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What is the top 200 meters of water in the ocean called?	organelle zone	over zone	thymic zone	photic zone	ocean zone in the top 200 meters of water that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis.
Zinc is what kind of metal.?	passive stagnant metal	active flow metal	active move metal	active transition metal	Figure 18.7 Zinc is an active transition metal. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid, forming a solution of colorless Zn 2+ ions, Cl– ions, and hydrogen gas.
What do decomposers release when they break down dead organisms?	acids	methane	carbon dioxide	nutrients	Decomposers release nutrients when they break down dead organisms.
Wavelengths are described by a unit of what?	speed	weight	direction	distance	Wavelengths are described by a unit of distance, typically meters.
Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are examples of which type of sti?	incurable	non-contagious	viral	bacterial	Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
Which process acts as a natural complement for cellular respiration?	absorption	glycolysis	atherosclerosis	photosynthesis	Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected through an important relationship. This relationship enables life to survive as we know it. The products of one process are the reactants of the other. Notice that the equation for cellular respiration is the direct opposite of photosynthesis :.
What are the only invertebrates that can fly?	mammels	birds	amphibians	insects	The main reason that insects have been so successful is their ability to fly. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly and the first animals to evolve flight. Flight has important advantages. It’s a guaranteed means of escape from nonflying predators. It also aids in the search for food and mates.
What is the term for the cell fragments involved in blood clotting, which stick to tears in blood vessels and to each other?	cells	molecules	droplets	platelets	Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. They stick to tears in blood vessels and to each other, forming a plug at the site of injury. They also release chemicals that are needed for clotting to occur.
What celestial body is often discovered because it causes a star to move or to dim?	comet	satellite	asteroid	exoplanet	We have been able to take pictures of only a few exoplanets. Most are discovered because of some tell-tale signs. One sign is a very slight motion of a star that must be caused by the pull of a planet. Another sign is the partial dimming of a star’s light as the planet passes in front of it.
What shape is the lens of the eye?	concave	spherical	angular	convex	The lens of the eye is a convex lens. It fine-tunes the focus so an image forms on the retina at the back of the eye. Tiny muscles control the shape of the lens to focus images of close or distant objects.
What is the change frogs and butterflies go through?	parthenogenesis	transformation	hiatus	metamorphosis
What term is used to describe the attractive force between molecules of the same substance?	strength	magnetism	attraction	cohesion
Where do archea live?	underground	in mammals	in the ocean	everywhere	Archaea live everywhere on Earth, including extreme environments.
What is the 'stuff' that all things are made of?	plasma	minerals	metal	matter	Living things are made of matter. In fact, matter is the “stuff” of which all things are made. Anything that occupies space and has mass is known as matter. Matter, in turn, consists of chemical substances. A chemical substance is a material that has a definite chemical composition. It is also homogeneous, so the same chemical composition is found uniformly throughout the substance. A chemical substance may be an element or a chemical compound.
What is the change of characteristics of living things over time?	generation	spontaneous mutation	adaptation	evolution	Evolution is a change in the characteristics of living things over time. Evolution occurs by a process called natural selection. In natural selection , some living things produce more offspring than others, so they pass more genes to the next generation than others do. Over many generations, this can lead to major changes in the characteristics of living things. Evolution explains how living things are changing today and how modern living things have descended from ancient life forms that no longer exist on Earth.
What is the si unit for electric current?	planck	joule	ohm	ampere	Electric current is a continuous flow of electric charges (electrons). Current is measured as the amount of charge that flows past a given point in a certain amount of time. The SI unit for electric current is the ampere (A), or amp. Electric current may flow in just one direction (direct current), or it may keep reversing direction (alternating current). You can watch an animation of electric current at this URL: http://www. schoolphysics. co. uk/animations/Electric_current/index. html.
What abbreviated form refers to oxidation-reduction reactions, which are part of respiration and photosynthesis?	reflex reactions	oxid reactions	morph reactions	redox reactions	In stoichiometry, quantities of reactants and/or products can be related to each other using the balanced chemical equation. The coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction are used to devise the proper ratios that relate the number of molecules of one substance to the number of molecules of another substance. Chemical reactions can be classified by type. Combination reactions (also called composition reactions) make a substance from other substances. Decomposition reactions break one substance down into multiple substances. Combustion reactions combine molecular oxygen with the atoms of another reactant. Oxidation reactions are reactions in which an atom loses an electron. Reduction reactions are reactions in which an atom gains an electron. These two processes always occur together, so they are collectively referred to as oxidationreduction (or redox) reactions. The species being oxidized it called the reducing agent, while the species being reduced is the oxidizing agent. Alternate definitions of oxidation and reduction focus on the gain or loss of oxygen atoms, or the loss or gain of hydrogen atoms. Redox reactions are easily balanced if the overall reaction is first separated into half reactions, which are individually balanced. Oxidation-reduction reactions are common in organic and biological chemistry. Respiration, the process by which we inhale and metabolize oxygen, is a series of redox reactions. In the absence of oxygen, redox reactions still occur in a process called anaerobic metabolism. Antioxidants such as ascorbic acid also play a part in the human diet, acting as reducing agents in various biochemical reactions. Photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose, is also based on redox reactions.
In a cell cycle, what kind of regulator molecules allow advancement to the next stage?	negative	strong	similar	positive	10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle Each step of the cell cycle is monitored by internal controls called checkpoints. There are three major checkpoints in the cell cycle: one near the end of G1, a second at the G2/M transition, and the third during metaphase. Positive regulator molecules allow the cell cycle to advance to the next stage. Negative regulator molecules monitor cellular conditions and can halt the cycle until specific requirements are met.
What are kpa, atm, and mmhg measurement units for?	velocity	temperature	weight	pressure	The value of , the ideal gas constant, depends on the units chosen for pressure, temperature, and volume in the ideal gas equation. It is necessary to use Kelvin for the temperature and it is conventional to use the SI unit of liters for the volume. However, pressure is commonly measured in one of three units: kPa, atm, or mmHg. Therefore, can have three different values.
Each month, starting in puberty, one egg matures and is released from where?	uterus	pollen	testes	ovary	Each month, starting in puberty, one egg matures and is released from the ovary.
Synostoses unite the sacral vertebrae that fuse together to form the what?	permanent sacrum	young sacrum	lower sacrum	adult sacrum	synostoses and fusing the bony components together into the single hip bone of the adult. Similarly, synostoses unite the sacral vertebrae that fuse together to form the adult sacrum.
What eliminates food wastes that remain after digestion takes place?	small intestine	liver	gall bladder	large intestine	The large intestine eliminates food wastes that remain after digestion takes place.
What is the membrane that surrounds a fetus called?	umbilical sac	cell membrane	umbilicus	amniotic sac	The amniotic sac is a membrane that surrounds the fetus. It is filled with water and dissolved substances, known as amniotic fluid. Imagine placing a small plastic toy inside a balloon and then filling the balloon with water. The toy would be cushioned and protected by the water. It would also be able to move freely inside the balloon. The amniotic sac and its fluid are like a water-filled balloon. They cushion and protect the fetus. They also let the fetus move freely inside the uterus.
What is the long-term average of weather in a particular spot called?	temperature	weather	migration	climate	Almost anything can happen with the weather. Climate, however, is more predictable. Climate is the long-term average of weather in a particular spot. Good climate is why we choose to vacation in Hawaii in February (usually on the leeward side). Of course, the weather is not guaranteed to be good! A location’s climate considers the same characteristics as its weather. These are its air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and the type, quantity, and frequency of precipitation. For climate, these things are averaged over time.
What are the three most common elements in the air we breathe?	argon, oxygen, hydrogen	oxygen, nitrogen, H20	nitrogen, argon, hydrogen	nitrogen, oxygen and argon	Most nonmetals are poor conductors of heat. In fact, they are such poor conductors of heat that they are often used for insulation. For example, the down filling in this sleeping bag is full of air, which consists primarily of the nonmetal gases oxygen and nitrogen. These gases prevent body heat from escaping to the cold outside air.
Cirrus, stratus, and cumulus are the main types of what?	climate	weather	storms	clouds	Clouds are classified on the basis of where and how they form. Three main types of clouds are cirrus, stratus, and cumulus. Figure below shows these and other types of clouds.
Lymphatic capillaries are interlaced with the arterioles and venules of which system?	atmospheric system	skeletal systems	circulatory system	cardiovascular system	Figure 21.3 Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatic capillaries are interlaced with the arterioles and venules of the cardiovascular system. Collagen fibers anchor a lymphatic capillary in the tissue (inset). Interstitial fluid slips through spaces between the overlapping endothelial cells that compose the lymphatic capillary.
What is required for communication?	lack and reception of signals	transmission and weight of signals	weight and reception of signals	transmission and reception of signals
When gametes unite during fertilization, the resulting zygote inherits two of what for each gene, one from each parent?	molecules	chromosomes	genomes	alleles	When gametes unite during fertilization, the resulting zygote inherits two alleles for each gene. One allele comes from each parent. The alleles an individual inherits make up the individual’s genotype . The two alleles may be the same or different. As shown in Table below , an organism with two alleles of the same type ( BB or bb ) is called a homozygote . An organism with two different alleles ( Bb ) is called a heterozygote . This results in three possible genotypes.
What provides an early, rapid, and nonspecific defense against invading pathogens?	bacteria	microorganisms	toxins	neutrophils	Figure 42.1 In this compound light micrograph purple-stained neutrophil (upper left) and eosinophil (lower right) are white blood cells that float among red blood cells in this blood smear. Neutrophils provide an early, rapid, and nonspecific defense against invading pathogens. Eosinophils play a variety of roles in the immune response. Red blood cells are about 7–8 µm in diameter, and a neutrophil is about 10–12µm. (credit: modification of work by Dr. David Csaba).
In a mammal the front part of the brain is called the what?	brain stem	cerebellum	thallus	cerebrum	Of all vertebrates, mammals have the biggest and most complex brain for their body size (see Figure below ). The front part of the brain, called the cerebrum , is especially large in mammals. This part of the brain controls functions such as memory and learning.
What term is used to describe joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage?	spinal joins	capillaries joints	blob joints	cartilaginous joints	Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage. There are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses. In a synchondrosis, the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. Synchondroses are found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children. In symphyses, hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone but the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage. Symphyses are found at the joints between vertebrae. Either type of cartilaginous joint allows for very little movement. Synovial Joints Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones (Figure 38.25). This space is referred to as the synovial (or joint) cavity and is filled with synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement. The ends of the bones are covered with articular cartilage, a hyaline cartilage,.
What type of tissue is made up of cells that have the unique ability to contract?	nervous tissue	connective tissue	epithelial tissue	muscle tissue	Muscle tissue is made up of cells that have the unique ability to contract, or become shorter. Muscles attached to bones enable the body to move.
Recent fossil evidence has shown that the evolutionary divergence of what group from other land animals was characterized by streamlining and simplifying the digestive system, which allowed a high metabolic rate?	marsupials	fish	rats	birds	Avian Adaptations Birds have a highly efficient, simplified digestive system. Recent fossil evidence has shown that the evolutionary divergence of birds from other land animals was characterized by streamlining and simplifying the digestive system. Unlike many other animals, birds do not have teeth to chew their food. In place of lips, they have sharp pointy beaks. The horny beak, lack of jaws, and the smaller tongue of the birds can be traced back to their dinosaur ancestors. The emergence of these changes seems to coincide with the inclusion of seeds in the bird diet. Seed-eating birds have beaks that are shaped for grabbing seeds and the two-compartment stomach allows for delegation of tasks. Since birds need to remain light in order to fly, their metabolic rates are very high, which means they digest their food very quickly and need to eat often. Contrast this with the ruminants, where the digestion of plant matter takes a very long time. Ruminants Ruminants are mainly herbivores like cows, sheep, and goats, whose entire diet consists of eating large amounts of roughage or fiber. They have evolved digestive systems that help them digest vast amounts of cellulose. An interesting feature of the ruminants’ mouth is that they do not have upper incisor teeth. They use their lower teeth, tongue and lips to tear and chew their food. From the mouth, the food travels to the esophagus and on to the stomach.
Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain what?	particles	molecules	atoms	alleles	Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain alleles.
What happens to the reaction rate over the course of a reaction?	speeds up	reverses	stays the same	slows down	At the beginning of the reaction, only the reactants A and B are present. Recall that over the course of a reaction, the reaction rate slows down. This is because the rate depends on the concentrations of one or more reactants. As the reactants are used up, their concentrations drop, thus decreasing the reaction rate.
The first reported nuclear fission occurred in 1939 when three german scientists bombarded uranium-235 atoms with slow-moving what?	isotopes	protons	electrons	neutrons	Nuclear Fission Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56 (see Figure 21.3). Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition is called fission, the breaking of a large nucleus into smaller pieces. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different products. Fission usually does not occur naturally, but is induced by bombardment with neutrons. The first reported nuclear fission occurred in 1939 when three German scientists, Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn, and Fritz Strassman, bombarded uranium-235 atoms with slow-moving neutrons that split the U-238 nuclei into smaller fragments that consisted of several neutrons and elements near the middle of the periodic table. Since then, fission has been observed in many other isotopes, including most actinide isotopes that have an odd number of neutrons. A typical nuclear fission reaction is shown in Figure 21.14.
What are temporary feet that protists have called?	temporary flagella	pedicules	spontaneous pseudopodia	transient pseudopodia	Other protists have what are called transient pseudopodia , which are like temporary feet. The cell surface extends out to form feet-like structures that propel the cell forward. An example of a protist with pseudopodia is the amoeba.
Predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes from a genetic cross is often aided by a what?	axle square	balusters square	dinobot square	punnett square	Though the above fruit may not result, it would be nice to scientifically predict what would result. Predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes from a genetic cross is often aided by a Punnett square.
What is a relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place?	parasitic	antagonistic	symbiotic	competition	Competition is a relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place. The resources might be food, water, or space. There are two different types of competition:.
What is a collection of lymphatic tissue that combines with epithelial tissue lining the mucosa throughout the body?	cottony associated lymphoid tissue ( malt )	unassociated lymphoid tissue	spheroids associated lymphoid tissue ( malt )	mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (malt)	Mucosal Immune System The innate and adaptive immune responses compose the systemic immune system (affecting the whole body), which is distinct from the mucosal immune system. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is a crucial component of a functional immune system because mucosal surfaces, such as the nasal passages, are the first tissues onto which inhaled or ingested pathogens are deposited. The mucosal tissue includes the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, and the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. Mucosal immunity is formed by MALT, which functions independently of the systemic immune system, and which has its own innate and adaptive components. MALT is a collection of lymphatic tissue that combines with epithelial tissue lining the mucosa throughout the body. This tissue functions as the immune barrier and response in areas of the body with direct contact to the external environment. The systemic and mucosal immune systems use many of the same cell types. Foreign particles that make their way to MALT are taken up by absorptive epithelial cells and delivered to APCs located directly below the mucosal tissue. APCs of the mucosal immune system are primarily dendritic cells, with B cells and macrophages.
What is the term for individuals of a species that live in a particular habitat?	biosphere	family	ecosystem	population	CHAPTER SUMMARY 45.1 Population Demography Populations are individuals of a species that live in a particular habitat. Ecologists measure characteristics of populations: size, density, dispersion pattern, age structure, and sex ratio. Life tables are useful to calculate life expectancies of individual population members. Survivorship curves show the number of individuals surviving at each age interval plotted versus time.
Which gas moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air?	oxygen	nitrogen	carbon monoxide	carbon dioxide	Unlike oxygen, carbon dioxide is more concentrated in the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli than it is in the air inside the alveoli. Therefore, carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction. It moves out of the blood and into the air.
What makes the halogen group so diverse?	bonds easily	contains alloys	a single state of matter	three different states of matter	The halogen group is quite diverse. It includes elements that occur in three different states of matter at room temperature. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine and astatine are solids. Halogens also vary in color, as you can see in the Figure below . Fluorine and chlorine are green, bromine is red, and iodine and astatine are nearly black. Like other nonmetals, halogens cannot conduct electricity or heat. Compared with most other elements, halogens have relatively low melting and boiling points. You can watch a lab demonstration of the melting and boiling points of halogens at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=yP0U5rGWqdg .
What type of dating determines which of two fossils is older or younger than the other but not their age in years?	normal	constant	normative	relative	Relative dating determines which of two fossils is older or younger than the other but not their age in years. Relative dating is based on the positions of fossils in rock layers. Lower rock layers were laid down earlier, so they are assumed to contain older fossils. This is illustrated in Figure below .
The timing of events in what cycle - which lasts just minutes in fruit fly embryos - is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell?	life cycle	circadian cycle	carbon cycle	cell cycle	culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. In rapidly dividing human cells with a 24-hour cell cycle, the G1 phase lasts approximately nine hours, the S phase lasts 10 hours, the G2 phase lasts about four and one-half hours, and the M phase lasts approximately one-half hour. In early embryos of fruit flies, the cell cycle is completed in about eight minutes. The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell.
Is wind power renewable or non renewable?	non renewable	depends	neither	renewable	Wind power, a renewable resource, shown here in a modern wind energy farm. The wind is used to turn turbines that generate electricity.
What is the principal cell of connective tissues?	neural	organism	Cancer	fibroblast	Connective Tissues Connective tissues are made up of a matrix consisting of living cells and a non-living substance, called the ground substance. The ground substance is made of an organic substance (usually a protein) and an inorganic substance (usually a mineral or water). The principal cell of connective tissues is the fibroblast. This cell makes the fibers found in nearly all of the connective tissues. Fibroblasts are motile, able to carry out mitosis, and can synthesize whichever connective tissue is needed. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and, occasionally, leukocytes can be found in some of the tissues. Some tissues have specialized cells that are not found in the others. The matrix in connective tissues gives the tissue its density. When a connective tissue has a high concentration of cells or fibers, it has proportionally a less dense matrix. The organic portion or protein fibers found in connective tissues are either collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers. Collagen fibers provide strength to the tissue, preventing it from being torn or separated from the surrounding tissues. Elastic fibers are made of the protein elastin; this fiber can stretch to one and one half of its length and return to its original size and shape. Elastic fibers provide flexibility to the tissues. Reticular fibers are the third type of protein fiber found in connective tissues. This fiber consists of thin strands of collagen that form a network of fibers to support the tissue and other organs to which it is connected. The various types of connective tissues, the types of cells and fibers they are made of, and sample locations of the tissues is summarized in Table 33.3.
What occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population?	novelty effect	outsider effect	pioneer effect	founder effect	Founder effect occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population. By chance, allele frequencies of the founders may be different from allele frequencies of the population they left. An example is described in Figure below .
When animals use incubation, how do they generally give birth to their young?	division	copying	live	eggs	In most species, one or both parents take care of the eggs. They sit on the eggs to keep them warm until they hatch. This is called incubation. After the eggs hatch, the parents generally continue their care. They feed the hatchlings until they are big enough to feed on their own. This is usually at a younger age in ground-nesting birds such as ducks than in tree-nesting birds such as robins.
What two-word term refers to the number of different species in the community?	face-richness	bacteria richness	group-richness	species richness
Two events are defined to be simultaneous if an observer measures them as occurring at what?	different times	midnight	opposite times	same time	28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation • Two events are defined to be simultaneous if an observer measures them as occurring at the same time. They are not necessarily simultaneous to all observers—simultaneity is not absolute. • Time dilation is the phenomenon of time passing slower for an observer who is moving relative to another observer. • Observers moving at a relative velocity v do not measure the same elapsed time for an event. Proper time Δt 0 is the time measured by an observer at rest relative to the event being observed. Proper time is related to the time by an Earth-bound observer by the equation.
The force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles is called what?	power force	magnetic force	cooling force	electric force	When it comes to electric charges, opposites attract. In other words, positive and negative particles are attracted to each other. Like charges, on the other hand, repel each other, so two positive or two negative charges push apart from each other. The force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles is called electric force . It is illustrated in Figure below . The strength of electric force depends on the amount of electric charge and the distance between the charged particles. The larger the charge or the closer together the charges are, the greater is the electric force.
What important function do bees perform on garden plants and many commercial fruit trees?	condensation	hibernation	ruination	pollination	Pollination by Insects Bees are perhaps the most important pollinator of many garden plants and most commercial fruit trees (Figure 32.12). The most common species of bees are bumblebees and honeybees. Since bees cannot see the color red, bee-pollinated flowers usually have shades of blue, yellow, or other colors. Bees collect energy-rich pollen or nectar for their survival and energy.
What do ecosystems require constant inputs of?	heating	Water	fuel	energy	Ecosystems require constant inputs of energy from sunlight or chemicals.
What is the final stage of aerobic respiration?	glucose transport	electron production	proton transport	electron transport	Electron transport is the final stage of aerobic respiration. In this stage, energy from NADH and FADH 2 is transferred to ATP.
What is the lightest molecule?	silicon	oxygen	helium	hydrogen	Based on their molar masses, hydrogen is the lightest molecule, and oxygen is the heaviest. Because all three volumes are the same, each balloon contains the same number of gas molecules. Therefore, the hydrogen balloon will have the lowest mass, and the oxygen balloon will have the highest.
The genome of an organism consists of one or more what?	rna molecules	hemoglobin molecules	require molecules	dna molecules	Copying and passing on genes (genetics) In which we consider the dynamics of genes and gene expression, and how genome dynamics leads to families of genes and facilitates evolutionary change. We consider how DNA is organized within a cell and how its organization influences gene expression. Finally we consider the behavior of regulatory networks at the molecular level and the role of molecular level noise in producing interesting behaviors. At this point we have introduced genes, DNA, and proteins, but we have left unresolved a number of important questions. These include how genomes are organized, how they evolve, how new genes and alleles are generated, and how they work together to produce the various behaviors that organisms display.327 We will touch on such trendy topics such as epigenetics (which is probably less interesting than most suppose) and the rather complex molecular and cellular level processes behind even the simplest biological behaviors. The details, where known–and often they are not–are beyond the scope of this course, but the basic themes are relatively straightforward, although it does takes some practice to master this type of thinking. The key is to keep calm and analyze on! Genomes and their organization Genomes are characterized by two complementary metrics, the number of base pairs of DNA and the number of genes present within this DNA. The number of base pairs is easier to measure, we can count them. This can, however, lead to a mistaken conclusion, namely that the number of base pairs of DNA within the genome of a particular species, organism, or even tissue within an organism is fixed and constant. In fact genomes are dynamic, something that we will return to shortly. The genome of an organism (and generally the cells of which it is composed) consists of one or more DNA molecules. When we talk about genome size we are talking about the total number of base pairs present in all of these DNA molecules added together. The organism with one of the largest known genomes is the plant Paris japonica; its genome is estimated to be ~150,000 x 106 (millions of) base pairs.328 In contrast the (haploid) human genome consists of ~3,200 x 106 base pairs of DNA. The relatively small genome size of birds (~1,450 x 106 base pairs) is thought to be due to the smaller genome size of their dinosaurian ancestors.329 That said there are interesting organisms that suggest that in some cases, natural selection can act to dramatically increase or decrease genome size without changing gene number. For example, the carnivorous bladderwort Utricularia gibba, has a genome of 327.
Where are free-living roundworms mainly found?	ocean depths	arboreal habitats	rainforests	freshwater habitats	Free-living roundworms are found mainly in freshwater habitats.
What do you call any force that makes something move in a circle?	momentum	cyclical	tangential force	centripetal force	Centripetal Force is an umbrella term that refers to any force that makes something move in a circle. Examples of forces that can be centripetal forces are as follows: Gravity (the gravity between the Earth and Sun causes the Earth to go in a circle), Friction (the friction force between a car’s tires and the road causes the car to turn), Tension (when swinging a bucket around in a circle by holding onto the string, the tension of the string is the centripetal force).
The two parameters used to measure changes in ecosystems are resistance and what related factor?	variation	strength	acceptability	resilience	Ecosystems are complex with many interacting parts. They are routinely exposed to various disturbances, or changes in the environment that effect their compositions: yearly variations in rainfall and temperature and the slower processes of plant growth, which may take several years. Many of these disturbances are a result of natural processes. For example, when lightning causes a forest fire and destroys part of a forest ecosystem, the ground is eventually populated by grasses, then by bushes and shrubs, and later by mature trees, restoring the forest to its former state. The impact of environmental disturbances caused by human activities is as important as the changes wrought by natural processes. Human agricultural practices, air pollution, acid rain, global deforestation, overfishing, eutrophication, oil spills, and illegal dumping on land and into the ocean are all issues of concern to conservationists. Equilibrium is the steady state of an ecosystem where all organisms are in balance with their environment and with each other. In ecology, two parameters are used to measure changes in ecosystems: resistance and resilience. The ability of an ecosystem to remain at equilibrium in spite of disturbances is called resistance. The speed at which an ecosystem recovers equilibrium after being disturbed, called its resilience. Ecosystem resistance and resilience are especially important when considering human impact. The nature of an ecosystem may change to such a degree that it can lose its resilience entirely. This process can lead to the complete destruction or irreversible altering of the ecosystem.
In humans, the first sites used for energy storage are liver and what else?	skin cells	lungs	reproductive organs	muscle cells
What are electrons at the outermost energy level of an atom are called?	shell electrons	core electrons	ions	valence electrons	Electrons at the outermost energy level of an atom are called valence electrons. They determine many of the properties of an element. That’s because these electrons are involved in chemical reactions with other atoms. Atoms may share or transfer valence electrons. Shared electrons bind atoms together to form chemical compounds.
Reaching conclusions about unobserved things on the basis of what has already been observed is known as what kind of reasoning?	conductive	primitive	reductive	inductive	Inductive reasoning involves reaching conclusions about unobserved things on the basis of what has already been observed. Induction is used regularly in fields such as archaeology, where inferences about the past from present are made. Inductions could also be made across outer space, as in astronomy, where conclusions about the whole universe are drawn from the limited number of observations we are able to make.
The molecular formula is still c 4 h 10 , which is the same formula as?	propane	chlorine	carbon hydroxide	butane	The name of this molecule is 2-methylpropane. The molecular formula is still C 4 H 10 , which is the same formula as butane. A structural isomer is one of multiple molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas. Butane and 2-methylpropane are structural isomers.
A structure composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform the same function is called?	System	Group	order	organ	The four types of tissues make up all the organs of the human body. An organ is a structure composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform the same function. Examples of human organs include the skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and heart. Consider the heart as an example. Figure below shows how all four tissue types work together to make the heart pump blood.
All cells undergo what during a lifetime, but when this process is out of control, cancer results?	cell mutation	cell transition	cell death	cell division	Cell division is just one of the stages that all cells go through during their life. This includes cells that are harmful, such as cancer cells. Cancer cells divide more often than normal cells, and grow out of control. In fact, this is how cancer cells cause illness. In these concepts, you will read about how cells divide, what other stages cells go through, and what causes cancer cells to divide out of control and harm the body.
Amylase and pepsin are examples of enzymes needed for what process?	filtration	fermentation	absorption	digestion	More than 1000 different enzymes are necessary for human life. Many enzymes are needed for the digestion of food. Two examples are amylase and pepsin. Both are described in the Figure below .
What two words describe the debate over whether behaviors are caused by genetics or by environment?	dominant and recessive	kinetic and potential	positive and negative	nature and nurture	Some behaviors seem to be controlled solely by genes. Others appear to be due to experiences in a given environment. Whether behaviors are controlled mainly by genes or by the environment is often a matter of debate. This is called the nature-nurture debate . Nature refers to the genes an animal inherits. Nurture refers to the environment that the animal experiences.
Why do comet tails always point away from the sun instead of trailing behind the comet?	dust particles liquify	dust particles attract	dust particles evaporate	dust particles recoil	Figure 29.17 shows a comet with two prominent tails. What most people do not know about the tails is that they always point away from the Sun rather than trailing behind the comet (like the tail of Bo Peep’s sheep). Comet tails are composed of gases and dust evaporated from the body of the comet and ionized gas. The dust particles recoil away from the Sun when photons scatter from them. Evidently, photons carry momentum in the direction of their motion (away from the Sun), and some of this momentum is transferred to dust particles in collisions. Gas atoms and molecules in the blue tail are most affected by other particles of radiation, such as protons and electrons emanating from the Sun, rather than by the momentum of photons.
What is the term for the average number of individuals in a population per unit of area or volume?	Density group	population diameter	population structure	population density	Population density is the average number of individuals in a population per unit of area or volume. For example, a population of 100 insects that live in an area of 100 square meters has a density of 1 insect per square meter. If the same population lives in an area of only 1 square meter, what is its density? Which population is more crowded? How might crowding affect the health of a population?.
Gibbs free energy values can be used to determine what?	equal lines	equilibrium differentials	prime constants	equilibrium constants	Gibbs free energy values can be used to determine equilibrium constants.
Creep, which usually takes place where the ground freezes and thaws frequently, involves movement of particles due to what force?	normal	friction	wind	gravity	Creep usually takes place where the ground freezes and thaws frequently. Soil and rock particles are lifted up when the ground freezes. When the ground thaws, the particles settle down again. Each time they settle down, they move a tiny bit farther down the slope because of gravity.
Which parasite causes downy mildew in grape plants?	chrysomyxa ledi	taphrina confusa	epichloe typhina	plasmopara viticola	Plant Parasites Protist parasites of terrestrial plants include agents that destroy food crops. The oomycete Plasmopara viticola parasitizes grape plants, causing a disease called downy mildew (Figure 13.18a). Grape plants infected with P. viticola appear stunted and have discolored withered leaves. The spread of downy mildew caused the near collapse of the French wine industry in the nineteenth century.
What property is defined as the magnitude or size of displacement between two positions?	passing	gravity	Distance	distance	Distance Although displacement is described in terms of direction, distance is not. Distance is defined to be the magnitude or size of displacement between two positions. Note that the distance between two positions is not the same as the distance traveled between them. Distance traveled is the total length of the path traveled between two positions. Distance has no direction and, thus, no sign. For example, the distance the professor walks is 2.0 m. The distance the airplane passenger walks is 4.0 m. Misconception Alert: Distance Traveled vs. Magnitude of Displacement It is important to note that the distance traveled, however, can be greater than the magnitude of the displacement (by magnitude, we mean just the size of the displacement without regard to its direction; that is, just a number with a unit). For example, the professor could pace back and forth many times, perhaps walking a distance of 150 m during a lecture, yet still end up only 2.0 m to the right of her starting point. In this case her displacement would be +2.0 m, the magnitude of her displacement would be 2.0 m, but the distance she traveled would be 150 m. In kinematics we nearly always deal with displacement and magnitude of displacement, and almost never with distance traveled. One way to think about this is to assume you marked the start of the motion and the end of the motion. The displacement is simply the difference in the position of the two marks and is independent of the path taken in traveling between the two marks. The distance traveled, however, is the total length of the path taken between the two marks.
Endosperm usually develops before the what does?	gamete	nucleus	fetus	embryo
What is the term for geological activity that occurs within a plate?	deformation activity	perennials activity	disruption activity	intraplate activity	Not all geological activity is found at plate boundaries. Activity within a plate is called intraplate activity. Most intraplate activity occurs at hotspots.
What is a three-dimensional anticline called?	cyclone	cave	volcano	dome	In an anticline, rocks arch upward. A three-dimensional anticline is a dome.
Electrical energy consumed can be expressed as the product of power multiplied by what else?	speed	work	energy	time	Electrical energy consumed can be determined by multiplying power by time . Recall the equations for mechanical and thermal energy/work . An important idea is the efficiency of an electrical device: the fraction of electrical energy consumed that goes into doing useful work , expressed as a percentage.
What is the name for a substance that can be used to follow the pathway of that substance through some structure?	solution	gel	tracker	tracer	Learn some applications of radioactivity. Radioactive isotopes have a variety of applications. Generally, however, they are useful because either we can detect their radioactivity or we can use the energy they release. Radioactive isotopes are effective tracers because their radioactivity is easy to detect. A tracer is a substance that can be used to follow the pathway of that substance through some structure. For instance, leaks in underground water pipes can be discovered by running some tritium-containing water through the pipes and then using a Geiger counter to locate any radioactive tritium subsequently present in the ground around the pipes. (Recall that tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. ) Tracers can also be used to follow the steps of a complex chemical reaction. After incorporating radioactive atoms into reactant molecules, scientists can track where the atoms go by following their radioactivity. One excellent example of this is the use of carbon-14 to determine the steps involved in.
What do osteoclasts do to bone?	lengthen it	build it up	strengthen it	break it down	Under the direction of osteocytes, osteoblasts continuously build up bone, while osteoclasts continuously break down bone. These processes help maintain mineral homeostasis.
What do tube worms rely on for food?	sponges microorganisms	fatty microorganisms	lentiviruses microorganisms	chemosynthetic microorganisms	These brilliant red “feathers” are actually animals called tube worms. They live in an extreme environment on the deep ocean floor, thousands of meters below the water’s surface. Their world is always very cold and completely dark. Without sunlight, photosynthesis is not possible. So what do organisms eat at these depths? Tube worms depend on chemosynthetic microorganisms that live inside them for food. In this and other ways, tube worms have adapted to the extreme conditions of their environment.
Size is a general feature of cell structure that relates to?	instance	activation	timing	function
Altitude is height above what?	the water table	the earth's core	the earth's surface	sea level	Altitude is height above sea level. The density of air decreases with height. There are two reasons. At higher altitudes, there is less air pushing down from above. Also, gravity is weaker farther from Earth's center. So at higher altitudes, air molecules can spread out more. Air density decreases. You can see this in Figure below .
Conservation of what property of ecosystems is the aim of measures like the endangered species act?	Allopatric speciation	bioremediation	natural selection	biodiversity	Conservation of Biodiversity The threats to biodiversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels have been recognized for some time. In the United States, the first national park with land set aside to remain in a wilderness state was Yellowstone Park in 1890. However, attempts to preserve nature for various reasons have occurred for centuries. Today, the main efforts to preserve biodiversity involve legislative approaches to regulate human and corporate behavior, setting aside protected areas, and habitat restoration. Changing Human Behavior Legislation has been enacted to protect species throughout the world. The legislation includes international treaties as well as national and state laws. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) treaty came into force in 1975. The treaty, and the national legislation that supports it, provides a legal framework for preventing “listed” species from being transported across nations’ borders, thus protecting them from being caught or killed in the first place when the purpose involves international trade. The listed species that are protected to one degree or another by the treaty number some 33,000. The treaty is limited in its reach because it only deals with international movement of organisms or their parts. It is also limited by various countries’ ability or willingness to enforce the treaty and supporting legislation. The illegal trade in organisms and their parts is probably a market in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Within many countries there are laws that protect endangered species and that regulate hunting and fishing. In the United States, the Endangered Species Act was enacted in 1973. When an at-risk species is listed by the Act, the U. Fish & Wildlife Service is required by law to develop a management plan to protect the species and bring it back to sustainable numbers. The Act, and others like it in other countries, is a useful tool, but it suffers because it is often difficult to get a species listed, or to get an effective management plan in place once a species is listed. Additionally, species may be controversially taken off the list without necessarily having had a change in their situation. More fundamentally, the approach to protecting individual species rather than entire ecosystems (although the management plans commonly involve.
Nearly all rocks are made of what?	magma	sand	calcium	minerals	Nearly all rocks are made of minerals. A few are made of materials that do not fit the definition of minerals.
What type of cell division produces gametes?	mitosis	mutations	apoptosis	meiosis	Sexual reproduction involves two parents. As you can see from Figure below , in sexual reproduction, parents produce reproductive cells—called gametes —that unite to form an offspring. Gametes are haploid cells. This means they contain only half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis, which is described in detail below. The process in which two gametes unite is called fertilization . The fertilized cell that results is referred to as a zygote . A zygote is diploid cell, which means that it has twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete.
Where are feces formed?	small intestine	duodenum	liver	large intestine	34.3 Digestive System Processes Digestion begins with ingestion, where the food is taken in the mouth. Digestion and absorption take place in a series of steps with special enzymes playing important roles in digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Elimination describes removal of undigested food contents and waste products from the body. While most absorption occurs in the small intestines, the large intestine is responsible for the final removal of water that remains after the absorptive process of the small intestines. The cells that line the large intestine absorb some vitamins as well as any leftover salts and water. The large intestine (colon) is also where feces is formed.
What measurement of the wave is used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake?	width	length	diameter	height	Seismograms contain a lot of information about an earthquake: its strength, length, and distance. Wave height is used to determine the magnitude of the earthquake. The seismogram shows the different arrival times of the seismic waves ( Figure below ). The first waves are P-waves since they are the fastest. S-waves come in next and are usually larger than P-waves. The surface waves arrive just after the S-waves. If the earthquake has a shallow focus, the surface waves are the largest ones recorded.
In a food chain, only about 10 percent of what passes to the next level?	hydrogen	mineral	vitamins	energy	At each level of a food chain, a lot of energy is lost. Only about 10 percent of the energy passes to the next level. Where does that energy go? Some energy is given off as heat. Some energy goes into animal wastes. Energy also goes into growing things that another consumer can't eat, like fur. It's because so much energy is lost that most food chains have just a few levels. There’s not enough energy left for higher levels.
In plants, a high concentration of iaa inhibits what?	technology elongation	Cell reproduction	same elongation	cell elongation	the bottom of the cell. In roots, a high concentration of IAA inhibits cell elongation. The effect slows growth on the lower side of the root, while cells develop normally on the upper side. IAA has the opposite effect in shoots, where a higher concentration at the lower side of the shoot stimulates cell expansion, causing the shoot to grow up. After the shoot or root begin to grow vertically, the amyloplasts return to their normal position. Other hypotheses—involving the entire cell in the gravitropism effect—have been proposed to explain why some mutants that lack amyloplasts may still exhibit a weak gravitropic response.
The rate of heat transfer by radiation is largely determined by what?	environment	scope	sound	color	All objects absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation. The rate of heat transfer by radiation is largely determined by the color of the object. Black is the most effective, and white is the least effective. People living in hot climates generally avoid wearing black clothing, for instance (see Take-Home Experiment: Temperature in the Sun). Similarly, black asphalt in a parking lot will be hotter than adjacent gray sidewalk on a summer day, because black absorbs better than gray. The reverse is also true—black radiates better than gray. Thus, on a clear summer night, the asphalt will be colder than the gray sidewalk, because black radiates the energy more rapidly than gray. An ideal radiator is the same color as an ideal absorber, and captures all the radiation that falls on it. In contrast, white is a poor absorber and is also a poor radiator. A white object reflects all radiation, like a mirror. (A perfect, polished white surface is mirror-like in appearance, and a crushed mirror looks white.
Comparisons of amino acid sequences can shed light on the evolutionary divergence of what?	birds	mammals	dinosaurs	related species
How high or low a sound seems is associated with what property of the sound?	wavelength	decibel	frequency	pitch	How high or low a sound seems to a listener is its pitch. Pitch, in turn, depends on the frequency of sound waves.
Alveolar ducts and broncioles are developing parts of what organ system?	digestive	nervous	immune	respiratory	Weeks 16–24 Once the respiratory bronchioles form, further development includes extensive vascularization, or the development of the blood vessels, as well as the formation of alveolar ducts and alveolar precursors. At about week 19, the respiratory bronchioles have formed. In addition, cells lining the respiratory structures begin to differentiate to form type I and type II pneumocytes. Once type II cells have differentiated, they begin to secrete small amounts of pulmonary surfactant. Around week 20, fetal breathing movements may begin.
During photosynthesis what organelle is used by plants to change sunlight into chemical energy?	ribosome	mitochondria	golgi apparatus	chloroplasts	When ancient plants underwent photosynthesis, they changed energy in sunlight to stored chemical energy in food. The plants used the food and so did the organisms that ate the plants. After the plants and other organisms died, their remains gradually changed to fossil fuels as they were covered and compressed by layers of sediments. Petroleum and natural gas formed from ocean organisms and are found together. Coal formed from giant tree ferns and other swamp plants.
Small water bodies often fed by springs are called what?	oceans	puddles	rivers	ponds	Ponds are small water bodies often fed by springs.
The combustion of propane gas produces carbon dioxide and what else?	phosphorous	methane	carbon monoxide	water vapor	The combustion of propane gas produces carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in the white snake root plant, prevents the metabolism of what?	lipids	sugars	sodium	lactate	Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in the white snake root plant, prevents the metabolism of lactate. When cows eat this plant, it is concentrated in the milk they produce. Humans who consume the milk become ill. Symptoms of this disease, which include vomiting, abdominal pain, and tremors, become worse after exercise. Why do you think this is the case? Alcohol Fermentation Another familiar fermentation process is alcohol fermentation ( Figure 7.15) that produces ethanol, an alcohol. The first chemical reaction of alcohol fermentation is the following (CO2 does not participate in the second reaction):.
Water, carbon dioxide, and what other element are important agents of chemical weathering?	sulfur	helium	methane	oxygen	Water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are important agents of chemical weathering.

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