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Phage typing is a Phenotype Virulent phages enter the lytic cycle where they replicate and lyse the bacterial cell. Virulent phages can differentiate between different species of bacteria based on their specific lytic action. Lysis will only occur if the virulent phage adsorbs to the bacterial surface, configuring species specificity to phages. Since it is incorporated into the genome, the prophage is also passed down to the bacteria'sprogenies. The prophage may be chemically or physically induced to revert to the lytic pathway. Once dry, a grid or another recognizable pattern is drawn on the base to mark out different regions. The size, morphology, and pattern of the lysed region are important criteria for differentiating bacterial species and strains. They are compared against a standard scheme of lysis patterns to assign a type to the strain. Routine Test Dilution (RTD) Routine test dilution (RTD) is typically defined as the lowest phage dilution that still yields lysis of its host. History The first reported use of bacteriophages to identify bacteria was in 1925 when Sonnenschein used typhoid and paratyphoid phages to diagnose typhoid. In 1934, it was discovered that some strains of Salmonella typhi displayed Vi antigens on the surface. This led to the isolation of Vi phages capable of lysing typhoid bacteria strains but only if they displayed the Vi antigen enabling the differentiation of typhoid species expressing the Vi antigen and those which do not. In 1938, Craigie and Yen adapted Vi phages by selective propagation and used them at their critical test dilutions to differentiate 11 types of B. typhosus. In 1943, Felix and Callow extended the method to Salmonella paratyphi B. in 1943 and differentiated 12 types with 11 phages. The International Committee for Enteric Phage Typing was established in 1947, and these phage typing methods were soon standardized. Improvements to the specificity of phage typing schemes were made throughout the next few decades. In 1959,
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types with 11 phages. The International Committee for Enteric Phage Typing was established in 1947, and these phage typing methods were soon standardized. Improvements to the specificity of phage typing schemes were made throughout the next few decades. In 1959, Callow improved her initial scheme to differentiate 34 types of Salmonella typhimurium with 29 phages. In 1977, this was extended to 207 types by Anderson at the Enteric Reference Laboratory in London. Limitations Phage typing requires the use of a comprehensive number of phages, so it is typically only used in reference laboratories. It also relies on the interpretation of the individual lysis pattern and comparison to a standard which has led to conflicting results from different laboratories in the past. Furthermore, bacteriophages mutate so reference phages must be maintained. These may include sewage, feces, soil, and water. Temperate phages may be isolated from the bacterium itself since it is incorporated into the bacterial genome during lysogenization. References Category:Microbiology
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This article documents the effort of the Health Level 7 HL7 provides a framework and standards for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information. SAIF Overview The HL7 Services-Aware Interoperability Framework Canonical Definition (SAIF-CD) provides consistency between all artifacts, and enables a standardized approach to enterprise architecture (EA) development and implementation, and a way to measure the consistency. SAIF is a way of thinking about producing specifications that explicitly describe the governance, conformance, compliance, and behavioral semantics that are needed to achieve computable semantic working interoperability. The intended information transmission technology might use a messaging, document exchange, or services approach. SAIF is the framework that is required to rationalize interoperability of standards. SAIF is an architecture for achieving interoperability, but it is not a whole-solution design for enterprise architecture management. The informative document may be found at Public SAIF CD. Since the release of this document, the SAIF-CD has been balloted as a Draft Standard for Trial Use. The document will be made available by the end of May, 2012. A Short introduction to SAIF was made to provide insight to users of the SAIF-CD. Document Divisions The SAIF-CD consists of the following sections: *Introduction *Governance Framework (GF) *Behavioral Framework (BF) *Information Framework(IF) *Enterprise Consistency and Conformity Framework (ECCF) *Interoperability Specification Matrix (ISM) *Compliant SAIF Implementation Guides *Appendix Introduction The SAIF Introduction and Overview describes the general constructs that frame the SAIF. SAIF represents a synthesis of best practices and concepts from multiple architectural frameworks. This introduction to SAIF goes into a lot of technical depth and assumes you are already familiar with architectural standards and the HL7 organization. Governance Framework The Governance Framework (GF) describes the motivation for, the structure, content and utilization of the GF. The HL7 Services Aware Interoperability Framework#Enterprise Conformance and Compliance Framework Behavioral Framework The Behavioral Framework (BF) provides a set of constructs for defining the behavioral semantics of specifications, which
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motivation for, the structure, content and utilization of the GF. The HL7 Services Aware Interoperability Framework#Enterprise Conformance and Compliance Framework Behavioral Framework The Behavioral Framework (BF) provides a set of constructs for defining the behavioral semantics of specifications, which enable working interoperability. As a result, the focus of the BF is accountability – a description of “who does what when.” Accountability describes the perspective of the various technology components that are involved in a particular instance or scenario designed to achieve Working Interoperability. The BF is technology-neutral and, therefore, can be used within model-driven specification stacks. Information Framework The Information Framework (IF) is a SAIF-compliant recasting of existing HL7 expertise regarding the specification of static semantics. The Information Framework will draw on the information available from the following sources: *Storyboards *Domain Analysis Models (DAM) *Reference Information Model (RIM) International Organization for Standardization *Vocabulary concepts *HL7 Core Principles Enterprise Consistency and Conformity Framework The major goal of the Enterprise Consistency and Conformity Framework (ECCF) is enabling working interoperability between different users, organizations, and systems. The ECCF is manifest in a structure called the ECCF specification stack (SS). This structure identifies, defines, organizes, and relates a set of artifacts that collectively specify the relevant semantics of a software component specification or other system-of- interest. In summary, the ECCF SS provides an organizational framework in which inter-related artifacts are sorted by content – for example a Unified Modeling Language (UML) activity diagram in the Business viewpoint that contains static data constructs (for example, documents or data structures) which passes between the various structures would all have the relevant static constructs detailed in artifacts, specifically, business rules, information constructors, behavioral contracts, and level-of-abstraction. Interoperability Specification Matrix (ISM) The Interoperability Specification Matrix (ISM) defines a 5-column-by-3-row matrix (“table”) which distributes the multiple aspects of a given component'sspecification across the various cells of the matrix. The structure of the ISM is based on proven cognitive models
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are necessary to minimize the risk of data breaches. Additionally, integrating cloud SFTP with legacy systems can present challenges, such as incompatible APIs or outdated authentication methods. Comparisons with related technologies Cloud SFTP differs from traditional SFTP primarily in its deployment and management model. Traditional SFTP services are typically hosted on-premises or on virtual servers, requiring manual configuration, ongoing infrastructure maintenance, and security management by in-house IT teams. In contrast, cloud SFTP is offered as a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) service, reducing infrastructure overhead by eliminating the need for dedicated hardware or virtual machines. This model simplifies management through centralized web-based interfaces, automated updates, and built-in scalability. While cloud SFTP is focused on providing secure file transfers over the SFTP protocol, Managed file transfer See also * SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) * Managed file transfer (MFT) * Secure Shell * Cloud storage * File Transfer Protocol References Category:Cloud storage
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*Einstein Prize (ABC) Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro (Rio de Janeiro, July 8th 1906 - July 29th, 1960) was a Brazilian physicist and university professor in Brazil. He discovered the thermodielectric effect, also known as the Workman-Reynolds in the US. Ribeiro was a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and was the first Scientific Director of CNPq. He is the father of anthropologist Yvonne Maggie and grandfather of movie author Ana Costa Ribeiro, who directed "Termodielétrico", a memoir film about him and his legacy. Biography Costa Ribeiro was born at his family'shouse, on Barão de Itapejipe street, 82, in what was then the federal district of Brazil. His parents were Antonio Marques da Costa Ribeiro and Maria Constança Alburquerque da Costa Ribeiro. His father and grandfather, after whom Joaquim was named, were judges. Costa Ribeiro studied in a Jesuits Ten years later, he got tenure at the same university. In 1940, Costa Ribeiro started researching new methods to measure radioactivity, and later studied the production of electret using several dielectric materials Costa Ribeiro observed that, during electret formation, electric current was unnecessary: the dielectric'snatural freezing was enough to electrify the end material, provided that one of the cooling phases was solid. The phenomenom was named "thermodielectric effect" by Costa Ribeiro and fully described by him in a 1944 article in the Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences Death Costa Ribeiro died in July 29th, 1960 at 54 years of age, at the Casa de Saúde Santa Lúcia. He was survived by his nine children. Awards Costa RIbeiro received the Einstein Prize by the ABC. He was also the first Brazilian delegate of UN for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Costa Ribeiro also helped to found National Council for Scientific and Technological Development References Category:Academic staff of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Category:Brazilian people of French descent Category:1960 deaths Category:1906
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the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Costa Ribeiro also helped to found National Council for Scientific and Technological Development References Category:Academic staff of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Category:Brazilian people of French descent Category:1960 deaths Category:1906 births Category:Brazilian physicists Category:Physics
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A Radio Recombination Line (RRL) in astrophysics is a spectral Emission spectrum The Bohr model predicting the strength of emission lines at different quantum numbers allows for the existence of RRLs, but they were not studied until several decades later in 1945 by Dutch astronomer, Hendrik C. van de Hulst RRLs were first observed at cosmological distances ( z 1.124) in 2019, and are suggested to have originated from a warm Hydrogen or cold neutral Carbon region within a Dwarf galaxy References Category:Emission-line stars Category:Astrophysics Category:Emission spectroscopy Category:Electron states
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Luisa Erciulescu is a Romanian statistician who has worked in agricultural and official statistics, small area estimation, and survey methodology. She is an associate vice president for statistics and data science at Westat. Education and career Erciulescu majored in mathematics at Colorado State University, supported by a scholarship from the Romanian government and graduating in 2011. During her studies there, she discovered an interest in statistics, and won in 2010 an American Mathematical Society She was a postdoctoral researcher at the National Institute of Statistical Sciences from 2015 to 2018, working there on projects associated with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. In 2018 she moved to Westat as a senior statistician, and has since become a vice president. Recognition Erciulescu is an Elected Member of the International Statistical Institute. She was elected to the 2025 class of Fellows of the American Statistical Association. She was a third-place recipient of the 2022 Prize for Young Statisticians of the International Association for Official Statistics, the first US-based statistician to receive this award. References External links * Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Romanian statisticians Category:Women statisticians Category:Romanian women scientists Category:Romanian emigrants to the United States Category:Colorado State University alumni Category:Iowa State University alumni Category:Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
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can be used; if it is used, "public law url" must be blank > The Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act, or TAKE IT DOWN Act, is a United States law aimed for dealing with non-consensual intimate imagery ("revenge porn") or deepfakes posted to online sites and social media applications, typically made with assistance through artificial intelligence. The bill was introduced by Senator Ted Cruz (Republican Party (United States) Background and introduction Senator Ted Cruz first proposed the Take It Down Act in June 2024 after a 2023 incident where several Aledo, Texas, high school students were subjected to sexual harassment when another student had taken seemingly innocent photos of them, but then posted photo-manipulated pictures of the students on Snapchat using existing software to make them appear nude. While Texas had laws to deal with deepfake videos, there was no regulation to punish the use of manipulated photos, and the parents could not get the local sheriff office to take action. After several months, Cruz contacted Snapchat directly, and the photos were removed within an hour. Cruz said "It should not take a sitting senator getting on the phone to take these down. If [the students] were Taylor Swift, they would be pulled down and should be. But they also should be pulled down for every teenager in Texas. You should have the same right. And that demonstrates that Snapchat knows exactly how to pull it down." Though the bill was first introduced for passage by unanimous consent in September 2024, its passage was blocked by Cory Booker; a spokesperson for Booker stated that Booker had objected to the bill in its current state and had been seeking to work with Cruz to modify it. During the following two months, Booker worked with Cruz to add amendments to the bill to specify which types of websites were subject to takedown requests and requiring
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state and had been seeking to work with Cruz to modify it. During the following two months, Booker worked with Cruz to add amendments to the bill to specify which types of websites were subject to takedown requests and requiring users of these sites to be aware of this regulation once it came into force, and subsequently became a co-sponsor of the bill. The bill passed the Senate unanimously in December 2024. Cruz urged for the House of Republicans to vote on the bill before the end of the session. The bill did not get reintroduced before the end of the 118th United States Congress term. Upon the start of the 119th United States Congress President Donald Trump had expressed support for the bill following his election to his second term. Criticism The TAKE IT DOWN Act has drawn concerns from First Amendment-related groups such as the Center for Democracy & Technology, the Authors Guild, Demand Progress Action, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), Fight for the Future, the Freedom of the Press Foundation, New America's Open Technology Institute, Public Knowledge, and TechFreedom. The EFF also said that president Donald Trump has supported the bill but also that he would use it to his own ends to remove content critical of himself. References Category:Acts of the 119th United States Congress Category:Internet law in the United States Category:Privacy law in the United States Category:Deepfakes Category:Internet censorship in the United States
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Alice Cook (8 March 1953 – 2023) was a psychotherapist, writer, feminist and political activist, who was a member of the anti-nuclear Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp in the early 1980s and, together with Gwyn Kirk, wrote ''Greenham Women Everywhere: Dreams, Ideas and Actions from the Women's Peace Movement'', which highlighted the anger that led women to take action against nuclear weapons. Early life Cook was born on 8 March 1953 in Oxford, to Iris Golding, a music teacher, and Morris Cook, a history professor. She obtained a BA in English at Sussex University in 1973. In 2002 she was awarded a master's in psychotherapy from the Minster Centre in London. Career Cook worked in the fields of health and wellness, particularly for women. She worked as a nurse and a health visitor and managed various mental health projects in London. She was also a volunteer with mentally ill patients and community health services in Batticaloa in Sri Lanka in 2010 and 2011. She moved to Stroud, Gloucestershire in 2016 and developed a psychotherapy practice there. In December 1982, on the third anniversary of NATO'sdecision to house nuclear missiles in Britain, 30,000 women joined hands around the base at the "Embrace the Base" event. This number was achieved by sending out 1000 copies of a handwritten, barely legible letter, asking the recipients to send a similar letter to ten more women. According to Cook: Together with Kirk she wrote ''Greenham Women Everywhere: Dreams, Ideas and Actions from the Women's Peace Movement, published in 1983, which highlighted the fear and anger that caused women to take the action they did against the nuclear arms race. The book remains widely available online. She had previously started a project about nuclear nightmares, prompted by her own dreams, inviting others to send her theirs. This was done through articles in magazines such as Sanity, the magazine of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and the
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She had previously started a project about nuclear nightmares, prompted by her own dreams, inviting others to send her theirs. This was done through articles in magazines such as Sanity, the magazine of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and the feminist magazine, Spare Rib. Some of the dreams she received were included in the book. In 2016 a French translation of the book, Des Femmes Contre des Missiles, made a younger generation aware of the Greenham women. This, in turn, led Sonia Gonzalez to make an English-language documentary called Women Against the Bomb'' (2021), featuring Cook, Kirk, Clare Hudson, Rebecca Johnson (activist) Death Cook died from breast cancer in 2023. She had one son, Jacob. In the last years of her life she was involved with climate-change activism with Extinction Rebellion. References External Links *Women Against the Bomb trailer Category:2023 deaths Category:1953 births Category:British women activists Category:British anti-nuclear activists Category:British psychotherapists Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex Category:People from Oxford
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Space Delta 6 Combat Training Detachment 1 (CTD 1) is a unit of the United States Space Force assigned to Space Delta 6. Based at Schriever Space Force Base in Colorado, the detachment specializes in cyber training, focusing on preparing Space Force Guardians to operate and defend critical space-based and terrestrial systems. CTD 1 develops advanced cyber operations capabilities, enhancing the Space Force'sability to conduct defensive and offensive cyber missions in support of U.S. national security objectives. List of commanders Major Roberto Molineros, 2023–2024 History CTD 1 was activated in 2023 to fulfill a critical gap in the Space Force’sability to produce mission-ready cyber operators. As the first unit of its kind under Space Delta 6, CTD 1’smission is to design, develop, and deliver specialized cyber training tailored for Space Force Guardians who defend vital space and cyberspace assets. The flagship training pipeline developed by CTD 1 is the Cyber Combat Course (C3), a 15-week, self-paced program structured into two distinct phases. The first phase focuses on red team (offensive) cyber operations, while the second addresses blue team (defensive) cyber tactics. Each phase concludes with a capstone exercise designed to integrate skills learned and test operational readiness. Graduates also earn industry-recognized certifications, reinforcing the operational credibility of the course. Since its first cohort on 20 June 2023, C3 has graduated more than 277 cyber operators across more than 22 separate course sessions, supported by a cadre of 22 instructors. CTD 1 rapidly grew into a recognized hub for elite cyber training, addressing Space Force priorities in contested, degraded, and operationally limited (CDO) environments. On 1 July 2024, CTD 1 transitioned the Cyber Combat Course to the 533d Training Squadron (533d Training Squadron) under Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM), marking a shift toward institutionalized cyber training at a service-wide level. Despite the transition, CTD 1 continues to innovate in tactical and advanced cyber curriculum development. Headquartered at Schriever
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Squadron (533d Training Squadron) under Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM), marking a shift toward institutionalized cyber training at a service-wide level. Despite the transition, CTD 1 continues to innovate in tactical and advanced cyber curriculum development. Headquartered at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado, CTD 1 is strategically positioned within the Space Operations Command and Training and Readiness Command enterprise. It remains a cornerstone in generating combat-ready cyber Guardians, capable of defending U.S. interests in space and cyberspace. Initially, CTD 1 was slated to become the 60th Cyberspace Training Squadron (60 CTS), further reflecting the importance and scale originally envisioned for the detachment. Cyber Combat Course (C3) Duration: 15 weeks Structure: Two phases red team (offensive) and blue team (defensive) cyber operations Features: * Self-paced instruction * Capstone projects * Industry-recognized certifications awarded Graduates: 277 (over 22 course sessions) References Category:Military education and training in the United States Category:United States Space Force Category:Cyberwarfare in the United States
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The Ammunition Industries Group (AMIG), also known as the Ammunition and Metallurgy Industries Group, is Iran'sprincipal state-run munitions manufacturer. It operates under the Iranian Defense Industries Organization Role in Iran'sdefense and strategic programs By its nature, AMIG is integrated into Iran'smilitary supply chain. Its munitions feed Iran'sarmy, naval, and IRGC ground forces. International observers also report links between AMIG and Iran'sstrategic (nuclear/missile) efforts. United States Department of the Treasury Notable developments and controversies Recent reporting underscores AMIG'srole in proliferation networks. In April 2025, the U.S. sanctioned a smuggling ring tied to Iran'snuclear program that included AMIG affiliates (e.g. Khorasan Metallurgy) as end-users of illicit imports. On January 28–29, 2023 the ammunition factory in Isfahan, affiliated with Iran's Defense Ministry, was targeted by a drone attack. Iranian officials reported that three drones were involved, with two being shot down and one causing minor damage to the facility'sroof. No casualties were reported. On November 12, 2011, a significant explosion at an ammunition depot near Bidganeh, approximately 40 km southwest of Tehran, resulted in the deaths of 17 members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), including Brigadier General Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran'smissile program. References Category:Defence companies of Iran Category:Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics of the Islamic Republic of Iran Category:Ammunition manufacturers
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A2744z7p9OD is the highest redshift spectroscopically confirmed Protocluster of galaxies Theses protoclusters like A2744z7p9OD resemble what large clusters like the Coma Cluster Environment It is thought that A2744z7p9OD has a highly neutral environment. In such highly neutral environments, it is expected that large Ionization List of Galaxies Below is a list of Galaxy Spectroscopically Confirmed #YD4 (galaxy) #YD7 (galaxy) #ZD6 (galaxy) #YD8 (galaxy) #ZD2 (galaxy) #ZD3 (galaxy) #GLASSZ8-2 Photometric sample #YD3 (galaxy) #YD6 (galaxy) #ZD1 (galaxy) #ZD4 (galaxy) #ZD5 (galaxy) #ZD7 (galaxy) #ZD9 (galaxy) #ZD10 (galaxy) References Category:Galaxy clusters Category:Discoveries by the James Webb Space Telescope
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Josephine Janina Mehlberg (1905-1969) was a Polish-American Jewish mathematician. Using the fictional identity of Countess Janina Suchodolska, she helped thousands of people avoid death at the Majdanek concentration camp during World War II. Life Mehlberg was born Pepi Spinner in Zhuravno, now part of Ukraine. She had a happy childhood until World War I, when her father was abducted by Russian forces; he died in 1918. She married fellow Jewish philosopher Henry Mehlberg in 1933, In 1939, the Nazis Invasion of Poland After World War II, the Mehlberg'simmigrated to the United States, settling in Chicago. She began teaching mathematics as a professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology, where she had two PhD students. Although not religious, both Janina and Henry participated in Jewish community events in Chicago. Legacy Late in her life, she wrote a memoir of her life during World War II; it was not published before her death in 1969. Her husband translated the manuscript into English and unsuccessfully sought to publish it. The manuscript was passed on to history professor Arthur Funk, and then to historian Elizabeth B. White, who used the manuscript as the foundation of her biography of Mehlberg, co-authored with historian Joanna Sliwa. The biography was published in 2024 under the title The Counterfeit Countess. References Further reading * Category:1905 births Category:1969 deaths Category:20th-century American Jews Category:20th-century American mathematicians Category:20th-century American memoirists Category:20th-century American women mathematicians Category:20th-century American women writers Category:20th-century Polish Jews Category:20th-century Polish people Category:20th-century Polish women Category:20th-century women mathematicians Category:American secular Jews Category:American women memoirists Category:Illinois Institute of Technology faculty Category:People from Lviv Oblast Category:Polish emigrants to the United States Category:Polish mathematicians Category:Polish women mathematicians Category:University of Lviv people Category:Writers from Chicago Category:Impostors Category:Polish women in World War II resistance Category:Polish resistance members of World War II
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The grid oscillations are oscillations in an electric grid manifesting themselves in low-frequency (mostly below 1 Hz) periodic changes of the power flow. These oscillations are a natural effect of negative feedback used in the power system control algorithms. During the normal operation of the power grid, these oscillations, triggered by some Contingency (electrical grid) For example, shortly before the 1996 Western North America blackouts the grid after each disturbance was oscillating with a frequency of 0.26 Hz for about 30 seconds. At some point a sequence of Electrical fault While the theory and calculations tools for analyzing oscillations are available, pinpointing the source of instability in a real grid is frequently difficult as of the early 2020s. The oscillations are a normal occurrence, yet the difference in a flow as small as 10 MW is known to occasionally push the system from the stable mode with decaying oscillations into a situation where their amplitudes grow with time. The system operator frequently gets no warning that the grid is close to its damping limit. Underdamping The primary cause of the oscillations is damping that is too low. The following conditions typically lead to weak damping: * high power transmission over long distances; * high-power networks interconnected by weak Tie line (electrical grid) * fast-feedback automatic voltage control. High penetration of inverter-based resources exacerbated grid stability issues, including the oscillations (in addition to subcycle overvoltage and AC overcurrent). In some cases, high frequency oscillations (hundreds of Hz) were also observed. The oscillations can also occur due to the design of control loops of high-voltage direct current links (HVDC) and static var compensators (SVC). Terminology North American Electric Reliability Corporation suggested the following classification for the grid oscillations: * System (Natural): low-frequency changes in the rotor angle triggered by power Grid balancing ** Local: oscillations of one generator or a group of them (intra-plant) within a power plant, caused by
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lizers (PSS) were added to damp the oscillations. In the 1950 and 1960, the electric power
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in size, rapid automatic voltage control was introduced. The fast feedback of these systems had a side effect of lower damping, so power system stabilizers (PSS) were added to damp the oscillations. In the 1950 and 1960, the electric power industry consolidated the grids into larger and larger ones for reliability and savings of scale. However, low-frequency oscillations became a major issue, and some attempted interconnections were actually abandoned until asynchronous means of connecting systems arrived in the form of HVDC links. First report of a low-frequency grid oscillation is from October 1964, when, during a trial attempt to connect the Northwest Power Pool and Southwest Power Pool, a tie line oscillations of 0.1 Hz were observed. Wide penetration of inverter-based resources in the 21st century made possible also the high frequency oscillations (hundreds of Hz). Offshore wind power plants in particular exhibited oscillations of up to 800 Hz caused by a resonance between the plant and the power cable. References Sources * * * * * * * * * Category:Power engineering
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Ververi-Brady syndrome (VERBAS) is a rare inherited disorder of unknown prevalence usually caused by a heterozygous mutation in the QRICH1 History In 2018, three unrelated children who had similar symptoms of developmental delays, skeletal abnormalities, and mild dysmorphic facial features. The first patient had an autism diagnosis and mild skeletal abnormalities but was otherwise normal. The second patient had poor growth in infancy, Ataxia In 2019, 2 unrelated children were identified as having VERBAS and were found to have subtle Osteochondrodysplasia In 2021, Fohrenbach et al. described 4 unrelated patients with VERBAS. One patient, a three-year-old, developed Wilms' tumor In 2023, a 17-year-old girl was suffering from Seizure Symptoms Veriveri-Brady syndrome has a broad spectrum of variable symptoms, but symptoms that have been observed in all patients are: *Short stature as a result of chondrodysplasia. *Epiphyseal plate *Developmental delays, specifically in Language disorder *Difficulty with social interaction. *A variety of mild dysmorphic features, with all patients having a prominent nose, thin upper lip, and a wide mouth. Many patients also have Ptosis (eyelid) *ADHD-like symptoms, such as inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and forgetfulness. *Difficulty walking, whether from skeletal issues or neurological issues. Many patients have been observed as having mild intellectual disability, Microcephaly It'ssuspected there may be an increased risk of cancer, genitourinary issues, and cardiac issues, but, due to the apparent rareness of VERBAS, it'sunclear if there is any connection to VERBAS. Causes VERBAS is usually caused by a nonsense mutation on the QRICH1 gene that happens sporadically. In 2023 a new autosomal-dominant gene was identified that was passed down from a mother to her daughter. Treatment There is no cure for VERBAS. In almost all cases, people with VERBAS are able to attend mainstream school with or without supports. Due
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to the lack of research and rareness of the disorder, there are no developed treatments for it and all treatments are symptomatic. References External Links *OMIM Entry *Orphanet Entry Category:Rare syndromes Category:Genetic
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attend mainstream school with or without supports. Due to the lack of research and rareness of the disorder, there are no developed treatments for it and all treatments are symptomatic. References External Links *OMIM Entry *Orphanet Entry Category:Rare syndromes Category:Genetic diseases and disorders Category:Genetic syndromes
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Karen R. Ryberg is an American hydrology Ryberg majored in mathematics at Luther College (Iowa), graduating in 1995. She received a master'sdegree in statistics from Colorado State University in 2006, and completed a Ph.D. in environmental and conservation science at North Dakota State University in 2015. She worked with the United States Geological Survey, in its Dakota Water Science Center, beginning in 2001 and rising to the level of deputy director in 2022. She retired from the USGS in 2025, as part of the 2025 U.S. federal deferred resignation program. She was a chapter author on the 2023 National Climate Assessment, and an invited speaker at STAHY 2023, the 13th International Workshop on Statistical Hydrology. References External links * Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American hydrologists Category:American statisticians Category:American women statisticians Category:Environmental statisticians Category:Luther College (Iowa) alumni Category:Colorado State University alumni Category:North Dakota State University alumni Category:United States Geological Survey personnel
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Rosana de Saldanha da Gama Lanzelotte (born June 23, 1961) is a Brazilian harpsichordist and researcher. She is considered one of the leading harpsichordists in the country, having been awarded the "Golden Dolphin" by the Rio de Janeiro State Council of Culture in recognition of her efforts to promote culture. She received the Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters from the French government. In addition to having a degree in piano from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and a postgraduate degree from the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, in the Netherlands, under the guidance of Jacques Ogg. Biography Rosana Lanzelotte began her piano studies at the age of five, graduating in this instrument from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). It was while studying piano at the (EMUFRJ) that she had her first contact with the harpsichord. Later, she studied with Jacques Ogg at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, Netherlands, specializing in harpsichord and baroque music. She began her career in 1974 with the Rio de Janeiro musical group Quadro Cervantes, which she played with until 1990. In Europe, she performed at the Wigmore Hall and the Academy of St Martin in the Fields in London, at the Palazzo Barberini in Rome and at the exclusive Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Known as a musician and researcher/computer science teacher, she recorded six harpsichord CDs, aiming to spread the instrument in Brazil, including performing works that had not yet been released on the continent, including compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach, Joseph Haydn, and the works of the Portuguese composer Pedro António Avondano, who had been forgotten even in his own country, but the harpsichordist discovered a collection of his sonatas in the libraries of Lisbon. Since Rosana Lanzelotte continued the revivalist impulse of the harpsichord in Brazil (initiated in the 1960s by ), some contemporary composers began to write directly for the harpsichord, which
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discovered a collection of his sonatas in the libraries of Lisbon. Since Rosana Lanzelotte continued the revivalist impulse of the harpsichord in Brazil (initiated in the 1960s by ), some contemporary composers began to write directly for the harpsichord, which resulted in the selection of modern works recorded on her album O Cravo Brasileiro. Projects Música nas Igrejas Since 1993, Lanzelotte has directed the series Música nas Igrejas ("Music in Churches"), with the support of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro The project has already been presented in thirty neighborhoods in Rio de Janeiro. Since 2001, it has incorporated educational concerts for children in the suburbs and the West Zone. Musica Brasilis In 2009, Lanzelotte also coordinated the Brazilian Development Bank Musica Brasilis website Lanzelotte is the creator of the website, which provides sheet music, audio and video of musical pieces by Brazilian composers, from the colonial period to the contemporary era, as well as interactive resources that aim to stimulate research among the works made available. The portal is part of the Musica Brasilis Project, which is sponsored by the Brazilian Development Bank Discography * Rosana Lanzelotte (1989) * J.S. Bach (1995) * O Cravo Brasileiro (1998) * Haydn: Le Sette Ultime Parole del Nostro Redentore in Croce (2002) * Cavaleiro Neukomm Criador da Música de Câmara no Brasil (2008) References External links * * Musica Brasilis website * * Rosana Lanzelotte on Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Category:Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni Category:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni Category:Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro alumni Category:Brazilian harpsichordists Category:Brazilian electrical engineers Category:Brazilian computer scientists Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
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Wikipedia:Rosana Lanzelotte
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A phono stage, also known as a phono amplifier or phono preamplifier, is an electronic audio component that amplifies the signal from a turntable to a level that will allow it to be heard when connected to a sound system. A phono stage is needed to listen to any turntable otherwise the sound will be too low when heard through speakers or headphones. The phono stage can be a separate device that connects to the record player or it can be included as part of another audio component like a preamplifier or integrated amplifier. They can also be built into the record player itself. Description When the magnetic cartridge from a turntable touches a vinyl record, it produces a signal called a "phono signal". In order for the signal to be properly heard through an audio system, it needs to be converted into a "line signal", otherwise the sound would be too low. The bass notes from a signal are increased while the treble is decreased in a process called RIAA equalization. This balance is due to the way the record was press in order to compensate for the sound and is done to create a balance listening experience. There are 2 types of phono stages: *Tube phono stage - produces even order harmonic distortion *Solid state phono stage - produces odd order harmonic distortion Tube phono stages were the original way that phono stages were built. The advancements in technology soon led to the transition to solid state builds. In recent years, companies have started to re-release tube versions of phono stages alongside modern solid state phono stages due to the demand and appeal of their different sounds. Tube and solid state are two methods of building a phono stage that will power the device to amplify the sound but on top of that, a phono stage also has to be built to work with the type of cartridge that the
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Wikipedia:Phono stage
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state are two methods of building a phono stage that will power the device to amplify the sound but on top of that, a phono stage also has to be built to work with the type of cartridge that the turntable will utilize. There are 2 types of cartridges that a phono stage has to work with: Moving Magnet (MM) cartridge and Moving Coil (MC) cartridge. Moving Coil cartridges for example offer a weaker signal in comparison so a phono stage will need to be powerful enough to properly amplify the signal. See also *Preamplifier *Integrated amplifier *High-end audio *High fidelity References External links Category:Audio engineering Category:Audio amplifiers Category:Audio electronics Category:Sound reinforcement system Category:Consumer electronics Category:Electronic amplifiers
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Wikipedia:Phono stage
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Turing College is a private educational technology company based in Vilnius, Lithuania. Founded in 2020, it provides online training programs in data science, analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and digital marketing. The company delivers its programs primarily to adult learners and career changers through a self-paced, project-based learning model. History Turing College was established in 2020 by Lukas Kaminskis, Tomas Moška, and Benas Šidlauskas. In 2021, it became the first Lithuanian startup to join the Y Combinator Startup accelerator In 2023, the company joined DiversiF-AI-R, and EU-funded initiative focused on Intersectionality In 2024, Turing College received a €2.5 million grant from the European Innovation Council (EIC) to further develop its learning platform and AI-based education tools. In 2025, the company acquired Boom Training, a United Kingdom Turing College has also participated in Digital Explorers, an EU-supported program aimed at training tech talent in emerging markets, including Nigeria and Kenya. Programs Turing College offers training in the following fields: * Data Analytics * Data Science & AI * Digital Marketing & Analytics * AI Engineering * AI for Business Analytics * AI Ethics Programs are typically self-paced and range from several months to two years. The curriculum is developed in collaboration with external industry partners. Instruction is delivered through an in-house learning platform that supports a project-based learning approach. Students complete practical assignments reviewed by mentors and peers, with the methodology influenced by Bloom's 2 sigma problem findings on individualized instruction. Recognition Turing College was included in Sifted’s 2024 ranking of the fastest-growing startups in the Baltics and Eastern Europe, where it placed second regionally and 17th in Europe. See also * Online school * Coding bootcamp * Distance education * Career and Technical Education * Educational technology * Y Combinator References External links * Category:Learning programs Category:Internet properties established in 2020 Category:Education companies of Europe Category:Educational technology companies Category:2020 establishments in Lithuania Category:Companies based in Vilnius
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Wikipedia:Turing College (edtech company)
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Clemens Burda is a nanomaterials chemist and the Chemical Professor at Case Western Reserve University. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Education Clemens Burda received a diploma in Chemistry from the University of Basel in 1993, submitting a thesis entitled Radical Anions of Polyalkylazulenes: An ESR and ENDOR Study. From 1994 to 1997 he then completed his PhD at Basel, with a dissertation entitled Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer Studied by Means of Picosecond Laser Spectroscopy. From 1997 to 1998 he completed a postdoctoral position at the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Georgia Institute of Technology. Career From 1998 to 2001, Burda served as the Associate Director of the Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Georgia Institute of Technology. In 2001 he was appointed a faculty member at Case Western Reserve University. Near the beginning of his career, he began serving as Co-Director of the Center for Chemical Dynamics in 2003, a year in which he received a NSF Career Grant. Beginning in 2005 he also became the Director of the university's Analytical Core Facility for Inorganic Nanoparticles. In 2010 he was promoted to Full Professor. Clemens was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2023 "for distinguished contributions to the field of experimental physical chemistry, particularly for studies of the ultrafast dynamics of semiconductor nanoparticles." That year he published the Springer International book Modern Optical Spectroscopy: From Fundamentals to Applications in Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics with William Parson, which was translated into German in 2025. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:University of Basel alumni Category:American nanotechnologists Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Category:Case Western Reserve University faculty
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Wikipedia:Clemens Burda
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Amy Childress is an American professor. She is Dean's Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Southern California's USC Viterbi School of Engineering Early life and education Childress graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park Career Childress joined the faculty of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno in 1997 where she was tenured in 2002. She rose to the rank of Professor and became Chair of the department in 2008. Her accomplishments during her time at the University of Nevada, Reno include a National Science Foundation CAREER Award, and being selected as a speaker at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine In 2013, Childress accepted a position in the Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at USC's USC Viterbi School of Engineering References External links * Childress Research Group * Amy E. Childress publications indexed by Google Scholar * Rewater Center Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:University of Southern California faculty Category:American civil engineers Category:American environmental engineers Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni
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Wikipedia:Amy Childress
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Christine Sykes Williams Ayoub (1922–2024) was a Canadian and American mathematician specializing in commutative algebra and a professor of mathematics at Pennsylvania State University. A Quakers Early life and education Ayoub was the daughter of William Lloyd Garrison Williams, also a Canadian and American mathematician, and his wife, pianist Anne Sykes. She was born on February 7, 1922, in Cincinnati. Although her father was working at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York at the time, her mother, originally from Cincinnati, went to her family home in Cincinnati for the births of both Ayoub and her older sister, Hester. In 1924, her father moved to McGill University in Montreal, Canada, and she grew up in Montreal. Her first school, in 1928, was "an Italian school in Rome", where her mother was wintering; the family trip to Italy also included the 1928 International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna. Later, she attended both English-language and French-language schools in Montreal, including the Trafalgar School for Girls, from which she graduated young, in 1938. Intent on studying mathematics, but avoiding her father'sdepartment at McGill despite earning top admission scores there, she entered Bryn Mawr College in 1939, where (after the 1935 death of Emmy Noether) the mathematics department was headed by Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler. After graduating "at the top of her class", she did a master'sdegree program at Radcliffe College. There, she took courses with Saunders Mac Lane and Hassler Whitney and, inspired by Mac Lane, decided to focus on algebra, despite Wheeler'spreference for mathematical analysis. Because her Radcliffe master'sdegree did not have a thesis, she returned to McGill University for a second master'sdegree, in 1945, the year that her father was starting the Canadian Mathematical Society Career and later life She became a postdoctoral research fellow and member of the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey from 1947 to 1948, with the support of a fellowship from the
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Society Career and later life She became a postdoctoral research fellow and member of the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey from 1947 to 1948, with the support of a fellowship from the Office of Naval Research. Although she hoped to work there with Emil Artin at Princeton University, he turned out to be uninterested in working with women. (Artin had worked with Noether, but famously remarked that "she wasn't a woman".) After an interview at the University of Michigan, whose chair Theophil Henry Hildebrandt told her that a man in her position would have been hired without an interview, she was hired by the Cornell University mathematics department as an instructor in 1947, later learning that there had been a big fight among the Cornell mathematics faculty over whether to hire a woman. In 1950, she married Raymond Ayoub, a Canadian mathematician of Lebanese descent who had been a student of her father. She continued teaching at Cornell until 1951, and in 1951–1952 was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University, supported by the National Science Foundation. In 1952, both Ayoubs moved to the mathematics department at Pennsylvania State University, in State College, Pennsylvania. At Penn State, she became the first algebraist in a new program, and for many years was the only woman faculty member in the entire College of Science. She and her husband both directed large graduate programs, encompassing "more theses than all the rest of the department put together". She also had two daughters, Cynthia in 1953 and Daphne in 1956. After retiring in 1984, she became a professor emerita. Ayoub was "was descended from generations of Quakers", active in the State College Meeting of the Quakers, and a leader in the meeting'soral history project. After retiring, she and her husband helped found a Quaker retirement community in State College, which they moved into in 1997, and regularly traveled to teach
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Wikipedia:Christine Ayoub
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State College Meeting of the Quakers, and a leader in the meeting'soral history project. After retiring, she and her husband helped found a Quaker retirement community in State College, which they moved into in 1997, and regularly traveled to teach in the Middle East. She published a book on Quaker biography, Memories of the Quaker Past: Stories of Thirty-seven Senior Quakers, in 2014. Her husband died in 2013, and Ayoub died on July 18, 2024, in State College. References Further reading * Category:1922 births Category:2024 deaths Category:Scientists from Cincinnati Category:Canadian mathematicians Category:Canadian women mathematicians Category:Canadian Quakers Category:Canadian women centenarians Category:American mathematicians Category:American women mathematicians Category:American Quakers Category:American women centenarians Category:Algebraists Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni Category:Radcliffe College alumni Category:McGill University alumni Category:Yale University alumni Category:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars Category:Cornell University faculty Category:Pennsylvania State University faculty
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Wikipedia:Christine Ayoub
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Michael Ben-Or () is an Israeli computer scientist , the Jean and Helena Alfassa Professor of computer science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research interests include Theoretical Computer Science, Distributed Computation, Fault-Tolerance, Cryptography and Quantum Computation. He received his PhD in Mathematics from the Hebrew University in 1982. **Michael Ben-Or, Shafi Goldwasser and Avi Wigderson for "Completeness Theorems for Non-Cryptographic Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computation" in Proceedings of the 20th ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 1988, pages 1-10. **Tal Rabin and Michael Ben-Or for "Verifiable Secret Sharing and Multiparty Protocols with Honest Majority" in Proceedings of the 21st ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), Seattle, Washington, USA, May 1989, pages 73-85 *2015: Michael Ben-Or, "Another Advantage of Free Choice: Completely Asynchronous Agreement Protocols", in Proceedings of the Second ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, pages 27-30, August 1983 References External links * * * Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Israeli computer scientists Category:Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni Category:Dijkstra Prize laureates
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Wikipedia:Michael Ben-Or
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Sesan Peter Ayodeji is a Nigerian academic and professor of mechanical engineering at Federal University of Technology Akure, where he obtained his PhD in Mechanical engineering in 2009. He is known for his contributions to Machine, Process Design and Applied Ergonomics. Ayodeji completed his postdoctoral program at the Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa from 2012 to 2013. His research interests include engineering systems optimization, machine efficiency, human-centered design in industrial processes. He has written numerous peer-reviewed publications and has participated in research initiatives related to academic development, industry practices, and policy discussions in Nigeria. In 2012, Ayodeji completed a postdoctoral research fellowship at the Industrial Engineering Department of Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa. Research and publications Ayodeji has published over 90 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, including book chapters in refereed books. He has developed several machines and processes, one of which led to his recognition in the 2022 Nigeria Prize for Science for the development of a process plant for plantain flour production. His work has been widely referenced in: * Google Scholar: (360 Citations & 10 h-index) * Scopus * IEEE: He has authored and co-authored several peer-reviewed articles in international journals, contributing to the fields of mechanical and production engineering. * Whole-body vibration exposure on earthmoving equipment operators in construction industries. Cogent Engineering 5(1), 1507266 * Development and Performance Evaluation of a parboiling machine for poundo-yam flour processing plant. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences 2 (5), 853-857 * Effects of particulate reinforcements on the hardness, impact and tensile strengths of AA 6061-T6 friction stir weldments. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 235 (6), 1500-1506 * Conceptual design of a process plant for the production of plantain flour. Cogent Engineering 3 (1), 1191743. Honours Ayodeji won the joint winner of the Nigeria Prize for Science in 2022; he
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and Applications 235 (6), 1500-1506 * Conceptual design of a process plant for the production of plantain flour. Cogent Engineering 3 (1), 1191743. Honours Ayodeji won the joint winner of the Nigeria Prize for Science in 2022; he invented the "Development of Process Plant for Plantain Flour" with Emmanuel Olatunji Olatomilola. References Category:Living people Category:1972 births Category:Nigerian academics Category:Mechanical engineers Category:Federal University of Technology Akure alumni Category:Nigerian male writers
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Chromosome condensation refers to the process by which dispersed interphase chromatin is transformed into a set of compact, rod-shaped structures during mitosis and meiosis (Figure 1). The term "chromosome condensation" has long been used in biology. However, it is now increasingly recognized that mitotic chromosome condensation proceeds through mechanisms distinct from those governing "condensation" in physical chemistry (e.g., gas-to-liquid phase transitions) or the formation of "biomolecular condensate Processes of chromosome condensation From DNA to chromosomes A diploid human cell contains 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes (22 × 2) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). The total length of DNA within a single nucleus reaches ~2 m. These DNA molecules are initially wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes, which are further compacted into chromatin fibers, commonly referred to as 30-nm fibers. During interphase, these fibers are confined within the nucleus, which has a diameter of only ~10–20 um. During mitosis, chromatin is reorganized into a set of rod-shaped structures (i.e., chromosome This transformation was first described meticulously in the late 19th century by the German cytologist Walther Flemming. Originally, the term "chromosome" referred specifically to these highly condensed mitotic structures, although its meaning has since broadened (see chromosome). In mitotic chromosomes of higher eukaryote Physiological significance of chromosome condensation As described above, although DNA in interphase is already organized into chromatin, it is dispersed throughout the nucleus and therefore not observed as individual chromosomes. Upon entry into prophase, condensation begins near the nuclear periphery, and fibrous structures gradually become visible. After nuclear envelope breakdown in prometaphase, condensation proceeds further. By metaphase, when condensation is apparently complete, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome can be clearly distinguished. This entire sequence of processes is often collectively referred to as chromosome condensation; however, due to our currently limited understanding of the higher-order structure of chromosomes, the precise definition of this term remains ambiguous. In principle, the process of chromosome condensation can
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Wikipedia:Chromosome condensation
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sequence of processes is often collectively referred to as chromosome condensation; however, due to our currently limited understanding of the higher-order structure of chromosomes, the precise definition of this term remains ambiguous. In principle, the process of chromosome condensation can be divided into three sequential but overlapping steps (Figure 2): 1. Individualization – Disentanglement of chromatin fibers dispersed throughout the nucleus into discrete chromosome units. 2. Shaping/Compaction – Organization of each chromosome into a compact, rod-like structure. 3. Resolution – Resolution of replicated DNA strands within each chromosome into two distinct sister chromatids. Although conceptually distinct, these steps occur concurrently and synergistically during mitosis. For this reason, the entire process is often collectively referred to as chromosome condensation. Importantly, chromosome condensation is not merely a reduction in chromatin length. Rather, it involves the organized folding of chromatin, initially in a random-coil–like state, into a highly structured rod-shaped form. This structural transformation is critical for ensuring the proper separation of sister chromatids during anaphase and provides the mechanical stiffness necessary for their faithful segregation (Figure 3). Defects in chromosome condensation can impair chromosome segregation and ultimately lead to genome instability. Protein factors essential for chromosome condensation Eukaryotic chromosome condensation has long been regarded as a highly complex process involving numerous proteins. However, recent studies have shown that single chromatids can be reconstituted in vitro by mixing sperm nucleus Independent lines of previous evidence support this simple picture of chromosome condensation. For example, it has long been known that histone Surprisingly, it has been shown that chromosome-like structures can be assembled in Xenopus egg extract Regulation of chromosome condensation Chromosome condensation is a process unique to mitosis and meiosis, and thus, the proteins involved in this process are subject to cell cycle regulation, often mediated by post-translational modification Among these, the most intensively studied mechanism is the phosphorylation of condensin complexes. It has been shown that phosphorylation by Cdk1 is essential for both the
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in this process are subject to cell cycle regulation, often mediated by post-translational modification Among these, the most intensively studied mechanism is the phosphorylation of condensin complexes. It has been shown that phosphorylation by Cdk1 is essential for both the DNA supercoiling activity and chromosome assembly activity of condensin Topoisomerase II is also subject to numerous post-translational modification Mitotic phosphorylation of histone In addition to post-translational modification Models of mitotic chromosomes and emerging experimental approaches How chromatin fibers are folded within mitotic chromosomes remains an unsolved question in cell biology. Several models have been proposed to explain the higher-order architecture of condensed chromosomes. Classical models include the hierarchical folding model and the radial loop model. More recently, additional models such as the polymer model and the hierarchical folding and axial glue model have been introduced. One of the major reasons for the slow progress in understanding the folding of chromatin fibers within mitotic chromosomes has been the limited availability of experimental tools for their structural analysis. Recently, however, the development of a variety of new technologies has enabled more detailed and multifaceted investigations. *Hi-C (High-throughput w:chromosome conformation capture **Cell cycle–dependent changes in human cultured cells and modeling of mitotic chromosomes as polymers **Comparison of ploidy#Diploid **Cell cycle dynamics and condensin-dependent chromatin reorganization in Schizosaccharomyces pombe **Comparison of G1 phase **Temporal changes in mitotic chromosomes in chicken DT40 cells **Functional interplay between condensin and cohesin complexes in human cultured cells and chicken DT40 cells *Biochemical reconstitution **Functional analysis of chromosomal proteins using Xenopus egg extract **In vitro reconstitution of mitotic chromosomes using purified proteins *Single-molecule techniques **DNA compaction assays using magnetic tweezers and optical
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tweezers **Direct visualization of the motor activity of condensin **Direct visualization of loop extrusion by condensin *Imaging-based approaches **Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) for high-resolution 3D structure **Nano-scale 3D DNA tracing to map chromosome architecture **FAST CHIMP (Facilitated Segmentation and Tracking of Chromosomes in Mitosis Pipeline) for mitotic chromosome tracking **Single-nucleosome
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**Direct visualization of loop extrusion by condensin *Imaging-based approaches **Cryo-electron tomography (Cryo-ET) for high-resolution 3D structure **Nano-scale 3D DNA tracing to map chromosome architecture **FAST CHIMP (Facilitated Segmentation and Tracking of Chromosomes in Mitosis Pipeline) for mitotic chromosome tracking **Single-nucleosome imaging to analyze nucleosome dynamics within mitotic chromosomes *Biophysical manipulation **Micromanipulation with glass pipettes to measure mechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes **Optical tweezers-based micromanipulation to probe chromosomal elasticity and compaction **Modeling mitotic chromosome assembly through a loop capture mechanism **Modeling mitotic chromosome assembly by incorporating condensin–condensin interactions **Modeling mitotic chromosome assembly through a bridging-induced attraction mechanism Chromosome condensation in prokaryotes Although bacteria lack histone In bacteria, DNA compaction is facilitated by the introduction of DNA supercoil Many bacterial and archaeal species also possess SMC protein complexes analogous to eukaryotic condensin The following table summarizes the similarities and differences in chromosome architecture between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Such comparisons are crucial for redefining the process of chromosome condensation at the molecular level and for gaining insights into the evolutionary principles underlying higher-order chromosome organization. See also * chromosome / nucleoid * mitosis / meiosis * DNA / histone / nucleosome / chromatin * condensin / cohesin / SMC protein / topoisomerase II * DNA supercoil References Category:Mitosis Category:Meiosis Category:Cell cycle
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Hazel Rennie (1928? – 2016) was a British peace activist who was a member of the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp from 1982 and remained closely connected with it until its closure in December 2000. She was also active in the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Early life and career Rennie was the daughter of Clara Calvert, and grew up in East Morton in West Yorkshire, England, where her family worked in textile mills. She was the last of six children, and went to school locally, leaving at 14 to work in a munitions factory. From a young age she liked to write poetry and would sometimes do this rather than attend school. In the late 1940s she moved to Hove, East Sussex to work in a hospital, where at Christmas she would write and perform plays for the staff with her friend Kate Brodbin, who would also become a member of the WILPF. They poked fun at the hierarchy within the hospital, the new National Health Service and the government. She then joined the Women's Royal Air Force, through which she met Jock Rennie who was in the Royal Air Force, marrying in 1958. She and her four children travelled the world as her husband was posted to Sri Lanka, Cyprus, Singapore and Bahrain. They then returned to England and settled in Worthing, West Sussex. Activism Rennie decided to go to Greenham Common after the December 1982 "Embrace the Base" action, when 30,000 women joined hands to encircle the RAF Greenham Common base, where US nuclear-armed cruise missiles were due to arrive in 1983. Around Christmas 1982 she announced her intention to go to Greenham to her husband and two sons and headed off by bus with a sleeping bag and a bottle of brandy. A carer in an old people'shome, she could not stay long but she made frequent return visits. She was often to be found
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and two sons and headed off by bus with a sleeping bag and a bottle of brandy. A carer in an old people'shome, she could not stay long but she made frequent return visits. She was often to be found welcoming newcomers to the camp, showing them to how things worked, and helping them to overcome shyness and feel comfortable. She was known for her enthusiasm and her curiosity about other women'slives, encouraging discussion on all issues. As Jenny Engledow has observed, Rennie'spositive enthusiasm when she was at Greenham and, later, at the peace camp at the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston, "created a warmth and feeling of belonging for many women that brought them back again and again". Rennie continued to write and read poems, particularly on peace topics, some of which would later be published. Rennie was often arrested and was sent to HM Prison Holloway Rennie introduced many of the women at Greenham Common and Aldermaston to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She attended WILPF's Congress in Sweden in 1983 and in 1987 was the UK WILPF president. After the closure of the Greenham Camp in 2000 she continued her involvement in WILPF, in the Worthing Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), and with "Worthing Against War", while continuing to visit the Aldermaston peace camp. She wrote and took part in a play called Putting Tony Blair on Trial, about the former UK prime minister'srole in the Iraq War. The following year, she toured Worthing in a white boiler suit, asking if anyone knew where the former leader of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, had hidden his alleged weapons of mass destruction. Later, she would write letters appealing for the release of prisoners detained by the US in Guantánamo Bay detention camp, including one to the British prime minister, Gordon Brown, which many believe was instrumental in securing the release in 2007 of Brighton resident Omar Deghayes. She also
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the release of prisoners detained by the US in Guantánamo Bay detention camp, including one to the British prime minister, Gordon Brown, which many believe was instrumental in securing the release in 2007 of Brighton resident Omar Deghayes. She also called for the release of Shaker Aamer who was released to Britain in 2015. Rennie also stood unsuccessfully as a candidate of the Labour Party (United Kingdom) Death Rennie died in 2016 after a long illness. At her funeral, several of the women from Greenham Common spoke about how she had influenced their lives. References Category:2016 deaths Category:English anti–nuclear weapons activists Category:English anti-war activists Category:English women activists Category:People from West Yorkshire
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known as synchronous lateral excitation. Adapted from Figure 5-15 of Butz, C., et al. "Advanced load models for synchronous pedestrian excitation and optimized design guidelines for steel footbridges (SYNPEX)." RFCS-Research Project RFS-CR-03019 (2007). Synchronous lateral excitation is a dynamic phenomenon where pedestrians walking on a footbridge subconsciously synchronize their lateral footsteps with the bridge’snatural swaying motion, amplifying lateral vibrations. First widely recognized during the 2000 opening of the London Millennium Bridge, synchronous lateral excitation has since become a critical consideration in the design of lightweight pedestrian structures. Mechanism Link bridge experienced a lateral frequency of 0.7 Hz. * The Toda Park Bridge in Japan is an early documented case (1990s) studied by Fujino et al., informing later synchronous lateral excitation models. Mitigation strategies Some ways to avoid synchronous lateral excitation are the implementation of tuned mass dampers, which were used in the Millennium Bridge to increase damping from 0.5% to 20% critical. Other strategies involve designing bridges with lateral frequencies outside the 0.5–1.1 Hz range as well as managing crows by limiting pedestrian density during events. References Category:Engineering Category:Physics Category:Resonance
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The A-1 nuclear reactor was the first Soviet Union Design It was designed as a light water-cooled, Nuclear graphite Construction The uranium and graphite material used in the reactor underwent purity testing at the F-1 nuclear reactor. It was composed of 1050 tons of graphite, and 120 to 130 tons of natural uranium. Operation Lead Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov brought the reactor to criticality on 8 June 1948. It began operation on 19 June 1948. Plutonium metal was first separated from its spent fuel on 16 April 1949. It was the only source of plutonium for the first Soviet nuclear test, RDS-1, on 29 August 1949. See also * B Reactor, first US plutonium production reactor * Windscale Piles, first UK plutonium production reactor * Marcoule Nuclear Site, site of first French plutonium production reactor * Dimona Nuclear Centre, site of first Israeli plutonium production reactor * CIRUS reactor, first Indian plutonium production reactor * Khushab Nuclear Complex, site of first Pakistani plutonium production reactor * Jiuquan reactor, first Chinese plutonium production reactor * Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center, site of first North Korean plutonium production reactor References Further reading * Dark Sun: The Making Of The Hydrogen Bomb by Richard Rhodes () * * Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union Category:Nuclear power in Russia Category:Graphite moderated reactors Category:Nuclear weapons infrastructure
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Sangtae Kim is an American chemical engineer known for his contributions to microhydrodynamics, computational drug discovery, and cyberinfrastructure development. He currently serves as the Jay and Cynthia Ihlenfeld Head of the Davidson School of Chemical Engineering at Purdue University and as the Chief Technology Officer of the pharmaceutical company Verseon. Education and early career Kim earned concurrent B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Chemical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1979 and completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at Princeton University in 1983, where he studied porous media flow under advisor William B. Russel Academic and administrative roles Kim began his academic career in 1983 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he became Chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering from 1995 to 1997. He later joined Purdue University in 2003, where he currently leads the Davidson School of Chemical Engineering as the Jay and Cynthia Ihlenfeld Head since 2016. In 2008, Kim was appointed as the founding executive director of the Morgridge Institute for Research, an interdisciplinary biomedical research institute based at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Industry and public service Kim has held senior leadership roles in the pharmaceutical industry, including Vice President positions at Eli Lilly and Warner-Lambert. In 2004, he was appointed Director of the Division of Shared Cyberinfrastructure at the National Science Foundation, overseeing major national cyberinfrastructure initiatives. In 2022, he was appointed Chief Technology Officer of Verseon, a pharmaceutical company focused on computational drug development. Honors and awards Kim was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2001 and is a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. In 2008 Kim was selected as one of the 100 Chemical Engineers of the Modern Era by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers for their Centennial Celebration, "Recognized for pharmaceutical radio frequency identification using fluidic self-assembly; suspension rheology computational
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oc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 4288–4292. # Kim, S. (2015). Ellipsoidal Microhydrodynamics without Elliptic Integrals and How to Get There with Linear Operator Theory. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54(38), 10497–10501. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02431 References Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 4288–4292. # Kim, S. (2015). Ellipsoidal Microhydrodynamics without Elliptic Integrals and How to Get There with Linear Operator Theory. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54(38), 10497–10501. doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02431 References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American chemical engineers Category:American academics of Korean descent Category:Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in Engineering
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Laura J. Freeman is an American statistician and Reliability engineering Education and career Freeman was a student at Virginia Tech. She majored in aerospace engineering, graduating in 2005, received a master'sdegree in statistics in 2006, and completed her Ph.D. in 2010. Her dissertation, Statistical Methods for Reliability Data from Designed Experiments, was supervised by G. Geoffrey Vining. From 2010 to 2019 she worked for the Institute for Defense Analyses, becoming assistant director of the Operational Evaluation Division. In 2019 she moved to the Hume Center for National Security and Technology at Virginia Tech as associate director of the Intelligent Systems Lab, becoming director in 2020 and director of the Information Sciences and Analytics Division at the Virginia Tech Applied Research Corporation in 2021, before becoming assistant dean of research, director of the Intelligent Systems Division of the Virginia Tech National Security Institute and, in 2022, deputy director of the institute. Recognition Freeman was Virginia Tech's 2009 Graduate Woman of the Year. In 2017 the Institute for Defense Analyses gave her their Andrew J. Goodpaster Award for Excellence in Research. She was the 2019 recipient of the Cross Award of the International Test and Evaluation Association. She was elected to the 2025 class of Fellows of the American Statistical Association. References External links * Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American statisticians Category:American women statisticians Category:Virginia Tech alumni Category:Virginia Tech faculty Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
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Anthracophyllum archeri, commonly known as the orange fan, is a Saprotrophic nutrition Taxonomy First described by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1860 as Xerotus archeri, it was moved to the genus Anthracophyllum by David Pegler in 1965. The holotype was collected by Samuel N. Archer in Tasmania. which Pegler later stated to be synonymous with Anthracophyllum archeri in 1965, Caps are on average 3-20 mm diameter. Ecology Anthracophyllum archeri grows on dead wood, mostly those of angiosperms. Habitat and distribution The fungus is found in native forests throughout New Zealand, Similar species Other species in the genus Anthracophyllum, including ''Anthracophyllum discolor References Category:Marasmiaceae Category:Fungi described in 1860 Category:Fungus species Category:Fungi of New Zealand Category:Fungi of Australia
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Philipp Slusallek (born 1963) is a German computer scientist and professor of computer graphics at Saarland University. Biography Philipp Slusallek studied physics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main and the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. In 1995, he received his doctorate in computer graphics from the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg After completing his doctorate, Slusallek worked at NVIDIA Research and Stanford University, among others. Since 1999 he has been Professor of Computer Graphics at Saarland University and since 2008 Scientific Director at the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence as well as head of the Laboratory for Agents and Simulated Reality located there. Since 2009, he has also been Director of Science at the Intel Visual Computing Institute at Saarland University. In 2018, Slusallek was elected to the German Academy of Science and Engineering. Awards * 2023: Eurographics Gold Medal References Category:Living people Category:1963 births Category:Computer scientists
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nergies up to 10^15 eV with the IceCube detector. * 2015: Ilaria Zardo (Eindhoven University of Technology) for outstanding work on understanding the lattice dynamics and electronic band structures of semiconductor nanowires with wurtzite and zincblende crystal structures. * 2016 not awarded *
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10^15 eV with the IceCube detector. * 2015: Ilaria Zardo (Eindhoven University of Technology) for outstanding work on understanding the lattice dynamics and electronic band structures of semiconductor nanowires with wurtzite and zincblende crystal structures. * 2016 not awarded * 2017: Isabelle Staude (Friedrich Schiller University Jena) in recognition of her pioneering contribution to basic research in nanophotonics. * 2018: Karin Everschor-Sitte (University of Mainz) for her pioneering research on the theoretical understanding of topologically protected magnetic structures, the skyrmions. * 2019: Adriana Pálffy-Buß (Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics) for her pioneering theoretical calculations of the interaction of high-energy radiation with atomic nuclei based on quantum effects. * 2020: Priscilla Pani (DESY) for her essential contributions to the search for dark matter at the LHC. * 2021: Naëmi Leo * 2022: Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich (Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life (PoL) at the Technische Universität Dresden * 2023: Joint award to ** Adinda de Wit (University of Zurich Physics Institute, Switzerland) for her outstanding experimental contributions to the first observation of the Higgs-b-Yukawa coupling and the precise determination of the Higgs couplings **Belina von Krosigk (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) for her fundamental contributions to the direct search and understanding of dark matter through the further development of models and methodological and analytical techniques for the detection of weak signals. * 2024: Juliane Borchert (INATECH, University of Freiburg) for her outstanding contributions to the understanding of processes for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. * 2025: Janna Katharina Behr (German Electron Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg) for her major contributions to the search for an extended Higgs sector through Higgs decays to top quarks. References Category:Awards honoring women Category:Awards of the German Physical Society
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Red cell genotyping, also known as Blood type#Blood group genotyping Genotyping in transfusion medicine Unlike traditional serological testing, which relies on the presence of antibodies to detect antigens, genotyping analyzes DNA to determine an individual'sblood group profile with high accuracy. This approach is particularly valuable in complex Blood transfusion The Genetic testing Blood group genotyping versus Red cell genotyping Blood group genotyping refers to the analysis of Blood type Red cell genotyping is preferred over blood group genotyping because it includes all antigens found on the red blood cell#Membrane composition See also * Blood type * Blood transfusion * Blood compatibility testing * ABO blood group system * Rh factor testing References Category:Blood Category:Genetics Category:Hematology Category:Transfusion medicine Category:Antigens
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Abhay Deshpande (born 18 August 1971) is an Indian entrepreneur, technology businessman, and founder of Recykal, a digital waste management platform. Early life and education Abhay Deshpande was born on 18 August 1971 in Parbhani, Maharashtra, India. He grew up in a middle-class family and pursued a career in technology and entrepreneurship. He earned a Bachelor's in Computer science and engineering Career In 1999, Abhay launched Malamall.com, an E-Commerce platform In 2016, Abhay established Recykal, a digital platform aimed at formalising the entire waste management ecosystem in India through holistic tech solutions and improving recycling practices. The company created a Circular Economy Managed Marketplace that enables stakeholders such as brands, consumers, recyclers, and waste collectors through a digitized system. Recykal raised $2 million in a pre-Series A round in 2019. In January 2022, it secured $22 million in a funding round led by Morgan Stanley India, with participation from Circulate Capital. The company implemented India'sfirst digital Deposit Refund System (dDRS) in Uttarakhand. For it in 2022, this project received the Digital India Awards In March 2025, Abhay Deshpande was named Ecopreneur of the Year by The Economic Times. He is also an independent director on the board of Zaggle Prepaid Ocean Services, a fintech company focused on spend management and prepaid card technologies. He has made angel investments in startups such as Elchemy and Payswiff, the latter of which was acquired by Cholamandalam Investment and Finance Company. Through T-Hub, a Hyderabad-based startup incubator, he has mentored entrepreneurs, particularly in building scalable SaaS services. References Category:Living people Category:1971 births Category:People from Parbhani Category:21st-century Indian physicists
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One Night in November is a 2008 play by Alan Pollock, about the Coventry Blitz in November 1940 during the Second World War. The play was first performed in 2008 at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry, England. It originally starred Daniel Brocklebank (as Michael) and Joanna Christie (as Katie), and was reviewed by Michael Billington (critic) The play was later performed by the Guildburys Theatre Company in 2017. The play was re-performed at the Belgrade Threate in 2020 to coincide with the 80th anniversary of the Coventry Blitz. Alan Pollock reflected on the play in a 2020 interview. Plot The play follows the story of the Stanley family'sexperience of the Coventry Blitz. It considers the possibility that Winston Churchill received a warning about the attack. For example, was Coventry sacrificed to encourage the United States to join World War II? Katie Stanley is 18 years old and is training to become a teacher. While waiting for an air raid "all clear" signal, she meets Michael, a language tutor from Oxford University References Category:2008 plays Category:English plays Category:Plays about World War II Category:Plays set in England Category:Bletchley Park Category:Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill Category:20th century in Coventry Category:Culture in Coventry
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Jennifer H. Van Mullekom is an American statistician. She works at Virginia Tech as director of the Statistical Applications and Innovations Group, and as professor of practice in the Department of Statistics. Her work in the Statistical Applications and Innovations Group involves mentoring graduate students in statistics in their collaborations with researchers across the Virginia Tech campus. Education and career Van Mullekom was an undergraduate at Concord University After briefly working as an adjunct faculty member in the Case Western Reserve University Department of Chemical Engineering and in the Lakeland Community College Department of Science and Health, both in Ohio, she left academia to work in industry, at Lubrizol, Capital One, and DuPont. In 2016 she returned to Virginia Tech, becoming associate professor of practice and director of the Statistical Applications and Innovations Group. Van Mullekom has also held various leadership roles in the American Statistical Association (ASA) and American Society for Quality (ASQ), including chairing the ASA Section on Physical and Engineering Sciences in 2007 and 2016, and chairing the ASQ Chemical and Process Industries Division in 2018. Recognition Van Mullekom was named as the 2024 Outstanding Mentor of the ASA Section on Statistical Consulting. She was elected to the 2025 class of Fellows of the American Statistical Association, and selected as a plenary speaker for the 2025 Quality and Productivity Research Conference. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American statisticians Category:American women statisticians Category:Concord University alumni Category:Virginia Tech alumni Category:Virginia Tech faculty Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
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Elizabeth von Hauff (born 1977 in Toronto) is a Canadian physicist. Since 2021, she has been the director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Electron Beam and Plasma Technology in Dresden, and a professor at Technische Universität Dresden Biography Elizabeth von Hauff was born in Toronto, Canada, and studied physics at the University of Alberta, obtaining a BSc with honors in 2000. She started the Masters program in renewable energy at Universität Oldenburg in 2001, and completed her PhD Research Her research focuses on innovative technologies for electronics, energy technology and sensor technology. She focuses on fundamental questions at the interface between physics, chemistry and biology in relation to applications in photovoltaics, biosensor technology and wearables. In the field of solar energy generation, she studies the role of dynamic processes at the functional interfaces of energy conversion. She works with surface treatment processes and uses Operando spectroscopy References External links * * Profile at ORCID * Homepage at the TU Dresden * Homepage at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Category:21st-century physicists Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:People from Toronto Category:University of Alberta alumni
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Julia Mary Parsons (; March 2, 1921 – April 18, 2025) was an American United States Navy Raised in Pittsburgh, the daughter of Howard G. Potter, a Carnegie Technical School (now Carnegie Mellon University) teacher, and Margaret (Filbert) Potter, a kindergarten teacher, she graduated 1942 from Carnegie Tech with a degree in humanities. She met her husband Donald Parsons in the military. After the war, pregnancy ended her naval career and she became a high school English teacher and had three children. Due to her secrecy oath, she did not disclose her wartime codebreaking work to anyone, even her husband and family, until 1997, when she learned it had been declassified in the 1970s. From then on, as one of the few surviving veterans of this secret elite World War II occupation, she shared her story with Girl Scouts of the USA References Further reading * Category:American women cryptographers Category:1921 births Category:2025 deaths
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Thrive is a life simulation god game developed by Revolutionary Games Studio. The game was published on Steam (service) Gameplay Thrive allows player to play as a species from its earliest form as a Microorganism Microbe stage In the first stage of the game, the player plays as a microbe, which must collect various Chemical compound Multicellular stage The Second stage, the Multicellular Stage, despite still being in development, has a working prototype which can be played after finishing the first stage. The player controls a growing colony of Cell (biology) Development The idea of creating Thrive was born in 2008, with the release of a life simulation game known as Spore. With time, the "Evolutions References External links *Official Wiki dedicated to Thrive *Official Revolutionary Games Studio website Category:Indie games Category:Linux games Category:Windows games Category:Single-player video games Category:God games Category:Video games about evolution Category:Video games about microbes Category:Upcoming video games Category:Early access video games
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Mechanistic interpretability (often shortened to "Mech Interp" or "MI") is a subfield of interpretability that seeks to Reverse engineering History Chris Olah is generally credited with coining the term 'Mechanistic interpretability' and spearheading its early development. In the 2018 paper The Building Blocks of Interpretability, Olah (then at Google Brain) and his colleagues combined existing interpretability techniques, including feature visualization, dimensionality reduction, and attribution with human-computer interface methods to explore features represented by the neurons in the vision model, Inception (deep learning architecture) In 2021, Chris Olah co-founded the company Anthropic and established its Interpretability team, which publishes their results on the Transformer Circuits Thread. In December 2021, the team published A Mathematical Framework for Transformer Circuits, reverse-engineering a toy transformer with one and two Attention (machine learning) Notable results in mechanistic interpretability from 2022 include the theory of superposition wherein a model represents more features than there are directions in its representation space; a mechanistic explanation for Grokking (machine learning) Mechanistic interpretability has garnered significant interest, talent, and funding in the AI safety community. In 2021, Open Philanthropy called for proposals that advanced "mechanistic understanding of neural networks" alongside other projects aimed to reduce risks from advanced AI systems. The interpretability topic prompt in the request for proposal was written by Chris Olah. The ML Alignment & Theory Scholars (MATS) program, a research seminar focused on AI alignment, has historically supported numerous projects in mechanistic interpretability. In its summer 2023 cohort, for example, 20% of the research projects were on mechanistic interpretability. Many organizations and research groups work on mechanistic interpretability, often with the stated goal of improving AI safety. Max Tegmark runs the Tegmark AI Safety Group at MIT, which focuses on mechanistic interpretability. In February 2023, Neel Nanda started the mechanistic interpretability team at Google DeepMind. Apollo Research, an AI evals organization with a focus on interpretability research, was founded in May 2023. EleutherAI has published multiple
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MIT, which focuses on mechanistic interpretability. In February 2023, Neel Nanda started the mechanistic interpretability team at Google DeepMind. Apollo Research, an AI evals organization with a focus on interpretability research, was founded in May 2023. EleutherAI has published multiple papers on interpretability. Goodfire, an AI interpretability startup, was founded in 2024. Mechanistic interpretability has greatly expanded its scope, practitioners, and attention in the ML community in recent years. In July 2024, the first ICML Mechanistic Interpretability Workshop was held, aiming to bring together "separate threads of work in industry and academia". In November 2024, Chris Olah discussed mechanistic interpretability on the Lex Fridman#Lex Fridman Podcast Cultural distinction between explainability, interpretability and mechanistic interpretability The term mechanistic interpretability designates both a class of technical methods explainability methods such as Saliency map 1. Narrow technical definition: A technical approach to understanding neural networks through their causal mechanisms. 2. Broad technical definition: Any research that describes the internals of a model, including its activations or weights. 3. Narrow cultural definition: Any research originating from the MI community. 4. Broad cultural definition: Any research in the field of AI especially LM interpretability. As the scope and popular recognition of mechanistic interpretability increase, many have begun to recognize that other communities such as natural language processing researchers have pursued similar objectives in their work. Critique Many researchers have challenged the core assumptions of the mechanistic approach arguing that circuit‑level findings may not generalize to safety guarantees and that the field’sfocus is too narrow for robust model verification. Critics also question whether identified circuits truly capture complex, emergent behaviors or merely surface‑level statistical correlations. References Category:Machine learning
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Jutta E. Escher is a theoretical nuclear physics Education and career In Germany, Escher was a student at the Kant-Gymnasium Boppard and at the University of Bonn, where she received a vordiplom in 1988. She became a graduate student of physics at Louisiana State University, supported by a Fulbright Scholarship, where she received a master'sdegree in 1993 and completed her Ph.D. in 1997. Her dissertation was Electron scattering studies in the framework of the symplectic shell model. After postdoctoral research in Israel, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and in Canada, at the TRIUMF national particle accelerator center, she joined the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2002, in its Physical and Life Sciences Directorate. Recognition Escher was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2019, "for developing the theoretical framework required to validate the surrogate reaction method for neutron-induced reactions and for leading the applications of these methods to address important questions in nuclear astrophysics and stewardship science". References External links * Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:German emigrants to the United States Category:German nuclear physicists Category:German women physicists Category:American nuclear physicists Category:American women physicists Category:University of Bonn alumni Category:Louisiana State University alumni Category:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society
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Intrusion Inc. (ticker: INTZ) is a Computer security History Intrusion Inc. was founded in 1983 as Optical Data Systems by G. Ward Paxton Jr. and Joe Head. The 1990s In the early 1990s, Optical Data Systems was formed to provide network security products. In 1992, Optical Data Systems (ticker: ODSI) held its initial public offering, raising $17.1 million with a valuation of $99 million. In the mid-1990s, Intrusion had two business units: the Essential Communications division and the company's LAN division. Products included: * ODS Infiniti series switches, which supported Ethernet, ATM25, Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface * ODS GSN 6400 switches capable of transferring 6400 megabits per second per port for an aggregate switch bandwidth of 512 gigabits per second In 1998, ODS Networks acquired Essential Communications Corporation, a producer of switches and Ethernet products. In 1999, ODS Networks formed Intrusion.com Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary with a focus on the information security business. The 2000s On June 1, 2000, the name changed from ODS Networks Inc. to Intrusion.com, Inc., and its ticker symbol from ODSI to INTZ. On November 1, 2001, the company changed its name again from Intrusion.com, Inc. to Intrusion Inc. Intrusion announced a $800,000 contract with Fort Cavazos The 2020s In 2020, Jack Blount was appointed CEO and changed the focus toward developing a new network detection and response product named Intrusion Shield. The company relocated its headquarters from Richardson, Texas to Plano, Texas. Blount resigned as CEO in 2021 amid SEC allegations of false and misleading claims. In 2021, Tony Scott, a former Federal Chief Information Officer of the United States References Category:Intrusion detection systems Category:Security software Category:Computer network security Category:Computer security companies
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Geonosis is a desert planet in the Star Wars fictional universe. Located in the List of Star Wars planets and moons Although entirely covered by a red desert, Geonosis is the home planet of the Geonosians. They are renowned for the quality of the combat Droid (Star Wars) It appears in just one film: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones In addition to the films, Geonosis is featured in the TV series Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series) Background The Star Wars universe is set in a galaxy that is the scene of clashes between the Jedi Knights Trading Card Game Geography Location and topography Orbiting the star Ea, Geonosis is one of six planets in the system that bears its name. The Geonosis system is part of the Arkanis sector, itself located in the Outer Rim. Although a telluric planet, it is surrounded by a ring of asteroids. Life forms Several animal species live on Geonosis, including the massive, the orray, the parasitic phidna, and the parasitic brain worm. The former serves as a pet, the latter as a mount; the orray, before it was domesticated, hunted Geonosian eggs extensively. Phidna excrement is collected and mixed with pulverized rock to form rock paste, the main material used in Geonosian construction. The brainworm can enter a person'snose and then control their brain. In addition, many species living on Geonosis are bioluminescent. One intelligent species is native to Geonosis: the Geonosian. They are winged insectoids that live in hives. Their society is divided into castes: Gyne Housing and technology Geonosians live in queen-led hives. The hives imitate the contours of the natural landscape, to blend in with the surroundings and protect their inhabitants from rival hives and other external dangers. The Geonosians are major producers of battle droids. They have huge, fully automated factories that mass-produce droids. Geonosian
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contours of the natural landscape, to blend in with the surroundings and protect their inhabitants from rival hives and other external dangers. The Geonosians are major producers of battle droids. They have huge, fully automated factories that mass-produce droids. Geonosian society practises the death penalty and does not hesitate to put it on show in arenas. Those condemned to death who receive the most attention are put face-to-face with creatures alien to Geonosis. The largest of these is the Petranaki Arena, where Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker, and Senator Padmé Amidala must battle an acklay, a nexu, and a reek. He discovers the extent of the Separatist installations and informs his apprentice Anakin Skywalker and the Jedi Council. Once on the planet, they explore a droid factory, but are also captured. All three are sentenced to death. The execution is to take the form of a battle against an acklay, a nexu and a reek at the Petranaki Arena. The battle and war begin when a group of two hundred Jedi led by Mace Windu infiltrate the arena to rescue the three captives. On arrival, Mace Windu attempts to confront Dooku but is intercepted by Jango Fett, whom he then kills. The Jedi have to contend with an army of droids who have taken over the battle area. The Jedi are quickly supported by clone troopers led by Jedi Master Yoda. The battle spreads across the desert plains beyond the arena, as Count Dooku duels Obi-Wan and Anakin, then Yoda. Overwhelmed, the Separatists decide to evacuate the planet, accepting defeat in the hope of retaking Geonosis from the Galactic Republic. Second Battle of Geonosis As the war intensifies, the Republic is forced to spread its troops across the galaxy, reducing the number of troops on Geonosis. The Separatists took advantage of the situation to recapture the planet and relaunch the battle droid production factories. The Jedi Ki-Adi-Mundi, Anakin Skywalker, and
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is forced to spread its troops across the galaxy, reducing the number of troops on Geonosis. The Separatists took advantage of the situation to recapture the planet and relaunch the battle droid production factories. The Jedi Ki-Adi-Mundi, Anakin Skywalker, and Ahsoka Tano, at the head of an armada, land on Geonosis and start fighting. One of the most important battles of the Clone Wars begins. The Jedi succeeded in achieving their objectives: destroying the factories - a task taken on by Anakin Skywalker's Jedi apprentice Ahsoka Tano and Luminara Unduli's Jedi apprentice Barriss Offee - and capturing Poggle the Brief, after a chase through the planet'sunderground network. From then on, the Republic strengthened its presence on the planet so as not to lose it again. During the battle, Geonosians also used parasites to resurrect dead Geonosians as Zombie This Republican victory forced the CSI to build new droid factories on other planets to supply its army. With Poggle the Short captured, the Galactic Republic secretly embarked on a project to build a space combat station, the Death Star. Director Orson Krennic oversees the construction project. Imperial era Following the defeat of the Separatists and the advent of the Galactic Empire (Star Wars) One Geonosian, Klik-Klak, surprisingly survives the genocide. He attempts to reveal the existence of the Death Star to Saw Gerrera and the rebels on the planet Lothal, drawing on the ground of the space station, in vain, as he is not understood. Legends Universe Following the takeover of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, all elements told in derivative products dating from before April 26, 2014, were declared to be outside the canon and were then grouped together as “Star Wars Legends”. Most scenes set on Geonosis are created using digital special effects. Actors are filmed in front of a blue background, then inlayed onto the set. The planet'sdesert landscapes are inspired by those seen in
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grouped together as “Star Wars Legends”. Most scenes set on Geonosis are created using digital special effects. Actors are filmed in front of a blue background, then inlayed onto the set. The planet'sdesert landscapes are inspired by those seen in the American West. Adaptations In addition to its official appearances in novels, novelizations, films and TV series, Geonosis also appears in other Star Wars spin-offs. Video games Geonosis appears in the 2005 game Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game) In addition, like several planets in the saga, the desert of Geonosis is a terrain where the player can venture in the 2022 video game Lego Star Wars: The Skywalker Saga. Figures Lego produced three boxes depicting the two battles of Geonosis, including the fight between Yoda and Count Dooku, released in 2013 as number 75017 “Duel on Geonosis”, a group of clone troopers, released in 2015 as 75089 “Geonosis Troopers”, and the Jedi Luminara Unduliaccompanied by Captain Rex in a battle against droids, released in 2011 as 7869 “Battle for Geonosis”. In addition, at Legoland California, miniature reproductions of the arena and battles on the desert plains can be seen in the Star Wars miniland. Theme parks The planet appears in Star Tours – The Adventures Continue In another ranking, Screen Rant considers the battle of Geonosis to be the sixth best Star Wars movie ending battle. In another ranking, Star Wars: The Clone Wars season 2 The AlloCiné The concept of brainworms in Geonosis, presented in The Clone Wars arc on the Second Battle of Geonosis, is also sometimes seen as bringing a more horror-like dimension to Star Wars, by introducing a kind of zombie. Analysis Like many Star Wars planets, Geonosis is analyzed by scientists to determine whether the concept can exist in reality. Thus, for Geonosis, the main focus is on the rings that surround the planet (although
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kind of zombie. Analysis Like many Star Wars planets, Geonosis is analyzed by scientists to determine whether the concept can exist in reality. Thus, for Geonosis, the main focus is on the rings that surround the planet (although it is telluric) and are, according to Attack of the Clones'', an asteroid field. However, these asteroids are too close together to avoid collisions, which would have reduced them to much smaller particles. In reality, therefore, these rings must not be composed of stones but of dust, which makes the scene that takes place there in the film completely impossible. As for the planet itself, like several other worlds in the saga, it is a desert, modeled on Tatooine. In particular, it bears a strong resemblance to a real planet, Mars, which allows it to be assimilated to reality, in addition to its similarities with the landscape of the Grand Canyon. What'smore, a planet of this geography would paradoxically be more hospitable, with water causing several climatic upheavals. Finally, this type of planet is very common in the real Universe. See also * List of Star Wars planets and moons * Star Wars References Bibliography * * * * * * Category:Star Wars characters Category:Star Wars lists Category:Deserts in fiction Category:Action film series Category:Adventure film series Category:American science fantasy films Category:Science fantasy
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Machilipatnam light house is located near Manginapudi Beach at Machilipatnam. Description The current light house is a 50 meters tall RCC structure situated around 50 meters above MSL painted with alternating black and white bands. It has a geographical range of 16.5 nautical miles and nautical range of 20 nautical miles. Fitted with a metal halide lamp, the rotation speed of the light beam is 3 rotation per minute with an effective beam intensity of 1,66,000 cds. History The first light at Machilipatnam was commissioned in 1852 at a different location. The current light house was commissioned in 1984 replacing a smaller structure built in 1930. During the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Visit and Facilities The lighthouse is open for visitors. It has a power house and staff quarters. Manginapudi Beach References Category:Lighthouses in India Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India Category:Lists of lighthouses Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India
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Belinda Siew-Woon Chang is an American-Canadian evolutionary biology Education In 1988, Chang received an A.B. in biology from Princeton University; she graduated magna cum laude and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. In 1995, she received a Ph.D. in neuroscience from Harvard University, where she was a student of evolutionary biologists Naomi Pierce and Richard Lewontin. She then completed postdoctoral fellowships at Harvard with Michael Donoghue in 1999 and at Rockefeller University with Thomas Sakmar in 2002, before accepting a faculty position at the University of Toronto in 2003. Research and career In 2002, while a postdoctoral researcher at Rockefeller, Chang and her colleagues reconstructed the rhodopsin of the ancestral archosaur, the most recent common ancestor of dinosaurs (including birds) and crocodilians. They found that the reconstructed rhodopsin was fully functional and could activate the retinal G protein transducin at a rate similar to that of a mammalian rhodopsin, suggesting that the ancestral archosaur may have been nocturnal. Chang’swork attracted media attention, with writer Dan Eatherley commenting in New Scientist that “the gates to Jurassic Park have opened a little wider”. In 2022, Chang’steam at the University of Toronto reconstructed the rhodopsin of the common ancestor of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) as well as that of the common ancestor of Whippomorpha (cetaceans and hippopotamuses). of their reconstructed ancestral cetacean rhodopsin indicated that the common ancestor of cetaceans could dive deep into the mesopelagic zone, more than 200 metres underwater. Chang’sfindings contradicted previous assumptions that the earliest fully aquatic cetaceans remained close to the surface. The South American electric fish species ''Brachyhypopomus#Species References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Princeton University alumni Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto Category:Women evolutionary biologists Category:Women molecular biologists
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A fever dream is a type of dream that transpires during fever or Fever Early accounts A second century account from Greece Psychoanalysis There has been little research devoted to the psychoanalysis or interpretation of fever dreams, likely due to the limitations of recalling dreams during such specific episodes such as fever, as well as the practice falling out of favor in the psychological community. Though, author and psychiatrist Kauko Vauhkonen posits that in some cases fever dreams can provide insight to the "initial psychic awakening" of the individual and be used to unpack or relive subconscious trauma developed in early childhood. References Category:Dream Category:Sleep disorders Category:Delirium Category:Hallucinations
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James Kenneth Boyce is a noted researcher who has investigated ecological, developmental and justice-oriented approaches to political economy with his more recent work focusing on ethical issues associated with the environment and climate change. He has been a senior fellow at the Political Economy Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and also holds the title there of professor emeritus of Economics. He has been the recipient of many awards including the Global Development and Environment Institute#Leontief Prize Selected publications * Torras, M., & Boyce, J. K. (1998). Income, inequality, and pollution: a reassessment of the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological economics, 25(2), 147–160. * Boyce, J. K. (1994). Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation. Ecological economics, 11(3), 169–178. * Boyce, J. K. & Léonce Ndikumana (2022) On the Trail of Capital Flight from Africa: The Takers and the Enablers, Oxford University Press * Boyce, J. K. (2019) Economics for People and the Planet: Inequality in the Era of Climate Change, Anthem * Boyce, J. K. (2019) The Case for Carbon Dividends, Polity * Boyce, J. K. (2002) Investing in Peace: Aid and Conditionality After Civil Wars, Oxford University Press * Boyce, J. K. (2002) The Political Economy of the Environment, Edward Elgar * Boyce, J. K. (1993) The Philippines: The Political Economy of Growth and Impoverishment in the Marcos Era, Macmillan * Boyce, J. K. (1987) Agrarian Impasse in Bengal: Institutional Constraints to Technological Change, Oxford University Press References Category:Living people Category:Climate economists
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Chris (Christine) Drake is an English protestor against nuclear weapons who was a member of the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. She has subsequently campaigned against legislation restricting the right to freedom of speech and in support of Palestine and lesbian rights. Activism Drake left her Dewsbury, West Yorkshire home to live at the Greenham Common camp in Newbury, Berkshire in England in 1982. She was married with three children and saw her movement to the camp as a way of protecting her children and ensuring that they had a future. She had been inspired by a showing in Dewsbury of The War Game, a film written, directed and produced by Peter Watkins for the BBC that depicted the aftermath of nuclear war. It was not broadcast on television until 1985 but received screenings at film festivals and elsewhere. After watching the film, she had organised a meeting to discuss it, which attracted many participants. This led to her setting up a Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) group in Dewsbury. She then booked a minivan and organised a trip to Greenham to participate in the "Embrace the Base" activity in December 1982, when an estimated 30,000 women linked hands around the perimeter fence. The next day she was blocking the road in an attempt to close the base, when she was picked up by a policeman and thrown against the curb, resulting in her being in considerable pain. Six months later, with her sister living in her home to look after her children, Drake returned to Greenham Common. During her time there she came out as a lesbian, noting that it was an environment where you could be yourself and not what others' expectations of you were. The tabloid media and others used derogatory terms such as "lesbians and communists" against the camp women. After being arrested on one occasion, police took Drake to a room on the base where they assaulted
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others' expectations of you were. The tabloid media and others used derogatory terms such as "lesbians and communists" against the camp women. After being arrested on one occasion, police took Drake to a room on the base where they assaulted her with blows, aerosol spray, and hot coffee. There were several different camps around the base, named after the colours of the rainbow. Drake helped to set up the green and orange camps but eventually ended up living at the blue camp for many years, which she has described as the "working class camp". She left the camp the day after the last missile left the RAF Greenham Common base in 1991, although the camp remained until 2000. During her time there, she had been forced to sign over custody of her children to her ex-husband because there was the possibility that she would go to prison for up to two years. At the time when talks about nuclear weapons were happening in Geneva about 20 women from Greenham Common went there. Drake and three others managed to break into the Russian Embassy to speak to the negotiators. After Greenham Since leaving Greenham Common, Drake has campaigned against legislation that would restrict the right of British people to freedom of speech and freedom of assembly to demonstrate political views. She has spoken at universities and elsewhere on feminism and other matters. She has been active in efforts to support Palestine, holding protests in the town of Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire, and in promoting lesbian rights. She was also part of the cast of the 2021 film, Mothers of the Revolution, about the Greenham Common protest, which was narrated by the former actress and politician, Glenda Jackson. References Category:Living people Category:British free speech activists Category:English anti–nuclear weapons activists Category:English women activists Category:English lesbians
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Strombomonas is a genus of free-living euglenoids characterized by the presence of a shell-like covering called a Lorica (biology) Description Strombomonas consists of solitary, free-living cells surrounded by a shell, called a lorica. The lorica has an apical opening where the flagellum emerges. The cells themselves are mostly 25–50 mlong and 15–35 mwide, and are mostly like Euglena in terms of morphology. The lorica is sac- or vase-shaped, with a neck and tailpiece of varying lengths. The lorica aggregates particles on its outer surface, giving it a scabrous (rough) texture; the lorica also lacks spines, pores or pits, Morphologically, Strombomonas has loricae without pores or spines, while Trachelomonas has loricae with pores or spines during at least part of its life cycle. Strombomonas and Trachelomonas form sister clades according to molecular phylogenetic studies. Taxonomic revisions using molecular data have started to include other characters, such as the number of chloroplasts and pyrenoid morphology. References Category:Euglenozoa genera Category:Euglenozoa
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The Gateway (Also known as: The Gate, Brama; Ukrainian language Their quiet life is suddenly disrupted when Baba Prisya receives a mystical warning about an impending personal catastrophe that must be prevented. Plot The film follows the lives of a small family living in the Chernobyl exclusion zone Their secluded life is suddenly disrupted one day when Baba Prisya experiences a mystical vision. She is warned by an unknown entity about an impending personal catastrophe that will soon affect her and her family. Believing the warning to be true, Baba Prisya takes it as her mission to prevent the disaster, but her family is skeptical of her visions and beliefs. As Baba Prisya’svisions intensify, she becomes more obsessed with preventing the foretold catastrophe. She becomes increasingly erratic, convinced that the disaster is tied to extraterrestrial forces that have infiltrated the government. According to her beliefs, the Chernobyl disaster was orchestrated to drive people out of the area and pave the way for a base to communicate with these otherworldly beings. She insists that the government’sevacuation was a cover-up and that the radiation is a distraction from the true danger. The family’stensions rise as Baba Prisya takes more drastic steps to prevent the catastrophe, including performing strange rituals and consuming a rare mushroom she believes will open a "gateway" to reveal hidden truths. This leads to surreal, nightmarish sequences, where reality and Baba Prisya’sdelusions begin to blur. At one point, the family experiences vivid hallucinations, further complicating their understanding of what is real. As the family struggles to understand the meaning of Baba Prisya’swarnings, it becomes clear that her connection to the supernatural may have been stronger than they had thought. In the final act, the mystical warning comes to fruition when an unforeseen disaster strikes the family, leading to tragic consequences. The film ends on an ambiguous note, leaving viewers to question whether Baba Prisya’sbeliefs were valid, or if
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thought. In the final act, the mystical warning comes to fruition when an unforeseen disaster strikes the family, leading to tragic consequences. The film ends on an ambiguous note, leaving viewers to question whether Baba Prisya’sbeliefs were valid, or if the events were merely the product of her deteriorating mental state. Cast * Irma Vitovska as Baba Prisa * Vitalina Bibliv as Slava, Baba Prisa'sdaughter * Yaroslav Fedorchuk as Vovchyk, Slava's son * Dmytro Iaroshenko as Vasya the Cop * Dmytro Tuboltsev as Slava's Husband Petya/"Dad" Production Budget The film had a total production budget of approximately ₴17.8 million (Ukrainian hryvnia), with ₴8.9 million provided by the Ukrainian State Film Agency Location Filming took place in the village of Luchanky, located in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr Oblast Reception Critical Reviews Critical reviews of The Gateway were mixed. Ukrainian film critics generally praised its ambition and style, with LB.ua critic Serhiy Ksaverov describing it as “one of the most interesting Ukrainian films” of the year, and calling it a “radioactive phantasmagoria” and a “cinematic mutation” with the makings of a cult classic. In contrast, some critics felt the film was less favorable. Anton Frolov of Cineast felt the theatrical origins undermined the film’scinematic execution, remarking that “the border between cinema and theatre is small” and that Tykhyy “does not have” the sensibility to bridge it. Audience Reviews Audience reviews were also divided. The film’s July 2018 release sparked heated online debate. As reported by OBOZ.UA, viewer impressions ranging “from delight to outright criticism,” were observed, noting that the
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social-media response even drew defense of Irma Vitovska By some metrics the film’sreception was moderately positive. For example, Ukrainian box-office portal Kinoafisha recorded a 7.7/10 user rating, while the Ukrainian film database DzygaMDB similarly lists an audience score of 7.667/10 (with a critics’ score of 10/10) for Brama.
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some metrics the film’sreception was moderately positive. For example, Ukrainian box-office portal Kinoafisha recorded a 7.7/10 user rating, while the Ukrainian film database DzygaMDB similarly lists an audience score of 7.667/10 (with a critics’ score of 10/10) for Brama. Awards and Accolades References Category:2017 films Category:Ukrainian horror thriller films Category:Chernobyl disaster Category:Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Category:2010s Ukrainian films
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María Luz Cárdenas Cerda (born 7 June 1944) is a French biochemist of Chilean origin. She is known for studies of mammalian hexokinases and for developing understanding of the nature of life. Personal life María Luz Cárdenas was born on 7 June 1944 in Santiago, Chile, the daughter of Palmira Rebeca Cerda Fuenzalida and Oscar Guillermo Cárdenas Ubilla, and she spent her early life and education in Santiago. She married Athel Cornish-Bowden in 1982 and had one daughter. Career In Chile in the 1980s and earlier there were no grants for post-graduate students, and so it was necessary for Cárdenas to work as a teaching assistant and lecturer at the University of Chile at the same time as working towards her doctorate under Hermann Niemeyer, with a thesis entitled Glucoquinasa, una enzima monomérica con cinética cooperativa (Glucokinase, a monomeric enzyme with kinetic cooperativity). Research Hexokinase D Cárdenas'sdoctoral research led to a major discovery, that rat-liver hexokinase D (often called “glucokinase”) was a monomeric enzyme that displayed positive cooperativity, later confirmed by others. Although kinetic models of cooperativity had been proposed (for example by Ferdinand and by Rabin) these were not widely believed to have practical importance, and cooperativity was usually assumed to require binding equilibrium and interactions between multiple binding sites. Hexokinase D was thus the first enzyme for which the cooperativity could not be explained in terms of the best known models Cárdenas and co-workers suggested that the cooperativity could be explained by a slow-transition model. The name “glucokinase” for hexokinase D is now virtually universal in the literature, and there is little likelihood of changing that. However, it is important to realize that it is a misleading name, because it implies that hexokinase D is more specific for glucose than the other mammalian hexokinases, but that is not the case, as it accepts fructose as a good substrate. Although the monomeric
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realize that it is a misleading name, because it implies that hexokinase D is more specific for glucose than the other mammalian hexokinases, but that is not the case, as it accepts fructose as a good substrate. Although the monomeric cooperativity exhibited by hexokinase D proved to be rare, it was not the only example. Cárdenas'sbook “Glucokinase”: Its Regulation and Role in Liver Metabolism collects a large amount of information about the enzyme, not only about its kinetics and cooperativity, but its physiological importance in regulating glucose uptake by the liver, and genetic aspects. Her work on hexokinase D inevitably led to study of the other mammalian hexokinase isoenzymes and their evolution, as set out in her review. Nature of life In the last 20 years of her career, Cárdenas'sinterest turned to the nature of life, self-organization, and LUCA (the last universal common ancestor). Honours In 1993 Cárdenas was appointed to the honorary chair "Hermann Niemeyer F." at the Faculty of Sciences of the University de Chile. In 2016 she was awarded the Tito Ureta Prize of the Chilean Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. In 2023 she was elected Honorary Member of the Spanish Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. In 2024 the French Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology nominated her as one of 36 women scientists celebrated by FEBS, References Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:Chilean biochemists Category:Chilean scientists Category:Members of the Chilean Academy of Sciences Category:Theoretical biologists Category:20th-century biochemists Category:21st-century biochemists
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The Fraunhofer Institute for Electron Beam and Plasma Technology' (FEP), also known as "Fraunhofer FEP" for short, is an institution of the Fraunhofer Society based in Dresden, Germany. The institute conducts applied research and development in materials science. The Fraunhofer FEP is a member of the Fraunhofer Group for Light and Surfaces, to which six Fraunhofer Institutes belong. Its current director is Elizabeth von Hauff. History The institute was founded in 1991 under the leadership of Siegfried Schiller from working groups of the former Forschungsinstitut Manfred von Ardenne (Manfred von Ardenne Research Institute) in Dresden. This predecessor institute worked to develop, test, and mature thin-film technologies, and these activities continue at the Fraunhofer FEP today. In 2016/17, the FEP succeeded in producing OLED electrodes from graphene for the first time. The process was developed and optimized in the EU-funded project "Gladiator" (Graphene Layers: Production, Characterization and Integration), together with partners from industry and research. In 2024, the institute employed roughly 150 people (not including a few dozen students), and had expenditures of 11 million Euro. Research and development One of the Fraunhofer FEP'smain areas of work is thin film technology. This includes the coating of plates, strips and components made of different materials with various layers or layer systems, such as special layers for displays and forgery-proof labels. A second field of work is electron beam technology. The electron beam is used as a precise tool for welding, vaporizing or modifying the surface layer of metals. The institute is divided into six different business units: * Flexible products * Coating of metallic sheets and strips, energy technologies * Development of Customized Electron Beam Systems and Technologies * Coating of parts * Precision coating * Medical and biotechnological applications Collaboration Since 2005, the institute has been a member of the Competence Network Industrial Plasma Surface Technology (INPLAS). The institute is also a member of the Fraunhofer Group
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of parts * Precision coating * Medical and biotechnological applications Collaboration Since 2005, the institute has been a member of the Competence Network Industrial Plasma Surface Technology (INPLAS). The institute is also a member of the Fraunhofer Group for Light & Surfaces. Within Dresden, the Fraunhofer FEP is a member of the Dresden-concept scientific network, in which other Fraunhofer Institutes and institutes of other disciplines as well as the TU Dresden and other universities are also organized. External links * Fraunhofer Institute for Electron Beam and Plasma Technology References Category:Fraunhofer Society Category:Electron beam Category:Plasma physics facilities Category:1991 establishments in Germany Category:Organisations based in Dresden
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P/2011 S1 (Gibbs) is a periodic comet or an active centaur (small Solar System body) Discovery American astronomer, Alex R. Gibbs, reported the discovery of a new object from charged couple device References External links * Category:Periodic comets Category:Halley-type comets Category:Chiron-type comets Category:Centaurs (small Solar System bodies) Category:Discoveries by Alex R. Gibbs Category:Comets in 2011 Category:Comets in 2014
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In organic chemistry, bipolaron is a molecule or part of a macromolecular chain containing two positive charge (physics) It is possible to synthesize and isolate bipolaron model compounds for X-ray diffraction studies. The diamagnetic bis(triaryl)amine dication 2 in scheme 1 is prepared from the neutral precursor 1 in dichloromethane by reaction with 4 equivalents of antimony pentachloride. Two resonance structures exist for the dication. Structure 2a is a (singlet) diradical and 2b is the closed shell quinoid. The experimental bond lengths for the central vinylidene group in 2 are 141 picometer On the other hand, when a thiophene unit is added to the core in the structure depicted in scheme 2, these bond lengths are identical (around 138 pm) making it a true hybrid. See also * Quinonoid zwitterions References Category:Ions
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Sandra Goldschmidt (born 23 February 1976) is a German trade unionist. Since February 2023, she has been the regional director of the United Services Union (Ver.di) in Hamburg. She is deputy chairwoman of the supervisory board of the Hamburg Company for Asset and Investment Management, alternating chairwoman of the administrative board of the Federal Medical Service, and a member of the board of the Norddeutscher Rundfunk Biography Goldschmidt was born in a small village in Baden-Württemberg. After graduating from high school and training as a photographer, she worked as an employee in a commercial photography studio . In early 1999, she applied to the internet agency Pixelpark in Stuttgart, where she worked as a project manager for communications and e-business solutions. In 2002, she moved to the ver.di network for media professionals connexx.av in Munich, a union interest group that supports employees in radio and television broadcasting and the new media. There, she helped establish a works council at the media group and film distributor Premiere during the crisis surrounding the Kirch Group, among other things. At the end of 2005, she became the personal assistant to ver.di chairman Frank Bsirske in Berlin. From there, she moved to Hanover in February 2009 as head of the social insurance department in the ver.di regional district of Lower Saxony-Bremen. On 28 February 2015, she was elected deputy regional director of ver.di in Hamburg, where she was responsible for the areas of women, youth, and the self-employed, as well as for member services and organizational development. Goldschmidt was nominated as a candidate for the new ver.di regional leadership in January 2023, after the then ver.di head, Berthold Bose, announced that he would not run again for health reasons. A regional conference elected Goldschmidt as regional leader on 24 February 2023, with 56 of 82 valid votes. She and her team represent around 87,000 ver.di members in Hamburg. Goldschmidt lives with her husband
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not run again for health reasons. A regional conference elected Goldschmidt as regional leader on 24 February 2023, with 56 of 82 valid votes. She and her team represent around 87,000 ver.di members in Hamburg. Goldschmidt lives with her husband and three children in and is a member of Alliance 90/The Greens Hamburg Memberships * 2013 to 2020 Member of the Supervisory Board of Kundenservice AG * Member of the Supervisory Board of Hamburger Sparkasse since 2019 * Since 2021, alternating chairwoman of the Administrative Board of the * Member of the Board of the NDR Broadcasting Council since June 2022 * Member of Alliance 90/The Greens * since 2024 Deputy Chairwoman of the Supervisory Board of Literature * Jörn Breiholz: Als die hippe New Economy ihren ersten Betriebsrat gründete. In: Zeitschrift mitarbeit, Hrsg.: Vorstand der Freunde des Museums der Arbeit, Nr. 25/2021, S. 24–26 External links * Sandra Goldschmidt, Kundgebung: Wann, wenn nicht jetzt...International Solidarisch - Schluss mit Austerität * [https://hamburg.verdi.de/++file++5c7115a0e999fb3f14d7f958/download/Sandra%20Goldschmidt%20Medienbrief%202019.pdf ver.di Hamburg Sandra Goldschmidt (PDF) References Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:German trade unionists Category:Alliance 90/The Greens politicians Category:21st-century German women Category:German women trade unionists Category:Politicians from Hamburg
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Hartmut Fünfgeld (* 1975) is a Germany Career Hartmut Fünfgeld studied Geography as a major together with two minor subjects, Ethnology and Geology, from 1997 to 2002. During his studies he spent one term abroad in Melbourne and completed them in 2002 with a degree in Geography. Then he worked as a researcher at Heidelberg University and in 2007 obtained a doctorate in geography for his work "Fishing in Muddy Waters: Socio-Environmental Relations under the Impact of Violence in Eastern Sri Lanka“. He went to Melbourne and worked for different organisations in the fields of climate change adaption and environmental politics, amongst others the RMIT Climate Change Adaptation Program of the University of Melbourne. There he became Professor for Sustainability and City Planning in 2016. In 2018 he moved on to the University of Freiburg, to work as a professor for the chair of Geography of the Global Change (german: Geographie des Globalen Wandels). Together with his study groups, he researches social and institutional impacts of climate change and climate change adaptability. In this field, Fünfgeld'steam especially focuses on potentials for communal and regional planning. Further large-scale research areas are processes of social transformation and social justice in the context of global change. Publications * Fishing in muddy waters. Socio-environmental relations under the impact of violence in eastern Sri Lanka . Verl. für Entwicklungspolitik, Saarbrücken 2007, , approved dissertation at the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 2006. * with Darryn McEvoy: Resilience as a Useful Concept for Climate Change Adaptation? In: Planning Theory and Practice, 2012; 13 (2) : p. 324-328. * with Darryn McEvoy, Karyn Bosomworth: Resilience and Climate Change Adaptation: The Importance of Framing. In: Planning Practice and Research, 2013; 28 (3) : p. 280-293, doi:10.1080/02697459.2013.787710. * Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks. In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2015; 12, p. 67-73, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.10.011. * Institutional tipping points in climate change adaptation processes. In:
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and Research, 2013; 28 (3) : p. 280-293, doi:10.1080/02697459.2013.787710. * Facilitating local climate change adaptation through transnational municipal networks. In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2015; 12, p. 67-73, doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.10.011. * Institutional tipping points in climate change adaptation processes. In: Journal of Extreme Events, 2017; 4 (1) 1750002, doi:10.1142/S2345737617500026. * with Kate Lonsdale, Karyn Bosomworth: Beyond the tools: supporting adaptation when organisational resources and capacities are in short supply. In: Climatic Change, 2019; 153 (4) : p. 625-641, doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2238-7. Weblinks * * Profile of Hartmut Fünfgeld at the University of Freiburg References Category:1975 births Category:German geographers Category:Academic staff of the University of Freiburg Category:21st-century geographers
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approximation improves with more divisions. In 1994, Nutritional science Several mathematicians replied to the paper in letters to the journal, objecting to the naming of "Tai'smodel" and the treatment of a method "used in undergraduate calculus courses" as a novel discovery in the field of diabetes care. Tai responded to the letters, saying that she'dderived the method independently during a session with her statistical advisor in 1981 noting that she had a witness to the model'soriginality. She explained that Tai'smodel was only published at the request of her colleagues at the Obesity Research Center, who'dbeen using her model and calling it "Tai'sformula". Tai'scolleagues wished to cite the formula, she explained, but could not do so as long as it remained unpublished, and thus she submitted it for publication. Tai also disputed that Tai'smodel is simply the trapezoidal rule on the basis that her model is based on the summed areas of rectangles and triangles rather than trapezoids. A follow-up letter by the authors of "Tai's Formula is the Trapezoidal Rule" pointed out that each contiguous rectangle–triangle pair in Tai'sconstruction forms a single trapezoid. The episode has been cited as an illustration of the slower-than-expected spread of knowledge in certain contexts. It has also been discussed as a Scholarly peer review#Criticism References Category:Diabetes research Category:Discovery and invention controversies Category:Numerical integration
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Alice Sophie Golsen (born Goldstein; 22 September 1889 - 14 June 1940) was a Jewish physicist who worked in Germany between the two world wars. Her research contributed to the development of modern quantum mechanics. She features in the 2024-2025 "Light and Matter" special exhibition at the Deutsches Museum. Life She was born in Wiesbaden into a non-practising Jewish family, the fourth of five children and the youngest of four sisters. Her father Carl and sister Jenny are both buried in the town's Jewish Cemetery, whilst her mother Henriette committed suicide in Theresienstadt Ghetto in 1942. She did well at school in Wiesbaden and Karlsruhe, especially in mathematics. In 1909 she began studying medicine at the University of Berlin. She struggled in her studies of anatomy and after a time moved to the University of Heidelberg to study mathematics and exact sciences, in which she had always been interested, graduating from there in 1915 and also completing a teaching certificate. She worked as part of the university'steaching staff until the end of the First World War. During this period she was baptised as a Protestant and changed her surname, probably to avoid discrimination due to her Jewish origins. In 1920 she moved to the Goethe University Frankfurt She broke her ankle around 1920, leaving her lame for the rest of her life since the fracture never fully healed. After completing her doctoral thesis, Gulsen remained in Frankfurt and seems to have continued to research, although no documents have been found to prove this, though there are records of her teaching at the city's Schillerschule from 1923 until the dismissal of all Jewish civil servants in December 1933. She and her four roommates in Frankfurt lived as economic partners and - after one of them inherited a large sum of money - they moved to the Frankfurt suburb of Neu-Isenburg and bought a car. Alice learned to drive and became the group'sdriver
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roommates in Frankfurt lived as economic partners and - after one of them inherited a large sum of money - they moved to the Frankfurt suburb of Neu-Isenburg and bought a car. Alice learned to drive and became the group'sdriver (a female driver at that time being as rare as several women living together). In 1937 she had an affair with Rudolf Bingel, who was then her younger brother'sprivate tutor and a senior executive at Siemens. As Nazi rule and anti-Semitic persecution in Germany worsened, she was dismissed from her job and decided to flee Germany for England. There she made her living as a maid for a family from Kent. Bingel promised to follow her after he divorced his wife, but he never did. Her body was found in the River Thames after her probable suicide, due to either a realisation that Bingel was not going to join her or receipt of her Enemy alien#United Kingdom "It was probably too much for her again to have to part from friends, whom she loved and, again at her age, to have to start a new life and get used to new conditions". References category:1889 births category:1940 deaths category:converts to Protestantism category:German quantum physicists category:People from Wiesbaden Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Category:Heidelberg University alumni Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University Category:Suicides by drowning in England category:Goethe University Frankfurt alumni category:Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom Category:German secular Jews Category:Suicides in Greater London Category:20th-century women physicists Category:German women physicists
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Friedrich Bruno Richard Wachsmuth (21 March 1868 - 1 January 1941) was a German physicist and academic. Life Born in Marburg, he came from an academic family - his maternal grandfather Friedrich Ritschl and his father Curt Wachsmuth In 1896 he became an assistant at the University of Göttingen After an interlude at the Prussian Staff College From 1911 he and the city'smayor Franz Adickes played a major role in the University'sfoundation, probably one of the reasons Wachsmuth as appointed its first rector on 16 August 1914 by the Prussian Culture Minister. In 1914 he also worked as physics teacher at the Lessing-Gymnasium in Frankfurt and that year also saw him begin an eighteen-year stint as full professor of experimental physics and director, both at Frankfurt's Physics Institute. From 1914 he no longer took an active part in the paradigm shift in physics brought about by the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics, though it was at the Institute that Otto Stern and Wachsmuth'schief assistant Walther Gerlach carried out the Stern–Gerlach experiment, one of the milestones in quantum theory. He did, however, work on early radio technology and gave the opening speech at Frankfurt's Radio Day in April 1924. From 1915 he was a board member of Frankfurt's Polytechnic Society and served as its president from 1932 to 1936 - his son Werner argues Richard left the post after the Nazi regime attempted to force the Society into line with its policies. He was made an honorary senator of the University in 1939 and died two years later in Icking near Munich, to which he and his wife had retired, being cremated at Munich'scrematorium. Bibliography * Walther G. Saltzer: Richard Wachsmuth. In: K. Bethge, H. Klein (ed.): Geschichte der
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Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main: Physiker und Astronomen in Frankfurt / hrsg. im Auftr. d. Fachbereichs Physik. Metzner, Neuwied 1989, ISBN 3-472-00031-7 References External links (in German) * * * Richard Wachsmuth (Memento vom
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K. Bethge, H. Klein (ed.): Geschichte der Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main: Physiker und Astronomen in Frankfurt / hrsg. im Auftr. d. Fachbereichs Physik. Metzner, Neuwied 1989, ISBN 3-472-00031-7 References External links (in German) * * * Richard Wachsmuth (Memento vom 29. April 2013 im Webarchiv archive.today) an der Universität Frankfurt * Wachsmuth'sentry in the Catalogus Professorum Rostochiensium category:1868 births category:1941 deaths Category:Academic staff of Goethe University Frankfurt category:Academic staff of the University of Rostock category:German physicists Category:Heidelberg University alumni Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Category:Leipzig University alumni category:Scientists from Marburg
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Autoship CAD/CAM is a proprietary Computer-aided design Modules * AutoShip – Hull (watercraft) * AutoHydro – hydrostatics and stability * AutoPlate – Shell plating * AutoStructure – internal structural design * LoadMonitor – onboard loading conditions software * Production Manager – Nesting (process) See also * Computer-aided design (CAD) * Comparison of computer-aided design software * Naval architecture * Deck (ship) * Double hull * List of shipbuilders and shipyards * Marine engineering * Naval architecture#List of naval architecture software * Simcenter STAR-CCM+ and OpenFOAM - for computational fluid dynamics * Strength of ships * Superstructure References External links * Category:Computer-aided design software Category:Shipbuilding Category:Naval architecture Category:Computer-aided manufacturing software
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