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What lipid, added to certain foods to keep them fresher longer, increases the risk of heart disease?	cholesterol	Omega-3 fatty acids	fatty acids	trans fat	Another type of lipid is called trans fat . Trans fats are manufactured and added to certain foods to keep them fresher for longer. Foods that contain trans fats include cakes, cookies, fried foods, and margarine. Eating foods that contain trans fats increases the risk of heart disease.
What occurs in a population when its allele frequencies change over time?	extinction	variation	generation	evolution	Evolution occurs in a population when its allele frequencies change over time. For example, the frequency of the A allele might change from 0.7 to 0.8. If that happens, evolution has occurred. What causes allele frequencies to change? The answer is forces of evolution.
What do some animals use for shelter?	living materials	invisible materials	indestructible materials	nonliving materials
In statistics a boundary on the precision and accuracy is known as what?	frequency	instance	median	error	An error is a boundary on the precision and accuracy of the result of a measurement. Some errors are caused by unpredictable changes in the measuring devices (such as balances, rulers, or calipers), but other errors can be caused by reading a measuring device incorrectly or by using broken or malfunctioning equipment. Such errors can have an impact on the reliability of the experiment’s results; they affect the accuracy of measurements. For example, you use a balance to obtain the mass of a 100 gram block. Three measurements that you get are: 93.1 g, 92.0 g, and 91.8 g. The measurements are precise, as they are close together, but they are not accurate.
How many limbs do all mammals have?	two	three	it varies	four	Mammals are endothermic vertebrates with four limbs. Examples of mammals include bats, whales, mice, and humans. Clearly, mammals are a very diverse group. Nonetheless, they share several traits that set them apart from other vertebrates.
More common in developing countries, parasitic diseases caused by roundworms often result from poor practice of what?	preventative medicine	agriculture	education	personal hygiene	Diseases caused by roundworms are more common in developing countries. Many parasitic diseases caused by roundworms result from poor personal hygiene. Contributing factors may include.
What type of bacteria stains red?	calcium - negative bacteria	gram - such bacteria	kilogram-negative bacteria	gram-negative bacteria	Bacteria that stain red are called gram-negative bacteria. They have a thin cell wall with an outer membrane.
The shapes of minerals form as they are broken along what planes?	calcium planes	parallel planes	sedimentary planes	cleavage planes	Minerals can form various shapes. Polygons are pictured below ( Figure below ). The shapes form as the minerals are broken along their cleavage planes. Cleavage planes determine how the crystals can be cut to make smooth surfaces. People who cut gemstones follow cleavage planes. Diamonds and emeralds can be cut to make beautiful gemstones.
An atomic symbol is used to represent what?	weight	electron shell	mole	element	Elements are represented by an atomic symbol.
Mammals can feed at various levels of food chains, as herbivores, insectivores, carnivores and what else?	vegetarians	blood eaters	nematodes	omnivores	Mammals have important roles in the food webs of practically every ecosystem. Mammals are important members of food chains and food webs, as grazers and predators. Mammals can feed at various levels of food chains, as herbivores, insectivores, carnivores and omnivores.
What are winds that blow over a limited area called?	Periodic Winds	trade winds	Planetary Winds	local winds	Local winds are winds that blow over a limited area. Local winds blow between small low and high pressure systems. They are influenced by local geography. Nearness to an ocean, lake, or mountain range can affect local winds. Some examples are found below. Local winds can affect the weather and climate of a region.
Descending fibers from the cerebrum have branches that connect to neurons in the pons. those neurons project into the cerebellum, providing a copy of motor commands sent to this?	cerebral cortex	neurotransmitters	umbilical cord	spinal cord	Descending fibers from the cerebrum have branches that connect to neurons in the pons. Those neurons project into the cerebellum, providing a copy of motor commands sent to the spinal cord. Sensory information from the periphery, which enters through spinal or cranial nerves, is copied to a nucleus in the medulla known as the inferior olive. Fibers from this nucleus enter the cerebellum and are compared with the descending commands from the cerebrum. If the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe sends a command down to the spinal cord to initiate walking, a copy of that instruction is sent to the cerebellum. Sensory feedback from the muscles and joints, proprioceptive information about the movements of walking, and sensations of balance are sent to the cerebellum through the inferior olive and the cerebellum compares them. If walking is not coordinated, perhaps because the ground is uneven or a strong wind is blowing, then the cerebellum sends out a.
An element is defined by the number of ____ it contains?	electrons	particles	neutrons	protons	An element is defined by the number of protons it contains. All atoms of a given element contain the same number of protons. The number of neutrons in an element may vary. Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes .
What term is used to describe the distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel that distance?	velocity	movement	motion	speed	Speed is the distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel that distance. Velocity is the instantaneous speed and direction. Average velocity is the displacement divided by the time.
Which gas is released by the group of archaea known as methanogens?	sulfur	butane	propane	methane	Archaea that produce methane are called methanogens.
Of the four main wobble base pairs, guanine is paired with what?	adenine	thymine	cytosine	uracil	A wobble base pair is a non-Watson Crick base pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules. The four main wobble base pairs are guanine-uracil, inocine-uracil, inosine-adenine, and inosine-cytosine. Wobble base pairs are fundamental in RNA secondary structure and are critical for the proper translation of the genetic code. Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed from the hydrolytic deamination of adenine. Structurally, it resembles guanine, but lacks the 2-amino group. This lack of the 2-amino group allows inosine to form base pairs with uracil, cytosine and adenine, making it a particularly wobbly base.
The atoms of a compound are held together by what type of bonds?	radiation	covalent	mineral	chemical	The atoms of a compound are held together by chemical bonds. Chemical bonds form when atoms share electrons. There are different types of chemical bonds, and they vary in how strongly they hold together the atoms of a compound. Two of the strongest types of bonds are covalent and ionic bonds. Covalent bonds form between atoms that have little if any difference in electronegativity, and result when atoms share electrons. Electronegativity is the power of an atom to attract electrons toward itself. Ionic bonds , in contrast, form between atoms that are significantly different in electronegativity. An ion is an atom that has gained or lost at least one electron. Ionic bonds form between ions of opposite charges.
Unlike energy, what happens to matter in ecosystems?	it is destroyed	it is filtered	it does not exist	it is recycled	Living things need nonliving matter as well as energy. What do you think matter is used for? It's used to build bodies. It's also needed to carry out the processes of life. Any nonliving matter that living things need is called a nutrient . Carbon and nitrogen are examples of nutrients. Unlike energy, matter is recycled in ecosystems. In the figure below, you can see how ( Figure below ).
The anion is the methanoate ion, which is commonly called the what?	glutathione ion	isomer	metabolized ion	formate ion	The anion is the methanoate ion, which is commonly called the formate ion. One reaction to consider is that of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. When combined under the proper conditions, a water molecule will be removed, and the remaining pieces will combine to form a new functional group—the ester functional group:.
Drinking too much water too fast can lead to what potentially fatal condition, which causes dangerous changes to salt levels?	drowning	inebriation	osmosis	water intoxication	available; if arsenic is an essential trace mineral in human diets, it is probably required on the order of 50 ppb or less. A toxic dose of arsenic corresponds to about 7,000 ppb and higher, which is over 140 times the trace amount that may be required by the body. Thus, arsenic is not poisonous in and of itself. Rather, it is the amount that is dangerous: the dose makes the poison. Similarly, as much as water is needed to keep us alive, too much of it is also risky to our health. Drinking too much water too fast can lead to a condition called water intoxication, which may be fatal. The danger in water intoxication is not that water itself becomes toxic. It is that the ingestion of too much water too fast dilutes sodium ions, potassium ions, and other salts in the bloodstream to concentrations that are not high enough to support brain, muscle, and heart functions. Military personnel, endurance athletes, and even desert hikers are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink water but do not replenish the salts lost in sweat. As this example shows, even the right substances in the wrong amounts can be dangerous!.
When electrons move from one atom to another, they become what?	atoms	particles	neons	ions	All compounds form when atoms of different elements share or transfer electrons. In water, the atoms share electrons. In some other compounds, called ionic compounds , atoms transfer electrons. The electrons actually move from one atom to another. When atoms transfer electrons in this way, they become charged particles called ions. The ions are held together by ionic bonds.
Another way to classify matter is to describe it as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, which was done in the examples of solutions. these three descriptions, each implying that the matter has certain physical properties, represent the three of these?	forms of substances	phases of mass	types of atoms	phases of matter	Another way to classify matter is to describe it as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, which was done in the examples of solutions. These three descriptions, each implying that the matter has certain physical properties, represent the three phases of matter. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Liquids ordinarily have a definite volume but not a definite shape; they take the shape of their containers. Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume, and they expand to fill their containers. We encounter matter in each phase every day; in fact, we regularly encounter water in all three phases: ice (solid), water (liquid), and steam (gas). We know from our experience with water that substances can change from one phase to another if the conditions are right. Typically, varying the temperature of a substance (and, less commonly, the pressure exerted on it) can cause a phase change, a physical process in which a substance goes from one phase to another (Figure 1.4 "Boiling Water"). Phase changes have particular names depending on what phases are involved, as summarized in Table 1.1 "Phase Changes". Table 1.1 Phase Changes.
What is the health-threatening smoke exhaled by a cigarette smoker or released from tobacco products?	primary smoke	secondary smoke	contamination smoke	secondhand smoke	Secondhand smoke , which comes from breathing the smoke release from tobacco products. Secondhand smoke is also the smoke exhaled by a cigarette smoker. This smoke is extremely dangerous to human health.
Why do waves travel faster through solids?	particles pipe together	particles fuse together	particles range together	particles closer together	The speed of most waves depends on the medium, or the matter through which the waves are traveling. Generally, waves travel fastest through solids and slowest through gases. That’s because particles are closest together in solids and farthest apart in gases. When particles are farther apart, it takes longer for the energy of the disturbance to pass from particle to particle through the medium. At the following URL, you can watch an animation showing what happens when a wave passes from one medium to another.
What is the point on the ground that is located directly above where underground rocks fracture (or the "focus" point)?	seismic point	danger zone	fault line	epicenter	The focus is where the rocks rupture. The epicenter is the point on the ground directly above the focus.
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they can form electrically charged particles called what?	toxins	crystals	eons	ions	In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus of each atom (and thus the identity of the element) remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons, and form electrically charged particles called ions (Figure 2.28).
What do you call a pure substance that cannot be broken down into different types of substances?	compound	molecule	sample	element	An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into different types of substances. There are almost 120 known elements ( Figure below ), each with its own personality. The chemical and physical properties of one element differ from any other. Elements are arranged according to their properties in the Periodic Table .
Natural selection can only take place if there is variation, or differences, among individuals in a population. importantly, these differences must have some genetic basis; otherwise, the selection will not lead to change in this?	mass extinction	fertilization	spontaneous mutation	next generation	Processes and Patterns of Evolution Natural selection can only take place if there is variation, or differences, among individuals in a population. Importantly, these differences must have some genetic basis; otherwise, the selection will not lead to change in the next generation. This is critical because variation among individuals can be caused by non-genetic reasons such as an individual being taller because of better nutrition rather than different genes. Genetic diversity in a population comes from two main mechanisms: mutation and sexual reproduction. Mutation, a change in DNA, is the ultimate source of new alleles, or new genetic variation in any population. The genetic changes caused by mutation can have one of three outcomes on the phenotype. A mutation affects the phenotype of the organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness—lower likelihood of survival or fewer offspring. A mutation may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness. And, many mutations will also have no effect on the fitness of the phenotype; these are called neutral mutations. Mutations may also have a whole range of effect sizes on the fitness of the organism that expresses them in their phenotype, from a small effect to a great effect. Sexual reproduction also leads to genetic diversity: when two parents reproduce, unique combinations of alleles assemble to produce the unique genotypes and thus phenotypes in each of the offspring. A heritable trait that helps the survival and reproduction of an organism in its present environment is called an adaptation. Scientists describe groups of organisms becoming adapted to their environment when a change in the range of genetic variation occurs over time that increases or maintains the “fit” of the population to its environment. The webbed feet of platypuses are an adaptation for swimming. The snow leopards’ thick fur is an adaptation for living in the cold. The cheetahs’ fast speed is an adaptation for catching prey.
The large hadron collider is the biggest type of what invention, which boosts particles to high energies?	nuclear reactor	electron microscope	mass spectrometer	particle accelerator	Chemistry in Everyday Life CERN Particle Accelerator Located near Geneva, the CERN (“Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire,” or European Council for Nuclear Research) Laboratory is the world’s premier center for the investigations of the fundamental particles that make up matter. It contains the 27-kilometer (17 mile) long, circular Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the largest particle accelerator in the world (Figure 21.13). In the LHC, particles are boosted to high energies and are then made to collide with each other or with stationary targets at nearly the speed of light. Superconducting electromagnets are used to produce a strong magnetic field that guides the particles around the ring. Specialized, purpose-built detectors observe and record the results of these collisions, which are then analyzed by CERN scientists using powerful computers.
Metals, metalloids, and nonmetals are the different classes of what?	ions	compounds	structures	elements	The classes of elements are metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. They are color-coded in the table. Blue stands for metals, orange for metalloids, and green for nonmetals. You can read about each of these three classes of elements later in the chapter, in the lesson "Classes of Elements. ".
What holds homologs together as the spindle forms for the first meiotic division?	spirogyra	magnetism	pollenation	chiasmata
In the periodic table, elements are arranged from left to right according to what property?	major mass	metallic mass	real mass	atomic mass	You can see how Mendeleev organized the elements in Figure below . From left to right across each row, elements are arranged by increasing atomic mass. Mendeleev discovered that if he placed eight elements in each row and then continued on to the next row, the columns of the table would contain elements with similar properties. He called the columns groups . They are sometimes called families, because elements within a group are similar but not identical to one another, like people in a family.
What is made of gases that are essential for photosynthesis and other life activities?	stratosphere	air	ocean	atmosphere	The atmosphere is made of gases that are essential for photosynthesis and other life activities.
When a stream flows from a hard to soft rock area, what is often formed?	a riverbank	a lake	a river	a waterfall	Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. As shown in Figure below , a waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock. The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step, creating a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream.
What term means taking used items and materials and turning them into something new?	feeding	reproducing	collecting	recycling	recycling: Takes used items and materials and turns it into something new. For example, 98% of car batteries are recycled today. In the processing plant, the plastic materials are separated from the lead, so the plastic can then be used for many applications.
What lets different species of anole lizards live in the same area without competing?	variation	concentration	cooperation	specialization	Specialization in Anole Lizards. Specialization lets different species of anole lizards live in the same area without competing.
What are made in the first step of the scientific method?	conclusions	patterns	hypothesis	observations	Scientific investigations generally follow a process called the scientific method. Steps of the scientific method include making observations, asking a question, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, drawing a conclusion, and communicating the results.
What type of organisms do not need blood?	marine	cold-blooded	vertebrate	single-celled	Single-celled organisms do not need blood. They obtain nutrients directly from and excrete wastes directly into their environment. The human organism cannot do that. Our large, complex bodies need blood to deliver nutrients to and remove wastes from our trillions of cells. The heart pumps blood throughout the body in a network of blood vessels. Together, these three components—blood, heart, and vessels—makes up the cardiovascular system. This chapter focuses on the medium of transport: blood.
What type of plants are the mosses, the hornwarts, and the liverworts considered to be?	xerophyte	spirogyra	Vascular	nonvascular	Nonvascular plants include the mosses, the hornworts, and the liverworts.
Wearing what will reduce the amplitude of sound waves entering the ears?	hardhat	goggles	megaphone	hearing protectors	Hearing loss due to loud sounds can be prevented by wearing hearing protectors. They reduce the amplitude of sound waves entering the ears.
What type of motion only occurs when there is one force applied at the beginning of the trajectory after which there is no interference apart from gravity?	thrust	velocity	propellant	projectile	projectile motion: A form of motion where a particle (called a projectile) is thrown obliquely near the earth's surface, & it moves along a curved path under the action of gravity. The path followed by a projectile motion is called its trajectory. Projectile motion only occurs when there is one force applied at the beginning of the trajectory after which there is no interference apart from gravity.
What type of energy is produced when two objects move together?	physical energy	potential energy	molecular energy	mechanical energy
Which form of matter assumes the shape of its container?	crystals	solids	liquids	gas	Gases assume the shape of their container.
What type of energy is possessed by autumn leaves before they fall?	radioactive energy	mechanical energy	kinetic energy	potential energy	Before leaves fall from trees in autumn, they have potential energy. Why do they have the potential to fall?.
The heterotroph eats only or mainly what?	decomposers	animals	roots	plants	heterotroph that eats only or mainly plants.
All carbon atoms have how many protons?	eight	one	two	six	All carbon atoms have six protons. Most also have six neutrons, but some have seven or eight neutrons. What is the mass number of a carbon isotope that has seven neutrons?.
The cerebellum is associated with what major human organ?	heart	bladder	liver	brain	Figure 13.13 The Cerebellum The cerebellum is situated on the posterior surface of the brain stem. Descending input from the cerebellum enters through the large white matter structure of the pons. Ascending input from the periphery and spinal cord enters through the fibers of the inferior olive. Output goes to the midbrain, which sends a descending signal to the spinal cord.
The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on it's mass and it's what?	liquid content	shape	iron content	volume	The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on its mass and its volume.
Electromagnetic waves are comprised of what two types of energy?	magnetic and gravitational	solar and kinetic	kinetic and electric	electric and magnetic	Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are waves of electric and magnetic energy that travel through space at the speed of light. The energy travels in tiny “packets” of energy, called photons. Photons of gamma energy are called gamma particles. Other electromagnetic waves include microwaves, light rays, and X rays. Gamma rays have the greatest amount of energy of all electromagnetic waves. You can learn more about gamma radiation at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=okyynBaSOtA.
Cranial nerves convey specific sensory information from the head and neck directly to what organ?	heart	eye	nose	brain	Cranial Nerves Cranial nerves convey specific sensory information from the head and neck directly to the brain. For sensations below the neck, the right side of the body is connected to the left side of the brain and the left side of the body to the right side of the brain. Whereas spinal information is contralateral, cranial nerve systems are mostly ipsilateral, meaning that a cranial nerve on the right side of the head is connected to the right side of the brain. Some cranial nerves contain only sensory axons, such as the olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves. Other cranial nerves contain both sensory and motor axons, including the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves (however, the vagus nerve is not associated with the somatic nervous system). The general senses of somatosensation for the face travel through the trigeminal system.
Where are the viral enzyme and genome packaged inside?	mitochondria	pollen grains	ribosomes	viral capsid
What would cause warm receptors to signal the hypothalamic thermostat?	hyperventilation	hypothermia	lower temperature	increased temperature
The direction of the force of gravity is in what direction?	fragmented line	staggered line	curved line	straight line	The direction of the force of gravity is in a straight line between two objects. It is always attractive.
Sickle-cell anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, and hemophilia are examples of what types of disease?	Cancer	microscopic disease	Bone Diease	blood disease	Blood diseases include sickle-cell anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, and hemophilia.
In hypothesis-based science, specific results are predicted from a general premise, which is called what type of reasoning that proceeds from general to particular?	reflexive	reactive	transitive	deductive	lecture. One observation to explain this occurrence might be, “When I eat breakfast before class, I am better able to pay attention. ” The student could then design an experiment with a control to test this hypothesis. In hypothesis-based science, specific results are predicted from a general premise. This type of reasoning is called deductive reasoning: deduction proceeds from the general to the particular. But the reverse of the process is also possible: sometimes, scientists reach a general conclusion from a number of specific observations. This type of reasoning is called inductive reasoning, and it proceeds from the particular to the general. Inductive and deductive reasoning are often used in tandem to advance scientific knowledge (Figure 1.7).
The process by which an organism develops from a single-celled zygote to a multi-cellular organism is complex and well regulated. the regulation occurs through signaling between cells and tissues and responses in the form of what?	dna replication	phenotype exchange	spontaneous mutation	differential gene expression	The process by which an organism develops from a single-celled zygote to a multi-cellular organism is complex and well regulated. The regulation occurs through signaling between cells and tissues and responses in the form of differential gene expression.
The development of specific structures in specific locations is called what?	adaptation	speciation	specialty skills	pattern formation
An experiment generates what to support a hypothesis?	study	falsehoods	reason	evidence	A field goal kicker lines up to kick a 44 yard (40 m) field goal. He kicks it with an initial velocity of 22 m/s at an angle of . The field goal posts are 3 meters high. Does he make the field goal?.
What is the outermost occupied shell of electrons in an atom.	modular shell	Inner Shell	radiative shell	valence shell	The valence shell is the outermost occupied shell of electrons in an atom. This shell holds the valence electrons, which are the electrons that are involved in bonding and shown in a Lewis structure. Valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory , or VSEPR theory, states that a molecule will adjust its shape so that the valence electron pairs stay as far apart from each other as possible. This makes sense, based on the fact that negatively charged electrons repel one another. We will systematically classify molecules according to the number of bonding pairs of electrons and the number of nonbonding or lone pairs around the central atom. For the purposes of the VSEPR model, a double or triple bond is no different in terms of repulsion than a single bond. We will begin by examining molecules in which the central atom does not have any lone pairs.
What ear structure has three fluid filled ducts, including the organ of corti, where sound waves in air go to vibration?	utricle	semicirciular canal	saccule	cochlea	Sensory systems deformed by gelatinous membrane. Vestibular apparatus, gives us perception of gravity and movement. Due to physical response, not chemical binding. Cochlea: bony, coil shaped part of inner ear, where hearing occurs. Sound enters through auditory canal, vibrates tympanic membrane,moving three bones of middle ear (malleus, incus, and stapes)against oval window opening in front of cochlea. Cochlea has three fluid filled ducts, one of these the organ of Corti. Sound waves in air go to vibration in organ of Corti; fluid tickles hair cells, which register the movement along basilar membrane in cochlea. Different sound frequencies move different portions of basilar membrane. Hearing loss due to loss of hair cells. Humans normally smell more than 300 odors in a day(Facts and Truth). Transduction of sound accomplished throgh physical deformation,not chemical binding.
What is the name for elements that neither contain carbon nor come from living things?	pigments	acids	contaminants	minerals	Minerals are chemical elements that don’t come from living things or include the element carbon. Many minerals are needed in the diet for normal functioning of the body. Several minerals that are needed in relatively large amounts are listed in Table below . As you can see from these examples, minerals have a diversity of important functions. Your body can’t produce any of the minerals it needs, so you must get them from the food you eat. The table shows good food sources of the minerals.
Kinetic energy is energy of this?	food	speed	gravity	motion	Kinetic Energy and the Ultimate Speed Limit Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Classically, kinetic energy has the familiar expression.
Reproduction in prokaryotic cells is by what process of growth, enlargement and division?	photosynthesis	mitosis	budding	binary fission	Reproduction in prokaryotic cells is by binary fission ; a process of growth, enlargement and division. This will be discussed in the Cell Division: Prokaryotic (Advanced) concept.
Why do some dry fruits split open at maturity?	to release berries	to release toxins	to regenerate	to release seeds
What is an ionic bond in nature?	kinetic	magnetic	radioactive	electrostatic	An ionic bond is electrostatic in nature.
Most air masses form over what two types of regions?	marine and tropical	arctic and marine	polar and arctic	polar and tropical	Most air masses form over polar or tropical regions. They may form over continents or oceans. Air masses are moist if they form over oceans. They are dry if they form over continents. Air masses that form over oceans are called maritime air masses. Those that form over continents are called continental air masses. Figure below shows air masses that form over or near North America.
Earthworms are important deposit feeders that help form and enrich what material?	coal	wood	shale	soil	Earthworms are important deposit feeders that help form and enrich soil.
Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant what?	tail	fur	fat	body	35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body.
What is a fold of the outer skin lining the shell called?	stack	marble	cortex	mantle	A mantle , or fold of the outer skin lining the shell. The mantle often releases calcium carbonate, which creates an external shell, just like the ones you find on the beach. The shell is made of chitin , a tough, semitransparent substance.
What sciences are the study of living organisms?	social sciences	physical sciences	earth sciences	life sciences	The life sciences are the study of living organisms. They deal with every aspect of living organisms, from the biology of cells , to the biology of individual organisms, to how these organisms interact with other organisms and their environment.
Frogs are amphibians that live part of the time in fresh water and rest of the time where?	in salt water	underground	in stagnant water	on land	Amphibians are vertebrates that live part of the time in fresh water and part of the time on land. They were the first vertebrates to evolve four legs and colonize the land. They most likely evolved from lobe-finned fish. Modern amphibians include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians. They are ectotherms, so they have little control over their body temperature. This allows them to be active in warm weather, but they become sluggish when the temperature cools.
Name the missing type of friction: static, rolling, fluid _____?	dragging	falling	turning	sliding	Friction is the force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are in contact. There are four types of friction: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction.
What is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and with their environment?	genetics	botany	zoology	ecology	Recall that ecology is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and with their environment. But how do organisms interact with each other? Organisms interact with each other through various mechanisms, one of which is competition. Competition occurs when organisms strive for limited resources. Competition can be for food, water, light, or space. This interaction can be between organisms of the same species (intraspecific) or between organisms of different species (interspecific).
What are electrons lost during the formation of ions called?	isotopes	catalysts	oxides	cations	Some elements lose one or more electrons in forming ions. These ions are known as “ cations ” because they are positively charged and migrate toward the negative electrode ( cathode ) in an electrical field. Looking at the periodic table below, we know that the group 1 elements are all characterized by having one s electron in the outer orbit and group 2 elements have two s electrons in the outer orbit. These electrons are loosely attached to the atom and can easily be removed, leaving more protons in the atom that there are electrons, so the resulting ion has a positive charge. Cations can also be formed from electron loss to many of the transition elements.
Making a specific statement based on a general principle is the definition of what type of reasoning?	transitive	inductive	inference	deductive	Deductive reasoning means making a specific statement based on a general principle.
The earth's magnetic poles have done what repeatedly in the past?	demagnetized	rotated	stayed the same	switched places	Earth’s magnetic poles have switched places repeatedly in the past. As you can see in the Figure below , each time the switch occurred, Earth’s magnetic field was reversed. The magnetic field is the region around a magnet over which it exerts magnetic force. We think of today’s magnetic field direction as “normal,” but that’s only because it’s what we’re used to. You can watch a simulation of a magnetic field reversal at this URL: http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/earth/when-our-magnetic-field-flips. html.
What do we call the orderly sequence of events in the life of a cell from the division of a single parent cell to produce two new daughter cells, to the subsequent division of those daughter cells?	circadian cycle	cell death	cell replication	cell cycle	6.1 \| The Genome By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome • Distinguish between chromosomes, genes, and traits The continuity of life from one cell to another has its foundation in the reproduction of cells by way of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events in the life of a cell from the division of a single parent cell to produce two new daughter cells, to the subsequent division of those daughter cells. The mechanisms involved in the cell cycle are highly conserved across eukaryotes. Organisms as diverse as protists, plants, and animals employ similar steps.
What are natural resources which can be replaced in a relatively short period called?	replaceable resources	solvent resources	materials resources	renewable resources	Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replaced in a relatively short period of time or are virtually limitless in supply. Renewable energy resources include sunlight, moving water, wind, biomass, and geothermal energy. Each of these energy resources is described in Table below . Resources such as sunlight and wind are limitless in supply, so they will never run out. Besides their availability, renewable energy resources also have the advantage of producing little if any pollution and not contributing to global warming. The technology needed to gather energy from renewable resources is currently expensive to install, but most of the resources themselves are free for the taking.
The biological electron transport chain provides for an orderly, stepwise transfer of electrons. both nadh (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and fadh2 (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) are energy rich molecules that liberate a large amount of energy during what?	evaporation	extrapolation	conduction	oxidation	The biological electron transport chain provides for an orderly, stepwise transfer of electrons. Both NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) are energyrich molecules that liberate a large amount of energy during oxidation. Free energy released during the transfer of electrons from either of these molecules to oxygen drives the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) formed during respiratory metabolism. The reactions are as follows:.
The cells within meristems divide relatively frequently, generating additional what?	photosynthesis	proteins	chlorophyll	cells
Another unit of energy, used widely in the health professions and everyday life, is _______?	biomass ( cal )	carbs	body index	calorie ( cal )	example, if you hold an ice cube in your hand, the ice cube slowly melts as energy in the form of heat is transferred from your hand to the ice. As your hand loses energy, it starts to feel cold. Because of their interrelationships, energy, work, and heat have the same units. The SI unit of energy, work, and heat is the joule (J). A joule is a tiny amount of energy. For example, it takes about 4 J to warm 1 mL of H2O by 1°C. Many processes occur with energy changes in thousands of joules, so the kilojoule (kJ) is also common. Another unit of energy, used widely in the health professions and everyday life, is the calorie (cal). The calorie was initially defined as the amount of energy needed to warm 1 g of H2O by 1°C, but in modern times, the calorie is related directly to the joule, as follows: 1 cal = 4.184 J We can use this relationship to convert quantities of energy, work, or heat from one unit to another. The calorie is used in nutrition to express the energy content of foods. However, because a calorie is a rather small quantity, nutritional energies are usually expressed in kilocalories (kcal), also called Calories (capitalized; Cal). For example, a candy bar may provide 120 Cal (nutritional calories) of energy, which is equal to 120,000 cal. Proteins and carbohydrates supply 4 kcal/g, while fat supplies 9 kcal/g.
What are the specfic types of proteins that determine your blood type called?	Globulins	Plasma	antibodies	antigens	Red blood cells carry proteins called antigens on their surface. People may vary in the exact antigens their red blood cells carry. The specific proteins are controlled by the genes they inherit from their parents. The particular antigens you inherit determine your blood type.
Which layer of soil experiences the most weathering?	humus	subsoil	bedrock	top layer	Soil develops over time and forms soil horizons. Soil horizons are different layers of soil with depth. The most weathering occurs in the top layer. This layer is most exposed to weather! It is where fresh water comes into contact with the soil. Each layer lower is weathered just a little bit less than the layer above. As water moves down through the layers, it is able to do less work to change the soil.
Osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, fractures, and sprains are problems affecting what system?	tissues system	digestive system	nervous system	skeletal system	Possible problems of the skeletal system include osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, fractures, and sprains.
What are typically arranged into complex tubular networks with extensive surface areas?	Golgi apparatus	alveoli	hair follicles	transport epithelia
What is the simplest unit of structure and function of all living organisms called?	atom	partical	molecule	cell	A cell is the simplest unit of structure and function of all living organisms. From the smallest bacteria to the largest whale, all life is made of at least one cell.
Activities that can reduce the effects of what condition include exercises to keep the blood and lymph flowing through affected areas?	asthma	anemia	inflammation	edema	Medications that can result in edema include vasodilators, calcium channel blockers used to treat hypertension, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen therapies, and some diabetes medications. Underlying medical conditions that can contribute to edema include congestive heart failure, kidney damage and kidney disease, disorders that affect the veins of the legs, and cirrhosis and other liver disorders. Therapy for edema usually focuses on elimination of the cause. Activities that can reduce the effects of the condition include appropriate exercises to keep the blood and lymph flowing through the affected areas. Other therapies include elevation of the affected part to assist drainage, massage and compression of the areas to move the fluid out of the tissues, and decreased salt intake to decrease sodium and water retention.
An alloy is a mixture of metals that has bulk metallic properties different from those of its what?	mineral elements	system elements	nuclear elements	constituent elements	atoms held together by covalent bonds; they tend to be very hard and have high melting points. Metallic solids have unusual properties: in addition to having high thermal and electrical conductivity and being malleable and ductile, they exhibit luster, a shiny surface that reflects light. An alloy is a mixture of metals that has bulk metallic properties different from those of its constituent elements. Alloys can be formed by substituting one metal atom for another of similar size in the lattice (substitutional alloys), by inserting smaller atoms into holes in the metal lattice (interstitial alloys), or by a combination of both. Although the elemental composition of most alloys can vary over wide ranges, certain metals combine in only fixed proportions to form intermetallic compounds with unique properties.
There are two types of digestion, mechanical and what else?	thermal	radiation	mineral	chemical	Digestion consists of mechanical and chemical digestion.
What is the rate at which energy is being transferred called?	pressure	electric	force	power	Power is the rate at which energy is being transferred. Power tells you how many Joules per second of energy is being used to drive something. Thus power is simply the change in energy divided by the time. Since work is by definition the transfer of energy (in or out of a system), power is also equal to the work divided by the time. Efficiency tells you how efficient something is and gives a number between 0 and 1. If the efficiency is equal to 1, then the machine is perfectly efficient (that is all the power used to drive it goes to the out put of the machine with no energy losses). If the efficiency is zero, then all of the input power is lost in the machine and the machine can not output any energy.
Where does the process of assembling amino acids into a protein take place?	in the chitin	in the nucleus	in chromosomes	in the ribosome	The process of assembling amino acids into a protein takes place in the ribosome. This structure consists of two subunits, each of which is composed of both proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The two subunits clamp together on the mRNA and catalyze the formation of the amide linkages in the growing protein. When protein synthesis is complete, the two subunits dissociate and release the completed protein chain.
Where can you find sodium acetate?	a cold pack	table salt	baking soda	a heat pack	In the picture above, a thermal pack is applied to the back. Small packs can be used either for heating or cooling, depending on the material used. A heat pack contains a supersaturated solution of material such as sodium acetate. The solution is clear until a small metal trigger is activated. The sodium acetate then crystallizes out of solution and generates heat in the process.
For a given amount of solute, do smaller particles have a greater or lesser surface area?	neither	lesser	equal	greater	A third factor that affects the rate of dissolving is the size of solute particles. For a given amount of solute, smaller particles have greater surface area. With greater surface area, there can be more contact between particles of solute and solvent. For example, if you put granulated sugar in a glass of iced tea, it will dissolve more quickly than the same amount of sugar in a cube (see Figure below ). That’s because all those tiny particles of granulated sugar have greater total surface area than a single sugar cube.
What is the functional unit of compact bone?	the auteron	the boron	the canton	the osteon	Bone matrix provides bones with their basic structure. Notice the spongy bone in the middle, and the compact bone towards the outer region. The osteon is the functional unit of compact bone.
Mineralocorticoids are hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex that affect what balance, by regulating sodium and water levels?	equilibrium	blood pressure	homeostasis	osmotic	Mineralocorticoids Mineralocorticoids are hormones synthesized by the adrenal cortex that affect osmotic balance. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium levels in the blood. Almost all of the sodium in the blood is reclaimed by the renal tubules under the influence of aldosterone. Because sodium is always reabsorbed by active transport and water follows sodium to maintain osmotic balance, aldosterone manages not only sodium levels but also the water levels in body fluids. In contrast, the aldosterone also stimulates potassium secretion concurrently with sodium reabsorption. In contrast, absence of aldosterone means that no sodium gets reabsorbed in the renal tubules and all of it gets excreted in the urine. In addition, the daily dietary potassium load is not secreted and the retention of K+ can cause a dangerous increase in plasma K+ concentration. Patients who have Addison's disease have a failing adrenal cortex and cannot produce aldosterone. They lose sodium in their urine constantly, and if the supply is not replenished, the consequences can be fatal.
The pulmonary circulation carries blood between what two organs?	lungs and kidney	heart and pancreas	kidney and heart	heart and lungs	The pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs. The systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and body.
The ancient greek philosopher aristotle thought that all matter consists of just four what, which he identified as earth, air, water, and fire?	compounds	ingredients	structures	elements	The idea of elements is not new. It dates back about 2500 years to ancient Greece. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle thought that all matter consists of just four elements. He identified the elements as earth, air, water, and fire. He thought that different kinds of matter contain only these four elements but in different combinations.
What are archaea that live in extremely hot environments called?	tardigrades	hypothermic	hemophiliacs	thermophiles	Archaea that live in extremely hot environments are called thermophiles.
Warming conditions and, perhaps, human activities contributed to what fate of many organisms of the pleistocene era?	evolution	overpopulation	accumulation	extinction	Many of the organisms that made up the Pleistocene megafauna went extinct as conditions warmed. Some may have been driven to extinction by human activities.
Practical limits of van de graaff generators arise because the large electric fields polarize and eventually do what to surrounding materials?	decompose	displace	isolate	ionize	The Van de Graaff Generator Van de Graaff generators (or Van de Graaffs) are not only spectacular devices used to demonstrate high voltage due to static electricity—they are also used for serious research. The first was built by Robert Van de Graaff in 1931 (based on original suggestions by Lord Kelvin) for use in nuclear physics research. Figure 18.38 shows a schematic of a large research version. Van de Graaffs utilize both smooth and pointed surfaces, and conductors and insulators to generate large static charges and, hence, large voltages. A very large excess charge can be deposited on the sphere, because it moves quickly to the outer surface. Practical limits arise because the large electric fields polarize and eventually ionize surrounding materials, creating free charges that neutralize excess charge or allow it to escape. Nevertheless, voltages of 15 million volts are well within practical limits.

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