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id_700 | All stereos are cds. Some stereos are cassettes. Some cds are pens. | Some pens are stereos. | c |
id_701 | All stereos are cds. Some stereos are cassettes. Some cds are pens. | All stereos are pens. | c |
id_702 | All stereos are cds. Some stereos are cassettes. Some cds are pens. | Some cds are cassettes. | e |
id_703 | All stones are rocks. Some rocks are bricks. Some bricks are cement. | Some stones are cement | c |
id_704 | All stones are rocks. Some rocks are bricks. Some bricks are cement. | Some cements are rocks. | c |
id_705 | All stones are rocks. Some rocks are bricks. Some bricks are cement. | Some bricks are stone | c |
id_706 | All students of my class have a bright chance in their examination. | I teach them the whole syllabus thoroughly. | e |
id_707 | All students of my class have a bright chance in their examination. | All the students are intelligent. | c |
id_708 | All sweets are fruits. No fruit is pencil. Some pencils are glasses. | Some pencils are sweets. | c |
id_709 | All tables are mirrors. Some mirrors are chairs. All chairs are glasses. | Some mirrors are tables | e |
id_710 | All tables are mirrors. Some mirrors are chairs. All chairs are glasses. | Some glasses are mirrors. | e |
id_711 | All tables are mirrors. Some mirrors are chairs. All chairs are glasses. | Some chairs are tables. | c |
id_712 | All teenagers go to cinema. Raveesh doesnt go to cinema. | Raveesh is not a teenager. | e |
id_713 | All teenagers go to cinema. Raveesh doesnt go to cinema. | Going to cinema is not essential to be a teenager. | c |
id_714 | All the girls like sport. Sue and Josie like tennis, while Sally and Anne like running. Both Sue and Anne like swimming. | Sue likes tennis and swimming | e |
id_715 | All the girls like sport. Sue and Josie like tennis, while Sally and Anne like running. Both Sue and Anne like swimming. | Anne likes swimming and running | e |
id_716 | All too often organizations jump onto the real food bandwagon to cynically exploit the publics appetite to know more about where their food comes from and by whom and how it is grown. An example might be a pack of processed meat with a picture on the packaging of a farmhouse, a kind-looking farmer and country scene and yet its content is processed in a factory from meat grown on countless farms and transported from all over the world. The same is sadly true with respect to the rise of responsible tourism. Tourists want a guilt-free holiday and so they prefer to use the services of a tour operator who is contributing to the local community and contributes to rather than distracts from the ecosystem they visit. An example might be a holiday resort that provides the land and building for a school and employs local people in the resort. Visitors to the resort are encouraged to contribute to the running costs of the school and to fund the provision of a meal each day for the children. | Tourists do not want to use the services of a tour operator who is contributing to the local community and ecosystem only because they want a guilt-free holiday. | n |
id_717 | All too often organizations jump onto the real food bandwagon to cynically exploit the publics appetite to know more about where their food comes from and by whom and how it is grown. An example might be a pack of processed meat with a picture on the packaging of a farmhouse, a kind-looking farmer and country scene and yet its content is processed in a factory from meat grown on countless farms and transported from all over the world. The same is sadly true with respect to the rise of responsible tourism. Tourists want a guilt-free holiday and so they prefer to use the services of a tour operator who is contributing to the local community and contributes to rather than distracts from the ecosystem they visit. An example might be a holiday resort that provides the land and building for a school and employs local people in the resort. Visitors to the resort are encouraged to contribute to the running costs of the school and to fund the provision of a meal each day for the children. | The owners of the holiday resort that provides the land and building for a school for local children is portrayed in the passage as an example of a tour operator who is cynically exploiting our appetite for responsible tourism. | c |
id_718 | All too often organizations jump onto the real food bandwagon to cynically exploit the publics appetite to know more about where their food comes from and by whom and how it is grown. An example might be a pack of processed meat with a picture on the packaging of a farmhouse, a kind-looking farmer and country scene and yet its content is processed in a factory from meat grown on countless farms and transported from all over the world. The same is sadly true with respect to the rise of responsible tourism. Tourists want a guilt-free holiday and so they prefer to use the services of a tour operator who is contributing to the local community and contributes to rather than distracts from the ecosystem they visit. An example might be a holiday resort that provides the land and building for a school and employs local people in the resort. Visitors to the resort are encouraged to contribute to the running costs of the school and to fund the provision of a meal each day for the children. | To say that organizations jump on the real food bandwagon is to offer a metaphor. | e |
id_719 | All trees are flowers. Some flowers are leaves. No leaf is bud | No bud is a flower. | c |
id_720 | All trees are flowers. Some flowers are leaves. No leaf is bud | Some leaves are trees | c |
id_721 | All trees are flowers. Some flowers are leaves. No leaf is bud | Some buds are flowers. | c |
id_722 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | Using the Internet costs the owner of a telephone extra money. | n |
id_723 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | The World Wide Web is a network of computerised typewriters. | c |
id_724 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | Everyone is aware of the Information Superhighway. | c |
id_725 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | The process called `hypertext' requires the use of a mouse device. | e |
id_726 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | The latest technological revolution will change the way humans communicate. | e |
id_727 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | According to the author, the Information Superhighway may be the future hope of education. | e |
id_728 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | Internet computer connections are made by using telephone lines. | e |
id_729 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | The Internet was created in the 1990s. | c |
id_730 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | The `home page' is the first screen of a `Web' site on the `Net'. | e |
id_731 | Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future. The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required. Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. Because of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however, and the vast majority of users both young and old get connected with the Internet for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight. | The media has often criticised the Internet because it is dangerous. | c |
id_732 | Alternative Dispute Resolution, also known as ADR, is a method employed by the courts of England and Wales in an attempt to reduce the amount of cases that go through the court. In this way it is hoped that ADR will save not only time but also the expense of going to court. ADR is a method by which parties to a dispute are encouraged to resolve their issues by alternative means, such as negotiation. In this way, taking a dispute to court is seen as a last resort when the issue between the parties cannot be resolved by any other means. A benefit of ADR is that it is less confrontational than going to court. In this way it is an ideal means for the resolution of business disputes, as the working relationship between the parties is better preserved than it may otherwise be. This allows the parties to resolve the dispute and continue in their mutually beneficial business relationship. | ADR is that it is less confrontational and many people feel deprived. | n |
id_733 | Alternative Dispute Resolution, also known as ADR, is a method employed by the courts of England and Wales in an attempt to reduce the amount of cases that go through the court. In this way it is hoped that ADR will save not only time but also the expense of going to court. ADR is a method by which parties to a dispute are encouraged to resolve their issues by alternative means, such as negotiation. In this way, taking a dispute to court is seen as a last resort when the issue between the parties cannot be resolved by any other means. A benefit of ADR is that it is less confrontational than going to court. In this way it is an ideal means for the resolution of business disputes, as the working relationship between the parties is better preserved than it may otherwise be. This allows the parties to resolve the dispute and continue in their mutually beneficial business relationship. | The aim of ADR is to save on the expense of going to court. | e |
id_734 | Alternative Dispute Resolution, also known as ADR, is a method employed by the courts of England and Wales in an attempt to reduce the amount of cases that go through the court. In this way it is hoped that ADR will save not only time but also the expense of going to court. ADR is a method by which parties to a dispute are encouraged to resolve their issues by alternative means, such as negotiation. In this way, taking a dispute to court is seen as a last resort when the issue between the parties cannot be resolved by any other means. A benefit of ADR is that it is less confrontational than going to court. In this way it is an ideal means for the resolution of business disputes, as the working relationship between the parties is better preserved than it may otherwise be. This allows the parties to resolve the dispute and continue in their mutually beneficial business relationship. | ADR enables parties to resolve disputes whilst maintaining their relationship. | e |
id_735 | Alternative Dispute Resolution, also known as ADR, is a method employed by the courts of England and Wales in an attempt to reduce the amount of cases that go through the court. In this way it is hoped that ADR will save not only time but also the expense of going to court. ADR is a method by which parties to a dispute are encouraged to resolve their issues by alternative means, such as negotiation. In this way, taking a dispute to court is seen as a last resort when the issue between the parties cannot be resolved by any other means. A benefit of ADR is that it is less confrontational than going to court. In this way it is an ideal means for the resolution of business disputes, as the working relationship between the parties is better preserved than it may otherwise be. This allows the parties to resolve the dispute and continue in their mutually beneficial business relationship. | ADR is a method of resolving disputes without going to court. | e |
id_736 | Alternative Farming Methods in Oregon Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality super colossal onions. Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears. Range managers throughout the state have controlled the poisonous weed tansy ragwort with insect predators and saved the Oregon livestock industry up to $4.8 million a year. These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University (OSU) researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management (IPM). Nationwide, however, IPM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office (GAO) report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM. Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. Wholesale changes in the way that farmers control the pests on their farms is an expensive business. Tony Brown, of the National Farmers Association says. If the farmers are given tax breaks to offset the expenditure, then they would willingly accept the new practices. The report goes on to note that even though the use of the riskiest pesticides has declined nationwide, they still make up more than 40 percent of all pesticides used today; and national pesticide use has risen by 40 million kilograms since 1992. Our food supply remains the safest and highest quality on Earth but we continue to overdose our farmland with powerful and toxic pesticides and to under-use the safe and effective alternatives, charged Patrick Leahy, who commissioned the report. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuffs grown using toxic chemicals of the nature found on todays farms can be healthy for consumers, noted Bill Bowler, spokesman for Green Action, one of many lobbyists interested in this issue. The GAO report singles out Oregons apple and pear producers who have used the new IPM techniques with growing success. Although Oregon is clearly ahead of the nation, scientists at OSU are taking the Government Accounting Office criticisms seriously. We must continue to develop effective alternative practices that will reduce environmental hazards and produce high quality products, said Paul Jepson, a professor of entomology at OSU and new director of OSUs Integrated Plant Protection Centre (IPPC). The IPPC brings together scientists from OSUs Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU Extension service, the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically. The GAO report criticizes agencies for not clearly communicating the goals of IPM, said Jepson. Our challenge is to greatly improve the communication to and from growers, to learn what works and what doesnt. The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals. In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSUs Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams. The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality. In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated super colossal and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. Art Pimms, one of the researchers at Malheur comments: Growers are finding that when they adopt more environmentally benign practices, they can have excellent results. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success. OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips a notorious pest in commercial onion fields a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides. I would never have believed that we could replace the artificial pest controls that we had before and still keep our good results, commented Steve Black, a commercial onion farmer in Oregon, but instead we have actually surpassed expectations. OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad- spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. Consumers are rightly putting more and more pressure on the industry to change its reliance on chemical pesticides, but they still want a picture-perfect product, said Rick Hilton, entomologist at OSUs Southern Oregon Research and Extension Centre, where researchers help pear growers reduce the need for highly toxic pesticides. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae. Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment. | The IPPC uses scientists from different organisations. | e |
id_737 | Alternative Farming Methods in Oregon Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality super colossal onions. Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears. Range managers throughout the state have controlled the poisonous weed tansy ragwort with insect predators and saved the Oregon livestock industry up to $4.8 million a year. These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University (OSU) researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management (IPM). Nationwide, however, IPM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office (GAO) report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM. Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. Wholesale changes in the way that farmers control the pests on their farms is an expensive business. Tony Brown, of the National Farmers Association says. If the farmers are given tax breaks to offset the expenditure, then they would willingly accept the new practices. The report goes on to note that even though the use of the riskiest pesticides has declined nationwide, they still make up more than 40 percent of all pesticides used today; and national pesticide use has risen by 40 million kilograms since 1992. Our food supply remains the safest and highest quality on Earth but we continue to overdose our farmland with powerful and toxic pesticides and to under-use the safe and effective alternatives, charged Patrick Leahy, who commissioned the report. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuffs grown using toxic chemicals of the nature found on todays farms can be healthy for consumers, noted Bill Bowler, spokesman for Green Action, one of many lobbyists interested in this issue. The GAO report singles out Oregons apple and pear producers who have used the new IPM techniques with growing success. Although Oregon is clearly ahead of the nation, scientists at OSU are taking the Government Accounting Office criticisms seriously. We must continue to develop effective alternative practices that will reduce environmental hazards and produce high quality products, said Paul Jepson, a professor of entomology at OSU and new director of OSUs Integrated Plant Protection Centre (IPPC). The IPPC brings together scientists from OSUs Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU Extension service, the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically. The GAO report criticizes agencies for not clearly communicating the goals of IPM, said Jepson. Our challenge is to greatly improve the communication to and from growers, to learn what works and what doesnt. The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals. In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSUs Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams. The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality. In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated super colossal and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. Art Pimms, one of the researchers at Malheur comments: Growers are finding that when they adopt more environmentally benign practices, they can have excellent results. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success. OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips a notorious pest in commercial onion fields a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides. I would never have believed that we could replace the artificial pest controls that we had before and still keep our good results, commented Steve Black, a commercial onion farmer in Oregon, but instead we have actually surpassed expectations. OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad- spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. Consumers are rightly putting more and more pressure on the industry to change its reliance on chemical pesticides, but they still want a picture-perfect product, said Rick Hilton, entomologist at OSUs Southern Oregon Research and Extension Centre, where researchers help pear growers reduce the need for highly toxic pesticides. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae. Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment. | Oregon farmers of apples and pears have been promoted as successful examples of Integrated Pest Management. | e |
id_738 | Alternative Farming Methods in Oregon Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality super colossal onions. Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears. Range managers throughout the state have controlled the poisonous weed tansy ragwort with insect predators and saved the Oregon livestock industry up to $4.8 million a year. These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University (OSU) researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management (IPM). Nationwide, however, IPM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office (GAO) report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM. Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. Wholesale changes in the way that farmers control the pests on their farms is an expensive business. Tony Brown, of the National Farmers Association says. If the farmers are given tax breaks to offset the expenditure, then they would willingly accept the new practices. The report goes on to note that even though the use of the riskiest pesticides has declined nationwide, they still make up more than 40 percent of all pesticides used today; and national pesticide use has risen by 40 million kilograms since 1992. Our food supply remains the safest and highest quality on Earth but we continue to overdose our farmland with powerful and toxic pesticides and to under-use the safe and effective alternatives, charged Patrick Leahy, who commissioned the report. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuffs grown using toxic chemicals of the nature found on todays farms can be healthy for consumers, noted Bill Bowler, spokesman for Green Action, one of many lobbyists interested in this issue. The GAO report singles out Oregons apple and pear producers who have used the new IPM techniques with growing success. Although Oregon is clearly ahead of the nation, scientists at OSU are taking the Government Accounting Office criticisms seriously. We must continue to develop effective alternative practices that will reduce environmental hazards and produce high quality products, said Paul Jepson, a professor of entomology at OSU and new director of OSUs Integrated Plant Protection Centre (IPPC). The IPPC brings together scientists from OSUs Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU Extension service, the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically. The GAO report criticizes agencies for not clearly communicating the goals of IPM, said Jepson. Our challenge is to greatly improve the communication to and from growers, to learn what works and what doesnt. The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals. In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSUs Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams. The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality. In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated super colossal and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. Art Pimms, one of the researchers at Malheur comments: Growers are finding that when they adopt more environmentally benign practices, they can have excellent results. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success. OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips a notorious pest in commercial onion fields a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides. I would never have believed that we could replace the artificial pest controls that we had before and still keep our good results, commented Steve Black, a commercial onion farmer in Oregon, but instead we have actually surpassed expectations. OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad- spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. Consumers are rightly putting more and more pressure on the industry to change its reliance on chemical pesticides, but they still want a picture-perfect product, said Rick Hilton, entomologist at OSUs Southern Oregon Research and Extension Centre, where researchers help pear growers reduce the need for highly toxic pesticides. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae. Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment. | The apple industry is now facing a lot of competition from abroad. | n |
id_739 | Alternative Farming Methods in Oregon Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality super colossal onions. Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears. Range managers throughout the state have controlled the poisonous weed tansy ragwort with insect predators and saved the Oregon livestock industry up to $4.8 million a year. These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University (OSU) researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management (IPM). Nationwide, however, IPM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office (GAO) report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM. Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. Wholesale changes in the way that farmers control the pests on their farms is an expensive business. Tony Brown, of the National Farmers Association says. If the farmers are given tax breaks to offset the expenditure, then they would willingly accept the new practices. The report goes on to note that even though the use of the riskiest pesticides has declined nationwide, they still make up more than 40 percent of all pesticides used today; and national pesticide use has risen by 40 million kilograms since 1992. Our food supply remains the safest and highest quality on Earth but we continue to overdose our farmland with powerful and toxic pesticides and to under-use the safe and effective alternatives, charged Patrick Leahy, who commissioned the report. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuffs grown using toxic chemicals of the nature found on todays farms can be healthy for consumers, noted Bill Bowler, spokesman for Green Action, one of many lobbyists interested in this issue. The GAO report singles out Oregons apple and pear producers who have used the new IPM techniques with growing success. Although Oregon is clearly ahead of the nation, scientists at OSU are taking the Government Accounting Office criticisms seriously. We must continue to develop effective alternative practices that will reduce environmental hazards and produce high quality products, said Paul Jepson, a professor of entomology at OSU and new director of OSUs Integrated Plant Protection Centre (IPPC). The IPPC brings together scientists from OSUs Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU Extension service, the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically. The GAO report criticizes agencies for not clearly communicating the goals of IPM, said Jepson. Our challenge is to greatly improve the communication to and from growers, to learn what works and what doesnt. The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals. In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSUs Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams. The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality. In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated super colossal and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. Art Pimms, one of the researchers at Malheur comments: Growers are finding that when they adopt more environmentally benign practices, they can have excellent results. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success. OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips a notorious pest in commercial onion fields a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides. I would never have believed that we could replace the artificial pest controls that we had before and still keep our good results, commented Steve Black, a commercial onion farmer in Oregon, but instead we have actually surpassed expectations. OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad- spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. Consumers are rightly putting more and more pressure on the industry to change its reliance on chemical pesticides, but they still want a picture-perfect product, said Rick Hilton, entomologist at OSUs Southern Oregon Research and Extension Centre, where researchers help pear growers reduce the need for highly toxic pesticides. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae. Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment. | Integrated Pest Management has generally been regarded as a success in the US. | c |
id_740 | Alternative Farming Methods in Oregon Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality super colossal onions. Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears. Range managers throughout the state have controlled the poisonous weed tansy ragwort with insect predators and saved the Oregon livestock industry up to $4.8 million a year. These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University (OSU) researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management (IPM). Nationwide, however, IPM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office (GAO) report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM. Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. Wholesale changes in the way that farmers control the pests on their farms is an expensive business. Tony Brown, of the National Farmers Association says. If the farmers are given tax breaks to offset the expenditure, then they would willingly accept the new practices. The report goes on to note that even though the use of the riskiest pesticides has declined nationwide, they still make up more than 40 percent of all pesticides used today; and national pesticide use has risen by 40 million kilograms since 1992. Our food supply remains the safest and highest quality on Earth but we continue to overdose our farmland with powerful and toxic pesticides and to under-use the safe and effective alternatives, charged Patrick Leahy, who commissioned the report. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. There is no way that habitual consumption of foodstuffs grown using toxic chemicals of the nature found on todays farms can be healthy for consumers, noted Bill Bowler, spokesman for Green Action, one of many lobbyists interested in this issue. The GAO report singles out Oregons apple and pear producers who have used the new IPM techniques with growing success. Although Oregon is clearly ahead of the nation, scientists at OSU are taking the Government Accounting Office criticisms seriously. We must continue to develop effective alternative practices that will reduce environmental hazards and produce high quality products, said Paul Jepson, a professor of entomology at OSU and new director of OSUs Integrated Plant Protection Centre (IPPC). The IPPC brings together scientists from OSUs Agricultural Experiment Station, OSU Extension service, the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically. The GAO report criticizes agencies for not clearly communicating the goals of IPM, said Jepson. Our challenge is to greatly improve the communication to and from growers, to learn what works and what doesnt. The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals. In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSUs Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams. The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality. In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated super colossal and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. Art Pimms, one of the researchers at Malheur comments: Growers are finding that when they adopt more environmentally benign practices, they can have excellent results. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success. OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips a notorious pest in commercial onion fields a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides. I would never have believed that we could replace the artificial pest controls that we had before and still keep our good results, commented Steve Black, a commercial onion farmer in Oregon, but instead we have actually surpassed expectations. OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad- spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. Consumers are rightly putting more and more pressure on the industry to change its reliance on chemical pesticides, but they still want a picture-perfect product, said Rick Hilton, entomologist at OSUs Southern Oregon Research and Extension Centre, where researchers help pear growers reduce the need for highly toxic pesticides. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae. Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment. | Straw mulch experiments produced unplanned benefits. | e |
id_741 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | Electric cars dont pollute the environment. | c |
id_742 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | People are becoming more interested in hybrid cars. | e |
id_743 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | Cars are the largest source of environmental pollution in the modern world. | n |
id_744 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | Solar-powered cars are currently too expensive for the average person to own. | n |
id_745 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | Roads and highways contribute to water pollution. | e |
id_746 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | Car emissions can contribute to illnesses of the respiratory system. | e |
id_747 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | Bicycle riding has health benefits. | e |
id_748 | Alternative Transportation Transportation is a major issue in urban areas around the world. Rising fuel costs, environmental problems, and traffic-clogged roads are some of the concerns that have led people to consider alternative forms of transportation. Fuel-efficient cars and cars that run on alternative sources of energy are receiving increasing interest as people become more concerned about the costs of using gasoline. These costs include not only the ever increasing price of filling up a cars fuel tank but also the environmental costs of emitting huge amounts of car exhaust into the atmosphere. Climate change is an issue of global concern. Closer to home, cities have to consider the effects on the health of their citizens. Car emissions have been linked to a range of health problems, particularly respiratory problems. For example, studies have linked childhood asthma and stunted lung growth to exposure to car exhaust in the air. Research has also made connections between car emissions and heart disease, certain cancers, and immune system problems. The popularity of smaller, more fuel efficient cars is on the rise. Hybrid vehicles are also becoming more common. These cars have two engines one that is battery powered and one that is gasoline powered. The battery- powered engine gets the car moving from a standstill. Once the car reaches a certain speed, the gasoline engine, which is more efficient at higher speeds, takes over to keep the car moving. There is also a growing interest in cars that are completely battery powered. These are cars that would be plugged into an electric outlet to recharge when not in use. Many consider such vehicles to be the car of the future. However, as long as the electricity is generated by coal-burning plants, as is often the case, these cars cannot be considered as using clean energy. Solar cars and hydrogen cars are other clean technologies that are receiving attention and hopes for the future. Car emissions are the most serious source of concern, but the sheer number of vehicles on the roadover 250 million in the United States alone and over one billion worldwidehas other repercussions, as well. The roads and highways that are built to accommodate the growing number of cars in use are a source of pollution themselves. Ground that is covered with pavement cannot absorb rainwater, thus motor oil and other pollutants are washed off the roads and into lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Chemicals, herbicides, concrete, asphalt, paint, and other materials that are used during road construction also contribute to environmental pollution. Personal convenience and health are also affected. While private cars are seen as a convenient way to get from place to place, crowded roads mean traffic moves much more slowly, making it difficult to travel, especially during rush hour periods. And people who spend hours each day sitting in cars stuck in traffic are not standing up, moving around, or getting any sort of exercise, a situation that can lead to a variety of health problems. Thus, in addition to developing passenger cars that run on alternative sources of fuel, we also need to look at alternative forms of transportation. These would include walking, bicycle riding, carpooling, and various types of public transportation. The benefits of walking and cycling are obvious. They cause no pollution and improve physical health. Car poolsseveral people sharing a ride in a private carmean fewer cars on the road and allow the riders to share the expenses involved. Public transportation buses, subways, commuter trainshas many benefits, as well. For one, it may provide users with opportunities for physical exercise as people have to get from their homes to the bus stops and train stations, and this is often done on foot. There are also mental health benefits, as relaxing on a train or bus while reading the newspaper or listening to music is a good deal less stressful than driving ones own car through rush hour traffic. All of these forms of transportation decrease the number of cars on the roads and greatly reduce emissions. Looking toward the future, cities need to pay as much attention, or more, to public transportation and to accommodating walkers and cyclists as they do to building roads and accommodating drivers of passenger cars. | Car pools can reduce individuals transportation costs. | e |
id_749 | Although according to the EU-funded Psychonaut Research Project it has only been available since 2008, mephedrone is now the fourth most popular recreational drug in the United Kingdom. Also known as meow meow and drone, mephedrone is a synthetic stimulant that is derived from cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of Eastern Africa. Chemically similar to amphetamines, mephedrone has the effect of euphoria and increased stimulation. Because it is sold as plant fertilizer and thus not subject to medical regulations, mephedrone is currently legal in the United Kingdom, although it has been banned in many other countries, including Sweden, Germany and Israel. Manufactured in China and sold cheaply, the drugs legality and availability have led to its meteoric rise. While it is not illegal, it does not follow that mephedrone is safe to use an international lack of scientific research means that its effects on health are not fully known. Following reports of addiction and the drugs suspected involvement in several deaths; there are calls in the UK to have mephedrone classified as an illegal substance immediately. This legal decision, however, cannot be taken until a government advisory council has fully investigated any scientific evidence. | The UK government has been criticised for failing to act quickly to criminalise mephedrone. | n |
id_750 | Although according to the EU-funded Psychonaut Research Project it has only been available since 2008, mephedrone is now the fourth most popular recreational drug in the United Kingdom. Also known as meow meow and drone, mephedrone is a synthetic stimulant that is derived from cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of Eastern Africa. Chemically similar to amphetamines, mephedrone has the effect of euphoria and increased stimulation. Because it is sold as plant fertilizer and thus not subject to medical regulations, mephedrone is currently legal in the United Kingdom, although it has been banned in many other countries, including Sweden, Germany and Israel. Manufactured in China and sold cheaply, the drugs legality and availability have led to its meteoric rise. While it is not illegal, it does not follow that mephedrone is safe to use an international lack of scientific research means that its effects on health are not fully known. Following reports of addiction and the drugs suspected involvement in several deaths; there are calls in the UK to have mephedrone classified as an illegal substance immediately. This legal decision, however, cannot be taken until a government advisory council has fully investigated any scientific evidence. | Mephedrones low cost makes it especially attractive to teenage users. | n |
id_751 | Although according to the EU-funded Psychonaut Research Project it has only been available since 2008, mephedrone is now the fourth most popular recreational drug in the United Kingdom. Also known as meow meow and drone, mephedrone is a synthetic stimulant that is derived from cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of Eastern Africa. Chemically similar to amphetamines, mephedrone has the effect of euphoria and increased stimulation. Because it is sold as plant fertilizer and thus not subject to medical regulations, mephedrone is currently legal in the United Kingdom, although it has been banned in many other countries, including Sweden, Germany and Israel. Manufactured in China and sold cheaply, the drugs legality and availability have led to its meteoric rise. While it is not illegal, it does not follow that mephedrone is safe to use an international lack of scientific research means that its effects on health are not fully known. Following reports of addiction and the drugs suspected involvement in several deaths; there are calls in the UK to have mephedrone classified as an illegal substance immediately. This legal decision, however, cannot be taken until a government advisory council has fully investigated any scientific evidence. | Sweden and Germany have scientifically proven the health dangers of mephedrone. | c |
id_752 | Although according to the EU-funded Psychonaut Research Project it has only been available since 2008, mephedrone is now the fourth most popular recreational drug in the United Kingdom. Also known as meow meow and drone, mephedrone is a synthetic stimulant that is derived from cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of Eastern Africa. Chemically similar to amphetamines, mephedrone has the effect of euphoria and increased stimulation. Because it is sold as plant fertilizer and thus not subject to medical regulations, mephedrone is currently legal in the United Kingdom, although it has been banned in many other countries, including Sweden, Germany and Israel. Manufactured in China and sold cheaply, the drugs legality and availability have led to its meteoric rise. While it is not illegal, it does not follow that mephedrone is safe to use an international lack of scientific research means that its effects on health are not fully known. Following reports of addiction and the drugs suspected involvement in several deaths; there are calls in the UK to have mephedrone classified as an illegal substance immediately. This legal decision, however, cannot be taken until a government advisory council has fully investigated any scientific evidence. | Despite being a legal substance, mephedrone is not safe to use. | n |
id_753 | Although according to the EU-funded Psychonaut Research Project it has only been available since 2008, mephedrone is now the fourth most popular recreational drug in the United Kingdom. Also known as meow meow and drone, mephedrone is a synthetic stimulant that is derived from cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of Eastern Africa. Chemically similar to amphetamines, mephedrone has the effect of euphoria and increased stimulation. Because it is sold as plant fertilizer and thus not subject to medical regulations, mephedrone is currently legal in the United Kingdom, although it has been banned in many other countries, including Sweden, Germany and Israel. Manufactured in China and sold cheaply, the drugs legality and availability have led to its meteoric rise. While it is not illegal, it does not follow that mephedrone is safe to use an international lack of scientific research means that its effects on health are not fully known. Following reports of addiction and the drugs suspected involvement in several deaths; there are calls in the UK to have mephedrone classified as an illegal substance immediately. This legal decision, however, cannot be taken until a government advisory council has fully investigated any scientific evidence. | Mephedrone is a naturally occurring substance. | c |
id_754 | Although autism was first discovered in 1943, it is still a relatively unknown disability. Children with autism do not show any signs of physical disability. It is a lifelong development disability that affects an individuals social interaction, social imagination and communication skills. Most sufferers can often have learning difficulties. A form of autism is called Aspergers syndrome, which is used to describe sufferers who are usually at the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum. It seems that to an autistic person reality is a confusing, interacting mass of events, people, places, sounds, and sights. A sufferer may not have clear boundaries, order or meaning to anything. | Autistic children may not have the ability to develop reciprocal relationships | e |
id_755 | Although autism was first discovered in 1943, it is still a relatively unknown disability. Children with autism do not show any signs of physical disability. It is a lifelong development disability that affects an individuals social interaction, social imagination and communication skills. Most sufferers can often have learning difficulties. A form of autism is called Aspergers syndrome, which is used to describe sufferers who are usually at the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum. It seems that to an autistic person reality is a confusing, interacting mass of events, people, places, sounds, and sights. A sufferer may not have clear boundaries, order or meaning to anything. | Autistic children are able to comprehend and put forward new ideas about creative play | c |
id_756 | Although autism was first discovered in 1943, it is still a relatively unknown disability. Children with autism do not show any signs of physical disability. It is a lifelong development disability that affects an individuals social interaction, social imagination and communication skills. Most sufferers can often have learning difficulties. A form of autism is called Aspergers syndrome, which is used to describe sufferers who are usually at the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum. It seems that to an autistic person reality is a confusing, interacting mass of events, people, places, sounds, and sights. A sufferer may not have clear boundaries, order or meaning to anything. | People who see an autistic child may assume they look normal | e |
id_757 | Although autism was first discovered in 1943, it is still a relatively unknown disability. Children with autism do not show any signs of physical disability. It is a lifelong development disability that affects an individuals social interaction, social imagination and communication skills. Most sufferers can often have learning difficulties. A form of autism is called Aspergers syndrome, which is used to describe sufferers who are usually at the higher functioning end of the autistic spectrum. It seems that to an autistic person reality is a confusing, interacting mass of events, people, places, sounds, and sights. A sufferer may not have clear boundaries, order or meaning to anything. | Autistic children are unable to make sense of their world | e |
id_758 | Although commonly referred to as tidal waves, tsunamis are not caused by tides. A tsunami is a series of fast-moving waves created by a disturbance above or below sea level. Although earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and landslides can also trigger a tsunami. A tsunami can occur in any large body of water, however they typically occur in the Pacific Ocean. In open water, a tsunami travels at speeds of up to 800 km per hour, with wavelengths several hundred kilometres long but wave heights under one metre. When it approaches land, however, a tsunami slows, its wave length compressing and its height increasing. In 2004, a catastrophic tsunami resulting from an earthquake in the Indian Ocean claimed more than 200,000 lives with 20-metres-high waves. While scientists cannot predict when a tsunami will occur, seismologists monitoring submarine earthquakes can forecast a tsunamis arrival and impact using wave theory and measurement technology, thus enabling authorities to issue tsunami warnings. | Earthquakes occur most frequently in the Pacific Ocean. | n |
id_759 | Although commonly referred to as tidal waves, tsunamis are not caused by tides. A tsunami is a series of fast-moving waves created by a disturbance above or below sea level. Although earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and landslides can also trigger a tsunami. A tsunami can occur in any large body of water, however they typically occur in the Pacific Ocean. In open water, a tsunami travels at speeds of up to 800 km per hour, with wavelengths several hundred kilometres long but wave heights under one metre. When it approaches land, however, a tsunami slows, its wave length compressing and its height increasing. In 2004, a catastrophic tsunami resulting from an earthquake in the Indian Ocean claimed more than 200,000 lives with 20-metres-high waves. While scientists cannot predict when a tsunami will occur, seismologists monitoring submarine earthquakes can forecast a tsunamis arrival and impact using wave theory and measurement technology, thus enabling authorities to issue tsunami warnings. | Tidal wave is a misnomer for a tsunami. | e |
id_760 | Although commonly referred to as tidal waves, tsunamis are not caused by tides. A tsunami is a series of fast-moving waves created by a disturbance above or below sea level. Although earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and landslides can also trigger a tsunami. A tsunami can occur in any large body of water, however they typically occur in the Pacific Ocean. In open water, a tsunami travels at speeds of up to 800 km per hour, with wavelengths several hundred kilometres long but wave heights under one metre. When it approaches land, however, a tsunami slows, its wave length compressing and its height increasing. In 2004, a catastrophic tsunami resulting from an earthquake in the Indian Ocean claimed more than 200,000 lives with 20-metres-high waves. While scientists cannot predict when a tsunami will occur, seismologists monitoring submarine earthquakes can forecast a tsunamis arrival and impact using wave theory and measurement technology, thus enabling authorities to issue tsunami warnings. | The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was the most devastating tsunami in recent history. | n |
id_761 | Although commonly referred to as tidal waves, tsunamis are not caused by tides. A tsunami is a series of fast-moving waves created by a disturbance above or below sea level. Although earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and landslides can also trigger a tsunami. A tsunami can occur in any large body of water, however they typically occur in the Pacific Ocean. In open water, a tsunami travels at speeds of up to 800 km per hour, with wavelengths several hundred kilometres long but wave heights under one metre. When it approaches land, however, a tsunami slows, its wave length compressing and its height increasing. In 2004, a catastrophic tsunami resulting from an earthquake in the Indian Ocean claimed more than 200,000 lives with 20-metres-high waves. While scientists cannot predict when a tsunami will occur, seismologists monitoring submarine earthquakes can forecast a tsunamis arrival and impact using wave theory and measurement technology, thus enabling authorities to issue tsunami warnings. | As a tsunami reaches the shore, its speed and its wave height increase. | c |
id_762 | Although commonly referred to as tidal waves, tsunamis are not caused by tides. A tsunami is a series of fast-moving waves created by a disturbance above or below sea level. Although earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and landslides can also trigger a tsunami. A tsunami can occur in any large body of water, however they typically occur in the Pacific Ocean. In open water, a tsunami travels at speeds of up to 800 km per hour, with wavelengths several hundred kilometres long but wave heights under one metre. When it approaches land, however, a tsunami slows, its wave length compressing and its height increasing. In 2004, a catastrophic tsunami resulting from an earthquake in the Indian Ocean claimed more than 200,000 lives with 20-metres-high waves. While scientists cannot predict when a tsunami will occur, seismologists monitoring submarine earthquakes can forecast a tsunamis arrival and impact using wave theory and measurement technology, thus enabling authorities to issue tsunami warnings. | Using wave measurement methodology, scientists can predict when a tsunami will occur. | c |
id_763 | Although often considered a trivial and mundane aspect of corporate affairs, designing a logo for a global company can be an extremely expensive, thorough process, or a cheap and convenient one. At the extreme end, the oil and gas company BP spend over $200,000,000 designing and developing their logo. Similarly the management consultancy and IT company Accenture spent $100,000,000 on their logo. However at the other end of the spectrum, the internet services company Google didnt spend a penny on their logo, instead the founding member Sergey Brin designed it himself. Similarly the Coca-Cola logo was simply the formal hand written style used at the time of coca-colas inception and never required an extensive design. The Nike logo cost the company 500 shares of stock to design, which at the time was worth around $35, but would be worth $600,000 today. | Accenture spent less money on their logo than BP. | e |
id_764 | Although often considered a trivial and mundane aspect of corporate affairs, designing a logo for a global company can be an extremely expensive, thorough process, or a cheap and convenient one. At the extreme end, the oil and gas company BP spend over $200,000,000 designing and developing their logo. Similarly the management consultancy and IT company Accenture spent $100,000,000 on their logo. However at the other end of the spectrum, the internet services company Google didnt spend a penny on their logo, instead the founding member Sergey Brin designed it himself. Similarly the Coca-Cola logo was simply the formal hand written style used at the time of coca-colas inception and never required an extensive design. The Nike logo cost the company 500 shares of stock to design, which at the time was worth around $35, but would be worth $600,000 today. | The Google logo cost less to produce than the Coca-Cola logo. | c |
id_765 | Although often considered a trivial and mundane aspect of corporate affairs, designing a logo for a global company can be an extremely expensive, thorough process, or a cheap and convenient one. At the extreme end, the oil and gas company BP spend over $200,000,000 designing and developing their logo. Similarly the management consultancy and IT company Accenture spent $100,000,000 on their logo. However at the other end of the spectrum, the internet services company Google didnt spend a penny on their logo, instead the founding member Sergey Brin designed it himself. Similarly the Coca-Cola logo was simply the formal hand written style used at the time of coca-colas inception and never required an extensive design. The Nike logo cost the company 500 shares of stock to design, which at the time was worth around $35, but would be worth $600,000 today. | The Nike logo cost $35 cash. | c |
id_766 | Although often considered a trivial and mundane aspect of corporate affairs, designing a logo for a global company can be an extremely expensive, thorough process, or a cheap and convenient one. At the extreme end, the oil and gas company BP spend over $200,000,000 designing and developing their logo. Similarly the management consultancy and IT company Accenture spent $100,000,000 on their logo. However at the other end of the spectrum, the internet services company Google didnt spend a penny on their logo, instead the founding member Sergey Brin designed it himself. Similarly the Coca-Cola logo was simply the formal hand written style used at the time of coca-colas inception and never required an extensive design. The Nike logo cost the company 500 shares of stock to design, which at the time was worth around $35, but would be worth $600,000 today. | BP holds the record for most expensive logo. | n |
id_767 | Although there is no scientific support for the contention that the physical features observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a person's character, or divine their future . the human hand does show evidence of the person's health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include calluses or nail kiting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound the unsophisticated. | Features of a person's hand may provide clues to hislher job. | e |
id_768 | Although there is no scientific support for the contention that the physical features observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a person's character, or divine their future . the human hand does show evidence of the person's health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include calluses or nail kiting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound the unsophisticated. | Hands do not reveal anything about someone's level of hygiene. | c |
id_769 | Although there is no scientific support for the contention that the physical features observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a person's character, or divine their future . the human hand does show evidence of the person's health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include calluses or nail kiting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound the unsophisticated. | Sophisticated people tend not to be very impressed by palm readers. | n |
id_770 | Although there is no scientific support for the contention that the physical features observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a persons character, or divine their future, the human hand does show evidence of the persons health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include calluses or nail biting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound the unsophisticated. | Hands do not reveal anything about someones level of hygiene. | c |
id_771 | Although there is no scientific support for the contention that the physical features observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a persons character, or divine their future, the human hand does show evidence of the persons health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include calluses or nail biting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound the unsophisticated. | Features of a persons hand may provide clues to his/her job. | e |
id_772 | Although there is no scientific support for the contention that the physical features observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a persons character, or divine their future, the human hand does show evidence of the persons health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include calluses or nail biting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound the unsophisticated. | Sophisticated people tend not to be very impressed by palm readers. | e |
id_773 | Although today used to describe any movement to claim back territory for ethnic, linguistic, geographical or historical reasons, the term irredentism originally came from the Italian nationalist movement Italia irredenta. Meaning unredeemed Italy, Italian irredentism was an opinion movement rather than a formal organisation. It sought to unify ethnically Italian territories, such as Trieste, Trentina, and Istria, that were outside of Italian borders at the time of the unification of Italy in 1866. The annexation of these Italian territories from Austria provided Italy with its strongest motive for participating in World War I. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 satisfied most of Italys irredentist claims, however new borders delineated by the treaty gave rise to new irredentist claims. Dividing the German Empire into separate nations created German minority populations in the new countries of Poland and Hungary. German irredentist claims to these territories, as well as to Austria, resulted in the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles created Yugoslavia to be a Slavic homeland, but ethnic and religious differences between Bosnians, Serbs and Croats eventually led to war in the 1990s. The artificial political states created by the Treaty of Versailles in East Africa failed to take tribal boundaries into account, and thus remain subject to irredentist claims. Similarly, borders drawn up in the Near East are still contentious today. | Trieste, Trentina and Istria were reunified with Italy following the Treaty of Versailles. | n |
id_774 | Although today used to describe any movement to claim back territory for ethnic, linguistic, geographical or historical reasons, the term irredentism originally came from the Italian nationalist movement Italia irredenta. Meaning unredeemed Italy, Italian irredentism was an opinion movement rather than a formal organisation. It sought to unify ethnically Italian territories, such as Trieste, Trentina, and Istria, that were outside of Italian borders at the time of the unification of Italy in 1866. The annexation of these Italian territories from Austria provided Italy with its strongest motive for participating in World War I. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 satisfied most of Italys irredentist claims, however new borders delineated by the treaty gave rise to new irredentist claims. Dividing the German Empire into separate nations created German minority populations in the new countries of Poland and Hungary. German irredentist claims to these territories, as well as to Austria, resulted in the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles created Yugoslavia to be a Slavic homeland, but ethnic and religious differences between Bosnians, Serbs and Croats eventually led to war in the 1990s. The artificial political states created by the Treaty of Versailles in East Africa failed to take tribal boundaries into account, and thus remain subject to irredentist claims. Similarly, borders drawn up in the Near East are still contentious today. | Borders imposed in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles resulted in twentieth century conflicts. | e |
id_775 | Although today used to describe any movement to claim back territory for ethnic, linguistic, geographical or historical reasons, the term irredentism originally came from the Italian nationalist movement Italia irredenta. Meaning unredeemed Italy, Italian irredentism was an opinion movement rather than a formal organisation. It sought to unify ethnically Italian territories, such as Trieste, Trentina, and Istria, that were outside of Italian borders at the time of the unification of Italy in 1866. The annexation of these Italian territories from Austria provided Italy with its strongest motive for participating in World War I. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 satisfied most of Italys irredentist claims, however new borders delineated by the treaty gave rise to new irredentist claims. Dividing the German Empire into separate nations created German minority populations in the new countries of Poland and Hungary. German irredentist claims to these territories, as well as to Austria, resulted in the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles created Yugoslavia to be a Slavic homeland, but ethnic and religious differences between Bosnians, Serbs and Croats eventually led to war in the 1990s. The artificial political states created by the Treaty of Versailles in East Africa failed to take tribal boundaries into account, and thus remain subject to irredentist claims. Similarly, borders drawn up in the Near East are still contentious today. | Irredentist movements advocate the annexation of territories only on the grounds of prior historical possession. | c |
id_776 | Although today used to describe any movement to claim back territory for ethnic, linguistic, geographical or historical reasons, the term irredentism originally came from the Italian nationalist movement Italia irredenta. Meaning unredeemed Italy, Italian irredentism was an opinion movement rather than a formal organisation. It sought to unify ethnically Italian territories, such as Trieste, Trentina, and Istria, that were outside of Italian borders at the time of the unification of Italy in 1866. The annexation of these Italian territories from Austria provided Italy with its strongest motive for participating in World War I. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 satisfied most of Italys irredentist claims, however new borders delineated by the treaty gave rise to new irredentist claims. Dividing the German Empire into separate nations created German minority populations in the new countries of Poland and Hungary. German irredentist claims to these territories, as well as to Austria, resulted in the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles created Yugoslavia to be a Slavic homeland, but ethnic and religious differences between Bosnians, Serbs and Croats eventually led to war in the 1990s. The artificial political states created by the Treaty of Versailles in East Africa failed to take tribal boundaries into account, and thus remain subject to irredentist claims. Similarly, borders drawn up in the Near East are still contentious today. | Yugoslavia was created following the Second World War to provide a homeland for Bosnians, Serbs and Croats. | c |
id_777 | Although today used to describe any movement to claim back territory for ethnic, linguistic, geographical or historical reasons, the term irredentism originally came from the Italian nationalist movement Italia irredenta. Meaning unredeemed Italy, Italian irredentism was an opinion movement rather than a formal organisation. It sought to unify ethnically Italian territories, such as Trieste, Trentina, and Istria, that were outside of Italian borders at the time of the unification of Italy in 1866. The annexation of these Italian territories from Austria provided Italy with its strongest motive for participating in World War I. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 satisfied most of Italys irredentist claims, however new borders delineated by the treaty gave rise to new irredentist claims. Dividing the German Empire into separate nations created German minority populations in the new countries of Poland and Hungary. German irredentist claims to these territories, as well as to Austria, resulted in the Second World War. The Treaty of Versailles created Yugoslavia to be a Slavic homeland, but ethnic and religious differences between Bosnians, Serbs and Croats eventually led to war in the 1990s. The artificial political states created by the Treaty of Versailles in East Africa failed to take tribal boundaries into account, and thus remain subject to irredentist claims. Similarly, borders drawn up in the Near East are still contentious today. | Although originally an Italian movement, irredentist claims are now being made in other countries. | e |
id_778 | Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and data management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur-professional interaction, and collaboration. | Amateur-professional collaboration will contribute to the advancement of astronomy. | e |
id_779 | Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and data management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur-professional interaction, and collaboration. | In the past, all scientific equipment required for research in astronomy was very expensive. | n |
id_780 | Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and data management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur-professional interaction, and collaboration. | Following the spread of new, and cheaper technology, more amateur scientists are collaborating with professionals. | n |
id_781 | Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and data management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur-professional interaction, and collaboration. | Its widely felt that cheap technology will facilitate an amateur-professional interaction. | c |
id_782 | Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and date management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur; professional interaction, and collaboration. | Amateur-professional collaboration will contribute to the advancement of astronomy. | e |
id_783 | Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and date management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur; professional interaction, and collaboration. | In the past, all scientific equipment required for research in astronomy was very expensive. | c |
id_784 | Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and date management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate amateur; professional interaction, and collaboration. | Following the spread of new, and cheaper technology, more amateur scientists are collaborating with professionals. | e |
id_785 | Ambergris What is it and where does it come from. Ambergris was used to perfume cosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization on the earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese names ambergris as lung sien hiang, "dragon's spittle perfume, " as they think that it was produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of a sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that it is produced from springs near seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavouring for food. B. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby- Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was largely used in perfumery. But nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720's, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales. Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales. Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold. (Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 a gram. ) Amber floats in salt water, and in old times the origin of both these substances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized as jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees, mainly pines. D. To the earliest Western chroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminous sea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings of strange sea birds (probably because of confusion over the included beaks of squid) or from the large hives of bees living near the sea. Marco Polo was the first Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales and its vomit. As sperm whales navigate in the oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey on squid, most famously the Giant Squid. Its commonly accepted that ambergris forms in the whales gut or intestines as the creature attempts to "deal" with squid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggle to digest the hard, sharp, parrot-like beaks. It is thought their stomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventually hard, resinous lumps are formed around the beaks, and then expelled from their innards by vomiting. When a whale initially vomits up ambergris, it is soft and has a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smell of cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, the substance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded piece of nostril heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, musky and pleasant earthy aroma. F. Since ambergris is derived from animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case of ambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangered species, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th century due to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocks still have not recovered. During the 1970s, the Save the Whales movement brought the plight of whales to international recognition. Many people now believe that whales are "saved". This couldnt be further from the truth. All around the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales, in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers are concerned that even the trade in naturally found ambergris can be harmful by creating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance. G. One of the forms ambergris is used today is as a valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong the scent. But nowadays, since ambergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeries prefer to add a chemical derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris. As a fragrance consumer, you can assume that thereis no natural ambergris in your perfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you own vintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you have been wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to review your scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containing perfumes: Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5, and Gucci Guilty. | New uses of ambergris have been discovered recently. | n |
id_786 | Ambergris What is it and where does it come from. Ambergris was used to perfume cosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization on the earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese names ambergris as lung sien hiang, "dragon's spittle perfume, " as they think that it was produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of a sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that it is produced from springs near seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavouring for food. B. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby- Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was largely used in perfumery. But nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720's, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales. Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales. Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold. (Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 a gram. ) Amber floats in salt water, and in old times the origin of both these substances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized as jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees, mainly pines. D. To the earliest Western chroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminous sea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings of strange sea birds (probably because of confusion over the included beaks of squid) or from the large hives of bees living near the sea. Marco Polo was the first Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales and its vomit. As sperm whales navigate in the oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey on squid, most famously the Giant Squid. Its commonly accepted that ambergris forms in the whales gut or intestines as the creature attempts to "deal" with squid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggle to digest the hard, sharp, parrot-like beaks. It is thought their stomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventually hard, resinous lumps are formed around the beaks, and then expelled from their innards by vomiting. When a whale initially vomits up ambergris, it is soft and has a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smell of cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, the substance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded piece of nostril heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, musky and pleasant earthy aroma. F. Since ambergris is derived from animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case of ambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangered species, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th century due to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocks still have not recovered. During the 1970s, the Save the Whales movement brought the plight of whales to international recognition. Many people now believe that whales are "saved". This couldnt be further from the truth. All around the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales, in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers are concerned that even the trade in naturally found ambergris can be harmful by creating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance. G. One of the forms ambergris is used today is as a valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong the scent. But nowadays, since ambergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeries prefer to add a chemical derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris. As a fragrance consumer, you can assume that thereis no natural ambergris in your perfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you own vintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you have been wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to review your scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containing perfumes: Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5, and Gucci Guilty. | Ambergris is still the most frequently used ingredient in perfume production today. | c |
id_787 | Ambergris What is it and where does it come from. Ambergris was used to perfume cosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization on the earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese names ambergris as lung sien hiang, "dragon's spittle perfume, " as they think that it was produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of a sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that it is produced from springs near seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavouring for food. B. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby- Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was largely used in perfumery. But nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720's, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales. Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales. Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold. (Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 a gram. ) Amber floats in salt water, and in old times the origin of both these substances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized as jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees, mainly pines. D. To the earliest Western chroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminous sea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings of strange sea birds (probably because of confusion over the included beaks of squid) or from the large hives of bees living near the sea. Marco Polo was the first Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales and its vomit. As sperm whales navigate in the oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey on squid, most famously the Giant Squid. Its commonly accepted that ambergris forms in the whales gut or intestines as the creature attempts to "deal" with squid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggle to digest the hard, sharp, parrot-like beaks. It is thought their stomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventually hard, resinous lumps are formed around the beaks, and then expelled from their innards by vomiting. When a whale initially vomits up ambergris, it is soft and has a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smell of cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, the substance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded piece of nostril heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, musky and pleasant earthy aroma. F. Since ambergris is derived from animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case of ambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangered species, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th century due to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocks still have not recovered. During the 1970s, the Save the Whales movement brought the plight of whales to international recognition. Many people now believe that whales are "saved". This couldnt be further from the truth. All around the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales, in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers are concerned that even the trade in naturally found ambergris can be harmful by creating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance. G. One of the forms ambergris is used today is as a valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong the scent. But nowadays, since ambergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeries prefer to add a chemical derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris. As a fragrance consumer, you can assume that thereis no natural ambergris in your perfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you own vintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you have been wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to review your scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containing perfumes: Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5, and Gucci Guilty. | Ambergris is becoming more expensive than before. | n |
id_788 | Ambergris What is it and where does it come from. Ambergris was used to perfume cosmetics in the days of ancient Mesopotamia and almost every civilization on the earth has a brush with ambergris. Before 1,000 AD, the Chinese names ambergris as lung sien hiang, "dragon's spittle perfume, " as they think that it was produced from the drooling of dragons sleeping on rocks at the edge of a sea. The Arabs knew ambergris as anbar, believing that it is produced from springs near seas. It also gets its name from here. For centuries, this substance has also been used as a flavouring for food. B. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used ambergris as a remedy for headaches, colds, epilepsy, and other ailments. In the 1851 whaling novel Moby- Dick, Herman Melville claimed that ambergris was largely used in perfumery. But nobody ever knew where it really came from. Experts were still guessing its origin thousands of years later, until the long ages of guesswork ended in the 1720's, when Nantucket whalers found gobs of the costly material inside the stomachs of sperm whales. Industrial whaling quickly burgeoned. By 20th century ambergris is mainly recovered from inside the carcasses of sperm whales. Through countless ages, people have found pieces of ambergris on sandy beaches. It was named grey amber to distinguish it from golden amber, another rare treasure. Both of them were among the most sought-after substances in the world, almost as valuable as gold. (Ambergris sells for roughly $20 a gram, slightly less than gold at $30 a gram. ) Amber floats in salt water, and in old times the origin of both these substances was mysterious. But it turned out that amber and ambergris have little in common. Amber is a fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long before the discovery of the New World, and prized as jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber is a hard, transparent, wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of trees, mainly pines. D. To the earliest Western chroniclers, ambergris was variously thought to come from the same bituminous sea founts as amber, from the sperm of fishes or whales, from the droppings of strange sea birds (probably because of confusion over the included beaks of squid) or from the large hives of bees living near the sea. Marco Polo was the first Western chronicler who correctly attributed ambergris to sperm whales and its vomit. As sperm whales navigate in the oceans, they often dive down to 2 km or more below the sea level to prey on squid, most famously the Giant Squid. Its commonly accepted that ambergris forms in the whales gut or intestines as the creature attempts to "deal" with squid beaks. Sperm whales are rather partial to squid, but seemingly struggle to digest the hard, sharp, parrot-like beaks. It is thought their stomach juices become hyper-active trying to process the irritants, and eventually hard, resinous lumps are formed around the beaks, and then expelled from their innards by vomiting. When a whale initially vomits up ambergris, it is soft and has a terrible smell. Some marine biologists compare it to the unpleasant smell of cow dung. But after floating on the salty ocean for about a decade, the substance hardens with air and sun into a smooth, waxy, usually rounded piece of nostril heaven. The dung smell is gone, replaced by a sweet, smooth, musky and pleasant earthy aroma. F. Since ambergris is derived from animals, naturally a question of ethics arises, and in the case of ambergris, it is very important to consider. Sperm whales are an endangered species, whose populations started to decline as far back as the 19th century due to the high demand for their highly emollient oil, and today their stocks still have not recovered. During the 1970s, the Save the Whales movement brought the plight of whales to international recognition. Many people now believe that whales are "saved". This couldnt be further from the truth. All around the world, whaling still exists. Many countries continue to hunt whales, in spite of international treaties to protect them. Many marine researchers are concerned that even the trade in naturally found ambergris can be harmful by creating further incentives to hunt whales for this valuable substance. G. One of the forms ambergris is used today is as a valuable fixative in perfumes to enhance and prolong the scent. But nowadays, since ambergris is rare and expensive, and big fragrance suppliers that make most of the fragrances on the market today do not deal in it for reasons of cost, availability and murky legal issues, most perfumeries prefer to add a chemical derivative which mimics the properties of ambergris. As a fragrance consumer, you can assume that thereis no natural ambergris in your perfume bottle, unless the company advertises this fact and unless you own vintage fragrances created before the 1980s. If you are wondering if you have been wearing a perfume with this legendary ingredient, you may want to review your scent collection. Here are a few of some of the top ambergris containing perfumes: Givenchy Amarige, Chanel No. 5, and Gucci Guilty. | Most ambergris comes from the dead whales today. | e |
id_789 | Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choices are good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions of cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that, psychologically, this assumption is wrong, with 5% lower percentage announcing they are happy. Although some choices are undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less. Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between maximizers (those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and satisficers (those who aim for good enough, whether or not better selections might be out there). In particular, we composed a set of statementsthe Maximization Scaleto diagnose peoples propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from completely disagree to completely agree) on such statements as I never settle for second best. We also evaluated their sense of satisfaction with their decisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate maximizers from satisficers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scales midpoint) as maxi- misers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on the testthe greatest maximizersengage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximizers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others. We found that the greatest maximizers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers do. Does it follow that maximizers are less happy in general than satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of wellbeing. As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline of clinical range. Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are opportunity costs. The quality of any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the costs of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus, an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. Early Decision Making Research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision. The problem of opportunity costs will be better for a satisficer. The latters good enough philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the good enough standard leads to much less searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximizers best standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract. Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settled on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximizers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximizers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret. In a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theatre company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount. Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances than discount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they did not use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial. For example, make a rule to visit no more than two stores when shopping for clothing. | People tend to react more to loses than gains. | e |
id_790 | Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choices are good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions of cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that, psychologically, this assumption is wrong, with 5% lower percentage announcing they are happy. Although some choices are undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less. Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between maximizers (those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and satisficers (those who aim for good enough, whether or not better selections might be out there). In particular, we composed a set of statementsthe Maximization Scaleto diagnose peoples propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from completely disagree to completely agree) on such statements as I never settle for second best. We also evaluated their sense of satisfaction with their decisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate maximizers from satisficers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scales midpoint) as maxi- misers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on the testthe greatest maximizersengage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximizers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others. We found that the greatest maximizers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers do. Does it follow that maximizers are less happy in general than satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of wellbeing. As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline of clinical range. Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are opportunity costs. The quality of any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the costs of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus, an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. Early Decision Making Research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision. The problem of opportunity costs will be better for a satisficer. The latters good enough philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the good enough standard leads to much less searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximizers best standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract. Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settled on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximizers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximizers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret. In a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theatre company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount. Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances than discount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they did not use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial. For example, make a rule to visit no more than two stores when shopping for clothing. | In society, there are more maximisers than satisficers. | n |
id_791 | Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choices are good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions of cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that, psychologically, this assumption is wrong, with 5% lower percentage announcing they are happy. Although some choices are undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less. Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between maximizers (those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and satisficers (those who aim for good enough, whether or not better selections might be out there). In particular, we composed a set of statementsthe Maximization Scaleto diagnose peoples propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from completely disagree to completely agree) on such statements as I never settle for second best. We also evaluated their sense of satisfaction with their decisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate maximizers from satisficers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scales midpoint) as maxi- misers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on the testthe greatest maximizersengage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximizers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others. We found that the greatest maximizers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers do. Does it follow that maximizers are less happy in general than satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of wellbeing. As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline of clinical range. Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are opportunity costs. The quality of any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the costs of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus, an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. Early Decision Making Research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision. The problem of opportunity costs will be better for a satisficer. The latters good enough philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the good enough standard leads to much less searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximizers best standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract. Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settled on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximizers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximizers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret. In a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theatre company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount. Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances than discount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they did not use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial. For example, make a rule to visit no more than two stores when shopping for clothing. | Females and males acted differently in the study of choice making. | n |
id_792 | Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before. To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives. It is only logical to think that if some choices are good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who do not can always just ignore the 273 versions of cereal they have never tried. Yet recent research strongly suggests that, psychologically, this assumption is wrong, with 5% lower percentage announcing they are happy. Although some choices are undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less. Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand. We began by making a distinction between maximizers (those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and satisficers (those who aim for good enough, whether or not better selections might be out there). In particular, we composed a set of statementsthe Maximization Scaleto diagnose peoples propensity to maximize. Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from 1 to 7 (from completely disagree to completely agree) on such statements as I never settle for second best. We also evaluated their sense of satisfaction with their decisions. We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate maximizers from satisficers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than 4 (the scales midpoint) as maxi- misers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisficers. People who score highest on the testthe greatest maximizersengage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy. When satisficers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking. But maximizers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products. They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others. We found that the greatest maximizers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts. When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse. They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover. They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers do. Does it follow that maximizers are less happy in general than satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of wellbeing. As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores. Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline of clinical range. Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers. High among these are opportunity costs. The quality of any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives. One of the costs of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded. Thus, an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley. Early Decision Making Research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains. If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision. The problem of opportunity costs will be better for a satisficer. The latters good enough philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs. In addition, the good enough standard leads to much less searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximizers best standard. With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract. Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settled on. My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity. Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximizers. Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximizers. The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one. Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret. In a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theatre company. Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount. Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season. Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances than discount payers. The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they did not use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss. To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial. For example, make a rule to visit no more than two stores when shopping for clothing. | In todays world, since the society is becoming wealthier, people are happier. | c |
id_793 | Americas oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely field view that the America were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic conditions. the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqiomo da Pedra Furada. rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the America. However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. | The fact that some paintings wore buried is useful to archaeologists. | e |
id_794 | Americas oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely field view that the America were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic conditions. the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqiomo da Pedra Furada. rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the America. However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. | The tools found near some paintings were probably used for hunting animals. | n |
id_795 | Americas oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely field view that the America were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic conditions. the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqiomo da Pedra Furada. rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the America. However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. | Some damage to paintings is most likely due to changes in the weather of the region. | c |
id_796 | Americas oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely field view that the America were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic conditions. the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqiomo da Pedra Furada. rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the America. However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. | The paintings of animals show they were regarded as sacred by the ancient humans. | n |
id_797 | Americas oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely field view that the America were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic conditions. the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqiomo da Pedra Furada. rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the America. However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. | The location of the rock-art suggests that the artists had a significant role in their society. | e |
id_798 | Americas oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely field view that the America were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic conditions. the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqiomo da Pedra Furada. rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the America. However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. | Archaeologists have completed their survey of the rock-art in Piaui. | c |
id_799 | Americas oldest art? Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast Americas most significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the archaeologically important National Park o the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25,000 or perhaps. According to some archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the widely field view that the America were first colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central and South America in the millennia thereafter. Prior to the designation of 130,000 hectares as a National Park, the rock-art sites were difficult to get to and often dangerous to enter. In ancient times, this inaccessibility must have heightened the importance of the sites, and indeed of the people who painted on the rocks. Wild animals and human figures dominate the art and are incorporated into often-complex scenes involving hunting, supernatural beings, fighting and dancing. The artists depicted the animals that roamed the local ancient brushwood forest. The large mammals are usually painted in groups and tend to be shown a running stance, as though trying to escape from hunting parties. Processions lines of human and animal figures also appear of great impotence to these ancient artists. Might such lines represent family units or groups of warriors? On a number of panels, rows of stylized figures, some numbering up to 30 individual figures, were painted using the natural undulating contours of the rock surface, so evoking the contours of the seconding landscape Other interesting, but very rare, occurrences are scenes that show small human figures holding on to and dancing around a tree, possibly involved in some tom of a ritual dance. Due to the favourable climatic conditions. the imagery on many panels is in a remarkable state of preservation. Despite this, however, there are serious conservation issues that affect their long term survival. The chemical and mineral quantities of the rock on which the imagery is panted is fragile and on several panels it is unstable. As well as the secretion of sodium carbonate on the rock surface, complete panel sections have, over the ancient and recent past, broken away from the main rock surface. These have then become buried and sealed into sometimes-ancient floor deposits. Perversely, this form of natural erosion and subsequent deposition has assisted archaeologists in dating several major rock-art sites. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult oven the non-existence of plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there am a small number of sites in the Serra da Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Roqiomo da Pedra Furada. rock-art researcher Niede Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered wore a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in the America. However, these conclusions are net without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may in fact be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. Several North American researchers have gone further and suggested that the rock art from this site dates from no earlier than about 3,730 years age, based on the results of limited radiocarbon dating. Adding further fool to the general debate is the fact that the artists in the area of the National Hark tended not to draw over old motifs (as often occurs with rock-art), which makes it hard to work out the relative chronology of the images or styles. However, the diversity of imagery and the narrative the paintings create from each of the many sites within the National Park suggests different artists were probably making their art at efferent times, and potentially using each site over many thousands of years. With fierce debates thus raging over the dating, where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario, some palaeo anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may have migrated from Africa using the strong currents of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest a more improbable colonization coming from the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone: the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied anthropology of northeast of Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion. | The North American researchers have confirmed Niede Guidons dating of the paintings. | c |
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