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6902833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20de%20Villalba%20y%20Toledo | Diego de Villalba y Toledo | Diego de Villalba y Toledo, marqués de Campo, señor de la Villa de Santacruz de Pinares was a Spanish general of artillery and colonial governor in America. From 1667 to 1671 he was governor of New Kingdom of Granada – Nuevo Reino de Granada – (greater Colombia), then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Villalba y Toledo was a knight of the Order of Santiago and majordomo of Juan José of Austria, son of Spanish King Philip IV. From 1647 to 1653 Villalba was governor of Cuba.
In 1667 he became governor of Nuevo Reino de Granada (New Granada). During his administration the Grand Bridge over the Bogotá River was completed, and also a bridge over the Río Gualí at Honda. These were constructed by Indigenous labor. He traveled to Cartagena de Indias to inspect its defenses after the English pirate Henry Morgan attacked the Castle of San Felipe in 1668. At the same time, there were reports that the French also planned a landing in New Granada.
Because of a shortage of coinage in New Granada, Villalba ordered the silver bars be melted down to make coins of one quarter and one half real.
There was a variety of complaints to the Crown against Villalba's administration, and Bishop Melchor Liñán y Cisneros was appointed visitador (inspector) to investigate them. The bishop ordered that Villalba be arrested and confined in Villa de Leiva. There were 70 charges against him, and he was convicted of robbing the dead. On 2 June 1671, Liñán y Cisneros replaced him on a temporary basis as governor and captain general of New Granada. Liñán y Cisneros later became viceroy of Peru.
Villalba y Toledo died in Seville.
References
Text loosely translated from the Spanish Wikipedia article.
Villalba y Toledo
Villalba y Toledo
Villalba
Villalba
Villalba
Villalba
Villalba
Villalba
Villalba
Villalba
Villalba |
6902857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiyo%20District | Keiyo District | Keiyo District (also known as Elgeyo district or Elgeiyo) is a defunct administrative district in the former Rift Valley Province of Kenya. The district was formed in 1994, when Elgeyo/Marakwet-District was split into two - the other half was Marakwet District. Keiyo District had a population of 143.865 . Its capital was located in the Iten/Tambach town. In 2010, the districts were re-joined as Elgeyo-Marakwet County.
Local people are mostly of the Keiyo Tribe. Many famous Kenyan runners come from the district, including Saif Saaeed Shaheen (born Stephen Cherono), Vivian Cheruiyot and Lornah Kiplagat. The area is used by local and foreign athletes for high-altitude training.
Mining of fluorite by the Kenya Fluorspar Company is the largest industry in the former district.
Local authorities
Keiyo District has two local authorities:
Iten/Tambach town (population: 31,813; urban population: 3,968)
Keiyo county council (population: 112,052; urban population: 1,868)
Administrative divisions
Constituencies
The district had two constituencies:
Keiyo North Constituency
Keiyo South Constituency
See also
Kaptarakwa, a village in the Chapkorio division of Keiyo District
Kimwarer, a town in the Soy Division of Keiyo district
References
External links
Kalenjin Online - Keiyo District
Keiyo Heritage - Keiyo District
Former districts of Kenya |
20466203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%20Creek%20%28Oregon%29 | Eagle Creek (Oregon) | Eagle Creek may refer to any of a number of places in the U.S. state of Oregon:
Rivers of Oregon |
6902860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Zewen | Li Zewen | Li Zewen (; born 5 December 1973 in Qujing, Yunnan) is a retired Chinese race walker.
Achievements
References
1973 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games
Chinese male racewalkers
Olympic athletes of China
People from Qujing
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes from Yunnan
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships winners |
17329727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo%20Sharks | Buffalo Sharks | The Buffalo Sharks were a professional basketball team in the American Basketball Association based in Buffalo, New York. The team played two seasons as the Buffalo Rapids and Buffalo Silverbacks before suspending operations. This team is not to be confused with the Buffalo Stampede of the Premier Basketball League.
History
Buffalo Rapids (2005–06)
The Buffalo Rapids were founded by Gary Nice and began play in the fall of 2005 as part of the ABA's Connie Hawkins Division. It was the first professional basketball team to play in Buffalo, New York since the Buffalo Braves. The team's name was chosen by a fan voting, with "Rapids" finishing second to "Braves". Trademark restrictions prevented the franchise from adopting the Braves name, but the Rapids team colors were identical to those of the Buffalo Braves.
Dan Robbie and Todd Wier became co-owners of the franchise in December 2005 following the league's removal of Gary Nice.
Initial games were played at Burt Flickinger Center, but a financial dispute left the team searching for a new permanent home. They played most home games at Park School of Buffalo until February 2006. The final home game of the 2005–2006 season was played at Buffalo State Sports Arena, with the team later utilizing the venue for most 2006–2007 home games.
Buffalo Silverbacks (2006–07)
It was announced in May 2006 that the franchise had changed its name to the Buffalo Silverbacks. Controversy arose in August 2006 when the Buffalo News ran an article condemning the team's logo, which featured a silverback gorilla, as racist. The team responded by adopting a new team logo featuring a tiger in October 2006.
Another bit of controversy involved the Silverbacks announcing that DayShawn Wright had been signed to the team in September 2006. Soon after this announcement, Wright signed with the Minot SkyRockets of the CBA.
Head coach Richard Jacob resigned from the team in November 2006 to focus on his job at Medaille College. Trevor Ruffin, a player from the team's inaugural season and an assistant coach during their 2006–07 training camp, replaced him as head coach.
In 2007, Weir sold the team to Vincent Lesh. Lesh has been an entertainment promoter in Western New York for 25 years and is the owner of Concerts Plus. On November 11, 2007, the Silverbacks announced that they were suspending operations. On their official MySpace page, the team stated "If you did not already know, the Silverbacks are not playing this fall in the ABA. New ownership has decided to take this season off after taking over the team with 5 weeks before tip off."
Buffalo Sharks (2008)
Lesh re-branded the team as the Buffalo Sharks and reactivated them to begin play in November 2008. Richard Jacob was named the Head Coach and General Manager as he was for both the Rapids and Silverbacks. The Sharks were to play at Koessler Athletic Center on the campus of Canisius College. However, on 2008-09-18, Lesh announced his folding of the Sharks, his leaving of the ABA, and his purchase of the former Buffalo Dragons.
The ABA would later return to Buffalo with the Buffalo 716ers, set to begin play in 2013; that team has since moved to the Premier Basketball League.
The ABA would again return to Buffalo with the Buffalo Blue Hawks, who began play in 2016.
Standings
Game results
2005–2006
2006–2007
Roster and staff
2005–2006
Team Captain – Tim Winn
All-Star Selection – Tim Winn
All-ABA Selection – Tim Winn
Released
Staff
Owners – Gary Nice (11/05 – 12/05), Dan Robbie and Todd Wier (12/05 – 11/07)
General Manager – Richard Jacob
Head Coach – Richard Jacob
Assistant Coach – Tyrone Thomas
Player Assistant Coaches – Modie Cox and Tim Winn
Strength and Conditioning Coach – Bob Bateson
Account Executive – Bryan Perry
Game Day Operation Manager – Timothy M. Simko
Media Relations – Nadia Fezzani
2006–2007
All-Star Selection – Antoine Sims
ABA Community Service Award – Modie Cox
Released
Staff
Owners – Dan Robbie and Todd Wier
Head Coach – Trevor Ruffin
Player Assistant Coach – Modie Cox
Strength and Conditioning Coach – Bob Bateson
References
Defunct American Basketball Association (2000–present) teams
Sports in Buffalo, New York
2005 establishments in New York (state)
2008 disestablishments in New York (state) |
20466208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellit | Satellit | "Satellit" (), known in English as "Satellite", is a soft rock song written by Swedish composer and singer Ted Gärdestad and lyricist Kenneth Gärdestad. Originally performed by Ted, the song was performed in its native language as the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, finishing in 17th place.
Background
Ted Gärdestad produced his first four albums together with Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA, which featured backing vocals by Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and were released on the record label Polar. Ted, along with his elder brother and lyricist Kenneth, had previously competed in Melodifestivalen, the Swedish pre-selections, three times before winning; in 1973 with "Oh, vilken härlig dag", finishing in fourth place, in 1975 with "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'", finishing in seventh place, and in 1977 when he and brother Kenneth wrote Lena Andersson's entry "Det bästa som finns", which finished in eighth place.
Song production
The midtempo rock track, originally composed with English lyrics, has a chorus that starts with "I feel like a satellite, high in the sky, and now I understand how small the world really is" and the verses include phrases like "just like the earth and the moon we're attracted to each other" and "when the sun sets I really need your warmth". The song, arranged and produced by guitarist Janne Schaffer, features a guitar and bass riff influenced by Toto's 1978 hit "Hold the Line".
During a recording session in Los Angeles, California for Gärdestad's 1978 studio album Blue Virgin Isles, four of the band members, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Porcaro, David Hungate and Steve Lukather were present in the session when Janne Schaffer heard the quartet experiment with the riffs that would evolve into "Hold the Line". Schaffer was inspired by the session, which led to his arrangement for Gärdestad's song "Satellit". Due to the perceived similarities between "Satellit" and "Hold the Line", Gärdestad's song caused disputes over the qualification for the Eurovision Song Contest. In February 1979, during an Aftonbladet interview with Jeff Porcaro, Porcaro denied the notion of Gärdestad's song being a rip-off of "Hold the Line": "No, it's not a rip-off, Ted did not steal our song. Those piano triplets and that bass and guitar line go back to the 1950s and the fact that we both have happened to use variations on the same theme in our songs right now is purely coincidental.
Both the English language and the Swedish language versions of "Satellit" were recorded at Polar Studios, Stockholm in 1979. The English-language version of the track, "Satellite", was included on subsequent editions of the album, which was issued in both Europe, Australasia and Japan.
Personnel
Personnel per liner notes of 1979 Epic Records reissue of Blue Virgin Isles.
Ted Gärdestad – lead vocals, backing vocals, producer
Stefan Nilsson – piano, keyboards
Janne Schaffer – guitars, producer, arranger
Mike Watson – bass guitar
Roger Palm – drums, percussions
Malando Gassama – percussions
Lars Samuelsson – string arrangement
Rose-Marie Gröning – backing vocals
Liza Öhman – backing vocals
Diana Nunez – backing vocals
Lennart Sjöholm – backing vocals
Peter Lundblad – backing vocals
Eurovision performance
The song was performed as entry number fifteen on the night, following ' Xandra with "Colorado" and preceding 's Anita Skorgan with "Oliver". At the close of voting, it had received 8 points, placing it 17th in a field of 19, making it Sweden's second lowest placing in the contest at that point in time. Despite this the song counts as one of Gärdestad's signature tunes, the Swedish version of the song was a Top 10 hit on the singles chart and it also spent two weeks on the Svensktoppen radio chart.
Aftermath
Gärdestad returned to Melodifestivalen the following year with "Låt solen värma dig" ("Let The Sun Warm You"), sung as a duet with then girlfriend Annica Boller. The song finished fifth in the pre-selections and "Satellit" was succeeded as Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest at the 1980 contest by Tomas Ledin with "Just nu!". An English language solo version of "Låt solen värma dig", entitled "Let The Sun Shine Through", was included on Gärdestad's second international album I'd Rather Write a Symphony and a Swedish solo version on 1981's Stormvarning.
Charts
Sources
Citations
Eurovision songs of 1979
Melodifestivalen songs of 1979
Eurovision songs of Sweden
Ted Gärdestad songs
Swedish-language songs
1979 songs
Polar Music singles
1979 singles
Songs about outer space
Songs written by Ted Gärdestad |
17329753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Micka%C3%ABl%20Raymond | Jean-Mickaël Raymond | Jean-Mickaël Raymond is a French amateur boxer. He qualified for the 2008 Olympics as a middleweight.
In addition to Georgios Gazis, Raymond defeated three unknowns. He was then stopped in the meaningless final by Darren Sutherland.
At the Olympics, Raymond lost his first bout 2:8 to Asian champion, Elshod Rasulov.
External links
2nd Qualifier
Living people
Olympic boxers of France
Middleweight boxers
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
French male boxers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
17329763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintra%20%28disambiguation%29 | Cintra (disambiguation) | Cintra is an international operator of toll roads and car parks.
Cintra may also refer to:
People
Given name
Cintra Wilson (21st century), American celebrity writer
Surname
Adriano Cintra (born 1972), Brazilian multi-instrumentist and producer
Luís Lindley Cintra (1925-1991), Portuguese linguist
Sebastião da Silveira Cintra (1882-1942), Brazilian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
Sousa Cintra (21st century), Portuguese businessman
Places
Cintra Bay or the Gulf of Cintra on the coast of Western Sahara.
Cintra, Portugal, an alternate spelling for Sintra
Other uses
Cintra (ship), which wrecked on Porthminster Beach in 1893
Cintra (New Hope, Pennsylvania), a historic house in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Corporación Internacional de Transporte Aéreo, the former parent company for Aeroméxico, Mexicana de Aviación and Aeroperú
See also
Cintray, Eure, a commune in France
Cintray, Eure-et-Loir, a commune in France
Convention of Cintra, an 1808 treaty between France and the United Kingdom in the first stages of the Peninsula War
da Cintra, a surname
Sintra (disambiguation)
The Elves of Cintra, a novel by Terry Brooks |
20466209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20F.%20Martin | William F. Martin | William Martin (born February 16, 1957 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American botanist and microbiologist, currently Head of the Institut für Molekulare Evolution, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf.
Born in Bethesda, Maryland, Martin was educated at Richland College, Dallas, Texas, and Texas A&M University. After working as a carpenter in Dallas, Martin moved to Hannover, Germany, and obtained his university Diploma from Technische Universität Hannover in 1985. Martin's PhD is from Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Cologne, where he did postdoctoral research, followed by further postdoctoral work at Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, where he obtained his Habilitation in 1992. In 1999, Martin became full (C4) professor at Universität Düsseldorf.
Martin is a distinguished and sometimes controversial contributor to the field of molecular evolution and the origin of life. He is known particularly for his work on the evolution of the Calvin cycle and plastids including chloroplasts, and, more generally, for contributions to understanding the origin and evolution of eukaryotic cells. Martin is co-author, with Miklos Mueller of Rockefeller University, of the 1998 paper The Hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. A wealth of subsequent research papers include contributions, independently and with Michael J. Russell of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, to understanding the geochemical origins of cells and their biochemical pathways. Martin's work is well cited (nearly 30,000 times) and he has an h-index of 95.
Awards
1990: Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Preis of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
1997: Technology Transfer Prize, Industrie und Handelskammer Braunschweig
1998: Miescher-Ishida Prize of the International Society of Endocytobiology
2017: Spiridion Brusina Medal of the Croatian Society of Natural Sciences.
2018: Preis der Klüh Stiftung
Honours
2000-2007 Foreign Associate, CIAR Programme in Evolutionary Biology
2001- Faculty 1000 Member for Plant Genomes and Evolution
2006- Elected Fellow, American Academy for Microbiology
2006-2009 Julius von Haast Fellow of the New Zealand Ministry for Research, Science and Technology
2008 Elected Member of the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Selected publications
Madeline C. Weiss, Filipa L. Sousa, Natalia Mrnjavac, Sinje Neukirchen, Mayo Roettger, Shijulal Nelson-Sathi & William F. Martin: The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor, Nature Microbiology (2016)
References
External links
Molecular Evolution
Evolutionary biologists
Protistologists
Texas A&M University alumni
Technical University of Braunschweig alumni
University of Hanover alumni
People from Bethesda, Maryland
1957 births
Living people
21st-century American biologists
Richland College alumni |
17329798 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Noise%20from%20Winnetka | Big Noise from Winnetka | "Big Noise from Winnetka" is a jazz song co-written by composer and bass player Bob Haggart and drummer Ray Bauduc with lyrics by Gil Rodin and Bob Crosby, who were members of a sub-group of the Bob Crosby Orchestra called "The Bobcats". They also were the first to record it, in 1938. That recording is remarkable for its unusual duet feature: Haggart whistles the melody and plays the bass, while only Bauduc accompanies him on the drums. Halfway through the solo, Bauduc starts drumming on the strings of the double bass, while Haggart continues to play with his left hand, creating a percussive bass solo. The original version was just bass and drums (with the bass player whistling), but many other arrangements have been performed, including one by the Bob Crosby big band with the band's vocal group.
After the success of the initial recording, Haggart and Bauduc performed the song frequently for the rest of their careers, including in several films, most notably in 1941's Let's Make Music and 1943's Reveille with Beverly. The original recording was featured on the soundtrack of Raging Bull. Nick Nolte and Debra Winger danced to a version credited to Bob Crosby and the Bobcats in the 1982 film Cannery Row.
Composition
The song was a spontaneous composition, created at the Blackhawk in Chicago in 1938. When some of the band were late getting back from a break, Haggart and Bauduc started free improvising while they waited and "Big Noise" was the result. It was a joint composition, later formalized by arranger Haggart. Later, lyrics were written by Gil Rodin and Bob Crosby.
Winnetka is a North Shore suburb located approximately 16 miles (26 km) north of downtown Chicago.
Performances
1959: Jazz drummer Gene Krupa covered the song on his live album Big Noise from Winnetka.
1959: Jack Teagarden with drummer Ronnie Greb covered the song on his live album At the Roundtable.
1962: Kenny Ball, on his Midnight in Moscow album
1963: Jazz drummer Cozy Cole's version Bubbled Under in the American Billboard Charts at position 121.
1963: Eddy Mitchell sang a French version ("Quand une Fille me plaît") on his album Voici Eddy... c'était le soldat Mitchell.
1965: Chico Hamilton recorded his own version on the album The Dealer.
1966: Kenny Clare & Ronnie Stephenson, Drum Spectacular
1970: Scottish progressive rock band Clouds (60s rock band) performed a version on their album "Up Above Our Heads".
1974-1975 Spaghetti Head (Leslie George, William Hurdle) underground disco/house instrumental on Private Stock Records
1979: The song was covered by Bette Midler for her album Thighs and Whispers and released as a 12" single, the song lasting 6:56, and it peaked at No. 98 on the U.S. Dance Charts. The song was also performed in her concert film Divine Madness and is included on the soundtrack album (3:52). The song was included during her Las Vegas show, The Showgirl Must Go On (2008–2010).
1980: The song was featured in the field repertoire of the Bridgemen Drum & Bugle Corps (Bayonne, New Jersey). The Bridgemen missed winning that season's Drum Corps International world championship title by 0.55.
1984: The Australian teenage indie band the Lighthouse Keepers recorded a version of "Big Noise" featuring a C melody sax on their album Tales of the Unexpected.
1999: A cover of the opening few seconds of the song are sung by the character Phoebe Sparrow in episode 56 of the British TV series Goodnight Sweetheart, "Something Fishie".
2002: The Japanese jazz group Ego-Wrappin' covered the song on their album Night Food.
2005: Bassist Kyle Eastwood recorded an arrangement on his album Paris Blue.
2008: The Austin, Texas band Asylum Street Spankers covered the song on their album What? And Give Up Show Biz?.
2009: In the UK, the song has been used in advertisements for direct.gov.uk.
2013: Miss Florida did a baton routine to the song in the Miss America pageant.
2013: The song was featured in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade by the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band.
2015: Christine Ebersole, a singer and actress, brought her show Big Noise from Winnetka back to the Chicago area. The show included the jazz song and stories from her life in Winnetka, Illinois.
In popular culture
According to an interview with Canadian animator Danny Antonucci, the theme song for his hit Cartoon Network show Ed, Edd n Eddy was inspired by "Big Noise" and includes a similar baseline and whistled melody.
References
External links
Audio of "Big Noise from Winnetka"
Bette Midler songs
Songs with music by Bob Haggart
1938 songs |
20466235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20C.%20Pugh | Isaac C. Pugh | Isaac Campbell Pugh (November 23, 1805 – November 19, 1874) was a United States volunteer soldier who was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War; rising to the rank of Brevet brigadier general.
Early life
Pugh was born in Christian County, Kentucky. He moved to Macon County, Illinois and became a private and served during the Black Hawk War. In 1846 he became a captain in the 4th Illinois Volunteer Regiment during the Mexican War and was mustered out of the volunteer service the following year.
Civil War
Fort Donelson
Pugh's most notable military service came during the American Civil War. He volunteered and became the captain of Company A of the 8th Illinois Infantry Regiment when it was mustered in on 23 April 1861. When the 8th was demobilized three months later, he formed the 41st Illinois Volunteer Regiment which he commanded as colonel, and would chiefly be associated with for the rest of the war. Pugh led the regiment into action at the Battle of Fort Donelson fighting as part of John McArthur's brigade on the extreme right of the Union line.
Shiloh
After Fort Donelson the 41st Illinois was assigned to the 1st Brigade in Stephen A. Hurlbut's 4th Division of the Army of the Tennessee. Shortly after the fighting began at the Battle of Shiloh, the 1st Brigade's commander Col. Nelson G. Williams was severely wounded and command of the brigade was turned over to Pugh. Colonel Pugh ably led the brigade through the two days of fighting at Shiloh in the vicinity of "Bloody Pond".
Vicksburg and Jackson
After Shiloh, General Jacob G. Lauman was transferred to command the brigade and Pugh returned to command of his regiment. He led his unit in the subsequent Siege of Corinth and the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge. When General Lauman was elevated to command of the 4th Division, Pugh again assumed command of the 1st Brigade. Pugh's brigade and the rest of the division were assigned to the XVI Corps during the Siege of Vicksburg and the following expedition against Jackson, Mississippi. During the Jackson Expedition, General Lauman ordered Pugh to make an attack against Brig. Gen. Daniel W. Adams' entrenched brigade. This attack resulted in heavy casualties for Pugh's brigade and Lauman was subsequently relieved of command.
Furlough and Atlanta Campaign
Pugh continued in brigade command until October 1863 when the veteran officers and soldiers of the 41st Illinois were granted a furlough while the new recruits in the regiment fought in the Red River Campaign and at Tupelo. Pugh returned to active duty with the veterans of the regiment in 1864. Instead of reuniting the entire regiment in Mississippi, Pugh commanded the so-called "Veterans Battalion" of the 41st Illinois and was sent to Georgia to join William T. Sherman's campaign against Atlanta. Pugh's Veteran Battalion was assigned to railroad guard duty near Marietta, Georgia. Pugh briefly commanded the 2nd Brigade, 4th Division in the XVII Corps which was composed of regiments primarily on guard duty in Georgia. He was mustered out of the volunteer service with the rest of his regiment on August 20, 1864.
Command History
1st Brigade, 4th Division, Army of the Tennessee (6–7 April 1862)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps (1 Nov-18 Dec 1862)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps (18 Dec 1862-20 Jan 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVI Corps (20 Jan-28 July 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps (28 July-17 Aug 1863)
1st Brigade, 4th Division, XVII Corps (17 Aug-24 Oct 1863)
2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XVIII Corps (4–19 July 1864)
Later life
Pugh returned to his home in Decatur, Illinois and served as a clerk and postmaster there before his death on November 19, 1874. He is buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur.
See also
List of American Civil War brevet generals
Notes
References
Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
1805 births
1874 deaths
American people of the Black Hawk War
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Christian County, Kentucky
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Army colonels
United States Army officers |
6902870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Love%20Album%20%28Westlife%20album%29 | The Love Album (Westlife album) | The Love Album is the seventh studio album, eighth album under Sony BMG and second, last cover album by Irish boy band Westlife. It was released in the Philippines on 13 November 2006 and in the UK on 20 November 2006 and the songs on the album center in a "love theme". It was also the band's third album to be released as a four-piece. The first and only single released was a cover of the Bette Midler song "The Rose", which debuted at No. 1 in Ireland and the UK. It was the band's 14th No. 1 single. The song was first performed at Miss World 2006.
The album debuted at its peak position at No. 1 on the UK Charts, selling 219,662 copies in the UK that week. It also spent one week at number two and two weeks at number three. One of those number-three weeks have the highest sales for that said peak for a week in the whole year of 2006. It re-entered at number 17 at the Official UK Budget Albums Chart in November 2009. The album also appeared in the list of best album sales of Hong Kong in 2007.
Their cover version of "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You", which is included in the deluxe version of the album, has been viewed 100 million times on YouTube.
Track listing
Credits
Source:
Accordion: Eddie Hesson (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Arranged By [Additional Choir Arrangements]: Lawrence Johnson (tracks: 1, 8)
Arranged By [Strings]: Dave Arch (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Ulf & Henrik Janson (tracks: 1, 3, 8)
Arranged By [Vocals]: Andy Caine,Steve Mac (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Backing Vocals [Additional]: Andy Caine (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Emil Heiling (tracks: 3) Mae McKenna (tracks: 11)
Bass: Steve Pearce (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Thomas Lindberg (tracks: 1, 8)
Choir: Aaron Sokell, Alani Gibbon, Anna Omakina, Ayo Oyerinde, Camilla Beeput, Donna Gardier-Elliot, Ezra Russell, Joy Malcolm, Lanoi Montet, Lawrence Johnson, Lena Palmer, Lorrain Smith, Michael Molton, Sheena White, Stephanie Meade, Subrina Edwards (tracks: 1, 8) The Tuff Session Singers (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Drums: Chris Laws,Ian Thomas (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)Christer Janson (tracks: 8)
Engineer: Bernard Löhr (tracks: 3) Chris Laws,Ren Swan (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Neil Tucker,Quiz & Larossi* (tracks: 1, 8)
Engineer [Assistant]: Daniel Pursey (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Engineer [Mix]: Chris Laws (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Engineer [Strings]: Ian Agate (tracks: 1, 8)
Guitar [Guitars]: Esbjörn Öhrwall (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 8) Fridrik 'Frizzy' Karlsson,Paul Gendler (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Keyboards: Andreas 'Quiz' Romdhane, Josef Larossi (tracks: 1, 4, 8) Per Magnusson (tracks: 3) Steve Mac (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Mastered By: Vlado Meller
Mastered By [Assistant]: Mark Santangelo
Mixed By: Bernard Löhr (track 3) Quiz & Larossi (tracks: 1, 8)
Other [Management]:Louis Walsh
Piano: Dave Arch (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11) Peter Ljung (tracks: 1, 4, 8)
Arranged By: David Kreuger, Per Magnusson (track 3) Quiz & Larossi (tracks: 1, 8) Steve Mac (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9 to 11)
Programmed By: Andreas 'Quiz' Romdhane,Josef Larossi (tracks: 1, 4, 8) David Kreuger (track 3)
Recorded By [Assistant Strings Recording]:Chris Barrett (tracks: 4 to 6, 9 to 11)
Recorded By [Strings]:Geoff Foster (tracks: 5, 6, 11) Paul Walton (tracks: 2, 7) Rupert Coulson (tracks: 4, 9, 10)
Release history
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Supporting tour
References
External links
Official Westlife Website
2006 albums
Westlife albums
Albums produced by Steve Mac
Albums produced by David Kreuger
Albums produced by Per Magnusson
Sony BMG albums |
20466245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Age%20of%20the%20Earth | The Age of the Earth | The Age of the Earth () is a 1980 avant-garde film directed by Glauber Rocha.
Cast
Maurício do Valle as John Brahms
Jece Valadão as Indigenous Christ
Antonio Pitanga as Black Christ
Tarcísio Meira as Military Christ
Geraldo Del Rey as Guerilla Christ
Ana Maria Magalhães as Aurora Madalena
Norma Bengell as Amazonas' Queen
Carlos Petrovich as the Devil
Mário Gusmão as Babalawo
Danuza Leão
Paloma Rocha
Production
Rocha started the film in 1975 and planned to shoot it in Los Angeles, and subsequently proposed it in Paris, Rome, Mexico and Venezuela, but was unable to obtain financial support. It was finally shot in Bahia, Distrito Federal, and Rio de Janeiro.
Reception
It was Rocha's last film and the one that caused the most controversy. Because it was produced by Embrafilme, a state company, during the Brazilian military dictatorship, it was boycotted by critics and "crucified at the 1980 Venice Film Festival", where it was nominated for the Golden Lion.
References
External links
1980s avant-garde and experimental films
1980 drama films
1980 films
Brazilian avant-garde and experimental films
Brazilian drama films
Films directed by Glauber Rocha
Films shot in Brasília
Films shot in Rio de Janeiro (city)
1980s Portuguese-language films |
6902880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Orange%20station | Port Orange station | Port Orange Florida East Coast Railway Freight Depot is a historic Florida East Coast Railway passenger depot in Port Orange, Florida, United States. It is located at 415C Herbert Street, off U.S. 1. The depot was originally constructed in 1894 as two buildings.
The depot was constructed by the narrow-gauge St. Johns and Halifax Railway, a division of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway.
On December 31, 1885, Henry Flagler purchased the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway. In September 1895, he changed the name to the Florida East Coast Railway.
The initial buildings included a passenger depot, FEC building #245, which was built immediately south of Dunlawton Avenue with the platform facing north. A second building, a freight depot, FEC building #246, was constructed south of the passenger depot. In 1924, the two buildings were joined as a passenger station. Regular passenger service ended in 1932. In February 1938, the building was remodeled to its current appearance. The windows, pedestrian doors and waiting platform were removed.
The building continued to be used as a freight depot until 1964. The depot continued to be a flag stop until the strike on January 23, 1963 and is listed in the last pre-strike time table dated December 12, 1962. In 1966 the depot was purchased and moved 500 feet north. The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 1998. In 2015 the City of Port Orange purchased the depot from long time Port Orange resident and business owner Bryan Berntsen to restore the building.
References
External links
Port Orange F.E.C. Railway Freight Station at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Former Florida East Coast Railway stations
National Register of Historic Places in Volusia County, Florida
Railway freight houses on the National Register of Historic Places
Buildings and structures in Port Orange, Florida
1894 establishments in Florida
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1894
Railway stations closed in 1932
Former railway stations in Florida |
6902886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise%20One | Wise One | Wise One may refer to:
"Wise One", a song by John Coltrane from his 1964 album Crescent
Wise One, a concept in the Wheel of Time |
20466247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Abril | Antón García Abril | Antón García Abril OAXS (19 May 1933 – 17 March 2021) was a Spanish composer and musician. He composed many classical orchestral works, chamber and vocal pieces, as well as over 150 scores for film and television.
Biography
Between 1974 and 2003, he was the head of the department of Compositions and Musical Forms (Composición y Formas Musicales) of the Madrid Royal Conservatory, and in 1982 he was elected a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid. In 1994, he was awarded Spain's Premio Nacional de Música for composition, and in 2008, he was also named a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Carlos in Valencia.
He died on 17 March 2021, at the age of 87 from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.
Works
García Abril has composed as many orchestral works as he has chamber and vocal pieces, and he has composed music for films and television series such as El hombre y la Tierra, Fortunata y Jacinta, Anillos de oro, Segunda enseñanza, Brigada Central, Ramón y Cajal, La ciudad no es para mí and Compuesta y sin novio.
In 1966, he composed the soundtrack for the film Texas, Adios, a Spaghetti Western starring Franco Nero. Also, in 1969, he worked alongside Rafael Romero Marchent, a film director from Madrid, on the soundtrack of the movie Awkward Hands, another Spaghetti Western. He also composed the music for Amando de Ossorio's Blind Dead series of films, being Tombs of the Blind Dead (1972), Return of the Blind Dead (1973), The Ghost Galleon (1974) and Night of the Seagulls (1975).
Compositions
1969. Twelve songs to texts by Rafael Alberti (for voice and orchestra)
1972. Hemeroscopium (for orchestra)
1976. Concierto aguediano (for guitar and orchestra)
1985. Evocaciones (for solo guitar)
1986. Concierto mudéjar (for guitar and orchestra)
1987. Vademecum (a collection of 12 pieces for the guitar)
1992. Divinas palabras (opera after Ramón del Valle-Inclán, premiered 1997 with Plácido Domingo)
1994. Concierto (for piano and orchestra)
1996. Nocturnos de la Antequeruela (for piano and orchestra)
1999. Concierto de las tierras altas (for cello and orchestra)
2001. Concierto de la Malvarrosa (for flute, piano and strings)
2007. Alba de los caminos (for piano and string quintet)
2012. Cantos de Ordesa, Concerto for viola and orchestra
Music for films and television
Between 1956 and 1994, Antón García Abril created more than 150 compositions for movies and television. He has provided soundtracks for the films:
1962. La muerte silba un blues
1964. La chica del trébol
1965 La corrida (Documentary short)
1965 Un vampiro para dos
1965 El tímido
1965 El cálido verano del Sr. Rodríguez
1966. La ciudad no es para mí
1966. Texas, Adios
1967. Maneater of Hydra
1967. The Cobra
1967. Sor Citroën
1969. Awkward Hands
1971. The Werewolf vs. The Vampire Woman
1972. Tombs of the Blind Dead
1972. Dr. Jekyll y el Hombre Lobo
1972. Pancho Villa
1973. Curse of the Devil
1973. Return of the Blind Dead
1974. The Loreley's Grasp
1974. The Ghost Galleon
1975. A Long Return
1975. Night of the Seagulls
1984. Los santos inocentes
1987. Monsignor Quixote
He also created the soundtracks of the television series:
1974. El hombre y la Tierra
1980. Fortunata y Jacinta
1983. Anillos de oro
1986. Segunda enseñanza
1972. Los camioneros
Honours
Knight Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (Kingdom of Spain, 16 December 2005).
References
External links
1933 births
2021 deaths
People from Teruel
Academics of the Madrid Royal Conservatory
Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish film score composers
Male film score composers
Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain |
20466253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen | Jurchen | Jurchen may refer to:
Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century
Haixi Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Jianzhou Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Wild Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people
Jurchen language, extinct language spoken by Jurchen people
Jin dynasty (1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen Dynasty
Language and nationality disambiguation pages |
17329833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20cost | Search cost | Search costs are a facet of transaction costs or switching costs and include all the costs associated with the searching activity conducted by a prospective seller and buyer in a market. Rational consumers will continue to search for a better product or service until the marginal cost of searching exceeds the marginal benefit. Search theory is a branch of microeconomics that studies decisions of this type.
The costs of searching are divided into external and internal costs. External costs include the monetary costs of acquiring the information, and the opportunity cost of the time taken up in searching. External costs are not under the consumer's control, and all he or she can do is choose whether or not to incur them. Internal costs include the mental effort given over to undertaking the search, sorting the incoming information, and integrating it with what the consumer already knows. Internal costs are determined by the consumer's ability to undertake the search, and this in turn depends on intelligence, prior knowledge, education and training. These internal costs are the background to the study of bounded rationality.
There is an optimal value for search cost. A moderate amount of information maximises the likelihood of a purchase. Too much information to consumers may lead to negative effect. Too little information may not be enough to support consumers' purchasing decisions.
Search Cost Models
Numerous search cost models exist to depict the process of consumers searching for alternative goods and services.
Basic Price Search Model
The most basic search cost model serves as a foundation for subsequent models. Peter A. Diamond's Model of Price Adjustment illustrates that small search frictions have an important role in market structure, and a firm's capacity to deviate from Bertrand Competition.
Proposition of the model:
A unique nash equilibrium is: , where, s = Cost of obtaining price at quote with , CS = Consumer surplus and p = Price.
The model implies that search frictions can result in the perfectly competitive market price shifting to the monopoly price. However, Diamond's original model is rudimentary and ignores some empirical observations:
Agents in an economy only search once, whereas there is a continuous search for goods and services.
Few consumers search in equilibrium, which is inconsistent with empirical observation.
The model uses an alternative to the “law of one price”. The monopoly price is used as opposed to marginal cost, with no consideration for price dispersion in an equilibrium.
Heterogenous Search Model
Using Diamond's model as a base, a distinction is now made in the heterogenous search model. There are potential consumer heterogeneities for search costs being consistent with market observations (search costs can be 0 and negative). In 1989, Ingemar Stahl expanded on Diamond's model; the model has the same assumptions as Diamond's model with the additions of ‘shoppers’ (μ) having a range of search costs ().
Stahl's model addresses the three issues present in Diamond's basic price search model. Firstly, this model assumes that search costs are changing as ‘shoppers’ search costs change. Secondly, all searches are now assumed to be done in equilibrium with different qualities of searches being conducted by different consumers (refers to the changing fraction of ‘shopper’ and their changing search costs, as consumers search at different times). Finally, the model achieves price dispersion, which is consistent with empirical market observations.
Examples of Search Costs
Fuel Shortages
During the early and late 70s, The Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OAPEC, stopped all its exports to the US, South Africa, Portugal, and the Netherlands due to their support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Before the sanctions were imposed, the United States was receiving on average two thirds of its oil from OAPEC countries. This caused a big shortage of fuel. Motorists and business owners started having to spend more and more time looking for service stations with fuel in stock. Once a station was found motorists then had to wait in queues, sometimes as long as five miles, in order to fill up. In some areas odd-even rationing was even instated. This meant that on odd numbered days only vehicles with odd numbers as the last digit on their number plate would be allowed to buy fuel and vice versa for even numbers. Activities such as searching for fuel (the product) over time is called intertemporal search behaviour and is often associated with cross-sectional search behaviour. Motorists comparing fuel prices at different service stations at a given point in time is an example of cross-sectional search behaviour. These search behaviours result in a search cost to the consumer through the disutility gained in lost time. During stages of fuel shortages, such as those mentioned above, there is an overall increase in these search behaviours and thus an increase in search costs. Increasing search costs decreases the price elasticity of demand and thus suppliers increase prices.
Labour Markets
Job seeking activities such as finding vacant positions, gathering information about a firm, preparing a résumé and cover letter, preparing for an interview, and travelling to and from the job interview are examples of activities that incur a search cost from the individual. The larger this search cost is the more likely the chance that a worker will exit the market before initiating a search for a job. This is brought about by a combination of the low probability of finding a permanent job, as low as 19% in some studies/areas, and a low level of current capital. These factors also often cause agents to cease their searching activities after a number of failed attempts, even when the worker has cash on hand that covers the search costs multiple times. To maintain saving in excess of this minimum threshold value, the worker participates in temporary employment while conducting their search. This increases the staff turnover of the these companies. With increased technological integration of the advertisement and management of job opportunities as well as worker information and the provision of accessible and affordable public transport these effects can be treated.
Technology and Search Costs
With the rise in popularity and sophistication of computers and other electronic devices, the Internet was expected to eliminate search costs. For example, electronic commerce was predicted to cause disintermediation as search costs become low enough for end-consumers to incur them directly instead of employing retailers to do this for them. The reduction in marginal search costs of obtaining pricing information from electronic marketplaces through the implementation of the internet results in a downward pressure for the price of merchandise. Consumer's also have the ability to undertake comparisons of homogeneous products amongst competing electronic vendors, allowing them to purchase products which maximises their consumption utility. This is another factor contributing to the reduction in consumer search costs. The marginal search cost of obtaining quality information available to consumers has conjunctionally decreased, resulting in a decrease in price sensitivity. But using the Internet on a mobile phone can increase the cost of searching. The small screen size on a mobile phone can increase the cost of browsing information. For example, links that appear at the top of the screen are particularly likely to be clicked on the phone. That means ranking effects are higher on mobile phones suggesting higher search costs.
Electronic marketplaces have hindered the ability of electronic merchants to implement hidden costs such as transport and handling costs to obscure quoted prices. Commodity markets will evolve to display characteristics of the classical ideal of a Walrasian auctioneer as a result of electronic marketplaces as consumers have costless access to retailer pricing information and are fully informed. The competitive price taking equilibrium is a result of fully informed buyers as described within the classical market model. In oligopolistic markets, this equilibrium point represents Bertrand's zero profit equilibria. The effects of these Electronic marketplaces will translate to commodity markets by inciting price competition amongst retailers and shifting power to the consumers though the reduction in market power of the vendors.
Interestingly, studies have found that user search behaviour, and thus search costs, differ significantly depending on which device they use to access electronic marketplaces. Personal computer (PC) users are much less sensitive to product rank. That is, they add more products to their evaluation pool before deciding on a product. This suggests that the cognitive effort it takes to process information, and thus the search costs, are much higher when users access the internet through their mobile phones. PC users are also more likely to choose a product that is geographically further away from their location than mobile phone users. These differences are mainly due to the smaller screen sizes in mobile phones and their ability to overcome the geographic and time sensitivity limitations of PC computers.
Obfuscation and Search Costs
Price obfuscation is a strategy online retailers are implementing to derive further profits within electronic marketplaces and position themselves to regain market power. Obfuscation strategies within the classical search theory models represents consumers who are not fully informed simultaneously within the competitive a market through incremental increases in search costs, allowing firms to generate additional profits. Strategies include the development of products requiring additional purchases, or add-ons, which have large unadvertised mark ups. The use of a loss-leader approach is also implemented by online vendors to establish additional profits through the use of purposeful websites and advertisements designed to lure consumers into purchasing cheaper inferior goods and then to upgrade and purchase superior goods for higher prices.
Customers are negatively affected by obfuscation because of the price increases and direct costs it imposes on them. Although obfuscation is beneficial to firms, excessive obstruction of pricing information can lead to the collapse of a market. Interestingly, even firms who do not obfuscate their pricing benefit from the obfuscation conducted by other firms in the market. Since none of the consumers can compare prices, they still behave as if future search costs will be higher and thus the transparent company benefits.
See also
Analysis paralysis
Satisficing
Search theory
Perfect Competition
Price dispersion
Cost
References
Costs |
17329855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Alma%20%281996%29 | Hurricane Alma (1996) | Hurricane Alma was the first of three consecutively named storms to make landfall on the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten-day span in June, 1996. Alma was the third tropical cyclone, first named storm, and first hurricane for the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It is believed by meteorologists that the storm originated out of an Atlantic tropical wave which crossed Central America in the middle of June. In warmer than average waters of the open Pacific, it gradually organized and it was first designated as a tropical depression on June 20 before quickly intensifying to a tropical storm. Early on June 22 the storm was upgraded to a hurricane and subsequently reached peak intensity of 969 mb, a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Alma made landfall on Mexico's shoreline, but it soon moved back out over water and began to weaken. Alma had severe impact in Mexico. Twenty deaths were reported. Damage is unknown.
Meteorological history
The origins of Alma is believed to be related to the tropical wave which spawned Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic. Satellite imagery and upper–air observations indicated that the disturbance crossed Central America during the middle of June, entering warming than average waters of the Pacific. Initially, the system was located within a sheared environment, although it did not hinder development. The convection soon became aligned with the low–level center and during the overnight on June 20 it was designated as a tropical depression. The depression intensified and it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Alma later that day. The wind shear relaxed it was upgraded to a hurricane at early on July 22 while tracking generally northwest.
A mid–level trough located near Baja California and a mid- to-upper-level low over the southwest Gulf of Mexico began to steer Alma northward towards the southwest coast of Mexico, prior to reaching a peak intensity of 969 mb at 1200 UTC on June 23. Before long, the steering flow collapsed and the hurricane drifted further towards land. Later that day it made landfall near Lazaro Cardenas, although Alma quickly moved back over open water and meandered for about 36 hours. This made the hurricane the first of three consecutive storms to make landfall on, the Pacific coast of Mexico during a ten-day span. It weakened to a tropical storm over land, before moving back to the open waters.
However, a small portion of the circulation of Alma was still over land, and thus it was severely disrupted by Mexico's high terrain. Alma was tracking slowly along a path roughly parallel to the coastline, it was further downgraded to a tropical depression on June 25. Alma remained weak and dissipated on June 27.
Alma was forecasted well, with errors well below long-term averages at the time. Despite this, tropical cyclone prediction models were a mixture of accurate and inaccurate, with the Aviation and GFDL models performing badly and the OFCI model performing well. The errors in dynamic models was attributed to a lack of data on upper-air conditions over the ocean southwest of the cyclone.
Preparations and Impact
In anticipation for the storm, hurricane warnings were placed into effect along of coastline between the resorts of Zihuatenejo and Manzanillo. Hundreds of people were evacuated prior to the passage of the hurricane. Also, the Mexican government sent troops to the area to help with disaster relief, and the Michoacán state government sent five truckloads of bedding and medicines. Prior to landfall, 14 inches of rain was expected.
In the Mexican states of Guerrero and Michoacán, the hurricane generated estimated wind gusts of up to , and dropped large amounts of rainfall peaking at of rainfall just east of where it had made landfall. Also, there were reports of swells up to along the coast. Three people died in Lazaro Cardenas when their house collapsed. Alma ripped roofs off of some houses, downed power lines and uprooted numerous trees, Flooding for Alma left thousands homeless. Heavy rainfall resulted in major flooding in Puebla, which killed 17 people. In all, 20 deaths were reported in Mexico. Damage is unknown, since the official report has no damage figures.
See also
Other tropical cyclones named Alma
List of Pacific hurricanes
References
External links
National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report
Alma 1996
Alma 1996
Alma 1996 |
17329859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadath%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hadath (disambiguation) | Hadath or Al Hadath (a definite article in Arabic) may refer to:
Places
Turkey
Hadath, full name Al-Ḥadath al-Ḥamrā', also known as Adata in Greek, a medieval fortress town near the Taurus Mountains in Cilicia, (modern southeastern Turkey), which played an important role in the Byzantine–Arab Wars
Lebanon
Hadath, Mount Lebanon, a municipality in the Baabda District of the Mount Lebanon Governorate in Lebanon
Hadath, Beqaa, town in the Beqaa Governorate of Lebanon
Hadath El Jebbeh, a Lebanese town in the Bsharri District in the North Governorate of Lebanon
Religion
Hadath (West Syrian Diocese), an ancient diocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church in the Malatya region (present-day Turkey), attested between the eighth and eleventh centuries and based in town of Hadath above.
Hadath akbar, a form of major ritual impurity in Islam
Ḥadath aṣghar, a minor ritual impurity in Islam
Others
Al-Hadath, an Arabic daily newspaper in Amman, Jordan |
17329872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintra%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sintra (disambiguation) | Sintra is both a town and a municipality in Portugal.
Sintra may also refer to:
Sintra (Santa Maria e São Miguel, São Martinho e São Pedro de Penaferrim), a civil parish within the municipality
Sintra Mountains
Palace of Sintra
Opel Sintra, a minivan
See also
Cintra (disambiguation)
Pedro de Sintra
Nova Sintra
Sintra-Cascais Natural Park
Convention of Cintra |
6902889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Campobasso | List of municipalities of the Province of Campobasso | The following is a list of the 84 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Campobasso, Molise, Italy.
List
See also
List of municipalities of Italy
References
Campobasso |
6902890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Calf%20Island | Little Calf Island | Little Calf Island is a small rocky island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, some 9 miles offshore from downtown Boston, Massachusetts. The island has no vegetation and no history of human occupation. It is used for nesting by gulls and cormorants which can be aggressive during their nesting season. Access by humans is by private boat only, and is discouraged.
References
Boston Harbor islands
Islands of Suffolk County, Massachusetts |
20466255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wasat%20%28Bahraini%20newspaper%29 | Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper) | Al-Wasat (), also Alwasat, was an Arabic-language daily newspaper in Manama, Bahrain. Al-Wasat was generally regarded as the only independent newspaper in Bahrain. The newspaper ran for 15 years, during which is provided reporting unique to Bahrain.
The government of Bahrain forcibly closed the newspaper on 4 June 2017, in a move which Amnesty International termed an "all-out campaign to end independent reporting".
History and profile
Al-Wasat was established in 2002. The newspaper was established after the early reforms adopted by King Hamad bin Isa. Allowing a key oppositional figure to establish this newspaper was seen as a key event in the opening up of society. Before Al-Wasat was established, Bahrain had only two Arabic newspapers, Akhbar Al Khaleej and Al Ayam, both of which were viewed as extremely pro-government. Its founders are Mansoor Al-Jamri and leading personalities from the Bahraini private sector. Al-Jamri was the editor-in-chief. He was temporarily forced out of his position between 3 April 2011 until 4 August 2011 during a government crackdown on journalists and the press during the Arab Spring.
Al-Wasat was the most popular newspaper in Bahrain and was generally regarded as the only daily that does not take a loyalist stand to the Bahraini government. It was the first Bahraini newspaper to reflect opposing viewpoints.
The paper was ranked as the top newspaper in terms of circulation and impact in the kingdom of Bahrain by the Pan-Arab Research Center in its survey in 2012. The paper was ranked of the top of index of credibility by the "Media Credibility Index" issued by Next Century Foundation in London on 5 May 2012. The paper's online version was the 15th most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.
Awards
Mansoor Al-Jamri is recipient of the CPJ International Press Freedom Awards in 2011 and the International Media Peace Award 2012.
In addition, the newspaper won several awards, including a European Award on 8 December 2011, MENA photojournalism award, UNICEF regional award for electronic media on 28 September 2011, the 15th strongest MENA newspaper on the Internet according to Forbes Middle East on 27 October 2010, Arab Journalism Award on 13 May 2010, Bahrain's electronic media, and Award on 13 March 2009.
Al Wasat was ranked top of the "Media Credibility Index" issued by the Next Century Foundation in May 2012. The paper was identified by the Pan-Arab Research Centre (PARC) in 2012 as the most widely read newspaper in Bahrain. Its editor-in-chief, Mansoor Al-Jamri also received the International Media Peace Award in London on 5 May 2012.
Controversy
On 15 March 2011, the newspaper's printing office was attacked by mobs carrying knives and clubs. This came after recent 2011 Bahraini protests as some pro-government supporters attacked Al Wasat'''s oppositional views on recent events. The attack happened in the early hours of Tuesday morning after days of harassment of staff and journalists by some pro-government supporters.
Following a talk show on Bahrain television on 2 April 2011, which allegedly accused fabrications by the newspaper in its reporting of 2011 protests in Bahrain, Al-Wasat was suspended for one day and put under investigation by Bahrain's Information Affairs Authority. Al Wasat newspaper was accused of using old footage and articles when reporting on current events following the Bahraini protests. The Associated Press reported on 3 April that Al Wasat did not publish, following a message on state TV that the Information Ministry had ordered the paper to shut down. According to the state-run Bahrain News Agency, government officials again accused Al-Wasat of "unethical" coverage.
The day after the suspension, the board of directors of the paper announced they had accepted the resignation of Mansoor Al-Jamri as editor in chief, and Nouwehed as managing editor and head of local news (Aqeel Mirza). The new editor in chief would be Obaidaly AlObaidaly, a columnist for the paper. The newspaper restarted on 4 April 2011.
Al Jamri spoke to the Financial Times following these events and contended that allegations against his newspaper were part of a "sustained campaign" against this specific publication. He explained that there is a possibility of a double agent that was planted in the newspaper to spread fabrications. Bahrain's Information Affairs Authority filed a legal case based on Bahrain's law regarding press, printing and publishing. The General Prosecution summoned Mansoor Al Jamri, managing editor Walid Nouwehed and head of local news Aqeel Mirza for questioning. They were charged with publishing fabricated stories which "harmed public safety and national interests". Prosecutor General Ali bin Fadhl Al Bouainain indicated that they would stand trial when investigations have been completed.
Al Jamri explained in an interview with Al-Hurra Satellite that on 3 April 2011, an official ordered the newspaper's board to dismiss the editor-in-chief and key staff, two non-Bahraini staff were forcibly deported on 4 April 2011 and a detailed a series of official intimidation to the newspaper.
Karim Fakhrawi, one of the founders of Al Wasat, was detained on 3 April 2011 and according to the BICI report he died under torture on 12 April 2011.
The public announcement indicated that Fakhrawi died of kidney failure, but according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, pictures showed bruises on his body.
On 4 August 2011, the board of directors reinstated Mansoor Al-Jamri back as editor-in-chief of the newspaper. The investors' general meeting held on 7 August 2011 reaffirmed the strategic direction of Al Wasat'' newspaper.
In June 2017 the newspaper was banned by the Bahraini government on accusations that it "sows division".
References
2002 establishments in Bahrain
2017 disestablishments in Bahrain
Arabic-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Bahrain
Mass media in Manama
Newspapers established in 2002
Publications disestablished in 2017
Censorship in Bahrain
Banned newspapers |
6902895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20naturism | Gay naturism | Gay naturism or LGBT naturism (where naturism is generally equated with nudism) concerns a lifestyle of gay people in which nudity, especially in a communal context, is viewed as natural, positive and healthy. While naturist clubs and resorts in the United States date back to the 1930s, gay naturist organizations did not emerge until the early 1980s. Separate from official naturist clubs, gay individuals have long congregated in locally-known gay beaches in many countries, especially in Europe and North America.
Early history
In the early 1980s, a number of unaffiliated local clubs for gay naturists began independently springing up in major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. By that time, many major cities were served by LGBT newspapers that were established during the gay liberation movement of the 1970s. These papers—e.g., L.A. Frontiers, Seattle Gay News and the Houston Voice—were important means of spreading the word about the first wave of gay naturist social clubs. Among the oldest and largest of the clubs that are still extant are Males au Naturel (MAN) in New York, Los Angeles Nude Guys (LANG), San Francisco Kindred Nudists (SKiNS), and the Greater Atlanta Naturist Group (GANG).
The first nationwide organization to promote gay naturism also originated in the early 1980s. In 1980, Lee Baxandall founded The Naturist Society (TNS). In contrast to the more conservative American Sunbathing Association (ASA) (which in 1995 was renamed the American Association for Nude Recreation, or AANR), TNS openly welcomed diverse groups of people and was a loose association of special interest groups (SIGs). According to Baxandall, from its inception TNS received almost daily inquires about a SIG for gay naturists. Baxandall approached Murray Kaufman (d. 2003), an openly gay New Yorker who had been hosting private nude socials for gay men in his home. Kaufman agreed to oversee a gay SIG for TNS, and Gay and Lesbian Naturists (GLN) was formed in 1983. GLN had its first gathering at the Summit Lodge in Rockbridge, Ohio in 1985. About 60 members, all of them men, attended.
Growth in the 1990s
Annual GLN gatherings grew steadily in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1992, the group reorganized, with two key changes: it became an independent entity (no longer a SIG of TNS); and it was renamed Gay Naturists International (GNI). Although GLN had been founded with the intent of attracting both gay men and lesbians, it had been a de facto all-male organization as there had never been any significant lesbian participation in the group. The new GNI became gender specific in its mission. GNI also became an umbrella organization for networking local gay naturist clubs.
In 1994, there was a schism in GNI due to a legal dispute over records and money with respect to the paid employee. Out of this split, the employee in question founded International Men Enjoying Naturism (IMEN). Its goals were similar to those of GNI, including being a registry of local clubs, providing referrals to local groups, helping new local gay naturist groups organize, and holding an annual gathering. He was later terminated in a similar fashion from IMEN over the same issues.
The number of local gay naturist clubs continued to grow in the 1990s, particularly the latter part of the decade. GNI and IMEN provided organizational assistance to new clubs, and the advent of the Internet meant greater publicity opportunities for new and existing clubs. The website Spike's Naked Planet lists over 100 gay naturist clubs in the United States, about half a dozen in Canada and a scattering in other places across the world.
Annual gay naturist gatherings
The 1990s saw the beginning of annual gay naturist gatherings on a large scale. GNI held its first gathering under its new name in 1992. The annual GNI Gathering, held each August in rural eastern Pennsylvania, remains the largest gay naturist gathering, attracting about 800 gay naturists. The second largest gathering, the CMEN Gathering, is sponsored by California Men Enjoying Naturism and is held each September in Malibu, California. First held in 1999, CMEN now draws about 500 attendees. Three other gatherings attract a few hundred attendees each. The IMEN Gathering, held each July in rural eastern Maryland, began in 1995. The East Coast Gathering, sponsored by the Philadelphia Area Naked Guys, is held each May in rural eastern Maryland. The Midwest Male Naturist Gathering” began in 1993 and is held in rural eastern Kansas each June. Key West's Bone Island Bare It All Weekend is held each July and December, attracting between 300 and 500 men.
Gay naturist vacation market
In the United States, Palm Springs, California and Ft. Lauderdale, Florida have emerged as the leading vacation destinations for gay naturists. Both cities have a comparable number—about 25 in each—of small, all-gay resorts and guesthouses that allow either unrestricted nudity or at least poolside nudity. Key West, Florida is recognized as an early leader in the development of clothing-optional all-gay guesthouses. Key West currently has ten clothing-optional guesthouses as well as gay bars with clothing-optional areas. The majority of men-only gay accommodations throughout the world allow some degree of naturism, especially poolside, if there is sufficient privacy. However, there are no gay naturist resorts on the scale of co-ed, family oriented naturist resorts such as Cypress Cove in Florida.
Puglia in Italy has become an extremely popular destination for gay naturists with two popular naturist beaches at Spiaggia D’Ayala, Campomarino di Maruggio and at Torre Guaceto, Brindisi. Both have extensive gay sections. Additionally there are spots up and down Puglia’s coast where nude bathing coincides with predominantly, but not exclusively, gay and gay-friendly locals.
Gay naturism in the United Kingdom
A community website offers social networking for men looking to connect with other men also interested in male naturism together with member organised events, site organised events and an annual NakedFest weekend camping festival, attracting over 400 attendees in 2014.
A number of gay naturist organisations have existed in the United Kingdom. Gymnos offered social get-togethers for members only in and around London, and regular nude swimming (closed down in March 2010) together with Gay London Swimmers (GLS) at a public swimming pool in Camberwell, South London (closed down in 2009). Certain nudist beaches have areas which are informally used by gay men.
Gay naturist publications
The book Naked Places, A Guide for Gay Men to Nude Recreation and Travel was first published in 1997 and is in its fifth edition as of 2006. The now defunct Naked Magazine was published from 1994 - 2001. Additionally, GNI and IMEN produce quarterly magazines—the GNI Informer and Naturist Gay-zette respectively—that are distributed to members only.
References
Lewis, Jim (March/April 2001) "A Brief History of the Gay Naturist Movement" Beach Buzz Vol. 2, No. 2
Gay Naturist Movement
Naturism
Gay culture |
6902906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellesley%20Hospital | Wellesley Hospital | The Wellesley Hospital was a teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada affiliated with the University of Toronto. It was founded by Dr. Herbert Bruce as a private hospital, but became publicly operated in 1942.
History
The Wellesley Hospital was opened as a 50-bed private hospital on 27 August 1912. The original hospital building at 13 Homewood Place had previously been the home of Frederic Thomas Nicholls.
In 1984, the Ross Tilley Regional Burn Centre was opened at the hospital, following extensive fund-raising by local firefighters and others.
The Wellesley Hospital was the primary care centre for HIV/AIDS patients in the Toronto area from 1988 until 2001.
It operated the second busiest emergency room in the downtown core of Toronto,
It merged with the nearby Central Hospital to become the Wellesley Central Hospital.
The Wellesley Division of Wellesley Central Hospital was closed by the Ontario government on the recommendation of the Ontario Health Services Restructuring Commission and the bulk of its programs were transferred between 1998 and 2002 to St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto. Its Arthritis & Autoimmunity Research Centre was transferred to the University Health Network.
Post-closure
After the hospital building was closed, the hospital corporation became the Wellesley Central Health Corporation (later known as the Wellesley Institute), which lists as its objectives "four strategic directions; development of the Wellesley Hospital lands, community based research and grants, capacity building through extensive training workshops and coalition development, and framing the urban health agenda through public policy."
Many historical aspects of the hospital, such as awards, photos, cornerstone and antique surgical collections were distributed to Toronto General Hospital, St. Michael's Hospital (and Archives) and a facade and E.R. fixtures and swing doors are included in Wellesley Central Place, the complex that was built at the site in 2007.
References
Notes
Survival Strategies: The Life, Death and Renaissance of a Canadian Teaching Hospital. Edited by David Goyette, Dennis William Magill and Jeff Denis. Foreword by George Smitherman, Ontario Minister of Health and Long Term Care. , May 2006
University of Toronto Department of Anaesthesia
Wellesley Central Health Corporation: Annual Report 2005
External links
Wellesley Hospital's mission statement
Hospitals in Toronto
Defunct hospitals in Canada
Hospitals affiliated with the University of Toronto
Hospitals established in 1942
1942 establishments in Ontario
2003 disestablishments in Ontario
Hospitals disestablished in 2003 |
20466263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Mahon | Craig Mahon | Craig Derek Mahon (born 21 June 1989) is an Irish footballer who plays as a winger for National League North club Curzon Ashton. He has played in the Football League for Accrington Stanley.
Early life
Craig Derek Mahon was born on 21 June 1989 in Dublin.
Club career
Mahon's footballing education took place at the Dublin-based club Lourdes Celtic, from there he signed as trainee in the 2006–07 season at Wigan Athletic he then progressed through the ranks. He signed a one-year professional contract with Wigan in June 2008.
Mahon signed for Accrington Stanley on loan in the 2008–09 season. He made his debut on 29 November 2008 in a League Two match against Bury, which ended in a 2–1 home defeat for Accrington.
In the summer of 2009, he was released by Wigan and went on to have a short spell with Salford City.
After trials at Football League clubs Bury and Rochdale, Mahon signed for Conference North club Vauxhall Motors on 4 September 2010. He signed a further one-year contract on 26 July 2011. The club secured the services of Mahon on a further one-year contract on 27 July 2012. He was voted the Vauxhall Motors Player of the Season for the 2012–13 season.
Mahon signed for Conference Premier club Chester on 23 May 2013. He remained at Chester for eight years, which included loan spells with AFC Fylde and Ashton United.
On 7 November 2014, Mahon became the father of twins. The following day Mahon was back on the pitch playing for Chester against Football League team Southend United in the FA Cup first round. Mahon had further cause for celebration by scoring the winning goal in the 51st minute, the match ending 2–1 to Chester as they pulled off a surprise victory against higher-ranked opponents.
On 12 September 2017, Mahon broke the all-time appearance record for Chester, with 160 appearances for the club. He went on to make 215 appearances for the club.
In January 2020, Mahon signed for Altrincham. He was part of the Altrincham team that were promoted to the National League on 1 August 2020 beating Boston United 1–0 in the play-off final.
Mahon signed for National League North club Curzon Ashton in September 2020. He signed a further one-year contract as a player-coach in August 2021. In October, he took the role of interim manager for three games, whilst the club recruited a new manager.
International career
Mahon represented the Republic of Ireland at youth level, making his debut for the under-18 team on 7 February 2007 in a 0–0 draw against the Netherlands. He appeared for the under-19 team later in the year, playing in a 2–1 defeat against Chile.
Career statistics
Honours
Altrincham
National League North play-offs: 2020
References
External links
Profile at the Curzon Ashton F.C. website
1989 births
Living people
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Association football wingers
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Salford City F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Vauxhall Motors F.C. players
Chester F.C. players
AFC Fylde players
Ashton United F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England |
20466289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine%20Willcox | Elaine Willcox | Elaine Willcox is an English television reporter. Currently employed by ITV Granada.
Personal life
Willcox was born in Berlin, after her father was stationed in the city as part of the Royal Engineers, she was brought up in Newcastle where she stayed to complete a degree in English and History.
She now lives in North West England. Elaine lives with her husband.
Media career
Elaine was part of a team which won a BAFTA in 2007 for covering the impact of the Morecambe Bay cockling disaster for ITV Granada. This, to date, is the only occasion where a BAFTA has gone to a regional news programme.
In September 2007 she joined GMTV as North West England Correspondent, after three years, she returned to ITV Granada as a reporter for regional news programme Granada Reports.
References
External links
BAFTA win
GMTV presenters and reporters
ITV regional newsreaders and journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
20466298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture%20%281965%20film%29 | Overture (1965 film) | Overture () is a 1965 Hungarian short documentary film written by János Vadász. It won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
Synopsis
After the opening title card, a white blur in the center of a black screen resolves to the shape of a chicken egg. We penetrate the shell, and watch, in time-lapse, the 21-day development of a chicken embryo, from a germ spot on the yolk to the emergence of the baby chick, compressed into under eight minutes, set to Beethoven's Egmont Overture.
Cultural influences
Film uses complete Beethoven's Ouverture to Egmont as soundtrack for image series featuring hatching bird, referencing rebellious nature of Egmont fighting for freedom despite all barriers. Beethoven's Egmont is a set of incidental music pieces for the 1787 play of the same name by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The film, nominated for Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject) is described as "among the most ingenious pairings of music and image in the history of the festival."
References
External links
1965 films
1960s short documentary films
1965 documentary films
1965 short films
1960s Hungarian-language films
Hungarian short documentary films
Short Film Palme d'Or winners |
20466343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Dunn%20%28soccer%29 | Jack Dunn (soccer) | Jack Dunn (born September 12, 1931) was a U.S. soccer inside right who was a four-time All-American, a member of the U.S. soccer team at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was a four-time All-American and coached at the collegiate level.
Player
Dunn grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he played for the Lighthouse Boys Club and was three-time All City at Northeast Public High School. He then attended Temple University, playing on the men's soccer team from 1951 to 1954. He was a 1951 Honorable Mention (third team) All-American, 1953 Second Team All-American and 1952 and 1954 First Team All-American. He graduated in 1955. He was inducted into the Temple Hall of Fame in 1975. In 1952, he was a member of the U.S. soccer team at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
He may have spent several years with Uhrik Truckers in the American Soccer League. He played for the Brooklyn German Hungarians for a time. He also played and coached for the Philadelphia United German-Hungarians winning the 1965 National Amateur Cup with them. He played on four professional championship teams.
He spent several years in the U.S. Army. He was discharged in 1958 and began working at Gulf Oil Company.
Coach
He later coached at both the amateur and collegiate levels. In 1958, he was hired by St. Joseph's College in Philadelphia. He coached the school's team until 1975, compiling a 120–57–23 record.
References
External links
Temple University Hall of Fame
Living people
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
American soccer coaches
American soccer players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Lighthouse Boys Club players
Temple Owls men's soccer players
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Saint Joseph's Hawks men's soccer coaches
Olympic soccer players of the United States
Uhrik Truckers players
Soccer players from Philadelphia
Association football forwards
1931 births |
20466358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Marcellae%20%28756%29 | Battle of Marcellae (756) | The battle of Marcellae (, ) took place in 756 between the armies of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire at Markeli, near the town of Karnobat in south eastern Bulgaria. The result was a Byzantine victory.
Origins of the conflict
In 755, the long peace between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire came to an end. This was mainly because, after significant victories over the Arabs, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V began to fortify his border with Bulgaria. To this aim he resettled heretics from Armenia and Syria in Thrace. Khan Kormisosh took those actions, and the construction of a new fortress along the border, as a breach of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 716, signed by Tervel. The Bulgarian ruler sent envoys to ask for tribute for the new fortresses. After the refusal of the Byzantine Emperor, the Bulgarian army invaded Thrace. Looting everything on their way, the Bulgarians reached the outskirts of Constantinople, where they were engaged and defeated by Byzantine troops.
Battle
In the next year, Constantine V organized a large campaign against Bulgaria which was now ruled by a new khan, Vinekh. An army was sent with 500 ships which plundered the area around the Danube Delta. The Emperor himself, leading the main force, advanced into Thrace, and was engaged by the Bulgarians at the border castle of Marcellae. The details of the battle are unknown but it resulted in a victory for Constantine V. In order to stop the invasion, the Bulgarians sent hostages to Constantinople. However, three years later (759), Constantine invaded Bulgaria once more, but suffered a crushing defeat in the battle of the Rishki Pass.
Citations
References
Zlatarski, V. History of the Bulgarian state during the Middle Ages, vol. I, part 1, Sofia 1970, "Nauka i Izkustvo" (from „Books for Macedonia“, 29.11.2008)
750s conflicts
8th century in Bulgaria
750s in the Byzantine Empire
Battles involving the First Bulgarian Empire
Battles of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars in Thrace
Military history of Bulgaria
History of Burgas Province
756 |
20466365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promartes | Promartes | Promartes is a genus of mustelids, now extinct, which existed during the Miocene period.
Taxonomy
The genus was first described in 1942, by E. S. Riggs, who identified the sister genus Zodiolestes at the same time, and assigned to the family Mustelidae. It belongs to the subfamily Oligobuninae. Five species have been identified in the genus: Promartes darbyi, P. gemmarosae, P. lepidus, P. olcotti, andP. vantasselensis, three of which were originally identified as members of Oligobunis.
Notes
References
Prehistoric mustelids
Miocene mustelids
Prehistoric mammals of North America
Prehistoric carnivoran genera |
20466369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinio%20Refice | Licinio Refice | Licinio Refice (Patrica, February 12, 1883 – Rio de Janeiro, September 11, 1954) was an Italian composer and priest. With Monsignor Lorenzo Perosi he represented the new direction taken by Italian church music in the twentieth century, and he left the popular song Ombra di nube (1935) as well as two completed operas.
His first opera Cecilia, about the legend of Saint Cecilia, created a sensation with its premiere in 1934 in Rome at the Teatro Reale dell'Opera, with Marcello Govoni as Opera Director; Claudia Muzio took the title role. His second opera, Margherita da Cortona, appeared in 1938. A third opera, Il Mago (1954), was left incomplete (within the first act).
Refice died in 1954 during morning rehearsals of Cecilia in Rio de Janeiro; Renata Tebaldi was singing the title role. For readers of Italian, more information about Refice is here.
Selected filmography
Cardinal Messias (1939)
Recordings of Cecilia
At least five recordings exist of Cecilia (role key: conductor/Cecilia/Cieca/Valeriano/Amachio/Tiburzio/Urbano).
Refice/Tebaldi/Ulisse/Misciano/Meletti/Panerai/Neri - 1953, live in Naples – House of Opera (casting inaccurate on their site)
de Fabritiis/Pedrini/Marini/Misciano/Meletti/Dadò/Clabassi - 1954, live in Milan – Melodram (taping year confused with broadcast year on their site)
Campori/Scotto/Cornell-G/Theyard/Fourié/Palmer-T/Kavrakos - 1976, live in New York, abridged – VAI
Paganini/Negri/Barzola/Geraldi/Falcone/Sorarrain/Schwarz-W - 2008, video, Buenos Aires – New Ornamenti
Fracassi/Gavazzeni/Tomingas/Veneziano/Cappitta/Cappitta/Ristori - 2013, live in Monte Carlo – Bongiovanni
External links
1883 births
1954 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Italian male musicians
Catholic liturgical composers
People from the Province of Frosinone
People from Frosinone
Italian composers
Italian male composers |
20466379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo%20Ricci | Edoardo Ricci | Edoardo Ricci (27 April 1928 – 28 November 2008) was an Italian Bishop for the Catholic Church.
Born in 1928, Ricci was ordained as a Priest at the age of 23 on 8 October 1950. He was appointed Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Miniato, Italy on 27 February 1987 by Pope John Paul II and ordained Bishop on 7 June that year. He retired as Bishop on 6 March 2004 after nearly 17 years. He died on 28 November 2008.
See also
Notes
1928 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops |
20466417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20of%20View%20%28film%29 | Point of View (film) | Point of View is a 1965 American short documentary film. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
External links
1965 films
1960s short documentary films
American short documentary films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
20466460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermitsiaq | Sermitsiaq | Sermitsiaq may refer to:
Sermitsiaq (mountain), on Sermitsiaq Island
Sermitsiaq (newspaper), a Greenlandic newspaper
Sermitsiaq Island, in the Nuup Kangerlua fjord, Greenland
Sermitsiaq Glacier, in western Greenland |
20466493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabolcs%20Szegletes | Szabolcs Szegletes | Szabolcs Szegletes (born 19 July 1978) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker.
References
Futballévkönyv 1999 [Football Yearbook 1999], Volume I, pp. 78–82., Aréna 2000 kiadó, Budapest, 2000
1978 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Association football forwards
Budapesti VSC footballers
People from Veszprém
Sportspeople from Veszprém County |
6902922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton%20Motor%20Raceway | Winton Motor Raceway | Winton Motor Raceway is a motor racing track in Winton, near Benalla, Victoria, Australia.
History
The Benalla Auto Club began planning for a permanent racing track around 1958, as a replacement for their existing track at Barjarg. In 1960 it was decided to build the track at Winton Recreation Reserve and the track was completed in twelve months. The circuit hosted its first race meeting on 26 November 1961. The circuit was immediately popular - a March 1965 meeting featuring the Neptune touring car and the Victorian Formula Two championship drew a crowd of approximately 10,000 spectators. The circuit length was extended prior to the 1997 round of the V8 Supercar championship and the upgrade included a new pit complex.
The circuit
In its 60th year the circuit at Winton Motor Raceway has a combination of long fast straights and twisty and tight bends. It is also known as "Australia's Action Track". Dick Johnson once described the circuit being "like running a marathon around your clothes-line".
The original circuit (now called the Winton Club Circuit) is in length and comprises 10 turns. The circuit was lengthened to with the cars turning left prior to the esses and a series of right hand turns added before the extension rejoins the original track at the esses. The long circuit is called the Winton National Circuit.
Layouts
V8 Supercars
The track is currently used as a round in the V8 Supercar series, hosting the Winton Super Sprint. The track is one of the more popular tracks in the series with spectators, especially those who live in the area. Easy access to the track and viewing areas make it very popular. It attracts some of the biggest crowds of any of the permanent race tracks in the series.
Although the circuit held various rounds of national championships such as the Australian Drivers' Championship and the Australian Sports Car Championship, Winton was not awarded a round of the Australian Touring Car Championship until the start of the Group A era in Australia in 1985. The first ATCC race was won by then triple-Bathurst 1000 winner Jim Richards in his JPS Team BMW 635 CSi. That race holds its place in ATCC/V8 Supercar history as not only the first all-Group A race in Australia, but the first ATCC win by BMW and the only race in history in which there were no Holdens on the grid.
Richards holds the record for most ATCC round wins at Winton with four, having won in 1985 and 1986 for BMW, while winning in 1990 and 1991 for Nissan.
Australian Drivers' Championship
Winton has played host to 19 rounds of the Australian Drivers' Championship since 1980.
* The 1989 Australian Drivers' Championship was contested over ten rounds at five race meetings at five different tracks. Although the races were held on the same day both Rohan Onslow and John Briggs are credited with separate round wins.**The 2009 round saw two heats. Tim Macrow and Joey Foster each won a heat while also finished second on the other heat giving the pair equal points (35) on the day.
Australian Sports Car Championship
Winton played host to a round of the Australian Sports Car Championship on 7 occasions between 1978 and 1985.
Australian Sports Sedan / GT Championship
1980, 1981, 1997, 1998 and 2003 were run for Sports Sedans. 1982–1985 were run for GT style cars.
Australian Nations Cup Championship
Australian Superbike Championship
Winton Raceway is one of the most prominent Superbike races on the Australian Superbike Championship racing calendar. Winton Raceway has seen riders such as Mick Doohan, Kevin Magee and Mat Mladin ride regularly at the venue.
Formula X-treme Motorcycle Championship
Drift Attack
Winton Raceway is one of Australia's most popular Drift circuits. It hosts Australia largest drift event Drift Attack. Drift Attack is promoted by the Victorian Drift Club and offers the largest Prize Pool in Australian Drifting and is contested by Australia's 32 best Drifters in the Pro class and 32 Drivers in the street class.
Lap records
As of July 2022, the official race lap records at Winton Motor Raceway are listed as:
National Circuit
Notes
References
External links
Official raceway website
Map and circuit history at RacingCircuits.info
Motorsport venues in Victoria (Australia)
Supercars Championship circuits
Sports venues in Victoria (Australia) |
20466500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20relations | Barbados–Trinidad and Tobago relations | Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago formally established diplomatic relations on Barbados' national date of independence, 30 November 1966. Barbados maintains non-resident representation to Port of Spain, and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago maintains non-resident representation to Bridgetown. Both countries are members of many shared organisations, including the Association of Caribbean States, the Commonwealth of Nations, CARICOM, CARIFORUM, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.
History
Early bilateral interactions occurred as both countries shared their colonial relationship as former parts of the British Empire. One of the first moves towards a more formal relationship between Barbados and Tobago began with an attempted move by Barbados to secure a British agreement for unification of Barbados and Tobago. The move however failed and Tobago continued on a path of administrative unification with Trinidad in 1889. Prior to this unification both Barbados and Tobago were parts of a British experiment of placing several neighboring British possessions in the Windward Islands under the administration of the Governor of Barbados. This formed the basis of the colony of Barbados and the Windward Islands. Barbados was involved in this colony from 1833 until 1885, while Tobago though was involved from 1833 until 1889. Upon the withdrawal of Barbados, the island lobbied the British government to amalgamate Tobago with Barbados but was unsuccessful and Tobago became a part of Trinidad instead.
While Barbados was the only island in the West Indies which never witnessed a change in colonial power since the founding settlement there in 1627, both Trinidad and Tobago witnessed a rocky beginning after being sought after in rotation by several colonial powers.
Relations between Barbados and Trinidad have also been historical important with large instances of Barbadians emigrating to Trinidad and Trinidadians immigrating to Barbados. A Trinidadian the Right Excellent Clement Osbourne Payne was made a national hero of Barbados by the Barbadian government for his contribution to the trade union movement in Barbados. Female Barbadian Gospel singer Sherryann Maughn was also born in Trinidad and Tobago and she came to Barbados at eleven (11) years old she's the first Trinidadian-Barbadian singer to come to Barbados and the second female Barbadian singer to arrive in Barbados at eleven (11) years old
Migration between both nations has traditionally been robust. In 1891 Trinidad's census showed a migration from Barbados of 13,890 Barbadians, while in 1946, figures showed over 12,350 persons in Trinidad & Tobago were born in Barbados.
Modern relations
Relations between Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago have mainly been cordial and cooperative, with an edge of wariness on both sides, due to a contentious decade long maritime boundary dispute. Outside of this, there have been little historical differences between the neighbouring countries. Both nations tend to support one another in International fora such as in the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICCt), financial support for other less developed members of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), policy support for the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), and in other areas. There have been more recent disagreements between two of the leaders of the two countries; Barbadian Prime Minister Owen Arthur and his Trinidadian counterpart Prime Minister Patrick Manning. The maritime boundary dispute was resolved in 2006 through binding arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
In 2005, former Prime Minister of Barbados, the Rt. Hon. Owen Arthur quipped to the Barbados media that the Government of Barbados might contemplate political union of Tobago with Barbados as a single state. Orville London as Chief Secretary of the THA stated that they would "choose Trinidad every-time", thereby dampening the idea of any future discussions.
In 2014, Barbados' Ambassador to CARICOM, Robert Morris was accredited as the Barbados' official High Commissioner to the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
Economic relations
Trinidadian companies are major financial stakeholders in a number of Barbadian businesses. This has brought about a tremulous outcry from the Barbadian public on an occasion. The outcry will usually go away after a short period of time. The problems were first brought to the fore by a 1999 Soca/Calypso hit-song by Mac Fingall titled "Barbados belong to Trinidad", the song which became a catch phrase, and served to emphasise a number of issues between the two countries sought to satirise the inter-relations but had a negative effect instead. Tensions continued to escalate in Barbados following the popularity of that song and a subsequent hostile take-over bid for the Life of Barbados Ltd. (LOB) insurance company by Trinidad-based Guardian Holdings Ltd. (GHL) Things started to take a turn for the worse once several Barbadian fishermen were arrested in the water between the two countries.
Barbados and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago signed an agreement to construct an undersea 177 mile oil or Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) pipeline which will stretch from Tobago to Barbados. The project is to be undertaken by the Eastern Caribbean Gas Pipeline Company Limited. It will see energy delivered directly from Trinidad and Tobago to the domestic Barbadian natural gas network and feeding into the power plants in Barbados.
Notes
References
External links
Trinidad-Barbados dispute over 1990 Maritime Treaty, 19 February 2004, Caribbean Net News
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Barbados
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Trinidad and Tobago
Bilateral relations of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago and the Commonwealth of Nations |
17329906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20NHK%20Trophy | 1996 NHK Trophy | The 1996 NHK Trophy was the fifth event of six in the 1996–97 ISU Champions Series, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held in Osaka on December 5–8. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 1996–97 Champions Series Final.
Competition notes
Midori Ito was expected to compete, but withdrew before the competition when she retired from competitive figure skating and just skated in the Exhibition.
Results
Men
Ladies
Pairs
Ice dancing
References
External links
1996 NHK Trophy
Nhk Trophy, 1996
NHK Trophy |
6902934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambundu | Ambundu | The Ambundu or Mbundu (Mbundu: or , singular: (distinct from the Ovimbundu) are a Bantu people living in Angola's North-West, North of the river Kwanza. The Ambundu speak Kimbundu, and most also speak the official language of the country, Portuguese. They are the second biggest ethnic group in the country and make up 25% of the total population of Angola.
The Ambundu nowadays live in the region stretching to the East from Angola's capital city of Luanda (see map). They are predominant in the Bengo and Malanje provinces and in neighbouring parts of the Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul provinces. The head of the main Ambundu kingdom was called a Ngola, which is the origin of the name of the country Angola.
Precolonial history
The Ambundu are one of the Bantu peoples. They had been arriving in the Angola region from the early Middle Ages on, but the biggest part of the immigration took place between the 13th and 16th century C.E.. Kimbundu is a West-Bantu language, and it is thought that, in the Bantu migrations, the Ambundu have arrived coming from the North rather than from the East.
The Bantu peoples brought agriculture with them. They built permanent villages, and traded with the indigenous Pygmies and Khoi-San populations.
The Ambundu society consisted of local communities until the 14th century. Their society has always been matrilineal. Land was inherited matrilineally, and the descent system was matrilineal as well. Boys used to go and live in the villages of their maternal uncles, so as to preserve a matrilinear core to the village. Theoretically, the lineage was projected onto status, instead of individuals, which gave the system some flexibility. The latter feature is not found with neighbouring matrilineal peoples, like the Ovimbundu to the South, or the Bakongo to the North.
The name Mbundu was first used by the Bakongo, before it was adopted by the Ambundu themselves.
Kongo, which had been in contact with the Portuguese since 1482, held a monopoly on trade with this country. When a Ndongo's leader, or ngola, tried to break this monopoly, this led to war, in which the Bakongo were defeated in 1556. Ndongo was now independent, and directly confronted Portugal's colonialism. It allied itself with Matamba against the country in 1590, but was defeated in 1614. Now, Ndongo itself became a target for the slave trade, and its population fled in large numbers to neighbouring states.
Nzinga Mbandi was a deceased Ndongo ngola'''s sister. Bypassing the reigning ngola, she negotiated a peace treaty with the Portuguese. The treaty gave substantial trade and religious advantages to Portugal, but delivered Mbandi the throne in Ndongo. After five years, she had to flee from Portuguese troops to Matamba. She became queen of Matamba, a kingdom which was traditionally led by women, and turned it into the most powerful state in the region, and a big exporter of slaves. Matamba, and neighboring Kasanje, had monopolies in the slave trade, and started falling apart in the 19th century when this trade lost in importance. The rise of a new trade in ivory, rubber and wax, which avoided the old monopolies, reduced the power of central authority in the Ambundu states in this century.
The Portuguese had defeated Matamba in 1836, and had advanced to Kasanje by the middle of the century. Their actual influence, however, was quite limited due to the lack of people, money, and an efficient military. The Ambundu had opportunities to revolt or negotiate liberties. This changed at the end of the 19th century. European countries forced, out of economic, strategic, and nationalistic considerations, a tighter control over African territories. To protect their interests, the Portuguese sent a number of military expeditions into the areas, which they considered to be their colonies, and brought them under actual control. The last Ambundu tribe to be defeated were the NDembo. It took the Portuguese three years to subdue a NDembo revolt in 1910. In 1917 all of their territory was occupied, and became part of the Portuguese colony of Angola.
Trivia
The American actor Chris Tucker discovered on the PBS television programme African American Lives that his genealogical DNA indicates he has ancestors from the Ambundu ethnic group. Isaiah Washington, another American actor, has a genealogical DNA link to the Ambundu group through his paternal line.
References
Bibliography
David Birmingham Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and Their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese, 1483-1790, Oxford: Clarendon, 1966
Joseph Miller Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu states in Angola, Oxford: Clarendon, 1976
Jan Vansina Kingdoms of Savanna: A History of the Central African States until European Occupation'', Madison, 1966.
Ethnic groups in Angola
Bantu peoples |
20466518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor%20Szil%C3%A1gyi | Gábor Szilágyi | Gábor Szilágyi (born 4 September 1981) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker.
References
Futballévkönyv 1999 [Football Yearbook 1999], Volume I, pp. 78–82., Aréna 2000 kiadó, Budapest, 2000
1981 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Hungary youth international footballers
Hungarian expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
Budapesti VSC footballers
FC Jokerit players
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
FC KooTeePee players
Veikkausliiga players
Expatriate footballers in Finland
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Sportspeople from Eger |
20466529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeats%20Country | Yeats Country | Yeats Country is a 1965 Irish short documentary film directed by Patrick Carey. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
Watch Yeats Country at the Irish Film Institute
1965 films
1965 documentary films
1965 short films
1960s short documentary films
Irish short documentary films
W. B. Yeats
1960s English-language films |
17329930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roneat%20thung | Roneat thung | The roneat thung or roneat thum () is a low-pitched xylophone used in the Khmer classical music of Cambodia. It is built in the shape of a curved, rectangular shaped boat. This instrument plays an important part in the Pinpeat ensemble. The roneat Thung is placed on the left of the roneat ek, a higher-pitched xylophone. The Roneat Thung is analogous to the ranat thum of Thai.
Etymology
Roneat means xylophone where thung literally mean [wooden] container in Khmer. This may derived from the shape of this type of xylophone which shaped like a rectangular wooden container.
Terry E. Miller and Sean Williams in their book The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music, Roneat Thung is better called Roneat thomm/ thum which literally means "large xylophone". This name may designates the fact that roneat thum's resonator and note bars are larger and longer than those of roneat ek.
History
Roneat Thung, the sister musical instrument of Roneat Ek, was already established itself as a member of the Pinpeat orchestra since before the Angkor period.
According to another source, Cambodian Roneat genres were derived from the Javanese gamelan musical instruments which influenced the Khmer musical instrument in the early Angkorian period which spread from Kampuchea further northwest to Myanmar. Specifically, Roneat Thung is identical to the Indonesian and Malay gambang kayu.
Throughout the history of Cambodian music, especially in the post-Angkorian period, Roneat thung usually appears in various mural paintings along with Roneat ek and always represent in the Pinpeat or Mahori orchestra.
Structure
The shape of Roneat Thung is thought to be modeled from a riverboat as Roneat Ek as well.
Roneat thung's rectangular trough-resonator measures about 50 inches long supported by four short legs. While the end-pieces of the roneat aek and the roneat daek are flat and straight, the roneat thung end-pieces are curved slightly outward. The roneat thung has sixteen bamboo or wooden bars, measuring about 18.75 inches (low pitch) to 15.25 inches (high pitch) in length. The width of the bars (low and high) is approximately 2.5 inches and the thickness of both is about 0.75 inch. As the materials, which are used to make the bars, are the same as the roneat aek, the same tuning blobs are also utilized. Like the roneat aek, the roneat thung bars are suspended with two cords running through holes in each bar and placed on two hooks at each of the two curved end-pieces that are connected to the resonator.
Only soft mallets are used to play the roneat thung, either indoor or outdoor. While the mallet handles of the roneat thung are about the same length as those of the roneat aek, their disc are larger and thicker. Each measure approximately 1.75 inches in diameter and about 1.5 inches in thickness. The range of the roneat thung overlaps that of the roneat aek, one octave lower. Due to its stylistic playing, the sixteen bars cover a range of music of over two octaves, a range that is wider than that of the roneat aek. The role assigned to the roneat thung is to counter the melody. The roneat thung plays a line almost identical to that of the korng thomm, except in a lak (vivacious, funny, comic) fashion.
Significance
Roneat Thung has significant function in Khmer traditional orchestra both Pinpeat and Mohaori. But the Roneat Thung used in Mahori has to have higher sound (one sound) than the Roneat Thung used in Pinpeat starting from the first bar note.
According to Cambodian traditional musicians, roneat thung has the same representation as Roneat Ek. Roneat Ek represents female naga or dragon where roneat thung itself represents male naga in which both nagas has to be next to one another or pairing as accompanied in Khmer traditional orchestras.
See also
Mohaori
Roneat ek
Roneat dek
Music of Cambodia
Traditional Cambodian instruments
References
External links
UNESCO document, Traditional Musical Instruments of Cambodia. PDF.
Keyboard percussion instruments
Cambodian musical instruments |
20466542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut%20Foot%20Sioux%20Trail | Cut Foot Sioux Trail | The Cut Foot Sioux Trail is a loop trail in the Chippewa National Forest of Minnesota, United States. It follows gravel and sand forestry roads that are now used for hiking, biking, cross-country skiing and horse back riding. The trail passes by several lakes.
The trail starts at the Cut Foot Sioux Visitor Information Center on Minnesota State Highway 46 in west-central Itasca County. The Center, on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation, offers interpretive programs and a fishing pier. From the Center the trail runs west through wooded country past several lakes, including Cut Foot Sioux Lake, then turns north and slopes gradually up to Farley Tower, an old lookout. Turning east, the trail runs along the Northern Divide, then drops down to the Bowstring river before heading south back to the Visitor center.
The trail connects with Simpson Creek Trail, a trail system through large red pines on a peninsula that extends into Lake Winnibigoshish, and passes through the Cut Foot Experimental Forest, used for studying pine forest management. Walkers may see eagles, osprey and loons on the lakes.
The Cut Foot Sioux Ranger Station, near Lake Winnibigoshish, is the oldest remaining ranger station building in the Forest Service's Eastern Region. A log cabin, it was built in 1904 and abandoned in 1918, but has been restored and is in good condition as of 2008.
US Forest Service Map
References
Hiking trails in Minnesota
Protected areas of Itasca County, Minnesota
National Recreation Trails in Minnesota
Chippewa National Forest |
6902939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chub%20Sullivan | Chub Sullivan | John Frank "Chub" Sullivan (January 12, 1856 – September 12, 1881) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman who played for three seasons: two with the Cincinnati Reds (1877–1878) and one with the Worcester Worcesters (1880). He was nicknamed "Chub", but was 6 feet tall and weighed a mere 164 pounds. During his career, he was a popular player, sometimes known as a clown for his antics, and an early pioneer of the slide.
Career
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Sullivan, as a 21-year-old rookie in 1877, was the tenth-youngest player to appear in a National League game during that season, replacing Charlie Gould at first base. Joining the team late in the season, he played in only eight games, and batted .250. He stayed on with the Reds for the 1878 season, leading the league in games played, assists by a first baseman, and fielding percentage (.975). A tough hitter to strike out, Chub also finished seventh in at bat to strikeout ratio (27.1 to 1).
Sullivan joined the Worcester minor league club for the 1879 season, and the team did very well in a championship tournament following the season, and decided to apply as a replacement team in the National League, when the Syracuse Stars folded following the 1879 season. The team was accepted, and joined the League for the 1880 season. Sullivan played in 43 games, the last season of his career, batted .259, and is credited with zero RBIs. Sullivan's career totals include 112 games played, 114 hits, 55 runs scored, 24 RBIs, and a batting average of .258.
Post-career
Sullivan became ill before the next season began, and eventually died on September 12 in his hometown of Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 25 of consumption, later known as tuberculosis. His Worcester teammates wore a black crêpe on their jersey sleeves in his memory, for the 1881 season.
References
External links
1856 births
1881 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Cincinnati Reds (1876–1879) players
Worcester Ruby Legs players
Waterbury (minor league baseball) players
Baseball players from Boston
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts |
20466549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolet%C3%A1%C5%99 | Proletář | Proletář was a publication issued in Brno, Moravia, which began publishing in 1910. Politically it adhered to the line of the Austrian Social Democracy. Proletář issued attacks against the Czechoslav Social Democratic Labour Party and the Czechoslav Trade Union Association. The magazine folded in 1914.
References
Defunct political magazines
Magazines established in 1910
Magazines disestablished in 1914
Socialist magazines
Social Democratic Party of Austria
Defunct magazines published in Czechoslovakia
Mass media in Brno |
6902960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%20Bingjie | Jin Bingjie | Jin Bingjie (金 冰洁 - Jīn Bīngjié; born 1 April 1971 in Liaoning) is a retired Chinese race walker.
She won the bronze medal in the 5000 m walk at the 1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics then took third a year later in the 10 km race at the 1987 IAAF World Race Walking Cup. She came seventh in the latter event at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and was the silver medallist in at the 1990 Asian Games.
In 1990 she set an Asian record and world junior record of 20:37.7 minutes for the 5000 km track walk. This stood as the best Asian mark over twenty years, finally being beaten by Liu Hong.
Achievements
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Chinese female racewalkers
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes from Liaoning
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games |
23572922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineos%20Grenadiers | Ineos Grenadiers | Ineos Grenadiers () (stylised as INEOS Grenadiers) (formerly Team Sky from 2010–2019, and Team Ineos from 2019–2020) is a British professional cycling team that competes at the UCI WorldTeam level. The team is based at the National Cycling Centre in Manchester, England, with a logistics base in Deinze, Belgium. The team is managed by British Cycling's former performance director, Sir Dave Brailsford. The company Tour Racing Ltd. is the corporate entity behind the team in all its iterations, which in line with cycling practice adopts the name of their current primary sponsor.
The team launched in 2010 with the ambition of winning the Tour de France with a British rider within five years, a goal achieved in two years when Bradley Wiggins won the 2012 Tour de France, becoming the first British winner in its history, while teammate and fellow Briton Chris Froome finished as the runner up and then went on to win the 2013 Tour de France. Froome won Sky's third Tour de France title in 2015, fourth in 2016 and fifth in 2017. Froome also went on to win the 2017 Vuelta a España and the 2018 Giro d'Italia, making him the champion of all three Grand Tours at once. Froome was also retrospectively awarded victory in the 2011 Vuelta a España, after the original victor Juan José Cobo was stripped of his title due to doping. The team also won the 2018 Tour de France with Geraint Thomas, the 2019 Tour de France and 2021 Giro d'Italia with Egan Bernal, and the 2020 Giro d'Italia with Tao Geoghegan Hart, meaning that the team won seven of the eight editions of the Tour de France between 2012 and 2019, with four different riders, and five further grand tours between 2011 and 2021.
Following the decision by British media company Sky UK not to renew sponsorship, the team secured financial support from the British chemicals group Ineos, with the team thereby renamed as Team Ineos from April 2019. The team was rebranded to reflect Ineos Automotive's proposed new off-road vehicle, the Ineos Grenadier.
History
Formation
The creation of the team was announced on 26 February 2009, with the major sponsorship provided by BSkyB. The company was searching for a sport in which they could have a positive and wide-ranging impact through their sponsorship. British Cycling first began their relationship with BSkyB in 2008 with a £1 million a year sponsorship for their track cycling team. After a trip to the Manchester Velodrome, British Cycling's National Cycling Centre, in 2008, then BSkyB chairman James Murdoch quickly became keen on the sport. Over the summer of 2008 BSkyB were lobbied by British Cycling and key figures such as David Brailsford and Chris Boardman to launch a British road cycling team which would compete in road cycling's major events. BSkyB agreed to finance the team with €15 million a year, aiming for a British rider to win the Tour de France within five years. Initially a supermarket was in talks to become a co-sponsor.
Team Sky's original intention was to build a 25-man squad with a core of British riders and to nurture the young talent. The first six riders confirmed were Geraint Thomas, Steve Cummings, Chris Froome, Russell Downing, Ian Stannard and Peter Kennaugh, all British riders. The ambition to "ensure competitiveness" through other signings, including a number of foreign riders, was expressed. On 10 September 2009, a further ten riders were confirmed as set to ride for the team. These were Edvald Boasson Hagen, Thomas Löfkvist, Kurt Asle Arvesen, Simon Gerrans, Juan Antonio Flecha, Kjell Carlström, John-Lee Augustyn, Greg Henderson, Lars Petter Nordhaug, and Morris Possoni. Further additions to the squad, including Chris Sutton and Bradley Wiggins from Garmin-Slipstream, Michael Barry, and Ben Swift from were made before the beginning of the 2010 season. Prior to their first season six jerseys were screen tested to ensure visibility whilst filmed in race conditions.
2010: The beginning
The team gained a victory in its first race in January 2010, the Cancer Council Helpline Classic in Adelaide, Australia, a one-day race prior to the Tour Down Under, with Greg Henderson and Chris Sutton taking first and second respectively. Team Sky's first ProTour event was the Tour Down Under in January. The team was awarded a wild-card entry for the Tour de France. Team Sky was also invited to compete in the other two of the year's Grand Tours. In February 2010 the team got its first one-day victory when Juan Antonio Flecha won the Belgian semi-classic Omloop Het Nieuwsblad with a solo break.
On 9 May Wiggins became the first Sky rider to wear the leader's jersey of a Grand Tour when he won the opening prologue of the Giro d'Italia. That same month Ben Swift became the first rider to win an overall classification winning the Tour de Picardie. In the Team's first Tour de France, Geraint Thomas finished second on the cobblestones of stage three, and wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification. The Tour was a disappointment for Sky though, with Thomas Löfkvist in 17th overall being their highest placed rider (Wiggins finished in 24th place). Löfkvist led Team Sky at the Vuelta a España, but the team withdrew after stage seven following the death of soigneur Txema González. In total Team Sky recorded 22 wins in their debut season, with a further 50 podiums.
2011: Grand Tour breakthrough
Team Sky again began the season in Australia, with Ben Swift winning two stages of the Tour Down Under, and finishing third overall. Juan Antonio Flecha and Jeremy Hunt finished fourth and sixth respectively in the Tour of Qatar in February, while Boasson Hagen finished first in the points classification and second overall in the Tour of Oman later that month. In the Classics season, Wiggins finished third overall in Paris–Nice and Geraint Thomas finished second overall at the Dwars door Vlaanderen. The team enjoyed a successful Tour of California, with Ben Swift winning stage two and Greg Henderson taking victory in stage three. At the Giro d'Italia, Thomas Lofkvist was the highest placed Sky rider, finishing 21st overall. The closest the team came to a stage victory was Davide Appollonio's second place on stage 12. Geraint Thomas secured Sky's first overall victory of the season, by winning the five-day Bayern-Rundfahrt race at the end of May. Boasson Hagen and Wiggins also won stages in the event, with Boasson Hagen claiming the points jersey. In June, Wiggins won the Critérium du Dauphiné, an important victory for Sky at the time.
At the Tour de France Sky finished third on stage two, the team time trial. Boasson Hagen secured the team's first ever Tour stage win on stage six. On stage seven, just over from the finish, a crash brought down team leader Wiggins breaking his collarbone and ending his tour. This prompted a change of approach from Sky, with their riders targeting stage wins. On stage nine, Juan Antonio Flecha was hit by a French media car, which resulted in Flecha colliding with rider Johnny Hoogerland, who crashed into a barbed-wire fence. Both riders were able to continue despite sustaining injuries in the incident. Geraint Thomas won the combativity award on stage 12. Boasson Hagen came second to compatriot Thor Hushovd () on stage 16, before winning the next stage with a solo breakaway. He also finished second on the stage 21 on the Champs-Élysées. Rigoberto Urán was the highest placed Sky rider with 24th overall, whilst Boasson Hagen's efforts gave the team two stage wins in an eventful Tour.
After the Tour de France, Boasson Hagen's good form continued, as he won the Vattenfall Cyclassics and took a clean sweep of jerseys at the Eneco Tour. In the third and final Grand Tour of the 2011 season, the Vuelta a España, Sky riders Froome and Wiggins finished second and third respectively in the general classification. Chris Sutton won stage two, while Froome won stage 17 of the event. On 11 October, it was announced that world champion Mark Cavendish would be joining the team for the 2012 season, bringing an end to months of speculation. He was joined by his teammate Bernhard Eisel.
On 17 July 2019, the UCI awarded Froome the Vuelta title after then winner Juan José Cobo was disqualified for abnormalities related to performance-enhancing drugs on his biological passport. This now recognizes Froome as the first British cyclist to win any of the Grand Tours, and the result also elevated Wiggins to second place.
2012: Tour de France victory
In January, Team Sky confirmed their squad for the 2012 season which included eight new signings, Cavendish, Eisel, Sergio Henao, Danny Pate, Richie Porte, Salvatore Puccio, Luke Rowe and Kanstantsin Sivtsov.
At the Tour Down Under in January, Boasson Hagen won the sprint classification. In February Sky claimed the team classification at the Volta ao Algarve, with Porte winning the overall and Boasson Hagen the points classification. Wiggins won the overall classifications in the Paris–Nice in March and the Tour de Romandie in April.
Sky dominated the Tour de France general classification with Wiggins first and Froome second overall, and Cavendish winning three stages including the sprint on the final stage on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. On 9 September, the team achieved their 100th victory with Lars Petter Nordhaug's win in the Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal. The team also topped the UCI World Tour teams classification, with a total score of 1767 points.
In preparation for the 2013 season, the signings of Vasil Kiryienka and David López García from and 2012 Italian national time trial champion, Dario Cataldo from were secured. The team also signed Gabriel Rasch, and on 1 October it was revealed that the team had also signed Joe Dombrowski and Ian Boswell from the Bontrager-Livestrong team as neo-pros. The year's Tour of Britain winner, Jonathan Tiernan-Locke had signed a two-year deal with the team. At the end of the 2012 season, Cavendish moved to , Lars Petter Nordhaug moved to , Davide Appollonio moved to , Juan Antonio Flecha moved to , Alex Dowsett moved to , and Michael Rogers moved to . Michael Barry and Jeremy Hunt both retired.
Doctor Geert Leinders, who had been employed by the Team since 2011, was subject of an internal investigation after allegations of involvement in doping at earlier in his career, and on 9 October it was announced he would no longer work for the team. The impact of the USADA reasoned decision on doping by Lance Armstrong and teammates at the US Postal team led Sky to re-inforce its zero tolerance anti-doping policy, with all riders and staff being subjected to internal interviews. Two members of the coaching staff, Bobby Julich and Steven de Jongh were released from their contracts under the policy. Head Director Sportif Sean Yates also left the squad in October citing personal reasons, although the Telegraph linked his departure to past involvement in doping.
2013: The second Tour de France victory
The 2013 season began with the Tour Down Under, where Geraint Thomas won stage two and claimed the points classification. In February Froome won the overall classification, points classification and stage 5 Tour of Oman. In March Richie Porte won the Paris–Nice, including two of the last three stages in the race, the queen stage and the concluding time trial. Sergio Henao claimed his first victory for the team at the Volta ao Algarve, whilst Froome took a stage win at Tirreno–Adriatico. The team then picked up a one–two at the Critérium International with Froome securing victory with a win on the final stage and Porte finishing runner up with a victory in the stage two time trial, also securing the points competition.
After his victory in the 2012 Tour de France Bradley Wiggins built his early season around targeting the 2013 Giro d'Italia and supporting Froome in the Tour de France. The team took victory in the stage 2 team time trial, culminating in Salvatore Puccio taking over the pink jersey as leader of the general classification. Wiggins was hampered behind a crash on stage 7 and then himself crashed on stage 8. Wiggins abandoned the Giro due to a chest infection on stage 13.
Froome followed up with overall wins at the Tour de Romandie in April and Critérium du Dauphiné in June. Boasson Hagen retained his Tour of Norway title, winning the points classification and stage four of the race in the process. In July, Froome went on to win the 100th and 2013 edition of the Tour de France; claiming dominant stage victories on the stage eight final climb of Ax 3 Domaines, stage 15 to the summit of Mont Ventoux and the stage 17 individual time trial. Froome was narrowly beaten to the King of the Mountains prize by s Colombian climber and runner up, Nairo Quintana.
After the Tour de France, some of the team's key domestiques secured stage victories at the Eneco Tour (David Lopez), and Vuelta a España (Vasil Kiryienka). After the disappointment of the Giro, Wiggins returned with a renewed focus on the 2013 UCI Road World Championships Individual time trial event. As part of his build up he won the seventh stage time trial at the 2013 Tour de Pologne from Fabian Cancellara by a winning margin of 56 seconds. The team then recorded their first ever victory in their home stage race, with Wiggins claiming the overall title in the Tour of Britain winning the stage three time trial in Knowsley Safari park. Wiggins finished his season with second in the World time trial championships, finishing 46 seconds behind triple world champion, Tony Martin, with the team taking the bronze in the team time trial.
2014: Tour failure and the rainbow jersey
On 4 June 2013 it was announced that Australian Nathan Earle of the Continental team, , had been signed by the team for the 2014 season. On 1 August 2013, the first day of the cycling transfer window, it was confirmed that Rigoberto Uran would move to for the 2014 season. On 22 August it was announced that Mathew Hayman would leave the team at the completion of the season and join on a 2-year deal. On 6 September it was announced that the Irishman Philip Deignan of would be joining the team after a strong 2013 season. After heavy speculation at the road world championships it was announced on 1 October that Spanish climber, Mikel Nieve, would join the team on a two-year contract, following the closure of his current team () at the end of the season. On 23 December Sebastián Henao (cousin of Team Sky rider Sergio Henao) was announced as the team's final signing for the 2014 season.
The 2014 season started off well. Froome defended and retained his Tour of Oman crown and Kennaugh won his first stage race, the Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali. Throughout the season, the team endured repeated illnesses and injuries. Geraint Thomas pulled out of the Paris–Nice after crashing out on stage seven whilst leading the general classification. Richie Porte abandoned the Tirreno-Adriatico and the Volta Ciclista a Catalunya, resulting in Porte not competing in the Giro d'Italia. A further blow came when Kennaugh pulled out of the Giro, with the team citing illness.
In April, the team's fortune began to turn; Froome defended and won the Tour de Romandie, Wiggins won the overall classification of the Tour of California and Geraint Thomas won overall classification of the Bayern-Rundfahrt – each taking control of the race by winning the individual time trial stage respectively. Poor luck returned at the Critérium du Dauphiné, where Froome crashed whilst wearing the leaders jersey, despite taking three stage wins (two stages for Froome, one for Nieve) Froome finished outside of the top 10, 4' 25" down on race winner Andrew Talansky.
In July, Froome returned to racing to defend his Tour de France victory, hopeful of overall victory. However, Froome crashed twice on stage four and abandoned the race (having also crashed the day before) with Xabier Zandio abandoning on the sixth stage of the race. As a result, Richie Porte inherited team leadership duties but lost time in both the Alpine and Pyrenean stages. The team's highest rider on general classification was Nieve in 18th position, 46 minutes 31 seconds behind the winner, Vincenzo Nibali this marked one of the worst performances of the team at the Tour de France. Not selected to ride the Tour, Kennaugh went on to take his second overall race victory at the Tour of Austria, taking the points classification in the process.
After abandoning the Tour de France, Froome announced he would ride the 2014 Vuelta a España where he finished in second position, finishing one minute ten seconds, behind the winner Alberto Contador. Froome was awarded the overall combativity award for the entire race.
In September, Wiggins returned to the Tour of Britain with the stated aim of defending his title. He finished third overall, winning the final day time trial by eight seconds from Sylvain Chavanel. Wiggins returned to action later in September at the road world championships, again with the aim of winning the time trial event. Wiggins won the time trial by over 25 seconds from perennial opponent, Tony Martin. Wiggins won Team Sky's first ever rainbow jersey.
On 28 July 2014, the team announced that Thomas had signed a two-year contract extension, keeping him at the team until the end of the 2016 season. In September Swift signed a two-year contract extension. On 13 August 2014, Cyclingnews.com reported that Edvald Boasson Hagen would not renew his contract and would leave the team at the end of the season.
After the cycling World Championships, Sky announced that they had signed Leopold König, Nicolas Roche, Wout Poels, and Andrew Fenn, with Lars Petter Nordhaug rejoining the team after two years at Belkin. On 1 October 2014, it was announced that Dario Cataldo would leave the team at the end of the season to join . On 24 October, the team announced the signing of their sixth rider, Elia Viviani. American climber Joe Dombrowski also left Team Sky to join . On 5 January 2015, Wiggins signed a contract extension with the team up until and including the 2015 Paris–Roubaix.
2015: The Third Tour de France and another World Championship
On 8 January, Richie Porte scored the team's first victory of the season by winning the Australian National Time Trial championships and went on to record the team's first stage win at the Tour Down Under. Elia Viviani scored his first win for the team, taking sprint victory on stage two of the Dubai Tour.
In February the team dominated the Vuelta a Andalucía and Volta ao Algarve with both Froome and Thomas taking both overall wins respectively. At the end of February Stannard scored the team second classic, taking a second successive victory at Omloop Het Nieuwsblad. The victory was made more impressive as Stannard made the four-man selection with three riders; Boonen, Terpstra and Vandenbergh.
The team's next victory came at Paris–Nice where Porte led a team one-two (along with Thomas) at the summit finish of Croix de Chaubouret. Porte won the stage 7 time trial to the summit of Col d'Èze. In the same week, Wout Poels recorded his first win for the team when he secured victory on the fifth stage of Tirreno–Adriatico to Castelraimondo.
In late March, Thomas emerged victorious in E3 Harelbeke after attacking his co-breakaway companions, Zdeněk Štybar and Peter Sagan, and soloing to victory. Ben Swift then won the second stage of Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali the same day and Richie Porte moved into the lead and eventually won the Volta a Catalunya Victory in Catalunya represented Porte's second overall win of the season and the fourth for the team.
In April, Bradley Wiggins won his final time trial for the team at the Three Days of De Panne. Later in the same week, Bradley Wiggins retired from the team and joined his own team, allowing him to focus on the 2016 Olympic Games. In late April Porte won the Giro del Trentino taking a decisive stage victory on the queen stage summit finish to Brentonico. The team then rounded off a successful April by taking victory in the Team Time Trial at the Tour de Romandie, placing Geraint Thomas in the yellow leaders jersey whilst new signing Wout Poels underwent surgery on a broken shoulder bone courtesy of his crash at La Fleche Wallonne.
The team began May with success; Lars Petter Nordhaug took the opening stage win at the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire, whilst Ben Swift crashed out later requiring surgery.
The team entered the 2015 Giro d'Italia with Porte as team leader with the aim of winning the general classification. After limiting the time loss in the stage 1 team time trial Elia Viviani secured the first win for the team in a Grand Tour since the 2013 Vuelta a España on stage 2, also taking over the Maglia rossa. On stage 10 Porte lost 47 seconds, docked two minutes fine for accepting outside intervention, resulting in Porte dropping down to 12th on the general classification. Porte lost more time on the uphill finish on stage 12, a further two minutes on stage 13, and 27 minutes on stage 15. He then abandoned on the second rest day.
Chris Froome returned to action at the Critérium du Dauphiné, as part of his build up for the Tour de France, and the team won three stages and took the overall title for the fourth time. Peter Kennaugh opened the team's account taking the victory on stage one, just in front of the bunch sprint finish. Froome went on to dominate the final two summit finish stages, taking victory at Montée du Bettex (stage 7) and Modane Valfréjus (stage 8) giving him a lead of 10 seconds over Tejay van Garderen.
The team went into the 2015 Tour de France with their "strongest team ever" After a strong performance on the Mur de Huy Froome took over the race lead, and general classification by one second over Tony Martin. As the Tour entered the second week of racing stage 10 saw the first mountains stage, the summit finish of La Pierre-Saint-Martin, where Froome went on to take the stage win, putting significant time into his general classification rivals. During the remainder of the race the team faced intense scrutiny regarding their dominant performances; Porte was punched in the ribs by a spectator in the Pyrenees, and Froome had urine thrown at him by another spectator.
On the first rest of the Tour de France Porte confirmed he would leave the team at the end of the season. This would later, in August, be confirmed to be . The team signed Alex Peters and Tao Geoghegan Hart as stagiares for the remainder of the season, with the former also signing for two years. In September, Mikel Landa confirmed his move to the team for the 2016 season, with Mikel Nieve also signing a two-year extension with the team. Later, in the same month the team then signed their second neo-pro, Gianni Moscon, Michal Golas, Danny van Poppel, Beñat Intxausti and the 2014 World Road Race champion Michał Kwiatkowski. On 28 September the team confirmed that Nathan Earle, Bernhard Eisel, Danny Pate, Richie Porte, Kanstantsin Siutsou and Chris Sutton would be leaving the team. The team also confirmed that Ian Boswell, Philip Deignan, Sebastian Henao, Peter Kennaugh, Vasil Kiryienka, Christian Knees, Mikel Nieve, Luke Rowe, Ian Stannard and Xabier Zandio would be staying after signing new contract extensions.
Later in September Sky retained the World Time Trial Championships in Richmond when Vasil Kiryienka won by nine seconds from Adriano Malori.
2016: First Monument win and the fourth Tour victory
With Chris Froome delaying the start of his season a number of key deluxe-domestiques were afforded opportunities to aim for race victories at the start of the season. Peter Kennaugh took the team's first one-day race win at the second Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race, whilst Wout Poels claimed his first overall GC victory at the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana, in the process taking two stages, the mountains and the points classifications. Froome returned towards the end of the Australian cycling season to claim the team's first ever GC win at the Herald Sun Tour. Geraint Thomas enjoyed a successful start to his 2016 campaign, notching up overall victories at Volta ao Algarve (for the second successive year) and Paris–Nice. Thomas' victory in the French stage race means that Sky have won four of the past five editions.
Sky entered the spring classics campaign with the perennial aim of claiming their first monument race. New recruit, Michał Kwiatkowski, took his first victory for the team in the E3 Harelbeke semi-classic. As the classics campaign progressed the team showed great consistency, but fell short of their goal again, taking second in Milan–San Remo, fifth at the Tour of Flanders and third at Paris–Roubaix. Upon entering the Ardennes classics the team pinned their hopes on Kwiatkowski at La Fleche Wallonne, to no avail. Entering the final monument of the spring, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, the team again led with Kwiatkowski. Sky finally achieved their coveted monument win, but it wasn't Kwiatkowski, but rather, domestique Wout Poels who emerged victorious on a day with poor weather conditions and enduring snow.
New recruit Mikel Landa claimed his first overall win for team – taking the GC at the 2016 Giro del Trentino only a week after claiming his first stage win for the team. Landa's stated aim for the first half of the season is the Giro d'Italia. Froome added to Sky's race win total by successfully defending his Critérium du Dauphiné title after taking the overall lead with a victory on stage 5 to Vaujany, becoming the fifth rider to win the overall title three times.
The team went into the 2016 Tour de France with what was without question an even stronger squad than the previous year. A week into the race on stage 8, Froome took many by surprise by attacking on the descent of the Col de Peyresourde which caught his main rivals off guard, resulting in a solo victory into Bagnères-de-Luchon to take the yellow jersey. On stage 11 to Montpellier in crosswinds, he gained more time as part of a 4-man breakaway in the final 12 kilometres of the stage alongside green jersey wearer Peter Sagan, Sagan's Tinkoff teammate Maciej Bodnar, and Froome's own teammate Geraint Thomas, placing second to Sagan in a sprint finish.
On stage 12 to Mont Ventoux (which was shortened to Chalet Reynard due to high winds), Froome was involved in a crash involving a stopped motorbike that also sent Richie Porte and Bauke Mollema down. With no usable bike, Froome had no choice but to run partway up the mountain until he was able to get a spare bike from his team car. Provisionally he had fallen to sixth place overall which would have given the yellow jersey to Adam Yates, however race officials decided to give him and Porte the same time as Mollema, ensuring Froome would hold on to his first overall position.
Superb performances in both the individual time trials (second on stage 13 to La Caverne du Pont-d'Arc and winner of stage 18 to Megève) allowed Froome to gain even more time on his rivals, and despite a crash on stage 19 to Saint-Gervais-les-Bains where he finished the stage on Thomas' bike with support from Wout Poels, it was enough for him to win the race overall 4:05 ahead of second-placed Romain Bardet, becoming the first British rider to win the Tour on three occasions, the fourth rider to become a 3-time winner (joining Philippe Thys, Louison Bobet and Greg LeMond), and the first since Miguel Indurain in 1995 to successfully defend his title. It was also the first time the team finished a Grand Tour with all nine riders intact.
Sky started off their 2016 Vuelta a España campaign in late August by winning the team time trial on stage 1 and holding the red jersey for 2 days before surrendering it on stage 3, where Chris Froome took a 4th-place finish at Mirador de Ézaro to elevate himself into third place in the overall standings. He then got the victory on stage 11 at Peña Cabarga, the very same mountain where he got his first-ever Grand Tour stage win in 2011, and put himself into second overall just under a minute behind race leader Nairo Quintana.
A series of early attacks by Quntana and Alberto Contador on stage 15 to Aramon Formigal blew the race apart, causing Froome to be isolated from his teammates and to lose more than 2 and a half minutes on his rival. He gained most of that time back on the stage 19 time trial to Calp with a dominant performance, but was unable to make up the difference in the penultimate stage, finishing second overall in the end by just 1:23 behind Quintana. It was Froome's second Grand Tour podium following his win at the Tour de France, and just coming off of winning the bronze medal in the time trial at the Olympic Games in Rio.
In August 2016 the news broke that the team had signed Olympic Team Pursuit champion, Owain Doull from and Tao Geoghegan Hart from Later, in the same month, the team confirmed their third signing of the season – Polish rider Łukasz Wiśniowski from . For the 2017 season Nicolas Roche will leave for , as well as Andy Fenn, Lars Petter Nordhaug (both to new Irish team Aqua Blue Sport) and Leopold König (to ). Luke Rowe, Chris Froome, Christian Knees, Salvatore Puccio and Geraint Thomas have renewed with the team. In September the team announced the signing of Kenny Elissonde from on a two-year deal. On 30 September, Wout Poels signed a three-year contract extension with the team. Elia Viviani signed a new 2-year deal on 26 October. The team announced on 27 October that it had signed Diego Rosa from on a 3-year deal, and on 8 November announced the signing of Doull's WIGGINS teammate Jonathan Dibben.
The team finished the 2016 season 3rd overall in the UCI World Tour team rankings, with Froome as its highest-ranked rider, finishing 3rd overall in the individual rider ranking.
2017: The Grand Tour double and Milan–San Remo
Sky started the 2017 season with three stage wins at the Herald Sun Tour as well as winning the teams classification, with new team member Kenny Elissonde finishing on the podium in 3rd place and Chris Froome finishing sixth overall. The team's first race win of the season came at Strade Bianche when Michał Kwiatkowski took a solo victory after attacking 15 kilometers from the finish. Geraint Thomas took a stage win at Tirreno-Adriatico and held the leader's jersey for one day, also taking the overall victory and one stage win at the Tour of the Alps. Sky won Paris–Nice for the fifth time in sixth years courtesy of Sergio Henao, who won the race overall by just two seconds over Alberto Contador. Kwiatkowski added to Sky's win total by winning Milan–San Remo in a three-up sprint, giving the team its second Monument win. Neo-pro Jonathan Dibben won the individual time trial stage at the Tour of California, the team also winning the team classification with Tao Geoghegan Hart and Ian Boswell placing in the final top ten overall.
Thomas and Mikel Landa were appointed the team's joint leaders for the Giro d'Italia. At one point in the race, Thomas was sitting second in the general classification, however on the 9th stage to Blockhaus a fair chunk of the peloton was involved in a crash involving a stopped motorbike, which took down Thomas, Landa and most of the other members of the team. Thomas attempted a comeback after placing second in the following day's time trial, but the extent of his injuries were as such that he abandoned the race prior to stage 11. Landa continued as sole leader, taking several top-3 finishes on several mountain stages before finally winning stage 19 to Piancavallo. He went on to win the mountains classification and the super-combativity prize, also winning the Cima Coppi for being the first to cross the summit of the Stelvio Pass on stage 16. The team then participated in the inaugural Hammer Series, a three-day event pitting teams against each other in various skills competitions. Impressive performances by Tao Geoghegan Hart in the climbing event and Elia Viviani in the sprint event gave the team enough points to take the overall lead. In the team time trial-style Chase event, they held on by one second over Team Sunweb to win the entire competition. Froome returned to action at the Critérium du Dauphiné and finished fourth overall, just one second off the podium. Teammate Peter Kennaugh won the penultimate stage at Alpe d'Huez.
The team then went into the Tour de France with yet another strong lineup and the goal to help Froome achieve his fourth overall victory. In the opening prologue stage in Düsseldorf the team placed four riders within the top eight led by Geraint Thomas, who became the first Welsh rider to wear the yellow jersey. He was followed by Vasil Kiryienka in third, Froome in 6th and Kwiatkowski in eighth – Froome putting between 35 seconds and nearly a minute into most of his general classification rivals. On stage five to La Planche des Belles Filles, Froome took third place behind stage winner Fabio Aru, moving him into yellow and Thomas to second place. The 1–2 placing on GC held until stage nine to Chambéry, when Thomas was involved in a crash on the descent of the Col de la Biche and had to abandon the race with a fractured collarbone. On stage 12 to Peyragudes, Froome cracked within the final kilometer, ceding 22 seconds and the yellow jersey to Aru. On the final approach on stage 14 to Rodez the team stretched out the peloton, splitting it into several groups due to crosswinds allowing Froome to put 25 seconds into Aru, enough to retake yellow by a margin of 18 seconds overall. On stage 15 to Le Puy-en-Velay, Froome ran into mechanical trouble on the ascent of the Col de Peyra Taillade and was distanced by more than 40 seconds thanks to a brutal acceleration by the AG2R La Mondiale team, but with the help of his teammates he managed to make it back to the main group of GC contenders to keep his overall lead intact. Froome and Landa performed strongly in the Alpine stages to Serre Chevalier and Izoard helping Landa move into fourth overall. In the final time trial in Marseille, Froome's strength in the discipline helped him put nearly two minutes into Romain Bardet and 25 seconds into Rigoberto Urán, finishing third on the stage six seconds behind stage winner Maciej Bodnar and 5 seconds behind second-place Kwiatkowski. Froome secured his fourth Tour victory and third consecutively, putting him one win away from joining the likes of Anquétil, Indurain, Merckx and Hinault. He also became the 7th man to win the Tour overall without winning a stage, however he did amass ten top-ten finishes. Sky also won the team classification for the first time in their history, leading from start to finish.
A week after the end of the Tour de France, Kwiatkowski continued his strong rides in the one-day classics by winning the Clásica de San Sebastián, and on 8 August signed a three-year contract extension. After months of recovery following his injury, Wout Poels returned to form by winning the final stage of the Tour de Pologne and finishing third overall, with teammate Diego Rosa taking the mountains classification. Landa followed up his performance in the Tour with overall victory in the Vuelta a Burgos, also winning two stages, the mountains classification and the points classification.
The team sent its strongest-ever squad to the Vuelta a España, with Froome on a mission to finally win the race that had eluded him on multiple occasions. After a 4th-place finish in the opening team time trial in Nîmes, Froome took third place on the third stage at Andorra behind Vincenzo Nibali. Combined with bonus seconds picked up from the stage's intermediate sprint, it was enough to move him into the overall race lead, collecting his first red jersey since stage 10 in 2011. Several days later, he took his first stage win of his season at Cumbre del Sol, which also moved him into the lead in the points classification, followed by a second-place finish at Calar Alto on stage 11. The following day to Antequera, Froome crashed twice after a mechanical, but managed to limit his time losses with the help of his teammates and bounced back on the next 3 stages with consecutive top-10 finishes and regained the points lead after stage 15. Froome then dominated the stage 16 individual time trial to Logroño, extending his lead to nearly 2 minutes ahead of Nibali. However, he struggled on the steep slopes to Los Machucos the next day, dropping about 40 seconds to Nibali. He regained half that loss on stage 18, and cemented the overall lead as well as the combination classification with a third-place finish at Alto de l'Angliru behind Alberto Contador on stage 20. In a bunch sprint finish on the final stage in Madrid, he held on to the points classification by two points over Matteo Trentin. With the victory, Froome became the first British rider to win the Vuelta, the third man to complete the Tour-Vuelta double in the same year (joining Jacques Anquetil and Bernard Hinault), and the first to complete the feat in the modern era since the Vuelta moved to its current August–September time period. A week after the Vuelta victory, the team won the bronze medal in the team time trial at the 2017 UCI Road World Championships in Bergen.
On 30 June, the eve of the Tour de France Grand Départ, Froome signed a 2-year contract extension with the team. The team announced the signings of Jonathan Castroviejo () and David de la Cruz () for the 2018 season. On 27 August 2017, the team also announced the signing of 2017 Tour de l'Avenir winner Egan Bernal (). A day later, they announced the signings of reigning Under 23 Road Race World Champion Kristoffer Halvorsen () and 2017 Girobio overall winner Pavel Sivakov (), Then on 1 September, it was revealed that 2017 British Under-23 road race champion Chris Lawless had also been signed from . Dylan van Baarle () was signed on 18 September 2017. On 5 December 2017, the team announced that they had signed Leonardo Basso, a stagaire with . Whilst Mikel Landa transferred to Movistar, Mikel Nieve to , Peter Kennaugh to and Ian Boswell to . Elia Viviani ended his contract a year early to join QuickStep for the 2018 and 2019 seasons. Christian Knees, Michal Golas, Sebastian Henao, Phil Deignan, David Lopez and Ian Stannard all signed multi-year contract extensions.
The team finished the 2017 season on top of the UCI World Tour team ranking for the first time since 2012. Chris Froome was the highest-ranked rider in the individual rankings, placing second.
2018: Grand Tour domination
The team's first victory of the year came via highly regarded new recruit, Egan Bernal claiming victory in the Colombian national time trial championships. Teammate Sergio Henao would also claim victory in the national road race championships leading to a clean sweep of national titles. Bernal continued his strong early season form, claiming overall victory at the Colombia Oro y Paz. As the European stage racing season kicked-off Wout Poels and David de la Cruz claimed victories at Vuelta a Andalucía. Michal Kwiatkowski and Geraint Thomas claimed a one–two victory at Volta ao Algarve. Poels and de la Cruz continued their strong form, claiming stage victories at Paris–Nice, whilst Kwiatkowski claimed a second overall general classification victory, winning Tirreno–Adriatico – the team's first victory at the race.
In the lead up to the first Grand Tour of the year, the 2018 Giro d'Italia, Diego Rosa emerged victorious at Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali, claiming his first overall win for the team. New recruits; Chris Lawless and Pavel Sivakov also claimed their first classification victories for the team, with Lawless also winning a stage of the race. Bernal had been en route to claim second place at his first World Tour event of the year, Volta a Catalunya, however a late crash on the final stage of the race saw Bernal abandon. Bernal would next race at the Tour de Romandie where he would win the stage three time trial and with it, the young rider classification. Moving on to the 2018 Tour of California, Bernal would lead the team's general classification ambitions, resulting in his first World Tour stage race victory, claiming two stages as well.
Chris Froome would enter the Giro d'Italia as favourite to win the overall race. As the current champion of both the Tour de France and Vuelta a España, Froome had the opportunity to join an elite group of riders who concurrently held all Grand Tour titles. The Giro started in Israel for the first time and before the race had begun Froome had already crashed during a recon of the first stage time trial route. Froome would cede over 30 seconds to main race rival, Tom Dumoulin as well as 20 seconds to Simon Yates. As the race returned to Italian land, Froome found himself over 50 seconds down on the maglia rosa – Rohan Dennis. By the end of stage six, the races first summit finish at the top of Mount Etna Froome had moved up to eighth position overall, but had lost over a minute to new race leader, Yates. By the end of the eighth stage and third mountain-top finish at Gran Sasso d'Italia, Froome trailed Yates by nearly two and a half minutes, with general classification hopes looking all but impossible. Froome's domestiques, Poels and Sergio Henao, were 18th and 25th overall 3' 14" and 5' 56" behind the race leader. By the end of stage 13, Froome had slipped back to 12th overall 3' 20" behind race leader, Yates. Stage 14 would see the riders face the fearsome climb of Monte Zoncolan, with gradients reaching nearly 20%. Froome attacked the main selection of favourites, winning the stage from Yates. Unfortunately however, Froome's improved form would not be maintained into stage 15, with Yates claiming the victory on the medium-mountain stage by a margin of 41 seconds over everyone else. Yates' lead in the race would now grow to 2' 11" over Dumoulin and 4' 52" over Froome – who was now sat in seventh place overall. The time trial on stage 16, from Trento to Rovereto, had been a focus-point for Froome, hoping to claw back significant amounts of time over Yates' by virtue of his stronger time-trialling ability. Froome would cut the deficit to 3' 50" by the end of the stage, having taken back over a minute from Yates. Deep into the third week of the race, stage 18 would see the first sign of weakness from Yates, cracking on the final climb of the day to Prato Nevoso, with the deficit to Dumoulin in second cut to 28 seconds and 3' 22" to Froome. Stage 19 of the 2018-edition of the race had been designated as the races' queen stage, starting in Venaria Reale, the stage would climb over a trio of mountains; the part-gravel Colle delle Finestre, climb to Sestriere ending at Bardonecchia. Yates' poor form continued into stage 19, culminating in him being dropped by the peloton on the lower slopes of the Finestre, promoting Domoulin to virtual race leader. With over 80 kilometres remaining in the stage Froome attacked the peloton on the gravel section of the Finestre, pulling away from the main group of favourites. This attack would continue over the subsequent two climbs with Froome ultimately winning the stage by three minutes from second place Richard Carapaz, but importantly by over 3' 20" from Dumoulin. Froome was now leading the race overall by 40 seconds from Dumoulin with two stages remaining. Froome would maintain his race lead, becoming the fifth rider to simultaneously hold all three grand tour titles. Froome also won the mountains classification largely due to his stage 19 exploits, and Team Sky won the overall team classification.
As the cycling season entered the European summer, the build to the 2018 Tour de France had begun. Geraint Thomas claimed overall victory at the Critérium du Dauphiné improving his chances of being promoted to team-leader for the Tour de France. The team would go on to score a number of national title victories: Jonathan Castroviejo won the Spanish time trial title, Kwiatkowski the Polish road race, Dylan van Baarle the Dutch time trial, Thomas the British time trial and Vasil Kiryienka the Belarusian time trial.
As the Tour de France began, the team lead with a two-pronged attack, incumbent champion Froome hoping for a fourth straight grand tour win and fifth overall title and Thomas reigning Dauphiné champion and super-domestique in previous editions of the race. By the end of the first week of racing Thomas had ridden a flawless race and was second overall, only six seconds behind Greg Van Avermaet. Froome on the other hand was 14th, over a minute behind the Belgian race leader. Thomas and Froome both lost time to Van Avermaet on stage nine as the race transitioned across the cobbles of Roubaix, with Thomas 43 seconds and Froome 1' 42" behind the race leader. By the end of stage 10 these deficits had grown to 2' 22 for Thomas and 3' 21" for Froome. As the race entered the Alps Thomas would cement his control on the race and the team, claiming consecutive victories at the summit finishes of La Rosière and Alpe d'Huez. By the end of stage 12 Thomas lead had grown to 1' 39" over team-mate Froome. Colombian prodigy, Bernal, in his first grand tour of his career was 19th overall 21' 22" behind Thomas. Following the 15th stage, controversy arouse around Gianni Moscon, who had been seen punching Fortuneo–Samsic rider Élie Gesbert during the opening kilometres of the stage. After reviewing footage of the incident, the race jury disqualified him for 'particularly serious aggression', leaving Sky with 7 riders for the remaining stages. On stage 17 Froome cracked, slipping to third overall 2' 31" behind Thomas. This promoted Giro d'Italia runner-up, Tom Dumoulin, to second overall 1' 59" behind Welshman Thomas. Thomas would ultimately win the race overall, and the team would record their fourth consecutive grand tour win, fifth Tour de France title and second successive year achieving more than one grand tour win. Thanks to his second-place performance on the penultimate day time trial, Froome joined Thomas on the final podium finishing third overall.
Into the latter part of the season, Kwiatkowski would maintain his good form from the Tour de France, winning his home stage race – the Tour de Pologne, claiming two stage wins. He would head into the final grand tour of the year, the Vuelta a España, as the team's general classification leader but would finish 43rd overall, nearly an hour and three quarters behind race winner, Simon Yates. The teams best finisher was de la Cruz, 15th overall and 28 minutes behind the race winner. The team would go onto claim two stage wins at the Tour of Britain courtesy of Poels and Ian Stannard. Gianni Moscon returned after a five-week suspension in good form as the road to the final monument of the year began, winning Coppa Agostoni and the Giro della Toscana, as well as the Italian national time trial title. Moscon would go onto take the overall victory at the 2018 Tour of Guangxi – the team's final victory of the year.
2019: Transition to new sponsorship
In mid-December 2018, Sky announced they would withdraw their sponsorship as part of an ongoing review brought on by their acquisition by Comcast. 21st Century Fox also announced that it would end its partnership at the end of the season, forcing the team into a sponsorship search in order to continue. In February 2019, Cyclingnews.com reported that potential sponsorship could be sourced via a combination of the Colombian government and state-controlled oil and gas company, Ecopetrol. Later reports claimed that no deal had been forthcoming. In mid-March, Cyclingnews.com again broke the news that another potential sponsor had been found. The report linked the team with British-based multi-national chemical company, Ineos, with the team expected to become Team Ineos for the 2020 season. Ineos is controlled by Manchester-born billionaire, Jim Ratcliffe, who has amassed an estimated fortune of over £21 billion. Ratcliffe has also invested over £100 million in Ben Ainslie's sailing team. The web-domain "TeamIneos.com" was discovered to have been registered on 5 March, and the Twitter handle "@teamineos" was also registered. On 19 March, Team Sky confirmed its new title sponsor, announcing it was to be renamed 'Team Ineos' on 1 May, ahead of the 2019 Tour de Yorkshire. However, the UCI's rules prevent teams from racing under different names at the same time – Sky had planned to take part in the 2019 Tour de Romandie, starting on 30 April as well as the Tour de Yorkshire. As a consequence, it announced that the Romandie would be the first race under the Ineos name, with the team wearing a special black kit, while the Yorkshire would see the launch of the team's new colours.
For the 2019 season the team signed world individual pursuit champion, Filippo Ganna and former rider, Ben Swift (); former Ecuadorian national road champion, Jhonatan Narváez (). After a protracted transfer the team also signed Colombian talent – Ivan Sosa (). Philip Deignan and David López retired, Sergio Henao left to join , Beñat Intxausti joined Euskadi–Murias and Łukasz Wiśniowski joined the newly Polish-sponsored BMC team, CCC Pro Team. Jonathan Dibben also left the team.
2020: Ineos Grenadiers
For the 2020 season the team announced a number of new signings: 2019 Giro d'Italia champion, Richard Carapaz (), double and reigning Time Trial World Champion, Rohan Dennis, Ethan Hayter, Brandon Rivera (GW–Shimano) and Carlos Rodriguez.
David de la Cruz left the team to join , Kenny Elissonde joined , Kristoffer Halvorsen joined (EF Education First Pro Cycling), Wout Poels joined Team Bahrain McLaren and Diego Rosa joined Arkéa–Samsic.
Ineos had the highest payroll of any team in cycling for the 2020 season, and of the top ten highest paid riders in the sport, five of them rode for Ineos. In Euros, Carapaz was paid 2.1 million, Kwiatkowski 2.5 million, Bernal 2.7 million, Geraint Thomas 3.5 million and Chris Froome was the 2nd highest paid cyclist in the sport contracted to make 4.5 million.
On 30 January 2020, the team announced the retirement of Vasil Kiryienka due to heart problems. The following day, Australian Cameron Wurf joined the squad.
On 3 March 2020, the team's lead sports director Nicolas Portal passed away suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 40. A day later, the team announced that it would temporarily withdraw from racing until 23 March in time for the Volta a Catalunya. The reasoning behind the decision was twofold: to allow the team to properly mourn Portal's passing, and to keep all its members safe amidst the growing coronavirus outbreak which saw the final two stages of the UAE Tour cancelled.
Additional races on the 2020 calendar were either postponed to later in the year or cancelled outright due to restrictions and lockdowns in several European countries forced by the pandemic. On 12 April, the entire team took part in a special event via interactive cycling site Zwift. Over 15,000 fans from around the world rode with the team in a virtual group ride, which was followed by an e-race where all 30 riders on the active roster competed against each other. It was streamed on YouTube and the team's Facebook page, with commentary by Eurosport's Rob Hatch and Matt Stephens. The race was won by Rohan Dennis.
On 9 July 2020, it was announced that the contract of Chris Froome would not be renewed, ending his 10-year association with the team. An hour later, Froome signed a multi-year deal with Israel Start-Up Nation for the 2021 season.
Sponsorship and budgets
According to the results of a study commissioned by Cyclingnews.com and performed by Repucom, the team gave more media value to their sponsors and partners than any other cycling team. The team delivered approximately $550m in advertising value, the highest amount achieved by any professional team.
BSkyB provided £30 million in sponsorship for the team and will back the team as name sponsor until the end of 2013. The team also receives further sponsorship from 21st Century Fox (previously News Corporation) and Sky Italia. Pinarello supplies bicycle frames and forks. On 5 January 2010, Adidas were announced as the team's official apparel and accessories partner. Gatorade, Marks & Spencer, Oakley, IG Markets are additional sponsors and Jaguar are providers of the team cars.
The team jerseys were changed to black and green beginning with the 2011 Tour de France, when the team formed Sky Rainforest Rescue, a three-year partnership with WWF to help raise awareness of deforestation in Brazil. At the 2018 Tour de France, the team wore special kit in support of the Sky Ocean Rescue initiative, with the goal of eliminating single-use plastic team-wide by 2020.
On 25 June 2013, the team announced that the logo of 21st Century Fox (the direct successor to News Corporation following the spin-off of its publishing business) would appear on the team's kit and team vehicles.
On the second rest day of the 2016 Tour de France, the team announced they had signed a four-year extension with Pinarello – supplying the team with bikes until 2020.
Castelli started providing the team's kit beginning in 2017 after their 3-year partnership with Rapha ended. The new kit was revealed during the Rouleur Classic event on 3 November 2016.
On 12 December 2018, Sky's parent company 21st Century Fox confirmed that they would withdraw sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2019 season, but would until the 2019 Tour de France seek a new sponsor.
On 19 March 2019, Team Sky announced that Ineos, a multinational chemicals company owned by Jim Ratcliffe, would become the new title sponsor as of 1 May 2019.
In 2021, the team announced that Belgian kit manufacturer Bioracer will provide the team kit from 2022 onwards.
Media
A five-part documentary series following the team's 2012 season, Team Sky and British Cycling: The Road to Glory, premiered on Sky Atlantic on 30 August 2012. Another documentary Bradley Wiggins: A Year in Yellow, following Wiggins's exploits in the 2012 season was first shown on the same channel in November 2012. The team have also produced two books chronicling the 2012 Tour de France and 2013 season- 21 Days to Glory and The Pain and the Glory.
Doping policy
The team claims to have a zero-tolerance approach to doping. All its riders and staff must sign an agreement that they have no past or present involvement in taking illegal substances. Anyone breaching the agreement at any time must leave the squad. Previous team members such as team doctor Geert Leinders, sports director Steven de Jongh and coach Bobby Julich have all left the team when their involvement in doping prior to working with Sky became known.
This approach has been criticised by David Howman of WADA, who has argued that fear of losing their job will discourage people with a history of doping from confessing.
Although there have been speculations that Team Sky's tactics and success imply use of banned substances, Brailsford has strenuously denied any team use of illegal substances, citing his team's success in the Olympics as proof that you don't need to dope to dominate.
In September 2013, Jonathan Tiernan-Locke was asked by the UCI to explain a potential discrepancy in his biological passport data. In December 2013, British Cycling confirmed it had been instructed to begin disciplinary proceedings against Tiernan-Locke by the UCI. Sky stated the blood values in question were taken in 2012, when Tiernan-Locke was a member of the squad, and he was suspended from all team activities pending a decision. In July 2014 Tiernan-Locke was banned from competition until 31 December 2015 by the UCI, resulting in his contract with the team being terminated with immediate effect.
In March 2014, Sergio Henao was removed from race schedules for at least eight weeks pending the conclusion of an "altitude research programme", following tests that were taken over the winter whilst Henao was training at altitude in Colombia. In June 2014, Henao returned to racing at the Tour de Suisse, after completing an independent research programme investigating the physiology of "altitude natives" in conjunction with the University of Sheffield.
In April 2016, the Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation (CADF) opened an investigation into Sergio Henao's biological passport data from between 2011 and 2015. As a result, the team withdrew Henao from their active roster. After investigation, including a review of the research done in the previous year for Team Sky, CADF declared Henao had no case to answer, and he was restored to the racing squad.
In December 2017 Chris Froome returned an adverse analytical finding (AAF) for salbutamol over the WADA threshold of 1000 ng/mL, potentially resulting in a ban and the loss of his 2017 Vuelta title. On 2 July 2018, the UCI with the assistance of WADA concluded there was no AAF upon further investigation of the evidence and closed the case against Froome, exonerating him from any wrongdoing which allowed his Vuelta title to stand. Both Froome and the team welcomed the decision.
TUEs, UKAD and subsequent fallout
Therapeutic use exemptions
In September 2016, Russian cyber espionage group Fancy Bear hacked the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) ADAMS anti-doping system and released data on a number of athletes, including Chris Froome and Bradley Wiggins. Therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs) are medical exemptions athletes can be given when they need treatment for pre-existing medical conditions where the drugs used in the treatment are on the WADA prohibited compound list. The leak demonstrated that Wiggins had received TUEs for triamcinolone acetonide in June 2011, June 2012 and April 2013, a number of days before the start of the 2011 Tour de France, 2012 Tour de France, and 2013 Giro d'Italia respectively. Wiggins also received TUEs for salbutamol, fluticasone, formoterol and budesonide whilst at Team Highroad. Froome had received TUEs for prednisolone in May 2013 and during the 2014 Tour de Romandie.
In response Froome said he had "no issues" with the leak whilst Wiggins's spokesperson said "there's nothing new here".
UKAD investigation
In October 2016, UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) opened an investigation into Team Sky and British Cycling. It was revealed that Simon Cope delivered a package, to the team, during the 2011 Critérium du Dauphiné, giving it to team Doctor Richard Freeman confirming the package contained some form of medicine. Neither the team nor Cope could confirm the exact contents of the package. Former rider, Jonathan Tiernan-Locke (who has since served a ban for an anti-doping violation) claimed that Freeman had administered Tramadol to the British national team during the 2012 UCI Road World Championships. In late October, parliament announced it would open an investigation into the relationship between the medical package and former rider, Bradley Wiggins. In December 2016, UCI President Brian Cookson urged both Team Sky and general manager, Dave Brailsford to give "full disclosure" about what was in the package. British Cycling has warned Cope about his relationship with both the team as well as the British National team.
In December 2016, Brailsford announced that the package contained the legal drug, Fluimucil – a mucolytic compound which helps the body to remove sticky and thick mucus that can often be found obstructing the airway, resulting in coughing. British Cycling officials maintained that they did not know the contents of the package.
In March 2017, British Cycling admitted its failure in correctly recording the contents of the package, whilst the team maintained that no anti-doping rules had been broken.
In early March news broke around a number of riders potentially considering asking Brailsford to resign from the team, however on the same day Geraint Thomas, Luke Rowe, Tao Geoghegan Hart, Peter Kennaugh, Michal Kwiatkowski and Elia Viviani came out in support of their General Manager.
In March, former team rider, Joshua Edmondson admitted to the BBC that he violated the team's "no needle" policy by injecting himself with a cocktail of vitamins – carnitine, folic acid, 'TAD' (reduced glutathione) – two or three times a week, for a month. The team stated that they found the vitamins, which were not prohibited compounds, and needles in the riders room. A day later the UCI's Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation asked UK Anti-Doping to assess Edmondson's admission.
On 15 November 2017, the UKAD announced that it had closed its investigation and filed no charges, citing that it was impossible to determine the contents of the package. Both the team and British Cycling issued statements welcoming its conclusion.
UK Parliamentary report into "Combatting doping in sport"
In March 2018, The Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee published the report Combatting doping in sport. The report stated that Team Sky had "crossed an ethical line" by using medical drugs to "enhance the performance of riders" and that Brailsford must "take responsibility for the "damaging scepticism about the legitimacy of his team's performance and accomplishments." Following the report Bradley Wiggins, in an interview with the BBC, claimed that he "100 per cent did not cheat", and believed he was a victim of a smear campaign. He was also critical of the 'anonymous' source, demanding that the source should be made public. Chris Froome later came out in support of Brailsford remaining team principal, rubbishing the accusations laid out in the report whilst Geraint Thomas said that the team had never even joked about using corticosteroids. Former rider, Bernhard Eisel being interviewed at the 2018 Tirreno–Adriatico, also denied any drug use during his tenure with the team. Eisel also criticised reports for a lack of verifiable proof, further suggesting that this had "created a vacuum, within which he [Eisel] felt social media had filled in the blanks" as well as criticising comments made by former cyclist, Floyd Landis, regarding the removal of Wiggins's 2012 title.
Team roster
Major wins
National, continental, world and Olympic champions
2010
British Road Race, Geraint Thomas
British Time Trial, Bradley Wiggins
Norway Time Trial, Edvald Boasson Hagen
2011
British Road Race, Bradley Wiggins
British Time Trial, Alex Dowsett
Finland Road Race, Kjell Carlström
Norway Time Trial, Edvald Boasson Hagen
2012
Norway Road Race, Edvald Boasson Hagen
British Road Race, Ian Stannard
British Time Trial, Alex Dowsett
World Track (Team Pursuit), Geraint Thomas and Peter Kennaugh
Olympic Time Trial, Bradley Wiggins
Olympic Team Pursuit, Geraint Thomas and Peter Kennaugh
2013
Norway Time Trial, Edvald Boasson Hagen
Belarus Time Trial, Kanstantsin Sivtsov
2014
British Road Race, Peter Kennaugh
British Time Trial, Bradley Wiggins
Belarus Time Trial, Kanstantsin Sivtsov
World Time Trial, Bradley Wiggins
2015
Australian Time Trial, Richie Porte
Belarus Time Trial, Vasil Kiryienka
British Road Race, Peter Kennaugh
World Time Trial, Vasil Kiryienka
European Omnium, Elia Viviani
2016
Czech Time Trial, Leopold König
Irish Time Trial, Nicolas Roche
Irish Road Race, Nicolas Roche
Olympic omnium, Elia Viviani
2017
Colombia Road Race, Sergio Henao
Polish Time Trial, Michał Kwiatkowski
Italian Time Trial, Gianni Moscon
2018
Colombia Time Trial, Egan Bernal
Colombia Road Race, Sergio Henao
Spain Time Trial, Jonathan Castroviejo
Polish Road Race, Michał Kwiatkowski
Dutch Time Trial, Dylan van Baarle
British Time Trial, Geraint Thomas
Belarusian Time Trial, Vasil Kiryienka
Italian Time Trial, Gianni Moscon
2019
World Track (Individual Pursuit), Filippo Ganna
Italian Time Trial, Filippo Ganna
Spain Time Trial, Jonathan Castroviejo
British Road Race, Ben Swift
2020
World Track (Individual Pursuit), Filippo Ganna
Italian Time Trial, Filippo Ganna
World Time Trial, Filippo Ganna
2021
Olympic Road Race, Richard Carapaz
Olympic Cross-country, Tom Pidcock
Olympic Team Pursuit, Filippo Ganna
European Team relay, Filippo Ganna
World Time Trial, Filippo Ganna
British Time Trial, Ethan Hayter
British Criterium, Ethan Hayter
British Road Race, Ben Swift
World Track (Team Pursuit), Filippo Ganna
World Track (Omnium), Ethan Hayter
2022
Australian Road Race, Luke Plapp
World Cyclo-cross, Tom Pidcock
Colombian Time Trial, Daniel Martínez
Ecuador Time Trial, Richard Carapaz
Italian Time Trial, Filippo Ganna
British Time Trial, Ethan Hayter
Spain Road Race, Carlos Rodríguez
European XCO Championships, Tom Pidcock
World Track (Individual Pursuit), Filippo Ganna
World Track (Team Pursuit), Ethan Hayter
World Track (Elimination Race), Elia Viviani
World Track (Omnium), Ethan Hayter
Awards
Velonews.com Velo Awards – Best Men's Team (2013)
Velonews.com Velo Awards – Support Rider of the Year – Richie Porte (2013)
Velo d'Or – Best rider – Chris Froome (2013, 2015, 2017)
London Design Awards – Product Design, Sport and Active life category – for the Dogma F8 in conjunction with Pinarello and Jaguar (2014)
European Sponsorship Association Excellence Awards – Best Use of PR – in conjunction with Jaguar (2014)
Cyclingnews.com – Best Male Team (2015, 2016, 2017)
Cyclingtps.com.au CT Awards – Ultimate Team Player – Richie Porte (2015)
Cyclingtps.com.au CT Awards – Most Impressive Team (2015)
Cyclingnews.com – Moment of the Year (Chris Froome's run up Mont Ventoux, 2016)
Cyclingnews.com – Best Male Road Rider – Chris Froome (2017)
Cyclingnews.com – Rider of the Year – Chris Froome (2017)
Sports Journalists' Association Sportsman of the Year – Chris Froome (2017)
Liontrust's Sporting Hero award – Chris Froome (September 2017)
References
Further reading
External links
2009 establishments in the United Kingdom
Cycling teams based in the United Kingdom
Cycling teams established in 2009
Ineos
UCI WorldTeams |
23572924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C10H12N2O5 | C10H12N2O5 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C10H12N2O5}}
The molecular formula C10H12N2O5 (molar mass: 240.21 g/mol, exact mass: 240.0746 u) may refer to:
Dinoseb, an herbicide also known as 6-sec-butyl-2,4-dinitrophenol
Dinoterb, an herbicide |
23572929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunaverney%20flesh-hook | Dunaverney flesh-hook | The Dunaverney Flesh-Hook is a sophisticated bronze artefact from Prehistoric Ireland, thought to be an item of ceremonial feasting gear, and a symbol of authority. It is believed it was used to remove chunks of meat from a stew in a large cauldron for serving. It dates to the Late Bronze Age, between 1050 and 900 BC. Since 1856, it has been in the British Museum in London.
Description
Along the top of the flesh-hook are five birds, two large ones next to three smaller ones. At the bottom of the shaft, facing the family of five, are two birds. The group of two birds, presumably an adult pair, can be identified as corvids, perhaps ravens, the family of five as swans and cygnets. The two sets of birds seem to invoke opposites: birds of water versus birds of the air; white ranged against black, fecundity as opposed to death (implied by the predatory character of ravens). Perhaps, in the mind of the Bronze Age inhabitants, the two sets of birds denoted a fable of opposites between good and bad. The flesh-hook was originally linked by pieces of oak shaft, only one fragment of which remains extant.
Discovery
The Dunaverney Flesh-Hook was discovered in 1829 by workmen who were cutting turf at Dunaverney Bog to the north of Ballymoney in County Antrim. At the time of its discovery, the Dunaverney Flesh-Hook was unparalleled and for a long time many experts could not agree on its age and function. However, as more examples were found, not only in Ireland and Britain, but along the Atlantic seaboard of the European continent, it became clear from their style, technology and context that they belonged to the Bronze Age and were clearly important instruments used during ceremonial feasts. To this day, the representation of birds seen on the Dunaverney Flesh-Hook remains unique in north-west Europe.
See also
Little Thetford flesh-hook
Gallery
References
Prehistoric Ireland
Bronze Age Ireland
Prehistoric objects in the British Museum
Archaeological artifacts
Bronze Age art
Ancient art in metal |
6902962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlage | Schlage | Schlage (pronounced ) is an American lock manufacturer founded in 1920 by Walter Schlage. Schlage was headquartered in San Francisco from its inception until it relocated to Colorado Springs, Colorado in 1997. Schlage also produces high-security key and cylinder lines Primus, Everest, and Everest Primus XP. Schlage is one of the most popular brands of consumer and commercial locks in the United States.
History
The Schlage Manufacturing Company was founded by inventor Walter Schlage (d. 1946) in 1920 with the help of three businessmen who each contributed $10 to become equal partners. Walter Schlage had already secured several patents dating back to 1909, when he patented a doorknob that would also complete an electrical circuit so that, for instance, the lights would turn on when the door was opened. However, Schlage's key invention was the bored cylindrical lock, which evolved through several iterations, including a 1917 filing for a mortise mechanism which locked when the knob was tilted; two filings in 1920 (in April for a lock requiring one hole and a surface rabbet rather than a complex mortise pocket and October for a mortise with the lock mechanism activated by a button coaxial to the knob). This series would ultimately culminate in , filed in 1923, which was sold commercially as the Schlage "A" series lock. Schlage would later make a 1925 filing for a push button cylindrical lock fusing the two 1920 patents with the 1923 patent.
Schlage's first shop was at 229 Minna Street, and he moved to 461 Bush Street, where many of his key patents were developed. The first factory (in 1923) was at 49 Shotwell Street. Because the bored cylindrical lock had a decided ease of installation advantage over the contemporary mortise lock, demand for the Schlage-designed lock rose and the company would purchase land in Visitacion Valley in 1925, which would eventually become the company's Bayshore factory and administration complex. Eight buildings were eventually erected at the Bayshore complex, the first two of which (the Old Office and Plant 1) were dedicated in a ceremony on June 25, 1926 attended by dignitaries including Mayor James "Sunny Jim" Rolph.
Charles Kendrick took over as Chief Executive after making a sizable investment in the company, and served as Chief through his retirement in 1969. During World War II, Schlage Lock manufactured shell casings and bomb rail fuses. After the war, the company supplied lock hardware to the Pan Am Building (1964) and the Bank of America Headquarters (1969) skyscrapers. The company was also busy post-war acquiring smaller hardware manufacturers, including the California Lock Company, Peabody Company, LCN Closers, the Von Duprin Factory, and the General Lock Company (Pontiac, Michigan). In 1974, the year the company was acquired by Ingersoll Rand, Schlage employed 1,600 and was the largest manufacturer in San Francisco. Schlage had just completed a move from the Old Office building to a three-story New Office located nearby, at the corner of Bayshore and Leland. Schlage remained an Ingersoll Rand subsidiary for nearly 40 years, until Schlage and other security hardware companies were spun off as part of Allegion, formed in December 2013.
After 73 years of operation, the Schlage Lock Co. Bayshore factory was closed in 1999. To settle an environmental lawsuit, the Bayshore factory site was transferred to Universal Paragon Corporation (UPC) from Ingersoll Rand in 2008. UPC owned an adjacent parcel on which it had intended to develop housing, but the groundwater had been contaminated by the Schlage Lock factory, and UPC filed suit seeking to make Ingersoll Rand responsible for cleanup. In May 2009, demolition began on the Schlage Bayshore site; though the original 1926 Spanish Colonial "Old Office", designed by local architect William Peyton Day will remain, the rest of the site is planned to become affordable, green housing.
Keyway types
Like many lock manufacturers, Schlage uses milled complex keyway shapes to mechanically prevent some non-OEM keys from entering or operating a lock. New keyway designs may be protected for a limited time by patent protection, which expires after a set number of years.
There is no law against duplicating the reverse, numbered or quad-key blanks, which are not patented and are not protected against third-party manufacturing.
As of 2008, Primus keys are no longer protected by patents; therefore, anyone is free to duplicate them. The Everest patents expired in 2014.
Primus/Primus XP
In addition to six cuts for standard locking mechanism, there are five side finger pins to operate the secondary sidebar lock. Primus keys will operate non-Primus locks within the same system. Primus blanks and keyways are slightly thinner to prevent the entry of non-Primus keys; however, even if a standard key is altered to allow entry, it will not operate Primus locks. This design was protected until 2007 under . The current generation Primus, called the Primus XP, is a slight modification to the original design and is protected until 2024 under . Schlage did not invent, nor do they hold the patents on, Primus or Primus XP. The design is licensed to Schlage by Bo Widen of Torshälla, Sweden, the inventor and patent holder.
Everest
This design features a patented under groove in the keyway design, and was legally protected against cloning by utility patents until 2014. Relevant patents are: (December 2, 2016) and . Just like the classic series, Everest Primus keys can operate Everest non-Primus locks, but not the other way around. Everest Primus XP is an extension to Primus Everest and the XP design is protected until 2024 under . Schlage also offers an Everest 29 SL Cylinder, the only seven pin lock they make, along with their Everest 29 Family/Primus (6 pins). Schlage did not invent, nor do they hold the patents on, the Everest keys, which were designed and patented by Bo Widen and licensed to Schlage.
Obverse
There are seven different keyways: C, CE, E, EF, F, FG, and G. There is also a special P keyway designed to accept any of the seven sectional keys and a special L key blank (35-101 L) designed to be accepted into all seven keyways. OEM L section blanks are made of stainless steel.
The older type, the common residential keyway, is known as 35-100C, which is a five-pin, C section.
Reverse (restricted)
This variation was a horizontal mirror image of obverse keyways, no longer offered in new key system, and not available with a Primus option.
Numbered or Paracentric (restricted)
This is a large family of keyways expressed as four numbers. Except for zeros, digits in the keyway designation cannot repeat; i.e. 3578, 1358 and 1200 are valid, but 1244 and 3300 are not. Primus cannot be implemented on this series. The digit 9 is not used. Each digit represents the presence of a notch in the keyway and a corresponding protrusion along the blade of the key. The odd digits 1, 3, 5, and 7 extend along the left side of the keyway as observed from the lock face from bottom to top. The even digits are likewise, on the right side. Generally, keyways are identified by four non-zero digits in ascending order. In a large master key system, keys with fewer than four protrusions can be used to enter more than one keyway. For example, key blank 1460 will fit lock cylinder 1246, 1346, 1467, etc.
Quad (restricted)
Expressed in four characters, such as WSTP, VTQP, etc. This is a very large family, available in Primus.
Key copying
At the 2013 DEF CON conference, MIT students David Lawrence and Eric Van Albert released a piece of code that allows anyone to create a 3D-printable software model of any Primus key. With just a flatbed scanner and their software tool, they were able to produce precise models that they uploaded to the 3D-printing services Shapeways and , who mailed them working copies of the keys in materials ranging from nylon to titanium.
Nexia Home Intelligence
Nexia Home Intelligence is a home automation system that was launched by Schlage and Ingersoll Rand that allows users to remotely control and monitor home automation devices. A wireless network is created within the home and connects the wireless door lock to the internet. Using a smart-phone or a web-enabled computer, users can monitor and send commands to the Schlage Bridge, which communicates with Z-Wave enabled wireless locks, thermostats, lights, cameras, and other components within the home.
There is a monthly fee associated with the Nexia Home Intelligence service.
Nexia Home Intelligence is no longer maintained by Schlage. It remained with Ingersoll Rand during the IR-Allegion spin-off process. Ingersoll Rand solely maintains the Nexia platform.
One of its key features is "depth control" which senses if someone else is using your assigned PIN: it then enhances its security by proceeding to lock out that same PIN number. All Schlage products that were designed for the Nexia platform work with major smart home platforms. All security features such as "depth control" work under certain conditions such as "HomeKit".
References
External links
Schlage Lock Company: Detailed Company History on Answers.com
History of Schlage
Nexia Home Intelligence: Official Site
Lock manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in San Francisco
American companies established in 1920
Manufacturing companies established in 1920
1920 establishments in California |
20466582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20U-22%20%28Austria-Hungary%29 | SM U-22 (Austria-Hungary) | SM U-22 or U-XXII was a or U-boat built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during the First World War. The design for U-22 was based on submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's Havmanden class (three of which had been built in Austria-Hungary), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.
U-22 was just over long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. The submarine was laid down in mid 1915 and launched in January 1917. The still unfinished U-boat sank in the harbor at Fiume in June but was raised, repaired, and relaunched in October. After her commissioning in November, U-22 patrolled off the Po River estuary and, later, in the northern Adriatic out of Trieste.
After undergoing months of repairs for her failed electric motor in mid 1918, U-22 returned to duty and patrolled off the Montenegrin coast out of Cattaro in August. At Cattaro at the end of World War I, U-22 was ceded to France as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920. U-22 had no wartime successes.
Design and construction
When it became apparent to the Austro-Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short one, they moved to bolster their U-boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish Havmanden class submarines, three of which had been built at Whitehead & Co. in Fiume. Although the Austro-Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design, which was largely obsolete, it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards. The Austro-Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for U-22 and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915.
U-22 was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Hungarian UBAG yard in Fiume. Due to demands by the Hungarian government, subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms, and this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design, resulting in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general.
U-22 was an ocean-going submarine that displaced surfaced and submerged and was designed for a complement of 18. She was long with a beam of and a draft of . For propulsion, she featured a single shaft, a single diesel engine for surface running, and a single electric motor for submerged travel. She was capable of while surfaced and while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for U-22, the Havmanden class, upon which the U-20 class was based, had a range of at , surfaced, and at submerged.
U-22 was armed with two torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. She was also equipped with a deck gun and an machine gun.
U-22 was laid down at Fiume in mid 1915 and launched on 27 January 1917, the last of the four U-20-class boats to be launched. On 10 June, while not yet complete, the U-boat sank in the harbor at Fiume. Raised from her resting point at a depth of the following day, U-22 underwent four months of repairs. She was launched again on 6 October.
Service career
On 18 November 1917 the U-boat sailed for Pola, where she was commissioned as SM U-22 on 23 November under the command of Linienschiffsleutnant Josef Holub. The 31-year-old Galician had been assigned to U-22 in February and had been in charge of sister boat from June 1916 until his assignment to U-22.
Holub led U-22 out on her first patrol when they departed Pola on 5 December for duty off the Po estuary. After returning to Pola on 10 December, Holub led U-22 on another Po estuary tour from 15 to 17 December. On 29 December, Holub was transferred to . His replacement was Linienschiffsleutnant Friedrich Sterz. It was the first U-boat command of the 25-year-old native of Pergine, Tyrolia (in present-day Italy).
On 3 January 1918, Sterz returned U-22 to the Po estuary for a third patrol there. While in the area, an enemy submarine was spotted but no attack could be made because of bad weather; the same bad weather forced U-22 to put in at Rovigno the following day. Setting out from Rovigno on 5 January, U-22 unsuccessfully attacked an Italian torpedo boat and two steamships. After a return to Rovigno on 6 January, Sterz steered his boat to the submarine base at Brioni. Ten days later, U-22 headed to Trieste, where she conducted patrols in the northern Adriatic. On 5 February, U-22 avoided being hit by seven bombs dropped by an enemy airplane. Departing the northern Adriatic in late April, U-22 was headed for Cattaro when her electric motor failed. After a quick stop at Cattaro, U-22 returned to Pola for three months of repairs.
After returning to service in August, U-22 operated out of Catttaro, patrolling off the Montenegrin coast over the next two months. On 17 October, the boat returned to Cattaro, where she remained until the war's end. She was ceded to France as a war reparation and scrapped in 1920. Like all of her sister boats, U-22 had no wartime successes.
Notes
References
Bibliography
U-20-class submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1917
1917 ships
World War I submarines of Austria-Hungary
Ships built in Fiume |
6902966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%20Johnson | Mat Johnson | Mat Johnson (born August 19, 1970 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American fiction writer who works in both prose and the comics format. In 2007, he was named the first USA James Baldwin Fellow by United States Artists.
Life and career
Johnson was born and raised in the Germantown and Mount Airy communities in Philadelphia.
His mother is African-American and his father is Irish Catholic. He attended Greene Street Friends School, West Chester University, University of Wales, Swansea, and ultimately received his B.A. from Earlham College. In 1993 he was awarded a Thomas J. Watson Fellowship. Johnson received his M.F.A. from Columbia University School of the Arts in 1999.
Johnson has taught at Rutgers University, Columbia University, Bard College, and The Callaloo Journal Writers Retreat. He was a faculty member at the University of Houston Creative Writing Program. He is currently a professor at the University of Oregon's Creative Writing Program.
Johnson's first novel, Drop (2000), was a coming-of-age novel about a self-hating Philadelphian who thinks he has found his escape when he takes a job at a Brixton-based advertising agency in London, UK. The work was a Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers selection; Interview magazine named Johnson as a "Writer on the Verge"; and Drop was listed among "Best Novels of the Year" by Progressive Magazine.
In 2003, Johnson published Hunting in Harlem (2003), a satire about gentrification in Harlem and an exploration of belief versus fanaticism. Hunting in Harlem won the Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Legacy Award for Novel of the Year.
Johnson made his first move into the comics form with the publication of the five-issue limited series Hellblazer Special: Papa Midnite (Vertigo 2005), where he took an existing character of the Hellblazer franchise and created an origin story that strove to offer depth and dignity to a character who was arguably a racial stereotype of the noble savage. The work was set in 18th-century Manhattan, and was based on the research that Johnson was conducting for his first historical work, The Great Negro Plot.
The Great Negro Plot is a creative nonfiction that recounts the New York Slave Insurrection of 1741 and the resultant trial and hysteria.
In February 2008, Vertigo Comics published Johnson's graphic novel Incognegro, a noir mystery that deals with the issue of passing and the lynching past of the American South. The work is illustrated by British artist Warren Pleece with cover artwork by Stephen John Phillips.
From 2006–2007, Johnson wrote the blog Niggerati Manor, which discussed African-American literature and culture.
Awards
Johnson was named a 2007 USA James Baldwin Fellow and awarded a $50,000 grant by United States Artists, a public charity that supports and promotes the work of American artists. On September 21, 2011, Johnson was awarded the Dos Passos Prize for Literature for his body of work focused on American themes and the human experience.
Works
Novels
Drop (Bloomsbury USA, 2000)
Hunting in Harlem (Bloomsbury USA, 2003)
Pym (Random/Spiegel & Grau, 2011)
Loving Day (Spiegel & Grau, 2015)
Invisible Things (One World, 2022)
Nonfiction
The Great Negro Plot (Bloomsbury USA, 2007)
Comics
Hellblazer Special: Papa Midnite (Vertigo, 5-issue limited series, 2005; tpb, 2006, )
Incognegro (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2008, hardcover, )
Dark Rain: A New Orleans Story (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2010, 160 pages, )
Right State (Vertigo, graphic novel, 2012, 144 pages, )
Anthologies
Gumbo: Anthology of African American Literature (Harlem Moon, 2002)
Not Guilty: Twelve Black Men Speak Out on Law, Justice, and Life (Amistad Press, 2002)
Mixed: An Anthology of Short Fiction on the Multiracial Experience (W. W. Norton, 2006)
Black Cool: One Thousand Streams of Blackness (Soft Skull Press, February 2012)
References
External links
Literary Criticism of Hunting in Harlem
Profile of Mat Johnson
"'Great Negro Plot' Tells of Manhattan on the Edge", News and Notes, National Public Radio, February 7, 2007. (Links to RealPlayer or Windows Media Audio)
"Rumors of a Slave Revolt", Leonard Lopate Show, WNYC, February 28, 2007. (Links to MP3 audio)
Mat Johnson's United States Artist Page
James Baldwin Foundation Fellows 2007
United States Artists Arts Advocacy Organization.
1970 births
Earlham College alumni
Alumni of Swansea University
Living people
African-American academics
African-American comics creators
American comics creators
African-American novelists
American graphic novelists
20th-century American novelists
American people of Irish descent
Novelists from Texas
Bard College faculty
Watson Fellows
University of Houston faculty
21st-century American novelists
Writers from Philadelphia
American male novelists
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American writers
African-American male writers |
6902982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatyana%20Talysheva | Tatyana Talysheva | Tatyana Talysheva () (born 15 October 1937) is a Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the Long Jump.
Talysheva trained at Dynamo in Moscow. She competed for USSR in the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City, Mexico in the Long Jump where she won the bronze medal.
External links
Sports Reference
1937 births
Russian female long jumpers
Soviet female long jumpers
Dynamo sports society athletes
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
Living people
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field) |
23572931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition%20Racer | Demolition Racer | Demolition Racer is a vehicular combat racing video game for the PlayStation, Dreamcast, and PC developed by Pitbull Syndicate and published by Infogrames North America.
Gameplay
The game combines destruction and driving tactics in a fast-paced racing environment. It is very similar to the Destruction Derby series. The PC version contained slightly better in-game graphics than the PlayStation version, and included varied weather and times of day. Drivers are given (optional) wacky portraits which displayed on the side of the screen in a race, showing who's ahead of who.
The game was re-released for the Dreamcast as Demolition Racer: No Exit, which featured new tracks, new cars, unlockable mini games, and an additional mode called "No Exit", which plays the same as Last Man Standing in the other games. In No Exit's version of Last Man Standing, the player must now try to survive as long as possible. The game was also redesigned and enhanced. For example, the graphics were upgraded (same goes for the HUD and menus), the levels now have ambient sound effects (such as crowds cheering), and all of the drivers' cars are also shown on the results screen in what condition they were left with at the end of a race.
Development
On 15 March 1999, the game was announced by Accolade.
Reception
Demolition Racer: No Exit received "generally favourable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jeff Lundrigan of NextGen said of the PlayStation version in its November 1999 issue, "Although this game has some 'modern' enhancements like shortcuts (which seem sort of pasted in), the game mechanics might as well have been transplanted whole and bleeding from Destruction Derby," and warned the reader to "Steer clear of this smoking wreck." A year later, however, he wrote that No Exit "still isn't living up to its potential, but it's a fun title nonetheless."
References
External links
Pitbull Syndicate page
1999 video games
Infogrames games
Dreamcast games
PlayStation (console) games
Racing video games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Multiplayer and single-player video games |
23572938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C24H38O4 | C24H38O4 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C24H38O4}}
The molecular formula C24H38O4 (molar mass: 390.55 g/mol) may refer to:
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dioctyl phthalate)
Dioctyl terephthalate
Molecular formulas |
23572939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea%20saccata | Stanhopea saccata | Stanhopea saccata is a species of orchid occurring from Mexico (Chiapas) to Central America.
References
External links
saccata
Orchids of Chiapas
Orchids of Central America |
17329949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th%20Fighter%20Squadron | 179th Fighter Squadron | The 179th Fighter Squadron (179 FS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 148th Fighter Wing located at Duluth Air National Guard Base, Minnesota. The 179th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon.
History
World War II
Training in the United States
The squadron was first organized as the 393d Fighter Squadron at Hamilton Field, California, on 15 July 1943, as one of the original squadrons of the 367th Fighter Group. Several members of its initial cadre were former Flying Tigers with prior combat experience. It was not until late August, however, that the group received its first Bell P-39 Airacobra. After building up its strength, the squadron moved in October to Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California. In December group headquarters and the squadron moved to Oakland Municipal Airport, while the other squadrons of the group were at other locations in northern California. The squadron moved temporarily to Tonopah Army Air Field, Nevada, where it performed dive bombing and gunnery training. Training accidents with the Bell P-39 Airacobra cost several pilots their lives. In January 1944, as it prepared for overseas movement, the 393d was beefed up with personnel from the 328th and 368th Fighter Groups. The squadron staged through Camp Shanks, and sailed for England aboard the . The "Drunken Duchess" docked at Greenock, Scotland on 3 April and the group was transported by train to its airfield at RAF Stoney Cross, England.
P-38 transition and combat operations from England
Having trained on single engine aircraft, the squadrons's pilots were surprised to find Lockheed P-38 Lightnings sitting on Stoney Cross's dispersal pads. Only members of the advance party had any experience flying the Lightning. These pilots had flown combat sorties with the 55th Fighter Group. The change from single engine to twin engine aircraft required considerable retraining for both pilots and ground crew. Although some pilots entered combat with as little as eight hours of flying time on the P-38, in late April the squadron was reinforced by pilots who had trained on the Lightning in the States and were more experienced on the type. However, the lack of instrument training in the P-38 took its toll on the 393d as weather, not enemy action, caused the loss of pilots and airplanes.
On 9 May, the squadron flew its first combat mission, a fighter sweep over Alençon. For the remainer of the month, the unit flew fighter sweeps, bomber escort and dive bombing, missions and suffered its first combat losses.
On D-Day and the next three days the squadron flew missions maintaining air cover over shipping carrying invasion troops. These missions continued for the next three days. The 393d and other P-38 units stationed in England were selected for these missions with the expectation that the distinctive silhouette of the Lightning would prevent potential friendly fire incidents by anti-aircraft gunners mistaking them for enemy fighters. Shortly after the Normandy invasion, on 12 June, the 367th Group was selected to test the ability of the P-38 to carry a 2,000 lb bomb under each wing. The selected target was a railroad yard, and results were mixed. However, on this mission, the squadron scored its first air-to-air victory when Lts James Pinkerton and James Mason teamed up to shoot down a Messerschmitt Me 410 flying near the assigned target.
By mid June German ground forces had withdrawn to defend a perimeter around Cherbourg Harbour, a major port whose capture had become more important to the allies with the destruction of Mulberry A, one of the artificial harbors constructed near the Normandy beachhead. An attack by VII Corps on 22 June was to be preceded by low level bombing and strafing attack by IX Fighter Command. Briefed by intelligence to expect a "milk run" The 394th flew at low altitude through what turned out to be a heavily defended area. Within two to three minutes after beginning the attack the squadron lost five pilots. Seven group pilots were killed in action. Nearly all surviving aircraft received battle damage and the entire 367th Group was out of action for several days.
Ninth Air Force moved its medium bomber forces to bases closer to the Continent in July, so they would be able to strike targets near the expanding front in France. The 387th Bombardment Group was moved to Stoney Cross, forcing the 394th to vacate their station and move the short distance to RAF Ibsley. From Ibsley the group struck railroads, marshaling yards, and trains to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the front during Operation Cobra, the Allied breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July 1944.
Operations on the European Continent
Starting on 19 July, the 367th Group's forward echelon crossed the English Channel to take up stations in Normandy. Group headquarters shared Beuzeville Airfield with the 371st Fighter Group, while the 393d Squadron was at Cricqueville Airfield, advanced landing grounds made from pierced steel planking. After the breakout of ground forces in the Saint-Lô area, the squadron concentrated on close air support of General Patton's Third Army. In late August, the squadron attacked German Seventh Army convoys which, to prevent being surrounded, were withdrawing eastward from the Falaise pocket. Five convoys and 100 Tiger Tanks were destroyed on one day.
On 22 August the group attacked three Luftwaffe airfields near Laon. The 392d Fighter Squadron dive bombed and destroyed two hangars on one airfield but were jumped by twelve Focke-Wulf Fw 190s as they completed their attack. Eighteen Messerschmitt Me 109s and Fw 190s engaged the 393d as it reformed from its dive bomb run. After bombing its target, the 394th Fighter Squadron turned to reinforce the 392d. The squadrons of the 367th Group claimed fourteen enemy aircraft in total against a loss of one Lightning.
The 393d received a Distinguished Unit Citation when it returned to the Laon area three days later. That day, the 367th Group attacked Luftwaffe airfields at Clastres, Péronne and Rosières-en-Haye through an intense flak barrage. The group then engaged more than thirty Focke-Wulf 190 fighters that had just taken off. Group claims were 25 enemy aircraft destroyed, one probably destroyed and 17 damaged against the loss of 6 group aircraft. Then, despite a low fuel supply, the unit strafed a train and convoy after leaving the scene of battle. Captain Larry Blumer of the 393d destroyed five enemy aircraft becoming an ace on one mission. In the afternoon the squadron conducted a long range fighter sweep of more than 800 miles to airfields in the Dijon-Bordeaux area.
As Allied forces moved forward across France the squadron began leap-frogging to new bases. In early September they relocated at Peray Airfield, but moved again a week later to Clastres Airfield. From Clastres The 393d supported Operation Market-Garden by escorting troop carrier aircraft and attacking flak positions. For its attacks that fall, the squadron was cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgium Army.
In late October, as Ninth Air Force brought its medium bombers to bases in France, the 393d was bumped from its station for the second time by the 387th Bombardment Group, when it moved to Juvincourt Airfield, north of Reims. Juvincourt was a former Luftwaffe base with permanent facilities, in contrast to the advanced landing grounds where the squadron had been based since moving to France. The squadron attacked German strong points to aid the Allied push against the Siegfried Line throughout the fall of 1944.
The German Ardennes Offensive occurred as the holidays approached. A planned move to a field in Belgium was canceled. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 394th, after escorting C-47s on a resupply drop to encircled troops at Bastogne, conducted an armed reconnaissance of the Trier area. The group was engaged by Fw 190s and a 40-minute air battle ensued in which the group claimed eight destroyed, two probably destroyed and nine damaged.
Transition to the P-47 Thunderbolt
Early in 1945 a desire to standardize the fighter-bombers in Ninth Air Force, the squadron transitioned into Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Pilots flew Lightings on combat missions while training at the same time with the Thunderbolt. The 393d was the first squadron of the 367th Group to fly a combat missions with the P-47s. Using the Thunderbolt the squadron was again cited in a Belgium Army Order of the Day, earning the Belgian Fourragere.
The 393d received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 19 March 1945. The 367th Group's target was the headquarters of Field Marshal Kesselring, the German Commander-ln-Chief, West, at Ziegenburg near Bad Nauheim, Germany. Aircraft of the leading 394th Fighter Squadron would attack at low level to achieve surprise, carrying a 1,000-pound bomb under each wing. The P-47s of the 392d Fighter Squadron would be similarly armed, but would dive bomb from a higher altitude. The bombs were equipped with time-delay fuses intended to crack the concrete roofs of the bunker. The 393d carried napalm intended to seep into the bunkers and burn what remained. The attack was scheduled for a time that intelligence reports indicated would find senior staff and commanders at lunch, the only time they would not be in the reinforced tunnels underneath the castle that housed the headquarters. The target was located in mountainous terrain well defended by antiaircraft artillery. Moreover, to avoid alerting the Germans to the pending attack, photographic reconnaissance aircraft had avoided the area, so detailed target photography was not available. The day of the attack the castle was concealed by ground haze which caused the 394th Fighter Squadron to stray off course at the last minute, preventing them from executing the attack as planned and reducing the element of surprise. Although senior German officers reached the underground bunkers and survived the attack, the group reduced the military complex to ruins, disrupting communications and the flow of intelligence at a critical time.
The squadron struck tanks, trucks, flak positions, and other objectives in support of the assault across the Rhine late in March and the final allied operations in Germany. It was commended by the commanding generals of XII Corps and the 11th Armored Division for the close air support the unit provided for their commands. On 10 April the squadron moved to Eschborn Airfield on the northwest side of Frankfurt, Germany. The 393d flew its last combat mission, a defensive patrol, one year after entering combat on 8 May. During its combat tour, the squadron was credited with 22.5 air-to-air victories over enemy aircraft.
Return to the United States and inactivation
All hostilities ceased the following day, exactly one year after the squadron became operational. On 4 June, the 367th Group led a flyby for General Weyland. On 1 July it was announced the 393d was to redeploy to the Pacific Theater after it was re-equipped with and trained with long range P-47Ns in preparation for Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. The squadron moved to Camp Detroit in France then to a staging area near Marseille. Here it boarded two ships, the , and the . When Japan surrendered, the Morton was diverted to Newport News, Virginia, while the Ericcson sailed for Staten Island, New York. Following leave for everyone, the few personnel that remained in the squadron after transfers and discharges reassembled at Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, on 2 November and the 393d was inactivated there on 7 November 1945.
Minnesota Air National Guard
The wartime 393d Fighter Squadron was redesignated the 179th Fighter Squadron and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Duluth Municipal Airport and was extended federal recognition on 17 September 1948. The squadron was equipped with North American F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 133d Fighter Group at Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis.
Korean War activation
On 1 March 1951, the 179th was federalized and brought to active duty due to the Korean War. Shortly after activation it was redesignated the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and became part of Air Defense Command. On active duty it assumed an air defense mission and initially remained assigned to the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group at Duluth Municipal Airport. However, ADC experienced difficulty under the existing wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. As a result, in February 1952 the 133d Group was inactivated and the squadron was reassigned to the 31st Air Division. The squadron was inactivated and returned to the control of the State of Minnesota on 1 December 1952.
Cold War
The unit was organized by 1 January 1953 and ADC became its gaining command upon call to active duty. It resumed its peacetime training mission. The squadron upgraded in 1954 to the radar equipped Lockheed F-94 Starfire all-weather interceptor, armed with .50 caliber machine guns. With this new aircraft, the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron became an all-weather interceptor unit. In 1957, the 179th again upgraded to the improved Northrop F-89C Scorpion then in 1959, the unit converted to the F-89J model of the Scorpion, which was not only equipped with data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system, but which carried the nuclear armed AIR-2 Genie.
On 1 July 1960, the 179th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 148th Fighter Group (Air Defense) was established along with supporting squadrons. The 179th became the new group's flying squadron. The other squadrons assigned to the group were the 148th Material Squadron, 148th Air Bse Squadron and the 148th USAF Dispensary. The same day, the squadron assumed a 24-hour air defense alert status at Duluth alongside the regular Air Force 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.
In 1967, the supersonic Convair F-102A Delta Dagger replaced the squadron's F-89J. The McDonnell F-101B Voodoo came aboard in April 1971 and remained until January 1976 when the unit was redesignated, becoming the 179th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron with McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II Mach-2 unarmed reconnaissance aircraft. Its new mission entailed all weather, high or low altitude, day or night, reconnaissance. This mission also required the unit to have the capability to deploy to a wide variety of operating locations. The 179th TRS deployed seven RF-4Cs to Erding Air Base in West Germany between 3 and 23 August 1979 as part of Exercise Coronet Bridle.
In October 1983, the mission changed again and the 179th returned to air defense becoming the 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The return to alert and air defense was accompanied by the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II tactical fighter, most of the unit's aircraft being veterans of the Vietnam War. Between 1 March 1986 and 6 April 1987, three F-4Ds (65-0585, 65-0593 and 65-0648) from the 179th FIS were deployed to Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, alongside Phantoms of the 178th FIS and 194th FIS as part of Exercise Creek Klaxon, which saw the ANG units take QRA responsibilities while the 526th TFS converted to the General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon.
Post-Cold War
On 10 March 1990, the 179th FIS received the first variants of the F-16A Fighting Falcon air defense fighter (ADF) to take over from the F-4D Phantom II. The early F-16 markings included "Duluth" on a tail stripe as well as an image of the Big Dipper. The last flight of a 179th FIS F-4D was under taken by 65-0608 on 17 April 1990. On 17 March 1992, the 179th was renamed the 179th Fighter Squadron. A few years later, in October 1995, the unit was tasked with maintaining a detachment (Detachment 1, 148th Fighter Wing), which maintained alert status at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.
To fit the needs of a shrinking air force, the squadron dropped the air superiority role and became a general purpose tactical fighter squadron. Already proficient in the air-to-air mission, the 179th had to be brought up to speed with both using guided and unguided bombs. Live bombs were dropped for the first time in March 2000 during a training exercise. Due to the role change, the squadron's base facilities also had to be renovated.
On 11 September 2001, the squadron became very busy as a result of the attack on the two World Trade Center towers in New York City. As an immediate aftermath, the 148th was again tasked with air defense, providing combat air patrols over the capital and New York City, and with deploying personnel and aircraft back to its detached alert facility at Tyndall.
Towards the end of 2003 the Bulldogs began conversion to the F-16C/D block 25. Most F-16A/Bs were retired straight to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center. During the course of the conversion, Detachment 1 at Tyndall was discontinued. With the newer Fighting Falcons, the squadron began combat deployments, sometimes operating as an expeditionary fighter squadron. As part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 179th was one of the first F-16 units to be based in Balad Air Base, Iraq. The 179th deployed more than 200 personnel between April and June 2005. The squadron was tasked with both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat operations. Another deployment to Balad was set up between September and December 2008.
On 27 April 2010, the squadron began another conversion being the first Air National Guard unit to operate the block 50 F-16C/D when five aircraft arrived from Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany when 22d and 23d Fighter Squadrons at Spangdahlem were replaced by the 480th Fighter Squadron, with the surplus aircraft going to the 179th. The majority of the block 25s were sent to retirement at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
Between April and July 2016, the 179th deployed to Osan Air Base, South Korea, as the 179th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, being replaced by the 157th Fighter Squadron. The 179th EFS deployed to Southwest Asia as part of Operation Inherent Resolve between April and August 2018, flying nearly 3,500 hours across over 600 sorties. From 1 to 12 April 2019, the 179th FS deployed to Leeuwarden Air Base in the Netherlands to participate in Exercise Frisian Flag 2019.
Lineage
Constituted as the 393d Fighter Squadron on 26 May 1943
Activated on 15 July 1943
Inactivated on 7 November 1945
Redesignated 179th Fighter Squadron and allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946
Extended federal recognition on 17 September 1948
Federalized and placed on active duty on 1 March 1951
Redesignated 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 23 March 1951
Inactivated and returned to Minnesota state control on 1 December 1952
Activated on 1 December 1952
Redesignated 179th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron on 10 January 1976
Redesignated 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 15 November 1983
Redesignated 179th Fighter Squadron on 17 March 1992
Assignments
367th Fighter Group, 15 July 1943 – 7 November 1945
133d Fighter Group (later 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group), 17 September 1948
31st Air Division, 6 February 1952
133d Fighter-Interceptor Group, 1 December 1952
133d Air Defense Wing, 1 April 1958
148th Fighter Group (later 148th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 148th Fighter-Interceptor Group, 148th Fighter Group), 1 July 1960
148th Operations Group, 11 October 1995 – Present
Stations
Hamilton Field, California, 15 July 1943
Santa Rosa Army Air Field, California, 11 October 1943
Oakland Municipal Airport, California, 10 December 1943 – 8 March 1944
RAF Stoney Cross (AAF-452), England, 5 April 1944
RAF Ibsley (AAF-347), England, 6 July 1944
Beuzeville Airfield (A-6), France, 22 July 1944
Cricqueville Airfield (A-2), France, 14 August 1944
Peray Airfield (A-44), France, 4 September 1944
Clastres Airfield (A-71), France, 8 September 1944
Juvincourt Airfield (A-68), France, 28 October 1944
St-Dizier Airfield (A-64), France, 1 February 1945
Conflans Airfield (A-94), France, 14 March 1945
Eschborn Airfield (Y-74), Germany, 20 April – July 1945
Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina, September-7 November 1945
Duluth Municipal Airport (later Duluth International Airport, Duluth Air National Guard Base), Minnesota, 17 September 1948 – present
Aircraft
Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1943–1944
Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 1944–1945
Republic P-47N Thunderbolt, 1945
North American F-51D Mustang, 1948–1954
Lockheed F-94B Starfire, 1954–1957
Northrop F-89C Scorpion, 1957–1959
Northrop F-89J Scorpion, 1959–1966
Convair F-102A Delta Dagger, 1966–1971
McDonnell F-101B Voodoo, 1971–1976
McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II, 1976–1983
McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II, 1983–17 April 1990
General Dynamics F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, 10 March 1990 – 2002
General Dynamics F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, 2002 – present
Awards
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Winston P. Wilson Award (Outstanding Air National Guard All Weather Interceptor Unit): 1957
Ricks Trophy for excellence: 1967
First place in the William Tell Weapons Competition: 1970
Raytheon Trophy (formerly the Hughes Trophy) Best Fighter Unit in the United States Air Force: Four times, most recently 2009
See also
F-89 Scorpion units of the United States Air Force
F-94 Starfire units of the United States Air Force
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators
List of United States Air Force fighter squadrons
List of United States Air National Guard Squadrons
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II non-U.S. operators
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
Fighter squadrons of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War
Military units and formations in Minnesota
Military units and formations established in 1943 |
17329952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary%204%20U%20and%20Me | Hillary 4 U and Me | "Hillary 4 U And Me" is a music video inspired by the Hillary Clinton 2008 Democratic primaries campaign. The song was created by former Bitfone executive Gene Wang, and performed by Bill Hopkins Rockin’ Orchestra. The video posted on YouTube on September 28, 2007 and soon after spread through Internet blogs which mostly criticized it for being too sappy-sweet and contrived, as demonstrated by the sample lyric "This lady knows how to lead/In this president’s race she will succeed!". The sappy nature of the song made it a hit internet meme, drawing over 500,000 views. The song is also described as a kitschy yet catchy tribute to Senator Clinton. The video was so reviled that some conspiracy theorists even posited that the video may have been secretly created by supporters of primary opponent Barack Obama as a fake failed response to the Yes We Can video.
Gene Wang released another video on April 18, 2008, entitled “Hillary in the House”. This next video contains the lyrics, “for all y’all in the blogosphere who didn’t want to see ‘Hillary 4 U And Me’, we’re not giving in and Hillary is gonna’ win.”
Credits
Music, Recording, Producer: Gene Wang
Band: Bill Hopkins Rockin’ Orchestra
Video: Michael Fasman
Mixing and Mastering: Hal Ratliff
Dedicated to Hillary Clinton supporters around the world.
References
External links
Hillary4U &Me
Hillary in the House
2007 YouTube videos
Works about Hillary Clinton
Internet memes introduced in 2007 |
23572942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Neumayer | Fritz Neumayer | Fritz Neumayer (29 July 1884 – 12 April 1973) was a German politician. He was Federal Minister of Building from 1952 to 1953, and Federal Minister of Justice from 1953 to 1956.
Early life
Neumayer was born at Kaiserslautern, Germany. Both his father and his grandfather were lawyers and liberal members of parliament. Neumayer studied law at Würzburg, Berlin, Leipzig and Strasbourg. After his graduation in 1911, he practiced law in his native city of Kaiserslautern until 1945, except for the time of military service.
Political career
After World War II, Neumayer joined the newly founded liberal party of the western occupation zones, the Free Democratic Party (FDP). Also in 1945, he became president of the state court in Kaiserslautern. He was elected to the advisory state board of the newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate in 1946, and to the respective state parliament in 1947. When Rhineland-Palatinate became a constituent state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, Neumayer was elected to the federal parliament, where his primary concern was ensuring the independence of judges from the state.
After the death of the liberal minister for building, Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth, in 1952, Neumayer led the ministry until the 1953 West German federal election. After the election, he became Federal Minister of Justice, and worked primarily on reforming the criminal law. He furthered judicial gender equality with a law of early 1954, though "according to the natural order" granting a husband the right to issue binding decisions for his spouse if the wellbeing of the family was not endangered.
Neumayer also furthered an extension to the amnesty of 1949, resulting in the amnesty law of 17 July 1954. In Neumayer's words, the law was to "rule off crimes committed directly or collaterally in the context of the conditions of a chaotic time period". Amnestied were people convicted of crimes up to manslaughter, but not murder, committed between 1 October 1944 and 31 July 1945 in the assumption of a legitimacy of their action, especially by following orders, or out of an emergency. The law also provided for the clearance of several such crimes in the official registries.
In 1956, Neumayer together with all other liberal federal ministers left the FDP to join the newly founded Freie Volkspartei (FVP). In the same year, West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer dismissed him from his office, giving his high age as the reason.
Later life
Neumayer, who was married with four children, spent the later part of his life in Munich. He was Honorary Chairman of the supervisory board of the Pfaff AG. He died on April 12, 1973 in Munich, and was buried in Kaiserslautern.
Notes
References
Bibliography
1884 births
1973 deaths
Jurists from Rhineland-Palatinate
Justice ministers of Germany
Members of the Bundestag for Rhineland-Palatinate
Members of the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party (Germany) |
6902990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsias%20Mac%20Aonghusa | Proinsias Mac Aonghusa | Proinsias Mac Aonghusa (; 23 June 1933 – 28 September 2003) was an Irish journalist, writer, TV presenter and campaigner. Born into an Irish-speaking household, Mac Aonghusa became one of the most noted Irish language broadcasters and journalists of the 20th century, appearing as the presenter of Irish-language programming for RTÉ, UTV and BBC and as a journalist for newspapers both domestic and international. Influenced by family friends Peadar O'Donnell and Máirtín Ó Cadhain as well as his own parents growing up, Mac Aonghusa pursued Irish republican and socialist politics as an adult and was heavily involved in the Labour Party during the 1960s, at one point serving as its vice-chairman. However, Mac Aonghusa's engagement in factionalism and infighting saw him expelled in 1967. Following the Arms Crisis of 1970, Mac Aonghusa became an ardent supporter of Charles Haughey, a relationship which later proved highly beneficial to Mac Aonghusa when Haughey gained control over Fianna Fáil in the 1980s and appointed Mac Aonghusa to a number of state-run positions. A prolific writer throughout his life, Mac Aonghusa continued to publish books up until his death.
Biography
Early life
Born in Salthill, Galway, County Galway in 1933, Mac Aonghusa was the son of Criostóir Mac Aonghusa, a writer and Irish language activist, and Mairéad Ní Lupain (De Lappe), a nurse and native Irish speaker. The eldest of four siblings, Mac Aonghusa grew up speaking Irish as his first language and allegedly did not learn English until the age of eleven. The Mac Aonghusa parents were left-wing Irish republicans who supported Fianna Fáil (his father at one time was a Fianna Fáil councillor) and associated with the like-minded Máirtín Ó Cadhain and Peadar O’Donnell.
Mac Aonghusa's parents split when he was ten years of age; his mother took his siblings away to Dublin while Mac Aonghusa and his father remained in Rosmuc, a remote village apart of the Galway Gaeltacht. As a teenager was educated at Coláiste Iognáid (also known as St. Ignatius College), a bilingual school in Galway City.
Broadcasting and journalism career
Upon leaving school, Mac Aonghusa first worked as an actor at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, performing in Irish language productions. In 1952 Mac Aonghusa became involved in Radio Éireann, first as an actor but later as a reader of short stories before advancing to becoming a newsreader, presenter and interviewer. As Mac Aonghusa advanced his career, he would work for RTÉ, UTV and BBC television from the 1960s. In 1962, Mac Aonghusa began presenting "An Fear agus An Sceal" (The Man & his Story) on RTÉ television, an Irish language show which saw Mac Aonghusa interviewing a different guest of note about their life each episode. That same year Mac Aonghusa would win a Jacob's Award for An Fear agus an Sceal, which he continued to host until 1964.
As well as attracting awards, An Fear agus an Sceal also brought controversy; two interviews, one with Máirtín Ó Cadhain, one with Con Lehane, both criticised the measures practised by the Fianna Fáil government during World War II to suppress and imprison Irish republicans. In response, the Fianna Fáil government intervened with RTÉ and those episodes were not aired. This was not to be Mac Aonghusa only run-in with the Fianna Fáil government; after Mac Aonghusa recorded a programme in which he questioned the effectiveness of Ireland's civil defence measures in the face of nuclear war, then Minister for Defence Kevin Boland had the episode suppressed. Mac Aonghusa once again ran afoul of the Fianna Fáil government when after he criticised the party in his anonymous weekly political gossip column in the Sunday Independent, then Minister of Agriculture Neil Blaney saw to it that the column was dropped. Mac Aonghusa was not deterred and returned anonymously as "Gulliver" in the Sunday Press and a gossip column on the back page of The Hibernia Magazine.
The latter half of Mac Aonghusa's 1960s/70s broadcasting career was primarily associated with the Irish language current events show Féach, which he both presented and edited. Mac Aonghusa resigned from Féach in 1972 following a bitter dispute with the broadcaster and commentator Eoghan Harris.
Political activism and career
Influenced by O'Donnell and Ó Cadhain in his youth, Mac Aonghusa also pursued left-wing republican politics as an adult. In 1958 Mac Aonghusa became, alongside David Thornley, Noel Browne, Owen Sheehy-Skeffington, and Desmond Ryan, a member of the "1913 Club", a group which sought to ideologically reconcile Irish nationalism and socialism.
In 1959 Mac Aonghusa wrote a series of six articles for the Irish Times in which he vehemently opposed the Fianna Fáil government's proposal to abolish single transferable vote in Ireland in favour of First past the post voting. Mac Aonghusa contended that First-past-the-post voting gave too much influence to party bosses, while proportional representation gave even small minorities representation, preventing them from feeling excluded by the state such as nationalists in Northern Ireland. In the referendum held on the matter on 17 June 1959, voters rejected first past the vote by a margin of 2%. Fianna Fáil would attempt to repeal proportional representation again in the late 60s, at which point Mac Aonghusa once again threw himself into the fight, leading a group called "Citizens for PR". In the referendum of 1968, voters rejected the first past the post system by over 20%. Mac Aonghusa would later recall that his defence of proportional representation was his greatest achievement in politics.
Member of the Labour party
In the 1960s both Mac Aonghusa and his wife joined the Sean Connolly branch of the Labour Party in Dublin. The branch had established a reputation as a haven for intellectuals who wanted a branch to themselves away from the many other Labour branches dominated by trade unionists. The branch came to advocate for expressly socialist policies (something previously avoided by the Labour party in conservative Ireland) combined with on-the-ground grass-roots campaigning. Through the Sean Connolly Branch, both Mac Aonghusa and his wife began to develop significant influence over the leader of the Labour party Brendan Corish.
In the 1965 Irish general election, Mac Aonghusa stood on behalf of the Labour party in the Louth constituency, but was not elected. In 1966 Mac Aonghusa published a book of speeches by Corish, the speeches themselves mostly having been ghostwritten by his wife Catherine. The introduction of the book proclaimed that Corish had developed a "brand of democratic republican socialism … broadened by experience and built firmly on Irish‐Ireland roots" and had rid the party of "do‐nothing backwoodsmen", thereby becoming the "first plausible and respected Labour leader in Ireland". It was at this same time that Mac Aonghusa was elevated to Vice-Chairman of the party. As vice-chair, Mac Aonghusa tried to convict Corish to stand in the 1966 Irish presidential election. When he failed to do so, he supported Fine Gael's Tom O'Higgins (considered to be on the left of that party) in his bid for the presidency. O'Higgins came within 0.5% of beating the incumbent, an ageing Éamon de Valera.
It was around this same time that Mac Aonghusa became active in the Wolfe Tone Society; a republican organisation linked almost directly to Sinn Féin. Mac Aonghusa suggested that republicans with "progressive views" should join the Labour party. In 1966, alongside Máirtín Ó Cadhain and other Gaeilgeoirí, Mac Aonghusa counter-protested and disrupted the Language Freedom Movement, an organisation seeking the abolition of compulsory Irish in the education system. For this, Mac Aonghusa and his allies were criticised as acting illiberally, while Mac Aonghusa maintained that those who opposed the Irish language were "slaves" unworthy of tolerance.
Support of Labour Youth League and expulsion
Mac Aonghusa's open disdain for the conservative and trade union wings of the Labour, as well as his open embrace of republican sensibilities and tendency to make pronouncements on Labour policy without first consulting the party's structures, brought him many internal enemies. An attempt was made to censure Mac Aonghusa for backing breakaway trade unions, but he was able to survive this. In 1966 Mac Aonghusa encouraged the formation of the Young Labour League, an unofficial youth wing of the party led by Brian Og O'Higgins, son of former Sinn Féin president Brian O'Higgins. Mirroring Mac Aonghusa's own position, the Youth League were Corish loyalists that open rebelled against the views of Labour's conservative deputy leader James Tully. When the youth league began publishing their own weekly newsletter, Labour's administrative council condemned it after discovering material which was "violently" critical of Tully and other Labour conservatives. An ensuing investigation into the newsletter led to Mac Aonghusa admitting that he had financed it and written some of the content, but not the anti-Tully material. After Mac Aonghusa refused to co-operate with further investigations into the matter, he was expelled on 12 January 1967 for "activities injurious" to the party. In the aftermath, Mac Aonghusa portrayed himself a left-wing martyr purged by a right-wing "Star chamber", a tactic that garnered him sympathy. Nevertheless, his expulsion was confirmed at the October 1967 party conference, despite one last appeal. His wife Catherine left the party alongside him.
Return to journalism, writing
In the aftermath of his expulsion from Labour, Mac Aonghusa expressed an interest in the social democratic wing of Fine Gael, which had been developing under Declan Costello since the mid-1960s. However, he did not join the party and instead ran as an independent candidate in the 1969 general election in Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown. When he was not elected there he began to refocus on the revival of the Irish language and with nationalist politics rather than being elected himself.
Upon the onset of the Troubles, Mac Aonghusa was initially supportive of Official Sinn Féin, however by 1972 he came to resent them and, through the Ned Stapleton Cumann, their secret influence over RTÉ. During the Arms Crisis in 1970, Mac Aonghusa supported Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney, who stood accused of arranging to supply weapons to the Provisional IRA, in the pages of the New Statesman and other left‐wing journals. In this time period, Mac Aonghusa warned editors not to reprint his material in the Republic of Ireland as there was a de facto ban on him, and indeed, official attempts were made to block the transmission of his telexed reports.
Despite his earlier famed stark criticism of Fianna Fáil, Mac Aonghusa's defence of Haughey led to a friendship between the two men which resulted in Mac Aonghusa becoming one of his loudest defenders throughout the rest of Haughey's career. Mac Aonghusa's columns in the Sunday World and Irish language paper Anois were accused of descending into self-parody in their stringent defences of Haughey.
During the 1970s, Mac Aonghusa wrote a number of books covering significant figures in Irish republicanism; in order, he released books on James Connolly, Patrick Pearse, Wolfe Tone and Éamon de Valera. In his work on De Valera, Mac Aonghusa emphasised what he perceived as the more radical aspects of the Fianna Fáil founder. During 1974 and 1975, Mac Aonghusa worked as a United Nations Special Representative to the Southern Africa region with Seán MacBride, where they involved themselves in the South African Border War, and during which time Mac Aonghusa became involved in setting up a radio station in Namibia, linked to the SWAPO nationalist party.
In the 1980s, Haughey twice appointed Mac Aonghusa to the Arts Council as well as naming him president of Bord na Gaeilge (1989 to 1993). This was an issue as Mac Aonghusa was already president of Conradh na Gaeilge; being head of the main Irish language lobbying body as well as the state body responsible for the Irish language had an obvious conflict of interest. In 1991, following the announcement by Haughey that the government was to fund the creation of an Irish-language television station (launched in 1996 as Teilifís na Gaeilge), an elated Mac Aonghusa suggested that Haughey would be "remembered among the families of the Gael as long as the Gaelic nation shall survive".
In 1992 there were calls for Mac Aonghusa to step down from Bord na Gaeilge after he pronounced that "every respectable nationalist" in West Belfast should vote for Sinn Féin Gerry Adams over the SDLP candidate Joe Hendron in the 1992 UK general election as Mac Aonghusa considered a defeat for Adams "a victory for British imperialism". Nevertheless, Mac Aonghusa simultaneously advised voters in South Down to vote for the SDLP's Eddie McGrady over Sinn Féin. Mac Aonghusa railed against his detractors at the Conradh na Gaeilge árdfheis that year, declaring that "The mind of the slave, of the slíomadóir, of the hireling and the vagabond is still fairly dominant in Ireland".
As of 1995, Mac Aonghusa continued to label himself a socialist. In the forward to the book he wrote about James Connolly he released that year, Mac Aonghusa declared that
However, with the recent collapse of the Soviet Union in mind, Mac Aonghusa declared that the Stalinist regimes of Eastern Europe had not been socialist, and argued that the social democracies of Scandinavia (the Nordic model), were what James Connolly had envisioned as the desired socialist society. In the same text, Mac Aonghusa accused the Irish education system as well as Ireland's media of obfuscating Connolly's views on socialism and nationalism.
Mac Aonghusa battled through ill health in his final years but remained able to continue writing a number of books. His last publication, Súil Tharam in 2001, came just two years before his death in 2003.
Personal life
In 1955 Mac Aonghusa married Catherine Ellis, a member of the Church of Ireland from Belfast; for her married name, Catherine choose to use "McGuinness", the English language equivalent of Mac Aonghusa. Catherine McGuinness would go on to become a Supreme Court Judge over the course of her legal career. Together they would have three children together.
Bibliography
Súil Tharam (An Clóchomhar, 2001)
Oireachtas na Gaeilge 1897-1997 (Conradh na Gaeilge, 1997)
Daithí Ó hUaithne: Cuimhní Cairde (An Clóchomhar 1994)(edited with Tomás de Bhaldraithe)
Ar Son na Gaeilge – Conradh na Gaeilge 1893-1993 (Conradh na Gaeilge, 1993)
Ros Muc agus Cogadh na Saoirse (Conradh na Gaeilge, 1992)
Ón gCrannóg (An Clóchomhar, 1991)
Gaillimh agus Aistí Eile (An Clóchomhar, 1983)
Éamon de Valera – Na Blianta Réabhlóideacha (An Clóchomhar, 1982)
Aeriris (An Clóchomhar, 1976)
What Connolly Said (1995)
The Best of Tone (1976)
The Best of Pearse (1972)
The Best of Connolly (1967) (edited with Liam Ó Réagáin)
Corish Speaks (1967) (a collection of speeches by Brendan Corish, edited and introduced by Proinsias Mac Aonghusa
Proportional Representation in Ireland (1959).
References
1933 births
2003 deaths
20th-century Irish people
21st-century Irish people
Irish language activists
Irish republicans
Irish socialists
Irish writers
Irish-language writers
Jacob's Award winners
Labour Party (Ireland) politicians
People from County Galway
RTÉ Radio 1 presenters
RTÉ television presenters
UTV (TV channel) |
6902996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iten | Iten | Iten is a town in Elgeyo-Marakwet County in the Republic of Kenya. Iten serves as the capital and is the largest town in the county. The town is located along the road between Eldoret and Kabarnet at the junction of the road heading to Kapsowar. Elgeyo escarpment and Kerio River are located east of Iten. The town has a population of 42,312.
It forms a common local authority (Iten/Tambach town council) with Tambach, a small town in the vicinity. Iten was the headquarters of the former Elgeyo-Marakwet District since 1966, when it replaced Tambach.
The name of the town is a corruption of Hill Ten, a local rock formation named by Joseph Thomson in 1883. The hill is located 800 meters outside the village, on the road toward Kessup. It can be best viewed from the Iten Viewpoint.
Naming
The name is a local corruption of Hill Ten, a local rock formation that was named by Joseph Thompson in 1883.
He inscribed the words Hill Ten on a rock while exploring the Kerio Valley to mark the number of hills he had conquered.
The hill is located about 800 metres outside the main town, on the road toward Kessup.
Running community
St. Patrick's High School is located in Iten. The school has, over the last 30 years, produced world-class long distance athletes. Alumni include Ibrahim Hussein, winner of three Boston Marathons and one New York City Marathon; Peter Rono, a 1988 Olympic gold medalist at 1,500 meters; Wilson Boit Kipketer, a 1997 world champion and 2000 Olympic silver medalist in the 3,000-meter steeplechase; Matthew Birir, 1992 Olympic gold medalist at the 3,000-meter steeplechase; and David Rudisha, 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medalist and world record holder at 800m. The coach of these athletes, Brother Colm O'Connell of Ireland, came to Iten in 1976 expecting to stay just three months. He has lived in Iten ever since.
Many athletes, including Rudisha, and world champions Edna Kiplagat, Florence Kiplagat, Lornah Kiplagat, Linet Masai, and Mary Keitany, have made homes in Iten. O'Connell is credited in starting the influx of female athletes to Iten in the early 1990s when he trained and hosted World Champion Sally Barsosio, Rose Cheruiyot, and world junior champion Lydia Cheromei (all of whom lived in O'Connell's back garden houses).
Each Christmas Eve, the town plays host to the largest women's-only race in Kenya, The Shoe4Africa 5km. It was in the 2006 edition of this race that world champion Mary Keitany began her athletics career.
The town hosts the high altitude training centre, HATC, founded in 1999 by Lornah Kiplagat and Pieter Langerhorst. Other landmarks include the Kerio View Hotel founded in 1995 by Jean Paul Fourier. In 2012, the World Record holder in marathon (second fastest at that time) Wilson Kipsang, opened the Keeluu Resort: a lodging, conference and dining center.
The book More Fire by Toby Tanser, 2008, was written in and based on Iten, as was Tanser's earlier book Train Hard, Win easy. The Kenyan Way. 1997. Iten is also a featured location in Adharanand Finn's 2012 book Running With The Kenyans.
Notable people
Paul Kipkemoi Chelimo – Olympic track & field athlete, born in Iten, lives in the USA.
Mary Keitany – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Iten.
Edna Kiplagat – Olympic track & field athlete, trained in Iten, lives in Colorado.
Florence Kiplagat – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Iten.
Lornah Kiplagat – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Holland, Nairobi, and Iten.
David Rudisha – Olympic track & field athlete, lives in Eldoret, trained in Iten.
Asbel Kiprop – Olympic track & field athlete, trained in Iten, lives in Eldoret.
Wilson Kipsang – Olympic track & field athlete, lives and trains in Iten.
Joyce Chepkurui – Olympic track & field athlete, trained in Iten.
Sally Barsosio – Olympic track & field athlete. Years 1993 to 1997, trained in Iten.
Brother Colm O'Connell – World renowned coach. Lives in Iten.
Stephen Cherono – World record holder track & field athlete, trained in Iten, lives in Eldoret.
Lydia Cheromei – World champion track & field athlete. Years 1992 to 2010.
Jake Robertson - New Zealand national marathon record holder. At 17 he moved to Iten, Kenya with his twin brother and fellow professional runner Zane Robertson.
Zane Robertson - Olympic track & field athlete, twin brother of New Zealand national marathon record holder Jake Robertson.
Agnes Tirop - Olympic world record holder killed in Iten in 2021.
Notable places
St. Patrick's High School – A boys-only national secondary school which has fostered many notable athletes.
View Point – A private park that sits at the edge of the Elgeyo escarpment and has views of both Thompson's Hill number ten and the Gregory Rift
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070318110920/http://www.geocities.com/hatc99/where.htm
http://www.lornah.com/
Elgeyo-Marakwet County
Populated places in Rift Valley Province
County capitals in Kenya |
23572956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n%20Ti%E1%BA%BFn%20Trung | Nguyễn Tiến Trung | Nguyễn Tiến Trung (born 1983 in Hung Ha district, Thai Binh province) is a pro-democracy activist in Vietnam. As the founder and leader of the Assembly of Vietnamese Youth for Democracy Trung has been one of the outspoken political dissidents in Vietnam. He was arrested on July 7, 2009, by the public security of Vietnam for allegedly "plotting to overthrow the government of Vietnam." The accusation was persistently rejected domestically and internationally by some Vietnam analysts such as Pham Hong Son and Carl Thayer.
Background
As a graduate of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology in 2002, Trung went abroad to attend the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) in France in 2002 and earned a Master's degree in Information Technology in 2007. It was during this interval that Trung took an interest in political activism, pushing for greater democracy in Vietnam.
Activism
In a bold move in February 2006, Trung petitioned the Communist Party of Vietnam Tenth Congress, followed by a letter titled “Suggestions from an ordinary student” to the Minister of Education Nguyen Minh Hien, seeking redress in the ideologically overbearing dose of politics in Vietnam's education system. There was no official response.
On May 8, 2006, Nguyễn Tiến Trung officially founded the Assembly of Vietnamese Youth for Democracy (Tập hợp Thanh niên Dân chủ, THTNDC in Vietnamese, variously translated as "Movement of Democratic Youth" and "Democratic Youth of Vietnam"), calling for students to take part in pushing for political reforms in Vietnam. The goals set forth include disseminating democratic principles, creating a forum for the exchange of political ideas, and organizing for political activism despite the still one-party state in Vietnam.
Taking advantage of the 2006 APEC summit being hosted in Hanoi, THTNDC gathered signatures in mid-2006 petitioning the APEC leaders directly. Trung himself went to Canada seeking support from Canadian dignitaries to back the movement and the demand for democratic reforms. Furthermore, Trung met with President George W. Bush in the US and the members of the European Commission, enlisting their support.
On December 25, 2006, Nguyen Tien Trung formally submitted his application to the Vietnam Democratic Party (), headed by professor Hoang Minh Chinh and Nguyen Si Binh (alias: Nguyen Trong Nghia). Trung rose in this organization and was appointed deputy secretary for the party, heading up Youth Affairs.
The THTNDC in the meantime set up a new radio channel for Vietnamese youths in March 2007, broadcasting from Yahoo blog 360, twice weekly in 15–20 minute segments. In its debut broadcast, 7000 listeners tuned in.
Shortly after his return to Vietnam in 2007, Trung was called to present for military service in March 2008. According to his mother, he declined to take the Army's honor oath as he claimed it deviated from the revolutionary spirit set forth by Ho Chi Minh. Trung was dismissed from the military on 6 July 2009 but then arrested the very next day and charged with violating the 88th article of Criminal Code, allegedly for "plotting to overthrow the government of Vietnam".
His arrest followed the detention of two other dissidents, attorney Le Cong Dinh and Tran Anh Kim, a retired Army officer.
Vietnamese response
After Trung's arrest, Vietnamese formed groups supporting him such as “Release Nguyen Tien Trung - say 1000s and 1000s of Vietnamese on FB". However the response to this group was not strong. There were around 1000 people in the group, which had signed a letter appealing for his freedom.
International response
One day after Trung's arrest, Loretta Sanchez, member of the United States House of Representatives, officially protested the Vietnamese government's action in jailing the activists.
Political analyst Carl Thayer from the University of New South Wales noted that charges of subversion are unsubstantiated while the real intent of the Communist authorities is to silence the dissidents.
In connection with Nguyen Tien Trung detention, Reporters Without Borders, a Paris-based international non-government organization, has released an official condemnation of the arrest, asserting that while the rest of the world has its attention on protests in Iran and the riots in Xinjiang, the Vietnamese Communist government had jailed a number of pro-democracy activists who had spoken out against the state even though their efforts have been peaceful. This would set Vietnam back 10 years in terms of the democratizing process. This was followed by reports that Nguyen Tien Trung was denied access to legal counsel. While in detention Trung is under coercive physical and psychological measures to "confess". The communiqué issued by Reporters Without Borders called on the international community to pressure the Vietnamese government to live up to its signatory status in respecting human rights.
On July 14, The European Union (EU) represented by The EU Troika through the ambassadors of Sweden, Spain and The European Commission formally expressed their “grave concern” over the recent arrests of Nguyen Tien Trung and Tran Anh Kim.
Other analysts asserted that the arrests of activists like Nguyen Tien Trung are part of Vietnam's synchronizing its policy with China's current repressive stance in silencing all protest.
On August 2 Nguyen Tien Trung's supporters protested publicly at the Trocadéro, Paris in an attempt to draw more attention toward his detention. Appearing in the campaign, Professor Philippe Echard, a former head of the International Relations Department of INSA, told the BBC that he, as an educator supervising international relations issues, was extremely concerned over the arrest of Nguyen Tien Trung by the Vietnamese communist government. He called for the immediate and unconditional release of Trung.
Vietnam's Government-published confessing video
In a response to the confession videotape of Nguyen Tien Trung subsequently broadcast on Vietnam's national television following his arrest, Nguyen Hoang Lan, one of members of the Democratic Party of Vietnam and the Assembly of Vietnamese Youth for Democracy, pronounced that Trung's confession, along with those of the other dissidents under detention was made under duress. The Vietnamese authorities aired the tape to "prove" Trung's complicity and counter international criticisms of his arrest.
According to a formal announcement of the Assembly of Vietnamese Youth for Democracy toward the confession tape of Nguyen Tien Trung and the other pro-democracy activists, the Assembly proclaimed the action of filming the defendant, while under investigation, appeared to be an abuse formally forbidden by law. The Assembly steadfastly articulated that no one should seem to be convicted for their crimes before an official verdict has been handed down. The Assembly called on Vietnam's government to respect the democratic processes in the legal proceedings against all of the defendants. The members of the Assembly of Vietnamese Youth for Democracy have been supporting Nguyen Tien Trung and others arrested for peaceful activism; so far their detentions have not resulted in charges or trial. The Assembly has formally made another appeal to the government for the immediate and unconditional release of the arrested activists, on the grounds of respect for Vietnam's constitution and international conventions.
He was released in April, 2014 to be returned to his home under local supervision and serve the remaining three years under house arrest.
See also
Assembly of Vietnamese Youth for Democracy
Human rights in Vietnam
References
External links
Vietnam's new dissidents thrive via Internet
Two men arrested for anti-state activities
Vietnam: More dissidents arrested
Carlyle A. Thayer in The University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Đài Tiếng nói thanh niên trên blog Yahoo 360 độ.
Viet Youth for Democracy
Bạn gái Nguyễn Tiến Trung nói anh 'làm đúng', on BBC.
Thư gửi Bộ trưởng Giáo dục của Nguyễn Tiến Trung, on BBC
Dissident’s acts against State published Những kẻ phản động trong số du học sinh on Vietnamese state Daily News
Upcoming movement for Nguyen Tien Trung's freedom in Trocadéro Square(Paris) at 3PM on August 2, 2009.
Comité pour la libération de Nguyễn Tiến Trung le 2 août 2009 à Paris
Vietnamese dissidents
Vietnamese democracy activists
1983 births
Living people
Prisoners and detainees of Vietnam
Vietnamese prisoners and detainees |
23572958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea%20shuttleworthii | Stanhopea shuttleworthii | Stanhopea shuttleworthii is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia (Tolima).
References
External links
shuttleworthii
Endemic orchids of Colombia
Flora of Tolima Department |
23572959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20estate%20development | Real estate development | Real estate development, or property development, is a business process, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property. Real estate development is different from construction or housebuilding, although many developers also manage the construction process or engage in housebuilding.
Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, develop projects in joint venture, create, imagine, control, and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers purchase a tract of land, determine the marketing of the property, develop the building program and design, obtain the necessary public approval and financing, build the structures, and rent out, manage, and ultimately sell it.
Sometimes property developers will only undertake part of the process. For example, some developers source a property and get the plans and permits approved before selling the property with the plans and permits to a builder at a premium price. Alternatively, a developer that is also a builder may purchase a property with the plans and permits in place so that they do not have the risk of failing to obtain planning approval and can start construction on the development immediately.
Developers work with many different counterparts along each step of this process, including architects, city planners, engineers, surveyors, inspectors, contractors, lawyers, leasing agents, etc. In the Town and Country Planning context in the United Kingdom, 'development' is defined in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 s55.
History
Credentials
Many aspects of the real estate development process require local or state licensing, such as acting as a real estate broker or sales agent. A real estate developer is not a professional designation; there are no schools or associations who recognize or protect the term as a trademark.
Paths for entering the development field
No single path automatically leads to success in real estate development. Developers come from a variety of disciplines— construction, urban planning, lending, architecture, law and accounting, among others. Recent specialized programs that award a Master of Real Estate Development (MRED) degree are also available. The graduate programs in real estate development are the most comprehensive education in the real estate industry. Other formal education includes a Master of Science in Real Estate (MSRE), or an MBA.
Organizing for development
A development team can be put together in one of several ways. At one extreme, a large company might include many services, from architecture to engineering. At the other end of the spectrum, a development company might consist of one principal and a few staff who hire or contract with other companies and professionals for each service as needed.
Assembling a team of professionals to address the environmental, economic, private, physical and political issues inherent in a complex development project is critical. A developer's success depends on the ability to coordinate and lead the completion of a series of interrelated activities efficiently and at the appropriate time.
Development process requires skills of many professionals: architects, landscape architects, civil engineers and site planners to address project design; market consultants to determine demand and a project's economics; attorneys to handle agreements and government approvals; environmental consultants and soils engineers to analyze a site's physical limitations and environmental impacts; surveyors and title companies to provide legal descriptions of a property; and lenders to provide financing. The general contractor of the project hires subcontractors to put the architectural plans into action.
Land development
Purchasing unused land for a potential development is sometimes called speculative development.
Subdivision of land is the principal mechanism by which communities are developed. Technically, subdivision describes the legal and physical steps a developer must take to convert raw land into developed land. Subdivision is a vital part of a community's growth, determining its appearance, the mix of its land uses, and its infrastructure, including roads, drainage systems, water, sewerage, and public utilities.
Land development can pose the most risk, but can also be the most profitable technique as it is dependent on the public sector for approvals and infrastructure and because it involves a long investment period with no positive cash flow.
After subdivision is complete, the developer usually markets the land to a home builder or other end user, for such uses as a warehouse or shopping center. In any case, use of spatial intelligence tools mitigate the risk of these developers by modeling the population trends and demographic make-up of the sort of customers a home builder or retailer would like to have surrounding their new development.
See also
Gentrification
Land consumption
Property investment calculator
Real estate bubble
Real estate business
Shared ranch
Urban sprawl
References
Architecture
Construction
Real estate |
17329954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces%20of%20a%20Man | Pieces of a Man | Pieces of a Man is the debut studio album by American poet Gil Scott-Heron. It was recorded in April 1971 at RCA Studios in New York City and released later that year by Flying Dutchman Records. The album followed Scott-Heron's debut live album Small Talk at 125th and Lenox (1970) and departed from that album's spoken word performance, instead featuring compositions in a more conventional popular song structure.
Pieces of a Man marked the first of several collaborations by Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson, who played piano throughout the record. It is one of Scott-Heron's most critically acclaimed albums and one of the Flying Dutchman label's best-selling LP's. Earning modest success after its release, Pieces of a Man has received retrospective praise from critics. Music critics have suggested that Heron's combination of R&B, soul, jazz-funk, and proto-rap influenced the development of electronic dance music and hip hop. The album was reissued on compact disc by RCA in 1993.
Background and recording
Before pursuing a recording career, Scott-Heron focused on a writing career. He published a volume of poetry and his first novel, The Vulture, in 1970. Subsequently, Scott-Heron was encouraged by jazz producer Bob Thiele to record and released a live album, Small Talk at 125th and Lenox (1970). It was inspired by a volume of poetry of the same name and was well received by music critics.
Pieces of a Man was recorded at RCA Studios in New York City on April 19 and 20 in 1971. The album's first four tracks were written by Scott-Heron, and the last seven tracks were co-written by Scott-Heron and keyboardist Brian Jackson, who backs Scott-Heron with Pretty Purdie & the Playboys. The album was produced by Thiele, who was known for working with jazz artists such as Louis Armstrong and John Coltrane.
Music and lyrics
The album's music is rooted in the blues and jazz influences, which Scott-Heron referred to as "bluesology, the science of how things feel." The album features Gil Scott-Heron exercising his singing abilities in contrast to his previous work with poetry. It also contains more conventional song structures than the loose, spoken-word feel of Small Talk.
On the album's jazz elements, music critic Vince Aletti wrote, "the songs have a loose, unanchored quality that sets them apart from both R&B and rock work. Scott-Heron sings straight-out, with an ache in his voice that conveys pain, bitterness and tenderness with equal grace and, in most cases, subtlety. Frequently the nature of the jazz backing is so free that the vocals take on an independent, almost a cappella feeling which Scott-Heron carries off surprisingly well." Uncut writes that "Heron adopts his trademark jazz-funk sound, underpinned by the great Ron Carter on bass, with Hubert Laws' flute fluttering about like an elusive bird of paradise". Sputnikmusic's Nick Butler notes its latter eight songs as "in line with the soul of the very early '70s - think a Curtis that replaces an orchestra with a chamber band, or a What's Going On that replaces head-in-the-clouds wistfulness with earthy indignation, or a There's A Riot Goin' On without the drugs".
"Lady Day and John Coltrane" was written by Scott-Heron as an homage to influential jazz musicians Billie Holiday and John Coltrane. His lyrics discuss the ability of music to rid people of the personal problems of alienation and existentialism in the modern world. The album features two of Scott-Heron's most well-known songs, "Home Is Where the Hatred Is", which was later a hit for R&B singer Esther Phillips, and "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised", which was originally featured on his debut album Small Talk in spoken word form. "Home Is Where the Hatred Is" is a melodic, somber composition of the narrator's dangerous and hopeless environment, presumably of the ghetto, and how its effects take a toll on him. Scott-Heron's lyrics demonstrate these themes of social disillusionment and hopelessness in the first verse and the chorus.
Unlike other songs on the album, "Save the Children" and "I Think I’ll Call It Morning" are optimistic dedications to joy, happiness, and freedom. The title track, described by journalist and music writer Vince Alleti as the album's best song, is a lyrically cinematic account of a man's breakdown after losing his job as witnessed by his son. Scott-Heron's lyricism on the album has been acclaimed by critics, as the lyrics for "Pieces of a Man" received praise for its empathetic narration. The album's opening track, "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised", is a proto-rap track with lyricism criticizing the United States government and mass media. Considered a classic in the rap genre, the song features many political references, unadorned arrangements, pounding bass lines and stripped-down drumbeats. The song's structure and musical formula would later influence the blueprint of modern hip hop. Because of the song's spoken word style and critical overtones, it has often been referred to as the birth of rap.
Release and reception
Pieces of a Man was released in 1971 by Flying Dutchman Records and fared better commercially than Small Talk at 125th and Lenox. Sales began to increase two years after its release, following Scott-Heron's and Jackson's departure from Flying Dutchman to Strata-East before they recorded Winter in America (1974). Pieces of a Man entered the Top Jazz Albums chart on June 2, 1973. The album peaked at number 25 on the chart and remained on the chart for six weeks until July 7, 1973. "Home Is Where the Hatred Is" was released as a radio single with "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" as the b-side. However, it did not chart. Pieces of a Man was reissued in the United States in 1993 on compact disc by RCA
Upon its release, Pieces of a Man received little critical attention except for praise by Rolling Stone. Later, the album gained much critical acclaim, as it was praised for Scott-Heron's lyrics, political awareness, and its influence on hip hop. Despite little mainstream success or critical notice during its release, music journalist Vince Aletti of Rolling Stone praised the album in a July 1972 article, stating, "Here is an album that needs discovering. It's strong, deeply soulful and possessed of that rare and wonderful quality in this time of hollow, obligatory "relevance" – intelligence.... the material is tough and real, "relevant" while avoiding, on the one hand, empty cliche and, on the other, fierce rhetoric, its own kind of cliche.... It may not be easy to find, but it's an involving, important album (especially so because of its successful and accessible use of jazz) and it's worth looking for." The following year, Roger St. Pierre of NME hailed the album as "the sound of the black revolution".
Pieces of a Man received stronger retrospective reviews from music critics. Adam Sweeting of The Guardian praised the album in an August 2004 article, calling it a "pioneering mix of politics, protest and proto-rap poetry, set to a musical jazz-funk hybrid." BBC Online described Pieces of a Man as a "great example of his lyrical prowess and perfectly showcases the depths of his vocal talent."
Legacy and influence
The album has earned a larger legacy thanks to the influential proto-rap song "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised". In a 1998 interview with the Houston Press, Scott-Heron discussed how much of the album was overshadowed by the controversial song and the social-consciousness displayed:
In a review of the album, Nick Dedina of Rhapsody noted the album's influence on modern music forms, stating "Dance and hip-hop have borrowed (or stolen) so much from this album that it's easy to forget how original Scott-Heron's mix of soul, jazz, and pre-rap once was." In 1996, radio station WXPN ranked Pieces of a Man number 100 on its list of The 100 Most Progressive Albums, and in 2005 it was included in Blow Ups list of The 600 Essential Albums. The blend of sound and instrumentation featured on Pieces of a Man later inspired many neo-soul artists in the 1990s.
Heron's works have greatly impacted and influenced hip-hop and in 2018, rapper Mick Jenkins titled his sophomore studio album after this album as an homage to Heron.
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Gil Scott-Heron – guitar, piano, vocals
Hubert Laws – flute, saxophone
Brian Jackson – piano
Burt Jones – electric guitar
Ron Carter – bass
Bernard Purdie – drums
Johnny Pate – conductor
Production
Bob Thiele – production
Bob Simpson – mixing
Charles Stewart – cover photo
Charts
References
Bibliography
External links
Pieces of a Man at Discogs
Sound Check: Pieces of a Man — By Vibe
Album Review at Must Hear
1971 albums
Gil Scott-Heron albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Thiele
Albums conducted by Johnny Pate
Jazz-funk albums |
23572968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milano%20trema%3A%20la%20polizia%20vuole%20giustizia | Milano trema: la polizia vuole giustizia | The Violent Professionals (Italian: Milano trema: la polizia vuole giustizia) is a 1973 Italian Poliziotteschi gangster film directed by Sergio Martino. The film stars Luc Merenda (Giorgio Caneparo) who goes undercover as a getaway driver for the mob so he can wage a one-man war on crime to avenge the death of father-figure cop Gianni (Silvano Tranquilli).
In 2009 Empire Magazine named it #9 in a poll of the "20 Greatest Gangster Movies You've Never Seen* (*Probably)".
Cast
Luc Merenda as Commissioner Giorgio Caneparo
Richard Conte as Padulo aka Salassolio
Silvano Tranquilli as Gianni Viviani
Carlo Alighiero as Commissioner Nicastro
Martine Brochard as Maria
Chris Avram as Commissioner Del Buono
Lia Tanzi as the prostitute
Antonio Casale as Casardi
Luciano Rossi as Cruciani
Release
The Violent Professionals was released in Italy on August 22, 1973 where it was distributed by Interfilm. It was a box office hit in Italy where it grossed a total of 1,162,424,000 Italian lire.
The film has been released in an English-language friendly DVD by Wild East and as a double feature from Alpha Video with Deadly Drifter.
See also
List of Italian films of 1973
Footnotes
References
External links
Film locations in Milan
Films directed by Sergio Martino
Police detective films
1970s crime films
Poliziotteschi films
1973 films
Films set in Milan
Films with screenplays by Ernesto Gastaldi
Films produced by Luciano Martino
1970s Italian films |
23572973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea%20stevensonii | Stanhopea stevensonii | Stanhopea stevensonii is a species of orchid endemic to Colombia (Meta).
References
External links
stevensonii
Endemic orchids of Colombia
Flora of Meta Department |
6902998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho%20national%20cricket%20team | Lesotho national cricket team | The Lesotho national cricket team is the team that represents the Kingdom of Lesotho in international cricket. They became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2001 and an associate member in 2017.
Lesotho has played international cricket since at least 1986, when they played Swaziland in Maseru. They made their official ICC debut at Division Three of the Africa Region of the ICC World Cricket League in April 2006, where they came last in the eight-team tournament.
In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Lesotho and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I.
Records and Statistics
International Match Summary — Lesotho
Last updated 25 November 2022
Twenty20 International
Highest team total: 153/3 v. Seychelles, 20 November 2022 at Gahanga International Cricket Stadium, Kigali.
Highest individual score: 68*, Maaz Khan v. Seychelles, 20 November 2022 at Gahanga International Cricket Stadium, Kigali.
Best individual bowling figures: 3/32, Yahya Jakda v. Seychelles, 20 November 2022 at Gahanga International Cricket Stadium, Kigali.
Most T20I runs for Lesotho
Most T20I wickets for Lesotho
T20I record versus other nations
Records complete to T20I #1923. Last updated 25 November 2022.
Other matches
For a list of selected international matches played by Lesotho, see Cricket Archive.
See also
List of Lesotho Twenty20 International cricketers
Lesotho women's national cricket team
References
Cricket in Lesotho
National cricket teams
Cricket
Lesotho in international cricket |
23572992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardov | Bernardov | Bernardov is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
17329963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim%20Kingsbury%20Avery | Ephraim Kingsbury Avery | Ephraim Kingsbury Avery (December 18, 1799 – October 23, 1869) was a Methodist minister who was among the first clergymen tried for murder in the United States. Avery is often cited as "the first", although it is thought there is at least one case that precedes Avery's.
The murder
On December 21, 1832, farmer John Durfee of Tiverton, Rhode Island, discovered a woman's corpse hanging by her neck from a rope tied to a stackpole used to dry hay. Investigators identified the woman as 30-year-old factory worker Sarah Maria Cornell, of Fall River, Massachusetts. The family from whom Sarah Cornell rented a room discovered among her personal effects a note written by Cornell and dated the same day as her death:
"If I should be missing, enquire of the Rev. Mr. Avery of Bristol, he will know where I am."
Other suspicious and incriminating letters came to light, as well as a conversation she had had with a doctor indicating the married Avery was the father of her unborn child. A coroner's jury was convened in Tiverton before any autopsy had been performed. This jury found that Cornell had "committed suicide by hanging herself upon a stake ... and was influenced to commit said crime by the wicked conduct of a married man."
After the autopsy was performed, however, it was discovered that Cornell had been four months pregnant at the time of her death. A second coroner's jury was convened, this time in Bristol, Rhode Island. This jury overruled the earlier finding of suicide and accused Ephraim Kingsbury Avery, a married Methodist minister, as the "principal or accessory" in her death. Avery was quickly arrested on a charge of murder, but just as quickly set free on his own recognizance.
Cornell's pregnancy led another Methodist minister to reject the responsibility of burying her the second time (she already once been exhumed for autopsy). He claimed that she had only been a "probationary" member of his congregation. Responsibility for her burial was assumed by the Fall River Congregationalists, and Cornell was buried as an indigent, on Christmas Eve. That night in Fall River, money was raised and two committees pledged to assist the officials of Tiverton with the murder investigation. The next day (Christmas being not widely celebrated in largely Puritan New England), a steamship was chartered to take one hundred men from Fall River to Bristol. They surrounded Avery's home and demanded he come out. Avery declined, but did send a friend outside to try to placate the crowd. The men eventually left when the steamship signaled its return to Fall River.
In Bristol, an inquest was convened, in which two Justices of the Peace found there to be insufficient evidence to try Avery for the crime of murder. The people of Fall River were outraged, and there were rumors that one of the justices was a Methodist, and was looking to quell the scandal. The deputy sheriff of Fall River, Harvey Harnden, obtained from a Rhode Island superior court judge a warrant for Avery's arrest. When a Rhode Island sheriff went to serve it, he discovered that Avery had already fled.
On January 20, 1833, Harnden tracked Avery to Rindge, New Hampshire. Avery later claimed he had fled because he feared for his life, particularly at the hands of the mob that had surrounded his house. Harnden extradited Avery to Newport, Rhode Island, where Avery was put in jail. On March 8, 1833, Avery was indicted for murder by a Newport County grand jury. He pleaded "not guilty".
A war for public opinion
There were a great deal of external concerns interested in the case of the young Methodist girl who had been employed at the Fall River Manufactory. For one, New England Protestantism was suspicious of the encroachment of the comparatively new sect of Methodism, and the trial seemed to confirm their worst fears. Another was the 19th-century American industrialists whose cotton mills relied on the labor of young, newly independent women. The case of Sarah Cornell cast into doubt the industrialists' assertion that women would be as safe in the factories as they were working at home with their families.
It was therefore in the interest of the factory-owners to keep Cornell from being smeared in the press, and to push for the arrest and conviction of her murderer. Conversely, the Methodist Church wanted to earn respectability and make converts, and wanted to avoid at all costs a criminal and sexual scandal involving one of its own ministers. Consequently, both of these groups contributed a great deal of effort, money and publicity to the trial, for either the prosecution's side or the defense.
The trial
The trial began on May 6, 1833, and was heard by the Supreme Judicial Council (what is today the Rhode Island Supreme Court). The lawyers for the prosecution were Rhode Island Attorney General Albert C. Greene and former attorney general Dutee Jerauld Pearce. The six lawyers for the defense, hired by the Methodist Church, were led by former United States Senator and New Hampshire Attorney General Jeremiah Mason.
The trial lasted 27 days. Under Rhode Island law at the time, defendants in capital cases were not permitted to offer testimony in their own defense, so Avery did not get the opportunity to speak. However, both the prosecution and the defense called a large number of witnesses to testify, 68 for the prosecution, and 128 for the defense.
Although Jeremiah Mason maintained that Avery had not been present when the murder occurred, the larger part of the defense strategy was to call into question Sarah Cornell's morals. The defense characterized her as "utterly abandoned, unprincipled, profligate," and brought forth many witnesses to testify to her promiscuity, suicidal ideation and mental instability. Much was made of how Cornell had been cast out of the Methodist Church for fornication.
Sarah Maria Cornell had come from a fairly prosperous and prominent Connecticut family, but had fallen on hard times after her father, a successful paper cutter, had abandoned them. In her late teens and twenties, Cornell went back and forth between factory work and skilled employment as a seamstress. She acquired a reputation for petty theft and general "bad character". She moved from town to town in New England, engaging in several affairs along the way, and once contracting gonorrhea.
The prosecution largely attempted to portray the Methodist clergy as a dangerous, almost secret society, willing to defend their minister and the good name of their church at any cost.
A medical debate centered around whether the unborn child was in fact conceived in August, although Puritan standards of propriety regarding the female body sometimes made it difficult to elicit factual information. One female witness, when questioned as to the state of Cornell's body, absolutely refused to answer, saying, "I never heard such questions asked of nobody."
Acquittal and aftermath
On June 2, 1833, after deliberating for 16 hours, the jury found Ephraim Kingsbury Avery "not guilty". The minister was set free and returned to his position in the Methodist Church, but the public opinion was that Avery had been wrongfully acquitted. Rallies hanged or burned effigies of Avery, and he himself was once almost lynched in Boston. A great deal of anger was also directed at the Methodist Church. To ease tensions, the church's New England Conference convened a trial of its own, chaired by Wilbur Fisk, in which Avery was again acquitted. This did little, if anything, to quell public antipathy toward Avery or the church.
Avery later embarked on a speaking tour to vindicate himself in the eyes of the public, but his efforts were largely unsuccessful. In 1836, Avery left the Methodist ministry, and took his family first to Connecticut, then upstate New York. They ultimately settled in Ohio, where he lived out the rest of his days as a farmer. Avery also wrote a pamphlet called The correct, full and impartial report of the trial of Rev. Ephraim K. Avery. He died on October 23, 1869, and was buried in South Pittsfield Cemetery, Lorain County, Ohio.
References
Further reading
Fiction
Non-fiction
1799 births
1869 deaths
American Methodist clergy
19th-century Methodist ministers
Burials in Ohio
19th-century American clergy |
17329988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Cornell | Sarah Cornell | Sarah Cornell may refer to:
Sarah Maria Cornell (1803–1832), American mill worker found hanged
Sarah Cornell (actress), Canadian actress |
23573000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun%20McKernan | Shaun McKernan | Shaun McKernan (born 1 September 1990) is a former Australian rules footballer having played for the St Kilda Football Club, Essendon Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
AFL career
Adelaide
McKernan was drafted by with pick 28 in the 2008 national draft. McKernan showed glimpses of his potential but soft tissue injuries and untimely suspensions meant he failed to cement a regular AFL spot. After six seasons and 34 games with the club, Adelaide delisted him.
Essendon
He joined with pick 12 in the 2014 rookie draft. In November 2016, McKernan was delisted by Essendon, however, he was re-drafted by Essendon in the 2017 rookie draft. McKernan was mainly used as a forward target with the occasional role of relieving in the ruck. McKernan played 16 games in 2019, of which nine were victories and was selected in the Bombers' Elimination Final team. In that season he also kicked 4 goals twice; against Melbourne in round three and Gold Coast in round 19. In a Covid-interrupted season, McKernan played nine of a possible 17 games for the Bombers for four wins, four losses and a draw. Of his final season at Essendon in 2020, McKernan admitted that he had 'fallen out love with the game' and that he "wasn’t happy with how my time finished at Essendon." McKernan wasn't interviewed as part of Essendon's football review at the end of 2020, of which he stated "for [Essendon] is probably a good thing because I would have been pretty honest." Essendon ultimately delisted McKernan and five others on 20 September 2020.
St Kilda
On 6 November 2020, McKernan joined St Kilda as a Free Agent. McKernan was courted by a number of clubs including Melbourne, but ultimately signed for the Saints. McKernan preferenced the Saints due to their closer proximity to his home, compared with Melbourne's training base at Casey Fields. McKernan was brought in primarily as injury coverage for the Saints' forwards.
With 1 round remaining in the 2021 season McKernan announced his retirement after not being offered a contract for 2022.
Family
He is the younger brother of North Melbourne premiership ruckman and Leigh Matthews Trophy winner Corey McKernan.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of 2020.
|-
| scope="row" | 2009 || || 35
| 1 || — || 1 || 4 || 4|| 8 || 2 || 3 || — || — || 1.0 || 4.0 || 4.0 || 8.0|| 2.0 || 3.0 || 0.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| scope="row" | 2010 || || 35
| 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || -
|-
| scope="row" | 2011 || || 35
| 16 || 10 || 8 || 98 || 38 || 136 || 60 || 24 || 92 ||0.6|| 0.5||6.1 ||2.4 ||8.5 ||3.7 ||1.5 ||5.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| scope="row" | 2012 || || 35
| 6 || 3 || 4 || 28 || 22 || 50 || 9 || 4 || 85 || 0.5 ||0.7 || 4.7 || 3.6 ||8.3 || 1.5 || 0.7 || 14.2
|-
| scope="row" | 2013 || || 35
| 9 || 7 || 10 || 62 || 44|| 106 || 35 || 22 || 73 || 0.8 || 1.1 || 6.9 || 4.9 || 11.8 || 3.9 || 2.4 || 8.1
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| scope="row" | 2014 || || 35
| 2 || 1 || 1 || 10 || 11 || 21 || 3 || 3 || 10 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 5.0 || 5.5 || 10.5 || 1.5 || 1.5 ||6.0
|-
| scope="row" | 2015 || || 44
| 9 || 6 || 3 || 86 || 79 || 165 || 34 || 14 || 206 || 0.7 || 0.3 || 9.6 || 8.8 || 18.5 || 3.8 || 1.6 ||22.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| scope="row" | 2016 || || 44
| 6 || 4 || 1 || 44 || 21 || 65|| 20 || 8 || 41 || 07 || 0.2 || 7.3|| 3.5 || 10.8 || 3.3 || 1.3 ||6.8
|-
| scope="row" | 2017 || || 44
| 3 || 3 ||- || 18 || 19 || 37 || 12 || 3 || 51 || 1.0 || 0.0 || 6.0 || 6.3 || 12.3 || 4.0 || 2.3 || 17.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| scope="row" | 2018 || || 44
| 10 || 16 || 11|| 95 || 38 || 133 || 56 || 21 || 81 || 1.6 || 1.1 ||9.5 || 3.8 || 13.3 || 5.6 || 2.1 ||8.1
|-
| scope="row" | 2019 || || 44
| 16 || 17 || 11 || 136 || 58 || 194 || 81 || 30 || 116 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 8.5|| 3.6 || 12.1 || 5.1 || 1.9 ||7.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
| scope="row" | 2020 || || 44
| 9 || 5 || 6 || 48 || 24 || 72 || 31 || 11 ||41 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 5.3 || 2.7 || 8.0 || 3.4 || 1.2 || 4.6
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 87 !! 72 !! 56 !! 629 !! 358 !! 987 !! 343 !! 147 !! 798 !! 0.8 !! 0.6 !! 7.2 !! 4.1 !! 11.3 !! 3.9 !! 1.7 !!9.2
|}
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Adelaide Football Club players
Calder Cannons players
Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Essendon Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Sandringham Football Club players |
23573003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Change%20for%20the%20Better | A Change for the Better | A Change for the Better is a 1969 novel by English writer Susan Hill, published by Hamish Hamilton.
Plot
The novel is set one November in a seaside town where Deirdrie Fount and her mother Winifred Oddicott run a drapery shop. Deirdre's 11-year-old
son James never knew his father as they divorced shortly after his birth, but he often wonders about his father.
Also in the town are Major Bertram Carpenter and his wife Flora who are residents in a large plush hotel. Bertram met his elderly friend Mr Isepp every couple of days but when the Carpenters return from a cruise from the West Indies he finds that his friend is ill. Bertram visits him at the hospital where Mr Isepp dies - Bertram is shocked by his friends death, aware of his own mortality and also blames the doctors...
Meanwhile, Aubrey Fount, James' father is staying at the hotel where he plans to meet Deirdre and to introduce himself to his son James.
References
Novels by Susan Hill
1969 British novels
Hamish Hamilton books |
17329993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Maria%20Cornell | Sarah Maria Cornell | Sarah Maria Cornell (May 3, 1803 – December 20, 1832) was a Fall River mill worker whose corpse was found hanging from a stackpole on the farm of John Durfee in nearby Tiverton, Rhode Island on December 21, 1832. Her death was at first thought to be a suicide. After an autopsy, it was discovered she was pregnant. Methodist minister Ephraim K. Avery would be suspected of her pregnancy and tried for her murder, in a trial what would engage local industrialists against the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Although Avery would be acquitted for the murder, he was forever scorned in the eyes of the public.
Biography
Sarah Maria Cornell was born on May 3, 1803, likely in Rupert, Vermont to James and Lucretia (Leffingwell) Cornell. Lucretia had been born well-off in an old Puritan family, the daughter of a Connecticut merchant and paper maker. However she had been disowned by her father after she married James Cornell, who had worked in his paper mill, and of whom he did not approve. James abandoned the family when Cornell was a baby, forcing her mother to give up her older sister and brother to relatives as she was financially unable to care for three children. Cornell remained with her mother to age eleven when she moved in with her aunt Joanna, in Norwich, Connecticut. Later in her teens, she apprenticed as a tailor. In 1820 she moved to nearby Bozrahville and worked as a tailor for about two years.
Around 1822 or 1823 she went to work at a cotton mill in Killingly, Connecticut. In the years that followed, she would move often and work at various mills in Rhode Island and Connecticut, including stints in North Providence, Jewett City, Slatersville. During this period, Cornell often got into trouble, including charges of theft and other "inappropriate" acts for a woman of that time.
During her time at Slatersville between 1823 and 1826, Cornell converted to Methodism, and sought to change her ways. However, in February 1826, the mill at Slatersville burned to the ground and she was forced to seek employment elsewhere. She first moved to the nearby village of Branch Factory and later to Mendon Mills (later called Millville, Massachusetts), several miles away.
In early 1827, Cornell moved again to find mill work in Dedham, Massachusetts. However, after only a few weeks there she moved again to Dorchester, Massachusetts, where she was able to reconnect with the Methodists. In May 1828, she moved to the booming mill town of Lowell, Massachusetts where she worked as a weaver until about the end of 1829. It was during this period in Lowell that she met a newly arrived Methodist minister, Ephraim Kingsbury Avery.
In September 1830, she moved to Dover, New Hampshire. Only two months later she moved again to Somersworth, New Hampshire. During the summer of 1831 she left New Hampshire for Waltham, Massachusetts but only stayed there a few weeks. She then moved to Taunton, Massachusetts where she found employment. In May 1832 she left Taunton for Woodstock, Connecticut where she was able to find work again as a tailor in Grindall Rawson's shop. It was at a Methodist Camp Meeting in Thompson, Connecticut at the end of August 1832 that Cornell once again crossed paths with Reverend Avery. By this time, Avery had become the minister in Bristol, Rhode Island. It is alleged that during the Thompson Camp meeting that Avery seduced Sarah Cornell.
In October 1832, she moved to Fall River where she found lodging at the home of Elija Cole. By this time she was showing clear signs of pregnancy, and sought advice from a local doctor in Fall River. By early December 1832, she moved to the Hathaway residence on Spring Street.
Death
On the morning of December 21, 1832, Cornell's body was found by farmer John Durfee quickly identified by the minister. Later discovered among her personal effects at the Hathaway residence was a note written by Cornell and dated the same day as her death:
"If I should be missing, enquire of the Rev. Mr. Avery of Bristol, he will know where I am."
Other suspicious and incriminating letters were also discovered, as well as a conversation she had had with a doctor indicating the married Avery was the father of her unborn child. A coroner's jury was convened in Tiverton before any autopsy had been performed. This jury found that Cornell had "committed suicide by hanging herself upon a stake ... and was influenced to commit said crime by the wicked conduct of a married man."
After the autopsy was performed, it was discovered that Cornell had been four months pregnant at the time of her death. A second coroner's jury was convened, this time in Bristol, Rhode Island. This jury overruled the earlier finding of suicide and accused Ephraim Kingsbury Avery, a married Methodist minister, as the "principal or accessory" in her death. Avery was quickly arrested on a charge of murder, but just as quickly set free on his own recognizance.
Cornell's pregnancy led another Methodist minister to reject the responsibility of burying her the second time (she already once been exhumed for autopsy). He claimed that she had only been a "probationary" member of his congregation. Responsibility for her burial was assumed by the Fall River Congregationalists, and Cornell was buried as an indigent, on Christmas Eve. That night, in Fall River, money was raised and two committees pledged to assist the officials of Tiverton with the murder investigation. The next day, a steamship was chartered to take one hundred men from Fall River to Bristol. They surrounded Avery's home and demanded he come out. Avery declined, but did send a friend outside to try to placate the crowd. The men eventually left when the steamship signaled its return to Fall River.
In Bristol, an inquest was convened, in which two Justices of the Peace found there to be insufficient evidence to try Avery for the crime of murder. The people of Fall River were outraged, and there were rumors that one of the justices was a Methodist, and was looking to quell the scandal. The deputy sheriff of Fall River, Harvey Harnden, obtained from a Rhode Island superior court judge a warrant for Avery's arrest. When a Rhode Island sheriff went to serve it, he discovered that Avery had already fled.
On January 20, 1833, Harnden tracked Avery to Rindge, New Hampshire. Avery later claimed he had fled because he feared for his life, particularly at the hands of the mob that had surrounded his house. Harnden extradited Avery to Newport, Rhode Island, where Avery was put in jail. On March 8, 1833, Avery was indicted for murder by a Newport County grand jury. He pleaded "not guilty".
Trial
The trial began in Newport, Rhode Island on May 6, 1833, and was heard by the Supreme Judicial Council. The lawyers for the prosecution were Rhode Island Attorney General Albert C. Greene and former attorney general Dutee Jerauld Pearce. The six lawyers for the defense, hired by the Methodist Church, were led by former United States Senator and New Hampshire Attorney General Jeremiah Mason.
The trial lasted 27 days. Under Rhode Island law at the time, defendants in capital cases were not permitted to offer testimony in their own defense, so Avery did not get the opportunity to speak. However, both the prosecution and the defense called a large number of witnesses to testify, 68 for the prosecution, and 128 for the defense.
Although the defense maintained that Avery had not been present when the murder occurred, the larger part of the defense strategy was to call into question Cornell's morals. The defense characterized her as "utterly abandoned, unprincipled, profligate," and brought forth many witnesses to testify to her promiscuity, suicidal ideation and mental instability. Much was made of how Cornell had been cast out of the Methodist Church for fornication.
The prosecution largely attempted to portray the Methodist clergy as a dangerous, almost secret society, willing to defend their minister and the good name of their church at any cost.
A medical debate centered around whether the unborn child was in fact conceived in August, although Puritan standards of propriety regarding the female body sometimes made it difficult to elicit factual information. One female witness, when questioned as to the state of Cornell's body, absolutely refused to answer, saying, "I never heard such questions asked of nobody."
On June 2, 1833, after deliberating for 16 hours, the jury found Ephraim Kingsbury Avery "not guilty". The minister was set free and returned to his position in the Methodist Church, but the public opinion was that Avery had been wrongfully acquitted. Rallies hanged or burned effigies of Avery, and he himself was once almost lynched in Boston. A great deal of anger was also directed at the Methodist Church. To ease tensions, the church's New England Conference convened a trial of its own, chaired by Wilbur Fisk, in which Avery was again acquitted. This did little, if anything, to quell public antipathy toward Avery or the church.
Avery later embarked on a speaking tour to vindicate himself in the eyes of the public, but his efforts were largely unsuccessful. In 1836, Avery left the Methodist ministry, and took his family first to Connecticut, then upstate New York. They ultimately settled in Ohio, where he lived out the rest of his days as a farmer. Avery also wrote a pamphlet called The correct, full and impartial report of the trial of Rev. Ephraim K. Avery. He died on October 23, 1869.
Legacy
Cornell's body was originally buried on the farm near where her body was found. However, years later it was moved to Plot 2733 on Whitethorn Path at Oak Grove Cemetery (Fall River, Massachusetts) when the farm became South Park.
References
Further reading
Raven, Rory (2009). Wicked Conduct: The Minister, the Mill Girl, and the Murder That Captivated Old Rhode Island. Charleston, SC: [History Press]. pp. 128. .
1803 births
1832 deaths
People from Fall River, Massachusetts
People from Worcester County, Massachusetts
People from Rupert, Vermont
People from North Smithfield, Rhode Island
Cornell family
Deaths by hanging |
23573011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bludov%20%28Kutn%C3%A1%20Hora%20District%29 | Bludov (Kutná Hora District) | Bludov is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Bludov is from 1550.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
17330035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindon%2C%20Myanmar | Mindon, Myanmar | Mindon is a town in Burma. It is the capital of Mindon Township of Thayet District in the Magway Region.
References
Populated places in Thayet District
Township capitals of Myanmar
Mindon Township |
17330042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt%27s%20sign | Pratt's sign | Pratt's sign is an indication of femoral deep vein thrombosis. It is seen as the presence of dilated pretibial veins in the affected leg, which remain dilated on raising the leg.
The sign was described by American surgeon Gerald H. Pratt (1928–2006) of St. Vincent's Hospital in 1949.
This is not the same as the Pratt Test, which checks for a DVT by compressing a vein with the hands.
References
Symptoms and signs: Vascular |
23573012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyfox%20Aviation%20Skyfox | Skyfox Aviation Skyfox |
The Skyfox Aviation Skyfox is an Australian ultralight cabin monoplane designed by Skyfox Aviation of Queensland and first flown in 1989. Originally sold as an ultralight it was later produced for general aviation use.
Design and development
The Skyfox is a high-wing braced monoplane with a conventional tailwheel landing gear with a fixed tailwheel. It has a welded steel fuselage with fabric covering. The wings can be folded when not in use along the side of the fuselage.
Originally built to meet Australian ultralight regulations the latter CA-25 is built to JAR-VLA rules.
Variants
CA-21
Volkswagen-engined variant, production ended in 1991
CA-22
Ultralight variant with a Rotax 912 engine.
CA-25 Impala
General aviation variant
CA-25N Gazelle
CA-25 with nosewheel landing gear.
Specifications (CA-25)
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
1980s Australian ultralight aircraft |
23573013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20stream | Urban stream | An urban stream is a formerly natural waterway that flows through a heavily populated area. Urban streams are often polluted by urban runoff and combined sewer outflows. Water scarcity makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic.
Description
Governments may alter the flow or course of an urban stream to prevent localized flooding by river engineering: lining stream beds with concrete or other hardscape materials, diverting the stream into culverts and storm sewers, or other means. Some urban streams, such as the subterranean rivers of London, run completely underground. These modifications have often reduced habitat for fish and other species, caused downstream flooding due to alterations of flood plains, and worsened water quality.
Restoration efforts
Some communities have begun stream restoration projects in an attempt to correct the problems caused by alteration, using techniques such as daylighting and fixing stream bank erosion caused by heavy stormwater runoff. Streamflow augmentation to restore habitat and aesthetics is also an option, and recycled water can be used for this purpose.
Urban stream syndrome
Urban stream syndrome (USS) is defined as a consistent observed ecological degradation of streams caused by urbanization. This kind of stream degradation is commonly found in areas near or in urban areas. USS also considers hydrogeomorphology changes which are characterized by a deeper, wider catchment, reduced living space for biota, and altered sediment transport rates. This could be from mining and deforestation, but the main cause can be attributed to urban and suburban development. This is because such land use has a domino effect that can be felt tens of kilometers away. Consistent decrease to ecological health of streams can be from many things, but most can be directly or indirectly attributed to human infrastructure and action. Urban streams tend to be “flashier” meaning they have more frequent and larger high flow events.
Urban streams also suffer from chemical alterations due to pollutants and waste being uncleanly dumped back into rivers and lakes. An example of this is Onondaga Lake. Historically one of the most polluted freshwater lakes in the world, its salinity and toxic constituents like mercury rose to unsafe levels as large corporations begun to set up shop around the lake. High levels of salinity would be disastrous for any native freshwater marine life and pollutants like mercury are dangerous to most organisms.
Higher levels of urbanization typically mean a greater presence of Urban Stream Syndrome.
Treatment
Many water managers treat USS by directly addressing the symptoms, most commonly through channel reconfiguration that includes reshaping rock to address altered hydrology and sediment regimes. In spite of having ecological objectives, this approach has been criticized for addressing physical failures in the system without improving ecological conditions.
See also
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) – US research program
Nonpoint source pollution
Subterranean river
References
Bibliography
External links
Urban Waters Program - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Ecosystem Effects of Urban Stream Restoration - EPA
Hydrology and urban planning
Water pollution
Environmental engineering
Water streams
Rivers
Hydrology
Fluvial landforms |
23573014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brambory | Brambory | Brambory is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
23573018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brat%C4%8Dice%20%28Kutn%C3%A1%20Hora%20District%29 | Bratčice (Kutná Hora District) | Bratčice () is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Notable people
Jan Perner (1815–1845), railway engineer
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
23573023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrkvice%20%28Kutn%C3%A1%20Hora%20District%29 | Církvice (Kutná Hora District) | Církvice is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Jakub is an administrative part of Církvice.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
17330069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20ABC%20Supply%20Company%20A.J.%20Foyt%20225 | 2007 ABC Supply Company A.J. Foyt 225 | The 2007 ABC Supply Company/A.J. Foyt 225 was a race in the 2007 IRL IndyCar Series, held at The Milwaukee Mile. It was held over the weekend of 1 -June 3, 2007, as the sixth round of the seventeen-race calendar.
Classification
References
IndyCar Series
ABC Supply Company A.J. Foyt 225
Milwaukee Indy 225
ABC Supply
ABC Supply Company A.J. Foyt 225 |
23573024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%ADny | Černíny | Černíny is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bahno, Hetlín, Krasoňovice, Předbořice and Zdeslavice are administrative parts of Černíny. Zdeslavice forms an exclave of the municipal territory.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
20466601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade%20I%20listed%20buildings%20in%20Leicestershire | Grade I listed buildings in Leicestershire | There are over 9,000 Grade I listed buildings in England. This page is a list of these buildings in the county of Leicestershire, by district.
Blaby
|}
Charnwood
|}
City of Leicester
|}
Harborough
|}
Hinckley and Bosworth
|}
Melton
|}
North West Leicestershire
|}
Oadby and Wigston
|}
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Leicestershire
References
National Heritage List for England
Notes
External links
listed buildings |
23573025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cest%C3%ADn | Čestín | Čestín is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Čenovice, Čentice, Kamenná Lhota, Kasanice, Kněž, Milotice, Morány and Polipsy are administrative parts of Čestín.
Geography
Čestín is located about southwest of Kutná Hora and southeast of Prague. It lies mostly in the Upper Sázava Hills. The highest point is the hill Kopaniny at above sea level. The Čestínský Stream sprins here and flows across the municipality. The Sázava River briefly forms the southwestern municipal border.
History
The first written mention of Čestín is from around 1265, when it was named Čestín Kostel. In 1389, a fortress was built here. In 1579, Čestín was promoted to a town by Emperor Rudolf II. It ceased to be a town after World War II.
Sights
Čestlín has two landmarks, Čestín Castle and Church of Saints Peter and Paul. In 1575–1582, the original fortress was rebuilt to a large Renaissance castle by Adam Slavata of Chlum. The castle was partly demolished in the 19th century.
The Church of Saints Peter and Paul was built in the Neo-Romanesque style in 1859–1861. It replaced an old Romanesque church from the 13th century. The bells in the bell tower date from 1562.
Notable people
Vilém Slavata of Chlum (1572–1652), nobleman
References
External links
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
20466604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermitsiaq%20%28newspaper%29 | Sermitsiaq (newspaper) | Sermitsiaq is one of two national newspapers in Greenland. It is named after the mountain Sermitsiaq.
The newspaper was published for the first time May 21, 1958, as a Kalaallisut-language alternative to the Danish-language newspaper Mikken. The two magazines were printed separately, with Mikken on Saturdays and Sermitsiaq on Mondays for about six months, until Mikken was published for the last time on 22 November the same year. Sermitsiaq was first printed in both Danish and Kalaallisut the week before Mikken closed down.
Sermitsiaq was a local newspaper distributed only in Nuuk city until around 1980 when the newspaper became national. The newspaper became increasingly political in the period around 1980, since Greenland was granted home rule in 1979.
The newspaper is published every Friday, while the online version is updated several times daily.
In 2010 Sermitsiaq merged with Atuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten (AG), the other Greenlandic newspaper. Both papers' websites now redirect to the combined Sermitsiaq.AG website.
External links
sermitsiaq.ag (in Kalaallisut and Danish)
Newspapers published in Greenland
Publications established in 1958
Weekly newspapers
Companies based in Nuuk
1958 establishments in Greenland |
23573027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrov%C3%ADtov | Dobrovítov | Dobrovítov is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Dědice is an administrative part of Dobrovítov.
Geography
Dobrovítov is located about south of Kutná Hora and southeast of Prague. It lies in the Upper Sázava Hills. The Klejnárka River flows through the municipality.
History
The first written mention of Dobrovítov is from 1355.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
23573029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD%20Pohle%C4%8F | Dolní Pohleď | Dolní Pohleď is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Měchonice is an administrative part of Dolní Pohleď.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
6903002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%20Yan | Gu Yan | Gu Yan (born 17 March 1974) is a retired Chinese race walker.
Achievements
External links
1974 births
Living people
Chinese female racewalkers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of China
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games |
20466606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa%20Petrobras%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo | Copa Petrobras São Paulo | The Copa Petrobras São Paulo was a tennis tournament held in São Paulo, Brazil from 2009 until 2010. Between 2004 and 2008, it was held in Aracaju except for the 2007 edition which was held in Belo Horizonte. The event was part of the ATP Challenger Tour and played on outdoor red clay courts.
Past finals
Singles
Doubles
External links
Official website
ITF search
ATP Challenger Tour
Sport in São Paulo
Tennis tournaments in Brazil
2004 establishments in Brazil
Clay court tennis tournaments |
6903004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20Supermind%20and%20Son | Professor Supermind and Son | "Professor Supermind and Son" was a comic book feature that appeared in issues #60–71 (February 1941 — January 1942) of Dell Comics' Popular Comics. The strip was drawn by Maurice Kashuba.
Professor Warren (Supermind) uses his energy machine to give his son, Dan, superhuman powers, including super strength, invulnerability, and the ability to fly. With these powers, and his father's other inventions, Dan Warren fought criminals and Nazis. Dan uses his father's televisioscope to find criminals to apprehend. He can communicate telepathically with his father when he's out in the field.
Supermind's son was an obvious Superman knockoff, with a name similar to Superman, the same super powers, and, on some Popular Comics covers, a very similar blue and red costume (differing from the green, yellow, and red costume depicted on the pages inside). Despite this, there is no public record of Superman publisher DC Comics having taken legal action against Dell, as they did against some other publishers of characters closely modeled after Superman.
Professor Supermind and Son had the cover spot on Popular Comics through issue #66 (Aug 1941); with #67, they were replaced by The Adventures of Smilin' Jack.
In issue #72, Professor Supermind was cancelled and replaced with The Owl, which began in Crackajack Funnies.
References
External links
Supermind's Son at InternationalHero.co.uk
Golden Age superheroes
Dell Comics characters |
20466609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Cooper | Martin Cooper | Martin or Marty Cooper may refer to:
Martin Cooper (musicologist) (1910–1986), English music critic and author
Martin Cooper (inventor) (born 1928), designer of the first mobile phone
Marty Cooper (musician) (born 1942), American musician
Martin Cooper (rugby union) (born 1948), England international rugby union player
Martin Cooper (musician) (born 1958), British painter and a musician
Martin Cooper (born 1974), American drag queen performing under Coco Montrese |
23573030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.%20Bhim%20Rao%20Ambedkar%20College | Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College | Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College is a constituent college of the University of Delhi. It was established on 8 February 1991 during the birth centenary year of B. R. Ambedkar. It is sponsored by central Government to cater to the needs of higher education in trans-Yamuna area of Delhi. It is a co-educational institution. The college launched four professional courses in the university, namely, BA (Hons) Business Economics, BA (Hons) Social Work, BA (Hons) Hindi Journalism and Mass Communication, and BA (Hons) Applied Psychology. The prominent academic programs include B.Com & B.Com (Hons.), B.A. (Hons.) Geography, B.A. (Hons.) History and B.A. (Programme).
Campus
The college is spread over in the Northeast district of Delhi.
Computer lab
The college maintains a two-story computer laboratory situated in Media Block since 2005.
Library
The library has reading areas and houses more than 35000 books. Each year new books are added as needed. The college maintains current and previous issues of relevant nationally and internationally published journals and magazines like Business India, Computers Today's, Economic and Political Weekly, India Today, National Geographic, Outlook, Frontier, Frontline, Reader's Digest, Taipei to name a few. In Hindi the library receives Aajkal, Hans, India Today, Kurukshetra, Kadambani, Manushi, Mukta and Yojana among others. The library also has arrangements to provide books to the deserving students coming from economically weaker sections of the society. The library is fully computerized with online facilities available to students and faculty of the college.
Seminar hall
The college has a seminar hall with a capacity of 250. It frequently hosts seminars, workshops and lectures where prominent people from industry and commerce are invited to speak to undergraduate students. The college has recently developed a conference room to cater to the growing needs of students from professional courses for group discussions, seminars, presentations, panel discussions and so on, which form a vital part of their curriculum.
Banking
The college is host to a fully computerised branch of Oriental Bank of Commerce which provides banking facilities to the teaching & non-teaching staff, students of the college and residents of the area. The college is also planning to provide an ATM facility.
Medical centre
The facility of WUS Health Centre (East Campus) has been provided in the residential campus of the college. The college does not provide residential facilities to students at present. The centre caters to the needs of university employees residing in trans-Yamuna area. Aid facility is available free of cost to the college students.
The college maintains power back up, canteen, photostat and other necessities at the university subsidised rates. A 24-hour operational petrol pump is found exactly adjacent to the college premises providing convenience to students, faculty and residents of the area alike. The college is also taking initiatives on the recommendations given by the Delhi project report prepared by Samakhayam in Feb 2008.
Academics
As of May 2017, the college has 13 teaching departments.
Admissions
The college acts in accordance to the Delhi University Centralised Admission procedure. Admission to a course of study is based on the cut-off percentage announced through the University in June every year. Prospective students should have completed 12 years of study and must have scored the given cut-off percentage in previous qualifying examination. Foreign students are admitted as per the prescribed University guidelines. Apart from aforementioned criteria, for admission to few professional courses, students have to undergo an additional All India Written Entrance Test and/or interview conducted by their respective parent departments. At present four degree programs demand this requirement.
The college also holds reservations for candidates belonging to non-general category. At present 22.5% seats are reserved for SC/ST category, 27% for OBCs as per the guidelines and modalities communicated by the University vide University Letter Aca I/OBC/2007/80, 3% for Physically Challenged candidates and 5% each for children/widow/wives of officers and men of Armed Forces killed or disabled in action, 5% for foreign students and 5% for admission on basis of sports and co-curricular distinctions, where eligible.
Each year the university also organises centralised open days across various colleges of the university with the aim of providing all information relating to admissions, colleges and courses of the university respectively. The academic sessions starts from 16 July each year.
Sports
Each year the college selects students with "potential for excellence" through sports quota tests under the guidance of Dr. K. K. Sharma. In a short span of time, the college has carved a niche on the map of University of Delhi through various achievements secured by students and the staff members at the University and National Level respectively. The college is well known for the sports such as cross country, netball, archery, pistol and rifle shooting, softball, athletics and relays where students have made records and secured accolades of great prestige. In 2007 Kadar khan broke the record of 100–200 meters run at University of Delhi. In 1998, Vinod Kumar created a feat and broke his own record by clocking 14 seconds less his previous time to win the Nike-St Stephen's 3.2 km run with a timing of 9.47 minutes.
At present the college has hockey, basketball, football, and badminton courts. The college also has facilities for cricket, ping pong, volleyball, handball, chess, and judo. The college has recently acquired (in 2007) its own shooting range and has thus become one of the five colleges of Delhi University having such a facility. The Annual Sports Day is celebrated in the month of February each year.
Societies and Clubs
The College has several clubs and societies. It is also part of national programs like NSS and NCC.
Student life
Awards, recognition and scholarships
To honour the ideology of B. R. Ambedkar, the college provides a number of scholarships and prizes to promote and honour talent among current students as well as welcome potential candidates from all walks of life irrespective of caste, colour, creed, gender, income and social status.
Apart from prizes, awards are given for academic distinction in the university examination, for distinguished performance in debates/discussions, cultural activities and sports. College colors are awarded to sportsmen/sportswomen winning distinction at inter-college events.
Prospective students can also apply for the following scholarships:
National Scholarship awarded by Department oh Higher Education, Government of India
Delhi University All India Competitive Scholarship.
North East Cell
The college has special cell which has been working for the welfare of North East students since 2012 under college authority. The cell has been helping many students who are coming from North East India and Foreign Students. There are approximately 200 students from North East India and foreign countries like Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, Kenya etc. The cell organises a lot of activities in the college level like seminars, workshops, awareness programs and competitions. Presently, Ningombam Victoria Chanu and Ningombam Sanjay Singh are working as the Convenors of the cell.
College Student's Council
The college's student council is elected by students through common franchise as per the guidelines provided by the Honourable Supreme Court of India regarding Model Code of Conduct for DUSU elections. The elections are usually held during August–September each year. The committees of Staff Council appoints the Cultural and Sports' secretaries respectively. One seat of four posts—President, Vice-President, Secretary and Joint Secretary—is reserved for a female student. All office members hold office until 30 April of the ongoing session in normal courses, barring disqualifications.
Student societies and activities
Each year the college organises an Annual Cultural festival Chetna. The college publishes it annual magazine of the same name by inviting articles on wide-ranging issues to help students to cultivate writing and literary tastes and also to encourage creative articulation. The cultural society has won accolades at BITS, Pilani and IIT, Kanpur festivals. Debating society, North East and Foreign Student Society, Green Cadets Group and Gender sensitisation committee are among the other noted societies of the college. Apart from that each academic department has its own dedicated society which organises various
lectures, seminars, group discussions, debates, extempore, quizzes, fests etc.
Societies
Student placements
Apart from the Common Placement Cell inaugurated in 2005, each department providing professional degree have their separate placement division to tailor made the recruitment procedure as per their curriculum and requirements.
Notable alumni
1. Adarsh Kumar, Senior TV Journalist- TV Expert, Ex- STAR News-ABP News Journalist
2. Kapil Mishra, Ex- Minister, Delhi Government
3. Kamakhya Narayan Singh, Director- Film 'Bhor'
See also
Deepak Pental
References
External links
Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar College
Home | University of Delhi
Wayback Machine
Delhi University
1991 establishments in Delhi
Educational institutions established in 1991 |
20466623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Country%20Doctor%20%28film%29 | A Country Doctor (film) | is a 2007 anime short film by Kōji Yamamura.
The film is a direct interpretation of Franz Kafka's short story "A Country Doctor", voiced by kyōgen actors of the Shigeyama house.
The film has won several awards, including the 2008 Ōfuji Noburō Award from the Mainichi Film Concours and the 2007 Grand Prize at the Ottawa International Animation Festival. It was also included in the Animation Show of Shows in 2008.
Plot
The story involves a country doctor who describes his urgent call to look after a young patient.
More and more, the doctor gets involved in surreal experiences as he is transported to his patient by seemingly "unearthly horses" in a blink of an eye. While treating the patient, he fails to find the fatal wound which results in humiliation by the villagers and an endless return trip, losing everything.
It tells the story of the continuous pressure on doctors, and the never-ending impossible expectations laying on their shoulders.
References
External links
2000s animated short films
2007 anime films
Anime short films
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Franz Kafka
Medical-themed films
Shochiku films
Films directed by Kōji Yamamura |
20466624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Social%20Democratic%20Party%20%28Czech%20Lands%29 | Independent Social Democratic Party (Czech Lands) | Independent Social Democratic Party was a Czech political party, formed by Czech trade unionists belonging to the Imperial Trade Union Commission in 1910. The party was supported by the Austrian Social Democracy.
References
Political parties in Austria-Hungary
Political parties established in 1910
Social democratic parties |
23573031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobovice | Drobovice | Drobovice is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Kutná Hora District |
6903006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Irish%20Airman%20Foresees%20His%20Death | An Irish Airman Foresees His Death | "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" is a poem by Irish poet William Butler Yeats (1865–1939), written in 1918 and first published in the Macmillan edition of The Wild Swans at Coole in 1919. The poem is a soliloquy given by an aviator in the First World War in which the narrator describes the circumstances surrounding his imminent death. The poem is a work that discusses the role of Irish soldiers fighting for the United Kingdom during a time when they were trying to establish independence for Ireland. Wishing to show restraint from publishing political poems during the height of the war, Yeats withheld publication of the poem until after the conflict had ended.
Poem
I know that I shall meet my fate
Somewhere among the clouds above;
Those that I fight I do not hate
Those that I guard I do not love;
My country is Kiltartan Cross,
My countrymen Kiltartan’s poor,
No likely end could bring them loss
Or leave them happier than before.
Nor law, nor duty bade me fight,
Nor public men, nor cheering crowds,
A lonely impulse of delight
Drove to this tumult in the clouds;
I balanced all, brought all to mind,
The years to come seemed waste of breath,
A waste of breath the years behind
In balance with this life, this death.
Background and interpretation
The airman in the poem is widely believed to be Major Robert Gregory, a friend of Yeats and the only child of Lady Augusta Gregory.
Structure
The poem contains 16 lines of text arranged in iambic tetrameter. The rhyme scheme is arranged in four quatrains of ABAB.
Allusions
The poem is featured on the Yeats tribute album Now and in Time to Be, where it is sung by Shane MacGowan of the rock group The Pogues. The British rock group Keane based their song "A Bad Dream" (featured on the album Under the Iron Sea) on it, and a recording of the poem, read by Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy, is played before the song at live venues, explaining their reasons for the lyrics. Hannon appeared in person to read it at the Keane gig at The Point Depot in Dublin (now known as the 3Arena) on 19 July 2007 and again at The O2 on 21 July 2007, though the poem's title and author went unmentioned.
In 2011 the poem was included on the Waterboys album An Appointment with Mr Yeats, a collection of Yeats poems set to music by Mike Scott.
In popular culture
In the movie Memphis Belle, the character Sgt. Danny Daly, a crewman on a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress recites the poem, omitting the lines referring to Ireland.
In the movie Congo, Dr. Peter Elliot says that his reason for teaching the ape to talk is "a lonely impulse of delight."
The final four lines are quoted in the first episode of the second series of the BBC Three zombie drama In the Flesh by the character Simon Monroe, who is played by Irish actor Emmett J. Scanlan, to Kieren Walker, played by the English actor Luke Newberry.
The song "A Bad Dream" by the English band Keane was inspired by the poem. The song appeared on their second studio album, Under the Iron Sea.
In his LP Branduardi canta Yeats (1986), Angelo Branduardi sings an Italian version of this poem.
A line in Pat Barker's 2018 novel The Silence of the Girls alludes to the poem: "Some of the girls, mainly those who’d been slaves in their previous lives, were genuinely indifferent. No likely end would bring them loss, or leave them happier than before."
The playwright John Patrick Shanley used Yeats' phrase 'A Lonely Impulse of Delight' as the title of a humorous short play about a man who falls in love with a mermaid named Sally, who supposedly lives in a pond in New York's Central Park.
The last stanza is referenced by Jawaharlal Nehru in the first chapter of his book The Discovery of India.
See also
List of works by William Butler Yeats
External Links
The poem, set to music
Citations
References
Cole, Sarah. "The Poetry of Pain". The Oxford Handbook of British and Irish War Poetry. Ed Tim Kendall Oxford University Press: 2007
Foster, R.F. The Irish Story: Telling Tales and Making it Up in Ireland. London: Penguin 2001
Pierce, David. Irish writing in the twentieth century: a reader. Cork University Press: 2000
Vendler, Helen. Our Secret Discipline. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2007
Poetry by W. B. Yeats
Aviation poetry
1918 poems |
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