texonom/texonom-md · Datasets at Hugging Face

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TOEFL Reading Sentence Simplification	TOEFL Identifying Details	Feb 1, 2020	null	null	null	null	음영 문장의 핵심 정보만 뽑기 - 지시대상 - paraphrase - 핵심 정보만! > - 문장구조 > - 단어나 구 - 핵심정보 없는게 없는거 - 논리의 인과가 빠져있는 경우 오답 없는 말을 오묘하게 구체화해서 넣은 것도 틀림 - 이래서 그럴 것이다 한단계 더나가는 거 아님 - 인과 반대로 된거 (단어만 보고 방향성 놓치지 말기)	a47d7a0d2939472a9979572b5d72be59
TOEFL Reading Vocabulary	TOEFL Identifying Details	Feb 1, 2020	null	null	null	null	### Replace word without changing the meaning of the sentence 비유적으로 접근하지 말기 - Always 1 or more Problems - 문맥 내에서의 의미 대입 > - 단어 자체의 대체가 아니라 문맥상 대체임 >> - 단어 의미가 달라도 넣으면 말 더 되는 답 - 아예 안되는 거 먼저 지우기 - 모르는 단어 유추어원	0095bc0a5e59439cbec15918da0c9af3
TOEFL Reading Inference	TOEFL Making Inference	Feb 1, 2020	null	null	null		비슷한거 2개 헷갈 있으면 좀 덜간 추론으로	9381fa87c5d5473989fcfc68d6e2c5a8
TOEFL Reading Rhetorical Purpose	TOEFL Making Inference	Nov 22, 2020	null	null	null		### 전달하고자 하는 의도 어떤 주제에 대한 문단의 관계와 의도 또는 표현 방식 `related to other aspect of the ~` - 지문 clue 이용 > - to ~ - 논리 전개 방식 - 문단이나 지문의 내용	052cef4ac945443fa508a7a5000f720a
TOEFL Reading Category Chart	TOEFL Recognizing Organization	Feb 1, 2020	null	null	null	null	### Summary or Category Chart	c00124722c224900a4f140fd9fa94a49
TOEFL Reading Insertion	TOEFL Recognizing Organization	Feb 1, 2020	null	null	null	null	- Always 1 problem	9ecc6d5495e142ca8344de3d49ac9ac7
TOEFL Reading Summary	TOEFL Recognizing Organization	Feb 1, 2020	null	null	null	null	### 비슷한 내용 두개라면 덜 디테일한 게 답, 포함관계면 더 넓은 답이 답 사실성과 핵심성의 원칙에 근거해서 푼다 - Summary or Category Chart - Too Specific is not Answer - 그런 정보 포함한 것도 - (여러) 문단마다 하나씩 - 포함 안되는 문단 하나씩 있거나 - 주요정보 빠져도 되니 요약만 - note taking 문단마다 요약 좀 자세히 - sentance simplification의 paragraph 방법론 이용 1. 틀린 내용 필터링 2. too specific filtering 3. 문단 매칭	46b4ba96caa649a088a4228d13c21aff
TOEFL Speaking 대학 생활	TOEFL Speaking	null	null	null	null	null	### 발화자의 지문에 대한 동의여부 이유 설명 자신의 의견을 얘기하는 게 아니다 주어진 자료들을 얼마나 효과적으로 정리하는 지가 관건 > ### Reading > - Changes - 첫문단만 메모 >> - 상황 파악, 키워드정리 > ### Phrase > `disagree, contends, thinks, not in favor of, propose`, `according to the woman.refute, good/bad idea` > ### Listening > - Man / Woman - Agree / Disagree >> - 1st reason - 처음말할 핵심문장 >>> - 디테일 키워드들 2문자에 배치 >> - 2nd reason - 처음말할 핵신문장 >>> - 디테일 키워드들 2문자에 배치 핵심 두개, 예시 두개, 상세정보 2개 생각 ### 시작문단 - The ~ has > - `proposed announced` that ~ > - (그걸로 일어나는 부수적인 효과 설명) - In the conversation, the man/woman strongly agrees/disagree with (R) for the following reasons. > ### 비동의 > - `First, To begin with,` he/she (disagree dispute) that ~~ > ### 동의 > - Second, Furthermore, he/she (contends, thinks) that ~~ - She `mentions, explains, says` that ~ - `Also, Furthermore, In addition, Plus` ~ ### 마무리 (5초정도) - `So, Therefore Thus` for these reasons, to sum up > - These are the reason why the man/woman agrees/disagrees with the (R) > - The woman `feels that` ~ (R) will not be help to students	b6bc6cecacbe4909b593b829c14fadbf
TOEFL Speaking 대학 강의	TOEFL Speaking	null	null	null	null	null	### 키워드 나열 순서 메모 예시 디테일 잘 기억해둬야함 의견을 말하기 x 정보전달 o 키워드 사이 접속어와 문장으로 자연스럽게 연결 > ### Memo > ### Reading > - (Title) - (동사부터 설명문장) >> - 문단 메모 - 용어개념파악, 키워드정리 > ### Listening > - example 1 - 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - 원인과 결과 > - example 2 - 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - 원인과 결과 ### 시작 - Both reading and listening talk about the (Title) > - According to the reading, the ~ is > - The professor explains ~ by providing examples ### 예시 - `1`- the lecture gives an example about ~ \| 두번째문단 Furthermore, Plus, Next - `>2` - In the (first second) example, the professor talks about ~ > - 문장 생각 잘 안나면 주어 - 예시의 주체나 개념으로 시작 무조건 > - 예시 최대한 자세하게 여러 문장으로 나누기 > - 개념 적용된 거 확인문장 `Therefore, So, for these reasons, to sum up` ### (마무리) - 잘 못들었으면 앞에서 더듬대지 말고 빨리 끝내기 - to sum up, (Concept) are topics of both lecture and reading passage - there were examples provided by professor which (illustrated, describe) the concept of (notion)	1d6ccb4775cf4ed8b28b504850e631fe
TOEFL Speaking 나의 선택	TOEFL Speaking	null	null	null	null	null	> ### 선호 선택고 이유 설명 > - 준비 15 응답 45 > - 공부할 때 반대 선택으로도 해보기 > - 구체적 예시 2개 생각 아무거나 구체적인 이유 들기 > ## 메모 > - 첫문장 구조 적기 > - `prefer, choose, select`, `believe, think it is better, In my opinion` > - 이유 두개 + 키워드 > - 예시 >> - 내가 이랬는데 이렀더라 내 친구가 이랬는데 이렇더라 >> - 논리적인 근거 > ### 도입 > 선택, 메모 두개, 예시 두개, 상세정보 2개 생각 > - (Some people think that ) > - Personally, I >> - prefer to ~ rather than ~ for the following Reason >> - disagree that ~ than ~ is for the following Reason > - First (of all), ~ `주어 I 말고 선택지나 핵심단어` >> - For example >> - `Also, Furthermore, In addition, Plus` ~ > - Second, ~ `주어 I 말고 선택지나 핵심단어` >> - `For instance, as an example` >> - `Also, Furthermore, In addition, Plus` ~ > - `Therefore, So`, for these reasons, to sum up >> - choose (opinion select) (than ~) >> - think that the ~ is ~ than ~ > - (Thank you)	637d07ec28d7493caf57d410bd2f8a69
TOEFL Speaking Common	TOEFL Speaking	null	null	null	null	null	> ## 빠르지 읺아도 끊기지 않고 유창하게 > - 속도 일관성있게, 아무대서나 끊거나 쉬면 안된다 > - 어조 넣어서 강조하며 간략하게 복잡할 필요 없다 > - 솔직하거나 창의적으로 답하려고 시간낭비 하지 말고, 답하기 용이하게 거짓말 (추가설명이 필요없는 간단한 근거) > - 시간 5초이상 남기거나 초과하면 감점 > - 1번 2번 질문은 준비시간 부족하니 시험장에 최대한 늦게 들어가서 RC, LC 최대한 채워서 문제 풀고 검토 > - 주변 스피킹에 귀기울이기 (주제정도만) - 쉬는시간에 생각해두기 > ### 간략하게 해도 시간 충분하니 tmi말고 > 명사 나열로 압축 말고 풀어서 설명 > 리스닝 쓸데없는 말 거르기 > 문제따라 바뀌는 부분을 조직 > - 말하기를 평가하는 문제지 다른 게 아님 > - 키워드들 듣거나 읽으며 메모 > - 문장형태로 준비시간 한글로 변환 > 모두 설명할 필요없고 논리 좋을필요없다 > 문제풀고 예시답안 들으며 답지단어 > ### example > - in the first example > - furthermore > - The first one is > ### concept > - talks about the concept of > - illustrate the concept of > - explains the concept of > ### filler word > - you know > - umm > - like >> - kinda >	736f9a3228ea4a9ebf4b7658547cb6ef
TOEFL Speaking 대학 강의	TOEFL Speaking	null	null	null	null	null	> ### 학술적인 주제에 대한 강의에 대해 중심내용을 예와 함께 설명 > 의견을 말하기 x 정보전달 o 키워드 사이 접속어와 문장으로 자연스럽게 연결 > - `organized major category` according to the professor `which refers to ~` > ### Main 주제 > - sub 주제 1 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - detail - >> - detail - > - sub 주제 2 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - detail - >> - detail - ### 도입 - The Professor (explains talks about) ~ 개념 > - (개념에 대한 구체적 설명) - 여러개 (예시나 실험만 아래에서) > - (실험에 대한 설명 - The professor illustrate an experiment that shows ~) ### 본문 - The professor describe illustrate one concept that ~ 주요특징 > - so, `and then` - 문장 생각 잘 안나면 주어 - 예시의 주체나 개념으로 시작 무조건 > - 최대한 자세하게 여러 문장으로 나누기, Furthermore, plus, in addition > - (개념 적용된 거 확인문장) - These ~ describe ~ ### (마무리) - 잘 못들었으면 앞에서 더듬대지 말고 빨리 - `to sum up`, (Concept) are topics of ~ according to the professor - and there was an example provided by professor illustrated the concept of (notion)	fa944e727e9845f39c1602c25072bb3d
TOEFL Independent Writing	TOEFL Writing	null	null	null	null	null	### 특정 주제에 대해 글쓰기 - 5분 10분 10분 5분 - 50, 100, 100, 50자 일반적이고 깊은 논리보다 명시된 주제 디테일 고려해서 사회적인 논리 들기 > - 주제에 대한 의견을 적는 에세이 > - 25분부터 글쓰기 5분만 생각하기 > - 주제 벗어나지 말기 구체적으로 접근해야 일반적으로 말고 > - 30분, 최소 300단어 > - 무조건 두괄식 to begin with, next, finally > - 포함관계 이유들 아닌지 잘 파악 > - `imperative, required, must, need, have to, important, should, necessary` > - `experience, simulate, undergo, faced with` > - `social skills`, indeed > - `method, way, plan, approach` > - `believe prefer think` > - `reason cause why evidence` argumentation `element root` ## Template ### Intro - (배경 정보 설명 문장 필요하면) - Some(many) people (have started to) think `fucking bad idea` (문장에 대해 긍정이면 부정으로) - However, I disagree with that idea (for the following two reasons) - First, Second 문장이나, 두 의견을 포함하는 한문장이나, 각각 문장 and 설명 > - The first reason is that {{}} ### 본론 - `First of all, To begin with, Next` - The first reason is that {{}} - 간접적보단 직접적 이유 > - 논리 문장끼리 쭉쭉 이어나가기 > - 길게 문장들을 만들 수 있는 구체적인 예시지만 너무 예시에 집중하진 말고 > - (그 상황이 주제를 뒷받침하는 이유에 대한 문장) > - 게다가 다른 이유 설명 - 뭐뭐 할라면 어쩌고가 필요함 > - 그래서 reason 임 마무리 문장 `Therefore`, `to sum up`, So, Thus >> - That is why we, `So, Thus` ~ `Therefore`, `to sum up`, This means that ~ (주장보강/반대의견 반대) ### 결론 - `In conclusion` ,`To conclude, To sum up, Consequently, Overall` - I think this because ~ (first reason) and (second reason) > - (~보다 ~를 해야한다) [TOEFL Independent Writings](https://texonom.com/toefl-independent-writings-9ccb8d90af2241e0bb3c0dc828c1768f)	845597bdbfed46abb8219eafb9935a04
TOEFL Integrated Writing	TOEFL Writing	null	null	null	null	null	## 의견들어가면 안되고 중립적으로 논리 생각하지 말고 2분 정리 4분(20) 4분(60) 4분(60) 4분(60) 2분 훑어가며 관사 복수 체크 리딩은 3가지 파악한 것 메모, 리스닝은 키워드 위주 반박 리스트 많이 메모 > ### 사전준비 > 리딩 - 3분, 리스닝 - 2분 > - 한번밖에 못들음 > - 한 주제에 대한 교수의 의견을 가진 강의임 > - 리딩과 연결해서 노트테이킹 - 예시까지 자세하게해야 적을수잇다 > - Listening 단어는 그대로 써도댐 > 라이팅 - 20분 > - 150 ~ 225단어 > - 결론문단 없어도댐 > ### Phrase > - `casts doubt counters Refutes ` > - Professor `claim assert contend insist` > - The `counterargument`, `refute, dispute, disprove` > - `insistence claim opinion,`arguments > - The Lecture, Professor, the listening, the reading passage > - replace, substitute, supersede, swap, backup > - `according to reading, from the reading` > ### Memo > 읽기 > - 주제 >> - 근거 1 >> - 근거 2 >> - 근거 3 > 듣기 > - 도입 >> - 반론 1 - 키워드들 >> - 반론 2 - 키워드들 >> - 반론 3 - 키워드들 ## Template ### 서론 - The reading and the lecture both discuss the ~ > - The reading passage discusses evidence that shows that ~ > - However, the listening ### 본론 - 원론 > - `The first piece of evidence `from the reading showed that > - `(First, Next, Finally)`, The reading `(says, claims, states, explains, suggests)` >> - since {reason}, {{문장}} >> - there is the evidence of 명사 (from ~) (including~) - 반론 제시 - 주체 명시 > - The lecture `(point out, illustrate,``assert, argues``)` that {{important evidence}} - 세부사항 2~3 - 사실은 주체 명시 x, 사이에 `while, on the other hand` 접속어 > - 교수의 의견 표출 > - 예시 > - `additionally furthermore` 문장 > - (의견 들어가지 않는 정리문장) ### 결론 - These reasons oppose the reading that {{reading point}} - These facts prove the reading wrong on the point that {{reading point}} - These states counter the reading passage’s claim that {{reading point}} [TOEFL Integrated Writings](https://texonom.com/toefl-integrated-writings-df06f45b2ca0476ca81c6afc05980286)	19a5a3ef0f3640dc83f86f566a73d4a2
TOEFL Independent Writings	TOEFL Independent Writing	null	null	null	null	null	[TOEFL Independent Writing 1](https://texonom.com/toefl-independent-writing-1-994739e939ca4e6f8dbf7f8615cb2bf2) [TOEFL Independent Writing 2](https://texonom.com/toefl-independent-writing-2-28b9988f13b84a568909af58e2f4d77c)	9ccb8d90af2241e0bb3c0dc828c1768f
TOEFL Independent Writing 1	TOEFL Independent Writings	null	null	null	null	null	Some people claims that children should only be taught to type on a keyboard because they think the time to learn writing by hand with pencil or pen is waste of time. However, I think children should be taught how to write by hand with a pencil or pen. First, there are lots of things still not substitutable. Second, relation between those two methods are not exclusive. First of all, a keyboard can't replace all available functions which can do by a pencil or pen. There are still various situations in which we need a pencil or pen. For example, we can't directly draw smooth curve by a keyboard. Even if we can try to draw complex structure by a keyboard, that will be a very heavy job. Furthermore, a keyboard can not present all context like a paper smell, sense of gripping a pencil and natural movement of our hands. Several evidences shows that a keyboard can not substitute a pencil or pen. Next, a keyboard and a pen like tools need each other for more productivity. We use a pen or keyboard to produce meaningful results. If you want to make great output from those tools, you need to combinate them in to your writing skills. To illustrate, keyboard is optimized tool to type very fast and pencil is very creative tool. You will get less time and more results by combinate each method. They support each other because they have a totally different look and usage. To sum up, people should teach skills to use not only keyboard but also pen or pencil. A keyboard does not have some feature which pen or pencil have. A keyboard and pen is more useful when they combined together. These are two reasons why I think children should be taught to learn how to write by hand with pencil or pen.	994739e939ca4e6f8dbf7f8615cb2bf2
TOEFL Independent Writing 2	TOEFL Independent Writings	null	null	null	null	null	Some people think that parent do not have to make strict rules for their children if they want them to succeed in life. However, I believe that parent should make strict rules for their children for their successful life. For the following two reasons, making strict rules for their child is great choice. First, children’s free choice can lead them bad. Second, they make them help to make their own rules. First, their life will be destroyed if children live their life without any strict rules. More complex and more free society can make small mistake to big disaster. For example, your angry punch to classmate can make you go to jail. Without strict rules, that can be hard to make important choice in your life. For instance, select great school is hard without parent’s apparent rules. To sum up, Strict rules is necessary because, they can block children’s seamless judgements. Second, obvious rules can assist children to create their own life rules. Parent’s precise rules will help them to make their own value system. For example, parent’s environmental importance rule can affect child’s value system which maybe adore earth environment. Diverse rules in family also helps to acquire more information. Without rules, we usually do not challenge. Strict rules in family can make various experience rather than no rule in family which can help children to compose their own principles. In conclusion, strict rules for children from parent is important because that can help children to have successful life. Since life is dangerous and weak, absence of parent’s rules could break children’s life. Such rules also help push children to make their own principles early which are very important for successful personal life course. Consequently, parent must make strict rules in their family for children for which will make awesome journey.	28b9988f13b84a568909af58e2f4d77c
TOEFL Integrated Writings	TOEFL Integrated Writing	null	null	null	null	null	[TOEFL Integrated Writing 1](https://texonom.com/toefl-integrated-writing-1-3bf663a43006492493275a2da6e2c92a) [TOEFL Integrated Writing 2](https://texonom.com/toefl-integrated-writing-2-1e35a578af2440ff9b316feee1b7dafb)	df06f45b2ca0476ca81c6afc05980286
TOEFL Integrated Writing 1	TOEFL Integrated Writings	null	null	null	null	null	The reading passage asserts that the Komodo dragon's hunting technique is based on enormous amount of bacterial in there mouth. The passage gives three reasons to support that bacteria hypothesis. The professor suggest another hypothesis based on a specialized type of venom with disputing three reasons. First, the reading passage claims that massive bacterial load in their saliva cause death of hunting target. The professor counterargue which that opinion for some reasons. Bacteria hypothesis only has estimations based on visual effects, unlike venom hypothesis has actual physical evidence. Medical scanner find out that the Komodo dragon's skull has teeth structure which are optimized to use venom. Next, the article gives the fact that the Komodo dragon's mouth are full of bad bacteria. The listening also disagree with this evidence. Many reptiles have dirty mouth, so that insistence can not be an real evidence. Those bacteria in the Komodo dragon's mouth is even not natural attribute, since most mouth bacteria comes from environment. more wild animal more bacteria. The truth that the animal bitten by the Komodo dragon try to find water also disprove that argument, because wild water pond has even more bacteria. Lastly, the reading passage urges that the Komodo dragon utilize their bacteria to hunt a prey larger than usual targets. The listening suggest another possibility how the Komodo dragon catch a large animal. The reading illustrate the procedure of hunting by the slow bacterial infection. What are more persuadable is that the venom try to keep open an animal's wound which make it die.	3bf663a43006492493275a2da6e2c92a
TOEFL Integrated Writing 2	TOEFL Integrated Writings	null	null	null	null	null	The reading passage illustrate three hypotheses about the reason of transient lunar phenomena . But the professor says that these all explanations can’t be an apparent caution. First, listening argues that TLPs aren’t occurred by the expelled gas from the space under moon surface. There is not much gas in moon to generate TLP and there is few species of gas that can visible. This counters the gas hypotheses about TLP. The lecture casts doubt that reflected light by floated dust cause TLP. But proven from astronomers, there is no frequent dust phenomena in lunar space like TLP. This opposes the reading that claim dust hypotheses. The lecture claim that theory which explains TLP’s reason as solar radiation are not acceptable. The datas says that solar radiation or solar flare occurrence do not has correlation with TLP occurrence. This proves that solar flare hypothesis is wrong on the point of statistics.	1e35a578af2440ff9b316feee1b7dafb
sabotage	French Terms	Nov 14, 2020	null	null	null	null	고용주를 약화시키는 것을 목적으로 하는 의도적인 태업 노동 쟁의의 수단 > [사보타주](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%B4%ED%83%80%EC%A3%BC)	67d93ffe750549769aca243d22536118
Chomsky Hierarchy	Linguistics Theories	May 5, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 13, 2022		촘스키 계층 문법의 개념은 언어학자인 노암 촘스키에 의해 소개된 것 촘스키는 생성 규칙이 일부 규칙에 따라서 계층 관계를 나누었다 형식 언어의 생김새에 따라 인식할 수 있는 언어에 차이가 있고, 이를 계층 관계로 나타낸 것 ![](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fwormwlrm.github.io%2Fimg%2Fposts%2F2021-04-18%2F1.jpg?table=block&id=bdfe8afe-9bf6-41c9-a25a-8d9e4b6bc8ca&cache=v2) > [컴파일러는 어떻게 내가 작성한 코드를 인식하는걸까? - 재그지그의 개발 블로그](https://wormwlrm.github.io/2021/04/18/Formal-Language-and-Compiler.html)	27390a673fed49649ae920dd48a6d8b8
Comprehensible input	Linguistics Theories	Mar 12, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 9, 2023		## **Input hypothesis** Comprehensible input is language input that can be understood by listeners despite them not understanding all the words and structures in it ### incomprehensive input 뇌에서 처리 불가능한 의미없는 소음 아무리 영어영화 보고 공부해도 안느는 이유 > [Comprehensible input](https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/comprehensible-input) > [영어 학습법 - Comprehensible input](https://adipo.tistory.com/entry/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4-%ED%95%99%EC%8A%B5%EB%B2%95-Comprehensible-input)	a4b2f8dd12864198a1634b4c1a63a035
skill building theory	Linguistics Theories	Mar 12, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 13, 2022		> [Skill-based theories of second-language acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill-based_theories_of_second-language_acquisition)	21622d27a3704e4d88e819ea6e0dadaf
Noam Chomsky	Linguists	Mar 12, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 13, 2022			5214515775e74c51b60414103b680958
Stephen Krashen	Linguists	Mar 12, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 13, 2022			89712e0b44554945bd6a5cdc60f7b3e5
Graph Theory	Discrete Math Topics	Nov 6, 2019	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	May 13, 2023	[Graph Data](https://texonom.com/graph-data-b72a32fe28034094b17a985a72f40f99)	### Graph Theory Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Distance Algorithm](https://texonom.com/distance-algorithm-9b12bb4903424559a97f32c00f5ec351)\| \|[Graph Search Algorithm](https://texonom.com/graph-search-algorithm-bf0aa54693604dd8aa1266a77e988e94)\| \|[Maximum Flow & Minimum-Cost Flow Algorithm](https://texonom.com/maximum-flow-minimum-cost-flow-algorithm-76786dbeb94949e9a5f82f08be1c9a20)\| ### Graph Theory Fields \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Network Theory](https://texonom.com/network-theory-dca2782efdaa44bb82e875db9fc73ea6)\| \|[Graph Signal Processing](https://texonom.com/graph-signal-processing-a6551be225984e4cad9bdd244d6a58b5)\| > [Researchers Achieve 'Absurdly Fast' Algorithm for Network Flow \| Quanta Magazine](https://www.quantamagazine.org/researchers-achieve-absurdly-fast-algorithm-for-network-flow-20220608)	f35b3462e9534fb89072c67ea647125d
Network Theory	Graph Theory Fields	Feb 22, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 13, 2022	[Graph Data](https://texonom.com/graph-data-b72a32fe28034094b17a985a72f40f99)	### Network Theory Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Multicast](https://texonom.com/multicast-cfc151551fc04fb8ad474193f11aa3df)\| \|[Broadcast](https://texonom.com/broadcast-a6c73076e4434af28012a1da270c36dd)\| \|[Unicast](https://texonom.com/unicast-47a829d43495462ca8f7df24cd9ed27b)\| \|[Anycast](https://texonom.com/anycast-67d70eb217b240fea52c98b913b65c9e)\| \|[Small words Network](https://texonom.com/small-words-network-b779baa02bc846b5970d67d561d755c0)\| > [길덕근블로그](https://togll.tistory.com/42)	dca2782efdaa44bb82e875db9fc73ea6
Small words Network	Network Theory Notion	Jun 1, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 1, 2023		### Navigable Small words > [Small-world network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_network)	b779baa02bc846b5970d67d561d755c0
Distance Algorithm	Graph Theory Notion	Feb 22, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Feb 22, 2022		### Shortest Path Algorithms \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Dijkstra Algorithm](https://texonom.com/dijkstra-algorithm-820fc4c5583e4e50bcf1df0ad0ed9485)\| \|[A* Algorithm](https://texonom.com/a-algorithm-66fa95865d504ec0bb8641ce4efb1837)\| \|[Floyd Algorithm](https://texonom.com/floyd-algorithm-ddbaa5d0fb1e41058f515b82abb55977)\|	9b12bb4903424559a97f32c00f5ec351
**Maximum Flow & Minimum-Cost Flow Algorithm**	Graph Theory Notion	Jun 13, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 13, 2022		> [Researchers Achieve 'Absurdly Fast' Algorithm for Network Flow \| Quanta Magazine](https://www.quantamagazine.org/researchers-achieve-absurdly-fast-algorithm-for-network-flow-20220608) > [Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow in Almost-Linear Time](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.00671)	76786dbeb94949e9a5f82f08be1c9a20
A* Algorithm	Shortest Path Algorithms	Jun 6, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 6, 2021		### Heuristic Algorithm > [아무거나 물어보살: A* (에이스타) 알고리즘이 궁금해요. 궁금하면 못참지!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUZhNMAqLbI)	66fa95865d504ec0bb8641ce4efb1837
Dijkstra Algorithm	Shortest Path Algorithms	Jun 6, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Aug 9, 2023	[Edsger Dijkstra](https://texonom.com/edsger-dijkstra-569bf90716e64b468e888f51099c8beb)	### Greedy Algorithm O(n2)	820fc4c5583e4e50bcf1df0ad0ed9485
Floyd Algorithm	Shortest Path Algorithms	Jun 6, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 6, 2021		### Dynamic Programming O(n3) 모든 쌍에서 최단경로 구하기	ddbaa5d0fb1e41058f515b82abb55977
TSP Algorithm	Shortest Path Algorithms	Sep 6, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Sep 9, 2023	[NP-hardness](https://texonom.com/np-hardness-3c1dd0b472a749108643fe00cabe0641)	> [Travelling salesman problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem)	dfd36e3d414247c29a944888bdfad9eb
Anycast	Network Theory Notion	Feb 22, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 2, 2022		네트워크에 연결된 수신 가능한 노드 중에서 한 노드에만 데이터를 전송 가장 가까운 노드 통신 > [Untitled](https://blog.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-servers-dont-own-ips-anymore/)	67d70eb217b240fea52c98b913b65c9e
Broadcast	Network Theory Notion	Nov 9, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Feb 22, 2022		### 호스트가 전송한 데이터가 네트워크에 연결된 모든 호스트에 전송되는 방식 같은 네트워크에 있는 모든 장비들에게 보내는 통신 ### Broadcast Examples \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Streaming](https://texonom.com/streaming-fb4a7c94d01a4a0abfd6bdb910422fd4)\| > [[미디어 기술 이해] 6단계로 알아보는 라이브 생방송 송출 원리](https://medium.com/naver-cloud-platform/%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4-%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0-%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4-6%EB%8B%A8%EA%B3%84%EB%A1%9C-%EC%95%8C%EC%95%84%EB%B3%B4%EB%8A%94-%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C-%EC%83%9D%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1-%EC%86%A1%EC%B6%9C-%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC-86a5137a3655)	a6c73076e4434af28012a1da270c36dd
Duplex	Network Theory Notion	Sep 7, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Sep 7, 2023		sender and reciever	f7299240f0fc4104b77df749c9c05ab5
Multicast	Network Theory Notion	Feb 22, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Feb 22, 2022		[AMT Protocol](https://texonom.com/amt-protocol-f18e4c6b26b1480999dee644c0241f6d) 멀티캐스트는 특정 그룹을 지정해서 해당 그룹원에게만 보내느 방식을 사용 송신 노드 하나가 네트워크에 연결된 하나 이상의 수신노드에 데이터를 전송	cfc151551fc04fb8ad474193f11aa3df
Simplex	Network Theory Notion	Sep 7, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Sep 7, 2023			a6674f4d669640068956422d93c0fca4
Unicast	Network Theory Notion	Feb 22, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Feb 22, 2022		출발지와 목적지가 정확해야 하는 일대일 통신	47a829d43495462ca8f7df24cd9ed27b
Streaming	Broadcast Examples	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023	[Multi Bitrate](https://texonom.com/multi-bitrate-c8df5d0a31904636ba05b1de5d7a5bad) [OTT Industry](https://texonom.com/ott-industry-f557be2de3104eb0bf32f4cfed891c4c)	### Play right after download, further download keep continuing Camera → Encoder → Media Server → CDN → Video Player (Decoder) ### Streaming Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Distributed System](https://texonom.com/distributed-system-86c03bc21f9c4d30ac6db43785f55b2a)\| \|[Stream Processing](https://texonom.com/stream-processing-1fc4a9c49c144806922512b26c0d8231)\| \|[Adaptive Streaming](https://texonom.com/adaptive-streaming-4152058c1192416e83a1db8fde8838eb)\| \|[Progressive Streaming](https://texonom.com/progressive-streaming-51580c3c41344148bc0e1e8275a25afb)\| ### Streaming Usages \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Streaming Encoder Protocol](https://texonom.com/streaming-encoder-protocol-4e5a7307fcb54bb298bedd8f6d509222)\| \|[Streaming Tools](https://texonom.com/streaming-tools-ddfd39b0e8c8491586054f9bde931984)\| \|[Video Streaming](https://texonom.com/video-streaming-cf93dbb426f64abf94b62acc2c4321ee)\| \|[Streaming Engine](https://texonom.com/streaming-engine-cef5d8b150614725bf3c3ffbc36a1af3)\| > [Untitled](https://conferences.oreilly.com/software-architecture/sa-ny-2018/cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/281/Building%20stream%20processing%20as%20a%20service%20at%20Netflix%20Presentation.pdf) > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	fb4a7c94d01a4a0abfd6bdb910422fd4
Adaptive Streaming	Streaming Notion	Apr 11, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023	[Progressive Streaming](https://texonom.com/progressive-streaming-51580c3c41344148bc0e1e8275a25afb)	### Most of modern video streaming - generate diverse resolutions for different devices - adaptively change resolution per network bandwidth and user buffer ### Adaptive Streaming Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[MSE](https://texonom.com/mse-2e12f714bc5c491ea89d87a3572e71e2)\| \|[Streaming Manifest file](https://texonom.com/streaming-manifest-file-b632138fabac4ed9b911bd27759c996b)\|	4152058c1192416e83a1db8fde8838eb
Distributed System	Streaming Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 25, 2023	[Parallel Programming](https://texonom.com/parallel-programming-30fa82c4feac41739c1d53bea9d8e149) [Message Queue](https://texonom.com/message-queue-d792e1496f1248f4a387eecd9ffd6987)	## Distributed System Programming ### Distributed System Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[MapReduce](https://texonom.com/mapreduce-44733c6cc1a24903bc78e643eba7319a)\| > [Untitled](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	86c03bc21f9c4d30ac6db43785f55b2a
Progressive Streaming	Streaming Notion	Mar 20, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023	[Adaptive Streaming](https://texonom.com/adaptive-streaming-4152058c1192416e83a1db8fde8838eb)	- HTTP - DLNA http://~.mp4 ### Problem - same file size for every	51580c3c41344148bc0e1e8275a25afb
Stream Processing	Streaming Notion	Apr 11, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023	[Service Monitoring](https://texonom.com/service-monitoring-aca8013b412f41fea7ff779245212062) [Logging](https://texonom.com/logging-715673f4038042ae97a61d6f5c95b938) [Message Queue](https://texonom.com/message-queue-d792e1496f1248f4a387eecd9ffd6987)	### [unbounded data](https://texonom.com/unbounded-data-f34bcbd00e17491a9f907b2141aa24b7) 에서 정보 추출하는 규율 및 기술 집합 스트림 프로세서는 스트림이 새로운 데이터를 제공하는 한 지속적으로 작동해야 한다 스트림의 무한한 특성 고려 ### Stream Processing Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Batch Processing](https://texonom.com/batch-processing-1ebe6403a7894599886edbf022be657f)\| \|[Deserialization](https://texonom.com/deserialization-d251ab5cf5874d86a2163a122524b541)\| \|[Serialization](https://texonom.com/serialization-30ba5b9c09d8487a9ea844e050b5e084)\| \|[Stream Data](https://texonom.com/stream-data-be7c78cbfaec4804a34e8514f89108bc)\| \|[Stream Event](https://texonom.com/stream-event-9a681f3bee114c4da5d28a4b7372f9d9)\| ### Stream Processing Usages \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Streaming Processing Tool](https://texonom.com/streaming-processing-tool-f207579568f74d85be13936d63a38146)\| > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566) > [Introduction to streaming for data scientists](https://huyenchip.com//2022/08/03/stream-processing-for-data-scientists.html)	1fc4a9c49c144806922512b26c0d8231
MSE	Adaptive Streaming Notion	Nov 9, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023		## Media Source Extensions 스트리밍 데이터를 플레이어로 전달하는 표준 - MSS - HLS (Apple HTTP Live Streaming) use m3u8 - watch, coupang play - MPEG-DASH (use MPD) - Youtube, m3u8, naver ### MSE Tools \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[HLS.js](https://texonom.com/hlsjs-2003114562194c8eb2fd97a8d18e5806)\| > [Media Source Extensions™](https://www.w3.org/TR/media-source/)	2e12f714bc5c491ea89d87a3572e71e2
Streaming Manifest file	Adaptive Streaming Notion	Mar 20, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023		- [m3u8](https://texonom.com/m3u8-b583be47a8994ebbb17ac484fee6e20d) - mpd	b632138fabac4ed9b911bd27759c996b
HLS.js	MSE Tools	Mar 27, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023			2003114562194c8eb2fd97a8d18e5806
MapReduce	Distributed System Notion	Mar 27, 2020	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 25, 2023		### Big Data distributed Parallel Computing Software Framework - 맵리듀스의 핵심은 두 함수 - 빅처리 프로세스는 최대한 단순하게 만들어야 - 교환법칙과 결합법칙이 성립해야 - 맵리듀스는 여러 노드에 태스크를 분배하는 방법 - 큰 작업에 대해 fork로 분할 반복하고 작으면 join으로 합치고 ### MapReduce Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[MapReduce History](https://texonom.com/mapreduce-history-915c2dfdb1c340638d787b4af711bd85)\| \|[Map Function](https://texonom.com/map-function-d04aee7ada164a828991976cb92a8ce5)\| \|[Reduce Function](https://texonom.com/reduce-function-23acfa365460489da04378b8c9723ef7)\| ### MapReduce Usages \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[GFS](https://texonom.com/gfs-72ef4d47297f4863af24664c62d720c6)\| ### jaff deen paper > [MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters - Google Research](https://research.google/pubs/pub62/) > [맵리듀스(MapReduce) 개념](https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=jevida&logNo=140199795866&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F) > [[하둡] 맵리듀스(MapReduce) 이해하기](https://12bme.tistory.com/154)	44733c6cc1a24903bc78e643eba7319a
Map Function	MapReduce Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 25, 2023		컬렉션의 모든 요소에 적용될 함수를 인수로 받는다 분산 파일시스템을 통해 분산된 방식으로 익스큐터 머신executor machine당 하나의 청크로 그런 다음 로컬 청크 결과값을 해당 애플리케이션의 결과를 내보낸다 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	d04aee7ada164a828991976cb92a8ce5
MapReduce History	MapReduce Notion	Apr 23, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 25, 2023		2004년 구글 발표 제프 딘Jeff Dean과 산제이 제마왓Sanjay Gemawhat은 구글의 크롤링 및 색인 시스템을 다시 작성 이로 인해 구글의 대규모 클러스터 분산 처리 시스템인 맵리듀스MapReduce가 개발 맵리듀스는 프로그래밍 API이자 구성 요소 집합으로서 분산 시스템에 대한 프로그래밍을 모든 이전 작업보다 상대적으로 쉽게 만들었다 페타바이트 이상의 대용량 데이터를 신뢰도가 낮은 컴퓨터로 구성된 클러스터 환경에서 병렬 처리를 지원하기 위해서 개발	915c2dfdb1c340638d787b4af711bd85
Reduce Function	MapReduce Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 25, 2023		두 가지 인수가 사용 - 하나는 중립 요소로서 빈 컬렉션이 넘겨지면 리듀스 연산이 리턴하는 것 - 집계의 현잿값인 컬렉션의 새 요소를 가져와서 새로운 집계로 묶는 집계 연산 고차함수의 조합은 데이터셋에서 수행하려는 모든 연산을 표현할 수 있을 만큼 강력 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	23acfa365460489da04378b8c9723ef7
Batch Processing	Stream Processing Notion	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023		### 유한 데이터셋의 계산 분석을 참조 유한 데이터셋이 일부 스토리지 형식에서 전체적으로 사용 가능하고 검색 가능하다는 것을 의미 시작 시점의 데이터셋 크기와 해당 프로세스의 지속 시간은 제한되어 있다는 것을 알고 있다 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	1ebe6403a7894599886edbf022be657f
Deserialization	Stream Processing Notion	May 12, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023		디스크에 저장된 데이터를 읽거나, 네트워크를 통해 전송된 데이터를 받아서 메모리에 재구축 > [[개념] 데이터 직렬화(serialization), 역직렬화(deserialization)](https://118k.tistory.com/740)	d251ab5cf5874d86a2163a122524b541
Serialization	Stream Processing Notion	May 12, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023		메모리의 객체를 디스크에 저장하거나, 네트워크를 통해 전송되는 형식으로 변환되는 작업 ### Serialization Tools \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Fury](https://texonom.com/fury-9fa40ff2748543abaeae1c8a6ae5c285)\| > [Untitled](https://118k.tistory.com/740)	30ba5b9c09d8487a9ea844e050b5e084
Stream Data	Stream Processing Notion	Apr 11, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023		### Stream Datas \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[bounded data](https://texonom.com/bounded-data-8b2e4001873e4c0cb39b6cc1736c5df0)\| \|[unbounded data](https://texonom.com/unbounded-data-f34bcbd00e17491a9f907b2141aa24b7)\| \|[Idle data](https://texonom.com/idle-data-8a44450c6c9e479db17c3e93fb156271)\|	be7c78cbfaec4804a34e8514f89108bc
Stream Event	Stream Processing Notion	Apr 11, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023		### Stream Event Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Stream Event Time](https://texonom.com/stream-event-time-a1ce5950159a4dfe8392d9be19a240f8)\|	9a681f3bee114c4da5d28a4b7372f9d9
Fury	Serialization Tools	Jul 20, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023	[fury](https://github.com/alipay/fury)		9fa40ff2748543abaeae1c8a6ae5c285
bounded data	Stream Datas	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 11, 2022	null	유한 데이터 우리가 일반적으로 간주하는 데이터	8b2e4001873e4c0cb39b6cc1736c5df0
Idle data	Stream Datas	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 11, 2022	null	파일 형식,데이터베이스 내용 또는 기타 레코드 종류 시간의 흐름 관점에서 볼 때 유휴 데이터는 과거의 데이터 스토리지에 시간이 흐르면서 수집된 데이터 스트림	8a44450c6c9e479db17c3e93fb156271
unbounded data	Stream Datas	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 11, 2022	null	무한 데이터	f34bcbd00e17491a9f907b2141aa24b7
Stream Event Time	Stream Event Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 11, 2022	null	이벤트가 생성되었을 때의 시간 이벤트가 생성된 시간과 이벤트가 스트림 처리 시스템에 의해 처리되는 다른 타임라인	a1ce5950159a4dfe8392d9be19a240f8
Streaming Processing Tool	Stream Processing Usages	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 20, 2023		### Streaming Processing Tools \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Apache Spark](https://texonom.com/apache-spark-814eb1d58d6044a599d590b55de13b52)\| \|[Mantis](https://texonom.com/mantis-40397dad59274710909c385b8c3c9583)\| \|[Benthos](https://texonom.com/benthos-f3f2c0aaded84f39aeb69559f26ae367)\| \|[Arroyo](https://texonom.com/arroyo-db9a6e37083949278037c3021b2b7420)\|	f207579568f74d85be13936d63a38146
Apache Spark	Streaming Processing Tools	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Feb 16, 2023	[Apache Beam](https://texonom.com/apache-beam-c25d15be60d84d47889ae2b06a33cc57) [Hadoop](https://texonom.com/hadoop-7c41092e14574878a540f90f973c2f1a)	## Analytics Engine for Big data 대규모 데이터 처리를 위한 빠르고 안정적이며 fault tolerance이 있는 분산 컴퓨팅 프레임워크 스파크 메모리 모델은 RAM을 사용하여 데이터가 처리될 때 캐시 구글 맵리듀스의 오픈 소스 구현체인 하둡 맵리듀스보다 처리 속도가 최대 100배 빠르다 초기 스파크의 혁신은 획기적인 메모리 사용과 표현력이 풍부한 기능적인 API에 ### Apache Spark Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Apache Spark Structure](https://texonom.com/apache-spark-structure-4411aa36bdee448eaff97b46d758ba4e)\| \|[RDD](https://texonom.com/rdd-d308fcc0146d4c478d5d11393ef9cd6e)\| \|[Spark Dataframe](https://texonom.com/spark-dataframe-6a02a77329cd4a7c9869cb93f8897f5e)\| \|[Spark Polyglot](https://texonom.com/spark-polyglot-708a78ee23174b40810b9b47f367a839)\| \|[Spark Core](https://texonom.com/spark-core-ee811187cdb2476ebd138b9bd0d63b89)\| \|[Spark Structured Streaming](https://texonom.com/spark-structured-streaming-777c5f4f9c6b435cb174dfc5025deaea)\| \|[Apache Graph Frame](https://texonom.com/apache-graph-frame-41d968ecd91049168a49fd78281f1ed8)\| \|[Spark Partition](https://texonom.com/spark-partition-285cce0cbea04df183dae1859aed4291)\| ### Apache Spark Usage \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Spark SQL](https://texonom.com/spark-sql-175e6ee10490407f9732ac7d9b2f3ed6)\| \|[Spark Framework](https://texonom.com/spark-framework-034516df1ef14d8cafc5b54567e9f210)\| \|[Spark Tool](https://texonom.com/spark-tool-1e201bd8d36446239776b9d04e02262a)\| \|[SparkML](https://texonom.com/sparkml-e69ed140f90446d387cb4aa7ab67fb69)\| \|[Spark AI](https://texonom.com/spark-ai-2dc8bcca7a9c40a39a9463af8aa93341)\| \|[Pyspark](https://texonom.com/pyspark-a4d644ec8b884cf18f1d879ae5c37650)\| > [스파크를 활용한 실시간 처리](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/store/books/look.php?p_code=B7070333457) > [ankurchavda/SparkLearning](https://github.com/ankurchavda/SparkLearning?utm_source=tldrnewsletter)	814eb1d58d6044a599d590b55de13b52
Arroyo	Streaming Processing Tools	Jun 11, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 11, 2023		### Distributed stream processing engine in Rust [arroyo](https://github.com/ArroyoSystems/arroyo)	db9a6e37083949278037c3021b2b7420
Benthos	Streaming Processing Tools	Dec 2, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 2, 2022	[benthos](https://github.com/benthosdev/benthos)		f3f2c0aaded84f39aeb69559f26ae367
Mantis	Streaming Processing Tools	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 2, 2022		> [Mantis](https://netflix.github.io/mantis/) [mantis](https://github.com/Netflix/mantis)	40397dad59274710909c385b8c3c9583
Apache Graph Frame	Apache Spark Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021			41d968ecd91049168a49fd78281f1ed8
Apache Spark Structure	Apache Spark Notion	Dec 8, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021		![](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fs3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fsecure.notion-static.com%2F1851ac70-bb3c-4465-be8a-aea50e8e7892%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=bc9fac5b-2b59-4672-8fcf-c1428e3eac79&cache=v2)	4411aa36bdee448eaff97b46d758ba4e
RDD	Apache Spark Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021		## Resilient Distributed Dataset 아파치 스파크의 핵심 추상화 탄력적 분산 데이터셋 클러스터에서 분산 컴퓨팅의 복잡성을 추상화하는 풍부한 기능적 프로그래밍 모델을 제공 맵리듀스 개요에서 논의한 맵과 리듀스 단계보다 더 표현적인 프로그래밍 모델을 제공하는 변환과 액션이라는 개념을 소개 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	d308fcc0146d4c478d5d11393ef9cd6e
Spark Core	Apache Spark Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021			ee811187cdb2476ebd138b9bd0d63b89
Spark Dataframe	Apache Spark Notion	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021		[Spark Dataset](https://texonom.com/spark-dataset-cd81cfc00e0e44439473e7f926f1fde1)	6a02a77329cd4a7c9869cb93f8897f5e
Spark Partition	Apache Spark Notion	Jun 14, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Feb 16, 2023		### Spark Partition Features \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Adaptive Query Execution](https://texonom.com/adaptive-query-execution-c44ff63355354ee9a8d0b11967ae12a2)\| \|[Coalescing Post Shuffle](https://texonom.com/coalescing-post-shuffle-22dd81e0fb174b73a772ea721df7070e)\| > [Untitled](https://techtalk.onkakao.net/2022/06/10/aqe-coalescing-post-shuffle-partitions)	285cce0cbea04df183dae1859aed4291
Spark Polyglot	Apache Spark Notion	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021			708a78ee23174b40810b9b47f367a839
Spark Structured Streaming	Apache Spark Notion	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021		### SQL 추상화 위에 구축된 스트림 프로세서 구조적 스트리밍은 스트림 처리를 동일한 수준의 배치 지향 애플리케이션으로 가져오는 통합 된 모델을 제공하여 스트림 처리에 대한 많은 추론 부담을 제거 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	777c5f4f9c6b435cb174dfc5025deaea
Spark Dataset	Spark Dataframe	null	null	null	null	null		cd81cfc00e0e44439473e7f926f1fde1
Adaptive Query Execution	Spark Partition Features	Jun 14, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 14, 2022			c44ff63355354ee9a8d0b11967ae12a2
Coalescing Post Shuffle	Spark Partition Features	Jun 14, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jun 14, 2022			22dd81e0fb174b73a772ea721df7070e
Pyspark	Apache Spark Usage	Jul 15, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 15, 2023		> [PySpark JSONL 로드 느릴때 Schema 제공으로 속도 높이기](https://junbuml.ee/pyspark-jsonl-schema)	a4d644ec8b884cf18f1d879ae5c37650
Spark AI	Apache Spark Usage	Jul 6, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jul 6, 2023		[pyspark-ai](https://github.com/databrickslabs/pyspark-ai) ```typepip install pyspark-ai``` [LangChain](https://texonom.com/langchain-945567c597364cbb98336ca08c059856) ```typefrom pyspark_ai import SparkAI```	2dc8bcca7a9c40a39a9463af8aa93341
Spark Framework	Apache Spark Usage	Dec 8, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021		### Spark Frameworks \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Spark Streaming](https://texonom.com/spark-streaming-5094cd430b65418aac81c2b8e018863b)\|	034516df1ef14d8cafc5b54567e9f210
Spark SQL	Apache Spark Usage	Apr 23, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021		스키마가 있는 모든 데이터셋에 SQL 지원을 추가 진입장벽 낮추다 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)	175e6ee10490407f9732ac7d9b2f3ed6
Spark Tool	Apache Spark Usage	Dec 8, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021		### Spark Tools \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Spark Koalas](https://texonom.com/spark-koalas-90545599a8844ddcb8649c25a248ded6)\|	1e201bd8d36446239776b9d04e02262a
SparkML	Apache Spark Usage	Jan 2, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Feb 16, 2023		### SparkML Tools \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[SynapseML](https://texonom.com/synapseml-55cef94cb5e64939b8cc12d9c3eb2a3a)\|	e69ed140f90446d387cb4aa7ab67fb69
Spark Streaming	Spark Frameworks	Apr 26, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021			5094cd430b65418aac81c2b8e018863b
Spark Koalas	Spark Tools	Dec 8, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Dec 8, 2021	[Pandas](https://texonom.com/pandas-c7aa68bdc16545418519cf18e791c346) [Databricks](https://texonom.com/databricks-477d321e005a46508e8e12a517390a3a) [undefined](https://github.com/databricks/koalas)		90545599a8844ddcb8649c25a248ded6
SynapseML	SparkML Tools	Jan 2, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Jan 2, 2022	[undefined](https://github.com/microsoft/SynapseML)	> [SynapseML \| SynapseML](https://microsoft.github.io/SynapseML/)	55cef94cb5e64939b8cc12d9c3eb2a3a
Streaming Encoder Protocol	Streaming Usages	Nov 9, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023	[WebRTC](https://texonom.com/webrtc-e3c4526c5f25405b93c261c16f019bc2) [Video Player Protocol](https://texonom.com/video-player-protocol-1c671b1172594f5088cb001abf3bbaa2) [Video Data Container](https://texonom.com/video-data-container-fabec7f37db44cd383d2f1aa29703e02)	1. H.264 + AAC등 포맷의 동영상 파일을 작은 단위로 분할 2. 분할된 파일의 재생순서가 작성된 manifest 파일을 생성 > manifest파일에는 분할된 동영상 파일을 어떤 순서로 몇 초간 재생할 것인지에 대한 내용들이 텍스트로 작성 > HLS의 경우에는 .m3u8 파일이, Dash의 경우 .mpd(xml)와 같은 manifest 파일이 생성 > 분할된 미디어 파일은 mp2ts와 mp4로 구성되어 있고 mp2ts의 확장자는 .ts RTMP 프로토콜이 거의 표준 Manifest(.m3u8, .mpd) 파일을 Server에게 요청 ### Streaming Encoder Protocols \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[RTMP](https://texonom.com/rtmp-30a84af269fa4e5ab9bd1795b70deb5d)\| \|[RTSP](https://texonom.com/rtsp-1273d6b93d484aae9fcc24b510875c84)\| \|[Secure Reliable Transport](https://texonom.com/secure-reliable-transport-9b0e7dff007f4e529e10cfe7941a79eb)\| [m3u8](https://texonom.com/m3u8-b583be47a8994ebbb17ac484fee6e20d)	4e5a7307fcb54bb298bedd8f6d509222
Streaming Engine	Streaming Usages	Apr 15, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Apr 15, 2023		### Streaming Engines \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Arroyo](https://texonom.com/arroyo-dfe2f4eae7ed47e69f51584416f8fc16)\| \|[Apache Flink](https://texonom.com/apache-flink-c2676c8488dd4b1197deb80e5073fcd7)\| \|[Spark Streaming](https://texonom.com/spark-streaming-18ae62ed353541ada5d560586ae28c18)\| \|[Kafka Steams](https://texonom.com/kafka-steams-8a158b6f32884cb48b119f6fdac10378)\|	cef5d8b150614725bf3c3ffbc36a1af3
Streaming Tools	Streaming Usages	Jun 14, 2022	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023		### Streaming Platforms \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[AWS Firehose](https://texonom.com/aws-firehose-8b686984ac0b490a8fd6c6ecaed58a43)\| ### Streaming Frameworks \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Gstreamer](https://texonom.com/gstreamer-a3c75e2c23b1419fa2239c360dfbac93)\|	ddfd39b0e8c8491586054f9bde931984
Video Streaming	Streaming Usages	Mar 13, 2023	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Mar 27, 2023		### Video Streaming Notion \|Title\| \|:-:\| \|[Video Stutter](https://texonom.com/video-stutter-0235868f5eec4418b101e18ce03a9f7b)\|	cf93dbb426f64abf94b62acc2c4321ee
m3u8	Streaming Encoder Protocol	null	null	null	null	null	- Master Playlist - Media Playlist ### Download ```typeecho "Enter m3u8 link:";read link;echo "Enter output filename:";read filename;ffmpeg -i "$link" -bsf:a aac_adtstoasc -vcodec copy -c copy -crf 50 $filename.mp4```	b583be47a8994ebbb17ac484fee6e20d
RTMP	Streaming Encoder Protocols	Jul 14, 2020	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Nov 9, 2021	[WebRTC](https://texonom.com/webrtc-e3c4526c5f25405b93c261c16f019bc2)	## Real Time Messaging Protocol Youtube, twich 등 공통적으로 사용했던 동영상 스트리밍 프로토콜 처음 목표는 오직 플래시에만 쓰이는 것 RTMP 규격은 2009년 1월 20일에 어도비에서 발표 webRTC와 경쟁 [RTMPT](https://texonom.com/rtmpt-092dcbcbd6a145199cb558bbbae24566) [RTMPS](https://texonom.com/rtmps-ecbf23611ff148bda0bd367d7e98b663) [RTMPE](https://texonom.com/rtmpe-340cd14ffd974186a11ab0cca93f47f6) [RTMPTE](https://texonom.com/rtmpte-4f7c9e9b9347468590fd6098f7869177)	30a84af269fa4e5ab9bd1795b70deb5d
RTSP	Streaming Encoder Protocols	Nov 9, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Nov 9, 2021		## Real Time Streaming Protocol UDP기반	1273d6b93d484aae9fcc24b510875c84
Secure Reliable Transport	Streaming Encoder Protocols	Nov 9, 2021	Alan Jo	Alan Jo	Nov 9, 2021		Host Encoder Protocol + Client Player Protocol open source video streaming *protocol* that brings pristine quality, low-latency live video over the public internet	9b0e7dff007f4e529e10cfe7941a79eb
RTMPE	RTMP	null	null	null	null	null	Encrypted RTMP 128비트로 암호화된 RTMP	340cd14ffd974186a11ab0cca93f47f6
RTMPS	RTMP	null	null	null	null	null	스트리밍 동영상 프로토콜의 보안 확장판 RTMP 데이터를 HTTPS로 감싼 것 443	ecbf23611ff148bda0bd367d7e98b663
RTMPT	RTMP	null	null	null	null	null	Tunneled RTMP 데이터를 HTTP로 감싼 것	092dcbcbd6a145199cb558bbbae24566
RTMPTE	RTMP	null	null	null	null	null	Encrypted RTMP Tunneled RTMPT, RTMPE 섞어 놓은 형태	4f7c9e9b9347468590fd6098f7869177

TOEFL Reading Sentence Simplification

TOEFL Identifying Details

Feb 1, 2020

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음영 문장의** 핵심 정보만 **뽑기 - 지시대상 - paraphrase - 핵심 정보만! > - 문장구조 > - 단어나 구 - 핵심정보 없는게 없는거 - 논리의 인과가 빠져있는 경우 오답 **없는 말을 오묘하게 구체화해서 넣은 것도 틀림** - 이래서 그럴 것이다 한단계 더나가는 거 아님 - 인과 반대로 된거 (단어만 보고 방향성 놓치지 말기)

a47d7a0d2939472a9979572b5d72be59

TOEFL Reading Vocabulary

TOEFL Identifying Details

Feb 1, 2020

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### Replace word without changing the meaning of the sentence **비유적으로 접근하지 말기** - Always 1 or more Problems - 문맥 내에서의 의미 대입 > - 단어 자체의 대체가 아니라 문맥상 대체임 >> - 단어 의미가 달라도 넣으면 말 더 되는 답 - 아예 안되는 거 먼저 지우기 - 모르는 단어 유추어원

0095bc0a5e59439cbec15918da0c9af3

TOEFL Reading Inference

TOEFL Making Inference

Feb 1, 2020

null

비슷한거 2개 헷갈 있으면 좀 덜간 추론으로

9381fa87c5d5473989fcfc68d6e2c5a8

TOEFL Reading Rhetorical Purpose

TOEFL Making Inference

Nov 22, 2020

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### 전달하고자 하는 의도 어떤 주제에 대한 문단의 관계와 의도 또는 표현 방식 `related to other aspect of the ~` - 지문 clue 이용 > - to ~ - 논리 전개 방식 - 문단이나 지문의 내용

052cef4ac945443fa508a7a5000f720a

TOEFL Reading Category Chart

TOEFL Recognizing Organization

Feb 1, 2020

null

### Summary or Category Chart

c00124722c224900a4f140fd9fa94a49

TOEFL Reading Insertion

TOEFL Recognizing Organization

Feb 1, 2020

null

- Always 1 problem

9ecc6d5495e142ca8344de3d49ac9ac7

TOEFL Reading Summary

TOEFL Recognizing Organization

Feb 1, 2020

null

### 비슷한 내용 두개라면 덜 디테일한 게 답, 포함관계면 더 넓은 답이 답 **사실성**과 **핵심성**의 원칙에 근거해서 푼다 - Summary or Category Chart - Too Specific is not Answer - 그런 정보 포함한 것도 - (여러) 문단마다 하나씩 - 포함 안되는 문단 하나씩 있거나 - 주요정보 빠져도 되니 요약만 - note taking 문단마다 요약 좀 자세히 - sentance simplification의 paragraph 방법론 이용 1. 틀린 내용 필터링 2. too specific filtering 3. 문단 매칭

46b4ba96caa649a088a4228d13c21aff

TOEFL Speaking 대학 생활

TOEFL Speaking

null

### 발화자의 지문에 대한 동의여부 이유 설명 자신의 의견을 얘기하는 게 아니다 **주어진 자료들을 얼마나 효과적으로 정리하는 지가 관건** > ### Reading > - Changes - 첫문단만 메모 >> - 상황 **파악, 키워드정리** > ### Phrase > `disagree, contends, thinks, not in favor of, propose`, `according to the woman.refute, good/bad idea` > ### Listening > - Man / Woman - Agree / Disagree >> - 1st reason - 처음말할 핵심문장 >>> - 디테일 키워드들 2문자에 배치 >> - 2nd reason - 처음말할 핵신문장 >>> - 디테일 키워드들 2문자에 배치 핵심 두개, 예시 두개, 상세정보 2개 생각 ### 시작문단 - The ~ has > - `proposed announced` that ~ > - (그걸로 일어나는 부수적인 효과 설명) - In the conversation, the man/woman strongly agrees/disagree with (R) for the following reasons. > ### 비동의 > - `First, To begin with,` he/she (disagree dispute) that ~~ > ### 동의 > - Second, Furthermore, he/she (contends, thinks) that ~~ - She `mentions, explains, says` that ~ - `Also, Furthermore, In addition, Plus` ~ ### 마무리 (5초정도) - `So, Therefore Thus` for these reasons, to sum up > - These are the reason why the man/woman agrees/disagrees with the (R) > - The woman `feels that` ~ (R) will not be help to students

b6bc6cecacbe4909b593b829c14fadbf

TOEFL Speaking 대학 강의

TOEFL Speaking

null

### **키워드 나열 순서 메모 **예시 디테일 잘 기억해둬야함 의견을 말하기 x 정보전달 o **키워드 사이 접속어와 문장으로 자연스럽게 연결** > ### Memo > ### Reading > - (Title) - (동사부터 설명문장) >> - 문단 메모 - **용어개념파악, 키워드정리** > ### Listening > - example 1 - 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - 원인과 결과 > - example 2 - 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - 원인과 결과 ### 시작 - Both reading and listening talk about the (Title) > - According to the reading, the ~ is > - The professor explains ~ by providing examples ### 예시 - `1`- the lecture gives an example about ~ | 두번째문단 Furthermore, Plus, Next - `>2` - In the (first second) example, the professor talks about ~ > - 문장 생각 잘 안나면 주어 - 예시의 주체나 개념으로 시작 무조건 > - 예시 최대한 자세하게 여러 문장으로 나누기 > - 개념 적용된 거 확인문장 `Therefore, So, for these reasons, to sum up` ### (마무리) - 잘 못들었으면 앞에서 더듬대지 말고 빨리 끝내기 - to sum up, (Concept) are topics of both lecture and reading passage - there were examples provided by professor which (illustrated, describe) the concept of (notion)

1d6ccb4775cf4ed8b28b504850e631fe

TOEFL Speaking 나의 선택

TOEFL Speaking

null

> ### 선호 선택고 이유 설명 > - 준비 15 응답 45 > - 공부할 때 반대 선택으로도 해보기 > - 구체적 예시 2개 생각 아무거나 구체적인 이유 들기 > ## 메모 > - 첫문장 구조 적기 > - `prefer, choose, select`, `believe, think it is better, In my opinion` > - 이유 두개 + 키워드 > - 예시 >> - 내가 이랬는데 이렀더라 내 친구가 이랬는데 이렇더라 >> - 논리적인 근거 > ### 도입 > 선택, 메모 두개, 예시 두개, 상세정보 2개 생각 > - (Some people think that ) > - Personally, I >> - prefer to ~ rather than ~ for the following Reason >> - disagree that ~ than ~ is for the following Reason > - First (of all), ~ `주어 I 말고 선택지나 핵심단어` >> - **For example** >> - `Also, Furthermore, In addition, Plus` ~ > - Second, ~ `주어 I 말고 선택지나 핵심단어` >> - **`For instance, as an example`** >> - `Also, Furthermore, In addition, Plus` ~ > - `Therefore, So`, for these reasons, to sum up >> - choose (opinion select) (than ~) >> - think that the ~ is ~ than ~ > - (Thank you)

637d07ec28d7493caf57d410bd2f8a69

TOEFL Speaking Common

TOEFL Speaking

null

> ## 빠르지 읺아도 끊기지 않고 유창하게 > - 속도 일관성있게, 아무대서나 끊거나 쉬면 안된다 > - 어조 넣어서 강조하며 간략하게 복잡할 필요 없다 > - 솔직하거나 창의적으로 답하려고 시간낭비 하지 말고, 답하기 용이하게 거짓말 (추가설명이 필요없는 간단한 근거) > - 시간 5초이상 남기거나 초과하면 감점 > - 1번 2번 질문은 준비시간 부족하니 시험장에 최대한 늦게 들어가서 RC, LC 최대한 채워서 문제 풀고 검토 > - 주변 스피킹에 귀기울이기 (주제정도만) - 쉬는시간에 생각해두기 > ### 간략하게 해도 시간 충분하니 tmi말고 > 명사 나열로 압축 말고 풀어서 설명 > 리스닝 쓸데없는 말 거르기 > 문제따라 바뀌는 부분을 조직 > - 말하기를 평가하는 문제지 다른 게 아님 > - 키워드들 듣거나 읽으며 메모 > - 문장형태로 준비시간 한글로 변환 > 모두 설명할 필요없고 논리 좋을필요없다 > 문제풀고 예시답안 들으며 답지단어 > ### example > - in the first example > - furthermore > - The first one is > ### concept > - talks about the concept of > - illustrate the concept of > - explains the concept of > ### filler word > - you know > - umm > - like >> - kinda >

736f9a3228ea4a9ebf4b7658547cb6ef

TOEFL Speaking 대학 강의

TOEFL Speaking

null

> ### 학술적인 주제에 대한 강의에 대해 중심내용을 예와 함께 설명 > 의견을 말하기 x 정보전달 o **키워드 사이 접속어와 문장으로 자연스럽게 연결** > - `organized major category` according to the professor `which refers to ~` > ### Main 주제 > - sub 주제 1 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - detail - >> - detail - > - sub 주제 2 발음, 대문자줄여서 >> - detail - >> - detail - ### 도입 - The Professor (explains talks about) ~ 개념 > - (개념에 대한 구체적 설명) - 여러개 (예시나 실험만 아래에서) > - (실험에 대한 설명 - The professor illustrate an experiment that shows ~) ### 본문 - The professor describe illustrate one concept that ~ 주요특징 > - so, `and then` - 문장 생각 잘 안나면 주어 - 예시의 주체나 개념으로 시작 무조건 > - 최대한 자세하게 여러 문장으로 나누기, Furthermore, plus, in addition > - (개념 적용된 거 확인문장) - These ~ describe ~ ### (마무리) - 잘 못들었으면 앞에서 더듬대지 말고 빨리 - `to sum up`, (Concept) are topics of ~ according to the professor - and there was an example provided by professor illustrated the concept of (notion)

fa944e727e9845f39c1602c25072bb3d

TOEFL Independent Writing

TOEFL Writing

null

### 특정 주제에 대해 글쓰기 - 5분 10분 10분 5분 - 50, 100, 100, 50자 일반적이고 깊은 논리보다 명시된 주제 디테일 고려해서 사회적인 논리 들기 > - 주제에 대한 의견을 적는 에세이 > - 25분부터 글쓰기 5분만 생각하기 > - 주제 벗어나지 말기 구체적으로 접근해야 일반적으로 말고 > - 30분, 최소 300단어 > - 무조건 두괄식 to begin with, next, finally > - 포함관계 이유들 아닌지 잘 파악 > - `imperative, required, must, need, have to, important, should, necessary` > - `experience, simulate, undergo, faced with` > - `social skills`, indeed > - `method, way, plan, approach` > - `believe prefer think` > - `reason cause why evidence` argumentation `element root` ## Template ### Intro - (배경 정보 설명 문장 필요하면) - Some(many) people (have started to) think `fucking bad idea` (문장에 대해 긍정이면 부정으로) - However, I disagree with that idea (for the following two reasons) - First, Second 문장이나, 두 의견을 포함하는 한문장이나, 각각 문장 and 설명 > - The first reason is that {{}} ### 본론 - `First of all, To begin with, Next` - The first reason is that {{}} - 간접적보단 직접적 이유 > - 논리 문장끼리 쭉쭉 이어나가기 > - 길게 문장들을 만들 수 있는 구체적인 예시지만 너무 예시에 집중하진 말고 > - (그 상황이 주제를 뒷받침하는 이유에 대한 문장) > - 게다가 다른 이유 설명 - 뭐뭐 할라면 어쩌고가 필요함 > - 그래서 reason 임 마무리 문장 `Therefore`, `to sum up`, So, Thus >> - That is why we, `So, Thus` ~ `Therefore`, `to sum up`, This means that ~ (주장보강/반대의견 반대) ### 결론 - `In conclusion` ,`To conclude, To sum up, Consequently, Overall` - I think this because ~ (first reason) and (second reason) > - (~보다 ~를 해야한다) [TOEFL Independent Writings](https://texonom.com/toefl-independent-writings-9ccb8d90af2241e0bb3c0dc828c1768f)

845597bdbfed46abb8219eafb9935a04

TOEFL Integrated Writing

TOEFL Writing

null

## **의견들어가면 안되고 중립적으로 **논리 생각하지 말고 **2분 정리 4분(20) 4분(60) 4분(60) 4분(60) 2분 훑어가며 관사 복수 체크** 리딩은 3가지 파악한 것 메모, 리스닝은 키워드 위주 반박 리스트 많이 메모 > ### 사전준비 > 리딩 - 3분, 리스닝 - 2분 > - 한번밖에 못들음 > - 한 주제에 대한 교수의 의견을 가진 강의임 > - 리딩과 연결해서 노트테이킹 - 예시까지 자세하게해야 적을수잇다 > - Listening 단어는 그대로 써도댐 > 라이팅 - 20분 > - 150 ~ 225단어 > - 결론문단 없어도댐 > ### Phrase > - `casts doubt counters Refutes ` > - Professor `claim assert contend insist` > - The `counterargument`, `refute, dispute, disprove` > - `insistence claim opinion,`arguments > - The Lecture, Professor, the listening, the reading passage > - replace, substitute, supersede, swap, backup > - `according to reading, from the reading` > ### Memo > 읽기 > - 주제 >> - 근거 1 >> - 근거 2 >> - 근거 3 > 듣기 > - 도입 >> - 반론 1 - 키워드들 >> - 반론 2 - 키워드들 >> - 반론 3 - 키워드들 ## Template ### 서론 - The reading and the lecture both discuss the ~ > - The reading passage discusses evidence that shows that ~ > - However, the listening ### 본론 - 원론 > - `The first piece of evidence `from the reading showed that > - `(First, Next, Finally)`, The reading `(says, claims, states, explains, suggests)` >> - since {reason}, {{문장}} >> - there is the evidence of 명사 (from ~) (including~) - 반론 제시 - 주체 명시 > - The lecture `(point out, illustrate,`**`assert, argues`**`)` that {{important evidence}} - 세부사항 2~3 - 사실은 주체 명시 x, 사이에 `while, on the other hand` 접속어 > - 교수의 의견 표출 > - 예시 > - `additionally furthermore` 문장 > - (의견 들어가지 않는 정리문장) ### 결론 - **These reasons oppose the reading that** {{reading point}} - **These facts prove the reading wrong on the point that** {{reading point}} - **These states counter the reading passage’s claim that** {{reading point}} [TOEFL Integrated Writings](https://texonom.com/toefl-integrated-writings-df06f45b2ca0476ca81c6afc05980286)

19a5a3ef0f3640dc83f86f566a73d4a2

TOEFL Independent Writings

TOEFL Independent Writing

null

[TOEFL Independent Writing 1](https://texonom.com/toefl-independent-writing-1-994739e939ca4e6f8dbf7f8615cb2bf2) [TOEFL Independent Writing 2](https://texonom.com/toefl-independent-writing-2-28b9988f13b84a568909af58e2f4d77c)

9ccb8d90af2241e0bb3c0dc828c1768f

TOEFL Independent Writing 1

TOEFL Independent Writings

null

Some people claims that children should only be taught to type on a keyboard because they think the time to learn writing by hand with pencil or pen is waste of time. However, I think children should be taught how to write by hand with a pencil or pen. First, there are lots of things still not substitutable. Second, relation between those two methods are not exclusive. First of all, a keyboard can't replace all available functions which can do by a pencil or pen. There are still various situations in which we need a pencil or pen. For example, we can't directly draw smooth curve by a keyboard. Even if we can try to draw complex structure by a keyboard, that will be a very heavy job. Furthermore, a keyboard can not present all context like a paper smell, sense of gripping a pencil and natural movement of our hands. Several evidences shows that a keyboard can not substitute a pencil or pen. Next, a keyboard and a pen like tools need each other for more productivity. We use a pen or keyboard to produce meaningful results. If you want to make great output from those tools, you need to combinate them in to your writing skills. To illustrate, keyboard is optimized tool to type very fast and pencil is very creative tool. You will get less time and more results by combinate each method. They support each other because they have a totally different look and usage. To sum up, people should teach skills to use not only keyboard but also pen or pencil. A keyboard does not have some feature which pen or pencil have. A keyboard and pen is more useful when they combined together. These are two reasons why I think children should be taught to learn how to write by hand with pencil or pen.

994739e939ca4e6f8dbf7f8615cb2bf2

TOEFL Independent Writing 2

TOEFL Independent Writings

null

Some people think that parent do not have to make strict rules for their children if they want them to succeed in life. However, I believe that parent should make strict rules for their children for their successful life. For the following two reasons, making strict rules for their child is great choice. First, children’s free choice can lead them bad. Second, they make them help to make their own rules. First, their life will be destroyed if children live their life without any strict rules. More complex and more free society can make small mistake to big disaster. For example, your angry punch to classmate can make you go to jail. Without strict rules, that can be hard to make important choice in your life. For instance, select great school is hard without parent’s apparent rules. To sum up, Strict rules is necessary because, they can block children’s seamless judgements. Second, obvious rules can assist children to create their own life rules. Parent’s precise rules will help them to make their own value system. For example, parent’s environmental importance rule can affect child’s value system which maybe adore earth environment. Diverse rules in family also helps to acquire more information. Without rules, we usually do not challenge. Strict rules in family can make various experience rather than no rule in family which can help children to compose their own principles. In conclusion, strict rules for children from parent is important because that can help children to have successful life. Since life is dangerous and weak, absence of parent’s rules could break children’s life. Such rules also help push children to make their own principles early which are very important for successful personal life course. Consequently, parent must make strict rules in their family for children for which will make awesome journey.

28b9988f13b84a568909af58e2f4d77c

TOEFL Integrated Writings

TOEFL Integrated Writing

null

[TOEFL Integrated Writing 1](https://texonom.com/toefl-integrated-writing-1-3bf663a43006492493275a2da6e2c92a) [TOEFL Integrated Writing 2](https://texonom.com/toefl-integrated-writing-2-1e35a578af2440ff9b316feee1b7dafb)

df06f45b2ca0476ca81c6afc05980286

TOEFL Integrated Writing 1

TOEFL Integrated Writings

null

The reading passage asserts that the Komodo dragon's hunting technique is based on enormous amount of bacterial in there mouth. The passage gives three reasons to support that bacteria hypothesis. The professor suggest another hypothesis based on a specialized type of venom with disputing three reasons. First, the reading passage claims that massive bacterial load in their saliva cause death of hunting target. The professor counterargue which that opinion for some reasons. Bacteria hypothesis only has estimations based on visual effects, unlike venom hypothesis has actual physical evidence. Medical scanner find out that the Komodo dragon's skull has teeth structure which are optimized to use venom. Next, the article gives the fact that the Komodo dragon's mouth are full of bad bacteria. The listening also disagree with this evidence. Many reptiles have dirty mouth, so that insistence can not be an real evidence. Those bacteria in the Komodo dragon's mouth is even not natural attribute, since most mouth bacteria comes from environment. more wild animal more bacteria. The truth that the animal bitten by the Komodo dragon try to find water also disprove that argument, because wild water pond has even more bacteria. Lastly, the reading passage urges that the Komodo dragon utilize their bacteria to hunt a prey larger than usual targets. The listening suggest another possibility how the Komodo dragon catch a large animal. The reading illustrate the procedure of hunting by the slow bacterial infection. What are more persuadable is that the venom try to keep open an animal's wound which make it die.

3bf663a43006492493275a2da6e2c92a

TOEFL Integrated Writing 2

TOEFL Integrated Writings

null

The reading passage illustrate three hypotheses about the reason of transient lunar phenomena . But the professor says that these all explanations can’t be an apparent caution. First, listening argues that TLPs aren’t occurred by the expelled gas from the space under moon surface. There is not much gas in moon to generate TLP and there is few species of gas that can visible. This counters the gas hypotheses about TLP. The lecture casts doubt that reflected light by floated dust cause TLP. But proven from astronomers, there is no frequent dust phenomena in lunar space like TLP. This opposes the reading that claim dust hypotheses. The lecture claim that theory which explains TLP’s reason as solar radiation are not acceptable. The datas says that solar radiation or solar flare occurrence do not has correlation with TLP occurrence. This proves that solar flare hypothesis is wrong on the point of statistics.

1e35a578af2440ff9b316feee1b7dafb

sabotage

French Terms

Nov 14, 2020

null

고용주를 약화시키는 것을 목적으로 하는 의도적인 태업 노동 쟁의의 수단 > [사보타주](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%B4%ED%83%80%EC%A3%BC)

67d93ffe750549769aca243d22536118

Chomsky Hierarchy

Linguistics Theories

May 5, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 13, 2022

촘스키 계층 문법의 개념은 언어학자인 노암 촘스키에 의해 소개된 것 촘스키는 생성 규칙이 일부 규칙에 따라서 계층 관계를 나누었다 형식 언어의 생김새에 따라 인식할 수 있는 언어에 차이가 있고, 이를 계층 관계로 나타낸 것 ![](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fwormwlrm.github.io%2Fimg%2Fposts%2F2021-04-18%2F1.jpg?table=block&id=bdfe8afe-9bf6-41c9-a25a-8d9e4b6bc8ca&cache=v2) > [컴파일러는 어떻게 내가 작성한 코드를 인식하는걸까? - 재그지그의 개발 블로그](https://wormwlrm.github.io/2021/04/18/Formal-Language-and-Compiler.html)

27390a673fed49649ae920dd48a6d8b8

Comprehensible input

Linguistics Theories

Mar 12, 2021

Alan Jo

Jul 9, 2023

## ****Input hypothesis**** Comprehensible input is language input that can be understood by listeners despite them not understanding all the words and structures in it ### incomprehensive input 뇌에서 처리 불가능한 의미없는 소음 아무리 영어영화 보고 공부해도 안느는 이유 > [Comprehensible input](https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/comprehensible-input) > [영어 학습법 - Comprehensible input](https://adipo.tistory.com/entry/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4-%ED%95%99%EC%8A%B5%EB%B2%95-Comprehensible-input)

a4b2f8dd12864198a1634b4c1a63a035

skill building theory

Linguistics Theories

Mar 12, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 13, 2022

> [Skill-based theories of second-language acquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill-based_theories_of_second-language_acquisition)

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Noam Chomsky

Linguists

Mar 12, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 13, 2022

5214515775e74c51b60414103b680958

Stephen Krashen

Linguists

Mar 12, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 13, 2022

89712e0b44554945bd6a5cdc60f7b3e5

Graph Theory

Discrete Math Topics

Nov 6, 2019

Alan Jo

May 13, 2023

[Graph Data](https://texonom.com/graph-data-b72a32fe28034094b17a985a72f40f99)

### Graph Theory Notion |Title| |:-:| |[Distance Algorithm](https://texonom.com/distance-algorithm-9b12bb4903424559a97f32c00f5ec351)| |[Graph Search Algorithm](https://texonom.com/graph-search-algorithm-bf0aa54693604dd8aa1266a77e988e94)| |[Maximum Flow & Minimum-Cost Flow Algorithm](https://texonom.com/maximum-flow-minimum-cost-flow-algorithm-76786dbeb94949e9a5f82f08be1c9a20)| ### Graph Theory Fields |Title| |:-:| |[Network Theory](https://texonom.com/network-theory-dca2782efdaa44bb82e875db9fc73ea6)| |[Graph Signal Processing](https://texonom.com/graph-signal-processing-a6551be225984e4cad9bdd244d6a58b5)| > [Researchers Achieve 'Absurdly Fast' Algorithm for Network Flow | Quanta Magazine](https://www.quantamagazine.org/researchers-achieve-absurdly-fast-algorithm-for-network-flow-20220608)

f35b3462e9534fb89072c67ea647125d

Network Theory

Graph Theory Fields

Feb 22, 2022

Alan Jo

Jun 13, 2022

[Graph Data](https://texonom.com/graph-data-b72a32fe28034094b17a985a72f40f99)

### Network Theory Notion |Title| |:-:| |[Multicast](https://texonom.com/multicast-cfc151551fc04fb8ad474193f11aa3df)| |[Broadcast](https://texonom.com/broadcast-a6c73076e4434af28012a1da270c36dd)| |[Unicast](https://texonom.com/unicast-47a829d43495462ca8f7df24cd9ed27b)| |[Anycast](https://texonom.com/anycast-67d70eb217b240fea52c98b913b65c9e)| |[Small words Network](https://texonom.com/small-words-network-b779baa02bc846b5970d67d561d755c0)| > [길덕근블로그](https://togll.tistory.com/42)

dca2782efdaa44bb82e875db9fc73ea6

Small words Network

Network Theory Notion

Jun 1, 2023

Alan Jo

Jun 1, 2023

### Navigable Small words > [Small-world network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-world_network)

b779baa02bc846b5970d67d561d755c0

Distance Algorithm

Graph Theory Notion

Feb 22, 2022

Alan Jo

Feb 22, 2022

### Shortest Path Algorithms |Title| |:-:| |[Dijkstra Algorithm](https://texonom.com/dijkstra-algorithm-820fc4c5583e4e50bcf1df0ad0ed9485)| |[A* Algorithm](https://texonom.com/a-algorithm-66fa95865d504ec0bb8641ce4efb1837)| |[Floyd Algorithm](https://texonom.com/floyd-algorithm-ddbaa5d0fb1e41058f515b82abb55977)|

9b12bb4903424559a97f32c00f5ec351

****Maximum Flow & Minimum-Cost Flow Algorithm****

Graph Theory Notion

Jun 13, 2022

Alan Jo

Jun 13, 2022

> [Researchers Achieve 'Absurdly Fast' Algorithm for Network Flow | Quanta Magazine](https://www.quantamagazine.org/researchers-achieve-absurdly-fast-algorithm-for-network-flow-20220608) > [Maximum Flow and Minimum-Cost Flow in Almost-Linear Time](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.00671)

76786dbeb94949e9a5f82f08be1c9a20

A* Algorithm

Shortest Path Algorithms

Jun 6, 2021

Alan Jo

Jun 6, 2021

### Heuristic Algorithm > [아무거나 물어보살: A* (에이스타) 알고리즘이 궁금해요. 궁금하면 못참지!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pUZhNMAqLbI)

66fa95865d504ec0bb8641ce4efb1837

Dijkstra Algorithm

Shortest Path Algorithms

Jun 6, 2021

Alan Jo

Aug 9, 2023

[Edsger Dijkstra](https://texonom.com/edsger-dijkstra-569bf90716e64b468e888f51099c8beb)

### Greedy Algorithm O(n2)

820fc4c5583e4e50bcf1df0ad0ed9485

Floyd Algorithm

Shortest Path Algorithms

Jun 6, 2021

Alan Jo

Jun 6, 2021

### Dynamic Programming O(n3) 모든 쌍에서 최단경로 구하기

ddbaa5d0fb1e41058f515b82abb55977

TSP Algorithm

Shortest Path Algorithms

Sep 6, 2023

Alan Jo

Sep 9, 2023

[NP-hardness](https://texonom.com/np-hardness-3c1dd0b472a749108643fe00cabe0641)

> [Travelling salesman problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem)

dfd36e3d414247c29a944888bdfad9eb

Anycast

Network Theory Notion

Feb 22, 2022

Alan Jo

Dec 2, 2022

**네트워크에 연결된** 수신 가능한 노드 중에서 한 노드에만 데이터를 전송 가장 가까운 노드 통신 > [Untitled](https://blog.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-servers-dont-own-ips-anymore/)

67d70eb217b240fea52c98b913b65c9e

Broadcast

Network Theory Notion

Nov 9, 2021

Alan Jo

Feb 22, 2022

### 호스트가 전송한 데이터가 네트워크에 연결된 모든 호스트에 전송되는 방식 **같은 네트워크에 있는 모든 장비들에게 보내는 통신** ### Broadcast Examples |Title| |:-:| |[Streaming](https://texonom.com/streaming-fb4a7c94d01a4a0abfd6bdb910422fd4)| > [[미디어 기술 이해] 6단계로 알아보는 라이브 생방송 송출 원리](https://medium.com/naver-cloud-platform/%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4-%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0-%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4-6%EB%8B%A8%EA%B3%84%EB%A1%9C-%EC%95%8C%EC%95%84%EB%B3%B4%EB%8A%94-%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C-%EC%83%9D%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1-%EC%86%A1%EC%B6%9C-%EC%9B%90%EB%A6%AC-86a5137a3655)

a6c73076e4434af28012a1da270c36dd

Duplex

Network Theory Notion

Sep 7, 2023

Alan Jo

Sep 7, 2023

sender and reciever

f7299240f0fc4104b77df749c9c05ab5

Multicast

Network Theory Notion

Feb 22, 2022

Alan Jo

Feb 22, 2022

[AMT Protocol](https://texonom.com/amt-protocol-f18e4c6b26b1480999dee644c0241f6d) **멀티캐스트는 특정 그룹을 지정해서 해당 그룹원에게만 보내느 방식을 사용** **송신 노드 하나가 네트워크에 연결된 하나 이상의 수신노드에 데이터를 전송**

cfc151551fc04fb8ad474193f11aa3df

Simplex

Network Theory Notion

Sep 7, 2023

Alan Jo

Sep 7, 2023

a6674f4d669640068956422d93c0fca4

Unicast

Network Theory Notion

Feb 22, 2022

Alan Jo

Feb 22, 2022

**출발지와 목적지가 정확해야 하는 일대일 통신**

47a829d43495462ca8f7df24cd9ed27b

Streaming

Broadcast Examples

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

[Multi Bitrate](https://texonom.com/multi-bitrate-c8df5d0a31904636ba05b1de5d7a5bad) [OTT Industry](https://texonom.com/ott-industry-f557be2de3104eb0bf32f4cfed891c4c)

### Play right after download, further download keep continuing **Camera → Encoder → Media Server → CDN → Video Player (Decoder)** ### Streaming Notion |Title| |:-:| |[Distributed System](https://texonom.com/distributed-system-86c03bc21f9c4d30ac6db43785f55b2a)| |[Stream Processing](https://texonom.com/stream-processing-1fc4a9c49c144806922512b26c0d8231)| |[Adaptive Streaming](https://texonom.com/adaptive-streaming-4152058c1192416e83a1db8fde8838eb)| |[Progressive Streaming](https://texonom.com/progressive-streaming-51580c3c41344148bc0e1e8275a25afb)| ### Streaming Usages |Title| |:-:| |[Streaming Encoder Protocol](https://texonom.com/streaming-encoder-protocol-4e5a7307fcb54bb298bedd8f6d509222)| |[Streaming Tools](https://texonom.com/streaming-tools-ddfd39b0e8c8491586054f9bde931984)| |[Video Streaming](https://texonom.com/video-streaming-cf93dbb426f64abf94b62acc2c4321ee)| |[Streaming Engine](https://texonom.com/streaming-engine-cef5d8b150614725bf3c3ffbc36a1af3)| > [Untitled](https://conferences.oreilly.com/software-architecture/sa-ny-2018/cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/281/Building%20stream%20processing%20as%20a%20service%20at%20Netflix%20Presentation.pdf) > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

fb4a7c94d01a4a0abfd6bdb910422fd4

**Adaptive Streaming**

Streaming Notion

Apr 11, 2022

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

[Progressive Streaming](https://texonom.com/progressive-streaming-51580c3c41344148bc0e1e8275a25afb)

### Most of modern video streaming - generate diverse resolutions for different devices - adaptively change resolution per **network bandwidth and user buffer** ### **Adaptive Streaming Notion** |Title| |:-:| |[MSE](https://texonom.com/mse-2e12f714bc5c491ea89d87a3572e71e2)| |[Streaming Manifest file](https://texonom.com/streaming-manifest-file-b632138fabac4ed9b911bd27759c996b)|

4152058c1192416e83a1db8fde8838eb

Distributed System

Streaming Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 25, 2023

[Parallel Programming](https://texonom.com/parallel-programming-30fa82c4feac41739c1d53bea9d8e149) [Message Queue](https://texonom.com/message-queue-d792e1496f1248f4a387eecd9ffd6987)

## Distributed System Programming ### Distributed System Notion |Title| |:-:| |[MapReduce](https://texonom.com/mapreduce-44733c6cc1a24903bc78e643eba7319a)| > [Untitled](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

86c03bc21f9c4d30ac6db43785f55b2a

Progressive Streaming

Streaming Notion

Mar 20, 2023

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

[Adaptive Streaming](https://texonom.com/adaptive-streaming-4152058c1192416e83a1db8fde8838eb)

- HTTP - DLNA http://~.mp4 ### Problem - same file size for every

51580c3c41344148bc0e1e8275a25afb

Stream Processing

Streaming Notion

Apr 11, 2022

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

[Service Monitoring](https://texonom.com/service-monitoring-aca8013b412f41fea7ff779245212062) [Logging](https://texonom.com/logging-715673f4038042ae97a61d6f5c95b938) [Message Queue](https://texonom.com/message-queue-d792e1496f1248f4a387eecd9ffd6987)

### [unbounded data](https://texonom.com/unbounded-data-f34bcbd00e17491a9f907b2141aa24b7) 에서 정보 추출하는 규율 및 기술 집합 스트림 프로세서는 스트림이 새로운 데이터를 제공하는 한 지속적으로 작동해야 한다 스트림의 무한한 특성 고려 ### Stream Processing Notion |Title| |:-:| |[Batch Processing](https://texonom.com/batch-processing-1ebe6403a7894599886edbf022be657f)| |[Deserialization](https://texonom.com/deserialization-d251ab5cf5874d86a2163a122524b541)| |[Serialization](https://texonom.com/serialization-30ba5b9c09d8487a9ea844e050b5e084)| |[Stream Data](https://texonom.com/stream-data-be7c78cbfaec4804a34e8514f89108bc)| |[Stream Event](https://texonom.com/stream-event-9a681f3bee114c4da5d28a4b7372f9d9)| ### Stream Processing Usages |Title| |:-:| |[Streaming Processing Tool](https://texonom.com/streaming-processing-tool-f207579568f74d85be13936d63a38146)| > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566) > [Introduction to streaming for data scientists](https://huyenchip.com//2022/08/03/stream-processing-for-data-scientists.html)

1fc4a9c49c144806922512b26c0d8231

**MSE**

Adaptive Streaming Notion

Nov 9, 2021

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

## **Media Source Extensions** **스트리밍 데이터를 플레이어로 전달하는 표준** - MSS - HLS (Apple HTTP Live Streaming) use m3u8 - watch, coupang play - MPEG-DASH (use MPD) - Youtube, m3u8, naver ### **MSE Tools** |Title| |:-:| |[HLS.js](https://texonom.com/hlsjs-2003114562194c8eb2fd97a8d18e5806)| > [Media Source Extensions™](https://www.w3.org/TR/media-source/)

2e12f714bc5c491ea89d87a3572e71e2

Streaming Manifest file

Adaptive Streaming Notion

Mar 20, 2023

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

- [m3u8](https://texonom.com/m3u8-b583be47a8994ebbb17ac484fee6e20d) - mpd

b632138fabac4ed9b911bd27759c996b

HLS.js

MSE Tools

Mar 27, 2023

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

2003114562194c8eb2fd97a8d18e5806

MapReduce

Distributed System Notion

Mar 27, 2020

Alan Jo

Apr 25, 2023

### Big Data distributed Parallel Computing Software Framework - 맵리듀스의 핵심은 두 함수 - 빅처리 프로세스는 최대한 단순하게 만들어야 - 교환법칙과 결합법칙이 성립해야 - 맵리듀스는 여러 노드에 태스크를 분배하는 방법 - 큰 작업에 대해 fork로 분할 반복하고 작으면 join으로 합치고 ### MapReduce Notion |Title| |:-:| |[MapReduce History](https://texonom.com/mapreduce-history-915c2dfdb1c340638d787b4af711bd85)| |[Map Function](https://texonom.com/map-function-d04aee7ada164a828991976cb92a8ce5)| |[Reduce Function](https://texonom.com/reduce-function-23acfa365460489da04378b8c9723ef7)| ### MapReduce Usages |Title| |:-:| |[GFS](https://texonom.com/gfs-72ef4d47297f4863af24664c62d720c6)| ### jaff deen paper > [MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters - Google Research](https://research.google/pubs/pub62/) > [맵리듀스(MapReduce) 개념](https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=jevida&logNo=140199795866&proxyReferer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F) > [[하둡] 맵리듀스(MapReduce) 이해하기](https://12bme.tistory.com/154)

44733c6cc1a24903bc78e643eba7319a

Map Function

MapReduce Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 25, 2023

컬렉션의 모든 요소에 적용될 함수를 인수로 받는다 분산 파일시스템을 통해 분산된 방식으로 익스큐터 머신executor machine당 하나의 청크로 그런 다음 로컬 청크 결과값을 해당 애플리케이션의 결과를 내보낸다 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

d04aee7ada164a828991976cb92a8ce5

MapReduce History

MapReduce Notion

Apr 23, 2023

Alan Jo

Apr 25, 2023

2004년 구글 발표 제프 딘Jeff Dean과 산제이 제마왓Sanjay Gemawhat은 구글의 크롤링 및 색인 시스템을 다시 작성 이로 인해 구글의 대규모 클러스터 분산 처리 시스템인 맵리듀스MapReduce가 개발 맵리듀스는 프로그래밍 API이자 구성 요소 집합으로서 분산 시스템에 대한 프로그래밍을 모든 이전 작업보다 상대적으로 쉽게 만들었다 페타바이트 이상의 대용량 데이터를 신뢰도가 낮은 컴퓨터로 구성된 클러스터 환경에서 병렬 처리를 지원하기 위해서 개발

915c2dfdb1c340638d787b4af711bd85

Reduce Function

MapReduce Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 25, 2023

두 가지 인수가 사용 - 하나는 중립 요소로서 빈 컬렉션이 넘겨지면 리듀스 연산이 리턴하는 것 - 집계의 현잿값인 컬렉션의 새 요소를 가져와서 새로운 집계로 묶는 집계 연산 고차함수의 조합은 데이터셋에서 수행하려는 모든 연산을 표현할 수 있을 만큼 강력 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

23acfa365460489da04378b8c9723ef7

Batch Processing

Stream Processing Notion

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

### 유한 데이터셋의 계산 분석을 참조 **유한 데이터셋이 일부 스토리지 형식에서 전체적으로 사용 가능하고 검색 가능하다는 것을 의미** 시작 시점의 데이터셋 크기와 해당 프로세스의 지속 시간은 제한되어 있다는 것을 알고 있다 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

1ebe6403a7894599886edbf022be657f

Deserialization

Stream Processing Notion

May 12, 2021

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

디스크에 저장된 데이터를 읽거나, 네트워크를 통해 전송된 데이터를 받아서 메모리에 재구축 > [[개념] 데이터 직렬화(serialization), 역직렬화(deserialization)](https://118k.tistory.com/740)

d251ab5cf5874d86a2163a122524b541

Serialization

Stream Processing Notion

May 12, 2021

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

30ba5b9c09d8487a9ea844e050b5e084

Stream Data

Stream Processing Notion

Apr 11, 2022

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

### Stream Datas |Title| |:-:| |[bounded data](https://texonom.com/bounded-data-8b2e4001873e4c0cb39b6cc1736c5df0)| |[unbounded data](https://texonom.com/unbounded-data-f34bcbd00e17491a9f907b2141aa24b7)| |[Idle data](https://texonom.com/idle-data-8a44450c6c9e479db17c3e93fb156271)|

be7c78cbfaec4804a34e8514f89108bc

Stream Event

Stream Processing Notion

Apr 11, 2022

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

9a681f3bee114c4da5d28a4b7372f9d9

Fury

Serialization Tools

Jul 20, 2023

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

[fury](https://github.com/alipay/fury)

9fa40ff2748543abaeae1c8a6ae5c285

bounded data

Stream Datas

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 11, 2022

null

유한 데이터 우리가 일반적으로 간주하는 데이터

8b2e4001873e4c0cb39b6cc1736c5df0

Idle data

Stream Datas

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 11, 2022

null

파일 형식,데이터베이스 내용 또는 기타 레코드 종류 시간의 흐름 관점에서 볼 때 유휴 데이터는 과거의 데이터 스토리지에 시간이 흐르면서 수집된 데이터 스트림

8a44450c6c9e479db17c3e93fb156271

unbounded data

Stream Datas

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 11, 2022

null

무한 데이터

f34bcbd00e17491a9f907b2141aa24b7

Stream Event Time

Stream Event Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Apr 11, 2022

null

이벤트가 생성되었을 때의 시간 이벤트가 생성된 시간과 이벤트가 스트림 처리 시스템에 의해 처리되는 다른 타임라인

a1ce5950159a4dfe8392d9be19a240f8

Streaming Processing Tool

Stream Processing Usages

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Jul 20, 2023

### Streaming Processing Tools |Title| |:-:| |[Apache Spark](https://texonom.com/apache-spark-814eb1d58d6044a599d590b55de13b52)| |[Mantis](https://texonom.com/mantis-40397dad59274710909c385b8c3c9583)| |[Benthos](https://texonom.com/benthos-f3f2c0aaded84f39aeb69559f26ae367)| |[Arroyo](https://texonom.com/arroyo-db9a6e37083949278037c3021b2b7420)|

f207579568f74d85be13936d63a38146

Apache Spark

Streaming Processing Tools

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Feb 16, 2023

[Apache Beam](https://texonom.com/apache-beam-c25d15be60d84d47889ae2b06a33cc57) [Hadoop](https://texonom.com/hadoop-7c41092e14574878a540f90f973c2f1a)

## Analytics Engine for Big data 대규모 데이터 처리를 위한 빠르고 안정적이며 fault tolerance이 있는 분산 컴퓨팅 프레임워크 스파크 메모리 모델은 RAM을 사용하여 데이터가 처리될 때 캐시 구글 맵리듀스의 오픈 소스 구현체인 하둡 맵리듀스보다 처리 속도가 최대 100배 빠르다 초기 스파크의 혁신은 획기적인 메모리 사용과 표현력이 풍부한 기능적인 API에 ### Apache Spark Notion |Title| |:-:| |[Apache Spark Structure](https://texonom.com/apache-spark-structure-4411aa36bdee448eaff97b46d758ba4e)| |[RDD](https://texonom.com/rdd-d308fcc0146d4c478d5d11393ef9cd6e)| |[Spark Dataframe](https://texonom.com/spark-dataframe-6a02a77329cd4a7c9869cb93f8897f5e)| |[Spark Polyglot](https://texonom.com/spark-polyglot-708a78ee23174b40810b9b47f367a839)| |[Spark Core](https://texonom.com/spark-core-ee811187cdb2476ebd138b9bd0d63b89)| |[Spark Structured Streaming](https://texonom.com/spark-structured-streaming-777c5f4f9c6b435cb174dfc5025deaea)| |[Apache Graph Frame](https://texonom.com/apache-graph-frame-41d968ecd91049168a49fd78281f1ed8)| |[Spark Partition](https://texonom.com/spark-partition-285cce0cbea04df183dae1859aed4291)| ### Apache Spark Usage |Title| |:-:| |[Spark SQL](https://texonom.com/spark-sql-175e6ee10490407f9732ac7d9b2f3ed6)| |[Spark Framework](https://texonom.com/spark-framework-034516df1ef14d8cafc5b54567e9f210)| |[Spark Tool](https://texonom.com/spark-tool-1e201bd8d36446239776b9d04e02262a)| |[SparkML](https://texonom.com/sparkml-e69ed140f90446d387cb4aa7ab67fb69)| |[Spark AI](https://texonom.com/spark-ai-2dc8bcca7a9c40a39a9463af8aa93341)| |[Pyspark](https://texonom.com/pyspark-a4d644ec8b884cf18f1d879ae5c37650)| > [스파크를 활용한 실시간 처리](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/store/books/look.php?p_code=B7070333457) > [ankurchavda/SparkLearning](https://github.com/ankurchavda/SparkLearning?utm_source=tldrnewsletter)

814eb1d58d6044a599d590b55de13b52

Arroyo

Streaming Processing Tools

Jun 11, 2023

Alan Jo

Jun 11, 2023

### Distributed stream processing engine in Rust [arroyo](https://github.com/ArroyoSystems/arroyo)

db9a6e37083949278037c3021b2b7420

Benthos

Streaming Processing Tools

Dec 2, 2022

Alan Jo

Dec 2, 2022

[benthos](https://github.com/benthosdev/benthos)

f3f2c0aaded84f39aeb69559f26ae367

Mantis

Streaming Processing Tools

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 2, 2022

> [Mantis](https://netflix.github.io/mantis/) [mantis](https://github.com/Netflix/mantis)

40397dad59274710909c385b8c3c9583

Apache Graph Frame

Apache Spark Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

41d968ecd91049168a49fd78281f1ed8

Apache Spark Structure

Apache Spark Notion

Dec 8, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

![](https://www.notion.so/image/https%3A%2F%2Fs3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com%2Fsecure.notion-static.com%2F1851ac70-bb3c-4465-be8a-aea50e8e7892%2FUntitled.png?table=block&id=bc9fac5b-2b59-4672-8fcf-c1428e3eac79&cache=v2)

4411aa36bdee448eaff97b46d758ba4e

RDD

Apache Spark Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

## Resilient Distributed Dataset 아파치 스파크의 핵심 추상화 탄력적 분산 데이터셋 클러스터에서 분산 컴퓨팅의 복잡성을 추상화하는 풍부한 기능적 프로그래밍 모델을 제공 맵리듀스 개요에서 논의한 맵과 리듀스 단계보다 더 표현적인 프로그래밍 모델을 제공하는 변환과 액션이라는 개념을 소개 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

d308fcc0146d4c478d5d11393ef9cd6e

Spark Core

Apache Spark Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

ee811187cdb2476ebd138b9bd0d63b89

Spark Dataframe

Apache Spark Notion

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

[Spark Dataset](https://texonom.com/spark-dataset-cd81cfc00e0e44439473e7f926f1fde1)

6a02a77329cd4a7c9869cb93f8897f5e

Spark Partition

Apache Spark Notion

Jun 14, 2022

Alan Jo

Feb 16, 2023

### Spark Partition Features |Title| |:-:| |[Adaptive Query Execution](https://texonom.com/adaptive-query-execution-c44ff63355354ee9a8d0b11967ae12a2)| |[Coalescing Post Shuffle](https://texonom.com/coalescing-post-shuffle-22dd81e0fb174b73a772ea721df7070e)| > [Untitled](https://techtalk.onkakao.net/2022/06/10/aqe-coalescing-post-shuffle-partitions)

285cce0cbea04df183dae1859aed4291

Spark Polyglot

Apache Spark Notion

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

708a78ee23174b40810b9b47f367a839

Spark Structured Streaming

Apache Spark Notion

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

### SQL 추상화 위에 구축된 스트림 프로세서 구조적 스트리밍은 스트림 처리를 동일한 수준의 배치 지향 애플리케이션으로 가져오는 통합 된 모델을 제공하여 스트림 처리에 대한 많은 추론 부담을 제거 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

777c5f4f9c6b435cb174dfc5025deaea

Spark Dataset

Spark Dataframe

null

cd81cfc00e0e44439473e7f926f1fde1

Adaptive Query Execution

Spark Partition Features

Jun 14, 2022

Alan Jo

Jun 14, 2022

c44ff63355354ee9a8d0b11967ae12a2

Coalescing Post Shuffle

Spark Partition Features

Jun 14, 2022

Alan Jo

Jun 14, 2022

22dd81e0fb174b73a772ea721df7070e

Pyspark

Apache Spark Usage

Jul 15, 2023

Alan Jo

Jul 15, 2023

> [PySpark JSONL 로드 느릴때 Schema 제공으로 속도 높이기](https://junbuml.ee/pyspark-jsonl-schema)

a4d644ec8b884cf18f1d879ae5c37650

Spark AI

Apache Spark Usage

Jul 6, 2023

Alan Jo

Jul 6, 2023

[pyspark-ai](https://github.com/databrickslabs/pyspark-ai) ```typepip install pyspark-ai``` [LangChain](https://texonom.com/langchain-945567c597364cbb98336ca08c059856) ```typefrom pyspark_ai import SparkAI```

2dc8bcca7a9c40a39a9463af8aa93341

Spark Framework

Apache Spark Usage

Dec 8, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

034516df1ef14d8cafc5b54567e9f210

Spark SQL

Apache Spark Usage

Apr 23, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

스키마가 있는 모든 데이터셋에 SQL 지원을 추가 진입장벽 낮추다 > [스트림 처리의 이해](https://www.hanbit.co.kr/channel/category/category_view.html?cms_code=CMS2334616566)

175e6ee10490407f9732ac7d9b2f3ed6

Spark Tool

Apache Spark Usage

Dec 8, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

1e201bd8d36446239776b9d04e02262a

SparkML

Apache Spark Usage

Jan 2, 2022

Alan Jo

Feb 16, 2023

e69ed140f90446d387cb4aa7ab67fb69

Spark Streaming

Spark Frameworks

Apr 26, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

5094cd430b65418aac81c2b8e018863b

Spark Koalas

Spark Tools

Dec 8, 2021

Alan Jo

Dec 8, 2021

[Pandas](https://texonom.com/pandas-c7aa68bdc16545418519cf18e791c346) [Databricks](https://texonom.com/databricks-477d321e005a46508e8e12a517390a3a) [undefined](https://github.com/databricks/koalas)

90545599a8844ddcb8649c25a248ded6

SynapseML

SparkML Tools

Jan 2, 2022

Alan Jo

Jan 2, 2022

[undefined](https://github.com/microsoft/SynapseML)

> [SynapseML | SynapseML](https://microsoft.github.io/SynapseML/)

55cef94cb5e64939b8cc12d9c3eb2a3a

Streaming Encoder Protocol

Streaming Usages

Nov 9, 2021

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

[WebRTC](https://texonom.com/webrtc-e3c4526c5f25405b93c261c16f019bc2) [Video Player Protocol](https://texonom.com/video-player-protocol-1c671b1172594f5088cb001abf3bbaa2) [Video Data Container](https://texonom.com/video-data-container-fabec7f37db44cd383d2f1aa29703e02)

1. **H.264 + AAC등 포맷의 동영상 파일을 작은 단위로 분할** 2. **분할된 파일의 재생순서가 작성된 manifest 파일을 생성** > manifest파일에는 분할된 동영상 파일을 어떤 순서로 몇 초간 재생할 것인지에 대한 내용들이 텍스트로 작성 > HLS의 경우에는 .m3u8 파일이, Dash의 경우 .mpd(xml)와 같은 manifest 파일이 생성 > 분할된 미디어 파일은 mp2ts와 mp4로 구성되어 있고 mp2ts의 확장자는 .ts RTMP 프로토콜이 거의 표준 *Manifest(.m3u8, .mpd) 파일을 Server에게 요청* ### Streaming Encoder Protocols |Title| |:-:| |[RTMP](https://texonom.com/rtmp-30a84af269fa4e5ab9bd1795b70deb5d)| |[RTSP](https://texonom.com/rtsp-1273d6b93d484aae9fcc24b510875c84)| |[Secure Reliable Transport](https://texonom.com/secure-reliable-transport-9b0e7dff007f4e529e10cfe7941a79eb)| [m3u8](https://texonom.com/m3u8-b583be47a8994ebbb17ac484fee6e20d)

4e5a7307fcb54bb298bedd8f6d509222

Streaming Engine

Streaming Usages

Apr 15, 2023

Alan Jo

Apr 15, 2023

### Streaming Engines |Title| |:-:| |[Arroyo](https://texonom.com/arroyo-dfe2f4eae7ed47e69f51584416f8fc16)| |[Apache Flink](https://texonom.com/apache-flink-c2676c8488dd4b1197deb80e5073fcd7)| |[Spark Streaming](https://texonom.com/spark-streaming-18ae62ed353541ada5d560586ae28c18)| |[Kafka Steams](https://texonom.com/kafka-steams-8a158b6f32884cb48b119f6fdac10378)|

cef5d8b150614725bf3c3ffbc36a1af3

Streaming Tools

Streaming Usages

Jun 14, 2022

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

ddfd39b0e8c8491586054f9bde931984

Video Streaming

Streaming Usages

Mar 13, 2023

Alan Jo

Mar 27, 2023

cf93dbb426f64abf94b62acc2c4321ee

m3u8

Streaming Encoder Protocol

null

- Master Playlist - Media Playlist ### Download ```typeecho "Enter m3u8 link:";read link;echo "Enter output filename:";read filename;ffmpeg -i "$link" -bsf:a aac_adtstoasc -vcodec copy -c copy -crf 50 $filename.mp4```

b583be47a8994ebbb17ac484fee6e20d

RTMP

Streaming Encoder Protocols

Jul 14, 2020

Alan Jo

Nov 9, 2021

[WebRTC](https://texonom.com/webrtc-e3c4526c5f25405b93c261c16f019bc2)

## Real Time Messaging Protocol Youtube, twich 등 공통적으로 사용했던 동영상 스트리밍 프로토콜 처음 목표는 오직 플래시에만 쓰이는 것 RTMP 규격은 2009년 1월 20일에 어도비에서 발표 webRTC와 경쟁 [RTMPT](https://texonom.com/rtmpt-092dcbcbd6a145199cb558bbbae24566) [RTMPS](https://texonom.com/rtmps-ecbf23611ff148bda0bd367d7e98b663) [RTMPE](https://texonom.com/rtmpe-340cd14ffd974186a11ab0cca93f47f6) [RTMPTE](https://texonom.com/rtmpte-4f7c9e9b9347468590fd6098f7869177)

30a84af269fa4e5ab9bd1795b70deb5d

**RTSP**

Streaming Encoder Protocols

Nov 9, 2021

Alan Jo

Nov 9, 2021

## Real Time Streaming Protocol UDP기반

1273d6b93d484aae9fcc24b510875c84

Secure Reliable Transport

Streaming Encoder Protocols

Nov 9, 2021

Alan Jo

Nov 9, 2021

Host Encoder Protocol + Client Player Protocol open source video streaming ***protocol*** that brings pristine quality, low-latency live video over the public internet

9b0e7dff007f4e529e10cfe7941a79eb

RTMPE

RTMP

null

Encrypted RTMP 128비트로 암호화된 RTMP

340cd14ffd974186a11ab0cca93f47f6

RTMPS

RTMP

null

스트리밍 동영상 프로토콜의 보안 확장판 RTMP 데이터를 HTTPS로 감싼 것 443

ecbf23611ff148bda0bd367d7e98b663

RTMPT

RTMP

null

Tunneled RTMP 데이터를 HTTP로 감싼 것

092dcbcbd6a145199cb558bbbae24566

RTMPTE

RTMP

null

Encrypted RTMP Tunneled RTMPT, RTMPE 섞어 놓은 형태

4f7c9e9b9347468590fd6098f7869177