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• Genital herpes is caused by two types of
viruses, herpes simplex type 1 and
herpes simplex type 2.
• The virus can be released through sores
or through the skin even when sores are
not visible.
• Get examined by your doctor if you
notice an unusual sore, a smelly
discharge, or burning when urinating.
• It can be diagnosed through the
symptoms, testing a sample
from the sore(s), or a blood test.
• There is no cure for herpes;
however, there are medicines
that can prevent or shorten
outbreaks.
Table 11.1 STI data, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment information courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
https://www.cdc.gov/std
Access for free at openstax.org
11.5 • Maintaining Healthy Relationships
Infection
Symptoms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Gonorrhea
• Symptoms can include a burning
sensation when urinating, abnormal
discharge from the penis or vagina, and
bleeding between periods.
• Rectal infection symptoms include
itching, burning, and bleeding.
• Get examined by your doctor if
you or your sexual partner
notice any of these symptoms.
• Testing is usually a urine sample
and possibly a throat or rectum
swab.
• It can be cured with the right
treatment.
• Medication will stop the
infection, but it will not undo
any permanent damage caused
by the disease.
Human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
• HIV damages the body's immune system
cells.
• The most advanced stage of HIV infection
is commonly referred to as AIDS
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
• It most often spreads through fluid
exchange via unprotected sex or by
sharing drug needles with an infected
person.
• Women can pass HIV to their babies
during pregnancy or childbirth.
• Medications such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can
reduce risk when taken
consistently and with other
prevention measures.
• People can live with the disease
for many years, especially if they
are diagnosed and treated early.
• Early diagnosis is also important
to reduce the risk of
transmitting HIV to others.
Table 11.1 STI data, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment information courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
https://www.cdc.gov/std
How You Can Protect Yourself against STIs
The surest way to protect yourself against STIs is to practice abstinence. This means not having any vaginal,
anal, or oral sex. There are many things to consider before having sex, and it’s okay to say no if you are not
ready. If you do decide to have sex, you and your partner should both get tested beforehand and make sure
you always use a condom. It’s not safe to stop using condoms unless you’ve both been tested, know your
status, have another form of birth control, and are in a mutually monogamous relationship. Mutual
monogamy means that you and your partner both agree to only have sexual contact with each other. This can
help protect against STIs as long as you’ve both been tested and know you’re STI-free. Visit this website to find
a confidential STI testing location near you (https://openstax.org/l/gettested).
Before you have sex, talk with your partner about how you will prevent STIs and pregnancy. If you think you’re
ready to have sex, you need to be ready to protect your body and your future. You should also talk to your
partner ahead of time about what you will and will not do sexually. Your partner should always respect your
right to say no to anything that doesn’t feel right. Sex should always be consensual and respectful.
It’s important to discuss treatment with your doctor and begin treatment as soon as possible if you find out
you have an STI. If you are living with an STI, it’s important to tell your partner before you have sex. Although it
may be uncomfortable to talk about your STI, open and honest conversation can help your partner make
informed decisions to protect his or her health.