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20469864
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethydidae
|
Tethydidae
|
Tethydidae is a family of dendronotid nudibranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea.
The original spelling (subfamily) is Tethydia. It was placed on the Official List by Opinion 1182 of ICZN (1981: 174), which also ruled that the name should be corrected to Tethydidae (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
This family is within the clade Cladobranchia and has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
There are two genera within the family Tethydidae:
Melibe Rang, 1829
Tethys Linnaeus, 1767 - the type genus,
Genera brought into synonymy
Chioraera Gould, 1852 accepted as Melibe Rang, 1829
Fimbria O'Donoghue, 1926: synonym of Tethys Linnaeus, 1767 (invalid: junior homonym of Fimbria Megerle, 1811.)
Jacunia de Filippi, 1867 accepted as Melibe Rang, 1829
Melibaea synonym of Melibe Rang, 1829
Meliboea [sic] : Melibe Rang, 1829 (incorrect subsequent spelling [by Forbes, 1838] of Melibe Rang, 1829)
Propemelibe Allan, 1932 accepted as Melibe Rang, 1829
Description
Species in this family do not possess a radula.
References
External links
Forbes E. (1844). Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aegean sea, and on their distribution, considered as bearing on geology. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1843. 130-193
Goodheart, J. A.; Bazinet, A. L.; Valdés, Á.; Collins, A. G.; Cummings, M. P. (2017). Prey preference follows phylogeny: evolutionary dietary patterns within the marine gastropod group Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia). BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17(1)
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
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6904630
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay%20River
|
Ajay River
|
Ajay (/ˈədʒɑɪ/) is a river which flows through the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The catchment area of Ajay River is .
See also
List of rivers of India
References
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147477
Rivers of Bihar
Rivers of Jharkhand
Rivers of West Bengal
Rivers of India
|
20469900
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Tomi
|
Giovanni Tomi
|
Giovanni Tomi (born 31 December 1987) is an Italian footballer who currently plays as a defender for Prato.
References
External links
1987 births
Footballers from Naples
Living people
Italian footballers
Association football defenders
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players
Calcio Foggia 1920 players
Ascoli Calcio 1898 F.C. players
U.S. Lecce players
F.C. Pavia players
Rimini F.C. 1912 players
A.S. Martina Franca 1947 players
Matera Calcio players
A.C. Prato players
A.S. Sambenedettese players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Serie D players
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23574888
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride%20Through%20the%20Country
|
Ride Through the Country
|
Ride Through the Country is the debut album released by country rap artist Colt Ford. It was released on December 2, 2008, on the independent Average Joe's label. It features guest appearances by John Michael Montgomery on the title track (which was released as the album lead-off single) as well as an appearance from Jamey Johnson on "Cold Beer".
"Dirt Road Anthem" was later covered by co-writer Brantley Gilbert on his album Halfway to Heaven, and once again by Jason Aldean for his album My Kinda Party, both from 2010.
As of August 6, 2014, the album has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the United States without the benefit of a major radio single.
Critical reception
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock compared the album to a Cowboy Troy album. Bjorke stated "Cowboy Troy's fun music often felt like a novelty, Colt Ford's Ride Through The Country is an underground, indie rap album that recalls southern rapper Bubba Sparxxx."
Track listing
Revisited album
The album was re-released on five years later as Ride Through the Country (Revisited) on September 30, 2013, with new versions as well the original versions of the hit songs.
Personnel
Kelly Back- electric guitar
Bone Crusher- vocals on "Gangsta of Love"
Gary Burnette- electric guitar
Carmelita Diane Davis- background vocals
Tiffany Davis- background vocals
David Warner Ellis- dobro, fiddle
Colt Ford- lead vocals
Brantley Gilbert- acoustic guitar and vocals on "Dirt Road Anthem"
Kevin "Swine" Grantt- bass guitar
Lindsey Hager- vocals on "Never Thought"
Rob Hajacos- fiddle
Jamey Johnson- vocals on "Cold Beer" and "Saddle Up"
Wayne Killius- drums
Sunny Ledford- vocals on "Waffle House"
Catherine Styron Marx- keyboards, piano
John Michael Montgomery- electric guitar and vocals on "Ride Through the Country"
Anthony Randolph- piano
Scotty Sanders- steel guitar
Paul Scholton- drums
Cory Sellers- background vocals
Michael Spriggs- acoustic guitar
Jason Sylvain- background vocals
Adrian Young- drums
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
References
2009 debut albums
Colt Ford albums
Average Joes Entertainment albums
|
20469904
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okutataragi%20Pumped%20Storage%20Power%20Station
|
Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station
|
The is a large pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Asago, in the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan.
With a total installed capacity of , it is one of the largest pumped-storage power stations in the world, and the largest in Japan.
The facility is currently run by the Kansai Electric Power Company.
Like most pumped-storage facilities, the power station utilizes two reservoirs, releasing and pumping as the demand rises and falls.
Construction on the facility began in 1970 and was completed in 1974.
Kurokawa Reservoir
The Kurokawa Reservoir, the upper reservoir, has a capacity of , a catchment area of , and a reservoir surface area of , and is held back by the Kurokawa Dam .
The embankment dam, located on the Ichi River, measures tall, wide, and is built with of material.
The dam is located at .
Tataragi Reservoir
The Tataragi Reservoir, the lower reservoir, has a capacity of , a catchment area of , and a reservoir surface area of , and is held back by the Tataragi Dam .
The dam measures tall, wide, and is built with of material.
The dam is located at .
See also
List of power stations in Japan
Notes
Energy infrastructure completed in 1974
Hyōgo Prefecture
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in Japan
|
44498849
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Assael
|
John Assael
|
John Assael (born 1950) is a prominent British architect. He is particularly known for his work at the Royal Institute of British Architects(RIBA) and for promoting good business practice within the field of architecture.
Early life and education
John Assael was born in Nairobi in Kenya. He spent the early years of his life in Africa but attended school in England from the age of 11.
He studied architecture at Oxford Polytechnic, which renamed in 1992 to Oxford Brookes University. He has a Master's degree in Urban & Regional Planning from the University of London. He also holds a Post Graduate Diploma from the Architectural Association School of Architecture in Conservation Studies.
In 2017 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Design by Oxford Brookes University.
Career
John Assael is currently the Chairman and a co-founder of the London-based practice Assael Architecture.
Architecture
After qualifying as an Architect, he worked for several architectural companies until the age of 28, when he started his first practice.
In 1994 he founded the London-based practice Assael Architecture along with co-founder Russell Pedley. His practice was named Architect of the Year in 2016 at The Sunday Times British Homes Awards.
Professional
In 2019 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). In 2014 he had been elected to act as a national member of the RIBA Council, the governing body of the RIBA and was later appointed as Honorary Treasurer. He had previously held various other posts at the RIBA, including Vice President for Professional Services and was a trustee of the RIBA Board. He is a former chairman of the RIBA Journal.
He was an elected member to the Architect's Registration Board (ARB) where he has sat on the Prescription Committee.
He is a co-opted member of the Council of the Association of Consultant Architects.
He sits on the Executive Committee and has been a trustee of the Architects Benevolent Society since 2004. and was a judge for the annual WAN (World Architecture News) Awards.
Involvement in Higher Education
He been a visiting fellow at Oxford Brookes University since 2000. He is an external examiner at The Bartlett and London Metropolitan University and has lectured at Cardiff, Nottingham, Huddersfield, Manchester and Westminster Universities.
He holds the post of Master of Students at the Worshipful Company of Chartered Architects
Notable work
21 Young Street
Queen's Wharf & Riverside Studios, Hammersmith
Great West Quarter, Brentford
Century Buildings, Manchester
Wallis House - conversion of Art Deco landmark on the Golden Mile, Brentford, London.
Ten Rochester Row
Tachbrook Triangle SW1, Vauxhall Bridge Road, London
Rainsborough Square, Farm Lane, Fulham
Osiers Gate
Lumiere Apartments, Former Granada Cinema, Clapham
Paynes and Borthwick Wharves, London
Quebec Way, Canada Water, London
Doddington Estate, Cheshire
Selected awards
The Sunday Times British Homes Awards, Architect of the Year in 2008, 2014 and 2016
Building magazine's Good Employer Guide, Winner 2014 and 2015
Architects' Journal AJ120 Business Pioneer of the Year in 2015
References
External links
John Assael interviewed by Adrian Dobson, Director of Practice at the RIBA
RIBA Council members at the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Board member profile at the Architects Registration Board (ARB).
ACA Council members at Association of Consulting Architects
Official website of Assael Architecture.
Living people
Architects from Oxford
Alumni of Oxford Brookes University
1950 births
People from Nairobi
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6904656
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu-class%20destroyer%20escort
|
Isuzu-class destroyer escort
|
The Isuzu class destroyer escort was a destroyer escort (or frigate) class built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) in the early 1960s. The latter batch (Kitakami and Ōi) were quite different from the earlier two vessels in their propulsion and weaponry, so sometimes they were classified as the "Kitakami class".
This class was the first JMSDF surface combatant adopted shelter-deck design. Propulsion systems varied in each vessels because the JMSDF tried to find the best way in the propulsion systems of future DEs. The design concept of this class and the CODAD propulsion system of the Kitakami class became prototype of them of the latter DEs and DDKs such as and .
The gun system was a scale-down version of the , four 3"/50 caliber Mark 22 guns with two Mark 33 dual mounts controlled by a Mark 63 GFCS. Main air-search radar was a OPS-2, Japanese variant of the American AN/SPS-12.
In the earlier batch, the main Anti-submarine armament was a Mk.108 Weapon Alpha. The JMSDF desired this American brand-new ASW rocket launcher earnestly, but then, it became clear that it was not as good as it was supposed to be. So in the latter batch, it was changed with a M/50, Swedish 375mm quadruple ASW rocket launcher. And later, Weapon Alpha of the earlier batch was also replaced by a Type 71, Japanese version of the M/50.
Ships
References
See also
Frigate classes
Frigates of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
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44498877
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Robertson-Rodger
|
Sidney Robertson-Rodger
|
Sidney Bertram Robertson-Rodger (15 Jul 1916–7 Nov 1981) was an English painter notable as a War Artist, principally for his painting Bombers Escorted by Fighters on a Daylight Sweep over the Channel depicting the Battle of Britain. He was also known as S Rodger, SR Rodger or S Robertson-Rodger.
Childhood and education
He was born in Burgh Heath in the North Downs in Surrey, the son of James Nisbet Robertson RODGER a painter and antiques dealer, and his wife Margaret (Meg) Plumer KESWICK.
After completing final examinations at Malvern College (a senior school with sixth form) in the Malvern Hills he attended the private Byam Shaw School of Art (1934–1938) where he studied with Frances Ernest Jackson ARA (1872–1945) and Patrick Philips RI, ROI (1907–1976).
Military service
On the 1939 Register Sidney Robertson-Rodger is described as a "Camouflage Officer" living in Flat 17 Bolton Studios, Kensington, London. He received military training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1940.
He painted as part of the large War Artists' Advisory Committee (WAAC) during World War II. The WAAC bought his work. His key work, Bombers Escorted by Fighters on a Daylight Sweep over the Channel, is owned by the Ministry of Defence.
Family
Sidney Bertram Robertson-Rodger married Dora June Rossdale. They were married in the June Q of 1970
at St. Marylebone. Dora June (known as June) was the daughter of Dr. George Harold Rossdale M.D. Medical Officer of the Tropical Diseases Clinic of the Ministry of Pensions & Kate Alberta Woolf.
Career
According to his biography by Goldmark Gallery, he exhibited at two major painting societies in the Federation of British Artists (FBA): the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (RI), and Royal Institute of Oil Painters (ROI).
The gallery found little is known of what became of the artist's reputation and professional status after the war. It found that he kept on painting and exhibiting into the 1960s and beyond. Primarily a landscape painter, he wrote a significant article entitled "Painting the Open Landscape" during the 1960s.
Works
In his works he was also known as S Rodger, SR Rodger or S Robertson-Rodger.
Bombers Escorted by Fighters on a Daylight Sweep over the Channel
Man with donkey passing a house (possibly painted in Spain or Ireland)Oil on Canvas
Squadron DAF Libya (1940–45) Sketch/watercolour
North Africa campaign WW2 (1940–45) - Featuring Hurricane fighter planes over the merditerranean Sketch/watercolour
Wimbldon Centre Court - For 1965 Calendar (1965?)
Pair of nautical watercolours (1949)
Ramsgate (1975)
Cottage in ruins on headland
Seascape with lifeboat and crashed aircraft, oil on canvas, signed, 50 cm x 75 cm.
Kenton
References
External links
http://www.popscreen.com/p/MTYwODE2MDMw/CalendarArtworkJuneWimbledoncentrecourtSidneyRobertsonRodger
https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/semley-auctioneers/catalogue-id-srse10004/lot-5e7325d2-4583-4005-aac1-a3fb00f5edad
https://www.marks4antiques.com/apa/Sidney-Bertram-Robertson-Rodger-5a376
https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/special-auction-services/catalogue-id-srspe10168/lot-1199d16f-a149-416e-b0c6-a66500d1556d
https://auctionet.com/en/279844-sidney-robertson-rodger-landskap-olja-pa-duk-signerad-s-r-rodger
https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/48812/page/15452/data.pdf
1916 births
1981 deaths
Alumni of the Byam Shaw School of Art
20th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English male artists
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44498920
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%20Ladina
|
America Ladina
|
América Ladina () is a 2011 documentary film directed by and starring Israeli independent filmmaker, Yaron Avitov.
The film tells of the arrival and settlement in the Americas of Jewish-origin New Christians (Sephardic Jewish converts to Catholicism, also known as conversos in Spanish or anusim in Hebrew) in the sixteenth century, and the lives of the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (their assimilated descendants) today.
The documentary's title is a pun on the Spanish term for Latin America (América Latina), where "Ladina" is the feminine adjectival form of the noun "Ladino", a reference to the Ladino language, the traditional Judaeo-Spanish language of the Sephardic Jews.
Content
The Israeli filmmaker Yaron Avitov addresses on his film the context of the history of the arrival and settlement of Sephardic anusim to the Americas; and how their emigration from Spain and Portugal to the Iberian colonies in the New World in the sixteenth century was due largely to the unceasing religious persecution of Jewish-origin New Christians by the Inquisition back in Iberia, irrespective of whether they were sincere Christian converts or if they were indeed marranos (crypto-Jews secretly practicing their former Jewish faith as best they could behind closed doors).
The film presses on the issue that how this Jewish-origin population emigrated to the Americas from the sixteenth century (during the time of the Inquisition) should be studied thoroughly again.
Avitov is immersed in a multi-year investigation through South America and Central America in search of the motives, reasons and consequences of this immigration.
As the film progresses, the viewer not only discovers the origins of the Jewish-descended population of Latin America, but also the places where one can find the presence of their descendants today, and their impact, past and present, of these Sephardic anusim migrants and their Sephardic Bnei anusim descendants in the cultural landscape of Latin America.
Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of these early immigrants) from 10 countries, including Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, and Peru in South America give their testimonials. Others from Mexico, Cuba, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama in Central America are also interviewed.
The documentary takes us through time with the testimonies of these descendants, in remote places around Latin America where their Jewish anusim ancestors settled in the hope that it would give their children and later descendants the chance to live and prosper in a new free world, without fear from the persecution of the Inquisition, though the Inquisition eventually followed, resulting in an almost complete assimilation and absorption.
Five centuries after the migratory mission of their Jewish anusim ancestors, the success of their journey for survival is assessed, if not in the maintaining of the Jewish faith and culture, then at least in the perpetuation of their living descendants, who are more alive and numerous today than ever.
Avitov presents among other evidence of this historical episode facts and cultural vestiges which remain today, and which can be found embedded in the culture of the local peoples across the Americas, similar to traditional customs of the New Christian converts who came from Spain and Portugal fleeing the Inquisition. Today there are words, idioms, sayings (in Ladino) and even many customs that persist among these groups in the Americas, who practice these customs often unknowing that they originate in the traditions of their Jewish ancestors.
References
2011 films
2011 documentary films
2010s Spanish-language films
Judaeo-Spanish-language films
Sephardi Jews topics
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in Ecuador
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6904662
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made%20to%20Love%20Magic
|
Made to Love Magic
|
Made to Love Magic is a 2004 compilation album of outtakes and remixes by English singer/songwriter Nick Drake. It features a previously unreleased solo acoustic version of "River Man", dating from early 1968, and the song "Tow the Line", a previously unheard song from Drake's final session in July 1974. The compilation reached #27 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
All songs are written by Nick Drake.
"Rider on the Wheel" – 2:38
"Magic – Orchestrated Version 2" – 2:45
"River Man – Cambridge Version" – 4:02
"Joey" – 3:04
"Thoughts of Mary Jane" – 3:39
"Mayfair – Cambridge Version" – 2:12
"Hanging on a Star" – 3:24
"Three Hours – Alternate Version" – 5:12
"Clothes of Sand" – 2:31
"Voices" – 3:45
"Time of No Reply – Orchestrated Version" – 2:47
"Black Eyed Dog" – 3:28
"Tow the Line" – 2:20
Notes
Tracks 1, 4, 5, 9 & 12 are stereo remasters from Time of No Reply; track 5 is usually titled "The Thoughts of Mary Jane" on other releases.
Track 2 is "I Was Made to Love Magic" from Time of No Reply, sped-up, with a posthumously added string arrangement by Robert Kirby
Tracks 3 and 6 are Cambridge-era dorm demos (spring 1968)
Track 7 is a different take than the version originally released on Time of No Reply (February 1974)
Track 8 is a different take than the version originally released on Five Leaves Left, and features Rebop Kwaku Baah on congas (March 1969)
Track 10 is a remastered version of "Voice from the Mountain" from Time of No Reply
Track 11 has a posthumously added string arrangement by Robert Kirby
Track 13 is possibly the last song Drake ever committed to tape (July 1974)
Personnel
Nick Drake performs vocals and Steel-string guitar on all songs, except where indicated otherwise.
References
Nick Drake compilation albums
Albums produced by Joe Boyd
2004 compilation albums
Island Records compilation albums
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6904668
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%3A%20You%20Get%20What%20You%20Play%20For
|
Live: You Get What You Play For
|
Live: You Get What You Play For is a live album by rock band REO Speedwagon, released as a double-LP in 1977 (and years later as a single CD omitting "Gary's Guitar Solo" and "Little Queenie"). It was recorded at Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building in Kansas City, Kansas, the Convention Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, Kiel Auditorium in Saint Louis, Missouri and Alex Cooley's Electric Ballroom in Atlanta, Georgia. It peaked at number #72 on the Billboard 200 chart in 1977. The song "Ridin' the Storm Out" reached #94 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart, but has since become a classic rock radio staple. The album went platinum on December 14, 1978.
The Japanese CD reissue, released in 2011, restores the album and songs to its original full length by including both "Gary's Guitar Solo" and "Little Queenie", which were omitted in the original single CD release due to time constraints. Sony Music also released the unedited double LP Epic master on its Legacy Label for Compact Disc in 2011 as well.
Track listing
All songs written by Gary Richrath, except where noted.
Side one
"Like You Do" – 6:43
"Lay Me Down" (Neal Doughty, Alan Gratzer, Terry Luttrell, Gregg Philbin, Richrath) – 3:34
"Any Kind of Love" – 3:33
"Being Kind (Can Hurt Someone Sometimes)" (Kevin Cronin) – 6:27
Side two
"Keep Pushin'" (Cronin) – 3:59
"(Only A) Summer Love" – 6:06
"Son of a Poor Man" – 5:25
"(I Believe) Our Time Is Gonna Come" (Cronin) – 4:46
Side three
"Flying Turkey Trot" – 2:34
"Gary's Guitar Solo"+ – 6:10
"157 Riverside Avenue (Doughty, Gratzer, Luttrell, Philbin, Richrath) – 7:35
"Ridin' the Storm Out" – 5:34
Side four Encores
"Music Man" (Cronin) – 2:29
"Little Queenie"+ (Chuck Berry) – 4:45
"Golden Country" – 8:12
Total length – 77:18
(+) Appeared on the original double-LP release of the album, but omitted from the original single CD release. They are included on the 2011 Japanese "remaster" two-CD release.
Personnel
Kevin Cronin – lead vocals (except on "Only a Summer Love"), rhythm guitar
Gary Richrath – lead guitar, lead vocals on "Any Kind of Love" and "Only a Summer Love"
Neal Doughty – keyboards
Gregg Philbin – bass, backing vocals
Alan Gratzer – drums, backing vocals
Production
Production as listed in album liner notes.
John Stronach - production, engineering
John Henning - production, engineering, mixing
Gary Richrath - production, mixing
Bruce Hensal - engineering
Pete Carlson - engineering
Jack Crymes - engineering
Kelly Kotera - engineering
Rick Sanchez - engineering
Mike Klink - engineering
Vartán Kurjian - illustration
Justin Carroll - illustration
Tom Steele - design
Lorrie Sullivan - photography
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
Release history
Notes
References
REO Speedwagon albums
1977 live albums
Epic Records live albums
Albums produced by Gary Richrath
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23574889
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20combinatorics%20articles
|
Index of combinatorics articles
|
A
Abstract simplicial complex
Addition chain
Scholz conjecture
Algebraic combinatorics
Alternating sign matrix
Almost disjoint sets
Antichain
Arrangement of hyperplanes
Assignment problem
Quadratic assignment problem
Audioactive decay
B
Barcode
Matrix code
QR Code
Universal Product Code
Bell polynomials
Bertrand's ballot theorem
Binary matrix
Binomial theorem
Block design
Balanced incomplete block design(BIBD)
Symmetric balanced incomplete block design (SBIBD)
Partially balanced incomplete block designs (PBIBDs)
Block walking
Boolean satisfiability problem
2-satisfiability
3-satisfiability
Bracelet (combinatorics)
Bruck–Chowla–Ryser theorem
C
Catalan number
Cellular automaton
Collatz conjecture
Combination
Combinatorial design
Combinatorial number system
Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial search
Constraint satisfaction problem
Conway's Game of Life
Cycles and fixed points
Cyclic order
Cyclic permutation
Cyclotomic identity
D
Data integrity
Alternating bit protocol
Checksum
Cyclic redundancy check
Luhn formula
Error detection
Error-detecting code
Error-detecting system
Message digest
Redundancy check
Summation check
De Bruijn sequence
Deadlock
Delannoy number
Dining philosophers problem
Mutual exclusion
Rendezvous problem
Derangement
Dickson's lemma
Dinitz conjecture
Discrete optimization
Dobinski's formula
E
Eight queens puzzle
Entropy coding
Enumeration
Algebraic enumeration
Combinatorial enumeration
Burnside's lemma
Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem
Euler number
F
Faà di Bruno's formula
Factorial number system
Family of sets
Faulhaber's formula
Fifteen puzzle
Finite geometry
Finite intersection property
G
Game theory
Combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial game theory (history)
Combinatorial game theory (pedagogy)
Star (game theory)
Zero game, fuzzy game
Dots and Boxes
Impartial game
Digital sum
Nim
Nimber
Sprague–Grundy theorem
Partizan game
Solved board games
Col game
Sim (pencil game)
Sprouts (game)
Surreal numbers
Transposition table
Black Path Game
Sylver coinage
Generating function
Golomb coding
Golomb ruler
Graeco-Latin square
Gray code
H
Hadamard matrices
Complex Hadamard matrices
Butson-type Hadamard matrices
Generalized Hadamard matrices
Regular Hadamard matrices
Hall's marriage theorem
Perfect matching
Hamming distance
Hash function
Hash collision
Perfect hash function
Heilbronn triangle problem
Helly family
Hypergeometric function identities
Hypergeometric series
Hypergraph
I
Incidence structure
Induction puzzles
Integer partition
Ferrers graph
K
Kakeya needle problem
Kirkman's schoolgirl problem
Knapsack problem
Kruskal–Katona theorem
L
Lagrange inversion theorem
Lagrange reversion theorem
Lah number
Large number
Latin square
Levenshtein distance
Lexicographical order
Littlewood–Offord problem
Lubell–Yamamoto–Meshalkin inequality (known as the LYM inequality)
Lucas chain
M
MacMahon Master theorem
Magic square
Matroid embedding
Monge array
Monomial order
Moreau's necklace-counting function
Motzkin number
Multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle
Multiset
Munkres' assignment algorithm
N
Necklace (combinatorics)
Necklace problem
Negligible set
Almost all
Almost everywhere
Null set
Newton's identities
O
Ordered partition of a set
Orthogonal design
Complex orthogonal design
Quaternion orthogonal design
P
Packing problem
Bin packing problem
Partition of a set
Noncrossing partition
Permanent
Permutation
Enumerations of specific permutation classes
Josephus permutation
Permutation matrix
Permutation pattern
Permutation (disambiguation)
Shuffling playing cards
Pochhammer symbol
Polyforms
Polycubes
Soma cube
Polyiamonds
Polyominoes
Hexominoes
Pentominoes
Tetrominoes
Polysquare puzzle
Projective plane
Property B
Prüfer sequence
Q
q-analog
q-binomial theorem—see Gaussian binomial coefficient
q-derivative
q-series
q-theta function
q-Vandermonde identity
R
Rencontres numbers
Rubik's Cube
How to solve the Rubik's Cube
Optimal solutions for Rubik's Cube
Rubik's Revenge
S
Schröder number
Search algorithm
Binary search
Interpolation search
Linear search
Local search
String searching algorithm
Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm
Fuzzy string searching
grep, agrep, wildcard character
Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
Sequences with zero autocorrelation function
Series-parallel networks problem
Set cover problem
Shuffling puzzle
Small set (combinatorics)
Sparse matrix, Sparse array
Sperner family
Sperner's lemma
Stable marriage problem
Steiner system
Stirling number
Stirling transform
String algorithm
Straddling checkerboard
Subsequence
Longest common subsequence problem
Optimal-substructure
Subset sum problem
Symmetric functions
Szemerédi's theorem
T
Thue–Morse sequence
Tower of Hanoi
Turán number
Turing tarpit
U
Union-closed sets conjecture
Urn problems (probability)
V
Vandermonde's identity
W
Weighing matrices
Weighted round robin
Deficit round robin
Y
Young tableau
Combinatorics
+
|
23574902
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9%20%28given%20name%29
|
Alizé (given name)
|
Alizé, or Alizée, is a female given name, taken from the word alizé, describing an intertropical trade wind. It has the variants Alysée, Alisée and Aliséa. The name is common in France, Italy and Spain. Alizay is another variation of the name, more common in South Asia.
The name gained rapid popularity in the 1980s.
People with this given name include:
Alizée (born 1984), born Alizée Jacotey, French singer
Alizé Cornet (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizée Baron (born 1992), French skier
Alizée Brien (born 1993), Canadian racing cyclist
Alizée Costes (born 1994), a French rhythmic gymnast
Alizée Crozet (born 2000), French figure skater
Alizée Dufraisse (born 1987), a French rock climber
Alizée Gaillard (born 1985), a Swiss model
Alizé Jones (born 1997), American football tight end
Alize Lily Mounter (born 1988), Welsh journalist and beauty queen
Alizé Lim (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizé Mack (born 1997), American football player
Alizée Poulicek (born 1987), a Belgian model
References
|
23574906
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20%26%20Hawken
|
Smith & Hawken
|
Smith & Hawken was a garden lifestyle brand that operated retail stores, direct mail and e-commerce in the United States. On July 10, 2009, it was announced that all Smith & Hawken stores would cease operation. Smith & Hawken stores were located in upscale retail locations in 22 states.
Smith & Hawken was founded by Dave Smith and Paul Hawken in 1979, originally as a garden tool supplier. Their first retail store opened in 1982 in Mill Valley, California. Smith left the business in 1988. When Hawken retired in 1993, the company was acquired by a retail conglomerate, the CML Group, which sold it to DDJ Capital Management in 1999, after going bankrupt. The company was acquired by Scotts Miracle-Gro for $72 million in 2004. At the time of its closure, Smith & Hawken had approximately 700 employees in its stores and the Novato, California, headquarters.
Scotts Miracle-Gro chairman and CEO, Jim Hagedorn, cited the continuing weak economy and "lack of scale" as the primary drivers behind Smith & Hawken's closure. According to Scotts' May 2009 quarterly report, Smith & Hawken net sales were down 22.4% for the first half of fiscal 2009.
Smith & Hawken's founders were reportedly not upset to learn the company they founded 30 years earlier was closing. The San Jose Mercury News reported that Dave Smith and Paul Hawken were relieved by the announcement, stating that "Scotts couldn't have been a worse corporate owner." Smith said he asked friends not to shop there after Scotts purchased the company in 2004.
On January 8, 2010, Target Corporation announced it acquired the Smith & Hawken brand.
References
Companies based in Marin County, California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Retail companies established in 1982
Retail companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Retail companies based in California
1982 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in California
|
6904674
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celina%20Jesionowska
|
Celina Jesionowska
|
Celina Jesionowska (later names Gerwin and Orzechowska, born 3 November 1933 in Łomża) is a Polish athlete who competed mainly in the 100 and 200 metres and, during the last part of her career, in the 400 metres. She competed for Poland in the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome, Italy, in the 4 x 100 metres where she won the bronze medal with her team mates Teresa Wieczorek, Barbara Janiszewska and Halina Richter.
Jesionowska also competed in three European Championships:
1954 in Bern, where she was eliminated in the 100 metres semi-finals, and took fifth place in the 4 x 100 metres relay with her team mates Marią Ilwicką, Barbarą Lerczak and Marią Kusion.
1958 in Stockholm, where she won the bronze medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay with the same team, and reached the semi-finals in the 200 and 100 metres.
1966 in Budapest, where she was eliminated in the first round qualifiers for the 100 metres.
Throughout her career, Jesionowska was a competitor with the Central Military Sports Club "Legia" Warsaw (CWKS "Legia" Warsaw), through which she attained seven Polish championships:
400 metres - 1964, 1965 and 1966.
4 × 100 metres relay - 1957, 1958, 1959 and 1960.
Cultural influence
In 1976, Jesionowska appeared in an episode of the TV series The Way It Was which showcased the 1960 Summer Olympics, in which she gained her bronze medal.
Personal bests
Jesionowska's published personal bests include:
100 metres - 11.8 seconds
200 metres - 23.8 seconds
400 metres - 55.4 seconds
80 meters hurdles - 11.0 seconds
Long jump - 5.85 metres
References
1933 births
Polish female sprinters
Olympic bronze medalists for Poland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Poland
Living people
People from Łomża
European Athletics Championships medalists
People from Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Sportspeople from Podlaskie Voivodeship
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Legia Warsaw athletes
20th-century Polish women
Olympic female sprinters
|
6904684
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Helmet
|
Golden Helmet
|
Golden Helmet may refer to:
Golden Helmet (Poland), an annual Polish speedway event
Golden Helmet (People's Republic of China), an annual Chinese military aviation competition
Golden Helmet of Pardubice, an annual Czech speedway event
Kultainen kypärä, a Finnish ice hockey award given to the best player in Liiga.
Guldhjälmen, a Swedish ice hockey award
Casque d'Or (English: Golden Helmet), a 1952 French film
|
23574912
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudi
|
Moudi
|
Moudi is a village situated in district Bankura, West Bengal, India under police station Onda. There is a small river to the north and a jungle to the west. The population is around 2000. Their main occupation is agriculture. There are two large ponds, Gayer band and Bilar band. In the east side of the village, there is an ancient banyan tree. The village-god Moudi-shini has resided under this tree since before known history.
References
Villages in Bankura district
|
6904692
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakluyt%20%26%20Company
|
Hakluyt & Company
|
Hakluyt & Company is a British strategic advisory firm. The company is headquartered in London and has subsidiary offices in New York, Dallas, San Francisco, Tokyo, Frankfurt, Singapore, Mumbai, Chicago and Sydney.
Hakluyt avoids publicity, but is regarded as having a reputation for discretion and effectiveness among its client base. Hakluyt was founded by former officials of the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). The company has recruited several former British spies and journalists from The Financial Times.
The firm is chaired by Paul Deighton, and the other members of the board include managing partner Varun Chandra, Les Fagen, and Jean Tomlin.
Corporate governance
Hakluyt's international advisory board comprises senior figures with backgrounds in business and government. It is chaired by Niall FitzGerald, KBE, former CEO and chairman of Unilever, and its current members are:
M. S. Banga – partner at Clayton, Dubilier & Rice and former chairman and managing director, Hindustan Unilever
John Bell – Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford
Douglas Flint – chairman, Standard Life Aberdeen
Jurgen Grossmann – founder and shareholder, Georgsmarienhutte Holding GmbH
Muhtar Kent – former CEO and chairman, The Coca-Cola Company
Irene Lee – chairman, Hysan Development Co. Limited
Iain Lobban – former director, UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)
Trevor Manuel – former minister of finance, South Africa
Lubna Olayan – CEO and deputy chairperson, Olayan Financing Company
Sandi Peterson – former group worldwide chairman, Johnson & Johnson and independent director, Microsoft Corporation
Alfonso Prat-Gay – former minister of the economy and President of the Central Bank of Argentina
John Rose – former chairman, Hakluyt & Company
Shuzo Sumi – former president and chairman, Tokio Marine Holdings and chairman of the board, Sony Corporation
Ambassador Louis Susman – former US ambassador to the UK
Ratan Tata – chairman emeritus, Tata Sons
The former president and chairman of Mitsubishi Corporation, Minoru (Ben) Makihara, served on the advisory board of the firm from 2004 to 2020.
References
External links
Companies based in the City of Westminster
Consulting firms established in 1995
Management consulting firms
|
23574921
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripti%20Nadakar
|
Tripti Nadakar
|
Tripti Nadakar <ref>{{cite news|title=Tripti Nadakar Biography |url=http://biography.lumbinimedia.com/2017/02/tripti-nadakar-biography.html}}</ref>(; born January 2, 1959) is an Indian actress who worked in Nepali cinema. She has performed in more than a dozen Nepali films. Her hit movies were Samjhana, Kusume Rumal, Saino and Lahure''. She and Bhuwan K.C. were dubbed the first golden couple of Nepali film industry. Nadakar was paid Rs. 150,000 to act in ‘Saino’.
Filmography
Awards
2007, Best Supporting Actress, Nepali Film Award 2064, Aama Ko Kakh
See also
saino
Kusume Rumal
laure (film)
References
Living people
1969 births
People from Darjeeling
Indian Gorkhas
Indian film actresses
Nepalese film actresses
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
20th-century Nepalese actresses
21st-century Nepalese actresses
|
23574924
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%2C%20Ohio
|
California, Ohio
|
California, Ohio may refer to:
California, Cincinnati, a neighborhood within Cincinnati, Ohio
Big Plain, Ohio, originally named California
|
23574927
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20List%20and%20Secret%20Service%20Money%20Act%201782
|
Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782
|
The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 82) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The power over the expenditure in the King's household was transferred to the Treasury, and branches of which were regulated. No pension over £300 was to be granted if the total pension list amounted to over £90,000. Thereafter, no pension was to be above £1,300 unless it was granted to members of the royal family or granted by Parliament. Secret service money employed domestically was similarly limited. A section of the act also abolished the existing Council of Trade and Foreign Plantations which, with the loss of the American War of Independence, had been dismissed earlier by King George III on 2 May 1782.
Notes
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782
|
23574939
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mist%20in%20the%20Mirror
|
The Mist in the Mirror
|
The Mist in the Mirror: A Ghost Story is a novel by Susan Hill. The novel is about a traveller called Sir James Monmouth and his pursuit of an explorer called Conrad Vane.
Summary
Sir James Monmouth has spent most of his life travelling. After the death of his parents, he was raised by his guardian. Later, he arrives in England with the intention of discovering more about himself and his obsession with explorer Conrad Vane. Warned against following his trail, Sir James experiences some extraordinary happenings – who is the mysterious, sad little boy, and the old woman behind the curtain? And why is it that only he hears the chilling scream and the desperate sobbing?
Reception
A 2014 book review by Kirkus Reviews called the novel "a glacially paced adventure" and concluded; "The eponymous mist seems to cloud the writing, and the meandering tale ends quickly with a conclusion that still seems obscure."
References
Novels by Susan Hill
Ghost novels
1992 British novels
Sinclair-Stevenson books
|
20469905
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minillas%20Tunnel
|
Minillas Tunnel
|
The Minillas Tunnel is a tunnel located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The tunnel starts at the end of Puerto Rico Highway 22 (unsigned Interstate PR2), in the area of Santurce, exiting near El Condado. The tunnel was built from 1978 through 1980.
See also
Puerto Rico Highway 22
Minillas
Papago Freeway tunnel - A similar tunnel located in Phoenix, Arizona
1980 establishments in Puerto Rico
Road tunnels in the United States
|
23574940
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20%28given%20name%29
|
Joy (given name)
|
Joy is a common unisex given name meaning joy, happiness, joyful. A common variant of the name is the female given name Joyce (name).
People with the given name Joy
Joy (singer) (born 1996), South Korean singer and member of Red Velvet (group)
Joy Adamson (1910–1980), wildlife rehabilitator and author
Joy Banerjee (born 1963), Bengali cinema actor
Joy Behar (born 1942), American comedian and actress
Joy Bokiri (born 1998), Nigerian women's footballer
Joy Bryant (born 1974), American actress
Joy Browne (born 1944), American radio psychologist
Joy Burke (born 1990), Taiwanese-American women's basketball player
Joy Carroll Vicar who inspired The Vicar of Dibley
Joy Crookes (born 1998), British singer-songwriter
Joy Davidman (1915–1960), American writer and wife of C. S. Lewis
Joy Destiny Tobing (born 1980), Indonesian gospel singer
Joy Enriquez (born 1978), American singer and actress
Joy Fawcett (born 1968), American soccer player
Joy Fleming (1944–2017), German singer
Defne Joy Foster (1975–2011), Turkish actress, presenter, VJ
Joy Garnett (born 1965) Canadian-American artist
Joy Giovanni (born 1978), American actress, model, wrestler, and WWE Diva
Joy Grieveson (born 1941), British track and field athlete
Joy Paul Guilford (1897-1987), American psychologist
Joy Harjo (born 1951), American poet
Joy Kere diplomat from the Solomon Islands
Joy Kogawa (born 1935), Canadian poet and novelist
Joy Lauren (born 1989), American actress
Joy Lofthouse (1923–2017), British WW2 pilot
Joy Mangano (born 1956), American inventor, and businesswoman
Joy Marshall (1867–1903), New Zealand clergyman, teacher, tennis player, cricketer, and rugby footballer
Joy Morris (born 1970), Canadian mathematician
Joy Morton (1855–1934), American businessman and conservationist
Joy Mukherjee (1939–2012), Indian film actor and director
Joy Ogwu (born 1946), Nigerian diplomat
Joy Oladokun, American singer-songwriter
Joy Padgett (born 1947), American politician
Joy Powell (born 1962),American activist
Joy Quigley (born 1948), New Zealand politician
Joy Reid (born 1968), American cable television host with the full name Joy-Ann M. Lomena-Reid
Joy San Buenaventura (born 1959), Filipino-born American politician
Joy Sarkar, Bengali music director
Joy A. Thomas (1963-2020), American Indian-born informational theorist and scientist
Joy Smith (born 1947), Canadian politician
Joy Williams (singer) (born 1982), American pop singer
Joy Williams (Australian writer) (1942–2006), Australian poet
Joy Williams (American writer) (born 1944), American author
Joy Wolfram (born 1989), Finnish nanoscientist.
Joy Cherian (born 1944), Commissioner at the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Joy Sengupta (born 1968), Indian film and stage actor
Fictional characters
Joy, one of Riley Andersen's emotions and the main protagonist of Disney Pixar's Inside Out.
Nurse Joy, a nurse from the Pokémon TV series.
Joy Wang, the daughter in Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022 film). Played by Stephanie Hsu.
See also
Gioia (disambiguation), the Italian version of the name
Joie, the French version of the name
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Virtue names
|
6904717
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Ludwig
|
Bob Ludwig
|
Robert C. Ludwig (born c. 1945) is an American mastering engineer. He has mastered recordings on all the major recording formats for all the major record labels, and on projects by more than 1,300 artists including Led Zeppelin, Lou Reed, Queen, Jimi Hendrix, Bryan Ferry, Paul McCartney, Nirvana, Bruce Springsteen and Daft Punk
resulting in over 3,000 credits. He is the recipient of numerous Grammy and TEC Awards.
Biography
At the age of eight in South Salem, New York, Ludwig was so fascinated with his first tape recorder, that he used to make recordings of whatever was on the radio. Ludwig is a classical musician by training, having obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees from the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester in New York. He was also involved in the sound department at Eastman, as well as being principal trumpet of the Utica Symphony Orchestra. Inspired by Phil Ramone when he came to Eastman to teach a summer recording workshop, Ludwig ended up working as his assistant. Afterwards, he was contacted and offered work with Ramone at A&R Recording. Together, they did sessions on projects with The Band, Peter, Paul & Mary, Neil Diamond and Frank Sinatra.
After a few years at A&R, Ludwig received an offer from Sterling Sound, where he eventually became a vice president. After seven years at Sterling, he moved to its competitor, Masterdisk, where he was vice president and chief engineer. In December 1992, Ludwig left Masterdisk to start his own record mastering facility in Portland, Maine, named Gateway Mastering Studios, Inc. He, along with Adam Ayan are the two mastering engineers who work at Gateway Mastering.
Work
Ludwig's mastering credits include albums for many major classic artists, such as the Kronos Quartet, and rock acts, including Jimi Hendrix, Phish, Rush, Mötley Crüe, Megadeth, Metallica, Gloria Estefan, Nirvana, The Strokes, Queen, U2, Sting, The Police, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Beck, Guns N' Roses, Richie Sambora, Tool, Simple Minds, Bryan Ferry, Tori Amos, Bonnie Raitt, Mark Knopfler, Leonard Cohen, David Bowie, Paul McCartney, Bruce Springsteen, the Bee Gees, Madonna, Richard Wood, Supertramp, Will Ackerman, Pet Shop Boys, Radiohead, Elton John, Daft Punk and Alabama Shakes.
He has occasionally undertaken larger projects, such as remastering the entire back catalogues of Rush, Dire Straits, Creedence Clearwater Revival and the Rolling Stones.
Ludwig cites his most musically satisfying projects as: the CD reissue of Music From Big Pink (The Band), There's a Riot Goin' On (Sly and the Family Stone), Led Zeppelin II, Painted from Memory (Bacharach & Costello), Spirit (Jewel), Loreena McKennitt, and Ancient Voices of Children (George Crumb).
Ludwig remains an active influence in the music industry. As a judge for the 8th and 10th-14th annual Independent Music Awards, his contributions helped assist the careers of upcoming independent artists. Ludwig is active in the Audio Engineering Society and is a past chairman of the New York AES section. He was Co-Chair of the Producers and Engineers Wing for 5 years and is presently on the Advisory Council of the P&E Wing of National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
Awards and recognition
Grammy Awards
|-
|rowspan="1"|2003
|The Rising
|Album Of The Year
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2005
|Avalon
|rowspan="3"|Best Surround Sound Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|Brothers In Arms - 20th Anniversary Edition
|
|-
|In Your Honor
|
|-
|2008
|Lorraine Hunt Lieberson Sings Peter Lieberson: Neruda Songs
|Best Classical Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|In Rainbows
|rowspan="2"|Album of the Year
|
|-
|Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (Super Deluxe Edition)
|Best Surround Sound Album
|
|-
|Music Is Better Than Words
|rowspan="3"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2013
|Ashes & Fire
|
|-
|Love Is a Four Letter Word
|
|-
|Babel
|rowspan="3"|Album of the Year
|
|-
|Blunderbuss
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2014
|rowspan="2"|Random Access Memories
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|Annie Up
|
|-
|"Get Lucky"
|Record of the Year
|
|-
|Charlie Is My Darling - Ireland 1965
|Best Historical Album
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2015
|G I R L
|rowspan="2"|Album of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Morning Phase
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|Bass & Mandolin
|
|-
|Beyoncé
|Best Surround Sound Album
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|rowspan="2"|Sound & Color
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2017
|Are You Serious
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2018
|Is This the Life We Really Want?
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2020
|Scenery
|
|-
|Riley: Sun Rings
|Best Engineered Album, Classical
|
|-
|Kverndokk: Symphonic Dances
|rowspan="2"|Best Immersive Audio Album
|
|-
|The Savior
|
|-
APRS
2012: Association of Professional Recording Services Sound Fellowship - received 27 October 2012
Audio Engineering Society
2015: AES Gold Medal
References
External links
SoundStage! interview
1940s births
Living people
American audio engineers
Engineers from New York (state)
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award winners
Mastering engineers
People from South Salem, New York
University of Rochester alumni
|
23574953
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Massinga
|
Francisco Massinga
|
Francisco Massinga (born 6 May 1986), better known as Whiskey, is a Mozambican football defender.
International career
International goals
Scores and results list Mozambique's goal tally first.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Mozambican footballers
Mozambique international footballers
Association football defenders
C.D. Maxaquene players
Clube Ferroviário de Maputo footballers
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
|
20469923
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melibe%20viridis
|
Melibe viridis
|
Melibe viridis is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Tethydidae.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Andaman Sea off Phuket, off Mozambique and off Indonesia.
Description
The body reaches a length of 140 mm. Like some other nudibranch species, M. viridis has an oral veil that it uses to trap prey.
References
MacNae, W. & M. Kalk (eds) (1958). A natural history of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Witwatersrand Univ. Press, Johannesburg. I-iv, 163 pp.
Gosliner T.M. (1987) Review of the nudibranch genus Melibe (Opisthobranchia: Dendronotacea) with descriptions of two new species. The Veliger 29(4): 400-414
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
Streftaris, N.; Zenetos, A.; Papathanassiou, E. (2005). Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 43: 419-453
Gosliner T.M. & Smith V.G. (2003) Systematic review and phylogenetic analysis of the nudibranch genus Melibe (Opisthobranchia: Dendronotacea) with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 54: 302-356.
Gosliner T.M., Behrens D.W. & Valdés A. (2008) Indo-Pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs. Sea Challengers Natural History Books and California Academy of Sciences. 426 pp.
External links
http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/meliviri
http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet/melijapo
Ben G Thomas (Feb 8, 2021) Melibe viridis - Animal of the Week Youtube video 5:31
Tethydidae
Gastropods described in 1858
|
23574969
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Research%20and%20Human%20Genetics
|
Twin Research and Human Genetics
|
Twin Research and Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by the Cambridge University Press. It is the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) and the Human Genetics Society of Australasia. The journal covers research on the biology and epidemiology of twinning as well as biomedical and behavioral twin- and molecular-genetic research. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2018 impact factor of 1.159. The journal was established in 1998 and has been edited by Robert Derom (1998–1999), and Nick Martin (2000–present). The title is a translation of Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, from 1952 until 1978 the official organ of the Permanent Committee for the International Congresses of Human Genetics and Società italiana di genetica medica, the original title of the first journal of the ISTS.
References
External links
Behavioural genetics journals
Bimonthly journals
Cambridge University Press academic journals
Delayed open access journals
English-language journals
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Psychiatry journals
Publications established in 1998
Twin studies
|
6904730
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace%20Fiennes
|
Eustace Fiennes
|
Sir Eustace Edward Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 1st Baronet (29 February 1864 – 9 February 1943), known as Sir Eustace Fiennes, was a British soldier, Liberal politician and colonial administrator.
Background
Fiennes was born in Reading, Berkshire, the second son of John Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 17th Baron Saye and Sele and his wife, Lady Augusta Hay-Drummond, a daughter of the 11th Earl of Kinnoull. He was educated at Malvern College,
In 1894, Fiennes married Florence Agnes Fletcher née Rathfelder (from Constantia, Cape Town). They lived in Windlesham and Sunningdale and had two children: John Eustace (1895–1917, Battle of Arras) and Sir Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 2nd Baronet (1902–1943).
Military career
Fiennes fought in the North-West Rebellion in 1885, was stationed in Egypt from 1888 to 1889, and took part in the expedition to Mashonaland in 1890. He was commissioned into the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars in 1895, and promoted Lieutenant on 29 April 1899. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, Fiennes volunteered for service in South Africa, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Imperial Yeomanry on 3 February 1900, serving in the 40th (Oxfordshire) company of the 10th Battalion. He left London the same day on board the SS Montfort. He was promoted captain in 1901, major in 1905, and lieutenant-colonel in 1918. He fought in Flanders and the Dardanelles during World War I.
Political career
At the 1906 general election, Fiennes was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Banbury and with a brief interruption in 1910, held the seat until the 1918 general election. He was also Parliamentary Private Secretary to Winston Churchill (then First Lord of the Admiralty) from 1912 to 1914. Created a baronet in 1916, Fiennes left the Commons two years later to become Governor of the Seychelles and was then Governor of the Leeward Islands from 1921 to 1929.
Fiennes died in 1943 aged 78 and his title was inherited by his son who died the same year. His grandson, the famous explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes, inherited the title on his birth in 1944. Through his grandfather the 16th Baron Saye and Sele, Fiennes is also related to the actors Ralph and Joseph Fiennes.
Notes
References
External links
Fiennes, Hon Eustace, Captain Oxfordshire Yeomanry. www.angloboerwar.com.
Fiennes Family, 1100 – 2004
1864 births
1943 deaths
Military personnel from Reading, Berkshire
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
Governors of the Leeward Islands
Eustace Fiennes
Governors of British Seychelles
Imperial Yeomanry officers
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People of the North-West Rebellion
People educated at Malvern College
People from Reading, Berkshire
People from Sunningdale
People from Surrey Heath (district)
Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars officers
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Younger sons of barons
|
6904737
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachitomi
|
Rachitomi
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The Rachitomi were a group of extinct Palaeozoic labyrinthodont amphibians, according to an earlier classification system. They are defined by the structure of the vertebrae, having large semi-circular intercentra below the notochord and smaller paired though prominent pleurocentra on each side above and behind, forming anchoring points for the ribs.
This form of complex backbone was found in some crossopterygian fish, the Ichthyostegalia, most Temnospondyli and some Reptiliomorpha. Primitive reptiles kept the complex rachitomous vertebrae, but with the pleurocentra being the more dominant. As a phylogenetic unit, the Rachitomi thus are a paraphyletic unit.
References
Prehistoric amphibians
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20469929
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office%20of%20the%20Comptroller%20General%20of%20Colombia
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Office of the Comptroller General of Colombia
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The Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic of Colombia () is a Colombian independent government institution that acts as the highest form of fiscal control in the country. As such, it has a mission to seek the proper allocation of resources and public funds and contribute to the modernization of the state, by means of continuous improvement in the various public entities. It is one of the Colombian Control Institutions along with the Office of the Inspector General of Colombia.
History
In 1923, after several years of financial crisis, President Pedro Nel Ospina requested an expert committee to study Colombian economic conditions. This committee, led by American economist Edwin Walter Kemmerer (known as The Money Doctor) was called the Kemmerer Mission. Kemmerer had already worked with Latin American governments; that of Mexico in 1917 and of Guatemala in 1919.
Up until then the Court of Auditors () was the accountability agency of the nation, it was an agency of judicial and fiscal nature, but it was part of the Executive Branch. A study led by the Kemmerer Mission, with the assistance of the Colombian Finance Minister Esteban Jaramillo, recommended Congress to create the Bank of the Republic, and the Office of the Comptroller General, and to structure the laws for this function using those already existing. The Kemmerer Mission recommended the creation of the Office of the Comptroller General after considering that it could establish the necessary means for imposing a strict observance of the laws and administrative norms in the management of resources and public funds.
Government introduced new legislation in Congress following the recommendations of the Kemmerer Mission. Law 42 of 1923 was passed by Congress, being signed by the President of the Senate Luis de Greiff, and the President of the Chamber of Representatives Ignacio Moreno. The new law was approved and signed by President Nel Ospina and his Minister of Finance Gabriel Posada, and finally ratified by Congress on July 19, 1923.
The Office of the Comptroller General began functioning on September 1, 1923, when Law 42 took effect. The first Comptroller General of the Republic was Eugenio Andrade, who was appointed by President Ospina. The current Comptroller General is Carlos Felipe Córdoba Larrarte.
References
Government agencies established in 1923
Colombian Control Institutions
Supreme audit institutions
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20469936
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora%20Township%2C%20Benson%20County%2C%20North%20Dakota
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Aurora Township, Benson County, North Dakota
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Aurora Township is a civil township in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 28.
References
Townships in Benson County, North Dakota
Townships in North Dakota
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44498929
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillellus%20adonis
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Suillellus adonis
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Suillellus adonis is a species of bolete fungus described from Croatia. Originally described as a species of Boletus in 2002, it was transferred to Suillellus in 2014, based on melacular phylogenetic data. This apparently rare fungus is so far known only from the islands of Cres and Cyprus.
References
External links
adonis
Fungi described in 2002
Fungi of Europe
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6904740
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%20Hermann%20Quincke
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Georg Hermann Quincke
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Georg Hermann Quincke FRSFor HFRSE (; November 19, 1834 – January 13, 1924) was a German physicist.
Biography
Born in Frankfurt-on-Oder, Quincke was the son of prominent physician Geheimer Medicinal-Rath Hermann Quincke and the older brother of physician Heinrich Quincke.
Quincke received his Ph. D. in 1858 at Berlin, having previously studied also at Königsberg and at Heidelberg. He became privatdocent at Berlin in 1859, professor at Berlin in 1865, professor at Würzburg in 1872, and in 1875 was called to be professor of physics at Heidelberg, where he remained until his retirement in 1907. His doctor's dissertation was on the subject of the capillary constant of mercury, and his investigations of all capillary phenomena are classical.
In September 1860, Quincke was one of the participants in the Karlsruhe Congress, the first international conference of chemistry worldwide. He and Adolf von Baeyer represented the University of Berlin in Congress.
Quincke also did important work in the experimental study of the reflection of light, especially from metallic surfaces, and carried on prolonged researches on the subject of the influence of electric forces upon the constants of different forms of matter, modifying the dissociation hypothesis of Clausius.
"Quincke's interference tube" is an apparatus used to demonstrate interference phenomena of sound waves.
Quincke received a D. C. L. from Oxford and an LL. D. from Cambridge and from Glasgow and was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1885 he published Geschichte des physikalischen Instituts der Universität Heidelberg.
Quincke died in Heidelberg at age 89. It is believed that Quincke was the last living participant of the Karlsruhe Congress.
Notes
See also
History of cell membrane theory
References
"Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke". Who Named It? (Retrieved January 23, 2007).
1834 births
1924 deaths
19th-century German physicists
People from Frankfurt (Oder)
People from the Province of Brandenburg
University of Königsberg alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Heidelberg University faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
University of Würzburg faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
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20469952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo%20Day%20Trip
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Tokyo Day Trip
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Tokyo Day Trip is a live EP by Pat Metheny with bassist Christian McBride and drummer Antonio Sanchez released on May 20, 2008. The album was recorded live at Blue Note Tokyo in Tokyo, Japan.
Track listing
Personnel
Pat Metheny – guitar, electric sitar, baritone and acoustic guitars
Christian McBride – double bass
Antonio Sánchez – drums, orchestra bells
Technical staff
Recorded by David Oakes
Assisted by Carolyn Chrzan
Mixed by Pete Karam
Project Coordinator: David Sholemson
Tour Manager: Jerry Wortman
References
Pat Metheny live albums
2008 live albums
Nonesuch Records EPs
Instrumental albums
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6904746
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20to%20Find
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Hard to Find
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Hard to Find may refer to:
"Hard to Find", a song by The American Analog Set from their 2003 album Promise of Love
"Hard to Find", a song by Codeine from the EP Barely Real
"Hard to Find", a song by The National from their album Trouble Will Find Me
"Hard to Find", a song by Skillet from their 2013 album Rise
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20469966
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookclub%20%28radio%20programme%29
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Bookclub (radio programme)
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Bookclub is a monthly programme, devised by Olivia Seligman and hosted by Jim Naughtie and broadcast on BBC Radio 4. Each month a novel is selected, and its author invited to discuss it. The title of the chosen work for the next recording is announced at the end of each broadcast; this allows listeners to read the book in advance, and those who attend recording to prepare questions which they can then put to the author.
See also
Books in the United Kingdom
External links
Bookclub at RadioListings.co.uk
BBC Radio 4 programmes
Literary radio programs
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6904757
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett%20Strommen
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Garrett Strommen
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Garrett Strommen is an American actor, entrepreneur, author, and visual artist born on October 8, 1982 in St. Louis, Missouri.
Career
Before his big break in the movie I Dreamed of Africa with Daniel Craig and Kim Basinger in 2000, he got his start in Italy with school productions. He lived in Rome, for over 8 years where he attended St. Stephen's International School and went on to win the Reverend Wilbur C. Woodhams Medal for excellence in the arts. His father is Kim Strommen, who served as Dean of Temple University Rome's study abroad campus for 25 years and his mother is Genell Miller, a visual artist and art professor. In 2006 he graduated from the prestigious creative writing program at UCLA cum laude. He is currently the founder and president of Strommen Inc., a private language instruction and translation company and an angel investor in Rufus Labs. Acting roles include recurring roles in the TV drama 7th Heaven, an appearance as the victim in Cold Case and an appearance on Without a Trace. Recently, he was in an episode of CSI: NY, Heroes (TV series) and a cameo in "Dead of Night," a film based on the Italian comic book Dylan Dog.
He is fluent in English, Italian and Spanish. He likes painting and sculpting.
External links
Strommen
1982 births
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
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23574984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20pacification%20campaign%20on%20Formosa
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Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa
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A series of military actions and diplomatic moves were undertaken in 1635 and 1636 by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Dutch-era Taiwan (Formosa) aimed at subduing hostile aboriginal villages in the southwestern region of the island. Prior to the campaign the Dutch had been in Formosa for eleven years, but did not control much of the island beyond their principal fortress at Tayouan (present-day Anping, Tainan), and an alliance with the town of Sinkan. The other aboriginal villages in the area conducted numerous attacks on the Dutch and their allies, with the chief belligerents being the village of Mattau, who in 1629 ambushed and slaughtered a group of sixty Dutch soldiers.
After receiving reinforcements from the colonial headquarters at Batavia, the Dutch launched an attack in 1635 and were able to crush opposition and bring the area around present-day Tainan fully under their control. After seeing that Mattau and Soulang, the most powerful villages in the area, were overpowered by Dutch force overwhelmingly, many other villages in the surrounding area came to the Dutch to seek peace and surrender sovereignty. Thus the Dutch were able to dramatically expand the extent of their territorial control in a short time, and avoid the need for further fighting. The campaign ended in February 1636, when representatives from twenty-eight villages attended a ceremony in Tayouan to cement Dutch sovereignty.
Solidifying the southwest under their rule, the Dutch were able to expand their operations from the limited entrepôt trading carried out by the colony prior to 1635. The expanded territory allowed access to the deer trade, which later became very lucrative, and provided secure food supplies. The new territorial acquisitions provided fertile land, which the Dutch began to bring many Chinese laborers to farm. The aboriginal villages also provided warriors to aid the Dutch in times of trouble, notably in the Lamey Island Massacre of 1636, the Dutch defeat of the Spanish in 1642 and the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652. The allied villages also provided opportunities for Dutch missionaries to spread their faith. The pacification campaign is considered the foundation on which the later success of the colony was built.
Background
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in southern Formosa in 1624 and, after building their stronghold of Fort Zeelandia on the peninsula of Tayouan, began to sound out local villages as to the possibility of forming alliances. Although initially the intention was to run the colony solely as an entrepôt (a trading port), the Dutch later decided that they needed control over the hinterland to provide some security. Additionally, a large percentage of supplies for the Dutch colonists had to be shipped from Batavia at great expense and irregular intervals, and the government of the fledgling colony was keen to source foodstuffs and other supplies locally. The Company decided to ally with the closest village, the relatively small Sinkan, who were able to supply them firewood, venison and fish. However, relations with the other villages were not so friendly. The aboriginal settlements of the area were involved in more or less constant low-level warfare with each other (head-hunting raids and looting of property), and an alliance with Sinkan put the Dutch at odds with the foes of that village. In 1625 the Dutch bought a piece of land from the Sinkaners for the sum of fifteen cangans (a kind of cloth), where they then built the town of Sakam for Dutch and Chinese merchants.
Initially other villages in the area, chiefly Mattau, Soulang and Bakloan, also professed their desire to live in peace with the Dutch. The villages saw that it was in their interest to maintain good relations with the newcomers, but this belief was weakened by a series of incidents between 1625 and 1629. The earliest of these was a Dutch attack on Chinese pirates in the bay of Wancan, not far from Mattau, in 1625. The pirates were able to drive off the Dutch soldiers, causing the Dutch to lose face among the Formosan villages. Encouraged by this Dutch failure, warriors from Mattau raided Sinkan, believing the Dutch too weak to defend their Formosan friends. At this point, the Dutch returned to Wancan and this time were able to rout the pirates, restoring their reputation. Mattau was then forced by the colonials to return the property stolen from Sinkan and make reparations in the form of two pigs. The peace was short-lived, however, because in November 1626 the villagers of Sinkan attacked Mattau and Bakloan, before going to the Dutch to ask for protection from retribution. Although the Dutch were able to force Sinkan's enemies to back down in this case, in later incidents they proved incapable of fully protecting their Formosan allies.
Frustrated by the inability of the Dutch to protect them, the Sinkan villagers turned to Japanese traders, who were not on friendly terms with the VOC. In 1627 a delegation from the village visited Japan in order to ask for Japanese protection and to offer sovereignty to the Japanese Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu. The Shōgun refused them an audience, but on their return to Formosa the Sinkan villagers, along with their erstwhile foes from Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang, went to Governor Nuyts to demand that the company pay an annual tribute to the villages for operating on their land. The Governor refused. Soon after, the Japanese isolationist policy of sakoku removed Japanese support for the Formosans, leaving Sinkan once more at the mercy of its rivals, prompting missionary George Candidius to write that "this village Sinkan has been until now under Dutch protection, and without this protection it would not stand for even a month." In 1629 however the Dutch were unable to defend either themselves or their allies. Governor Nuyts went to Mattau on an official (friendly) visit with a guard of sixty musketeers, who were fêted on their arrival. After leaving the village the next morning, the musketeers were ambushed while crossing a stream and slaughtered to a man, by warriors of both Mattau and Soulang. The Governor had a lucky escape as he had returned to Fort Zeelandia the previous evening.
Shortly after the massacre Governor Nuyts was recalled by the VOC governor-general in Batavia for various offences, including responsibility for the souring of relations with the Japanese. Hans Putmans replaced Nuyts as governor, and immediately wanted to attack the ringleaders in Mattau, but the village was judged too strong to assault directly. Therefore, the Dutch moved against the weaker Bakloan, who they believed sheltered proponents of the massacre, setting out on 23 November 1629, and returning later that day "having killed many people and burned most of the village." The Bakloan villagers sued for peace, and Mattau too signed a nine-month peace accord with the company. However, in the years that followed, the Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang villagers continued a concerted campaign to harass employees of the company, particularly those who were rebuilding structures destroyed by the Mattauers in Sakam. The situation showed no signs of improvement for the Dutch, until relations between Mattau and Soulang soured in late 1633 and early 1634. The two villages went to war in May 1634, and although Mattau won the fight, the company was happy to see divisions among the villages which it felt it could exploit.
Dutch retaliation
Although both Governor Nuyts and subsequently Governor Putmans wanted to move against Mattau, the garrison at Fort Zeelandia numbered only 400, of which 210 were soldiers – not enough to undertake a major campaign without leaving the Dutch fortress guard under-strength. After persistent unheeded requests from the two governors, in 1635 Batavia finally sent a force of 475 soldiers to Taiwan, to "avenge the murder of the expeditionary force against Mattau in 1629, to increase the prestige of the Company, and to obtain the respect and authority, necessary for the protection of the Chinese who had come all the way from China, to cultivate the land."
By this stage, relations with the other villages had also deteriorated to the extent that even Sinkan, previously thought to be tightly bound to the Dutch, was plotting rebellion. The missionary Robert Junius, who lived among the natives, wrote that "rebels in Sinkan have conspired against our state . . . and [are planning] to murder and beat to death the missionaries and soldiers in Sinkan." The governor in Tayouan moved quickly to quell the uprising, sending eighty soldiers to the village and arresting some of the key conspirators. With potential disaster averted in Sinkan, the Dutch were further encouraged by the news that Mattau and Soulang, their principal enemies, were being ravaged by smallpox, whereas Sinkan, now back under Dutch control, was spared the disease – this being viewed as a divine sign that the Dutch were righteous.
On 22 November 1635, the newly arrived forces set out for Bakloan, headed by Governor Putmans. Junius joined him with a group of native warriors from Sinkan, who had been persuaded to take part by the clergyman in order to further good relations between themselves and the VOC. The plan was initially to rest there for the night, before attacking Mattau the next morning, but the Dutch forces received word that the Mattau villagers had learned of their approach and planned to flee. They therefore decided to press on and attack that evening, succeeding in surprising the Mattau warriors and subduing the village without a fight. The Dutch summarily executed 26 men of the village, before setting fire to the houses and returning to Bakloan.
On the way back to Fort Zeelandia, the troops stopped in Bakloan, Sinkan and Sakam, at each step warning the chiefs of the village of the price of angering the VOC, and obtaining guarantees of friendly conduct in the future. The village of Soulang sent two representatives to the Dutch while they were resting in Sinkan, offering a spear and a hatchet as a symbol that they would ally their forces to the Dutch. Also present with offers of friendship were men from (modern-day Yujing District), a collection of three villages in the hills previously outside Dutch influence. Finally two chiefs from Mattau arrived, kow-towing to the Dutch officials and wishing to sue for peace.
The aborigines signalled their surrender by sending a few of their best weapons to the Dutch, and then by bringing a small tree (often betel nut) planted in earth from their village as a token of the granting of sovereignty to the VOC. Over the next few months as word of the Dutch victory spread, more and more villages came to pay their respects at Fort Zeelandia and assure the VOC of their friendly intentions. However, the new masters of Mattau also inherited their enemies, with both Favorlang and Tirosen expressing hostility towards the VOC in the wake of their victory.
After the victory over Mattau the governor decided to make use of the soldiers to cow other recalcitrant villages, starting with Taccariang, who had previously killed both VOC employees and Sinkan villagers. The villagers first fought with the Sinkanders who were acting as a vanguard, but on receiving a volley from the Dutch musketeers the Taccariang warriors turned and fled. The VOC forces entered the village unopposed, and burnt it to the ground. From Taccariang they moved on to Soulang, where they arrested warriors who had participated in the 1629 massacre of sixty Dutch soldiers and torched their houses. The last stop on the campaign trail was Tevorang, which had previously sheltered wanted men from other villages. This time the governor decided to use diplomacy, offering gifts and assurances of friendship, with the consequences of resistance left implicit. The Tevorangans took the hint, and offered no opposition to Dutch rule.
Pax Hollandica
On hearing of the Dutch show of force, aboriginal tribes from further afield decided to submit to Dutch rule, either through fear of Dutch military might or hope that such an alliance would prove beneficial to the tribe. Representatives came from Pangsoia (Pangsoya; modern-day Linbian, Pingtung), 100 km to the south, to ally themselves with the VOC. The Dutch decided to hold a landdag (a grand convention) to welcome all the villages into the fold and impress them with Dutch largesse and power. This duly took place on 22 February 1636, with 28 villages represented from southern and central Formosa. The governor presented the attendees with robes and staffs of state to symbolise their position, and Robert Junius wrote that "it was delightful to see the friendliness of these people when they met for the first time, to notice how they kissed each other and gazed at one another. Such a thing had never before been witnessed in this country, as one tribe was nearly always waging war against another."
The net effect of the Dutch campaign was a pax Hollandica (Dutch peace), assuring VOC control in the southwest of the island. The Dutch called their new area of control the Verenigde Dorpen (United Villages), a deliberate allusion to the United Provinces of their homeland. The campaign was vital to the success and growth of the Dutch colony, which had operated as more of a trading post than a true colony until that point.
Other pacification campaigns
Earlier
In 1629, the third governor of Dutch Formosa, Pieter Nuyts, dispatched 63 Dutch soldiers to Mattau with the excuse of "arresting Chinese pirates". The effort was impeded by the local indigenous Taivoan people, as they had been resentful at the Dutch colonists who invaded and slaughtered many of their people. On the way back, the 63 Dutch soldiers were drowned by the indigenous people of Mattau, resulting in the retaliation of Pieter Nuyts and later the Mattau Incident (麻豆社事件) in 1635.
On November 23, 1635, Nuyts led 500 Dutch soldiers and 500 Siraya soldiers from Sinckan to assail Mattau, killing 26 tribal people and burning all the buildings in Mattau. On December 18, Mattau surrendered and signed the Mattau Act (麻豆條約) with the Dutch governor. In this act, Mattau agreed to grant all the land inherited or controlled and all the properties owned by the people of Mattau to the Dutch. The Mattau Act has two significant meanings in the history of Taiwan:
Later
Multiple aboriginal villages rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to oppression, such as when the Dutch ordered aboriginal women for sex, deer pelts, and rice be given to them from aborigines in the Taipei basin in Wu-lao-wan village, which sparked a rebellion in December 1652 at the same time as the Chinese rebellion. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan aborigines and in a subsequent fight 30 aboriginals and another two Dutch people died. After an embargo of salt and iron on Wu-lao-wan, the aboriginals were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.
Notes
References
1630s conflicts
1630s in Dutch Formosa
1635 in Taiwan
1636 in Taiwan
17th century in Taiwan
Dutch Formosa
Military history of the Dutch East India Company
Military history of Taiwan
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6904767
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky%20Walker
|
Nicky Walker
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Joseph Nicol Walker (born 29 September 1962) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played as a goalkeeper for several clubs in Scotland and England. Walker was selected for many Scotland squads during the 1990s, earning two international caps.
Football career
Club
A product of Highland League club Elgin City, Walker signed for Leicester City aged 17. He didn't settle in the Midlands though, and returned to Scotland within the year, signing for Motherwell in 1981. Two years later he signed for Rangers, where he soon established himself as their first choice goalkeeper. The arrival of Chris Woods as part of the Souness revolution meant that Walker lost his place. Walker did play in the 1987 Scottish League Cup Final against Aberdeen, which Rangers won after a penalty shoot-out, while injuries to Woods the following season also meant Walker deputised in twelve games to earn a Scottish League title medal.
Walker joined Heart of Midlothian in a £125,000 deal in 1990. His time at Tynecastle developed into a see-saw battle with Henry Smith for the starting goalkeeping role, both men earning international recognition when in the Hearts first team but enduring significant spells on the sidelines. Smith eventually won the duel and, after a loan spell with Burnley, Walker moved to Partick Thistle in 1994 in a part-exchange deal for Craig Nelson.
Firhill proved a happy home for Walker, and he enjoyed his most consistent period in the West of Glasgow. When Thistle were relegated in 1996, his form was sufficient to earn a £60,000 move to high-flying Aberdeen. He left Pittodrie in 1999 after he was supplanted by Derek Stillie, winding down his career with short spells at Ross County and Inverness Caledonian Thistle.
International
Walker earned two international caps for Scotland, making his debut in a 1–0 defeat by Germany in 1993. His only other appearance was three years later, against the United States. Walker was selected as a reserve goalkeeper in the Scotland squad for UEFA Euro 1996.
Personal life
Walker's family company is Walkers Shortbread, based in the Speyside village of Aberlour, Morayshire, in north east Scotland. He joined the firm following his retirement from football, becoming a director.
References
External links
London Hearts Profile
1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Aberdeen
Scottish footballers
Scotland international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
UEFA Euro 1996 players
Elgin City F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Ross County F.C. players
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Association football goalkeepers
Highland Football League players
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44498959
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Gaviglio
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Sam Gaviglio
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Samuel Joseph Gaviglio (born May 22, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Kansas City Royals, and Toronto Blue Jays, and in the KBO League for the SSG Landers. Prior to playing professionally, he played college baseball for the Oregon State Beavers.
Amateur career
Gaviglio attended Ashland High School in Ashland, Oregon, graduating in 2008. He starred for his school's baseball team in his senior year; Gaviglio pitched to a 13–0 win–loss record with an earned run average (ERA) below 0.60, led Ashland High to victory in the Oregon state championship game, and was named the Class 5A Pitcher of the Year. The Tampa Bay Rays selected Gaviglio in the 40th round of the 2008 MLB draft, but he did not sign.
Gaviglio enrolled at Oregon State University to play college baseball for the Oregon State Beavers baseball team. As a freshman, Gaviglio pitched to a 10–1 win–loss record and a 2.73 ERA, and he was named a Freshman All-American. His sophomore year was limited by an injured hamstring. In his junior year, Gaviglio began the season with a streak of scoreless innings pitched. He ended the season with a 12–2 win–loss record and a 1.87 ERA. Gaviglio was named to the All-Pacific-10 Conference's first team, Louisville Slugger named him a second-team All-American, and he was named a semifinalist for the Golden Spikes Award.
Professional career
St. Louis Cardinals
The St. Louis Cardinals selected Gaviglio in the fifth round, with the 170th overall selection, of the 2011 MLB draft. He signed with the Cardinals, receiving a $175,000 signing bonus, rather than return to Oregon State for his senior year. He made his professional debut with the Batavia Muckdogs of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League. In 2013, Gaviglio pitched for the Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, and had a 4–1 win–loss record and a 2.72 ERA in innings pitched. He missed months of the 2013 season recovering from a right forearm strain. After the season, the Cardinals assigned him to the Salt River Rafters of the Arizona Fall League.
In 2014, the Cardinals invited Gaviglio to spring training as a non-roster player. Gaviglio pitched for the Springfield Cardinals of the Class AA Texas League, completing the season with a 5–12 win–loss record and a 4.28 ERA in innings pitched. While his season began with a 5.42 ERA in his first 14 games started, he finished the season with a 2.90 ERA in his final 11 games.
Seattle Mariners
After the season, the Cardinals traded Gaviglio to the Seattle Mariners for Ty Kelly. On May 11, 2017, he made his major league debut for the Mariners against the Toronto Blue Jays at Rogers Centre in Toronto.
Kansas City Royals
On September 1, Gaviglio was claimed off waivers by the Kansas City Royals. He was added to the active roster for the rest of the season and pitched at a 3.00 ERA over 12 innings.
Toronto Blue Jays
On March 21, 2018, Gaviglio was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations. He was recalled by the Blue Jays on May 11. Gaviglio spent most of the season in the Blue Jays rotation, finishing with a 3–10 record over 24 starts and 2 relief appearances. He struck out 105 batters in innings. Gaviglio was designated for assignment on September 1, 2020, and released on September 4.
Texas Rangers
On January 30, 2021, Gaviglio signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers organization and was invited to Spring Training. In 5 games for the Triple-A Round Rock Express, he recorded a 2-1 record and 5.13 ERA.
SSG Landers
On June 4, 2021, Gaviglio’s contract was sold to the SSG Landers of the KBO League. He made his KBO debut on July 2 against the Lotte Giants, pitching 5.2 innings of 4-run ball with 2 strikeouts. Over the season, Gaviglio made 15 starts for SSG, going 6–4 with a 5.86 ERA and 70 strikeouts.
Los Angeles Dodgers
On January 28, 2022, Gaviglio signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched in 17 games for the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers (nine of which were starts), with a 6–4 record and 6.35 ERA. He was placed on the injured list on July 23 and remained there the rest of the season. He elected free agency on November 10, 2022.
Personal life
Gaviglio's brother, Gus, also starred for Ashland's baseball team. His long time girlfriend, also from Ashland, is Alaina Findlay. He is distantly related to former MLB player and manager Ralph Houk. , Gaviglio is married, with two daughters: Livia, born 2018, and Gianna, born 2020.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American sportspeople of Italian descent
Ashland High School (Oregon) alumni
Baseball players from Oregon
Batavia Muckdogs players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Gulf Coast Cardinals players
Jackson Generals (Southern League) players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
Oregon State Beavers baseball players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Quad Cities River Bandits players
Round Rock Express players
Salt River Rafters players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Ashland, Oregon
Springfield Cardinals players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
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44498971
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemake
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Freemake
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Freemake is a software brand by Ellora Assets Corporation. It can refer to:
Freemake Audio Converter
Freemake Music Box
Freemake Video Converter
Freemake Video Downloader
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6904775
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeling%20%28book%29
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Reeling (book)
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Reeling is Pauline Kael's fifth collection of movie reviews, covering the years 1972 through 1975. First published in 1976 by Little Brown, the book is largely composed of movie reviews, ranging from her famous review of Last Tango in Paris to her review of A Woman Under the Influence, but it also contains a longer essay entitled "On the Future of Movies" as well as a book review of The Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers Book, by fellow The New Yorker dance critic Arlene Croce. In 2010, four film critics polled by the British Film Institute listed Reeling among their favorite books related to cinema.
Reeling is out-of-print in the United States, but is still published by Marion Boyars Publishers in the United Kingdom.
References
1976 non-fiction books
Books of film criticism
Books about film
Books by Pauline Kael
American non-fiction books
Little, Brown and Company books
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20469978
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melibe
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Melibe
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Melibe is a genus of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Tethydidae.
Most nudibranchs are carnivores, but their prey is usually sessile or slow-moving animals such as sponges or bryozoans. In contrast, Melibe is an active predator which traps fast-moving free-swimming animals such as small crustaceans, using its extendable oral hood.
Species
Species within the genus Melibe include 17 valid species:
Species inquirenda:
Melibe capucina Bergh, 1875
Melibe lonchocera (E. von Martens, 1879)
Melibe ocellata Bergh, 1888
References
Further reading
Gosliner, T.M. 1987. Nudibranchs of Southern Africa
External links
iNaturalist
Tethydidae
Gastropod genera
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44498992
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duets%202001
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Duets 2001
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Duets 2001 is an album by American jazz saxophonist Fred Anderson with former Sun Ra drummer Robert Barry, which, despite the title, was recorded live in 1999 at Chicago's Empty Bottle after having performed together only once before. It was released on the Thrill Jockey label.
Reception
In his review for AllMusic, Glenn Astarita states "Duets 2001 is a rousing success, as the duo embarks upon a series of mid-tempo swing vamps atop free bop-style dialogue and brisk interplay, thanks to Anderson's corpulent tone, limberly executed lines, and Barry's polyrhythmic swing beats."
The Penguin Guide to Jazz says "Barry is a powerful drummer, well used to marshalling the most chaotic and anarchic of ensembles, but here he can be quite delicate, and only a recording of this quality would have captured all of his quieter figures."
The All About Jazz review by Mark Corroto notes that "While this session is billed as an improvising occasion, the duo is anything but loose and no musical idea finds a dead end. It seems that for every action one player takes, there is the positive reaction by the other."
In an article for the Chicago Reader, Neil Tesser claims "I've been listening to tenor saxophonist Fred Anderson for about 30 years, and I can't recall a more joyful, liberated, lyrical example of his playing than his latest disc, Duets 2001".
Track listing
"Bouncing" - 13:05
"Speed Way" - 8:17
"Taps" - 8:46
"Off Blue" - 8:41
"We" - 6:20
"Dark Day" - 7:59
Personnel
Fred Anderson - tenor sax
Robert Barry - drums
References
2001 live albums
Fred Anderson (musician) live albums
Thrill Jockey live albums
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20469980
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everts%20Air%20Cargo
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Everts Air Cargo
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Everts Air Cargo is an American Part 121 airline based in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. It operates D.O.D, scheduled and charter airline cargo within Alaska, Canada, Mexico and the continental United States. Its maintenance base is Fairbanks International Airport with its major cargo hub at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. The company slogan is Legendary Aircraft. Extraordinary Service.
History
Everts Air Cargo, established as Air Cargo Express, is the sister company of Everts Air Fuel, that specializes in fuel transport throughout the state of Alaska and into Canada.
Destinations
See Everts Air destinations.
Anchorage, Aniak, Bethel, Dillingham, Emmonak, Fairbanks, Galena, Illiamna, King Salmon, Kotzebue, Nome, St. Mary's, Unalakleet, Togiak
Fleet
As of October 2022, the active Everts Air Cargo fleet includes eighteen aircraft:
1 Boeing 727-200
10 Douglas DC-6
2 Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando (cargo only)
1 Douglas DC-9 (cargo only)
2 McDonnell Douglas MD-80 (cargo only)
A further fourteen aircraft (three DC-9, two MD-80, three BAe 146-300QT, six DC-6 and one C-46) are inactive or in storage.
Operating the Douglas DC-6
Since Northern Air Cargo abandoned their regular service with the Douglas DC-6, Everts Air Cargo is the last airline in the USA to operate scheduled flights with a rather large fleet of 60-year-old piston-powered aircraft. In a 2007 video interview, the Anchorage Station Manager stated that the DC-6 was still considered to be a valuable aircraft for operations in the harsh conditions of Alaska, with excellent landing and takeoff performance on gravel runways. The downside is the difficulty to find avgas and the maintenance labor cost. Everts Air Cargo estimates a ratio of 12 hours of maintenance for every single flying hour. Spare parts could also be a problem but Everts Air Cargo anticipates they will have enough in stock to keep the last DC-6 flying beyond 2020.
References
1-
External links
Everts Air Cargo
1993 establishments in Alaska
Airlines based in Alaska
Cargo airlines of the United States
Companies based in Fairbanks, Alaska
Airlines established in 1993
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44498994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midalja%20g%C4%A7all-Qadi%20tar-Repubblika
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Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika
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The Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika (Medal for Service to the Republic) is a medal of the Republic of Malta. The medal is awarded by the President of Malta, with the written approval of the Prime Minister of Malta, for distinguished service to Malta. The award is presented to Maltese citizens and organizations, but may be awarded to foreigners on an honorary basis for service which merits recognition. No more than ten Maltese citizens may be awarded the medal over the course of a year. The medal may be awarded posthumously.
Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the post-nominal M.Q.R.
Appearance
The Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika is a five-pointed white enamel star wide with beveled rays between the arms of the star. The obverse bears the Coat of Arms of Malta on a gold colored metal disc superimposed over the star. The top point of the star bears the inscription 1975 in gold. The reverse depicts, in relief, a map of the Maltese Islands. The map is surrounded by a wreath. Below the wreath is the inscription Għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika (For Service to the Republic). The ribbon of the medal is wide half white and half red. When worn by a lady, the ribbon is fashioned into a bow.
See also
Orders, decorations, and medals of Malta
References
Orders, decorations, and medals of Malta
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23574992
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20image%20of%20Rudy%20Giuliani
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Public image of Rudy Giuliani
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Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001, and a candidate for President of the United States in 2008, Rudy Giuliani was both glorified and criticized in the public sphere for his past actions. Many credited him with reducing crime and improving the city's economy and lauded his leadership during the September 11, 2001 attacks and his coordination of the emergency response in the immediate aftermath. Others disapproved of his policies and political positions as Mayor and candidate and criticized the perceived glorification of his role in the aftermath of 9/11 during the 2008 campaign.
Poll numbers throughout 2007 suggested that Giuliani was the front-runner among other Republican candidates for the party's 2008 presidential nomination. Although the status fell with his looming exit from the race, Giuliani continued to be perceived as strong on terrorism.
Philosophy
Giuliani is a Roman Catholic who is pro-choice, supports same-sex civil unions, and embryonic stem cell research. As a candidate in 2008, Giuliani did not stray from his stances, remarking that it is better to make abortion rare and increase the number of adoptions rather than to criminalize the practice. As mayor, the abortion rate in New York City dropped by 16% in comparison to the 12% drop nationally. Adoptions raised by 133% while he was mayor. Some social conservatives accepted this as a reason for their support of Giuliani, contending that his position on abortion was the most pragmatic view taken by an anti-abortion candidate in the 2008 election. They also approved of his pledge as a presidential candidate, that he would nominate Supreme Court Justices in the mold of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy (all Ronald Reagan appointees or former colleagues of Giuliani's from the Reagan Justice Department).
But some anti-abortion groups, such as the Republican National Coalition for Life, strongly opposed Giuliani's positions and campaigns. Some Catholic archbishops came forward arguing that his views on abortion were not consistent with the teachings of the Catholic Church. Joseph Cella, president of a Catholic advocacy group in Michigan stated, "It's becoming ever more clear that Rudy Giuliani suffers from John Kerry syndrome. It's just a matter of time before more bishops step up, because he shares the identical position on abortion as John Kerry and Hillary Clinton." Giuliani declined to discuss his religion when asked if he considered himself a "traditional, practicing Roman Catholic." Giuliani stated that his religion is a personal matter and that there should not be any religious test for public office. He explained further stating:
James Dobson, an influential Christian conservative leader, wrote that he could not fathom Giuliani's stance on the abortion issue and he would not vote for him if he were the Republican presidential nominee. He also cited Giuliani's three marriages and the former mayor's support for civil unions for gays as reasons why he could not support the candidate. Dobson wrote, "I cannot, and will not, vote for Rudy Giuliani in 2008. It is an irrevocable decision."
However, conservative political pundit George Will wrote near the end of Giuliani's time as mayor that he had run the most conservative government in America in the last 50 or 60 years. An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports showed that the American public perceives Giuliani overall to be a moderate. Specifically, of those polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.
Family life
Giuliani has been married three times. The dissolution of his marriage with Donna Hanover was detailed extensively in the news media. The circumstances of the separation along with his previous marriage to his second cousin also caused problems for Giuliani during his presidential run. At a public appearance in Derry, New Hampshire on August 16, 2007 an audience member, Katherine Prudhomme-O'Brien asked him, "[H]ow you could expect the loyal following of Americans when you are not getting it from your own family?"
Giuliani replied, "I love my family very, very much and will do anything for them. ... The best thing I can say is kind of, 'Leave my family alone, just like I'll leave your family alone.' "
Leadership
Supporters of Giuliani claim that while he was mayor of New York he displayed leadership skills in the aftermath of the World Trade Center Attacks. In 2002, Giuliani released a book called Leadership in which he gave techniques that he used while he was mayor. According to a Gallup Poll, taken February 9–11 2007, respondents who supported Giuliani for president were asked why they supported him. The results showed that 13% of supporters did so because of Giuliani's strong leadership and 53% did so because of leadership related topics such as time as mayor and handling of 9/11. Another poll taken by Marist, showed that 42% of Giuliani supporters believed that leadership is the most important quality for a candidate, this is compared to 34% of McCain supporters who believed the same.
However, Giuliani also has been criticized by vocal opponents from his mayoral days, homing in on Giuliani's support for the NYPD during the racially charged cases of Abner Louima and Amadou Diallo and his crackdown on porn shops in Times Square. In November 2006, civil-rights lawyer and frequent Giuliani critic Norman Siegel pledged to "swift boat" the former Mayor by bringing attention to these and other controversies.
A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll conducted November 28, 2007 found that in the state of Florida, where Giuliani campaigned most often during his presidential campaign, 53% of voters found Giuliani to be the best candidate to fight the War on Terrorism. 33% of the Florida voters found Giuliani to be the best to deal with the Iraq conflict and 34% viewed him as the best candidate concerning economic issues.
Crime record
At the time Giuliani became Mayor, 2,000 murders occurred every year and 11,000 crimes occurred every week in New York City. With Giuliani as the mayor the crime rate dropped by 56% and is now considered one of the safest big cities in the country. Supporters of Giuliani contend that this is evidence of his leadership skills and efficiency.
Statistics show that between 1993 and 1997 the decrease New York City crime accounted for 25% of the nation's overall crime decrease.
Giuliani spokeswoman Maria Comella said, "Mayor Giuliani successfully worked to get guns out of the hands of criminals in order to transform a city out of control. By being tough on crime and enforcing the laws on the books, New York City's murder rate was cut by 66 percent."
However, the FBI warned against drawing broad conclusions from the decrease in crime. "These rough rankings provide no insight into the numerous variables that mold crime in a particular city. Consequently they lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions."
9/11
Giuliani is best known for his leadership role during the September 11 attacks. In the aftermath of the attacks, Giuliani gained the moniker "America's Mayor" and was named Time Magazine Person of the Year in 2001. His campaign used this image of leadership during crisis to drive his presidential campaign. Because of this, however, he was sometimes criticized and often parodied for over-emphasizing the importance of 9/11 and terrorism-related issues while campaigning. Joe Biden famously remarked of Giuliani, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence – a noun, a verb, and 9/11.", and Comedy Central's The Daily Show had a recurring animation with an anthropomorphized "9" and "11" that played when lampooning the former mayor's 9/11 use. A BBC associate said, "Mr Giuliani's appeal as the man who led New York through the terrorist attacks is occasionally over-emphasised in his campaign."
The International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter in 2007, accusing Giuliani of "egregious acts" against the 343 firemen who had died in the September 11th attacks. The letter asserted that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill." The Giuliani campaign stated that the union was politically motivated from tough contract negotiations from Giuliani's second term as mayor and quoted a retired firefighter, Lee Ielphi (a father of 9–11 victim who was called to duty as a firefighter that day), saying "Firefighters have no greater friend and supporter than Rudy Giuliani." The union denied political motivation for the criticism. Jim Riches, an official at a firefighters' union and the father of a fallen Ground Zero firefighter, said, "We have all the UFA, the UFOA, and the fire members are all behind us – the International Association of Fire Fighters. ... And we're going to be out there today to let everybody know that he's not the hero that he says he is." The unions' complaints focus on the malfunctioning radios used by the fire department on September 11, 2001 and what they claim was a lack of coordination at the Ground Zero site.
In response to this image, Giuliani stated at a presidential debate that he "...would like people to look at my whole record. Long before September 11, 2001 ... the reason that I believe I'm qualified to be president of the United States is not because of September 11th, 2001. It's because I've been tested ... and I got very, very remarkable results. And that is the evaluation of other people, not me."
Consideration for Secretary of State in Trump Administration
In November 2016, he was under consideration for Secretary of State in the Trump Administration. In terms of public image, he has received negative press for ties to foreign governments and foreign business activities.
Cultural depictions
Giuliani is known for dressing in drag. He did so on three occasions as Mayor of New York City between 1997 and 2000. Two of the appearances were for public roasts, and another was during an appearance on Saturday Night Live. During the 2000 appearance, Giuliani flirted with real estate mogul Donald Trump. Giuliani adviser Elliot Cuker claimed to have persuaded the politician to dress in drag in order to help him with the gay vote.<ref>Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 53</ref>
Giuliani was supposed to appear as himself on a May 2007 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Stop or My Dog Will Shoot", but his role was cut due to his presidential campaign. However, a "Simpsonized" image of the former Mayor was released for promotional purposes.
Giuliani was portrayed in the November 2019 South Park episode "Season Finale". He is referred to as a "treasonous pig" and not a "good lawyer".
Giuliani appeared in the 2020 film Borat Subsequent Moviefilm. His scene in the mockumentary was widely reported in multiple news sources, as Giuliani is shown reclining on a bed with his hands down the front of his pants while in a hotel room with an actress posing as a news reporter. Multiple sources reported on Giuliani's actions in the scene, with The Guardian calling it a "compromising scene". Giuliani denied any wrongdoing, claiming that the scene with him was "a complete fabrication" and that he had only been tucking in his shirt.
After the Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference, Giuliani was portrayed by Saturday Night Live''s Kate McKinnon on the show's "Weekend Update" news segment.
References
Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani, Rudy
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20469996
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20O%27Conor
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Eugene O'Conor
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Eugene Joseph O'Conor (23 February 1835 – 5 July 1912) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for the Buller electorate, in the South Island.
Private life
Born in Ireland in 1835, O'Conor went to Victoria, Australia in 1854, and came to New Zealand in the early 1860s. He was a cattle dealer and storekeeper. O'Conor had 'several useful inventions patented' and lectured on his opinion that Francis Bacon (Baconian theory) was the author of Shakespeare's plays. He was a significant land owner on the West Coast.
Member of Parliament
O'Conor was a member of the Nelson Provincial Council. From November 1869 to October 1873, he represented the Buller electorate. From May 1874 until the abolition of the Nelson Province in October 1876, he represented the Westport electorate. From June 1874, he was on the Nelson Executive Council for a time (the source does not record an end date).
Eugene O'Conor represented the Buller electorate in the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1871 to 1875 and again between 1884 and 1893. He was known as the 'Buller Lion' for his strong advocacy of local interests and was opposed to 'party government'. O'Conor had advanced ideas and promoted democratic measures, including removing the property qualification for the franchise and having the Legislative Council directly elected by the people.
Death
O'Conor died on 5 July 1912 in Nelson. His wife had pre-deceased him in 1890. They had no children, and he left the majority of his estate to destitute children and old people in Westport.
See also
The Karamea Special Settlement 1874
Notes
References
Karamea: A Story of Success. The Karamea District Centennial 1874-1974 by Dulcie Harmon (2007 Reprint, Buller Printing, Westport)
Independent MPs of New Zealand
Members of the Nelson Provincial Council
Members of Nelson provincial executive councils
New Zealand businesspeople
New Zealand farmers
New Zealand inventors
Irish emigrants to New Zealand (before 1923)
People from Westport, New Zealand
1835 births
1912 deaths
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
19th-century New Zealand politicians
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6904783
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20to%20the%20Bars
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Back to the Bars
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Back to the Bars is a live album by rock musician Todd Rundgren, which was released as a double LP in 1978.
The album was recorded during week-long stints in New York City (The Bottom Line), Los Angeles (The Roxy), and Cleveland (The Agora). The music featured the best of Rundgren's most commercial work spanning seven of the eight solo albums released in the 1970s up to, but not including, his most recent at the time. This effort was in place of rumors of a re-release of his out-of-print first two LPs, Runt, and Runt. The Ballad of Todd Rundgren. The only offering from those were "The Range War", and the bulk of the material came from Something/Anything?, A Wizard, a True Star, Todd, Initiation, and Faithful. The finale included past and present members of Rundgren's Utopia: Roger Powell, Kasim Sulton, John Wilcox, John Siegler, Ralph Schuckett and Moogy Klingman. Also joining in were the Hello People: Norman Smart, Greg Geddes, Bobby Sedita, and Larry Tasse. Special guest stars were Rick Derringer, Spencer Davis, Daryl Hall, John Oates, and Stevie Nicks.
Despite a hard push to replicate the success of Frampton Comes Alive!, Back to the Bars did not generate any significant singles or lift for Rundgren.
Track listing
All tracks written by Todd Rundgren; except where indicated.
Charts
Personnel
Sides 1 and 4 (except hello it's me)
Todd Rundgren – lead vocals, guitar, piano on "A Dream Goes on Forever"
Utopia:
Roger Powell – keyboards, synthesizers, vocals
Kasim Sulton – bass, vocals
John Wilcox – drums, vocals
Sides 2 and 3
Todd Rundgren – lead vocals, guitar
Moogy Klingman – piano
John Siegler – bass
John Wilcox – drums, vocals
The Hello People:
Greg Geddes – lead, backing vocals
Bobby Sedita – rhythm guitar, saxophone, vocals
Norman Smart – drums on "The Range War", vocals
Larry Tasse – synthesizer, vocals
Guest artists
Spencer Davis – harmonica on "The Range War"
Ralph Schuckett – organ on "I Saw the Light" Medley
Rick Derringer – guitar on "Hello It's Me"
Stevie Nicks, Daryl Hall, John Oates, Kasim Sulton, Spencer Davis – vocals on "Hello It's Me"
Technical notes
Hipgnosis – sleeve design and photography
Richard Creamer, Chuck Pulin, Kevin and Michael Ricker – live photography
Rob Davis – guitar technician
Paul Lester – liner notes
Tom Edmonds – mixing
Todd Rundgren – production, mixing
References
Albums with cover art by Hipgnosis
Albums produced by Todd Rundgren
Todd Rundgren albums
1978 live albums
Albums recorded at the Bottom Line
Albums recorded at the Roxy Theatre
Bearsville Records live albums
Rhino Records live albums
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23574994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus%20Revolt%20of%201878
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Epirus Revolt of 1878
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The 1878 revolt in Epirus was the part of a series of Greek uprisings that occurred in various parts of Ottoman-ruled Greece, as in Macedonia and Crete, during the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Although Greek officials individually supported the revolt, the Greek Government, being aware of the international situation in eastern Europe at the time, decided not to do so. With the end of the Russo-Turkish War the revolt was soon suppressed.
Background
On April 24, 1877, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire and soon after a series of battles, the Ottoman defeat was imminent. Meanwhile, unofficial circles in Greece saw the war as a great opportunity to incite revolts in a number of Greek-inhabited regions in the Ottoman Empire: Epirus, Macedonia, Thessalia and Crete.
Preparations
In 1877, two patriotic organizations were formed in Greece in order to organize an upcoming revolt in Epirus: National Defence () and Fraternity (). Soon after, the organizations started to create groups of volunteers and to collect weapons and ammunition. In December, distinguished Epirotes that lived in Athens, including General Michail Spyromilios and Dimitrios Botsaris (son of Notis Botsaris), were ready to lead the uprising, but the Greek Government being aware of that situation intervened and stopped their involvement.
The uprising
First conflicts and declaration of Union with Greece
In February 1878 groups of irregulars passed the Greek-Ottoman border and entered Thessaly and Epirus. The first regions that joined the revolt were Tzoumerka, west of Arta, the region north of Preveza and Radovizio (north Thesprotia). The uprising was however, ill-prepared and the weaknesses were obvious already from the first days. When the first conflicts with Ottoman troops occurred, most of the revolutionaries retreated to Greece. At Plaka, an Ottoman outpost was overcome by an Epirot unit led by a resigned officer of the Greek Army, Hristos Mitsios. However, upon the arrival of 2,000 Ottoman troops from Ioannina, they had to retreat.
Meanwhile, the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878). The sudden end of the Russo-Turkish hostilities had a negative impact on the revolt's outcome. At March 12, representatives of the movement gathered in the village of Botsi (Thesprotia), and declared the Union of Epirus with Greece. Soon after, a significant number of Ottoman troops arrived with troopships in the region and took under control the entire region. The revolutionaries seeing that resistance was futile, retreated behind to the Greek border.
Lappas and Stephanou revolt
Meanwhile, before the revolt in Radovizi was suppressed, a group of 150 armed Epirotes landed in the Saranda region, under the leadership of the guerrilla captains Minoas Lappas and Georgios Stephanou. Soon a greater number of volunteers (700), mainly Epirote refugees from Corfu joined the uprising. Apart from the town of Saranda, they had under control the surrounding regions of Vurgut and Delvina: including the villages of Giasta and Lykoursi, as well as the nearby monastery of St. George.
The Ottoman military commander of Yannina with a force of 6,000 regular troops marched against Saranda. The Ottomans were also supported by irregular bands of Albanians. At March 4, after fierce fighting the revolt ended.
Reprisals
When the revolt in Saranda was finally suppressed, reprisals started. As a result, 20 villages of the region of Delvina were burned while escape routes for the unarmed population were blocked.
Because many distinguished locals (like Kyriakos Kyritsis, later MP in the Greek Parliament) financially supported the revolt, the Ottoman authorities had all their holdings in the Saranda-Butrint region confiscated.
Aftermath
The failure of the 1878 movement in Epirus was mainly due to the unwillingness of the Greek Government to support this initiative actively. On the other hand, the Russo-Turkish War ended too soon, so that the Ottoman troops could quickly move and suppress any form of disturbance.
See also
Cretan revolt (1878)
1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion
Epirus Revolt of 1854
Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)
References
Sources
19th-century rebellions
Conflicts in 1878
1878 in Greece
Epirus 1878
Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
Ottoman Epirus
1878 in the Ottoman Empire
Great Eastern Crisis
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6904790
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo%20Christian%20Schools
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Toledo Christian Schools
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Toledo Christian Schools is a non-denominational, co-educational Christian school in Toledo, Ohio.
Mission
Toledo Christian Schools working with Christian families, provides a college-preparatory Bible-centered educational program to educate, disciple, and prepare students to follow Christ and impact culture.
Academics
Classical Christian Education
Notable alumni
Matt Hammitt, Christian singer, songwriter and author
References
Christian schools in Ohio
Education in Toledo, Ohio
Private schools in Ohio
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23575026
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster%20General%20Act%201782
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Paymaster General Act 1782
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The Paymaster General Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 81) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act abolished the practice of the heads of subordinate Treasuries keeping large sums of public money for long periods, during which they employed them for their own profit. It was repealed by the Paymaster-General Act 1783.
Notes
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782
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44498997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Simon%20%28gynaecologist%29
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Carlos Simon (gynaecologist)
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Carlos Simon (Buñol, province of Valencia, 1961) is a Spanish clinical researcher, gynaecologist and obstetrician.
He was born in Buñol (Valencia). He is married and father of four children. His vocation was to become a doctor.
He became Scientific Director of Igenomix S.L. since the company was created in 2009.
He became Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Valencia (UV) in 2007, Associate Clinic Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Stanford University in 2013 and Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas in 2014.
Career
He took a degree in Medicine and Surgery at the Valencia University (UV) in 1985 obtaining the qualification of Distinction Cum Laude and Extraordinary Degree Award. He obtained a Predoctoral Scholarship Holder at the Regional Ministry of Education, Regional Government of Valencia. Doctor in Medicine and Surgery at the Valencia University (UV) with Distinction Cum Laude in 1986.
He gained the speciality of Obstetrics and Gynaecology After approving the examination MIR in 1987 with number 116, and did his medical residency at the Obstetrics and Gynaecologist Department at the Clinic Hospital University of Valencia between 1987 and 1990, under the leadership of Professor Fernando Bonilla. He was Associate Doctor at this same department until September 1991.
In order to train as a researcher, he left his clinical place and got a Postdoctoral fellowship by the Ministry of Education and Science, General Foreign Subprogram, to do his training research in Reproductive Endocrinology in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department at the Stanford University, California (United States) since 1991 until 1994.
After completing his clinical and research training and for the past 20 years he has focussed his career in the applied reproductive medical research and regenerative medicine.
In 2004, due to his groundbreaking work in Spain about stem cells, he was named Director of the Valencia Nodo of the National Stem Cell Bank placed in the Principe Felipe Research Centre, he was also named coordinator of the regenerative medicine area until 2007 and scientific director of the same centre since 2009 until 2011.
He has been a Visiting Professor at the Universities of Stanford (USA), Yale (USA), Hong Kong (China) and Adelaide (Australia).
In 2011 Carlos Simón was honoured with the King Jaime I Prize of medical research thanks to a pioneering study about the endometrial receptivity alterations in human (ERA), one of the most important causes of infertility in the world.
He is a Corresponding Academician of the “Royal Academy of Medicine; Valencia", a member of “The Strategic Advisory Board of the Department of Development and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium)”, counselor scientific advisor of “Ovascience (Boston)” and “The Advisory Board”.
He has a long-standing career as a Professor which goes from the College of Medicine at the University of Valencia to the Stanford University where he has worked as a tenured lecturer, Associate Professor and as a director and professor of national and international masters and post degree courses.
Honors and awards
National
International
Scientific production
Since 1991 he has contributed with his pioneering works to the research and clinical solution of the problems that produce infertility which is suffered by the 10% of the couples in reproductive age in the world. He has worked on the clinical demonstration and molecular mechanisms which control the deleterious effect of the high levels of oestradiol hormone changing the regular clinical practice and initiating the concept of “mild stimulation”. By employing the technique of microarrays he identified the transcriptomic sequences of the genes involved in the human endometrial receptivity, by publishing his discoveries in 20 papers as the first or last author, the former is the most quoted in the scientific journal Molecular Human Reproduction. The clinical translation of his results has led in a patent about the creation of a customized array named endometrial receptivity array (ERA) for the molecular diagnosis of the endometrial receptivity in infertile patients (Díaz-Gimeno P, et al. Fertil Steril. 2011). All the same, he has created a data base bank with free access about the endometrial receptivity managed by the University of Valencia. Finally thanks to the funding of an excellence project PROMETEO to research the origin of the endometrial stem cells in human, he has been the first scientific in discovering that the endometrial stem cells isolated are able to reconstruct the human endometrium.
Since 2001 his works in human embryology have allowed him to expand his research in the field of pluripotencial cells, resulting in the derivation, characterization, publication and registration in the National Bank of Stem Cells Lines. He was the pioneer of the diverting of the first human embryonic stem cell lines in Spain (Simon C et al., Fertil Steril 2005). He has participated with the lines VAL showing the lack of genetic diversity of the stem cells most often used in the world (Mosher JT et al. N Engl J Med 2009).
His works have been funded as a Main Researcher in 18 competitive projects conceded by governmental institutions at the national level (FISS, SAF...), 4 financed by the Valencian Ministry of Education including 2 PROMETEO (Project granted to prestigious scientists), 1 by the Basque Ministry of Industry and 16 projects of public bodies, international companies and American universities.
He has organized 14 international conferences and 1 national conference in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine. He is a Scientists Consulter at the World Health Organization as a membership of the Human Reproduction Programme Scientific and Ethical Review Group since 1998 y Spanish representative at the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).
The scientific impact of his work is reflected in the publication of 408 articles published in international journals which bring an accumulated impact factor of 1.667,545. His works have received a total of 14.816 quotations with an average of 36 quotations per article. His H index is 68 and he has edited 15 books published in English, Spanish and Portuguese and 20 monographic notebooks, being one of the most prolific Spanish scientists. He has been Director of 33 doctoral thesis all of them with "Summa Cum Laude" qualification, including 5 excellence doctoral prizes and 4 European PhD. As an inventor, his research has resulted in 13 patents, bringing him to create the biotechnology company Igenomix SL. which currently has laboratories in Valencia, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Los Angeles, Miami, Dubai, New York City, Mexico DF, Montreal and Istanbul.
He has been a speaker guest in 474 conferences in national and international congresses.
All this has contributed Dr. Carlos Simón to become a prominent national and international figure in the assisted reproduction field.
Edited books
Simón C, Pellicer A, editors. Regulators of human implantation. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 1995.
Remohí J, Simón C, Pellicer A, Bonilla-Musoles F, editors. Reproducción humana. Madrid (ESP): McGraw-Hill Interamericana; 1996.
Rodríguez L, Bonilla F, Pellicer A, Simón C, Remohí J, editors. Manual práctico de reproducaó humana. Rio de Janeiro (BRA): Livraria e Editora RevinterLtda; 1998.
Pellicer A, Simón C, Bonilla-Musoles F, Remohí J, editors. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Rome (ITA): SeronoFertility Series; 1999.
Simón C, Pellicer A, Remohí J, editors. Emerging concepts on human implantation. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 1999.
Remohí J, Romero J.L, Pellicer A, Simón C, Navarro J, editors. Manual práctico de esterilidad y reproducción humana. Madrid (ESP): McGraw-Hill Interamericana; 2000.
Simón C, Pellicer A, Doberska C, editors. Human implantation: recent advances and clinical aspects. Cambridge (UK): The Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Ltd; 2000.
Simón C, Pellicer A, editors. Proceedings of de 2nd international workshop on human implantation recent advances and clinical aspects. Elsevier; 2001.
Remohí J, Pellicer A, Simón C, Navarro J, editors. Reproducción humana. 2nd ed. Madrid (ESP): McGraw-Hill Interamericana; 2002.
Scheffer BB, Remohí J, García-Velasco JA, Pellicer A, Simón C, editors. Reprodução humana asistida. São Paulo (BRA): Atheneu; 2003.
Remohí J, Cobo A, Romero JL, Pellicer A, Simón C, editors. Manual práctico de esterilidad y reproducción humana. 2nd ed. Madrid (ESP): Mc Graw-Hill. Interamericana; 2004.
Simón C, Pellicer A, editors. Stem cells in human reproduction, basic science and therapeutic potential. London (UK):InformaHealthcare; 2007.
Simón C, Horcajadas JA, García-Velasco JA, Pellicer A, editors. El endometrio humano. Desde la investigación a la clínica. Buenos Aires (ARG); Madrid (ESP): Médica Panamericana; 2009.
Simón C, Pellicer A, editors. Stem cells in human reproduction, basic science and therapeutic potential. 2nd ed. London (UK):InformaHealthcare; 2009.
Simón C, Pellicer A, Reijo-Pera R, editors. Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine, Basic Science and Therapeutic Potential. 3rd ed. London (UK): Cambridge University Press; 2013.
References
Endometrial data base
Labtimes
Valencia University
GFI
GFI
Specialists IVI
Researchgate
Linkedin
Carlos Simon Web
External links
Ivigen
Iviomics India
Igenomix Brasil
Igenomix
IVI
Stanford
1961 births
Living people
20th-century Spanish physicians
21st-century Spanish physicians
Spanish gynaecologists
Spanish obstetricians
Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
University of Valencia faculty
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6904807
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Margetson
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Philip Margetson
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Major Sir Philip Reginald Margetson (2 January 1894 – 5 December 1985) was an Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police.
Military service
Margetson was educated at Marlborough and then went on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1915 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Royal Scots Fusiliers. He was promoted lieutenant on 25 December 1915, and temporary captain on 20 February 1916. He reverted to Lieutenant on 27 April 1916. In the 1916 King's Birthday Honours he was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry in action. In January 1918 he became an instructor with an officer cadet unit as an Acting Captain. In 1919 he became second-in-command of the 1/4th Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers (Territorial Force) (which was then part of the Army of Occupation) in the rank of Acting Major. On 1 January 1923 he was finally promoted to the substantive rank of captain, while serving as adjutant of the 1st Battalion. On 1 October 1928 he became Staff Captain of the 54th (East Anglian) Division, an appointment he held until 1 October 1932. On 1 January 1933 he became a Brevet Major.
Police career
On 31 December 1933, Margetson retired from the Army, transferring to the Regular Army Reserve of Officers. He joined the Metropolitan Police, entering directly as a chief inspector and taking the position of senior administrative officer at No.4 District (South London) headquarters on 1 December 1933. He was later promoted to Superintendent and took command of "R" Division (Blackheath). In August 1936 he was promoted to Chief Constable and became deputy commander of No.2 District (North London). In February 1938 he was transferred to the same post in No.1 District (West Central London), and in October 1938 to the same post in No.3 District (East London). In February 1940 he was promoted to Deputy Assistant Commissioner at "A" Department (Operations and Administration) of Scotland Yard and in August 1940 he was given command of No.1 District. In March 1946 he received the new rank of commander.
In June 1946, he was promoted to Assistant Commissioner "D" (Personnel and Training) and in October he transferred to become Assistant Commissioner "A" (Operations and Administration). In 1950, he applied for the vacant office of Commissioner of the City of London Police. The job went to one of his colleagues, Arthur Young, who had succeeded him as Assistant Commissioner "D".
In 1947 he was made an Officer of the Venerable Order of Saint John. He was created a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 1948 New Year Honours and raised to Knight Commander (KCVO) in the 1953 Coronation Honours. In 1955 he was promoted to Commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John. He received the Queen's Police Medal (QPM) for Distinguished Service in the 1956 Queen's Birthday Honours.
Later life
He retired on 2 January 1957 (his 63rd birthday) and joined the board of Securicor, serving as chairman from 1960 to 1973, when he became honorary president. He was instrumental in the disarming of cash in transit security guards in 1964, having always disliked the idea of private guards carrying firearms.
In 1918, Margetson married Diana Thornycroft, daughter of Sir John Thornycroft. They had two sons; the elder was killed in action in 1943.
The National Portrait Gallery holds two 1957 photographic portraits of Margetson by Elliott & Fry.
Notes
References
Obituary, The Times, 11 December 1985
External links
Photographic portrait of Margetson in the National Portrait Gallery
1894 births
1985 deaths
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Scots Fusiliers officers
Assistant Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Military Cross
English recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Metropolitan Police recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
People educated at Marlborough College
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
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20470006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillie%20Cooper
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Jillie Cooper
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Jillie Cooper (born 9 May 1988) is a professional badminton player (BWF player id: 53127) who plays for Scotland.
Career
Cooper began her professional career in 2007. She first started playing senior international tournaments when she got to round '1/32' in the Scottish Open 2003 with her doubles partner in November 2003. Since then she had entered many other competitions building up to quarter and semi final stages. More recently she had become the winner of women's doubles for the first time in November 2008 in the Scottish Open, exactly 5 years after her first start there. Cooper then went on to win the Welsh International doubles and mixed Doubles titles one week after her Scottish Open success in December 2008.
As a mixed doubles player, she had reached semi finals stages in 5 competitions to date and the final of Belgian International in September 2008 (29 November 2008). Cooper was also a member of Team Scotland at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi and Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.
Achievements
BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Scottish female badminton players
Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland
Badminton players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Badminton players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
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6904812
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botamochi
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Botamochi
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is a wagashi (Japanese confection) made with glutinous rice, regular rice (ratio of 7:3, or only glutinous rice), and sweet azuki paste (red bean paste). They are made by soaking the rice for approximately 1 hour. The rice is then cooked, and a thick azuki paste is hand-packed around pre-formed balls of rice. Botamochi is eaten as sacred food as offering during the weeks of the spring and the autumn Higan in Japan.
Another name for this kind of confection is , which the origin and the definition of is in argument but some people say uses a slightly different texture of azuki paste but is otherwise almost identical, it is made in autumn and some recipe variations in both cases call for a coating of soy flour to be applied to the ohagi after the azuki paste.
The two different names are, some people say, derived from the Botan (peony) which blooms in the spring and the Hagi (Japanese bush clover or Lespedeza) which blooms during autumn.
Botamochi is the modern name for the dish kaimochi (かいもち) mentioned in the Heian Period text Uji Shūi Monogatari (宇治拾遺物語).
The proverb , literally "a botamochi falls down from a shelf", means "receiving a windfall", "a lucky break".
The term is also used for a specific pattern of Bizen ware with two, three or five round marks, as if the marks of the small balls of rice cakes were left on the plate.
See also
Higan
Mochi
References
Wagashi
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6904823
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS%20Ishikari
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JS Ishikari
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JS Ishikari (DE-226) was the first destroyer escort with a gas turbine engine and surface-to-surface missiles of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force. She is the successor of the earlier . Entering service in 1981, she remained active until 2007 when she was decommissioned.
Design
At first, this ship was planned to belong to the new ship classification, PCE (Patrol Coastal ships, Escort) to replace small submarine chasers and old destroyer escorts with limited anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability against new nuclear-powered submarines. But finally, it was decided to change her classification to the ordinary destroyer escort. This class is quite epoch-making for the destroyer escorts of the JMSDF as follows:
The CODOG propulsion system. This was the first ship with the gas turbine engine in the JMSDF. The Rolls-Royce Olympus TM-3B manufactured by the Kawasaki Heavy Industries under license was used for boosting. The cruising engine is the Kawaksaki 6DRV 35/44 diesel engine developed by the Technical Research and Development Institute (TRDI).
The centre-superstructure style. Whereas the JMSDF was inclined to adopt the flush decker style, in this ship, the superstructure is at the center of the ship to save space. This was a very controversial decision, and because of this decision, there has been criticisms about the oceangoing capability of this ship.
The simplified but sufficient C4ISR system was installed aboard the ship. The design was not equipped with air-search radar unlike her predecessors. Alternatively she had the OPS-28 surface search and target acquisition radar which could deal with low-altitude aircraft and missiles. The FCS-2 gun fire-control system also had air-searching capability. As the tactical data processing system, she had the OYQ-5 being capable of receiving data automatically from other ships via Link-14 (STANAG 5514; the data link with the Radioteletype).
The design also had a brand-new weapon systems. The Ishikari design was equipped with eight Boeing Harpoon surface-to-surface missiles as the key weapon system whereas traditional Japanese frigates were specialized in anti-submarine warfare. According to this mission concept, its predecessor's Mark 16 GMLS for the ASROC system was removed. A modern Otobreda 76 mm gun replaced its predecessor's older 3-inch gun and automation greatly reduced the number of crew needed.
Construction and history
The ship was built at the Mitsui Shipbuilding & Engineering Tamano office at Tamano, Okayama. She was commissioned on 28 March 1981, and was deployed at the Ominato District Force (home-ported at Mutsu, Aomori). The Ominato District is the northernmost district of the JMSDF and forefront against the Russian Pacific Fleet. It was decided that Ishikari was too small to continue production, so the vessel was succeeded by the two years later.
Gallery
References
Jane's Fighting Ships 2005-2006
Frigates of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Ships built by Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding
1980 ships
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44499000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Mandall%20Johnson
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Anne Mandall Johnson
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Dame Anne Mandall Johnson DBE FMedSci (born 30 January 1954) is a British epidemiologist, known for her work in public health, especially the areas of HIV, sexually transmitted infections and infectious diseases.<ref>{{YouTube|id=x6j7D6YkrH0|title=The current challenges of HIV/AIDS by Anne Johnson (2013)}} "The first thing is that everyone isn't on treatment, and that's the major challenge globally"</ref>
Education
Johnson's family were involved in medicine. She chose to study at the University of Cambridge and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Medical Sciences, Tripos Part I in 1974, intercalating a year studying social and political sciences during this degree. After graduating, uncertain whether to continue with medicine, she took a gap year in South America that gave her direction for her career. She spent most of her time in Caracas, Venezuela but also with Yanomami people who lived along the Orinoco river. This made her understand the importance to people's health of their environment and socioeconomic status. In 1978, she completed her clinical training at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne and received her Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) in Clinical Medicine. In 1979, she received a Master of Arts from the University of Cambridge.
Her initial post as a GP was in a deprived community in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. To support her increasing interest in the broader determinants of people's health, especially preventive measures to avoid the need for clinical treatments, she then undertook specialist training in epidemiology, earning a Master of Science (MSc) in Public Health and Epidemiology from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1984. This subject, essential to public health, had not been included in her medical training. It led her into the area of public and economic policy and politics later in her career.
Career
Johnson is Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Chair of the Grand Challenge for Global Health at University College London. She was formerly Director of the University's Division of Population Health. She was Chair of the Medical Research Council Population Health Sciences Group until 2010. She is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator.
In her clinical research career she has focused on epidemiology and prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections. This was initiated in the mid 1980s through a chance opportunity to take a research post at Middlesex Hospital into the early epidemiology of HIV at a time when the topic attracted considerable stigma and sexual health was a new concept. One of her first epidemiological studies was into whether HIV could be transmitted between heterosexual couples. Johnson was also involved in the design of the first purpose-built ward for patients with AIDS that was opened in 1987 by Diana, Princess of Wales. Her work includes sexual lifestyle studies, international HIV cohort studies, and behavioural intervention studies. She has led randomised control trials of behavioural interventions to promote sexual health. Aside from HIV/AIDS research, she also researches epidemiological and immunological determinants of seasonal and pandemic influenza transmission.
She was principal investigator in the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL), which has run in 1990, 2000, and 2010. Along with several colleagues including Kaye Wellings, Johnson initiated this large sample survey despite some scepticism and opposition. Her work on the national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles not only maps the extent of the HIV epidemic but also tracks changes in behaviour over time in the whole UK population. It was financed by the Wellcome Trust charity when government funding was refused at prime ministerial level.
The NATSAL-III study had a broader emphasis on sexuality in the context of health and well-being, and tracked four other sexually transmitted infections: chlamydia, gonorrhea, HPV, and Mycobacterium genitalium in addition to HIV. As well as within public health, information from the surveys has informed government policy in areas such as contraception, age of consent and HPV vaccination.
In 2006, Johnson, along with Andrew Hayward, was one of the founders of Flu Watch, designed to understand effects and transmission of influenza in the general community, rather than only among hospital patients. Participant households were invited to join after being selected at random from the lists of volunteer general practitioners around England. The study also collected blood samples to study immunology related to influenza.
In July 2020, Johnson and other public health scientists affiliated with the Academy of Medical Sciences co-authored a report Preparing for a Challenging Winter 2020/2021'' commissioned by the UK Government Office for Science. This indicated that the UK was not well prepared for a second wave of COVID-19 and proposed what should be done.
She was one of the presenters to the House of Lords Select Committee on Intergovernmental Organisations. In November 2010, she was appointed to the Board of Governors of the Wellcome Trust. In 2017 she was elected vice president international of the Academy of Medical Sciences and in December 2020 was elected President of the Academy of Medical Sciences.
Awards and honors
Among other awards, she was appointed, in 2013, a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, as a result of which she is properly styled "Professor Dame Anne Johnson, DBE".
DBE: Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, as of the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours List
PMedSci: Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences elected in 2001
FRCP: Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
FFPH: Fellow of the Faculty of Public Health
FRCGP: Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners
References
External links
1954 births
British public health doctors
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
British women scientists
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of Newcastle University
Alumni of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal College of General Practitioners
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Wellcome Trust
NIHR Senior Investigators
Women public health doctors
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6904833
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Forward
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Martin Forward
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Martin Forward is a British, Methodist Christian lecturer and author on religion and Professor of History at Aurora University, Illinois. He has taught Islam at the Universities of Leicester, Bristol and Cambridge, and had spent a period of time in India where he was ordained into the Church of South India. He was also a senior tutor and lecturer in Pastoral and Systematic Theology (Wesley House, Cambridge), and was a member of the Cambridge University Faculty of Divinity. Currently, he is the Executive Director of Aurora University's Wackerlin Center for Faith and Action and the Helena Wackerlin Professor of Religion, and has participated in numerous Interfaith dialogues. He has authored a number of books related to Islam and Christianity, such as "Muhammad: A Short Biography" and "Jesus: A Short Biography" respectively.
Books
Muhammad: A Short Biography (1998). Oxford: Oneworld. .
The Failure Of Islamic Modernism?: Syed Ameer Ali's Interpretation Of Islam (1999). Peter Lang Publishing. .
References
External links
The Prophet Muhammad: A mercy to mankind.
Christian scholars of Islam
Academics of the University of Leicester
Academics of the University of Bristol
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aurora University faculty
Writers from Illinois
British theologians
Staff of Wesley House
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44499001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Oliver%20%28doctor%29
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David Oliver (doctor)
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David Oliver is a British physician specialising in the geriatric medicine and acute general internal medicine. He was President of the British Geriatrics Society from 2014 to 2016. He is Visiting Professor of Medicine for Older People in the School of Community and Health Sciences at City University London and a King's Fund Senior Visiting Fellow. He was formerly the UK Department of Health National Clinical Director for Older People's Services from 2009 to 2013. He is a researcher, writer, teacher and lecturer on services for older people and a regular blogger, columnist and media commentator. He was elected as Clinical Vice President of the Royal College of Physicians, London. In April 2022 he was elected as president of the Royal College of Physicians but withdrew in July 2022 after he had contracted Covid 19 and "no longer felt able to do it justice".
Early life and postgraduate clinical training
He attended a state primary school, Northern Moor and Northenden in Manchester. He then attended Manchester Grammar School before studying medicine at The Queen's College, Oxford and Trinity Hall, Cambridge.
Senior clinical role
He gained his Certificate of Completion of Specialist Training in (General Internal and Geriatric Medicine) London in 1998. He initially worked in South London then from 2004 he held a General Internal Medicine position in Reading, now part of the Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust,
Academic and research activities
Oliver began his research career whilst a registrar at St Thomas' Hospital in London. He gained his research doctorate from the University of London in 2001. He was a Senior Lecturer in the School of Health and Social care at the University of Reading from 2004 to 2009 alongside his consultant contract at the Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust. He has been involved with City University London. He is a visiting professor at the University of Surrey.
National leadership and advisory roles
Alongside his clinical work Oliver was on secondment to the Department of Health from 2009 to 2013, first as specialist clinical advisor leading the national programme of work on Falls and Bone Health and then as National Clinical Director for Older Peoples Services. In his government role he developed national policies around the care of older people, advised Ministers and officials and provided assistance to other clinicians with their own local services. He stood down to take on his role as BGS President-Elect, when National Clinical Director roles moved from the Department of Health to NHS England.
He became President of the British Geriatrics Society, in November 2014, having been appointed for a 2-year period.
Opinions, media and commentary
Since July 2015 he has written a weekly freelance column for The BMJ called "Acute Perspective". Oliver has written blogs for the King's Fund, The BMJ website, the British Geriatrics Society and guest blogs for other sites such as the Nuffield Trust. He writes regular opinion pieces for the Health Service Journal and BMJ and others in the national and professional press. He regularly comments on services for older people in print and broadcast media. He has appeared on BBC 1 (The Big Questions, News); BBC News Channel, BBC Radio 4 and 5 and BBC World Service, on Sky News and on numerous local radio stations. He has been quoted in The Independent, The Times, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, Daily Mirror and Daily Mail. He was written for several other outlets in professional and general press.
He is a senior visiting fellow at the King's Fund. In 2014, he was the lead author of the keynote Kings Fund Paper "Making Health and Care Systems fit for an Ageing Population". He was also one of the commissioners for the Health Service Journal "Commission on Hospital Care for Frail Older People". He has campaigned on discrimination against older people in the British National Health Service, against the attitude being that the person is old and there is nothing that can be done about it. He challenges plans for large reductions in older people in acute hospitals, saying it is "absolute la la land to think we’re going to be in a situation any time soon where older people don’t still keep piling through the doors of general hospitals." He has also written about the need to focus more on healthy ageing, to make health and care professionals better trained in the care of older people. He has criticised the large NHS spend on management consultancy and pushed the case for NHS staff to learn more from other organisations within the NHS, criticised the idea that more aggressive regulation and inspection and "accountability" can bring about quality improvement in services and attacked contestible but prevalent "groupthink" and oft repeated "factoids" from the health policy "commentariat" and made the case for improving the care for older people in nursing homes rather than pretending no-one will ever need or want to be admitted to one.
Awards and honours
In 2014, he was named by the Health Service Journal as one of the top 100 Clinical Leaders in England and as one of the top 50 Leaders in Integrated Care.
References
Living people
21st-century British medical doctors
1966 births
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
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44499022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Day%20of%20Monaco
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National Day of Monaco
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The National Day of Monaco (, literally Prince's holiday) also known as The Sovereign Prince's Day is currently annually celebrated on 19 November.
Date
The date of the National day is traditionally determined by the reigning Prince. The previous Princes often chose the day of the saint they were named after. For instance the late Prince Rainier III chose 19 November, the day that celebrates Saint Rainier. When Prince Albert II ascended the throne he ended this tradition by choosing the same day as his father, instead of the day of St. Albert, 15 November. The 19 November also happens to be the same day of Albert II's official ascension to the throne.
Celebrations
National day is typically celebrated with fireworks over the harbour the evening before and a mass in the St. Nicholas Cathedral the next morning.
The people of Monaco may celebrate by displaying the Monegasque flag.
It is an opportunity to see the pomp and circumstance of the Principality. Knights of Malta, distinguished ambassadors, consuls and state officials wear medal-laden uniforms as they congregate in the Saint Nicholas Cathedral after the mass. The Princely Family of Monaco is expected to show up on national day.
The birth of Albert II's children has been celebrated in a similar fashion as a national day and 7 January 2015 was declared a public holiday (one-time only).
See also
Public holidays in Monaco
References
National days
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20470017
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bengali%20poets
|
List of Bengali poets
|
This List of Bengali poets includes poets who write in Bengali language who produce Bengali poetry. This list classifies poets into three groups based on geographical location. These are poets from Bangladesh, poets from West Bengal of India and poets from other parts of the world including Bengali Diaspora and non-Bengali people writing poetry in Bengali. However, the list starts with early Bengali poets to be followed by those who are identified not only with Indian sub-continent before partition in 1947, but also as founders of Bengali poetry. The list also contains separate sub-lists of "rhyme composers" and "song writers". Finally, there are two sub-sets of woman poets and poets in exile.
Early poets
Siddhacharyas (6th to 12th CE)
The poets of the Charyāpada (Bengali: চর্যাপদ), known as the Siddhacharyas, lived in eastern India and Nepal. The names of the Siddhacharyas in Sanskrit (or its Tibetan language equivalent), and the raga in which the verse was to be sung, are mentioned prior to each pada (verse). The surviving 50 manuscripts contains the name of 24 Siddhacharyas including Lui Pa, Kukkuri Pa, Birua Pa, Gundari Pa, Chatil Pa, Bhusuku Pa, Kanha Pa, Kambalambar Pa, Dombi Pa, Shanti Pa, Mahitta Pa, Bina Pa, Saraha Pa, Shabar Pa, Aryadeb Pa, Dhendhan Pa, Darik Pa, Bhade Pa, Tadak Pa, Kankan Pa, Ja’anandi Pa, Dham Pa, Tanti Pa and Loridombi Pa. Most of these names were pseudonyms as the poets rejected Vedic Hinduism and profess Sahajayana Buddhism. Lui Pa is considered as the earliest poet of Charyapadas. Kanha Pa's 11 poems survived which is the largest number among these poets.
The poets and their works as mentioned in the text are as follows:
Medieval Poets
Founders of modern Bengali poetry
Amiya Chakravarty
Bishnu Dey
Sudhindranath Dutta
Buddhadev Bose
Sukanta Bhattacharya
Ahsan Habib
Farrukh Ahmad
Syed Ali Ahsan
Shamsur Rahman
Al Mahmud
Abul Hasan
Quazi Johirul Islam
Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah
Girindramohini Dasi
Bengali poets from other parts of the world
Abdul Gaffar Choudhury
Shamim Azad
Taslima Nasrin
Abid Azad
Hungryalist poets
Shakti Chattopadhyay
Binoy Majumdar
Samir Roychoudhury
Malay Roy Choudhury
Subimal Basak
Metrical poets
Annada Shankar Ray
Sukumar Ray
Farrukh Ahmad
Shamsur Rahman
Motiur Rahman Mollik (1950–2010)
Abu Zafar Obaidullah
Rafiqul Haque
Fayez Ahmed
Ekhlasuddin Ahmed
Abdur Rahman
Nirmalendu Goon
Asad Chowdhury
Bimal Guha
Shahabuddin Nagari
Song composers
Lalon Shah
Rabindranath Tagore
Dwijendralal Ray
Atulprasad Sen
Rajanikanta Sen
Kazi Nazrul Islam
Hason Raja
Kangal Harinath
Shah Abdul Karim
Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal
Shahabuddin Nagari
Motiur Rahman Mollik
Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah
Anjan Dutt
Kabir Suman
Nachiketa
Gobinda Haldar
Poets of Kolkata
Joy Goswami
Sunil Gangopadhyaya
Shakti Chattopadhyay
Ekram Ali
Subodh Sarkar
Srijato
Poets of North Bengal
Bikash Sarkar
Bibliography
Biletey Bishsotoker Bangla Kobi, Rabbani Choudhury, Agamee Prakashani, Dhaka 2000
Bangladesher Gronthoponji Boimela 2009, Rabbani Choudhury, Agamee Prakashani, Dhaka 2009
Shanghati Tritio Banglar Lekok Porichithi Boimela 2009, Shanghati Literary Society, UK
See also
উইকিসংকলন:লেখক
References
+
Bengali
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44499051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillellus%20atlanticus
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Suillellus atlanticus
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Suillellus atlanticus is a species of bolete fungus found in coastal sand dunes in Galicia. Originally described as a species of Boletus in 2013, it was transferred to Suillellus the following year.
References
External links
atlanticus
Fungi described in 2013
Fungi of Europe
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44499076
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dak%20Pek%20Camp
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Dak Pek Camp
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Dak Pek Camp (also known as Dak Pek Special Forces Camp) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base northwest of Kon Tum in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.
History
The 5th Special Forces Group first established a base at here in December 1962 to monitor communist infiltration along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The base was located 14 km from the Laos border, 40 km south of Khâm Đức and approximately 85 km northwest of Kon Tum.
5th Special Forces Detachment A-749 was based here in October 1963, Detachment A-5 was based here in December 1964, Detachment A-211 was based here in 1965 and Detachment A-242 from October 1966. The base was also used as a launch site for MACV-SOG operations into Laos.
On 29 May 1968 a de Havilland Canada C-7 Caribou #62-4189 was hit by mortar fire as it landed at Dak Pek causing the right wing to separate, there were no casualties.
On 12 April 1970 a People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) force estimated at two battalions attacked the camp. Sappers attacked many of the bunkers and the defenders were forced back to a small fighting position before air support forced the PAVN back. The siege of Dak Pek last until early May when the PAVN withdrew. Total losses were 34 CIDG and 420 PAVN killed. The PAVN simultaneously attacked the nearby Dak Seang Camp.
Other units based at Dak Pek included:
6th Battalion, 29th Artillery
57th Assault Helicopter Company (AH-1 Cobra)
1st Battalion, 92nd Artillery
The base was transferred to 88th Border Rangers on 30 November 1970. In April 1972 AC-119K gunships killed 98 PAVN around Dak Pek.
Current use
The base has been turned over to forestry and housing and sits adjacent to the Ho Chi Minh Highway.
References
External links
http://www.bietdongquan.com/article1/rgr88.htm Account of history of Dak Pek post 1970
Installations of the United States Army in South Vietnam
Installations of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam
Buildings and structures in Kon Tum province
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20470023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Penella
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Manuel Penella
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Manuel Penella Moreno (July 31, 1880, in Valencia – January 24, 1939, in Cuernavaca) was a Spanish composer. His father was the composer Manuel Penella Raga. His daughter Magdalena Penella Silva married the politician Ramón Ruiz Alonso; through her, he was the grandfather of actresses Emma Penella, Elisa Montés and Terele Pávez.
Although his most popular work at home and abroad is the oft-revived opera española El gato montés (a special favourite of Plácido Domingo, who has revived it several times and recorded it for Deutsche Grammophon), several of his other works still enjoy popularity in Spain and the Spanish-speaking world, notably the chamber opera Don Gil de Alcalá (scored in Mexican style for strings and harp), some of his revues and the ambitious, late zarzuela La malquerida (1935), based on the masterpiece by Jacinto Benavente.
Works (not exhaustive)
Operas
1893 El queso de bola, sainete lírico, Valencia
1906 Las niñas alegres, entremés lírico, Barcelona
1907 Amor ciego, zarzuela
1907 El dinero, sainete lírico, Barcelona
1907 El día de reyes "apropósito en un acto"
1908 El padre cura, entremés lírico, Valencia
1908 La perra chica, parody of La Patria chica by Ruperto Chapí, Barcelona
1908 El arrojado, astracanada
1908 Sal de espuma, zarzuela en un acto, Barcelona
1908 La tentación, humorada lírica
1909 Corpus Christi, drama lírico en un acto
1909 Las gafas negras, sainete lírico en un acto
1909 La noche de las flores, idilio en un acto
1909 Entre chumberas, zarzuela en un acto, Zaragoza
1910 La niña mimada, opereta en tres actos
1910 Los vencedores, zarzuela en un acto
1910 Gracia y justicia, "exposición" en un acto
1910 Las romanas caprichosas, opereta en un acto
1910 La reina de las tintas, humorada en un acto
1911 Huelga de señoras, chirigota en un acto
1911 La niña de los besos, opereta en un acto
1911 El ciego del barrio, sainete lírico en un acto
1911 El viaje de la vida, opereta en un acto
1911 El género alegre, humorada lírica en un acto
1911 La novela de ahora, aventura en un acto
1912 Los pocos años, sainete lírico en un acto
1912 Las musas latinas, revista en un acto, Valencia
1914 Galope de amor, opereta en un acto
1914 La muñeca del amor, capricho en tres actos
1914 La isla de los placeres, astracanada en un acto
1914 La España de pandereta, españolada en un acto
1916 El gato montés, ópera en tres actos, Valencia, Teatro Principal.
1917 La última españolada, revista en un acto
1917 El amor de los amores, revista en un acto
1917 La cara del ministro, zarzuela en un acto, composed in collaboration with Enrique Estela
1918 Frivolina, opereta en tres actos
1918 El teniente Florisel, vaudeville en tres actos
1918 Bohemia dorada zarzuela en tres actos
1925 El paraíso perdido, cudro en un acto
1926 La última carcelera, zarzuela en dos actos
1927 El milagro de San Cornelio, cuento en un acto
1927 El espejo de las doncellas, pasatiempo en un acto
1927 Entrar por uvas o Feliz año nuevo, lírico en un acto
1928 Ris-Ras, humorada en un acto
1930 Los pirandones, zarzuela en un acto
1930 La reina jamón, zarzuela en dos acteos
1930 Me caso en la mar, zarzuela en dos actos
1930 La pandilla
1931 Ku-Kus-Klan, revista en dos actos
1931 ¡Viva la República!, revista en dos actos
1931 Don Amancio el Generoso, zarzuela en tres actos, Madrid
1931 El huevo de Colón, sainete-vodevil-revista en dos actos
1932 Don Gil de Alcalá, ópera en tres actos, Barcelona, Teatro Novedades.
1933 Jazz Band, Zarzuela en tres actos, Madrid, Teatro de la Comedia
1933 El hermano lobo, zarzuela en tres actos, Barcelona
1934 Tana Fedorova, zarzuela en tres actos, Barcelona
1934 Curro Gallardo, zarzuela en tres actos, Barcelona
1935 La malquerida, zarzuela en tres actos, libretto after the play by Jacinto Benavente, Barcelona, Teatro Victoria.
ReferencesThe sources given in that article were: Historia de la Música de la Comunidad Valenciana. Editorial Prensa Valenciana, S.A. 1992.
Programa de la representación de Don Gil de Alcalá'' en el Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid. 1999. D.L. M-37624/99
External links
1880 births
1939 deaths
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Spanish musicians
Male opera composers
People from Valencia
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish opera composers
20th-century Spanish male musicians
19th-century Spanish male musicians
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20470034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengari%20Dam
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Sengari Dam
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Sengari Dam is a dam in the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan.
Dams in Hyogo Prefecture
Dams completed in 1919
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6904851
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductal%20carcinoma%20in%20situ
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Ductal carcinoma in situ
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Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as intraductal carcinoma, is a pre-cancerous or non-invasive cancerous lesion of the breast. DCIS is classified as Stage 0. It rarely produces symptoms or a breast lump one can feel, typically being detected through screening mammography. It has been diagnosed in a significant percentage of men (see male breast cancer).
In DCIS, abnormal cells are found in the lining of one or more milk ducts in the breast. In situ means "in place" and refers to the fact that the abnormal cells have not moved out of the mammary duct and into any of the surrounding tissues in the breast ("pre-cancerous" refers to the fact that it has not yet become an invasive cancer). In some cases, DCIS may become invasive and spread to other tissues, but there is no way of determining which lesions will remain stable without treatment, and which will go on to become invasive. DCIS encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from low-grade lesions that are not life-threatening to high-grade (i.e. potentially highly aggressive) lesions.
DCIS has been classified according to the architectural pattern of the cells (solid, cribriform, papillary, and micropapillary), tumor grade (high, intermediate, and low grade), the presence or absence of comedo histology, or the cell type forming the lesion in the case of the apocrine cell-based in situ carcinoma, apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ. DCIS can be detected on mammograms by examining tiny specks of calcium known as microcalcifications. Since suspicious groups of microcalcifications can appear even in the absence of DCIS, a biopsy may be necessary for diagnosis.
About 20–30% of those who do not receive treatment develop breast cancer. It is the most common type of pre-cancer in women. There is some disagreement on its status as a cancer; some bodies include DCIS when calculating breast cancer statistics, while others do not.
Terminology
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) literally means groups of "cancerous" epithelial cells which remained in their normal location (in situ) within the ducts and lobules of the mammary gland. Clinically, it is considered a premalignant (i.e. potentially malignant) condition, because the biologically abnormal cells have not yet crossed the basement membrane to invade the surrounding tissue. When multiple lesions (known as "foci" of DCIS) are present in different quadrants of the breast, this is referred to as "multicentric" disease.
For statistical purposes, some count DCIS as a "cancer", whereas others do not. When classified as a cancer, it is referred to as a non-invasive or pre-invasive form. The National Cancer Institute describes it as a "noninvasive condition".
Signs and symptoms
Most of the women who develop DCIS do not experience any symptoms. The majority of cases (80-85%) are detected through screening mammography. The first signs and symptoms may appear if the cancer advances. Because of the lack of early symptoms, DCIS is most often detected at screening mammography.
In a few cases, DCIS may cause:
A lump or thickening in or near the breast or under the arm
A change in the size or shape of the breast
Nipple discharge or nipple tenderness; the nipple may also be inverted, or pulled back into the breast
Ridges or pitting of the breast; the skin may look like the skin of an orange
A change in the way the skin of the breast, areola, or nipple looks or feels such as warmth, swelling, redness or scaliness.
Causes
The specific causes of DCIS are still unknown. The risk factors for developing this condition are similar to those for invasive breast cancer.
Some women are however more prone than others to developing DCIS. Women considered at higher risks are those who have a family history of breast cancer, those who have had their periods at an early age or who have had a late menopause. Also, women who have never had children or had them late in life are also more likely to get this condition.
Long-term use of estrogen-progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for more than five years after menopause, genetic mutations (BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), atypical hyperplasia, as well as radiation exposure or exposure to certain chemicals may also contribute in the development of the condition. Nonetheless, the risk of developing noninvasive cancer increases with age and it is higher in women older than 45 years.
Diagnosis
80% of cases in the United States are detected by mammography screening. More definitive diagnosis is made by breast biopsy for histopathology.
Treatment
There are different opinions on the best treatment of DCIS. Surgical removal, with or without additional radiation therapy or tamoxifen, is the recommended treatment for DCIS by the National Cancer Institute. Surgery may be either a breast-conserving lumpectomy or a mastectomy (complete or partial removal of the affected breast). If a lumpectomy is used it is often combined with radiation therapy. Tamoxifen may be used as hormonal therapy if the cells show estrogen receptor positivity. Research shows that survival is the same with lumpectomy as it is with mastectomy, whether or not a woman has radiation after lumpectomy. Chemotherapy is not needed for DCIS since the disease is noninvasive.
While surgery reduces the risk of subsequent cancer, many people never develop cancer even without treatment and the associated side effects. There is no evidence comparing surgery with watchful waiting and some feel watchful waiting may be a reasonable option in certain cases.
Radiation therapy
Use of radiation therapy after lumpectomy provides equivalent survival rates to mastectomy, although there is a slightly higher risk of recurrent disease in the same breast in the form of further DCIS or invasive breast cancer. Systematic reviews (including a Cochrane review) indicate that the addition of radiation therapy to lumpectomy reduces recurrence of DCIS or later onset of invasive breast cancer in comparison with breast-conserving surgery alone, without affecting mortality. The Cochrane review did not find any evidence that the radiation therapy had any long-term toxic effects. While the authors caution that longer follow-up will be required before a definitive conclusion can be reached regarding long-term toxicity, they point out that ongoing technical improvements should further restrict radiation exposure in healthy tissues. They do recommend that comprehensive information on potential side effects is given to women who receive this treatment. The addition of radiation therapy to lumpectomy appears to reduce the risk of local recurrence to approximately 12%, of which approximately half will be DCIS and half will be invasive breast cancer; the risk of recurrence is 1% for women undergoing mastectomy.
Mastectomy
There is no evidence that mastectomy decreases the risk of death over a lumpectomy. Mastectomy, however, may decrease the rate of the DCIS or invasive cancer occurring in the same location.
Mastectomies remain a common recommendation in those with persistent microscopic involvement of margins after local excision or with a diagnosis of DCIS and evidence of suspicious, diffuse microcalcifications.
Sentinel node biopsy
Some institutions that have encountered high rates of recurrent invasive cancers after mastectomy for DCIS have endorsed routine sentinel node biopsy (SNB). However, research indicates that sentinel node biopsy has risks that outweigh the benefits for most women with DCIS. SNB should be considered with tissue diagnosis of high-risk DCIS (grade III with palpable mass or larger size on imaging) as well as in people undergoing mastectomy after a core or excisional biopsy diagnosis of DCIS.
Prognosis
With treatment, the prognosis is excellent, with greater than 97% long-term survival. If untreated, DCIS progresses to invasive cancer in roughly one-third of cases, usually in the same breast and quadrant as the earlier DCIS. About 2% of women who are diagnosed with this condition and treated died within 10 years. Biomarkers can identify which women who were initially diagnosed with DCIS are at high or low risk of subsequent invasive cancer.
Epidemiology
DCIS is often detected with mammographies but can rarely be felt. With the increasing use of screening mammography, noninvasive cancers are more frequently diagnosed and now constitute 15% to 20% of all breast cancers.
Cases of DCIS have increased five-fold between 1983 and 2003 in the United States due to the introduction of screening mammography. In 2009 about 62,000 cases were diagnosed.
References
External links
Breast cancer
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20470045
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20United%20States%20Senate%20election%20in%20Michigan
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2000 United States Senate election in Michigan
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The 2000 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 7, 2000. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Spencer Abraham ran for re-election to a second term, but he was defeated by his Democratic opponent, congresswoman Debbie Stabenow. Stabenow subsequently made history as the first woman to represent Michigan in the United States Senate. By a margin of 1.6%, this election was the second-closest race of the 2000 Senate election cycle, behind only the election in Washington.
General election
Candidates
Matthew R. Abel (Green)
Spencer Abraham, incumbent U.S. Senator (Republican)
Michael Corliss (Libertarian)
Mark Forton (Reform)
John Mangopoulos (Constitution)
William Quarton (Natural Law)
Debbie Stabenow, U.S. Representative from East Lansing (Democratic)
Campaign
Abraham, who was first elected in the 1994 Republican Revolution despite never running for public office before, was considered vulnerable by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee. Major issues in the campaign included prescription drugs for the elderly. By September 4, Abraham still had failed to reach 50% in polls despite having spent over $6 million on television ads. In mid-October, he came back and reached 50% and 49% in two polls respectively.
Debates
Complete video of debate, October 22, 2000
Results
The election was very close with Stabenow prevailing by just over 67,000 votes. Stabenow was also likely helped by the fact that Vice President Al Gore won Michigan on the presidential level. Ultimately, Stabenow pulled out huge numbers out of the Democratic stronghold of Wayne County, which covers the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Stabenow also performed well in other heavily populated areas such as Ingham County home to the state's capital of Lansing, and the college town of Ann Arbor. Abraham did not concede right after major news networks declared Stabenow the winner; he held out hope that the few outstanding precincts could push him over the edge. At 4:00 AM, Abraham conceded defeat. Senator Abraham called Stabenow and congratulated her on her victory. As a result of the historic election, Stabenow became the first woman to represent Michigan in the United States Senate.
See also
2000 United States Senate elections
References
2000
Michigan
2000 Michigan elections
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20470071
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Montella
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Francesco Montella
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Francesco Montella (born April 23, 1987 in Naples, Italy) is an Italian footballer who plays as defender for Italian Lega Pro Seconda Divisione team Brindisi.
External links
Profile at aic.football.it
Italian footballers
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 players
A.S. Roma players
1987 births
Living people
S.S.D. Città di Brindisi players
Association football defenders
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44499086
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Stage%20Together%20Tour
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On Stage Together Tour
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The On Stage Together Tour was a concert tour by English musician Sting and American musician Paul Simon. The tour began on 8 February 2014 in Houston, Texas and traveled across North America, Oceania, and Europe before concluding on 18 April 2015 in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Background
Sting and Paul Simon became friends in late 1980s when they both lived in the same apartment building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. In May 2013, they performed together for the first time at the annual Robin Hood Foundation benefit. "We were booked separately and then we said, 'Let's do it together.' So we did 'The Boxer' and 'Fields of Gold,' and there was an audible gasp in the room when we walked on together, and when we started singing we obeyed the basic rules of harmony, and it was great," said Sting in an interview with Billboard magazine. An idea for a joint concert tour originated after that performance. "After we finished it, we both looked at each other and said: 'Wow. That's pretty interesting,'" recalled Simon.
Separately from the ongoing Australian leg of the tour, Sting performed with Australian singer, musician and his long-time backing vocalist Jo Lawry on 5 February 2015 at the Bennetts Lane Jazz Club, Melbourne, singing as a duet the song "Impossible" from Lawry's new album Taking Pictures.
Set list
This set list is representative of the show on 8 February 2014. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.
"Brand New Day"
"The Boy in the Bubble"
"Fields of Gold"
"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic"
"Englishman in New York"
"I Hung My Head"
"Driven to Tears"
"Love Is the Seventh Wave"
"Mother and Child Reunion"
"Crazy Love"
"Dazzling Blue"
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover"
"Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard"
"That Was Your Mother"
"Fragile"
"America"
"Message in a Bottle"
"The Hounds of Winter"
"They Dance Alone"
"Roxanne"
"Desert Rose"
"The Boxer"
"The Obvious Child"
"Hearts and Bones" / "Mystery Train" / "Wheels"
"Kodachrome" / "Gone At Last"
"Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes"
"You Can Call Me Al"
"Every Breath You Take"
"Late in the Evening"
"Bridge Over Troubled Water"
Tour dates
References
External links
Sting and Paul Simon Share 'On Stage Together' Tour Secrets: Exclusive. Rolling Stone
2014 concert tours
2015 concert tours
Sting (musician) concert tours
Paul Simon
Co-headlining concert tours
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20470082
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20A%C3%AFt-Fana
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Karim Aït-Fana
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Karim Aït-Fana (; born 25 February 1989) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a striker. Having represented France at various youth levels, he has made three appearances for the senior Morocco national team.
Aït-Fana can play in a variety of attacking positions, which include playing in the hole, as a winger, and in the attacking midfield position. Though born in France, Aït-Fana's father is from Azrou and his mother is from Meknes.
Club career
Montpellier
Aït-Fana was born in Limoges and began his career playing for his local club, Air Limoges. At the age of thirteen, he was selected to attend the Centre de Formation de Châteauroux, a regional youth academy that is comparable to that of the Clairefontaine academy, in order to receive further training. While training at Châteauroux during the week, he played with hometown club Limoges FC on the weekends. After spending two years at the academy, he joined Montpellier.
Aït-Fana made his professional football debut on 12 May 2006, the final match day of the 2005–06 season, coming on as a late-match substitute playing nine minutes in a 1–0 loss to Le Havre. The following season, his playing time increased to 13 matches. He also scored his first goal during this season on 27 April 2007 against LB Châteauroux in a 3–1 defeat. Aït-Fana's role in the team was greatly expanded for the 2007–08 season as he appeared in 37 total matches. He scored his only two goals for the season in the final league match of the season against FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin, which Montpellier won 5–0.
Montpellier earned promotion to Ligue 1 following the club's successful campaign during the 2008–09 season with Aït-Fana having an influential role. He scored a career-high six goals during the campaign including the winner against Guingamp late in the season with the club in the midst of a promotion battle. Due to his successful season, Aït-Fana was given a contract extension with the club until the year 2012. In his first season with Montpellier in Ligue 1, Aït-Fana was a revelation in the team, which reached as high as secondnd position in the league. He has scored impressive goals against Sochaux, Boulogne, Le Mans, and Marseille. Montpellier went undefeated in the five league matches Aït-Fana has scored in.
In Montpellier's last home game of the 2011–12 campaign, Aït-Fana scored a last minute goal in a 1–0 win over Lille after coming off the bench.
Nîmes Olympique
Consolat GS
In early January 2018, Aït-Fana left Championnat National side GS Consolat.
Wydad Casablanca
In late January, Aït-Fana joined reigning African champions Wydad AC, agreeing a 1.5-year deal. In August 2018 Aït-Fana revealed, that few days after signing the contract, he learned that his contract was not certified for an administrative history and he then went back to France.
Gallia Lucciana
In January 2019, Aït-Fana joined Gallia Club Lucciana in the Championnat National 3.
International career
Aït-Fana has been active on the international youth circuit for France. He has earned limited caps with the under-16s, under-17s, under-18s, and the under U-19 squad. After not representing France for over a year and a half, it was speculated that he would follow in the footsteps on fellow French-born Moroccan Marouane Chamakh and play for Morocco, his country of origin. However, on 1 October 2009, he was called up to the France under-21 team by coach Erick Mombaerts for their 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification matches against Malta on 9 October and Belgium on 13 October. He made his debut in the Malta match appearing as a substitute in the 76th minute. Despite being on the pitch for mere seconds, he scored France's second goal of the match ensuring them a 2–0 victory.
Aït-Fana made his debut with the national team of Morocco in a friendly match against Senegal held on 25 May in Marrakech.
Personal life
Aït-Fana is Muslim.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Montpellier
Ligue 1: 2011–12
References
External links
Living people
1989 births
French Muslims
Moroccan Muslims
Sportspeople from Limoges
Association football midfielders
French footballers
Moroccan footballers
French sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Montpellier HSC players
Nîmes Olympique players
Athlético Marseille players
Wydad AC players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Footballers from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
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20470117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion%20coffee
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Dandelion coffee
|
Dandelion 'coffee' (also dandelion tea) is a tisane made from the root of the dandelion plant. The roasted dandelion root pieces and the beverage have some resemblance to coffee in appearance and taste, and it is thus commonly considered a coffee substitute. Dandelion root is used for both medicinal and culinary purposes and is thought to be a detoxifying herb.
History
The usage of the dandelion plant dates back to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Additionally, for over a thousand years, Chinese traditional medicine has been known to incorporate the plant.
Susanna Moodie explained how to prepare dandelion 'coffee' in her memoir of living in Canada, Roughing it in the Bush (1852), where she mentions that she had heard of it from an article published in the 1830s in New York Albion by a certain Dr. Harrison.
Dandelion 'coffee' was later mentioned in a Harpers New Monthly Magazine story in 1886. In 1919, dandelion root was noted as a source of cheap 'coffee'. It has also been part of edible plant classes dating back at least to the 1970s.
Harvesting
Harvesting dandelion roots requires differentiating 'true' dandelions (Taraxacum spp.) from other yellow daisy-like flowers such as catsear and hawksbeard. True dandelions have a ground-level rosette of deep-toothed leaves and hollow straw-like stems. Large plants that are 3–4 years old, with taproots approximately 0.5 inch (13 mm) in diameter, are harvested for dandelion coffee. These taproots are similar in appearance to pale carrots.
Dandelion roots that are harvested in the spring have sweeter and less bitter notes, while fall-harvested roots are richer and more bitter.
Preparation
The dandelion plant must be two years old before removing the root. After harvesting, the dandelion roots are dried, chopped, and roasted. After harvesting, the dandelion roots are sliced lengthwise and placed to dry for two weeks in a warm area. When ready, the dried roots are oven-roasted and stored away. To prepare a cup, one will steep about 1 teaspoon of the root in hot water for around 10 minutes. People often enjoy their dandelion coffee with cream and sugar.
Health claims and uses
People often use dandelion root for medical purposes, as the herb is thought to contain detoxifying properties that aid in clearing waste from the body. In efforts to reduce inflammation and occasional constipation, dandelion root is often consumed.
Dandelion root also has prebiotic properties, which are known to support a healthy gut. People with an early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes have been recommended to use dandelion root, as it is thought to help with insulin release.
Health risks associated with dandelion root are uncommon; however, directly consuming the plant by mouth could lead to stomach discomfort, heartburn, allergic reactions, or diarrhea.
Research
Dandelion root has been linked to a possible treatment for cancer.
A 2016 study result's suggests that colon cancer cell's metabolic activity can be reduced with doses of dandelion root extract. Research points towards a potential decrease in colon tumors with a scheduled and consistent dose of dandelion root extract. In a November 30, 2017 interview, Caroline Hamm, the oncologist running the study, shared her concerns regarding premature internet hype about these studies. She specifically expressed alarm over individuals contacting her who wanted to abandon standard care.
Chemistry
Unroasted Taraxacum officinale (among other dandelion species) root contains:
Sesquiterpene lactones
Taraxacin (a guaianolide)
Phenylpropanoid glycosides: dihydroconiferin, syringin, and dihydrosyringin
Taraxacoside(a cylated gamma-butyrolactone glycoside)
Lactupircin
Carotenoids
Lutein
Violaxanthin
Coumarins
Esculin
Scopoletin
Flavonoids
Apigenin-7-glucoside
Luteolin-7-glucoside
Isorhamnetin 3-glucoside
Luteolin-7-diglucoside
Quercetin-7-glucoside
Quercetin
Luteolin
Rutin
Chrysoeriol
Phenolic acids
Caffeic acid
Chlorogenic acid
Chicoric acid (dicaffeoyltartaric acid)
ρ-hydroxyphenylacetic acids
Polysaccharides
Glucans mannans
inulin (8)
Cyanogenic glycosides
Prunasin
Sesquiterpene lactones (of the germacranolide type)
11β, 13-dihydrolactucin
Ixerin D
Ainslioside taraxinic acid
β-glucopyranosyl
Taraxinic acid
Glucosyl ester
11-dihydrotaraxinic acid and 13-dihydrotaraxinic acid
l'-glucoside
Lactucopicrin
Lactucin
Cichorin
Eudesmanolides
Tetrahydroridentin-B
Taraxacolide-O-β-glucopyranoside
Prunasin
Dihydroconiferin
Syringin
Dihydrosyringin
Taraxasterol
ψ-taraxasterol
Homo-taraxasterol
Stigmatsterol
Triterpenes
Cycloartenol
α-amyrin
β-amyrin
Arnidiol
Faradiol
Lupeol
Taraxol
Taraxaserol and
3β-hydroxylup-18-ene-21-one
Sterols
Taraxasterol
ψ-taraxasterol
Homo-taraxasterol
β-sitosterol
Stigmatsterol
Campesterol
Other
Lettucenin A
Taraxalisin, a serine proteinase
Amino acids
Choline
Mucilage
Pectin
See also
Chicory#History/Camp Coffee
References
Coffee substitutes
Herbal tea
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44499088
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Cuthbert%20Smith
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Jim Cuthbert Smith
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Sir James Cuthbert Smith (born 31 December 1954) is Director of Science at the Wellcome Trust and Senior Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute.
Education
Smith was educated at Latymer Upper School and graduated from the University of Cambridge with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Natural Sciences in 1976. He was awarded a PhD in 1979 by University College London (UCL) for research supervised by Lewis Wolpert at Middlesex Hospital Medical School.
Career and research
Smith completed postdoctoral research appointments at Harvard Medical School from 1979 to 1981 and the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK) from 1981 to 1984. In 1984 he joined the staff of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), becoming head of the Division of Developmental Biology in 1991 and head of the Genes and Cellular Control Group in 1996. He moved to become director of the Gurdon Institute in 2001, returning to NIMR in 2009 to become its director. In 2014 he became Deputy CEO of the Medical Research Council in addition to his role as NIMR Director. When NIMR joined the CRUK London Research Institute as part of the Francis Crick Institute he became director of research at the Crick. He stepped down from his MRC and Crick roles in 2017 when he became Director of Science at Wellcome. He led the Wellcome Science Review in 2019. In 2021 he left Wellcome and became Secretary of the Zoological Society of London.
Smith's research has focused on how cells of the very early vertebrate embryo form the specialised tissues of muscle, skin, blood and bone. His discovery of a mesoderm-inducing factor secreted by a cell line and establishing its identity as activin transformed the study of induction in the early embryo. He also showed that activin specifies different cell types at different thresholds and that characteristic genes like Brachyury are turned on at specific concentrations. In other work he shed light on the molecular basis of gastrulation, and especially the role of non-canonical Wnt signalling. His earlier work demonstrated threshold responses in chick limb development and also showed that the mitogenic response to growth factors can be active when attached to the extracellular matrix.
Awards and honours
Smith was elected as an EMBO Member in 1992, a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1993 and of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1998. He was awarded the Zoological Society of London Scientific Medal in 1989, the Feldberg Foundation award in 2000, the William Bate Hardy Prize in 2001 and the Waddington Medal by the British Society for Developmental Biology in 2013. In 2014 he was named by the London Evening Standard as one of the 1000 most influential Londoners, in the 'Innovators' section. He was also awarded the EMBO Gold Medal in 1993.
Smith was knighted in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to medical research and science education.
Personal life
Smith married Fiona Watt in 1979 and has three children.
References
1954 births
Living people
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Developmental biologists
English biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Latymer Upper School
National Institute for Medical Research faculty
John Humphrey Plummer Professors
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20470131
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Quin
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Jesse Quin
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Jesse Joseph Quin (born 3 September 1981) is an English multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter and producer best known as the bass player of the British pop rock band Keane. Jesse also founded and runs an arts centre on an abandoned U.S. Air Force base in the English countryside called Old Jet.
Biography
Jesse Joseph Quin was born on 3 September 1981 in Bedford, England. His mother, Charity Quin, is a folk singer; his father, Rob Quin, was a sound engineer. Jesse has a sister named Amber.
Quin began his musical life at an early age. The first instrument he learned to play was the drums. He officially began his musical career in 2007 by forming Jesse Quin & The Mets, with himself on vocals, guitar, and keyboards; plus bassist Jarrett, keyboardist James Barne, guitarist John-William Scott, and drummer King Louis. They released an EP titled Always Catching Up.
Later in 2007 he joined Keane on tour as a roadie. Quin performed with Keane at a concert for Warchild in 2007. He played bass on Keane's cover of "Under Pressure". Quin was invited by Keane to help record their album Perfect Symmetry and then toured with them on the Perfect Symmetry World Tour. He recorded with Keane on Night Train and eventually became an official member of the band (which was announced on their official website on 3 February 2011).
Personal life
Quin married longtime girlfriend Julia Dannenberg in 2009.
Discography
With Keane
Studio albums
Perfect Symmetry (2008)
Strangeland (2012)
Cause and Effect (2019)
EPs
Retrospective EP1 (2008)
Night Train (2010)
Retrospective EP2 (2010)
Compilations album
The Best of Keane (2013)
With Mt. Desolation
Studio albums
Mt. Desolation (2010)
When the Night Calls (2018)
References
External links
Old Jet website
Keane official website
1981 births
Living people
English male guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English composers
Keane (band) members
People from Bedford
21st-century English bass guitarists
Mt. Desolation members
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23575032
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo
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Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the east of the country in particular, has been described as the "Rape Capital of the World," and the prevalence and intensity of all forms of sexual violence has been described as the worst in the world. Human Rights Watch defines sexual violence as "an act of a sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion," and rape as "a form of sexual violence during which the body of a person is invaded, resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim, with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or other part of the body."
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had a long history of unrest and instability. Although sexual violence has always occurred in the DRC in some capacity, increased rates of sexual violence coincided with the armed conflicts of the early 1990s and later.
Much of the research conducted about sexual violence in the DRC has focused on violence against and rape of women as related to these armed conflict, mostly occurring in the eastern region of the country. The eastern region of the DRC has the highest rates of sexual violence, and much of it is perpetrated by armed militia groups. However, other studies have begun to show that sexual violence is pervasive in all parts of the DRC and that it is not always related to the conflict.
While there is extensive evidence of the societal and individual ramifications caused by the sexual violence in the country, the government has been criticized for not doing enough to stop it. Although Congolese law criminalizes many forms of sexual violence, these laws are not always enforced.
Historical background
Rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war," and the United Nations officially declared rape a weapon of war in 2008. War rape makes a particularly effective weapon because it not only destroys its physical victims, but entire communities as well. War, violence, and instability have ravaged the DRC for decades, and this has led to a culture of violence in war and civilian life that often takes its form in a sexual nature.
Eleven years after the Republic of the Congo gained independence in 1960, president Mobutu renamed the country Zaire in 1971 and ruled the nation under an autocratic and corrupt regime. Under Mobutu's regime, sexual abuse was used as a method of torture.
Mobutu ruled until 1997, when after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, many génocidaires fled across Rwanda's western border into the DRC in hopes of escaping censure. Hutu extremist militias were reformed across the border, particularly in Kivu, the DRC's easternmost region, bringing crime and violence to the DRC. While the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers attempted to launch large operations, they still ultimately failed to disarm Hutu rebels who often retaliated by performing rapes, kidnappings and murders. This influx of militants and fighting in Burundi catalyzed the First Congo War and the end of Mobutu's regime. Spurred by the violence, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent Kabila, launched a rebellion against Mobutu regime in 1996 in the eastern part of the country.
Wilhelmine Ntakebuka, who coordinates a sexual violence program in Bukavu, believes that the increase in sexual violence started with the inflow of foreign militants:
The epidemic of rapes seems to have started in the mid-1990s. That coincides with the waves of Hutu militiamen who escaped into Congo’s forests after exterminating 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus during Rwanda’s genocide 13 years ago. Mr. Holmes said that while government troops might have raped thousands of women, the most vicious attacks had been carried out by Hutu militias.
The violence from the First Congo War led to the Second Congo War, which officially ended in 2006 with the election of the first democratically elected president, Joseph Kabila. However, there has been no end to the violence. A major confrontation in 2007 between government forces and troops of Tutsi general Laurent Nkunda culminated in another major confrontation in the eastern province of Nord-Kivu. Recently, instability and violence have greatly increased since the mutiny of members of the Government of DRC and the creation of the rebel movement, M23, supported by the Government of Rwanda and individuals of the Government of Uganda. Moreover, as recently as December 2012, the UN accused M23 rebels of raping and killing civilians in eastern DRC. There have also recently been allegations of a military attack and 72 counts of rapes against civilians by M23 in the Minova area.
Much of this continuing violence is a result of long-lasting animosity between the Tutsis, the Hutus, and other groups. Other factors of the continued violence are control of land, control of minerals, and economic tensions. The persistence of rape can also be attributed to misconceptions about rape, such as the myth that having sex with prepubescent girls will give people strength in battle or business dealings. The long history of violence has led to a culture of desensitization, lacking respect for international norms of human rights, and inadequate education.
Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly the eastern region of the country, is known as the rape capital of the world. While "the law specifically prohibits and provides penalties of 10 to 20 years' imprisonment for child and forced prostitution, pimping, and trafficking for sexual exploitation....There were no reported investigations or prosecutions of traffickers during the year [2007]." There is no law against spousal sexual assault.
Forms of sexual violence
Violence against women
Margot Wallström dubbed eastern Congo the "most dangerous place on earth to be a woman" and it is said that rape is simply a fact of life in the DRC. In October 2004 the human rights group Amnesty International said that 40,000 cases of rape had been reported over the previous six years, the majority occurring in South Kivu. This is an incomplete count, as the humanitarian and international organizations compiling the figures do not have access to much of the conflict area; only women who have reported for treatment are included. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.
A 2011 report recorded that 1,000 women had been raped daily.
A 2014 report by human rights charity Freedom from Torture outlined the usage of rape as a form of torture by security forces, focusing on case studies and accounts from torture survivors.
According to research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010, 39.7% of women in the Eastern Region (North Kivu, South Kivu, and Province Orientale) of the DRC reported to have been exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, most commonly taking its form in rape.
As Noel Rwabirinba, a sixteen-year-old who had been a militiaman for two years said, "If we see girls, it’s our right…we can violate them." This statement reflects the normalization of rape in the DRC. Because of conflicts, between 60 and 90 percent of women are single heads of households. This puts many burdens upon them, such as having to travel long distances to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to violence.
Patricia Rozée identifies different categories of rape, all of which occur in the DRC: punitive rape (used to punish to elicit silence and control); status rape (occurring as a result of acknowledged differences in rank); ceremonial rape (undertaken as part of socially sanctioned rituals); exchange rape (when genital contact is used as a bargaining tool); theft rape (involuntary abduction of individuals as slaves, prostitutes, concubines, or spoils of war); and survival rape (when women become involved with older men to secure goods needed to survive).
Rape, as related to the conflicts, is the most prevalent form of sexual violence in the country, particularly in the eastern region. However, civilians are also the perpetrators of rape. Furthermore, although people might assume that men always perpetrate conflict-related sexual violence against women, women are also perpetrators. In the 2010 study conducted by the American Medical Association, women reported to have perpetrated conflict-related sexual violence in 41.1% of female cases and 10.0% of male cases.
Violence against men and boys
The rape of men is also common. More studies are coming out to show that both women and men are the victims and perpetrators of sexual violence in the DRC.
Research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010 cites that 23.6% of men in the Eastern Region of the country have been exposed to sexual violence. And, a similar study also conducted in 2010 found that 22% of men (as compared to 30% of women) in eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence. A cross-sectional, population-based study found that one in four men living in the eastern region of the country have been the victims of sexual violence. Moreover, at least 4 to 10 percent of all rape victims are male.
The prevalence of rape of men in the country is likely underreported due to extreme stigma attached to sexual abuse of males. Men who admit to being raped risk ostracism by their community and criminal prosecution, because they may be seen as homosexual, which, though legal in the DRC, is socially unacceptable. Male victims are less likely to appear in court, and those who do are cast away in their villages and called "bush wives." According to Denise Siwatula, a programme officer at the Women's Synergy for the Victims of Sexual Violence based in Kivu, many men are victims of sexual violence and they need different assistance than women who come to their center.
Lynn Lawry, a humanitarian expert at the International Health Division of the US Department of Defense, said, "When we are looking at how we are going to address communities, we need to talk to female perpetrators as well as male perpetrators, and we have to include male survivors in our mental health clinics in order to address their issues, which may be very different from female survivors."
The 2020 report by the United Nations Secretary General on conflict related sexual violence covered that a young man from Tanganyika Province was stripped naked, raped and coerced by Twa militia to rape his own mother that led to severe sense of shame and the fear of stigmatization and reprisals for seeking support. Raping of men and boys have been used for degrading societal identities— by attacking family and community "protective" figures through humiliation and ultimately inflicting identity-based vulnerabilities. The report also covered the continuation of sexual violence against men and boys in detention and in several settings.
Violence against children
UNFPA reported that over 65% of victims during the past 15 years were children. The majority of this percentage was adolescent girls and roughly 10% of child victims are said to be under 10 years old. Many child soldiers, after being recruited from refugee camps, are often sexually abused.
Rape of girls and gender-based violence of minors is widespread in the eastern Congo.
Rape
Sexual violence functions as a means of humiliating, not only a female victim, but also her family and/or husband. Once raped, the victim traditionally sends a message to her husband to alert him about the event. He then arms himself and searches for the rapist. Today, most communities also stigmatize women and hold them accountable for being raped. The influx of armed groups from Burundi and Rwanda into the DRC has impacted the frequency of sexual violence in the region.
After the wars of 1996 and 1998 and the displacement of Congolese people, women were forced to turn to "survival sex" with wealthy foreign soldiers and UN peacekeepers. This was seen as emasculating the soldiers who were unable to live up to their expected societal roles. Objectified rape became the expected order in the DRC.
Many rapes occur in public spaces and in the presence of witnesses. These public rapes have become so popular that they have been given a name "la reigne". During these rapes, women are stripped, tied upside down, and gang raped in the middle of a village. The permission to invade and rape a village is often given as a reward to the armed group by the commanders. The government army, FARDC, due to its size and capacity, is the largest perpetrator.
"National Security" Rape
This form of rape is predominately used by governments and militaries to protect its "national security". Additionally, “national security" rape violently imposes many intersecting and mutually fundamental power relations such as nationalism and patriarchy. It is used to humiliate, torture, and punish "rebellious" women for directly challenging what the rapists view as strictly enshrined ideas of femininity and masculinity.
"Systematic Mass" Rape
The systematic rape of women in the DRC is regarded as a tool of oppression focused on a specific ethnic group and . During times of war, mass rape can be seen as an effective way to "feminize" one's enemy by violating “his women, nation and homeland,” thus proving that he is incapable of being an adequate protector. The raping of women in this process seeks to destroy the very "fabric of society, as women are seen as the symbolic bearers of ethno-national identity because of their roles as biological, cultural, and social reproducers of society itself".
Other forms of Sexual Violence
The United Nations includes rape, public rapes, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, gang rape, forced incest, sexual mutilation, disemboweling, genital mutilation, cannibalism, deliberate spread of HIV/AIDS, and forced sterilization as other forms of sexual violence that occur in the DRC that are used as techniques in war against the civilian population.
Other forms of sexual violence reported include: forcing of crude objects such as tree branches and bottles into the vagina, public rape in front of the family and community, forced rape between victims, the introduction of objects into the victims' cavities, pouring melted rubber into women's vaginas, shooting women in the vagina and inducing abortions using sharp objects.
Trafficking and prostitution
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a source and destination for trafficking for forced labor and forced prostitution, much of which is internal and perpetrated by armed groups in the eastern region of the DRC. The DRC is said to be the main regional source, from which women and children are trafficked in large numbers to sex industries in Angola, South Africa, Republic of Congo, and western Europe, particularly Belgium. Prostitution and forced prostitution occurs often in refugee camps in the country. In addition to forced prostitution in refugee camps, many girls are forced into prostitution in tent- or hut-based brothels, markets, and mining areas.
The main perpetrators are the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Patriotes Resistants Congolais (PARECO), various local militia (such as the Mai-Mai), the Alliance des patriots pour un Congo libre et souverain (APCLS), and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). There are many reports of these groups forcibly recruiting women and children to serve in sexual servitude.
Domestic violence
Article 444 of the Congo Family Code states that a wife "owes her obedience to her husband". Marital rape is not considered an offense in the DRC. Similar laws and attitudes are prevalent in countries involved in the DRC conflict. In Zimbabwe one in four women report having experienced sexual violence at the hands of their husbands. Women in the DRC do not have the right to refuse sex, and should they, men have the right to discipline their wives through beating, an act often referred to as “tough love”.
Research Directorate has called domestic violence "very prevalent" in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to several studies conducted in 2011, intimate partner sexual violence is the most pervasive form of violence against women in all areas of the DRC. A 2010 study concluded that intimate partner violence was reported by 31% of women and 17% of men.
Central factors for the high rates of domestic violence are the reintegration of combatants in communities, circulation of arms, and post-traumatic stress in times during and after conflict. However, reporting domestic violence is rare because women have no rights to share property or wealth, fear losing their children or being shunned by the community, or may not even know it is a punishable offense.
Although there are laws against domestic violence, cultural beliefs make it extremely difficult to implement the rules. Because the social status of African women is dependent on their marital status, and because the conflict has drastically reduced the male population, women have no choice but to suffer. Although the status of men is also dependent on their marital status, they are expected to exercise strict control over the wives. Men are seen as being superior in that they are better educated and capable of purchasing property.
Perpetrators
Militia groups
According to Human Rights Watch, while many of the perpetrators of sexual violence are militia groups, some of whom have been known to kidnap women and girls and use them as sex slaves, the Congolese army, Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), is the "single largest group of perpetrators."
In 2007, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) reported that 54% of all recorded sexual violence cases in the first 6 months of that year were committed by FARDC soldiers. Some commanders have been purported to overlook sexual violence perpetrated by those under their command. One investigation found that some commanders ordered their soldiers to commit rape. There are also incidents of rape involving the police, others in authority, civilians, and other opportunistic criminals.
View of masculinity which associate manliness with excessive use of aggression, force and violence contribute to military and militia sexual violence. Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians. Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized.
Many societies, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence military training, and weapons in the hands of men, while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence.
Background
Beginning with colonization, economic factors have contributed to the culture of violence that has dominated the DRC. In 1908, under King Leopold II, the "methodical rape of entire villages" was a popular tactic used by his administration for keeping the local population in order.
After gaining independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of Congo was marked by political and social instability. In 1965, during a coup, Colonel Joseph Mobutu took over and remained in power for the next 32 years.
During the 1990s, Mobutu's regime witnessed a large influx of refugees after the Rwandan genocide, many of which included genocide perpetrators. The perpetrators were able to rearm themselves and were immediately organized by ex-(FARDC) Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo leaders. In an effort to prevent future attacks from the newly formed group, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) soldiers joined together with (AFDL) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire forces under the leadership of Congolese rebel commander, Laurent Desire Kabila. The group was responsible for killing thousands of unarmed civilians.
In 2001, after the assassination of his father, Joseph Kabila took over as leader. A rebellion erupted in the same year. As a result, an estimated 4 million people died in the competition for control over the DRC's natural resources. Attempts to stabilize the peace process have failed. Insecurity is perpetuated by the remaining militia groups, which include the Mai-Mai.
Civilian perpetrators
In June 2010, UK aid group Oxfam reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Contrary to MONUSCO's 2007 report, the study found that 38% of rapes were committed by civilians in 2008. Rapes by civilians are increasing, demonstrating that sexual violence is becoming even more widespread throughout the country. This is a particularly dramatic rise compared to the number of civilian-perpetrated rapes in 2004, which was less than 1%. Researchers from Harvard discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. Consistent with these studies is a statement from Dr. Margaret Agama, the DRC's United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) representative:
Initially, rape was used as a tool of war by all the belligerent forces involved in the country’s recent conflicts, but now sexual violence is unfortunately not only perpetrated by armed factions but also by ordinary people occupying positions of authority, neighbours, friends and family members.
Teachers
A survey by the Brazil-based nonprofit organization Promundo found that 16% of girls in North Kivu said they had been forced to have sex with their teachers. And according to a 2010 UNICEF report, 46% of Congolese schoolgirls in a national study confirmed that they had been victims of sexual harassment, abuse, and violence committed by their teachers or other school personnel.
Female perpetrators
A 2010 survey in over 1,000 households in eastern Congo by a team of researchers led by Harvard academic Lynn Lawry asked victims of sexual violence to specify their assailant's gender. The study found that 40% of the female victims and 10% of male victims said they have been assaulted by a woman. A UN expert on armed groups states, "Women who were raped for years are now raping other women."
Violence in Angola
Congolese women are being systematically raped in Angola as a means of expelling the Congolese living there. With a booming mining trade, Congolese continue migrating into Angola in search of a living. Among some 26,000 people expelled since April 2011, more than 21,000 cases of serious human rights violations, including rape, beating, torture and looting, have been documented by an Italian aid agency that has a UN grant to monitor the border. Human Rights Watch says the goal of the abuse is to instill fear.
Ramifications
Medical ramifications
The medical repercussions of the sexual assault in the DRC vary from severed and broken limbs, burned flesh, rectovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas, STIs, pregnancy, and urinary incontinence to death. Adequate medical care for these injuries is very hard to come by, and many survivors remain ill or disfigured for the rest of their lives.
These are all more severe the younger the victim is. Young girls who are not fully developed are more likely to suffer from obstructed birth, which can lead to fistulas or even death. On a young girl, a pelvis "[hasn't] yet grown large enough to accommodate the baby's head, a common occurrence with young teenagers...[these girls end] up in obstructed birth, with the baby stuck inside [their] birth passage[s]...[often, they can't] walk or stand, a consequence of nerve damage that is a frequent by-product of fistulae."
At the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Eastern DRC, 4,715 of the women reported having suffered sexual violence; 4,009 received medical treatment; 702 had a fistula, 63.4% being traumatic and 36.6% being obstetric.
Sexual assault has also contributed to the HIV rate. Before the conflict in 1997, only 5% of the population was HIV positive; by 2002, there was a 20% HIV positive rate in the eastern region. A study conducted found that sociocultural barriers and strict obedience to Vatican doctrine prevented adolescents from receiving condoms or comprehensive sex education, which contributes to the spread of HIV.
Psychological and social ramifications
There are also many psychological and social consequences to being the victim of sexual violence. Victims often suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide. This can be particularly severe in cases in which men have been forced at gunpoint to sexually assault their daughters, sisters, or mothers. Psychological trauma after experiencing sexual violence can have a negative effect on sexual behavior and relationships, feelings about sex, ability to negotiate safer sex, and increased likelihood of drug abuse.
The most common social consequence for victims of sexual violence is isolation from their families and communities. Raped women are seen as impure, frequently leading to their being abandoned by their husbands or having trouble marrying. The most extreme versions of this stigmatization can lead to "honor killings" in which the victim of sexual violence is murdered by her family or community due to the belief that she has brought them shame and dishonor.
Young women and girls who are cast outside of their homes, or leave due to shame will most likely become even more vulnerable to further abuse. Moreover, the culture of widespread violence often affects children at an early age. Sexual violence is also perpetrated by minors, particularly among those involved with combatant forces. A previous child soldier of the Mai-Mai fighters’ movement, who fought to resist the Interahamwe from Rwanda who took refuge in the DRC after they fled from the Rwandan Patriotic Front, said that reasons that child soldiers and other combatants rape women include: listening to witch doctors’ advice, drug use, long periods in bush, gaining sexual experience, punishment, revenge, and a weapon of war.
In the context of the Congolese society, rape is considered to be an "act of marriage" to the perpetrator. A girl who becomes pregnant as a result of abuse is no longer viewed as a child who needs the care and affection of her parents.
Many women and girls report extreme poverty, being unable to continue with school and an inability to earn a living and pay fees. Additionally, women declare that they are unable to find jobs because of the physical pain and injuries caused by the abuse.
Regional differences
Several reports claim that there are no accurate representative numbers on the prevalence of sexual violence in the DRC because of underreporting and lack of research. Moreover, so far, there are no reports to indicate differences in rates of sexual violence based upon education, income, or residence (urban or rural). However, other research studies have found regional differences in rates and types of sexual violence in the DRC.
According to research done by the American Journal of Public Health in 2011, the highest rates of rape against women occurred in the North Kivu province. The war-torn and mineral-rich areas in the eastern part of the country have very high rates of sexual violence. M23 has recently gained control of territory in North Kivu, the city of Goma, and other areas of the Ruthuru region, and there have been recent reports of sexual violence in those areas.
Anthony Gambino, mission director for the Congo of the United States Agency for International Development, has also said that “shockingly high rape statistics are found in western Congo as well as northern and eastern Congo,” but that conflict-related rape is less prevalent in the west. Although most reports agree that sexual violence related to the armed conflict are most prevalent in North and South Kivu, Maniema, and Katanga, one report found that the highest number of rapes reported in 2007 by women aged 15 to 49 was in the provinces of Orientale, North Kivu and Équateur. They found that sexual violence not related to the armed conflict, such as in Équateur, often takes its form in intimate-partner violence.
Preventative efforts
Increasing awareness regarding the problem of sexual violence in the DRC has led to both national and international efforts to prevent the continuation of the atrocities taking place.
Government policy
According to articles of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, sexual violence is defined and criminalized as a form of gender-based violence and gender discrimination (article 14); a cruel, degrading, and inhuman treatment (article 16); a crime against humanity (article 15); and a violation of an individual's right to peace (article 52). Congolese law draws a distinction between rape and systematic rape, sexual violence being a crime against the state and systematic sexual violence as an international crime.
In 2006, the Palais du Peuple, the Congolese government, enacted sexual violence amendments to the 1940 Penal Code and the 1959 Penal Procedure Code. Part of these changes was criminalizing "insertion of an object into a woman’s vagina, sexual mutilation, and sexual slavery" as well as defining "any sexual relation with a minor as statutory rape."
The Congolese government's department, The Ministry of Gender, Family Affairs and Children, is dedicated to dealing with sexual violence within the nation.
International community and nongovernmental organizations
International human rights organizations began to document sexual violence in 2002.
In September 2009, following her visit to the DRC, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton oversaw the adoption of the U.N Security Council Resolution 1888, which details specific efforts that must be taken to protect women from sexual violence in war-stricken regions, and measures taken to bring perpetrators to justice. Clinton has also urged the Congolese government to personally investigate members of FARDC who have committed crimes of sexual violence, and FARDC generals have declared that they will set up new military tribunals to prosecute soldiers accused of sexual violence. Additionally, she has supported a $17 million plan to combat the sexual violence in the DRC.
USAID/Kinshasa currently provides medical, psycho-social, judicial, and socio-economic support to approximately 8,000 survivors in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Maniema Province. The International Security and Stabilization Support Strategy found that 72 percent of international funds for sexual violence in the DRC are devoted to treating victims of rape and 27 percent to preventing sexual abuse.
DRC vs Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda in March 1999 was the first case the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights heard that discussed violations of human rights, including sexual violence, during an armed conflict. The Commission found that the human rights abuses committed in the eastern provinces of the DRC were not in agreement to Part III of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949, Article 75(2) of Protocol 1, and Articles 2 and 4 of the African Charter.
The International Criminal Court is conducting an ongoing investigation into crimes committed in the DRC during the Second Congo War and afterwards. Several military leaders have been charged with crimes of sexual violence. Germain Katanga, the leader of the Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri (FPRI), and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the leader of the Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI), were charged and indicted with nine crimes against humanity including sexual slavery, a crime against humanity under article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute and a war crime under article 8(2)(b)(xxii) or (e)(vi) of the Rome Statute. Bosco Ntaganda of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC) was charged with rape and sexual slavery. Callixte Mbarushimana of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and Sylvestre Mudacumura have also been charged with rape.
According to Tier Rating, the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo does not comply with minimum standards for efforts to eliminate this problem by prosecuting perpetrators and providing services to victims. The government has not shown evidence in prosecuting sex trafficking perpetrators.
In June 2014, UK-based rehabilitation charity Freedom from Torture published its report "Rape as Torture in the DRC: Sexual Violence Beyond the Conflict Zone, using evidence from 34 forensic medical reports, to show that rape and sexual violence is being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. One of the women mentioned in the report stated:"Now I know, because I have been there, that it is normal for women to be sexually abused in prison..." The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones.
In addition, Eve Ensler's nongovernmental organization, V-Day, has not only been crucial in the growing awareness regarding sexual violence in the DRC, but has also entered into a project with UNICEF and the Panzi Foundation to build The City of Joy, a special facility in Bukavu for survivors of sexual violence in the DRC. The center, which can host up to 180 women a year, has resources such as sexual education courses, self-defense classes, and group therapy, as well as academic classes and courses in the arts. The City of Joy facility opened in February 2011.
Other perspectives
There are others who offer different perspectives to the dominant discourse about sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Many Congolese populations on the ground, Congolese intellectuals, and field-based interveners emphasize that there are many other consequences of the armed conflict that deserve as much attention as sexual violence does, including killings, forced labor, child soldiers, and torture. They also believe that the attention to rape in the DRC contributes to the proliferation of the widespread stereotype of Congolese people as savage and barbaric.
It is also said that the international focus on this problem has led to unintended, negative consequences, including ignoring other forms of violence and rape of men and boys. The worst consequence discussed is the belief that some armed groups think that sexual violence is now an effective bargaining tool. Thus, according to this perspective, the international focus is actually contributing to the increase of sexual violence. It has been said that the mass rapes in Luvungi in 2010, where Mai Mai Sheka gang raped 387 civilians, was partly due to this consequence because Sheka allegedly ordered his soldiers to rape women to draw attention to their group.
Perpetrator testimonies
The voices and testimonies of perpetrators have long been absent. However, during 2005–2006, Maria Erickson of the School of Global Studies at the Gothenburg University in Sweden interviewed soldiers and officers within the integrated armed forces. The interviews were organized in groups made up of 3–4 people and lasted between 3–4 hours.
A large portion of those interviewed were from the previous government forces, the FARDC. The data collected from the interviews provided detailed accounts and useful information on how the soldiers understood their identities, their roles as combatants and the amount of pain they inflicted onto their victims.
View of masculinity
Some of the FARDC soldiers interviewed described the military as a place for the tough and strong and as a place to prove one's manhood. One soldier stated that:
"You have to learn the tough spirit of a soldier. If you do not know that, some beating up is required. Those who are not able to make it, we call them inept, also sometimes the women, the inept will run away'.
He also went on to demonstrate the desensitization that accompanies military macho-violence:
'....A soldier is a soldier. He is not a civilian. Bullets are bullets. It is a war. We are not going there to kill ducks. It is war. You go there to defend. The centre is no place for compassion".
Roles as soldiers
The respondents’ perception of their roles as soldiers was reflected in their notions of what a successful position was within the armed forces. A successful soldier, they said, was an educated one who "sat behind a desk and completed administrative work". However, the soldiers also explained, that although administrative tasks were appealing, their entry into the force was not an active choice, but instead, was done to make money and receive an education.
Because manhood was closely linked to material wealth their choice to join the armed forces was not a vengeful call for violence or revenge but a fall back option because of unfortunate circumstances. Many of the soldiers described that they had not received the education they were promised and instead indicate that their lives had been filled with "ruin" and "tragedy". This discrepancy between a sense of how soldiering “should be” and “the way it was” was the basis for the prevalence of violence among armed forces.
See also
The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo documentary film
Ruined (play) by Lynn Nottage, winner of 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Drama
Sexual slavery
Wartime sexual violence
General:
Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
International:
Sexual violence in Finland
Sexual violence in South Africa
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Rape statistics (worldwide)
Estimates of sexual violence (worldwide)
References
External links
The Advocacy Project 2009 Peace Fellow Elisa Garcia in partnership with BVES
Heal Africa
Rape as torture in the DRC:Sexual violence beyond the conflict zone
AMKENI Action Group: From illiteracy to entrepreneurship for survivors of sexual violence in Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence
Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence against women in Africa
Sex crimes
Sexual violence
International law
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44499093
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Energy
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The Energy
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"The Energy" is the lead single from the debut and only major record label album Dirty Sexy Knights in Paris by alternative rock band Audiovent. The song was a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in 2002, and broke into the top 20 of the Billboard Alternative Songs chart as well.
Background
Majority of the band's major record label debut, Dirty Sexy Knights in Paris, actually originates from the album Papa's Dojo, the early material the band released in their early days under the moniker "Vent". "The Energy" was one of only a few new tracks not originating from those sessions, but rather, written explicitly for the new album. The song was the band's first to be sent to rock radio, and the first single as well. It was also included on the soundtrack for the video games Madden 2003, Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure, Splashdown: Rides Gone Wild, and BMX XXX.
Themes and composition
Boyd states that the lyrics were inspired by a difficult break up he was going through upon recording the song. Boyd stated that writing the song helped him work through his emotions on the departure.
"'Energy' and a lot of the record was written during the breakup, and that song in particular is about my realization that I can't be dependent on any one person except myself. It's just a constant reminder of where I was at that point in my life and now the song just lets me know that I can't get back there again."
He explains that "The Energy" is in reference to having the energy to be self-sufficient, and not dependent on any one person. MTV described the lyrics as " a misty reverie to a full-throttle venting session" while describing its sound as having "propulsive guitars, emotionally expressive vocals and galvanic rhythms".
Reception
Margo Whitmire of Billboard magazine praised the track for its "deep lyrics and electric musical energy". Conversely, Allmusic and Uproxx criticized the track for a lack of perceived energy, especially considering the song's title.
Personnel
Band
Jason Boyd - vocals
Benjamin Einziger - guitar, vocals
Paul Fried - bass, vocals
Jamin Wilcox - drums, vocals
Chart performance
References
2002 singles
2002 songs
Atlantic Records singles
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20470175
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velchanos
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Velchanos
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Velchanos is an ancient Minoan god associated with vegetation and worshipped in Crete. He was one of the main deities in the Minoan pantheon, alongside a Mother Goddess figure who appears to have been his mother and consort, with the two participating in an hieros gamos.
The cult of Velchanos was likely influenced by the Mesopotamian deitiy Dumuzid. Following the rise of Mycenaean Greece and contact with the Minoans, Velchanos' cult influenced that of Zeus, who was at times referred to by Greeks under the name Zeus Velchanos. Other possible influences include the Roman deity Vulcan.
Origins
According to Arthur Evans, a tree cult played one of the most important aspects of the Minoan religion in ancient Crete. In this cult, two deities were worshipped; one male and one female. In this tree cult, while the Mother Goddess was viewed as a personification of tree-vegetation, the male god formed a "concrete image of the vegetation itself in the shape of a divine child or a youth", with the two forming a mother and child relationship. Given the role of the hieros gamos between the two, it has been theorized that Velchanos was partially based on the Mesopotamian Dumuzid.
Worship
Mycenaean period
The Minoans viewed Velchanos as less powerful than the goddess.
At some point, the Mycenaean civilization came in contact with the Minoans, who identified their own god Zeus with the Cretan god. This religious syncretism led to Zeus obtaining some of Velchanos' traits, with his mythology also being affected; henceforth, Zeus was stated to have been born in Crete and was often represented as a beardless youth. He was also venerated as Zeus Velchanos.
Hellenistic period
In the 4th century BC, during the beginning of the Hellenistic era, Hagia Triada fell under the control of the polis of Phaistos and was reinstated as a place of worship. In this period, an aedicula was installed over a Minoan stoa in honor of Zeus Velchanos. In the same location, a bull protome was also found, built around the 2nd century BC, which is attributed to the shrine of Velchanos. Velchanos appears to have been worshipped in Gortyna as well, as coins depicting him have been found.
Velchanus' main festival, the Velchania, was likely celebrated in the Cretan poleis of Gortyna, Lyttos, and Knossos.
Iconography
Symbols
Coins from Phaistos depicted Zeus Velchanos with a cock in his lap. These coins also depicted him with an oak tree. He was also depicted with a bull. At other times, Velchanos was depicted as an eagle.
Influences on other cultures
Given the similarities in naming, it has been suggested that Velchanos was an influence on Vulcan from Roman mythology.
References
Bibliography
Chthonic beings
Greek mythology
Minoan religion
Minoan art
Nature gods
Zeus
Vulcan (mythology)
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44499100
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20McNamara%20%28neuroscientist%29
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Patrick McNamara (neuroscientist)
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Patrick McNamara (born 1956) is an American neuroscientist. His work has centered on three major topics: sleep and dreams, religion, and mind/brain.
Biography
McNamara was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts on January 4, 1956. McNamara’s father was a career US Air Force officer, so the family lived all around the world until McNamara was 17 years old. When the family returned to Massachusetts, he began to study philosophy part time at University of Massachusetts Boston. In his twenties he began a period of what he describes as a very fruitful period of in-depth personal exploration of differing spiritual disciplines and philosophical traditions culminating in a lifelong, distinctive orientation in his philosophical outlook. He returned to college at 27 years old, this time at Boston University, switching his major area of study to neuropsychology, graduating with a B.A. in Psychology in 1986. He received his Ph.D. in Behavioral Neuroscience from Boston University in 1991. His doctoral project (under Laird Cermak) involved psycholinguistic investigations into the memory disorders associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. He had a postdoctoral fellowship under Martin Albert, Lorane Obler, Harold Goodglass and Edith Kaplan for three years in the Aphasia Research Center at the Boston VA (Veterans Administration).
After brief teaching stints at several New England colleges and universities, he abruptly left academia, claiming it made him ill. He then became an independent researcher with a grants-dependent research appointment in the Department of Neurology at Boston University School of Medicine. From 2000 to about 2018 he won and subsisted upon several research awards from various funding agencies, foundations, and private groups – always avoiding official academic conferences, appointments, and ideologies as much as possible. Operating as an independent researcher allowed him to pursue his unusual scientific and philosophic interests including sleep and dreams, neuroscience, philosophy, and religion.
In 2022, McNamara, along with Dr. Jordan Grafman of Northwestern University, received a major award from the Templeton Foundation for his seminal contributions to the emerging scientific field of the cognitive neuroscience of religion (See: https://www.cognitiveneuroscienceofreligion.org/)
Research
In terms of sleep and dreams, McNamara's work has largely focused on the evolution of REM sleep, the social simulation hypothesis on dream content, and the links between REM dreams and religious consciousness. Throughout his writings, his philosophy is personalist in orientation. He sees religion as a practice that enhances individuality and reproductive fitness and that this is in tension with religion's group enhancing functions.
In his recent philosophical work, Religion, Neuroscience, and the Self, McNamara uses contemporary neuroscientific research on religious experience, the Self, and personhood to explore the theological and philosophical set of ideas known as Personalism. He proposes a new eschatological form of personalism that is consistent with current neuroscience models of relevant brain functions concerning the self and personhood and that can meet the catastrophic challenges of the 21st century. Eschatological Personalism, rooted in the philosophical tradition of “Boston Personalism”, takes as its starting point the personalist claim that the significance of a self and personality is not fully revealed until it has reached its endpoint, which from a theological perspective can only occur within the eschatological realm. That realm is explored in the book along with implications for personalist theory and ethics. Topics covered include the agent intellect, dreams and the imagination, future-orientation and eschatology, phenomenology of Time, social ethics, Love, the challenge of AI, privacy and solitude, and the individual ethic of autarchy. This book is an innovative combination of the neuroscientific and theological
insights provided by a Personalist viewpoint.
His two books published in 2022 are “The Cognitive Neuroscience of Religious Experiences (CNRE)” and “The Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams”, both published by Cambridge University Press. The CNRE text provides an up-to-date review of the neurology of religious experiences. McNamara applies predictive processing and free energy principles to every key topic in the book.
Among the many topics explored, the CNRE book includes the following:
Findings on religious experiences associated with psychedelics
A new neurobiology and theoretical treatment of ritual and the ritualization process
Implications of evolutionary genetic and sexual conflict for all key religion and brain topics
The psychology, neurobiology and phenomenology of mystical states and experiences
A systematic psychology, philosophy, and neurobiology of self-transformation in relation to religious practices
A new theory of religious group effects rooted in evolutionary neurobiology and examines its relevance for functions of religion
Evidence for, relevance to religion of, and an exposition of the new theory of “Theory of Group Mind – ToGM” which stipulates that humans (and brains) aim to cognize both individual and group minds
Empirical and theoretical work as well as neural correlates of religious language
The evolutionary background, clinical neurology, and philosophical phenomenology of the relation of schizophrenia to religion and brain topic areas
Insights of cultural evolutionary models to religion and brain topics
Insights of the 4E paradigm to examine the extent to which religion and brain processes are embedded, extended, enacted, and embodied
REM sleep neurobiology and dreams are systematically incorporated into topics on religion and brain
Books
Published
Patrick McNamara, The cognitive neuroscience of religious experience. 2nd edition; Cambridge University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-1108833172
Patrick McNamara, The neuroscience of sleep and dreams. 2nd edition; Cambridge University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-1316629741
Patrick McNamara, The cognitive neuropsychiatry of Parkinson's Disease, MIT Press, 2011,
Patrick McNamara, The neuroscience of religious experience, Cambridge University Press, 2009,
Patrick McNamara, An evolutionary psychology of sleep and dreams. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Patrick McNamara and Wesley J. Wildman, Science and the world's religions, Praeger, 2012,
Patrick McNamara, Where God and science meet : how brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion, Praeger Publishers, 2006,
Patrick McNamara, Nightmares : the science and solution of those frightening visions during sleep, Praeger, 2008,
Patrick McNamara, Spirit possession and history: History, psychology, and neurobiology. Westford, CT: ABC-CLIO. 2011.
Patrick McNamara, Mind and variability: Mental Darwinism, memory and self. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood Press. 1999.
Edited
Deirdre Barrett and Patrick McNamara, Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreams, Greenwood, 2012,
References
External links
Official page at Boston University
1956 births
Living people
American neuroscientists
Boston University faculty
University of Massachusetts Boston alumni
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Neuroimaging researchers
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44499112
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samia%20Abbou
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Samia Abbou
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Samia Hamouda Abbou (, born 3 November 1965) is a Tunisian lawyer and politician. On 27 December 2011, she replaced Moncef Marzouki in the Constituent Assembly after he assumed office as the interim President of Tunisia.
Before the Tunisian Revolution she was one of the founding members of and joined the Congress for the Republic (CPR) in 2006. She is married to Mohamed Abbou, who until June 2012 served as Deputy Prime Minister for Administrative Reform in the Jebali Cabinet. On 17 February 2013, they both left the CPR and founded the Democratic Current in May.
In the 2014 parliamentary election she was head of her party's list in the Tunis I constituency and succeeded in being reelected to the Assembly of the Representatives of the People.
Biography
She completed her primary and secondary studies in Tebourba, then joined the Faculty of Law and Political Science in Tunis until she graduated in 2010.
She is one of the founding members of the National Council for Freedoms in Tunisia and joined the Congress for the Republic in 2006.
Member of the Constituent Assembly, replacing Moncef Marzouki, from 27 December 2011.
She left the Congress for the Republic in 2013 and joined the Democratic Courts, under whose colors she was elected to the Assembly of People's Representatives in the elections of 26 October 2014 with 5,404 votes.
In 2014, she was decorated with the insignia of knight of the Tunisian Order of Merit.
References
1965 births
Congress for the Republic politicians
Democratic Current politicians
Living people
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia
Members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
21st-century Tunisian women politicians
21st-century Tunisian politicians
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20470184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesteven%20County%20Council
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Kesteven County Council
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Kesteven County Council was the county council of Parts of Kesteven in the east of England. It came into its powers on 1 April 1889 and was abolished on 1 April 1974. The county council was based at the County Offices in Sleaford. It was amalgamated with Holland County Council and Lindsey County Council to form the new Lincolnshire County Council in 1974.
Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen
Chairmen
1889–98: Sir William Welby-Gregory, 4th Baronet
1898–1921: Sir John Thorold, 12th Baronet.
1921–34: Sir Charles Welby, 5th Baronet
1934–54: Sir Robert Pattinson
1955–62: F. J. Jenkinson
1962–67: H. W. N. Fane
1968–73: J. H. Lewis
Vice-chairmen
1889–98: Sir John Thorold, 12th Baronet.
1898–1904: Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 3rd Baronet.
1904–09: Valentine Stapleton.
1909–21: Sir Charles Welby, 5th Baronet.
1921–34: Robert Pattinson
1934–37: W. V. R. King-Fane
1937–40: J. H. Bowman
1940–55: F. J. Jenkinson
1955–56: John Cracroft-Amcotts
1957–62: H. W. N. Fane
Coat of arms
Kesteven County Council received a grant of arms in 1950. The Lincoln green shield bears an ermine pale, representing the Roman Ermine Street which runs the length of the county. This is charged with an oak tree for the ancient forests, among them Kesteven Forest.
The crest shows a heron with a pike in its beak. The dexter supporter is a Roman legionary which recalls the Roman settlements of the county. The sinister supporter is a poacher, recalling the song "The Lincolnshire Poacher", an unofficial anthem of Lincolnshire.
References
Former county councils of England
Local authorities in Lincolnshire
Local education authorities in England
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20470189
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20International%20Documentary%20Film%20Festival
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Chicago International Documentary Film Festival
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The Chicago International Documentary Film Festival (CIDF) is a festival of documentary films in the United States. The film event was established in 2003 and is dedicated to the celebration and cultivation of the documentary film. Over $50,000 in unrestricted cash plus other prizes are awarded by the jury.
CIDF is presented by the Society for Arts.
External links
Homepage
Documentary film festivals in the United States
Film festivals in Chicago
Film festivals established in 2003
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20470210
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Virden
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Claude Virden
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Claude Felton Virden (born November 25, 1947) is a former American basketball player from Akron, Ohio.
Career
Virden played college basketball for Murray State University. Virden was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1970 NBA Draft and by the Kentucky Colonels in the 1970 American Basketball Association draft.
After a stint in the United States Army, Virden signed with the Kentucky Colonels. Virden played for part of the 1972–73 season for the Colonels, averaging 9.9 points per game as the team made it to the ABA Finals before losing the championship to the Indiana Pacers 4 games to 3. A knee injury ended Virden's season and mediocre career.
References
1947 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Akron, Ohio
Kentucky Colonels draft picks
Kentucky Colonels players
Murray State Racers men's basketball players
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
United States Army soldiers
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20470213
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara%20Reservation
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Niobrara Reservation
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The Niobrara Reservation is a former Indian Reservation in northeast Nebraska. It originally comprised lands for both the Santee Sioux and the Ponca, both Siouan-speaking tribes, near the mouth of the Niobrara River at its confluence with the Missouri River. In the late nineteenth century the United States government built a boarding school at the reservation for the Native American children in the region. By 1908 after allotment of plots to individual households of the tribes under the Dawes Act, were reserved for an agency, school and mission for a distinct Santee Sioux Reservation; the neighboring Ponca Reservation had only reserved for agency and school buildings.
Santee Sioux
In 1884, John Lenger organized an all-Indian brass band on the Niobrara Reservation, the Santee Sioux Band. The group
demonstrated the musical ability of the Santee and presented them in a favorable light to their white neighbors. The band, led by Lenger, appeared at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 and at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in Omaha in 1898 .. [and] ... a special command performance for President Benjamin Harrison.
In 1890, Special Agent Reuben Sears described the land as unsuitable for farming without irrigation. "Perhaps half of the lands on this reservation would produce half a crop usually, while the other half is absolutely worthless, except for grazing, and 10 acres of this would be requisite to sustain 1 steer ... Timber is not abundant on this reservation. A sufficient quantity is found for fuel and posts, and for present use only." The Indian population at the Santee and Flandreau Agency at that time was 869. The Santee were described as a community that raised ponies and horses and lived in log or frame houses with barns, but did not like to keep milk cows or hogs. The Santee displayed aptitude for music and carpentry, and continued their customs of moving between summer and winter homes and "congregating together." Sears concluded that "The Santees are practically self-sustaining, although occupying an almost barren reservation."
Sears noted that the Santee simply stopped talking altogether if asked about their tribal history or religious beliefs. Their unwillingness to discuss their history is understandable, given that memories of the Dakota War of 1862 were still relatively fresh. After the war, thirty-nine Sioux were killed in a mass execution in Mankato, Minnesota, and a third of the Indians imprisoned at Camp McClellan died of disease; some of these survivors were sent to Nebraska. Three hundred of the women, children, and old men at the post-war internment camp on Pike Island, near Fort Snelling, Minnesota, died due to poor conditions; in May 1863 Dakota survivors were forced aboard steamboats and relocated to the drought-stricken Crow Creek Reservation. Many of the survivors of Crow Creek moved three years later to the Niobrara Reservation.
Ponca
By contrast, the Ponca on the reservation numbered about 217 people, raised cattle and hogs, and were willing to discuss their history and religion. They lived in small frame houses, and had adequate rainfall and well water to maintain well-kept farms.
1930s archaeological survey
In the 1930s, an archeological survey was begun on the Ponca/Niobrara Reservation south of the Niobrara River and Lynch, Nebraska. In an effort to identify and save prehistoric artifacts before they were destroyed during agricultural development, the University of Nebraska and the Smithsonian Institution undertook a joint project. The team excavated a prehistoric Ponca village; the ten laborers on the project were paid by the Works Progress Administration of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration during the Great Depression. The project was to survey, identify and protect ancient resources. The Ponca village included large circular homes up to sixty feet in diameter; their residences were located for almost two miles (3 km) along the south bank of the Niobrara River.
Niobrara Island was included in the original reservation.
See also
Native American tribes in Nebraska
List of Indian agencies in Nebraska
Sioux
Notes
Former American Indian reservations in Nebraska
Geography of Knox County, Nebraska
Ponca
Dakota
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20470216
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-palatalization
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Labio-palatalization
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A labio-palatalized sound is one that is simultaneously labialized and palatalized. Typically the roundedness is compressed, like , rather than protruded like . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for this secondary articulation is , a superscript , the symbol for the labialized palatal approximant. If such sounds pattern with other, labialized, consonants, they may instead be transcribed as palatalized consonants plus labialization, , as with the = of Abkhaz or the = of Akan.
A voiced labialized palatal approximant occurs in Mandarin Chinese and French, but elsewhere is uncommon, as it is generally dependent upon the presence of front rounded vowels such as and , which are themselves not common. However, a labialized palatal approximant and labio-palatalized consonants appear in some languages without front rounded vowels in the Caucasus and in West Africa, such as Abkhaz, and as allophones of labialized consonants before , including the at the beginning of the language name Twi. In Russian, and trigger labialization of any preceding consonant, including palatalized consonants, so that нёс 'he carried' is phonetically .
Iaai has a voiceless labialized palatal approximant .
Labial–palatal consonants
Truly co-articulated labial–palatal consonants such as are theoretically possible. However, the closest sounds attested from the world's languages are the labial–postalveolar consonants of Yélî Dnye in New Guinea, which are sometimes transcribed as labial–palatals.
See also
Labio-palatal approximant
References
Place of articulation
Assimilation (linguistics)
Secondary articulation
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20470229
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200260
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Uncial 0260
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Uncial 0260 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek-Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 6th century. The manuscript has survived in a very fragmentary condition.
Description
The codex contains some parts of the Gospel of John 1:30-32, on 2 parchment leaves (). The text is written in two columns per page, 16 lines per page, in uncial letters. Coptic text is in Fayyumic dialect.
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 6th century.
Location
Currently the codex is housed at the Berlin State Museums (P. 5542) in Berlin.
Text
The text-type of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III. The manuscript was examined by Kurt Treu and Horseley. Iw was used in 26. edition of Novum Testamentum Graece of Nestle-Aland.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Coptic versions of the Bible
Textual criticism
References
Further reading
Kurt Treu, "Griechisch-koptische Bilinguen des Neuen Testaments", Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universität (Halle/Wittenberg, 1965), pp. 95-123.
G. H. R. Horseley, "New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity" 2 (Macquarie University, 1982), pp. 125-140.
U. B. Schmid, D. C. Parker, W. J. Elliott, The Gospel according to St. John: The majuscules (Brill 2007), p. 145. [text of the codex]
Greek New Testament uncials
6th-century biblical manuscripts
Greek-Coptic diglot manuscripts of the New Testament
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20470231
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Arts
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Society for Arts
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The Society for Arts is an American 501 (c) (3) not-for-profit arts organization focused on furthering cultural communication between Europe and the United States. It was established in 1981, and is located in the East Village, what is considered to be one of Chicago's more artistic communities along Milwaukee Avenue in the heart of the old Polish Downtown. The organization is best known for organizing the Chicago International Documentary Festival.
Building
The structure housing the Society was originally designed as a neighborhood bank by the architectural firm of Whitney & Williams. It was built in 1920, and purchased along with adjacent lots for the Society in December 1993. It was officially opened on November 3, 1994. The Society currently operates two galleries within the building, with exhibits ranging from painting, sculpture, graphics and photography to three-dimensional installations, as well as gallery talks, workshops and lectures by visiting artists and scholars.
External links
Homepage
Arts organizations established in 1981
1981 establishments in the United States
Arts organizations based in Illinois
Culture of Chicago
Art museums and galleries in Chicago
Polish-American culture in Chicago
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20470254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20Ever%20Happens
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Nothing Ever Happens
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"Nothing Ever Happens" is a song by the Scottish rock band Del Amitri.
Released as a single on 1 January 1990, it reached #11 in the UK Singles Chart and was the band's biggest hit in the UK; and was also a top-10 hit in Ireland, peaking at #4. It is the last track on the album Waking Hours.
Track listing
A-side
"Nothing Ever Happens"
B-side
"So Many Souls To Change"
"Don't I Look Like The Kind Of Guy You Used To Hate"
"Evidence"
References
External links
"On The Record: Justin Currie – Nothing Ever Happens by Del Amitri" at .bbc.co.uk
1989 singles
1990 singles
Del Amitri songs
1989 songs
A&M Records singles
Song recordings produced by Hugh Jones (producer)
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44499113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida%20Eddies
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Haida Eddies
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Haida Eddies are episodic, clockwise rotating ocean eddies that form during the winter off the west coast of British Columbia’s Haida Gwaii and Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago. These eddies are notable for their large size, persistence, and frequent recurrence. Rivers flowing off the North American continent supply the continental shelf in the Hecate Strait with warmer, fresher, and nutrient-enriched water. Haida eddies are formed every winter when this rapid outflow of water through the strait wraps around Cape St. James at the southern tip of Haida Gwaii, and meets with the cooler waters of the Alaska Current. This forms a series of plumes which can merge into large eddies that are shed into the northeast Pacific Ocean by late winter, and may persist for up to two years.
Haida eddies can be more than 250 km in diameter, and transport a mass of coastal water approximately the volume of Lake Michigan over 1,000 km offshore into the lower nutrient waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean. These "warm-core rings" transport heat out to sea, supplying nutrients (particularly nitrate and iron) to nutrient depleted areas of lower productivity. Consequently, primary production in Haida eddies is up to three times higher than in ambient waters, supporting vast phytoplankton-based communities, as well as influencing zooplankton and icthyoplankton community compositions.
The Haida name is derived from the Haida people native to the region, centered on the islands of Haida Gwaii (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands).
Historical observations
Due to their large size, it was not until the satellite era that scientists were able to observe the full scale and life cycles of Haida eddies. Their extent is such that an ocean liner can move through the eddy without observing its borders, so accurate records did not exist until the late 1980s.
Between 1985-1990, the first US research mission to study changes in sea surface height using radar altimetry (an instrument used to measure the ocean surface height using a radar pulse in reference to a geoid), was conducted by the US Navy using the Geodetic/Geophysical Satellite (GEOSAT). The primary focus was to study fronts, eddies, winds, waves, and tides; each of these processes produce a change in sea surface height of several meters. In 1986, researchers Gower and Tabata observed clockwise eddies in the Gulf of Alaska using GEOSAT - the first satellite observation of Haida eddies. In 1987, the Ocean Storms program deployed 50 drifters to examine intertidal oscillations and mixing during fall storms and observed eddies propagating westward. Also in 1987, researchers Richard Thomson, Paul LeBlond, and William Emery observed that ocean drifters deployed in the Gulf of Alaska at 100–120 meters below the surface had stopped their eastward motion and actually began to move westward counter to the predominant current. The researchers attributed the unexpected motion to eddies dragging the buoys westward from their path at approximately 1.5 cm/s.
In 1992, Haida eddies were observed by researchers Meyers and Basu as positive sea surface height anomalies using TOPEX-POSEIDON, an altimetry-based satellite platform (like GEOSAT). They specifically noted an increase in the number of Haida eddies during the 1997/1998 El Niño winter. Haida eddy altimetry observations were further supplemented by European Remote Sensing satellites, ERS1 and ERS2. In 1995 Richard Thomson, together with James Gower at the Institute of Ocean Sciences in British Columbia, discovered the first clear evidence of eddies along the entire continental margin using temperature maps from infrared observations using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. Satellite observations coupled with drifter observations have allowed scientists to resolve physical and biogeochemical structures of Haida eddies.
Formation
General circulation
Ocean circulation in the region begins with the transport of waters eastward along the North Pacific Current, also known as the "West Wind Drift", which forms the northern branch of the anticyclonic (clockwise rotation of fluids in Northern Hemisphere) North Pacific subtropical gyre. The North Pacific current approaches the continental US and bifurcates into the southward flowing California Current and the northward flowing Alaska Current. The latitude of this bifurcation is dependent on changes in the midlatitude (30-60° latitude) westerly atmospheric wind patterns, which is the primary forcing on the ocean's circulation in this region. These westerly winds oscillate around 45°N and can have variable wind speeds. Changes in these winds are based on the large-scale atmospheric circulation which has seasonal (summer/winter), interannual (ENSO), and decadal (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, or PDO) variability. The northwestward Alaska Current then feeds into the westward Alaskan Coastal Current, and eventually into the Alaskan Stream; together these make up the cyclonic (counterclockwise rotating) subpolar Alaskan gyre, where Haida eddies are found.
In winter, the location of the North Pacific Current bifurcation is approximately 45°N, which is 5° south of where it bifurcates in the summer at approximately 50°N. This has implications as to what water is moved into the Alaskan subpolar gyre. In winter, when the splitting of the current is more south, fresh, warmer waters from river input from the Columbia (47°N) and Fraser (49°N) rivers are transported north. This shift in the North Pacific current location leads to winter currents transporting relatively warmer water poleward from a lower latitude than in the summer. Although the northern branch of the subtropical gyre shifts south in the winter, the subpolar gyre does not shift location, but intensifies in its circulation. This intensification brings a greater volume of water from the south into the subpolar gyre, which again is dependent on the magnitude of atmospheric circulation. For example: the Aleutian Low is a persistent low pressure system over the Gulf of Alaska that can fluctuate on decadal timescales, producing the PDO. If this system is relatively strong during winter, there will be an increase in northward transport of waters along the Alaskan current from southerly winds. Haida eddies have been documented to form predominantly in the winter when bifurcation is south, and favorable atmospheric conditions are met to intensify the subpolar gyre. With these conditions, Haida eddy formation has also been documented to occur from baroclinic instabilities from alongshore wind reversals, equatorial Kelvin waves, and bottom topography. Baroclinic instabilities form when tilting or sloping of isopycnals (horizontal lines of constant density) form. Baroclinic instabilities from alongshore wind reversals occur when a persistent wind along the coast changes direction. For example: in the Gulf of Alaska average winds travel from the south, poleward (termed southerly winds), but during a wind reversal the winds will abruptly shift to a northwesterly wind (coming from the northwest), and the coastal current that was being pushed north will now be pushed south. This change in direction causes rotation in an originally northward flowing current, which results in tilting isopyncals. Kelvin waves that form along the equator are able to travel along the west coast of North America to the Gulf of Alaska, where their presence can cause disruptions in the poleward current and form baroclinic instabilities. Bottom topography, the third formation process of Haida eddies, can occur because the Alaska current will interact with hills or rock formations below the surface, and this can cause baroclinic instabilities.
General physical attributes
Haida eddies possess common physical characteristics that are dependent on the attributes of the water that is being transported, and how that influences the overall structure. Haida eddies are characterized as relatively long-lived, transient (departure from the average ocean current along the coast), medium-sized (mesoscale) ocean eddies that rotate clockwise (anti-cyclonic), and possess a warm, less-saline core, relative to the surrounding waters. These warm waters within the eddy are attributed to the baroclinic clockwise motion that results in a piling up of water near the center, and a downward displacement of surface water to depth (downwelling). This phenomenon is referred to as Ekman pumping, resulting from a conservation of mass, vertical velocity, and the Coriolis force. Downwelling of water from convergence produces what is called 'dynamic height anomalies' between the center and the surrounding waters. The anomaly is calculated by taking the difference between the surface of interest, for example the middle of a Haida eddy, and a reference point (in oceanography it is in reference to the geopotential surface, or the geoid). Haida eddies are capable of producing dynamic height anomalies between the center and the surrounding waters of 0.12-0.35 m.
Ekman pumping of surface waters, coupled with northward transport of warm waters (from location of bifurcation), dampens the temperature gradient from the surface down to 300 m, so that water temperature within the eddy is warmer below the surface than typical conditions. Stratification increases between these warmer, less-saline vortices and the surrounding waters by effectively depressing background lines of constant temperature (isotherms) and salinity (isohalines) (shown in figure). This makes them an ideal vehicle to transport coastal water properties into the Gulf of Alaska because of reduced mixing with surrounding waters.
As Haida eddies break away from the coast into the subpolar gyre, they transport water properties such as temperature, salinity and kinetic energy. A common water mass in the area is the Pacific Subarctic Upper Water (PSUW) mass with conservative (constant through time and space) properties of salinity (32.6-33.6 psu) and temperature (3-15 °C). PSUW moves into the Alaska Current from the North Pacific Current and may be mixed via Haida eddies into the subpolar gyre. Fresh (low salinity) water from rivers are mixed into Haida eddies. They are also able to exchange potential energy and momentum from the coastal mean current, a process that takes energy away from the coastal current and advects it toward the middle of the gyre. On average, the Gulf of Alaska experiences 5.5 Haida eddies per year, with a typical eddy characterized by a dynamical height of approximately 0.179 m, propagation speed of 2 km per day, average core diameter of 97 km, total volume of approximately 3,000 to 6,000 km3, and a duration of 30 weeks.
Biogeochemical and nutrient dynamics
Biogeochemical dynamics in Haida eddies are typically characterized by highly productive, yet relatively nutrient depleted surface waters, that may be replenished by diffusion and mixing from nutrient abundant sub-surface core waters. This nutrient exchange is also often facilitated by seasonal fluctuations in the surface mixed layer depth (~20 m in winter, up to 100 m in summer), bringing the low-nutrient surface waters in contact with the nutrient-rich core waters as the mixed layer deepens. Upon eddy formation in winter, surface water concentrations are high in nutrients including nitrate, carbon, iron, and others that are important for biological production. However, they are quickly consumed by phytoplankton through spring and summer, until fall when the now reduced nutrient concentrations can be slowly replenished by mixing with the sub-surface core waters. The net effect of Haida eddies on macronutrients and trace metal micronutrients is that of offshore transport of materials from coastal waters to open ocean, increasing offshore primary productivity inside the eddy formation site.
Dissolved iron
The southeast and central Gulf of Alaska tends to be iron-limited, and Haida eddies deliver large quantities of iron-rich coastal waters into these regions. In High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) areas, iron tends to limit phytoplankton growth more than macronutrients, so the delivery of iron plays an important role in stimulating biological activity. While surface waters within the eddy are similar to that of ambient HNLC waters, waters in the eddy core are highly iron-enriched. Iron is delivered upward to the surface from the eddy core as a result of physical transport properties as the eddy decays or interacts with other eddies. This iron flux into the photic zone (where light is abundant to support growth), is associated with an increase in spring and summer primary production, and drawdown of macronutrients as they are consumed by phytoplankton. Increased iron concentrations have been observed to persist in the core of the eddy up to 16 months after eddy formation. Physical transport properties retain a supply of iron to the surface from the still iron-rich eddy core for the lifetime of the eddy. Because of the large vertical iron transport, Haida eddies contribute a significant portion of the total iron available for biological use.
Total dissolved iron concentrations in Haida eddies are approximately 28 times higher than open ocean waters of the Alaska gyre. The daily average supply of iron upwelled from the eddy core is 39 times higher than the iron introduced by average daily dust deposition in the northeast Pacific. Despite the fact that seasonal shallowing and strengthening of the thermocline may inhibit mixing between the surface layer and enriched waters below (reducing iron exchange between the two by as much as 73%), concentrations are still an order of magnitude higher than ambient waters, delivering an estimated 4.6 x 106 moles of iron annually to the Gulf of Alaska. This loading is comparable to the total iron delivery from atmospheric dust or major volcanic eruptions. Thus, the arrival of Haida eddies may introduce anywhere from 5–50% of the annual dissolved iron supply in the upper 1,000 m of the Gulf of Alaska.
In the summer of 2012, an iron fertilization experiment deposited 100 tons of finely-ground iron oxides into a Haida eddy in an effort to increase salmon returns through an attempt to increase primary production. This resulted in the highest chlorophyll concentrations measured within an eddy, and the most intense phytoplankton bloom in the last ten years in the northeast Pacific. However, the impact of this bloom on higher trophic organisms such as zooplankton and fish is not known.
Carbon
Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nitrate (NO3−), which are important macronutrients for photosynthesis, are quickly depleted in Haida eddy surface waters through most of their first year due to uptake by biological primary production. This uptake of nutrients, which is largely carried out by phytoplankton, leads to observable increases in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations. In summer, a large portion of the DIC pool is consumed due to increased production of coccolithophores, which are phytoplankton that use bicarbonate ion to build their calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the process. This process also leads to a summertime reduction in total alkalinity, which is a measure of the capacity of seawater to neutralize acids, and is largely determined by bicarbonate and carbonate ion concentrations. Surrounding surface waters show similar, or even slightly higher concentrations of DIC, total alkalinity, and nitrates, and may at times exchange surface waters with Haida eddies, as witnessed when Haida-2000 merged with Haida-2001. Although some nutrient exchange takes place at the surface, export of organic carbon out of the eddy is not enhanced, and there is little change in organic carbon concentrations at depth, suggesting that the organic carbon formed through primary production is largely being recycled within the eddies.
In February, surface concentrations of CO2 (as quantified by ƒCO2), in the eddy center and edges start out relatively oversaturated relative to atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but quickly drop, partially due to biological production. By June, ƒCO2 becomes undersaturated relative to atmospheric concentrations, but increases slightly again through summer, aided by warming temperatures. In the eddy center, ƒCO2 usually reaches near equilibrium with the atmosphere by fall (depending on timing of the mixed layer deepening), when vertical entrainment and mixing from below can replenish ƒCO2, as well as the now-depleted DIC and nitrate concentrations. Lower ƒCO2 tends to persist through summer in edge waters however, most likely due to the presence of enhanced biological production, as suggested by the presence of higher Chl-a concentrations. Ambient waters typically reach parity with atmospheric CO2 by spring, after a smaller initial decrease early in the year. Net atmospheric CO2 removal by Haida eddies is estimated to be 0.8-1.2 x 106 tons per year, underscoring the important role they play in the Gulf of Alaska.
Other trace metals
Transport and delivery of other trace metals in the Gulf of Alaska are also enhanced by Haida eddies and may result in increased burial of trace metals in marine sediments where they can no longer be used to support biological growth. Evidence suggests Haida eddies may be an important source of dissolved silver ions, with eddy surface water concentrations three to four times higher compared to ambient waters. Silicate uptake rates by marine diatoms in Haida eddies are three times that observed in ambient waters, suggesting strong diatom population growth. Haida eddies are important sources of silver for diatom production, as silver is incorporated into the silicate shells of diatoms and the transport of silver associated with Haida eddies promotes diatom growth. Silver is sequestered by this production and eventually transported to depth by sinking particles of organic matter, linking silver to the marine silicate cycle.
Large quantities of dissolved aluminum and manganese ions are also supplied to the Gulf of Alaska via eddy transport of coastal waters enriched from riverine inputs. The quantity transported is also comparable to that deposited by atmospheric dust. This supply of trace metals impacts the rate of dissolved iron removal because the particles tend to aggregate together and sink to the seafloor, a process which may account for 50-60% of dissolved aluminum and manganese removal. Additionally, there is evidence for enhanced delivery of cadmium and copper to the Gulf of Alaska by Haida eddies.
Macronutrients
Haida eddies can produce low silicate and high nitrate, chlorophyll, and sedimentation events offshore.
Eddies that form nearshore in the Gulf of Alaska carry shelf nutrients west into the High-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) and oligotrophic (low-nutrient) waters of the northeast Pacific, or south into seasonally nitrate-depleted waters. If eddies head southward from the Gulf of Alaska toward British Columbia, waters in the eddy become enriched in nutrients at the expense of the seawater they are capturing nutrients from, leaving coastal waters relatively nutrient poor. If eddies head west into the HNLC waters of the central Gulf of Alaska basin, they transport particulate matter and supply the photic zone with nitrate that is up to three times greater than typical seasonal transport, increasing spring productivity.
The timing of advection from the eddy has important seasonal implications on the delivery of nutrients. The high-nutrient and high-iron coastal water is carried into the Gulf of Alaska from either the core of the eddy or the outer ring. The core of the eddy contains warm, fresh, nutrient-rich waters formed in winter, and with the addition of sunlight, produces strong spring blooms of primary productivity offshore. As the eddy drifts westward in late spring and summer, the outer ring mixes coastal and deep ocean waters in large arcs around the eddy edge. This process has an effect hundreds of kilometers offshore, and facilitates the exchange of nutrients between shelf to deep ocean from late winter to the following autumn.
Biology
Nutrients trapped and transported by Haida eddies support more biological growth compared to surrounding, low-nutrient ocean water.
Elevated measurements of chlorophyll in eddy centers, as compared to surrounding water, indicate that eddies increase primary production, and can support multiple phytoplankton blooms within a single year. These blooms are not only caused by increased nutrients, but also the eddy's ability to transport biota from the coast into the eddy. Spring blooms are caused by sufficient light reaching the warm, nutrient-rich water contained in the middle of the eddy, due to anticyclonic rotation. A second bloom can occur once the eddy has moved closer to the deep ocean, when the outer reaches of the eddy can gather nutrient-rich water from either the coast or from an adjacent eddy. Coastal water transported by this outer ring advection can move from the coast into the eddy in six days which also allows for the rapid transport of coastal algae into the nutrient-rich eddy waters. A late summer bloom can occur if storms produce vertical convection of the mixed layer, causing it to deepen and trap nutrients from below into the region of primary production.
High eddy kinetic energy (EKE) may also increase chlorophyll concentration in eddies. Northern Gulf of Alaska and Haida eddy regions have more chlorophyll when EKE was higher, which can be caused by storms, producing higher mixing of the mixed layer and introducing nutrients from below. Because of the correlation, research suggests that EKE could be used to predict chlorophyll blooms.
Haida eddies affect zooplankton distribution by transporting nearshore species into the deep ocean. During the first summer that an eddy moves offshore, nearshore species often dominate zooplankton communities, but decline after one or two years as the eddy dissipates. Species that perform diel vertical migration can remain in the eddy core for longer periods of time.
The influence of Haida eddies on larger organisms remains poorly understood. They are thought to influence winter feeding habits of northern fur seals by providing food at a low energy expense. Ichthyoplankton composition within eddies is significantly different than that of surrounding ocean water. The species composition is based on where an eddy forms, and thus what coastal species it acquired. Fish larval species richness correlates with distance from an eddy center, with higher richness closer to the core. The icthyoplankton communities also change depending on the age of the eddy.
See also
Mesoscale ocean eddies
Baroclinity
Ekman transport
Aleutian Low
References
Bodies of water of Alaska
Bodies of water of British Columbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa
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Sexual violence in South Africa
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The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service.
Statistics
Official police statistics
South Africa's Police Service releases the country's crime statistics. The crime category "sexual offences" includes a wide range of sexual offences, including rape, sexual assault, incest, bestiality, flashing and other crimes.
The South African Police Service releases rape statistics every quarter of the year as well as an annual report.
Prevalence
According to the report by the United Nations Office on Crimes and Drugs for the period 1998–2000, South Africa was ranked first for rapes per capita. In 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women questioned in Johannesburg had been raped, according to Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa. While women's groups in South Africa estimate that a woman is raped every 26 seconds, the South African police estimates that a woman is raped every 36 seconds.
A survey from the comprehensive study "Rape in South Africa" from 2000 indicated that 2.1% of women aged 16 years or older across population groups reported that they had been sexually abused at least once between the beginning of 1993 and March 1998, results which seem to starkly conflict the MRC survey results. Similarly, The South African demographic and health survey of 1998 gave results of rape prevalence at 4.0% of all women aged between 15 and 49 years in the sampled households (a survey also performed by the Medical Research Council and Department of Health). So far no attempts have been made to address these large statistical disparities.
Regional differences
There are deviations in sexual violence rates in different provinces of South Africa.
In a study of three South African provinces (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo) in 1997, 6.8% of women surveyed in Mpumalanga said they had been raped during their lifetime, 5.0% of women surveyed in Limpopo had been raped, and 4.5% of women in Eastern Cape had been raped. In 1998, the region of Gauteng accounted for the largest percentage of prisoners in custody for sexual offences with 20.6% and Western Cape had the second largest percentage with 17.3%. The province with the least percentage of prisoners convicted of sexual offences was Northern Cape with 3.8% and Limpopo with 2.6%.
The South African Crime Survey 2003 highlights the regional differences of citizens' perceptions and fears. Surveying what type of crime respondents thought occurred most in their area of residence, 14.6% of Northern Cape respondents reported that they believed rape to be the most prevalent type of crime. While the Northern Cape had the largest percentage of respondents who believed rape to be most prevalent, the province of KwaZulu-Natal had the least with 1.7%.
Averaging all provinces, rape ranked 7th in the crime that respondents thought was most prevalent, after housebreaking, property theft, robbery, murder, livestock theft, and assault. This survey also investigated what type of crime respondents feared most in their area. Rape ranked third in this category after only murder and housebreaking. 40.8% of respondents in the Northern Cape and 31.8% of respondents in Free State feared rape the most. On the other side of the spectrum, 11.6% of KwaZulu-Natal and 12.1% of respondents in Mpumalanga stated rape as the crime they were most afraid of in their area.
By September 2019, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged that sexual violence against women had grown in South Africa, The nation's "Mother City" Cape Town has seen an extended use of military deployment to combat sexual violence against women as well.
Types
Violence against women
The South African government reports that one of these reasons is the culture of patriarchy in South Africa. Its report states that patriarchy is firmly rooted in black and white culture and fighting it is seen as attempting to destroy South African tradition or South African ideals.
The danger from rape and sexual assault is compounded because of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in South African townships. A woman being raped over the age of 25 has a one in four chance that her attacker is HIV positive and more women than men are affected from HIV/AIDS.
The perpetrators of rape in South Africa tend to be men known to the victim. It is reported that a husband or boyfriend kills a woman every six hours in South Africa. Many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner. In 1993 South Africa outlawed marital rape. In September 2019, President Ramaphosa responded to a surge in violence against women by calling for the passage of laws making rape punishable by death and called an emergency session of the South African Parliament.
Violence against infants and children
South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and infant rape in the world. The Tears Foundation and the MRC stated 50% of South Africa's children will be abused before the age of 18. The MRC study stated that, in 2009, 15% were under 12 years old. In 2017, the police reported that 9% of reported rape are those of 9 years old or younger with agencies reporting an increase throughout the country. Although there are varying numbers on the number of reported rapes of children, one report states that in 2000, 21,538 rapes and attempted rapes of children under the age of 18 were reported and another from 2001 states that there were 24,892 rapes. Child welfare groups believe that the number of unreported incidents could be up to 10 times that number. The largest increase in attacks was against children under seven. A trade union report said a child was being raped in South Africa every three minutes. Some cite a 400% increase in sexual violence against children in the decade preceding 2002 and that it may still be on the rise. A third of the cases are committed by a family member or close relative.
A number of high-profile infant rapes appeared since 2001 (including the fact that they required extensive reconstructive surgery to rebuild urinary, genital, abdominal, or tracheal systems). In October 2001, a 9-month-old girl named Tshepang was raped by an HIV-positive man and had to undergo extensive reconstructive surgery in Cape Town. In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang raped by four men. One has been charged. The infant has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.
A significant contributing factor for the escalation in child abuse is the widespread myth in HIV ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin will cure a man of AIDS. This virgin cleansing myth exists in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. The child abusers are often relatives of their victims and are at times their fathers or providers.
Corrective rape
Lesbians in certain parts of South Africa also face a dangerous environment. Raping lesbians (a practice referred to as corrective rape) is believed to convert them to heterosexuality. The South African government reported to CEDAW that lesbians and gays are discriminated against in many spheres. The government has been accused of condoning the practice for fear of not appearing "macho."
One notable case of this was the gang-rape and murder of Eudy Simelane, a member of the South African football team and LGBT-rights activist. 31 lesbians have died from these attacks in the last 10 years and more than 10 lesbians per week are raped or gang-raped in Cape Town alone.
Corrective rape is also perpetrated against gay men. A 2003 study conducted by Out LGBT Well-Being (Out) and the University of South Africa Centre for Applied Psychology (UCAP) discovered that the percentage of black gay men who said they have experienced corrective rape matched that of the black lesbians who partook in the study. Stigmatization of male victims was said to be the cause of low reporting rates for corrective gay rape.
Violence against men
About 3.5% of men have been forced to have sex with other men in a 2009 Medical Research Council survey. About 19.4% of all adult victims of sexual assault in South Africa in 2012 were male. Another group's survey estimates that one in five adult males become victims of sexual offences, and this figure could be much higher as a male is 10 times less likely to report a sexual violation than a woman. There are very few support networks for male victims of rape in the country, which makes it difficult for men to report being raped.
Prison rape
Nearly half of all South African inmates surveyed by the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services reported that sexual abuse happens "sometimes", "often" or "very often". Sexual violence in prisons is linked to gang violence and its power structures, and inmates who are sexually abused are targets for repeated abuse, and usually are victimized again and again. Survivors of prison rape have told that officials in the country are of the opinion that "[males should] expect this treatment in prison," and scholarship has found that "new inmates in male prisons are raped upon arrival by all members of any given cell." The high prevalence of prison rape has been tied to the high rate of HIV infection in the country.
Perpetrators
Men
In 2014 and 2015, a Western Cape study estimated that 15% of men had raped a woman who was not their partner. A Gauteng study conducted in 2010 revealed that 37.4% of men admitted to raping a woman. More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces admitted to raping someone when anonymously questioned in 2009; of these, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Several news publications wrongly extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population, giving reported rape prevalence several times higher in the two provinces in question. Nearly three out of four men who admitted rape stated they had first forced a woman or girl into sex before the men were the age of 20, and nearly one in ten admitted to doing so before the age of 10.
The Medical Research Council states, "Many forms of sexual violence, particularly sexual harassment and forms of sexual coercion that do not involve physical force are widely viewed as normal male behaviour." It also said practices such as gang rape were common because they were considered a form of male bonding. Market Research Africa, a Johannesburg-based market research agency, reported in 1994 that 76% of men felt that women had a right to say no to sex, one third thought that women could not decide for themselves on abortion, and 10% condoned a man beating a woman or his wife.
Children and adolescents
Among children, a 2007 survey by CIET found 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth.
In a related survey conducted among 1,500 school children in the Johannesburg township of Soweto, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun. Furthermore, more than half the interviewees insisted that when a girl says no to sex she really means yes. It is also noteworthy that those in this study were school children as age is significantly associated with rape. Men from ages 20–40 are more likely to have raped younger or older men.
Teachers
Another issue with sexual violence against minors in South Africa is the sexual abuse and harassment that is reported to occur in schools by teachers and other students. According to the Human Rights Watch, girls from all levels of society and ethnic groups have been subjected to sexual violence at school in bathrooms, empty classrooms, dormitories, and more. Police, prosecutors, and social workers have also complained that many incidents of sexual violence in schools are not reported to them because schools often prefer to deal with it internally, thus hindering justice against the perpetrators. The danger of sexual violence in schools has created a barrier for girls to seek education. HRW also reported that South African girls' school performance suffers after an incident of sexual violence.
Law
The government of the Republic of South Africa is cognizant of this problem. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa sets to ensure rights of all of the people in South Africa with the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Furthermore, it calls for the right to freedom and security, including freedom from all forms of violence by either public or private sources and the right to bodily and psychological integrity, including reproduction and bodily security. South Africa is also a member of the UN Convention for the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women, where it reported on some issues of sexual violence. It reported about how the Truth and Reconciliation Commission offered a platform for the voices of victims of violence and sexual violence during the Apartheid. It also reported details on the Judicial Authority of South Africa, where the lower courts are responsible for important issues such as sexual assault and family violence.
The Parliament of South Africa has enacted the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, which has been in effect since 16 December 2007. The comprehensive act looks to review and amend all laws dealing with sexual offences and strengthening them. The preamble of the amendment calls to scrutinize the problem in South Africa, noting that the problem "is reflective of deep-seated, systemic dysfunctionality in our society". The amendment defines sexual violence as including, but not limited to, the following forms:
rape and compelled rape
sexual assault
compelled assault and compelled self-sexual assault
forced witness of sexual body parts
child pornography
incest
bestiality
acts of necrophilia
It also adds measures in the matters of sexual offences against children (including consensual sexual acts), sexual exploitation, exposure to pornography, forced witness of sexual acts, and sexual offences against mentally disabled. Furthermore, the amendment provides services for victims of sexual offences and compulsory HIV testing of alleged sex offenders and creates a national registry for sex offenders. The Department of Justice also conducted a major national Campaign on Prevention of Violence Against Women, launched on 25 November 1996, as an education campaign.
The offense of rape is defined by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007. This act has repealed the common law offence of rape, replacing it with a broader statutory offense which is defined in section 3 of the act as follows:
and "sexual penetration" is defined as:
Marital rape is illegal; section 56 of the act provides that:
With regard to sentencing, S.3(aA) of the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Amendment Act 2007 provides that:
Report and conviction rates
It is estimated that over 40% of South African women will be raped in their lifetime and that only 1 in 9 rapes are reported. It is also estimated that 14% of perpetrators of rape are convicted in South Africa. In 1997, violence against women was added as one of the priority crimes under the National Crime Prevention Strategy; nevertheless, the rates of reported rape, sexual abuse of children and domestic violence continue to rise.
The South African report to CEDAW partly attributes the low report and conviction rate to the post-apartheid public perception of the police force. Moreover, the report states that the attitudes and prejudices of law enforcement agencies and other government personnel and the inaccessibility of services, particularly in rural areas, are also part of the problem. Much of the South African public regard the police as symbols of the oppressors during the apartheid; thus, poor faith in the police is still instituted in the post-apartheid country.
Other institutional barriers contribute to lack of report and conviction rates. The "cautionary rule" is a law that requires that a judge must show awareness to special dangers on relying on uncorroborated evidence of a complainant, lowering this rate and making victims of sexual violence feel as if the court will deem them untrustworthy. According to a survey that questioned rape victims who did not report the crime to the police, 33.3% of victims cited they feared reprisals, 9.6% cited that they felt the police would not be able to solve the crime, and 9.2% cited embarrassment as their reasons for not reporting the crime.
Media portrayal
This problem is portrayed in the media to the public through different avenues. Media reports documenting high levels of sexual violence in South Africa have increased in the media since the 1990s.
Others have condemned South African sexual violence in the media as fitting into a specific narrative of only broadcasting incidents where the victims are white, middle-class and educated and are not attacked by their peers or family members.
News and events
However, there are many news stories and events dealing with sexual violence in South Africa that have garnered a lot of international attention.
In April 1999, a female American UNICEF official visiting South Africa on business was gang raped during a robbery of the home where she was staying.
The former president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, was accused of raping the HIV-positive 31-year-old daughter of a family friend in November 2005 before he was president. He was acquitted by the court in 2006, yet he did admit to consensual unprotected sex with the woman. This event was widely covered by the press.
One particularly well-known publication of rape in South Africa was Charlene Leonora Smith's report of her own rape. As a journalist of the Mail and Guardian and having contributed to articles for the Washington Post and BBC, Smith claimed that 'rape is endemic' in the culture of South Africa.
Another scandal of sexual violence in South Africa involved the media tycoon Oprah Winfrey's, school, Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The dormitory matron, Tiny Virginia Makopo, was charged with 13 separate counts of abuse against students at the school.
A particularly controversial issue was an episode of Big Brother Africa in South Africa where Richard Bezuidenhout, a 24-year-old film student, allegedly sexually assaulted his housemate, Ofunneka Molokwu, a 29-year-old medical assistant. While many watchers disagree on what was actually shown, some saw Bezuidenhout manually penetrating Molokwu while she was unconscious or intoxicated while another housemate pleaded with him to stop. After the contested un-consensual act ceased, the producers intervened, sending paramedics into the house and cutting the live feed. News publications and blogs have widely discussed this controversy.
Another contentious issue was when the only black player in the South African cricket team, Makhaya Ntini, was convicted of the rape of a 22-year-old student. This was particularly controversial as Ntini was the first black cricketer to represent South Africa on an international level and was viewed as a role model. However, Ntini won his appeal against his rape conviction and had his six-year jail sentence overturned.
In contrast to these scandals of sexual violence, action against sexual violence in South Africa has also been featured in the news and media.
A protest against sexual violence that was portrayed in the media occurred in 2012, when the African National Congress Women's League called on hundreds of South Africans to engage in a "mini-skirt march" to protest the attack of two women in Johannesburg for wearing short skirts. In response to corrective rape, the New York Festivals Television and Film Awards Gala at the NAB Show in Las Vegas will award ESPN for their E:60 production, "Corrective Rape," with the Gold Award. This award was established in 1990 to films that reflected the ideals of the United Nations and signifies that the issue of corrective rape is becoming more discussed on an international level.
In late August 2019, student Uyinene Mrwetyana was raped and murdered by a post office attendant who was working in Claremont, Cape Town. Her death highlighted the broader national problem of gender based violence and femicide in South Africa, and is credited with "shifting the South African collective consciousness" and "igniting a movement".
Literature and fiction
Some novels and movies have also delved into this issue in its connection to the Apartheid. Antjie Krog's Country of My Skull delves into the Truth and Reconciliatory Commission and the reports of women that were victims of sexual violence during the Apartheid. J.M. Coetzee's novel, Disgrace, has been accused of racism as it depicts a young white woman being raped by three black men in her house in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The book, The Writing Circle, by Rozena Maart, depicts a group of young women's experiences with rape and other forms of violence living in Cape Town, South Africa. The 2006 documentary, Rape for Who I Am, delves into the lives of black lesbians living in South Africa.
See also
RapeaXe, an anti-rape device which was invented in South Africa
Rape statistics
Estimates of sexual violence
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Crime in South Africa
Corrective rape
HIV/AIDS in South African townships
Further reading
Pamela Scully. "Rape, Race, and Colonial Culture: The Sexual Politics of Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony, South Africa" The American Historical Review, 100, 2 (1995): 335-359 Academia.edu
References
South Africa
South Africa
Violence
Violence in South Africa
Human rights abuses in South Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20K.%20Stuller
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Jennifer K. Stuller
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Jennifer K. Stuller (born July 14, 1975 in Marin County, California) is an American writer, editor, popular culture critic, and historian best known for her work on female representation in comic books, TV, and movies. She is the author of Ink-Stained Amazons and Cinematic Warriors: Superwomen in Modern Mythology and a frequent contributor to Bitch Magazine as well as Co-Founder and Director Emeritus of Programming and Events for GeekGirlCon.
Stuller received her bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from the University of Washington in the Program in the Comparative History of Ideas where she later offered a survey course on the history of comic books.
References
1975 births
American editors
21st-century American historians
University of Washington alumni
Living people
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20470277
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa%20Mont%C3%A9s
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Elisa Montés
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Elisa Rosario Ruiz Penella (born 15 December 1934, in Granada), known as Elisa Montés, is a Spanish actress who took her pseudonym from the celebrated work of her grandfather, Manuel Penella, El gato montés.
Montés is the sister of actresses Emma Penella (1930–2007) and Terele Pávez (1939-2017), daughter of Magdalena Penella Silva and the law politician Ramón Ruiz Alonso, and granddaughter and great-granddaughter to composers Manuel Penella and Manuel Penella Raga. She was married to actor Antonio Ozores. The daughter of this marriage, Emma Ozores, has also dedicated herself to acting.
On October 12, 2017 she received the ASFAAN award by Alberto Dell'Acqua and Emma Ozores.
Selected filmography
Eleven Pairs of Boots (1954)
Noi siamo le colonne (1956)
The Battalion in the Shadows (1957)
Faustina (1957)
Gibraltar (1964)
Django the Condemned (1965)
Samson and His Mighty Challenge (1965)
I due toreri (1965)
Erik, the Viking (1965)
Texas, Adios (1966)
Return of the Seven (1966)
Seven Dollars on the Red (1966)
Mutiny at Fort Sharpe (1966)
Maneater of Hydra (1967)
The Cobra (1967)
99 Women (1969)
The Girl from Rio (1969)
Captain Apache (1971)
Ambitious (1976)
Awards
Valladolid Festival. Best actress for La vida en un bloc (1956).
Prize of the Circle of Cinematographic Writers (1955). Best supporting actress for Últimas banderas.
Prize of the National Syndicate of the Spectacle for Abiciosa (1975).
References
External links
Filmography at Hoycinema (in Spanish)
Biography (in Spanish)
Entry in Dictionario del teatro at Google Books
1934 births
Living people
People from Granada
20th-century Spanish actresses
Spanish film actresses
Spanish television actresses
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23575050
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20Zbik
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Sebastian Zbik
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Sebastian Zbik (born 17 March 1982) is a German professional boxer and the former WBC middleweight Champion of the world. He resides in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Professional career
Zbik won the interim WBC middleweight title against Italian Domenico Spada on 11 July 2009. He was given the full title in January 2011 when the WBC promoted Sergio Martínez to Emeritus champion.
Zbik lost his newly awarded WBC Middleweight Championship against undefeated Mexican Julio César Chávez Jr. at Staples Center Los Angeles, California on 4 June 2011.
On 13 April 2012, Zbik went to Cologne, Germany, to face fellow German and current WBA Super World Middleweight Champion Felix Sturm in a German world title showdown. Sturm would go on to earn his 16th KO in his 37 wins with a 9th round TKO stoppage of Zbik.
See also
List of WBC world champions
List of middleweight boxing champions
References
External links
Boxing-Encyclopedia
1982 births
Living people
People from Neubrandenburg
World boxing champions
World middleweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
Middleweight boxers
German male boxers
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
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44499150
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20A.%20Reinhold
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H. A. Reinhold
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Hans Ansgar Reinhold (1897–1968) was a Roman Catholic priest born in Hamburg, Germany. Reinhold took part in the Roman Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime until taking refuge in the United States. He was a prominent liturgical reformer whose work was influential in shaping the changes to the Mass made at the Second Vatican Council. Reinhold was also a prominent advocate for the introduction of modernist architectural ideas to the construction of Catholic churches in the United States.
Books
The American Parish and the Roman Liturgy: An Essay in seven chapters (Macmillan, 1958),
Bringing the Mass to the people (Helicon Press, 1960),
The dynamics of liturgy (Macmillan, 1961),
Speaking of liturgical architecture (Daughters of St. Paul, 1961),
H.A.R.: The Autobiography of Father Reinhold (Herder and Herder, 1968)
[Edited compilation]The Soul Afire: Revelations of the Mystics (Image Books, 1973),
Literatur: Gerhard Besier, Peter Schmidt-Eppendorf (Hrsg,) Hans Ansgar Reinhold, Schriften und Briefwechsel, 588 S.,Aschendorf Münster 2011
References
Liturgists
1897 births
1968 deaths
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20470280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Colgan%20Hut
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Neil Colgan Hut
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The Neil Colgan Hut is an alpine hut located at an altitude of on the Fay Glacier in Kootenay National Park in British Columbia, Canada. It is in a col between Mount Little and Mount Bowlen, one of the peaks overlooking the Valley of the Ten Peaks. The hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada and is the highest permanent structure in Canada. It is named for hiker and adventurer Neil M. Colgan (1953–1979).
The hut can accommodate 18 in the summer and 16 in the winter and is equipped with propane-powered lamps and a stovetop. There is one outdoor drum toilet at the facility.
Reaching the hut from Fay Hut requires approximately 4 to 6 hours of glacier travel, or 8 to 12 hours climbing the Perren Route from Moraine Lake.
Nearby
Fay Hut
Valley of the Ten Peaks
Further reading
Lynn Martel, Tales and Trails: Adventures for Everyone in the Canadian Rockies, P 76, 90,
The American Alpine Club Golden, The American Alpine Club Banff, Accidents in North American Mountaineering 2004, P 7
Andrew Hempstead, Moon Canadian Rockies: Including Banff & Jasper National Parks
References
External links
Neil Colgan Hut at the Alpine Club of Canada
Mountain huts in Canada
Kootenay National Park
Buildings and structures in British Columbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadfields%20United%20F.C.
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Broadfields United F.C.
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Broadfields United Football Club is a football club based in Harrow, Greater London, England. They are currently members of the and play at Rayners Lane's Tithe Farm Sports & Social Club.
History
The club was established in 1993, and joined the Southern Olympian League. They were Division Four champions in 1994–95, after which they joined Division One of the Middlesex County League. The following season it was renamed the Senior Division, and Broadfields were champions, earning promotion to the Premier Division. Despite finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 1998–99, they were not relegated.
However, in 2003–04 the club finished bottom of the Premier Division again and subsequently left the league. They returned in 2007, joining Division One West. Despite finishing second-from-bottom of the division, they were promoted to the Premier Division for the 2008–09 season. They withdrew from the league towards the end of the 2009–10 season, resulting in their record being expunged, but returned to the Premier Division for the 2010–11 season.
In 2011–12 Broadfields won the Premier Division Cup, retaining it the following season. In 2014–15 they finished fourth in the Premier Division, allowing the club to be promoted to Division One of the Spartan South Midlands League. The club were Division One runners-up in 2018–19, earning promotion to the Premier Division.
Honours
Spartan South Midlands League Challenge Trophy
Winners: 2017-18
Middlesex Premier Cup
Winners: 2016–17, 2017–18
Middlesex County League
Senior Division Champions 1996–97
Alec Smith Premier Division Cup Winners 2011–12, 2012–13
Southern Olympian League
Division Four Champions 1994–95
Records
Best FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 2021–22
Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 2016–17
See also
Broadfields United F.C. players
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in London
Sport in the London Borough of Harrow
Association football clubs established in 1993
1993 establishments in England
Middlesex County Football League
Spartan South Midlands Football League
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%20Trail%20Memorial%20half%20dollar
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Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar
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The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was a fifty-cent piece struck intermittently by the United States Bureau of the Mint between 1926 and 1939. The coin was designed by Laura Gardin Fraser and James Earle Fraser, and commemorates those who traveled the Oregon Trail and settled the Pacific Coast of the United States in the mid-19th century. Struck over a lengthy period in small numbers per year, the many varieties produced came to be considered a ripoff by coin collectors, and led to the end, for the time, of the commemorative coin series.
Ohio-born Ezra Meeker had traveled the Trail with his family in 1852 and spent the final two decades of his long life before his death in 1928 publicizing the Oregon Trail, that it should not be forgotten. In 1926, at age 95, he appeared before a Senate committee, requesting that the government issue a commemorative coin that could be sold to raise money for markers to show where the Trail had been. The coin had originally been thought of by Idahoans, led by Dr. Minnie Howard, seeking to further preservation work at Fort Hall; Meeker broadened the idea. Congress authorized six million half dollars, and placed no restriction on when or at what mint the coins would be struck. Meeker's Oregon Trail Memorial Association (OTMA) had tens of thousands of pieces struck in 1926 and 1928, and did not sell them all. Nevertheless, most years between 1933 and 1939, it had small quantities of the half dollar coined, in some years from all three operating mints to produce mintmarked varieties, and raised prices considerably.
Collectors complained that some of the issues were controlled by coin dealers, and individual collectors had to pay high prices. Public protests followed, and in 1939 Congress ended the series. Despite the complaints, the OTMA had difficulty in selling the coins, and they remained available from the OTMA's successor organization as late as 1953. Just over 260,000 of the 6,000,000 authorized coins were struck, of which about 60,000 were melted. The US commemorative coin struck over the longest period, the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar has been widely praised for its design.
Background
In the middle years of the 19th century, before the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 made travel easier, hundreds of thousands of people journeyed along the Oregon Trail to settle the Far West of the United States. Not all who began the journey reached their destination as there was much suffering and death along the way—by one estimate, 20,000 people lie in unmarked graves.
Ohio-born farmer Ezra Meeker (1830–1928) traveled the Oregon Trail in 1852; he and his young wife and infant child went by ox-drawn wagon from Iowa to Oregon Territory. In his old age, he came to believe that the Oregon Trail, and the sacrifice of those who had died along it, were being forgotten. Amid considerable publicity as one of the last survivors of the pioneers who had blazed the way west, Meeker retraced his route along the Trail between 1906 and 1908. The Trail had in some places disappeared, swallowed up by town and farm, and in his journeys, he sought to find where he had passed, seeking to have historical markers erected. He took his ox team and wagon across the nation to publicize his cause, parking his rig in front of the White House where he met President Theodore Roosevelt. In New York, he crossed the Brooklyn Bridge. In 1910, he and his oxen participated in the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena. In the succeeding years, he traveled the route by oxcart, automobile, and, at age 93 in 1924, airplane, attempting to further his cause, and seeking federal recognition and funding for his efforts.
Inception
The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar stemmed from various efforts by Idahoans who favored the preservation of the site of Fort Hall, an important way station on the Trail. The idea was sparked by the issuance of the 1925 Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar, which caused Mabel Murphy, wife of an Idaho newspaperman, to propose to her husband the striking of an Oregon Trail coin, the profits from which could be used for historic preservation. Her husband, D.T. Murphy, on April 16, 1925, dutifully published an editorial, "Oregon Trail Covered Wagon Half Dollars" in the Idaho State Journal. Mrs. Murphy would not live to see the coin issued, dying November 30, 1925, of tuberculosis.
The idea for the coin was brought up again when civic activists in Pocatello, Idaho, led by Dr. Minnie Howard, sought ideas for funding a monument on the site of Fort Hall. Insurance salesman F.C. McGowan displayed a Stone Mountain piece, "Yes. Coinage. Like this!" Howard and her colleagues pursued the idea. Meeker did as well once he heard of it, forming the Oregon Trail Memorial Association, ("OTMA" or "the Association") a national organization, which could also receive the half dollars, and sell them at a profit.
By 1925, Congress was reluctant to authorize more commemorative coins; twelve pieces had been issued between 1920 and 1925, and many legislators felt that coins were being allowed that "commemorate[d] events of local and not national interest". The entire mintages of commemoratives were sold at face value to the sponsoring organizations designated in the authorizing acts. These groups then sold the coins to the public at a premium, thus raising money for causes that Congress had deemed worthy. Made cautious by a series of unsuccessful issues, Congress rejected a number of proposals for special coins in early 1926. Among these were pieces to honor the completion of the Lincoln and Victory Highways, and a proposal to commemorate the centennial of the birth of American composer Stephen Foster.
The bill authorizing the Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was first introduced in the House of Representatives on January 25, 1926, by Washington Congressman John Franklin Miller, who had previously been mayor of Seattle. Meeker was living in Seattle while Miller was mayor, having moved from his previous home in Puyallup. According to local historian Bert Webber in his 1986 monograph on the coin, "there is little doubt that Mr. Miller was influenced to propose this coin by Ezra Meeker." A hearing was held before the House Coinage Committee on March 3; Meeker testified. The bill was reported favorably, and then passed by the full House on April 5, 1926. The bill was not opposed in the House of Representatives, though one member, Michigan Congressman Louis Cramton, asked several questions before it passed by unanimous consent. According to an October 2013 article in The Numismatist, "Congress was no match for Meeker".
On April 26, 1926, the 95-year-old Meeker appeared before the Senate's Committee on Banking and Currency. Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon had filed a letter opposing commemorative coin issues, except those of national importance. Meeker, in his testimony, argued that the Trail issue would be of such importance. The OTMA board considered whether to seek amendment of the bill to the alternative suggested by Mellon, a commemorative medal. In part because of Howard's urging, they decided to stay with the coin. The bill for the half dollar was reported without recommendation, but was passed by the Senate on May 10. Meeker met with President Calvin Coolidge to ensure it would be signed, which it was on May 17, 1926, as Public Law 325, authorizing the issuance of up to 6,000,000 half dollars. President Calvin Coolidge signed the bill on the White House lawn; Meeker was present at the signing ceremony and was photographed shaking hands with President Coolidge.
The bill required that the Association pay for the half dollars at par, and that the dies and other costs of preparation not be at the expense of the United States. The figure of six million was the largest in American commemorative history, exceeding the five million for the Stone Mountain issue. Congress placed no restriction on which mint should strike the coins, and did not put a time limit on the authorization. According to numismatists Anthony Swiatek and Walter Breen in their encyclopedia of US commemoratives, the bill passed "possibly because the stated purpose was nationalistic rather than obscurely local". Coin dealer and author Q. David Bowers states that "on the surface the motivation seemed to be good enough ... doubtless many American citizens had family ties to the famous migration".
Preparation
Meeker wanted the new half dollars struck as quickly as possible; he was planning another journey west on the Trail, and wanted to be able to sell the coins along the way. The Association initially contacted Chester Beach, credited with the design of the 1923 Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar, to sculpt the new coin, but he was unavailable, though he prepared sketches.
The OTMA tried to reach agreement with Gutzon Borglum, designer of the Stone Mountain piece, but he wanted too much money and time. Ulric Stonewall Jackson Dunbar, who had played a minor role in the Columbian half dollar of 1892–93, was willing, but lacked the national reputation the Association felt the coin's sculptor needed. After receiving suggestions from the American Numismatic Society, the Association turned to the husband-and-wife team of James Earle Fraser and Laura Gardin Fraser. James Fraser had designed the Buffalo nickel; Laura Gardin Fraser had created several commemorative coins, including the Grant Centennial dollar and half dollar. It chose the Frasers at the urging of Minnie Howard, who felt that James Fraser's work dealt with the West, and might make manifest, in his coin design, the importance of the migration by covered wagon. The Association determined upon a design concept of a map showing the Oregon Trail on one side, and on the other a man leading an ox-drawn wagon, with his wife and infant child riding. Although he is not formally commemorated by the coin, the man was meant to be Meeker.
Design
James Fraser designed the wagon side while Laura Fraser designed the Indian side and converted both into relief models. Meeker pestered Laura Fraser to complete the modeling, as he wanted the half dollars available for sale at an upcoming event. She completed the work by July 30, 1926, when she wrote to enquire where she should send the designs for endorsement by the Commission of Fine Arts. This body since 1921 had been tasked with advising the Secretary of the Treasury on coinage design. She sent photographs of her models to the commission's offices. On August 5, 1926, commission chairman Charles Moore responded enthusiastically, informing her that not only had the commission endorsed the designs, but they were having the prints framed for their meeting room. To save time, the hubs from which coinage dies could be prepared were made by the Medallic Art Company of New York, which had made reductions from plaster models to hubs for several commemorative issues. The resulting hubs were sent to the Philadelphia Mint, where working dies for the issue were made. A compass rose on the Indian side, included in Laura Fraser's models, does not appear on the issued coin, though the reason for the change is not known.
The wagon side designed by James Fraser depicts a Conestoga wagon drawn by two oxen, heading into an extremely large setting sun, with resplendent rays. The designers' initials appear behind the wagon; five stars appear below the vehicle, though what they represent is uncertain. Swiatek and Breen suggested that they represent five states and territories through which pioneers would have passed.
The Indian side designed by Laura Fraser features a dramatically rendered Native American, standing erect with outstretched arm in what Vermeule describes as a gesture of peace. The Indian was added by the Frasers to the original map design concept endorsed by the OTMA. Swiatek and Breen noted that the Indian's "position has been irreverently compared to that of a traffic policeman demanding 'Halt!' " Such statements were made from the time of issue; The Numismatist in November 1926 stated that the Indian's left hand "is upraised as if warning the people of the East of the perils and hardship of the Trail". Meeker's 1928 obituary in The New York Times averred that the Indian was "standing with hands upraised to stop the white man's progress westward". The Native American wears a headdress, has a blanket and bow, and is superimposed on a map of the United States, with a line of Conestoga wagons heading west. The design is carried to the rim of the coin; Hudson Bay is visible in the upper right.
The Frasers' design for the half dollar has been widely admired. Swiatek and Breen deemed the issue "one of the greatest artistic triumphs ever to be released by the Mint". Numismatic historian Don Taxay called the coin "the most beautiful as well as the most truly 'American' U.S. coin. It testifies to the fact that authentic genius, even when trammeled by the necessities of a modern, mechanical mint, can transform our coinage into a work of art."
Production
Initial release
According to Webber, "during the final stages of manufacture, [Meeker] kept heckling the mint to 'hurry up' ". The Philadelphia Mint struck 48,000 pieces in September 1926, plus 30 reserved for inspection by the 1927 United States Assay Commission. Meeker peddled them along his route at $1 each. The difference between the face value and the sale price was to pay the cost for historical markers along the Trail, and to renovate the Whitman Mission in Washington state. The 1926 piece was later dubbed by the Association the "Ezra Meeker Issue". The first piece struck was presented to Meeker; its whereabouts are not known, while the second, presented to Howard, rests in the Idaho State Historical Museum.
With the initial quantity committed (75 pieces were returned to the mint, most likely because they were damaged or misstruck), the Association requested that more pieces be produced. A hundred thousand were coined at the San Francisco Mint in October and November, bearing the mint mark S (1926-S). The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar thus became the first commemorative coin struck at multiple mints; Bowers notes that this set "a precedent which would be expanded and abused in the years to come". According to Swiatek and Breen, "the Association ... [was] expecting that the collectors who bought 1926 Philadelphia coins would turn out in similar or greater numbers for the second variety". Although a few thousand quickly sold, the market for the half dollars proved saturated, and tens of thousands remained at the mint pending payment. On December 29, 1926, Meeker celebrated his 96th birthday in New York; he was presented with 96 Oregon Trail Memorial half dollars by the Association.
Despite the many unsold 1926-S half dollars still in the government's hands, the Association sought the issuance of 1927-dated half dollars; this was refused by the Treasury Department (of which the Bureau of the Mint was a part) due to the backlog. In 1928, 50,000 more were struck at the Philadelphia Mint. Meeker continued his exploits: he was presented with 97 coins on his birthday in December 1927 by the Association and brought his half dollars to the visitor's gallery of the New York Stock Exchange, though he was refused permission to go onto the floor. In April 1928, Meeker wrote to the American Numismatic Association, urging its coin-collecting members to purchase both the 1926 and 1926-S pieces. Nevertheless, although Meeker organized a national campaign to sell the coins, the OTMA lost $10,000 by his efforts, due to office and other expenses. "The aged pioneer did not appear to be that good with money".
Meeker was given a truck chassis and money to modify it into a wagon-topped vehicle by Henry Ford in 1928 for yet another Trail trip. Ford offered to make the vehicle more comfortable for Meeker if he brought it to the Ford factory in Dearborn, Michigan. Accordingly, when he left New York in August 1928 on another journey, planning to sell half dollars along the way, he headed directly for Michigan. He arrived ill, and was hospitalized, almost dying there. He was able to return home, disgruntled at having missed voting in the election (he supported the successful Republican candidate, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, for president) for the first time since 1853. At his home in Washington state, Meeker again became ill in November, and died December 3, 1928, three and a half weeks before his 98th birthday. He was buried in a cemetery in Puyallup, a place he had helped settle. Meeker's headstone bears a plaque reproducing the wagon side of the half dollar.
Reissue
After Meeker's death, the OTMA selected Howard R. Driggs, a professor of English education at New York University as his successor, and elected a new board of directors, which worked to clear the debt Meeker had accrued. Coins on hand continued to be sold. It was able to persuade President Hoover to proclaim the Covered Wagon Centennial in 1930, the hundredth anniversary both of Meeker's birth and of the first wagon train leaving St. Louis for the Oregon country. One means of selling coins the Association devised was a campus-wide drive at Yale University, alma mater of Association executive director Lorne W. Buckley, in October 1930 to raise money for Trail markers. More than 600 coins were sold.
Most 1928 Oregon Trail Memorial half dollars remained in the hands of the Treasury for several years after their striking, though the Association purchased an estimated 1,000 for sale to the public. This impoundment by the government generated interest in the coin collecting community—several letters to the editor appeared in The Numismatist, enquiring as to the coins' fate. One collector followed up with the Philadelphia Mint; Acting Superintendent Fred H. Chaffin replied that the coins were being held there for the Association, and were dated 1928. The OTMA had a financial crisis in 1931, and was planning to close its doors, but operations continued, with headquarters moved from its Manhattan office to Driggs's home in Bayside, Queens. The Association marketed the 1928 coins as the "Jedediah Smith Issue".
In early 1933, Driggs sought the issuance of more half dollars on behalf of the OTMA, writing to the acting Mint Director, Mary Margaret O'Reilly. and then to Treasury Secretary William H. Woodin. Driggs wanted 5,000 of the 1928 and 5,000 new half dollars struck at Denver (1933-D), proposing to exchange 10,000 half dollars dated 1926. All the coins held by the government, including those acquired by the exchange, were to be melted. This was approved, and the pieces were duly struck at the Denver Mint, the first commemorative coins ever struck at Denver.
The Association had turned to the Scott Stamp and Coin Company of New York to market the coins. Scott was able to sell some of the 1928 half dollars. These actions have been interpreted negatively by numismatic scholars: Q. David Bowers alleges that Scott's representative, Wayte Raymond, proposed melting most of the issue to create an artificial scarcity, and that the company "desired to capitalize on the gullibility of collectors and their need to complete sets by having more varieties coined. Scott figured that if additional Oregon Trail half dollars could be minted with the date 1933 they could be sold effectively at the Century of Progress Exposition held that year in Chicago." Swiatek and Breen noted, "through God only knows what manner of political manipulation, the Oregon Trail Memorial Association managed to obtain approval of a new 1933 Denver issue" for sale at the exposition.
A total of 5,250 of the 1933-D were struck, of which approximately five were reserved for the Assay Commission and 242 were eventually returned for melting. Bowers believes that the returned pieces were likely defective, rather than unsold. The Association dubbed the 1933-D the "Century of Progress Exposition Issue"; both the 1928 and the 1933-D half dollars were sold for $2 each. However, the 1928 could be obtained for $1.75 by anyone who had recently bought two or more of the 1926 issues, and could be purchased for as little as $1.10 each by purchasing 10 of the 1926-dated coins.
With the relative success of the 1933-D issue, the Association ordered 7,000 more in 1934, also struck at Denver. These were dubbed the "Fort Hall, Fort Laramie and Jason Lee Issue" and were also sold by Scott, for $2. These also were not paid for by the OTMA, but were an exchange for 1926-S half dollars—the distribution figure of 83,055 for the 1926-S equals 100,000 for the OTMA plus 55 assay pieces minus 17,000 returned in exchange for the 1933-D and 1934-D pieces.
The resurrected Oregon Trail issue became controversial in the collecting community, with a large number of coin clubs passing resolutions against the reissues; the president of the American Numismatic Association called for commemorative coins to be sold only by the Mint, not by private organizations. Driggs protested against the resolutions, copies of which were sent to federal authorities. Nevertheless, the 1935-S pieces he had requested of the Mint, and dies for which were prepared, were never struck, perhaps because of the indignation of collectors. Other reasons have been postulated for the lack of an issue in 1935: in a 1937 monograph quoted by Bowers, early coin dealer B. Max Mehl speculated that it took Scott two years to dispose of the 1934-D pieces.
Final issues and termination
Beginning in 1934, organizations and individuals saw small-mintage commemoratives, struck at multiple mints over the course of years, as an opportunity for profit. Congress authorized several issues in 1934, including the Texas Centennial half dollar, meant to honor the centennial of Texas Independence in 1936, but struck from 1934 to 1938, after 1934 at all three mints each year. More new commemoratives followed in 1935, and over 20 in 1936. These issues included the Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar, issued to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Cincinnati as a center of music, although nothing out of the ordinary is known to have taken place in that city's musical life in 1886.
Numismatist Arlie R. Slabaugh, in his volume on US commemorative coins, discussed the marketing practices of the 1930s:
On December 30, 1935, Driggs wrote to O'Reilly, who with the appointment of Nellie Tayloe Ross as Mint Director had resumed her position as Assistant Mint Director, seeking the issuance of 5,000 Oregon Trail coins to be struck at San Francisco (1936-S) to celebrate the centennial of the arrival of missionary Marcus Whitman and his wife in the Walla Walla Valley. O'Reilly and other officials did not immediately answer and Driggs wrote again in March 1936, Chaffin, again acting superintendent at Philadelphia, responded that the dies had been prepared and sent to San Francisco. The coins were sent at Driggs' request to Scott's in New York. In May, Driggs asked that 10,000 more be struck at Philadelphia, and this was done. These were sold at the height of the commemorative coin boom. Some of the 1936 and 1936-S pieces were sold by Scott, others by the Association through a New York City mail drop, in either case at an initial price of $1.60 per half dollar. Six each of the 1936 and 1936-S were struck in addition to the requested quantities, for assay.
In June 1936, Herbert G. West, head of the Whitman Centennial Celebration, wrote to Driggs informing him that his group had sought and failed to gain (unusually for 1936) a commemorative half dollar to finance its activities. West wanted Driggs to order a special issue of the Oregon Trail commemorative for the Whitman organization to sell. Driggs was non-committal, first telling West that he hoped they might still be successful in gaining their own half dollar, and then that a special issue would be difficult to get as the mints had shut down for the summer. He eventually agreed to give the Whitman group a thousand 1936-S half dollars, on condition they not be sold for less than $1.60 so as not to undercut the OTMA's sales efforts. In fact, Driggs suggested a sale price of $2, which was what the Whitman organization sold them for. These were dubbed the "Whitman Centennial Issue", or the "Whitman Mission Issue". Most of the 1936 pieces struck at Philadelphia were sold by the means of a mailing to Scott's customer list. Some portion of each of the issues between 1933 and 1937 were reserved for sale by patriotic organizations.
The 1937 issue was distributed only by the Association as the deal with Scott had been ended. A total of 12,000 pieces (plus eight for the Assay Commission) were struck at Denver, and were sold at $1.60. No special name was given to the issue. Coin dealer Mehl wondered in 1937, "the 1936 Philadelphia Mint coin is now retailing at $5 and the San Francisco Mint at $10. Where will this thing stop? I don't know."
The 1938 coins, again without a special name, were struck at all three mints, the first time that had been done for the Oregon Trail coins in one year. Six thousand (plus pieces for the Assay Commission) were struck at each mint, and the issue was sold in sets of three, for $6.25. The same practice was followed in 1939, but the price was raised to $7.50 a set and the mintage reduced to 3,000 coins, plus the assay pieces. According to Swiatek and Breen, these sets were also bought up by speculators, and individual collectors often had to pay double or triple the issue price to secure a set. The coins did not sell out instantly; the OTMA's accounting records reveal that nine months after the 1938 coins were put on sale, the organization still had almost half the issue available. Similarly, by October 1939, the Association had sold only 8,283 half dollars dated that year, less than the 9,000 available for sale. Nevertheless, collectors sent letters of protest to congressmen and to the Treasury Department. On August 5, 1939, Congress acted, passing legislation that put an end to all commemorative issues authorized before March 1939. Swiatek and Breen observed that if Congress had not intervened, "there would probably be Oregon Trail coins dated 1980".
A total of 264,419 Oregon Trail Memorial half dollars were struck, of which approximately 174 were intended for the Assay Commission, and 61,317 were melted. Accordingly, a total of 202,928 were issued to the public. The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was the commemorative coin struck for the longest period. According to R.S. Yeoman's 2018 deluxe edition of A Guide Book of United States Coins, the cheapest Oregon Trail coins are the 1926 and 1926-S at $135 in Almost Uncirculated. The 1939 pieces are listed only as a set and in Mint State condition (uncirculated), beginning at $1,350.
Aftermath
The Oregon Trail Memorial Association became part of the newly formed American Pioneer Trails Association (APTA) in 1940, a group meant to be broader in scope than the OTMA. A 1942 joint financial statement of both organizations reveals that it still held 7,212 half dollars. It was selling 1936 and 1937-D half dollars in 1943. A letter to the editor in the September 1943 issue of The Numismatist stated that the group was selling the pieces at $5 to finance stakes made of Oregon wood with which to mark the Trail. The sum of five dollars, which included membership, paid for a coin at a time, the letter noted, when the pieces were selling at $1.50 from dealers.
Minnie Howard was still in 1947 trying to secure the site of Fort Hall, and as part of that effort got Idaho Senator Henry Dworshak to introduce legislation allowing the issuance of more Oregon Trail half dollars to benefit Howard's Idaho organization. No sooner had he done so, on February 26, than President Harry Truman announced his opposition to various coin bills that had been introduced. Acting Treasury Secretary E.F. Foley wrote in opposition, tracing the history between the OTMA and the Treasury Department, "Coins were ordered to be minted and left in the mints". The Banking Committee opposed the bill, and it failed. According to a November 2014 article in The Numismatist, "With the efforts in the 1940s, the Oregon Trail half dollar, having seen its sunrise in Pocatello, met its sunset there as well."
Driggs led the APTA until his death at age 89 in 1963, but it became less active in his final years. He retained at least some half dollars, notifying the Mint in 1953 that the APTA was the successor to the OTMA, and still had half dollars for sale. After his death, over fifty Oregon Trail half dollars were found among his effects. Other groups have carried the APTA's missions of Trail preservation and the building of monuments. In 1963, two years before Howard's death, the City of Pocatello erected a replica of Fort Hall in a park. The actual site, however, remains undeveloped, with an inconspicuous marker.
No commemorative coins were struck between 1939 and 1945. When authorizations resumed after the war, issues in honor of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver were sold, in some years, in low-mintage sets of coins from all three mints. After 1954, when the last such pieces were struck, the Treasury Department did not again support a non-circulating commemorative until 1982, when a half dollar in honor of the 250th anniversary of the birth of George Washington was issued. The Washington half dollar was distributed by the Mint, with profits applied to the reduction of the national debt. Bowers writes, "this time around, [striking of commemorative coins] would not be on behalf of private or local interests".
In the past, numismatic writers have described the Association and its activities harshly. Bowers states that the Oregon Trail coins "are beautiful, but circumstances surrounding their issuance leave much to be desired". Slabaugh noted that "Artistically, this is my favorite commemorative coin. But from an ethical standpoint, it is not." Swiatek and Breen wrote that the Association's "activities in exploiting coin collectors and the general public eventually led to the unpopularity of commemoratives in Congress and ultimately to adamant Treasury Department opposition to any further commemorative issues, no matter how worthy the cause to be memorialized, no matter who represented the sponsoring commissions". According to Bowers, "as far as I know, the financial benefits which provided the reason for issuing the half dollars, 'to rescue the various important points along the old trail from oblivion,' to erect 'suitable monuments, memorial and otherwise,' etc., never came to pass, at least not from money provided by the sale of the coins." These, however, did not have the benefit of examining OTMA records. Following the opening of Driggs's papers for research at Southern Utah University, an October 2013 article in The Numismatist concluded that though many documents, such as the arrangements with Scott's, are missing from his records, what there is "seems consistent with Driggs wanting to use the coins to finance the marking of the Oregon Trail, not to line his own pockets".
Mintages
A small number of coins from each year and mint were put aside for inspection by the following year's Assay Commission; the above figures include such pieces. This accounts for the variance from the even thousand mintages in 1933 and after.
See also
Half dollar (United States coin)
Early United States commemorative coins
Buffalo nickel, designed in 1913 by James Earle Fraser
Notes
References and bibliography
Books
Other sources
External links
Oregon Trail half dollar pictures
Cattle in art
Currencies introduced in 1926
Early United States commemorative coins
Fifty-cent coins
Maps on coins
Native Americans on coins
Oregon Trail
United States silver coins
Works by James Earle Fraser (sculptor)
Sun on coins
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6904890
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Center%20for%20Religion%20%26%20Diplomacy
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International Center for Religion & Diplomacy
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The International Center for Religion & Diplomacy is a non-profit organization located in Washington, DC. Its mission statement reads: "The mission of ICRD is to address identity-based conflicts that exceed the reach of traditional diplomacy by incorporating religion as part of the solution."
The intellectual and spiritual basis for ICRD's unconventional approach to conflict resolution can be found in Religion, the Missing Dimension of Statecraft, Faith-based Diplomacy: Trumping Realpolitik (Oxford University Press, 1994 and 2003), and Religion, Terror, and Error: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Challenge of Spiritual Engagement. These books explore the positive role that religious or spiritual factors can play in preventing or resolving conflict, while advancing social change based on justice and reconciliation.
Current projects include, Sudan, Kashmir, Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Officers include:
President: Douglas Johnston
Senior Vice President: Brian Cox
Vice President, Islamic Programs: Abubaker al-Shingieti
Treasurer: Karen Roberts
Counsel/Corporate Secretary: John Byington
References
External links
International Center for Religion & Diplomacy website
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Year of establishment missing
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44499167
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20F.C.
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Aston F.C.
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Aston Football Club is a football club based in England. The club are currently members of the .
History
The club was established in 2006 and joined Division Three of the Midland Combination from the Birmingham AFA. They were promoted to Division Two at the end of their first season after finishing as runners-up. Another runners-up finish in 2011–12 led to the club being promoted to Division One. When the Midland Combination merged with the Midland Alliance in 2014, Aston were placed in Division Two of the new league. They made their FA Vase début in 2014 and were briefly confused for Premier League team Aston Villa by Soccerbase.
Aston left the league after the 2014–15 season and dropped back into the renamed Birmingham & District League. The club were champions of Division Six in 2016–17, after which they were promoted to Division Four.
Honours
Birmingham & District League
Division Six champions 2017–18
Records
Best FA Vase performance: First Round 2014–15
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Football clubs in the West Midlands (county)
2006 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 2006
Midland Football Combination
Midland Football League
Birmingham & District Football League
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44499171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillellus%20comptus
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Suillellus comptus
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Suillellus comptus is a species of bolete fungus found in Europe. Originally described as a species of Boletus in 1993, it was transferred to Suillellus in 2014.
References
External links
comptus
Fungi described in 1993
Fungi of Europe
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