way split republican_party candidate president strong opponent involvement great war voices documentary political career works editor vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol vol life writings speeches department appeal reason labor freedom audio version walls bars prisons prison life land free chicago | Eugene V. Debs | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21654_PeterAduja | october february filipino american elected public office united_states elected representative born philippines emigrated hawaii youth served united_states_army world war world war worked teacher filipino lawyers hawaii years elected office worked attorney general served years judge elected died las_vegas early life born sur philippines emigrated family age hawaii raised nearby hawaii father worked plantation attended student body president graduating class high school went major government history attending university worked pearl harbor joined united_states_army individuals volunteered 1st filipino infantry regiment following world war married died taught island hawaii attending earned law degree later justice hawaii supreme_court took bar examination hawaii filipino lawyers political career elected filipino elected public office hawaii united_states represented seats island hawaii spoke behalf republican_party territorial convention single term office went work department attorney general ran year fellow republican elected state governor lost district court judge resigning bench june years public sector elected public office time member district included member delegate hawaii state constitution constitutional convention departed returned public sector final position member later years professor wrote important filipino politicians hawaii beginning era filipino politics hawaii minor individuals elected office significant public office hawaii mid-20th century february died vacation las_vegas governor declared march survived children grandchildren hawaii state senator | Peter Aduja | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21757_KlemensvonMetternich | prince german prince june politician statesman extraction important diplomats era serving foreign minister chancellor liberal revolutions forced resignation tasks engineer france included marriage napoleon austrian soon engineered austria entry war sixth coalition allied signed treaty sent napoleon exile led austrian delegation congress vienna divided major powers service given title prince october guidance system international continued decade austria aligned russia lesser extent prussia marked high point austria diplomatic importance slowly slipped periphery international diplomacy home held post chancellor state francis son brief exile london brighton brussels lasted returned court time offer advice ferdinand successor having generation politicians died age born son diplomat named godfather archbishop received good education universities help coronation predecessor brief trip england named austrian ambassador netherlands short lived post country brought french control year married wife descendant aided entry society despite having numerous affairs devastated death later wedding death years taking office foreign minister held numerous smaller posts including roles sons successful diplomat acknowledged children traditional conservative keen maintain balance power particular resisting russian territorial ambitions lands belonging ottoman_empire disliked worked prevent breakup austrian empire example crushing nationalist revolts austrian north italy german states home pursued similar policy censorship wide ranging spy network suppress unrest praised heavily criticised policies pursued supporters point presided age international diplomacy helped prevent major wars europe qualities diplomat commended noting achievements considerable light weakness negotiating position decision oppose russian seen good detractors describe stuck ill thought conservative principles sense argue secure austria future instead proposals administrative reform largely rejected opposition german nationalism blamed germany unification prussia austria historians argued far power view suggests policies exercised accord views austria monarchy early life born diplomat passed service imperial court wife alternatively von named honour prince archbishop past employer father eldest son older sister time birth family possessed ruined castle estate west won 17th century time father described boring chronic contemporary austrian ambassador courts cologne education handled mother heavily influenced proximity france years considered able communicate better french german child went official visits father direction protestant tutor academic subjects swimming summer began studying law november student time accommodated prince future king bavaria time described simon happy handsome contemporaries later left september attend october coronation frankfurt performed largely role wing father met future looked ease attendant nobility end summer studied law receiving conservative education city return unsafe summers worked father appointed march francis succeeded father crowned july earlier role added honour opening accompanying ball alongside meantime france declared war austria beginning war coalition making study impossible employment father sent special mission led interrogation french minister war accompanying commissioners observed siege fall later looking substantial lessons warfare early sent england ostensibly official business helping treasurer general negotiate loan marriage england met king occasions number influential british politicians including nominated new minister left england september unfortunately found exiled powerless government retreat latest french advance october french army swept germany annexed estates disappointed affected strong criticism father policies joined parents vienna november september married granddaughter austrian chancellor marriage arranged mother introduced society undoubtedly motivation demonstrated affection conditions imposed father bride youthful continue live home second forbidden serving diplomat long prince alive daughter maria born january studies vienna prince death september allowed participate initially father took secretary ensuring proceedings officially started december named representative bored remained role congress finally wound period chosen live gave birth sons francis february shortly end congress june died days francis soon contracted lung infection recover ambassador dresden berlin holy roman empire defeat war second coalition shook diplomatic circles promising offered choice ministerial positions copenhagen dresden chose dresden late january appointment officially announced february vienna wrote instructions memorandum showing greater understanding earlier writing visited estate autumn taking new position november memorandum lost saxon court headed retiring man little political initiative despite court enjoyed light hearted city took mistress bore daughter january wife child named number important contacts including publicist serve critic thirty years established links important polish french political figures brought family new estates title prince seat ensuing diplomatic appointed ambassador notified february taking position november year arrived critical european diplomacy soon growing worried territorial ambitions newly leader france fear shared russian court alexander kept informed russian policy autumn vienna decided action entered august process began involvement war coalition impossible task convince prussia join coalition eventual agreement coalition defeat battle prussia disregarded agreement signed treaty french instead paris ensuing vienna austrian foreign minister freeing assume post ambassador russian_empire russia need arisen new austrian french court approved post june enjoyed demand happy sent france generous salary year trip took residence august retain close adviser decades met french foreign minister august napoleon days later saint cloud soon war fourth coalition drew napoleon eastwards wife children joined october went society charm win great presence prevent series affairs certainly included napoleon sister treaties july saw austria position europe vulnerable believed accord russia france meantime found new french foreign minister struggled negotiate satisfactory settlement future french forts following months reach austrian policy reputation increased pushed russo austrian alliance preoccupied wars engaged commit time came eventual war france inevitable memorable event argued napoleon napoleon 39th birthday celebrations august increasingly obvious preparations war sides soon napoleon refused attendance later glad hear napoleon attempts congress russia invade austria proved unsuccessful late recalled vienna weeks meetings possibility austria invading france napoleon campaign spain reported france united napoleon russia unlikely want fight austria france reliable troops fight central europe paris overtly safety austria declared war france arrested retaliation arrest french diplomats vienna effects minimal allowed leave france escort austria late napoleon capture conducted austrian capital exchange french diplomats foreign minister france austria witnessed hand austrian army defeat battle resignation foreign minister aftermath emperor immediately offered post worried napoleon seize demand peace terms instead agreed minister state july lead negotiations french understanding replace foreign minister later date peace talks forward pro french proposals save austrian monarchy napoleon disliked position future poland gradually displaced proceedings soon regained influence october foreign minister additionally minister early earlier affair public understanding scandal minimal tasks push marriage napoleon youngest sister later seek distance marriage claiming napoleon idea case happy claim responsibility time february napoleon agreed pair married march left france soon followed different route unofficially trip designed explained transport family stranded france outbreak war home report austrian emperor activities instead stayed months office vienna father set marriage terms set concessions won trivial trading rights delay payment war estates belonging germans austrian service including family lifting man limit austrian army particularly welcomed sign increased austrian independence austria longer afford army greater limit prescribed france ally returned vienna october longer popular influence limited foreign affairs attempts reintroduced failed convinced weakened austria avoid invasion france rejected advances instead concluded alliance napoleon march supported period moderate censorship aimed preventing french requiring austrian troops fight alongside french alliance treaty generous prussia signed month earlier allowed britain russia assurances austria remained committed napoleonic ambitions accompanied sovereign final meeting napoleon dresden napoleon french invasion russia dresden meeting revealed austria influence europe reached lowest point bent establishing influence considered strong ties sides war proposing general peace talks headed austria months slowly distance austria french cause avoiding alliance prussia russia remaining open proposal secure place combined dynasty driven concern napoleon defeated russia prussia stand gain napoleon fighting officially war sixth coalition continued austria alliance france ended february austria moved position armed neutrality neutral keen turning france contemporaries emperor favoured plans general settlement november offered napoleon frankfurt proposals allow napoleon remain emperor reduce france natural control italy germany netherlands napoleon expecting win war delayed long lost opportunity december allies withdrawn offer early closing paris napoleon agreed frankfurt proposals late rejected new terms proposed allies statement general war aims included austria secured russia britain remained generally unwilling military initiative fought years establish despite francis created austrian foreign minister grand chancellor post vacant time increasingly worried napoleon retreat bring disorder harm peace concluded soon believed britain sent proposals france russia rejected battles french initiated truce called starting april began slowly reluctantly prepare austria war france armistice provided austria time fuller complete left vienna personally handle negotiations arrived began affair lasted months mistress achieved influence continue write separation french foreign minister remained elusive manage discuss state affairs june talks later ratified convention agreed general peace demands set process austria enter war coalition shortly invited join napoleon dresden terms directly reliable record meeting june exists stormy effective meeting agreement finally reached leave peace talks start prague july run august agreeing ignored convention angered austria coalition allies properly meet napoleon gave representatives count insufficient powers negotiate informal discussions held lieu conference implied napoleon negotiate allied army threatened france convinced ultimatum issued france went austria declared war august coalition partner austria allies saw declaration admission austria diplomatic ambitions failed viewed longer campaign rest war hold coalition curb russians momentum europe end won early victory austrian general prince confirmed supreme commander coalition forces alexander succeeded getting allied monarchs alexander francis prussia follow armies campaign treaties allowed austria remain future france italy poland confined british prussia russia september requested subsidies austria coalition forces took offensive october witnessed successful days later rewarded wise direction rank prince german delighted frankfurt early november particular showed francis ceremony organised war drawing close remained determined prevent creation strong unified german state offering napoleon generous terms order retain december napoleon agreed talk talks delayed need participation senior british diplomat talks begin coalition armies crossed rhine december retired frankfurt celebrate christmas wife family travelling new coalition headquarters january particularly fate france intensified january prompting alexander storm missed arrival mid january formed good working relationship met remained demanding push centre france fortunately preoccupied object ideas like final peace conference vienna attend talks french wanted stay alexander talks stalled brief advance coalition forces retreat relieved fears alexander act continued negotiations french envoy early mid march victory coalition offensive time trying hold coalition british engineered treaty help absence russians coalition agreed restoration dynasty francis rejected final plea napoleon favour wife paris fell march military manoeuvres forced westward march deliberate delay left french capital april april found city peace annoyance largely control austrians disliked terms treaty russian imposed napoleon absence reluctant oppose april signed treaty focused austrian interests forthcoming peace asserting austria influence germany prussia russian reasons ensured italian provinces lost french client states duly annexed division french occupied poland germany confined interests allies failed proposals advanced issue postponed peace treaty signed like counterparts anxious provide renewed french monarchy resources suppress new revolution generous treaty paris signed free accompanied england followed paris crossing triumphant filled weeks establishing reputation austria awarded honorary law degree university_of_oxford contrast pleasure alexander ill insulting despite opportunities little diplomacy took place instead firmly agreed proper discussions place vienna date tentatively set august tried postpone october agreed effected conditions prevented alexander exercising advantage facto control poland eventually reunited family austria middle july having stopped week france fears surrounding napoleon wife return vienna celebrated occasional included line history holds thee model great men autumn heads reigning representatives noble families began gathering vienna ministers big coalition allies britain austria prussia russia arrived stayed quietly hours south heard reached vienna meet encouraged declined meetings held city representatives agreed congress operate delight named aide secretary negotiations big big plus france spain spanish representative learned decisions agreements negotiated big sweden portugal similarly angered exclusion congress especially determined little power possible result big decision congress postponed november fact soon postponed minor commission beginning work november meantime organised vast array delegates including leaving negotiate behalf briefly turned attention feeling italy time learnt disappointed exhausted social rounds let guard drop negotiations poland ruled napoleon implying austria match russia militarily pair meet person despite francis refused dismiss foreign minister political crisis vienna november culminating declaration russia compromise claim poland satellite kingdom coalition rejected utterly agreement stand alexander went far challenge duel fortunately soon rapid face agreed division poland regard time allowed participate big big discussions new consensus major issues concerning poland germany settled second week february austria gained land partition poland prevented prussian annexation forced accept russian dominance poland increasing prussian influence germany focused getting german states historic rights new stand prussia assisted worked smaller issues like navigation rights rhine beginning lent february brought time devote congressional issues private discussions southern italy said raising army march awakened news napoleon escaped island prison hour met wanted change course little impact congress finally march big declared napoleon outlaw allies began preparations renewed fighting march signed treaty committing sending men little sign prior divisive military commanders left vienna congress settled work fixing boundaries independent netherlands proposals loose confederation swiss earlier agreements poland late april major issues remained organisation new german federation problem italy soon began come head austria solidified control venice extended protection provinces nominally control francis daughter april announced austria formally war naples austria won battle captured naples weeks later able delay decision future country vienna discussions germany drag early june joint austrian prussian proposition ratified left constitutional issues new diet president emperor francis despite criticism austria pleased outcome degree control granted certainly able use diet ends numerous occasions arrangement similarly popular german representatives treaty signed june russians signed week later bringing officially end left june line prepared lengthy war napoleon napoleon defeated decisively battle june paris italy june coalition allies paris discussing peace terms read son daughters narrowly escaped death bridge collapsed disliked enforced separation days negotiations longer turmoil second treaty paris concluded november opinion france happy result france lost little land eastern borders seven million french artworks plundered accepted army occupation numbering meantime separate treaty proposed alexander signed september created new centered russia prussia austria document pushed wanted given liberal sentiments representatives european states eventually signed exception pope united_kingdom ottoman_empire shortly separate treaty reaffirmed established sixth article congress system regular diplomatic meetings europe peace austrian flag flew land foreign minister returned question italy making visit country early december visiting venice family joined milan december playing liberal urging francis region autonomy spent months italy busy suffering chronic tried control austrian foreign policy milan disagreement empire heavily criticised absence enemies occupied work finance minister fierce critic policies died april gap views emperor eased active compromise proposals returned vienna year absence professionally rest passed quietly tired minister concerned fiscal policy monitoring spread germany nationalism italy personally shaken november death years later wrote life ended old took time return july news receive new estates rhine miles birthplace june required escort emperor newly daughter ship delay arrival spent time travelling italy visited venice florence alarmed developments noted francis concessions practice optimistic plea august failed decided efforts general administrative reform avoid appearance favouring italians rest empire working returned vienna september immediately caught organisation daughter maria marriage days later proved taken ill delay recovery condensed proposals italy documents submitted francis dated october administration remain new new local including italy importantly divisions regional national end francis accepted revised proposals albeit alterations restrictions primary focus remained preserving unity great powers europe power concerned liberal minded increasing influence continual threat russia large areas declining ottoman_empire called earlier envisaged april britain drawn pushed proposals congress prussian frontier town months later advised spa town treat tension pleasant month long trip received news death father age visited family estate frankfurt late august encourage member states agree procedural issues visit time years new estate travelling emperor francis warmly greeted catholic towns rhine progressed arranged advance newspapers cover peacetime congress kind discussions began pushed withdrawal allied troops france means preserving unity european powers agreed immediately agreement extended maintaining rejected plans things single european army recommendations greater controls freedom speech equally hard powers britain support openly travelled brussels soon congress broke stay days pair exchanged letters years arrived vienna december finally able spend considerable time children entertained christmas season spent weeks monitoring italy germany setting emperor trip italy trip cut short assassination conservative german august short delay decided german governments act perceived problem austria called informal conference sounded prussian support meeting prussia july carried day recent attempt life chief minister nassau win agreement conservative program known conference opened august ran rest month overcame opposition proposed group anti revolutionary measures correct condemned outsiders despite pleased result known conference vienna later year found constrained bavaria abandon plans reform german federation regretted having quickly forced original constitution years held ground issues highly envisaged remained vienna close finding affair bore heard death daughter tuberculosis prague heard eldest daughter maria contracted disease died july prompted remaining children leave cleaner air france rest filled liberal revolts expected respond ultimately austrian foreign minister torn following conservative pledge policy favoured russians keeping country austria interest favoured british chose sympathetic inactivity spain dismay surprise led revolt naples early july forced king ferdinand accept new constitution reluctantly agreed attend russian initiated october discuss events need worried gave way accepted compromise proposal moderate worried influence laid conservative principles long memorandum including attack free press initiative middle classes congress disbanded week december step congress discuss intervention ferdinand found able dominate congress overseeing ferdinand rejection liberal constitution agreed months austrian armies left naples february entered city march congress luck kept representatives powers close hand revolt result similar revolts broke middle march hand agreed send men frontier solidarity concerns grew vienna policy expensive responded naples pay stability nonetheless clearly worried future italy relieved able create court chancellor chancellor state post left vacant death pleased renewed fragile austria prussia russia come expense anglo austrian chancellor revolt threatened bring ottoman_empire brink collapse wanting strong ottoman_empire russian opposed forms greek nationalism alexander returned russia secured agreement act write asking intervene extra support met king george united_kingdom october welcome promise settle austria financial debts britain earlier anglo austrian restored pair agreed support austrian position concerning balkans went away happy met christmas expected sent vienna february talks soon convinced ambitious russian let events return austria promised support russia enforcing treaties ottomans alliance members likewise aware politically impossible british adversary russian court retired service end april new threat russia determined intervene spain action described utter nonsense played time convincing ally come vienna talks scheduled congress died suicide august dead relations british weakening lost useful ally congress fine social event successful supposedly concerned italy congress focus spain instead austria urged non intervention french carried day proposal joint invasion force prussia committed men pledged worried difficulties transporting numbers spain french ambitions pledged moral support joint force december spending days venice munich returned vienna early january remained september travelled partly new post chancellor partly declining health arrival family paris society politically year march french crossed moral solidarity established likewise thought new pope pro french trouble austria german states included furthermore russian diplomat instead renewed suspicion worse came late september accompanying emperor meeting alexander austrian settlement ukraine fell ill fever continue brief talks russian foreign minister talks absence asked congress russian capital saint_petersburg discuss eastern question wary letting russians dominate affairs play time fortunately dual proposal meetings settlement favourable russia limited autonomy greek pairing european powers potential attendees like british foreign secretary slowly turned away annoyance alexander believed months afterward gained unique level influence renewed conservative program outlined years sought increase austrian influence informed press longer minutes diet meetings january began worry wife health reached paris shortly death march mourning took opportunity paris elite unfortunately aside reported enhance reputation left paris time april joined emperor milan arriving declined pope invitation cardinal church short trip genoa early july court dispersed visited daughters fourteen quiet town despite received constant reports including ominous developments ottoman_empire greek revolt rapidly crushed egypt deal fallout unable congress talked major ambassadors mid clear allies decide course action longer viable political entity hungarian problems italy early 1820s advised francis help approval financial reform fact diet saw sessions filled criticism empire eroded historic rights nobility complained interfered time customs daily life forced travel modern day perform ceremonial duties observe alarmed growth hungarian national sentiment wary growing influence nationalist met twice vienna mid december heard death mixed feelings known reminded death potentially wiped diplomatic slate clean claim credit liberal revolt new crush chose send establish contact nicholas friendly british envoy duke wellington enlisted help charm nicholas despite months nicholas reign firstly british chosen oversee russian ottoman talks result exercise influence resulting convention france began drift away non position august russian foreign minister rejected proposal congress discuss events eventually led outbreak civil war portugal austrian foreign minister accepted surprising november second wife marriage small affair village outside vienna drew considerable criticism grace charm soon won society day british russian french forces destroyed ottoman fleet battle worried intervention ottoman_empire balance carefully created relief new british prime minister wellington cabinet equally fearful giving russia upper hand balkans round proposals rejected stood eastern question watching treaty signed september publicly criticised harsh turkey privately satisfied promise greek autonomy making russian expansion russian satellite state private life filled grief november mother died january died days giving birth son fighting tuberculosis months son junior diplomat died november consequently spent christmas depressed worried methods fellow conservatives renewed march took needed holiday estate returned vienna month later worried chaos london paris declining ability prevent waters met late july quiet offence taken arranged second meeting august interim heard france july revolution deeply shocked theoretically posed need congress instead met planned russian rejected plan restore old alliance pair agreed panic new government showed territorial ambitions europe pleased mood news unrest brussels netherlands resignation wellington london calls germany wrote beginning end nonetheless fact july revolution franco russian alliance impossible netherlands called old style congress sort enjoyed successful past ones king hungary little dissent november year old came family long known agreed announcement caused far vienna previous bride married january february rebels took cities appealed france help masters appealed help austria anxious march austrian troops new pope occupied eventually cross papal territory result italy end march authorised troop withdrawal july january second rebellion noticeably hair grey face drawn sunken wife enjoyed company february daughter born son died aged months october second son paul politically new adversary lord taken end clashed virtually issue short wrote wrong annoyed insistence agreements britain right oppose austria university controls germany worried future held britain wanted influence significantly reduced eastern question revisited peace europe egypt invaded ottoman_empire fears empire total collapse austria stood gain little proposed support ottomans congress sort details french british refused support congress held vienna summer anglo austrian relations hit new low russia confident influence mistaken left observe russian intervention region culminating treaty arranged meet accompany francis meet september meeting went felt able dominate despite rising economic prominence europe strained nicholas warmed reached shaped new conservative league uphold existing order turkey poland left happy sole disappointment having commit tougher polish nationalists immediately heard creation britain france spain portugal alliance liberals austrian values wrote like face reads treaty draw bitter condemnation provided occasion outbreak war tried intrigue removal british foreign attempt build cross power agreements removed november temporarily attempts large scale war avoided beginning march emperor francis died succeeded son despite widespread opinion ferdinand ghost monarch valued legitimacy highly worked government running soon accompanied ferdinand meeting ferdinand overwhelmed especially prague overall meeting years passed relatively peacefully diplomatic incident limited occasional angry exchange failure british russians black_sea dispute effort bringing new technology like railways austria pressing issue hungary remained reluctant support nationalist sad commentary declining powers political presence court increasingly lost power rising star particularly proposals increase military budgets failed attempt force constitutional reform afforded greater influence largely thwarted minded forced share power austria decision making ground halt entertaining maintaining estates consuming resources time young children support causing stress long predicted new crisis east second egyptian war broke anxious establish austria diplomatic credentials quickly gathered representatives vienna july issued constantinople support sent message challenging vienna claim diplomatic worked fell ill spending weeks resting austrians lost initiative accept london new centre negotiations weeks creation diplomatic response aggressive moves french prime minister mere curiosity little heard proposals hold congress germany separate attempt strengthen influence ambassadors stationed vienna rejected set tone rest illness broken love office decade wife prepared quietly retirement death office work early 1840s dominated hungary generally questions national identity diverse austrian empire showed moments acute perception hungarian proposals came far late led rise strong hungarian nationalism support opposed threatened unity empire lost principal ally growing heart austrian government struggled enforce level censorship desired fortunately major challenges regime outside italy quiet attempt lecture new prussian king new british queen victoria meeting posed immediate problems far worrying dynasty austria low impromptu tour italy unexpectedly stopped vienna bad mood awkward guest criticisms austria russia invade ottoman_empire months later countries required work slaughter declaration independence authorised occupation city use troops restore order surrounding areas intent pseudo independence granted months negotiations prussia russia austria annexed city november regarded personal victory action dubious utility polish officially austria europe wide polish movement worked actively system rights britain france appeared similarly outraged calls resignation ignored years ferdinand favour son regency believed austria need interim hold government revolution kept pouring forth despite building crisis new pope gaining reputation liberal nationalist austria time empire experienced unemployment rising prices result poor outcry italians pope ordered occupation papal controlled summer despite securing french agreement time years france austria forced backing pair proposed conference government crushed revolt major blow prestige opponents vienna called evidence incompetence january predicted trouble italy year ahead acted envoy italy plans italian arranging plans french late february austrian field placed austrian italy martial law disturbances spread despite hearing renewed revolution france cautious thinking domestic revolution unlikely described saxon diplomat words biographer having shadow self march gave fiery speech calling constitution march appeared concerned events vienna threats counter threats flying petitions organised calling greater freedom transparency representation students involved demonstrations culminating march royal family voiced anger customary morning called meet soon midday chancellor troops sent streets announcing minimal concession afternoon crowd turned hostile division troops opened fire killing mob truly liberals joined set havoc students offered form pro government demands met eager accept told resign reluctantly agreed sleeping advised resignation leave city sent message effect government guarantee safety left house aid friends reached family seat miles away daughter joined march suggested england haven agreeing year old richard set leaving younger children resignation met cheering vienna welcomed end era social exile return death anxious journey days honoured towns refused entry wife son richard arrived dutch city stayed regained strength reached amsterdam waited hear results demonstration english planned april april landed london stayed hotel square fortnight found permanent residence largely enjoyed time london duke wellington nearly eighty tried entertained visits exile enjoyed political conversation sole disappointment victoria acknowledge presence capital trio leased house months younger children joined summer followed events austria famously denying having fact declared turmoil europe policies vienna hostile post censorship press continued attack particular accused accepting bribes prompting investigation eventually cleared extreme charges searches evidence lesser ones came handed likelihood large expense claims merely product early 19th century diplomacy denied pension ironically reliant loans mid september family moved brighton south coast england life contrasted greatly revolutionary europe left parliamentary figures particularly travelled visit friend led reconciliation expecting visit daughter daughter family moved suite rooms richmond palace april visitors included wellington watched composer sister lover lover showing age frequent cause worry chancellor depressed lack communication new emperor government wrote vienna trying encourage contact august received warm letter sincere considerably mid august began push brussels city cheaper live closer continental affairs arrived october staying overnight hotel revolution hopeful return vienna stay fact lasted months waited opportunity enter austrian politics pleasant cheap stay boulevard later area filled visits politicians writers musicians scientists increased march induced write new political force vienna ask return promised interfere public affairs april received reply authorised left estate visited summer enjoyed company prussian representative enjoyed visit king irritated appearing tool september returned vienna entertained way german princes keen entertain focus prussian intrigue dropped nostalgia lived present time decade asked advice numerous issues influenced emerging factions vienna courted called state visit keen new foreign minister thought sufficiently incompetent advice varying quality nonetheless modern issues deaf wrote particularly wanted austrian neutrality war meantime health slowly failing peripheral figure death wife january brief resurgence energy early arrangements marriage son richard granddaughter richard step sister daughter undertook travel king came visit august entertained future edward vii united_kingdom growing advice particularly italy april came ask italy according send ultimatum italy explained ultimatum sent way disappointment embarrassment austria began second italian war independence combined forces ally france able secure replacement friend helped involvement war capacity special task given june draw secret papers addressing event death shortly died vienna june aged great figure generation note vienna came pay tribute foreign press death went virtually unnoticed historical assessment particularly 19th century heavily criticised man prevented austria rest central europe developing normal liberal constitutional lines stood way progress austria reformed dealt better problems world war happened instead chose fight overwhelmingly fruitless war forces nationalism heavy censorship range instruments state available included large spy network opposed electoral reform criticising british reform bill short locked battle prevailing mood age hand diplomacy focus praise 20th century favourably inclined historians particularly biographer example particularly historians likely defend policies reasonable attempts achieve goals chiefly balance power europe sympathetic historians point correctly worked prevent russian dominance europe succeeding successors fail years later argued pursued legality cooperation dialogue helped ensure years peace age authors like credit liberal ideals weighed relatively little overall policies critical views ability shape europe favorably chose modern critiques like questioned influence actually critic noted realm foreign affairs rely degraded time interpretation task create hid austria true weakness came choosing set sound principles wrote taylor men better result diplomat taylor described boring man european history failures limited foreign affairs critics argue home equally powerless failing effect proposals administrative reform contrast attempted describe master diplomacy perfected shaped nature diplomacy era similar vein argues served purpose relatively coherent set principles issue children grandchildren great grandchildren names ancestry | Klemens von Metternich | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
21761_SamuelTurellArmstrong | armstrong april march political figure born printer boston specializing religious materials works early stereotype edition popular religious magazine devoted missionary interests armstrong began withdraw printing business focused instead politics active boston politics 1820s twice winning seat state legislature elected lieutenant governor massachusetts whig served consecutive annual terms term acting governor governor resigned seat united states senate lost bid elected governor right elected mayor boston post held year printer born april massachusetts elizabeth williams armstrong father military man died mother died years later manning described principal book town boston following opened print shop partner boston years later opened business elected member elected sergeant company served captain returned business boston establishing principal business printing religious tracts notable work publishing religious magazine devoted missionary matters major success printing stereotype edition highly popular work sold tens thousands copies opened church related activities including fundraising foreign missionary work moved took end armstrong turned operation printing business known focused activities withdrew day day operations business retain financial stake continued maintain personal interest business death business significant financial success armstrong fairly wealthy church politics armstrong member served including secretary chosen church formally incorporated armstrong named armstrong discovered original manuscript volume colonial governor history new england church tower volume presented responsible church loss perfect specimen 17th century church early minister congregation writer suggests armstrong trade copies book exchange offers recipients copies naive essentially rare book trade acquire valuable books bargain price armstrong involved civic affairs early served boston militia company war entered state politics representative state legislature serving body served boston board armstrong offered nomination lieutenant governor state refused view abolished rejected offer elected lieutenant governor whig ticket serving whig newspapers working class roots appeal members party founded labor issues describing campaign mechanic davis resigned march election united_states senate armstrong served acting governor campaign armstrong sought whig nomination governor went instead bid support armstrong ended running year party support came distant perennial democratic candidate contrast defeat state level armstrong elected mayor boston principal act civic improvement year administration construction iron fencing widening street contracts work drawn preceding administration armstrong oversaw work task securing relocation remains central burying ground affected work accomplished despite resistance families offering cost new granite tombs affected parties armstrong elected served single term joined affairs remained involved death died boston buried cambridge married children | Samuel Turell Armstrong | History | World history | Historical figures: politicians |
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