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What are the two types of vascular plants? | ants and seed | dahlias and seed | Water and spore | seedless and seed | Vascular plants are further divided into seedless and seed plants. |
What type of flexion is the bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side? | ventral | orbital | cylindrical | lateral | Flexion and Extension Flexion and extension are movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the body or limbs. For the vertebral column, flexion (anterior flexion) is an anterior (forward) bending of the neck or body, while extension involves a posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward. Lateral flexion is the bending of the neck or body toward the right or left side. These movements of the vertebral column involve both the symphysis joint formed by each intervertebral disc, as well as the plane type of synovial joint formed between the inferior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of the next lower vertebra. In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint), while extension increases the angle and straightens the joint. For the upper limb, all anterior-going motions are flexion and all posterior-going motions are extension. |
Common wisdom has it that the temporal bone (temporal = “time”) is so named because this area of the head (the temple) is where hair typically first turns gray, indicating the passage of what? | wealth | birth | ships | time | Temporal Bone The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull (see Figure 7.5). Common wisdom has it that the temporal bone (temporal = “time”) is so named because this area of the head (the temple) is where hair typically first turns gray, indicating the passage of time. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions (Figure 7.7). The flattened, upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting inferiorly from this region is a large prominence, the mastoid process, which serves as a muscle attachment site. The mastoid process can easily be felt on the side of the head just behind your earlobe. On the interior of the skull, the petrous portion of each. |
Catenulids typically reproduce asexually by budding where? | their analogous end | their anterior end | their neuronal end | their posterior end | |
What gland secretes a fluid that mixes with sperm to help form semen? | thyroid | testicle | thy·mus | prostate gland | The prostate gland secretes a fluid that mixes with sperm to help form semen. Semen is a whitish liquid that contains sperm. It passes through the urethra and out of the body. |
During an earthquake what causes seismic waves? | high winds | Currents | low tide | rock displacement | In an earthquake, seismic waves are generated by rock displacement. |
What term describes waves that travel through matter? | heat waves | replaced waves | water waves | mechanical waves | Waves that travel through matter—such as the fabric of a flag—are called mechanical waves. The matter they travel through is called the medium. When the energy of a wave passes through the medium, particles of the medium move. The more energy the wave has, the farther the particles of the medium move. The distance the particles move is measured by the wave’s amplitude. |
What type of radioactive decay is generally only dangerous when emitted inside the body? | nucleus decay | ionic decay | variant decay | alpha decay | All types of radioactive decay pose risks to living things, but alpha decay is the least dangerous. That’s because alpha particles are relatively heavy, so they can travel only a few centimeters through the air. They also are not very penetrating. For example, they can’t pass through a sheet of paper or thin layer of clothing. They may burn the skin, but they can’t penetrate to the tissues underneath the skin. However, if alpha particles are emitted inside the body, they can do more damage. One way this can happen is by inhaling cigarette smoke. People who smoke actually inhale the radioactive element polonium-210. It undergoes alpha decay in the lungs. Over time, exposure to alpha particles may cause lung cancer. |
Energy that is stored in a person or object is called? | kinetic energy | vertical energy | mechanical energy | potential energy | Potential energy is energy that is stored in a person or object. |
What is a sac filled with fluid or other material? | a receptacle | a lesion | Golgi apparatus | a cyst | Cysts may develop in the ovaries. A cyst is a sac filled with fluid or other material. Ovarian cysts are usually harmless and often disappear on their own. However, some cysts may be painful and require surgery. |
What is released during an enthalpy reaction? | sound | gold | precipitation | heat | The enthalpy of the reactants is greater than the enthalpy of the products. During the course of the reaction, heat is released to the surroundings. |
Solutions of ionic compounds and melted ionic compounds conduct what? | light | radiation | sound waves | electricity | Solutions of ionic compounds and melted ionic compounds conduct electricity, but solid materials do not. |
Quantum mechanics involves the study of material at what level? | physical | cellular | chemical | atomic | Quantum mechanics involves the study of material at the atomic level. |
What is the name of muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart? | Aorta | tubes | Veins | arteries | Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls that can withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart. Arteries generally carry oxygen-rich blood. The largest artery is the aorta, which receives blood directly from the heart. It branches to form smaller and smaller arteries throughout the body. The smallest arteries are called arterioles. |
He mass spectrometer measures the percent abundance of different what? | Proteins | reactions | organisms | isotopes | The mass spectrometer measures the percent abundance of different isotopes in a given sample. |
For what kind of animal is communication essential? | migrating animals | anti-social animals | new born animals | social animals | Communication is any way that animals share information. Many animals live in social groups. For these animals, being able to communicate is essential. Communicating increases the ability of group members to cooperate and avoid conflict. Communication may help animals work together to find food and defend themselves from predators. It also helps them find mates and care for their offspring. In addition, communication helps adult animals teach the next generation learned behaviors. Therefore, communication generally improves the chances of animals surviving and reproducing. |
The wavelength of a wave is the distance between corresponding points on what? | basic waves | distant waves | spectrum | adjacent waves | Q: The wavelength of a wave is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves. For example, it is the distance between two adjacent crests in the transverse waves in the diagram. Infer how wave frequency is related to wavelength. |
Sandblasting a surface exemplifies what form of erosion? | water | wind | glacial | abrasion | Did you ever see workers sandblasting a building to clean it? Sand is blown onto the surface to scour away dirt and debris. Wind-blown sand has the same effect. It scours and polishes rocks and other surfaces. Wind-blown sand may carve rocks into interesting shapes ( Figure below ). This form of erosion is called abrasion. It occurs any time rough sediments are blown or dragged over surfaces. Can you think of other ways abrasion might occur?. |
How do fungus-like protists such as slime molds reproduce? | asexually | photosynthesis | sexually | with spores | Fungus-like protists are molds. They are absorptive feeders, found on decaying organic matter. They resemble fungi and reproduce with spores as fungi do. Examples of fungus-like protists include slime molds and water molds. |
Exchange occurs directly with the external environment in what type of organisms? | multicellular organisms | hematopoietic organisms | cell clusters | unicellular organisms | |
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus and most of the major organelles? | retinal body | organ body | simple body | cell body | Parts of a Neuron As you learned in the first section, the main part of a neuron is the cell body, which is also known as the soma (soma = “body”). The cell body contains the nucleus and most of the major organelles. But what makes neurons special is that they have many extensions of their cell membranes, which are generally referred to as processes. Neurons are usually described as having one, and only one, axon—a fiber that emerges from the cell body and projects to target cells. That single axon can branch repeatedly to communicate with many target cells. It is the axon that propagates the nerve impulse, which is communicated to one or more cells. The other processes of the neuron are dendrites, which receive information from other neurons at specialized areas of contact called synapses. The dendrites are usually highly branched processes, providing locations for other neurons to communicate with the cell body. Information flows through a neuron from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon. This gives the neuron a polarity—meaning that information flows in this one direction. Figure 12.8 shows the relationship of these parts to one another. |
The oceans affect earth’s atmosphere and influence its what? | volcanoes | earthquakes | mountains | climate | Much of Earth’s surface is covered with oceans. That’s why Earth is called the “water planet. ” Without all that water, Earth would be a very different place. The oceans affect Earth’s atmosphere and influence its climate. An incredible diversity of living things inhabit the ocean as well. You might think that oceans have always covered Earth’s surface, but you would be wrong!. |
What are surrounded by a cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan? | amoeba | viruses | protozoa | bacteria | Bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan . This complex molecule consists of sugars and amino acids. The cell wall is important for protecting bacteria. The cell wall is so important that some antibiotics, such as penicillin, kill bacteria by preventing the cell wall from forming. |
Snake venom may join the class of drugs collectively known as thrombolytic agents, which can help speed up the degradation of an abnormal what? | bone | brain | bleed | clot | on a daily basis as a preventive measure. However, aspirin can also lead to serious side effects, including increasing the risk of ulcers. A patient is well advised to consult a physician before beginning any aspirin regimen. A class of drugs collectively known as thrombolytic agents can help speed up the degradation of an abnormal clot. If a thrombolytic agent is administered to a patient within 3 hours following a thrombotic stroke, the patient’s prognosis improves significantly. However, some strokes are not caused by thrombi, but by hemorrhage. Thus, the cause must be determined before treatment begins. Tissue plasminogen activator is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the primary enzyme that breaks down clots. It is released naturally by endothelial cells but is also used in clinical medicine. New research is progressing using compounds isolated from the venom of some species of snakes, particularly vipers and cobras, which may eventually have therapeutic value as thrombolytic agents. |
Thousands of receptor cells that detect the sex attractant equip each filament of what structure? | molecule | optic nerve | flagella | antenna | |
All solutions contain at least how many substances? | three | one | four | two | All solutions contain at least two substances. |
Life probably began where? | caves | rocks | the Sun | oceans | Life probably began in the oceans. No one knows exactly how or when. Life may have originated more than once. If life began before the Moon formed, that impact would have wiped it out. Then life would have had to originate again. Eventually conditions on Earth became less violent. The planet could support life. |
An enzyme is an organic catalyst produced by what? | amino acid | DNA | the liver | living cell | An enzyme is an organic catalyst produced by a living cell. Enzymes are such powerful catalysts that the reactions they promote occur rapidly at body temperature. Without the help of enzymes, these reactions would require high temperatures and long reaction times. The molecule or molecules on which an enzyme acts are called its substrates. An enzyme has an active site where its substrate or substrates bind to form an enzymesubstrate complex. The reaction occurs, and product is released:. |
Gasoline is derived from which other liquid? | carbon | liquid propane | water | oil | Yes, we will use up all our gasoline eventually. Gasoline is derived from oil. Oil deposits were formed over hundreds of millions of years. They cannot be quickly replenished. Oil is an example of a nonrenewable resource. |
What is the disease in which cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses? | HIV | bronchitis | diabetes | cancer | Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses of cells. It is generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide without limits. Cancer genes can be inherited. You can learn more about hereditary cancer by watching the video at the following link: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=LWk5FplsKwM (4:29). |
What travels at a rate of 300,000 kilometers per second, or nearly instantaneously? | gravity | air | sound | light | The speed of sound in air is approximately , where is the temperature of the air in Celsius. The speed of light is 300,000 km/sec, which means it travels from one place to another on Earth more or less instantaneously. Let’s say on a cool night (air temperature Celsius) you see lightning flash and then hear the thunder rumble five seconds later. How far away (in km) did the lightning strike?. |
When atomic orbitals hybridize, the valence electrons occupy these? | expanded pathways | newly created elements | newly developed orbits | newly created orbitals | When atomic orbitals hybridize, the valence electrons occupy the newly created orbitals. The Be atom had two valence electrons, so each of the sp orbitals gets one of these electrons. Each of these electrons pairs up with the unpaired electron on a chlorine atom when a hybrid orbital and a chlorine orbital overlap during the formation of the Be–Cl bonds. |
Roundworms feed on various things, one of them being decaying organic matter. doing this, they play an important role in what famous cycle? | water cycle | life cycle | soul cycle | carbon cycle | Roundworms may be free-living or parasitic. Free-living worms are found mainly in freshwater habitats. Some live in soil. They generally feed on bacteria, fungi, protozoans, or decaying organic matter. By breaking down organic matter, they play an important role in the carbon cycle. |
In preparation for phagocytosis, a portion of the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane becomes coated with a protein called clathrin, which stabilizes this section of what? | nuclei | particles | mitochondria | membrane | In preparation for phagocytosis, a portion of the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane becomes coated with a protein called clathrin, which stabilizes this section of the membrane. The coated portion of the membrane then extends from the body of the cell and surrounds the particle, eventually enclosing it. Once the vesicle containing the particle is enclosed within the cell, the clathrin disengages from the membrane and the vesicle merges with a lysosome for the breakdown of the material in the newly formed compartment (endosome). When accessible nutrients from the degradation of the vesicular contents have been extracted, the newly formed endosome merges with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular fluid. The endosomal membrane again becomes part of the plasma membrane. Pinocytosis A variation of endocytosis is called pinocytosis. This literally means “cell drinking” and was named at a time when the assumption was that the cell was purposefully taking in extracellular fluid. In reality, this is a process that takes in molecules, including water, which the cell needs from the extracellular fluid. Pinocytosis results in a much smaller vesicle than does phagocytosis, and the vesicle does not need to merge with a lysosome (Figure 5.21). |
What is the main form of energy storage in plants? | liquid | nitrogen | dioxide | starch | Many simple sugars can combine by repeated condensation reactions until a very large molecule is formed. A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate polymer formed from the linkage of many monosaccharide monomers. One of the best known polysaccharides is starch, the main form of energy storage in plants. Starch is a staple in most human diets. Foods such as corn, potatoes, rice, and wheat have high starch contents. Starch is made of glucose monomers and occurs in both straight-chain and branched forms. Amylose is the straight-chain form and consists of hundreds of linked glucose molecules. The branched form of starch is called amylopectin. In the small intestine, starch is hydrolyzed to form glucose. The glucose can then be converted to biochemical energy or stored for later use. |
Something supplied by nature that helps support life, including ecosystems as well as minerals and fossil fuels, is called a what? | visible resource | artificial resource | fluid resource | natural resource | A natural resource is something supplied by nature that helps support life. When you think of natural resources, you may think of minerals and fossil fuels. However, ecosystems and the services they provide are also natural resources. Biodiversity is a natural resource as well. |
Initial substances are called reactants, and the final substances are called what? | reactors | exports | imports | products | H2 + O2 → H2O This is an example of a chemical equation, which is a concise way of representing a chemical reaction. The initial substances are called reactants, and the final substances are called products. Unfortunately, it is also an incomplete chemical equation. The law of conservation of matter says that matter cannot be created or destroyed. In chemical equations, the number of atoms of each element in the reactants must be the same as the number of atoms of each element in the products. If we count the number of hydrogen atoms in the reactants and products, we find two hydrogen atoms. But if we count the number of oxygen atoms in the reactants and products, we find that there are two oxygen atoms in the reactants but only one oxygen atom in the products. What can we do? Can we change the subscripts in the formula for water so that it has two oxygen atoms in it? No; you cannot change the formulas of individual substances because the chemical formula for a given substance is characteristic of that substance. What you can do, however, is to change the number of molecules that react or are produced. We do this one element at a time, going from one side of the reaction to the other, changing the number of molecules of a substance until all elements have the same number of atoms on each side. To accommodate the two oxygen atoms as reactants, let us assume that we have two water molecules as products:. |
What were the electrons initially called? | polymer rays | gamma rays | plasma rays | cathode rays | Negatively charged and has a very small mass compared to the mass of other subatomic particles. Electrons were initially called cathode rays. |
What is the type of energy that involves movement? | light energy | molecular energy | thermal energy | mechanical energy | All of the examples of potential energy described above involve movement or the potential to move. The form of energy that involves movement is called mechanical energy. Other forms of energy also involve potential energy, including chemical energy and nuclear energy. Chemical energy is stored in the bonds between the atoms of compounds. For example, food and batteries both contain chemical energy. Nuclear energy is stored in the nuclei of atoms because of the strong forces that hold the nucleus together. Nuclei of radioactive elements such as uranium are unstable, so they break apart and release the stored energy. |
What do sharks use to secrete salt to assist in osmoregulation? | blood gland | ceramic gland | bladder gland | rectal gland | animals exposed to similar levels of urea. Sharks are cartilaginous fish with a rectal gland to secrete salt and assist in osmoregulation. |
Why do viruses not belong to any domain of life? | they are too mature | they are immortal | they are mortal | they are nonliving | Which of the three domains of life do viruses belong to? None. Why? Viruses are usually considered to be nonliving. Viruses do not meet most of the criteria of life. They are not even made of cells. |
What is a change in the sequence of bases in dna or rna called? | evolution | radiation | infection | mutation | A change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA is called a mutation . Does the word mutation make you think of science fiction and bug-eyed monsters? Think again. Everyone has mutations. In fact, most people have dozens or even hundreds of mutations in their DNA. Mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They are the ultimate source of all new genetic material - new alleles - in a species. Although most mutations have no effect on the organisms in which they occur, some mutations are beneficial. Even harmful mutations rarely cause drastic changes in organisms. |
Metallic solids are composed entirely of which atoms? | toxic | metals | organic | metallic | Metallic solids are composed entirely of metallic atoms. In other solid structures, the electrons involved in bonding tend to be localized, or fixed in place in the covalent bonds. However, the electrons in metallic bonds are delocalized over the entire crystal. The fact that the electrons are free to move between different atoms causes metallic solids to be very good conductors of electricity. |
What compound gives tarnished copper it's green color? | brass | bronze | zinc | copper carbonate | A: The copper has become tarnished. The tarnish—also called patina—is a compound called copper carbonate, which is green. Copper carbonate forms when copper undergoes a chemical reaction with carbon dioxide in moist air. The green patina that forms on copper actually preserves the underlying metal. That’s why it’s not removed from the statue. Some people also think that the patina looks attractive. |
As the population grows, competition for food does what? | stagnates | stays the same | decreases | grows | inviability because the hybrid organisms simply are not viable. In another postzygotic situation, reproduction leads to the birth and growth of a hybrid that is sterile and unable to reproduce offspring of their own; this is called hybrid sterility. Habitat Influence on Speciation Sympatric speciation may also take place in ways other than polyploidy. For example, consider a species of fish that lives in a lake. As the population grows, competition for food also grows. Under pressure to find food, suppose that a group of these fish had the genetic flexibility to discover and feed off another resource that was unused by the other fish. What if this new food source was found at a different depth of the lake? Over time, those feeding on the second food source would interact more with each other than the other fish; therefore, they would breed together as well. Offspring of these fish would likely behave as their parents: feeding and living in the same area and keeping separate from the original population. If this group of fish continued to remain separate from the first population, eventually sympatric speciation might occur as more genetic differences accumulated between them. This scenario does play out in nature, as do others that lead to reproductive isolation. One such place is Lake Victoria in Africa, famous for its sympatric speciation of cichlid fish. Researchers have found hundreds of sympatric speciation events in these fish, which have not only happened in great number, but also over a short period of time. Figure 18.21 shows this type of speciation among a cichlid fish population in Nicaragua. In this locale, two types of cichlids live in the same geographic location but have come to have different morphologies that allow them to eat various food sources. |
What is the property by which water molecules stick together? | tension | plasticity | vitality | cohesion | Water has some unusual properties due to its hydrogen bonds. One property is cohesion , the tendency for water molecules to stick together. The cohesive forces between water molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension . The molecules at the surface do not have other like molecules on all sides of them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those directly associated with them on the surface. For example, if you drop a tiny amount of water onto a very smooth surface, the water molecules will stick together and form a droplet, rather than spread out over the surface. The same thing happens when water slowly drips from a leaky faucet. The water doesn't fall from the faucet as individual water molecules but as droplets of water. The tendency of water to stick together in droplets is also illustrated by the dew drops in Figure below . |
What is the main sex hormone in males called? | methane | estrogen | caffeine | testosterone | Testosterone is the main sex hormone in males. Hormones are chemicals that control many body processes. Testosterone has two major roles:. |
What is the name of the tube that joins the mouth to the digestive and respiratory tracts? | fallopian tube | larynx | esophagus | pharynx | Pharyngeal slits : Pharyngeal slits are located in the pharynx. The pharynx is the tube that joins the mouth to the digestive and respiratory tracts. |
Unlike bryophyte and fern spores (which are haploid cells dependent on moisture for rapid development of gametophytes), seeds contain a diploid embryo that will germinate into what? | ovary | sperm | gametophyte | sporophyte | Seeds and Pollen as an Evolutionary Adaptation to Dry Land Unlike bryophyte and fern spores (which are haploid cells dependent on moisture for rapid development of gametophytes), seeds contain a diploid embryo that will germinate into a sporophyte. Storage tissue to sustain growth and a protective coat give seeds their superior evolutionary advantage. Several layers of hardened tissue prevent desiccation, and free reproduction from the need for a constant supply of water. Furthermore, seeds remain in a state of dormancy—induced by desiccation and the hormone abscisic acid—until conditions for growth become favorable. Whether blown by the. |
Limestone is insoluble in water, so what can dissolve it? | oxygen | calcium | dioxide | acid | An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into chemically simpler components. Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances. |
Monatomic ions have an oxidation number equal to their what? | length | size | cost | charge | Monatomic ions have an oxidation number equal to their charge. Li + has an oxidation state of +1, Ba 2+ has an oxidation state of +2, I - has an oxidation state of -1, and so on. |
Some flatworms are free-living carnivores that live mainly in which type of habitats? | freshwater | Deciduous forest | Desert | aquatic | Many flatworms are parasites with vertebrate hosts. Some are free-living carnivores that live mainly in aquatic habitats. |
Characterized by a short lifespan, what begin with production in the bone marrow under the influence of csfs and interleukins? | erythrocytes | solutes | pathogens | leukocytes | Lifecycle of Leukocytes Most leukocytes have a relatively short lifespan, typically measured in hours or days. Production of all leukocytes begins in the bone marrow under the influence of CSFs and interleukins. Secondary production and maturation of lymphocytes occurs in specific regions of lymphatic tissue known as germinal centers. Lymphocytes are fully capable of mitosis and may produce clones of cells with identical properties. This capacity enables an individual to maintain immunity throughout life to many threats that have been encountered in the past. |
What force is perpendicular to velocity and causes uniform circular motion? | tangential force | centripetal torque | circular friction | centripetal force | Figure 6.11 The frictional force supplies the centripetal force and is numerically equal to it. Centripetal force is perpendicular to velocity and causes uniform circular motion. The larger the F c , the smaller the radius of curvature r and the sharper the curve. The second curve has the same v , but a larger. |
What are physical properties that do not depend on the substance present called? | internal properties | extensive properties | multilateral properties | intensive properties | Physical properties that do not depend on the amount of substance present are called intensive properties . Intensive properties do not change with changes of size, shape, or scale. Examples of intensive properties are as follows in the Table below . |
What does the secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin stimulate the release of? | insulin and pepsin | sweat, saliva | urea | pancreatic juices, bile | Secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin, which stimulates release of pancreatic juices and bile. |
What term is used to describe the electrostatic process used by most copy machines? | microphotography | electrography | titanomachy | xerography | Xerography Most copy machines use an electrostatic process called xerography—a word coined from the Greek words xeros for dry and graphos for writing. The heart of the process is shown in simplified form in Figure 18.39. A selenium-coated aluminum drum is sprayed with positive charge from points on a device called a corotron. Selenium is a substance with an interesting property—it is a photoconductor. That is, selenium is an insulator when in the dark and a conductor when exposed to light. In the first stage of the xerography process, the conducting aluminum drum is grounded so that a negative charge is induced under the thin layer of uniformly positively charged selenium. In the second stage, the surface of the drum is exposed to the image of whatever is to be copied. Where the image is light, the selenium becomes conducting, and the positive charge is neutralized. In dark areas, the positive charge remains, and so the image has been transferred to the drum. The third stage takes a dry black powder, called toner, and sprays it with a negative charge so that it will be attracted to the positive regions of the drum. Next, a blank piece of paper is given a greater positive charge than on the drum so that it will pull the toner from the drum. Finally, the paper and electrostatically held toner are passed through heated pressure rollers, which melt and permanently adhere the toner within the fibers of the paper. |
Symptoms of viral diseases result from what kind of response to a virus? | mutation | infection | pathogenic | immune | Steps of Virus Infections A virus must use cell processes to replicate. The viral replication cycle can produce dramatic biochemical and structural changes in the host cell, which may cause cell damage. These changes, called cytopathic (causing cell damage) effects, can change cell functions or even destroy the cell. Some infected cells, such as those infected by the common cold virus known as rhinovirus, die through lysis (bursting) or apoptosis (programmed cell death or “cell suicide”), releasing all progeny virions at once. The symptoms of viral diseases result from the immune response to the virus, which attempts to control and eliminate the virus from the body, and from cell damage caused by the virus. Many animal viruses, such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), leave the infected cells of the immune system by a process known as budding, where virions leave the cell individually. During the budding process, the cell does not undergo lysis and is not immediately killed. However, the damage to the cells that the virus infects may make it impossible for the cells to function normally, even though the cells remain alive for a period of time. Most productive viral infections follow similar steps in the virus replication cycle: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release (Figure 21.8). Attachment A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope. The specificity of this interaction determines the host—and the cells within the host—that can be infected by a particular virus. This can be illustrated by thinking of several keys and several locks, where each key will fit only one specific lock. |
The most common carbon atoms have six protons and six neutrons in their what? | membrane | ribosomes | neuron | nuclei | E XA MP L E 1 1. The most common carbon atoms have six protons and six neutrons in their nuclei. What are the atomic number and the mass number of these carbon atoms?. |
What type of organisms have internal clocks that regulate cyclic processes? | fungi | endogenous | protozoa | eukaryotic | |
How often does condensation occur in your cells? | never | weekly | daily | constantly | Condensation occurs in your cells constantly. It occurs in the form of a chemical reaction. These condensation reactions involve the formation of a water molecule from two other molecules. Water forms when two molecules, such as amino acids or monosaccharides, are joined together. The amino acids join together to form peptides (or polypeptides or proteins) and the monosaccharides join together to form disaccharides or polysaccharides. |
Overharvesting is a serious threat particularly to which species? | terrestrial species | aerial species | amphibious species | aquatic species | Overharvesting Overharvesting is a serious threat to many species, but particularly to aquatic species. There are many examples of regulated fisheries (including hunting of marine mammals and harvesting of crustaceans and other species) monitored by fisheries. |
What are the cells that break down inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell, and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source? | Sediments | staurikosaurus | fluctuations | chemoautotrophs | Chemoautotrophs are cells that break down inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell, and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source. Chemoautotrophs include prokaryotes that break down hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S the “rotten egg” smelling gas), and ammonia (NH 4 ). Nitrosomonas , a species of soil bacterium, oxidizes NH 4 + to nitrite (NO 2 - ). This reaction releases energy that the bacteria use. Many chemoautotrophs also live in extreme environments such as deep sea vents. |
Each type of electromagnetic radiation has a characteristic range of wavelengths. the longer the wavelength (or the more stretched out it appears), the less energy is carried. short, tight waves carry what? | sound | kinetic energy | heat | most energy | Each type of electromagnetic radiation has a characteristic range of wavelengths. The longer the wavelength (or the more stretched out it appears), the less energy is carried. Short, tight waves carry the most energy. This may seem illogical, but think of it in terms of a piece of moving rope. It takes little effort by a person to move a rope in long, wide waves. To make a rope move in short, tight waves, a person would need to apply significantly more energy. The sun emits (Figure 5.10) a broad range of electromagnetic radiation, including X-rays and ultraviolet (UV) rays. The higher-energy waves are dangerous to living things; for example, X-rays and UV rays can be harmful to humans. |
What are clouds on earth made of? | carbon dioxide gas | rain | ozone | water vapor | Clouds on Earth are made of water vapor. Venus's clouds are a lot less pleasant. They are made of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and large amounts of corrosive sulfuric acid! Scientists think the color of sunlight on Venus is reddish-brown. |
What do extensive properties depend on the amount of? | independent variables | experimental controls | sample temperature | matter in a sample | Normally, electric charge is transferred when electrons leave the outer orbits of the atoms of one body (leaving it positively charged) and move to the surface of another body (causing the new surface to gain a negative net charge). In a plasma all electrons are stripped from the atoms, leaving positively charged ions and free electrons. |
What is the term for the rate at which velocity changes? | compression | stability | transmission | acceleration | Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. It measures the rate at which velocity changes. Velocity, in turn, is a measure of the speed and direction of motion, so a change in velocity may reflect a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. Both velocity and acceleration are vectors. A vector is any measurement that has both size and direction. People commonly think of acceleration as in increase in speed, but a decrease in speed is also acceleration. In this case, acceleration is negative and called deceleration. A change in direction without a change in speed is acceleration as well. |
What determines which codon in the mrna the trna will bind to? | exon | gene | amnion | anticodon | The tRNA structure is a very important aspect in its role. Though the molecule folds into a 3-leaf clover structure, notice the anticodon arm in the lower segment of the molecule, with the amino acid attached at the opposite end of the molecule (acceptor stem). It is the anticodon that determines which codon in the mRNA the tRNA will bind to. |
What is the term for the complete set of genes and alleles within a population? | the biodiversity pool | the ancestral pool | the chromosomal pool | the gene pool | Since natural selection acts on the phenotype, if an allele causes death in a homozygous individual, aa , for example, it will not cause death in a heterozygous Aa individual. These heterozygous Aa individuals will then act as carriers of the a allele, meaning that the a allele could be passed down to offspring. People who are carriers do not express the recessive phenotype, as they have a dominant allele. This allele is said to be kept in the population's gene pool. The gene pool is the complete set of genes and alleles within a population. |
What unit of pressure is named for the scientist whose discoveries about pressure in fluids led to a law of the same name? | joule | ohm | newton | pascal | In the above equation for pressure, force is expressed in Newtons (N) and area is expressed in square meters (m 2 ). Therefore, pressure is expressed in N/m 2 , which is the SI unit for pressure. This unit is also called the Pascal (Pa) . It is named for the scientist Blaise Pascal whose discoveries about pressure in fluids led to a law of the same name. Pressure may also be expressed in the kilopascal (kPa), which equals 1000 Pascals. For example, the correct air pressure inside a mountain bike tire is usually about 200 kPa. |
Oxygen and what are required for rust to form? | air | carbon | pressure | water | Metallic Iron"). Instead, the rust continually flakes off to expose a fresh metal surface vulnerable to reaction with oxygen and water. Because both oxygen and water are required for rust to form, an iron nail immersed in. |
What is the process called in which a magnet loses its magnetic properties? | diffusion | polarization | vectorization | demagnetization | If you stroke an iron nail with a bar magnet, the nail will become a permanent (or at least long-lasting) magnet. Its magnetic domains will remain aligned even after you remove it from the magnetic field of the bar magnet. Permanent magnets can be demagnetized, however, if they are dropped or heated to high temperatures. These actions move the magnetic domains out of alignment. |
The earliest animals were which kind of invertebrates? | dinosaurs | insects | mammals | aquatic | The partial geologic time scale in Figure below shows when some of the major events in animal evolution took place. The oldest animal fossils are about 630 million years old, so presumably animals evolved around that time or somewhat earlier. The earliest animals were aquatic invertebrates. The first vertebrates evolved around 550 million years ago. By 500 million years ago, most modern phyla of animals had evolved. The first terrestrial animals evolved about 50 million years after that. |
A lake is an example of what type of biome? | organic biome | natural biome | wet biome | freshwater biome | A lake is an example of a freshwater biome. Water in a lake generally forms three different zones based on water depth and distance from shore. |
What kinds of waves are composed of various oscillating electric and magnetic fields? | tidal | elastic | seismic | electromagnetic | Figure 27.45 illustrates how the component of the electric field parallel to the long molecules is absorbed. An electromagnetic wave is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The electric field is strong compared with the magnetic field and is more effective in exerting force on charges in the molecules. The most affected charged particles are the electrons in the molecules, since electron masses are small. If the electron is forced to oscillate, it can absorb energy from the EM wave. This reduces the fields in the wave and, hence, reduces its intensity. In long molecules, electrons can more easily oscillate parallel to the molecule than in the perpendicular direction. The electrons are bound to the molecule and are more restricted in their movement perpendicular to the molecule. Thus, the electrons can absorb EM waves that have a component of their electric field parallel to the molecule. The electrons are much less responsive to electric fields perpendicular to the molecule and will allow those fields to pass. Thus the axis of the polarizing filter is perpendicular to the length of the molecule. |
When is the sun directly over the equator? | Fall | Winter | Midsummer | equinox | Solstice refers to the position of the Sun when it is closest to one of the poles. At equinox, the Sun is directly over the Equator. |
What does the base of a nucleotide within dna consist of? | hydrogen | ribosomes | protein | nitrogen | It was known that DNA is composed of nucleotides , each of which contains a nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. In these nucleotides, there is one of the four possible bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T) ( Figure below ). Adenine and guanine are purine bases, and cytosine and thymine are pyrimidine bases. |
Which bones are flat and triangular and located at the back of the pectoral girdle? | cochlea | vertebrae | laminae | scapulae | The clavicles are S-shaped bones that position the arms on the body. The clavicles lie horizontally across the front of the thorax (chest) just above the first rib. These bones are fairly fragile and are susceptible to fractures. For example, a fall with the arms outstretched causes the force to be transmitted to the clavicles, which can break if the force is excessive. The clavicle articulates with the sternum and the scapula. The scapulae are flat, triangular bones that are located at the back of the pectoral girdle. They support the muscles crossing the shoulder joint. A ridge, called the spine, runs across the back of the scapula and can easily be felt through the skin (Figure 38.11). The spine of the scapula is a good example of a bony protrusion that facilitates a broad area of attachment for muscles to bone. The Upper Limb The upper limb contains 30 bones in three regions: the arm (shoulder to elbow), the forearm (ulna and radius), and the wrist and hand (Figure 38.12). |
What always has the same elements in the same ratio? | mitochondria | component | cell | compound | A compound always consists of the same elements in the same ratio. If the same elements combine in different ratios, they form different compounds. |
Prior to ovulation, ovarian steroid hormones stimulate the uterus to prepare for support of what? | childbirth | fertilization | fetus | embryo | |
All polar compounds contain what type of bonds? | weak | balanced | strong | polar | Polar compounds, such as water, are compounds that have a partial negative charge on one side of each molecule and a partial positive charge on the other side. All polar compounds contain polar bonds (although not all compounds that contain polar bonds are polar. ) In a polar bond, two atoms share electrons unequally. One atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, so it has a partial negative charge. The other atom attracts the shared electrons less strongly, so it is has a partial positive charge. In a water molecule, the oxygen atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atoms do. This explains why the oxygen side of the water molecule has a partial negative charge and the hydrogen side of the molecule has a partial positive charge. |
What often occurs on steep slopes in dry climates? | tsunamis | volcanoes | earthquakes | landslides | Landslides often occur on steep slopes in dry or semi-arid climates. The California coastline, with its steep cliffs and years of drought punctuated by seasons of abundant rainfall, is prone to landslides. Wet soil becomes slippery and heavy. Earthquakes often trigger landslides. The shaking ground causes soil and rocks to break loose and start sliding. |
What kind of organisms have many different types of specialized cells with particular jobs? | intricate | monocellular | crude | multicellular | All living cells have certain things in common. Besides having the basic parts described above, all cells can perform the same basic functions. For example, all cells can use energy, respond to their environment, and reproduce. However, cells may also have special functions. Multicellular organisms such as you have many different types of specialized cells. Each specialized cell has a particular job. Cells with special functions generally have a shape that suits them for that job. |
Part of the scientific process, these are statistical probabilities rather than certainties? | results | Hypothesis | assumptions | predictions | |
Ecology is a major branch of what higher-level "classification" of science? | geology | chemistry | physics | biology | Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other and with their environment. It is a major branch of biology, but has areas of overlap with geography, geology, climatology, and other sciences. The study of ecology begins with two fundamental concepts in ecology: the ecosystem and their organisms. |
What is necessary for organisms to survive in the deepest parts of the ocean? | competition | reflexes | mutation | adaptations | There are few organisms that live in the deepest ocean. The ones that do have amazing adaptations to the exceptionally harsh conditions. |
What is the process of larva becoming an adult called? | evolution | parthenogenesis | synthesis | metamorphosis | After hatching, most arthropods go through one or more larval stages before reaching adulthood. The larvae may look very different from the adults. They change into the adult form in a process called metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, the arthropod is called a pupa. It may or may not spend this stage inside a special container called a cocoon. A familiar example of arthropod metamorphosis is the transformation of a caterpillar (larva) into a butterfly (adult) (see Figure below ). Distinctive life stages and metamorphosis are highly adaptive. They allow functions to be divided among different life stages. Each life stage can evolve adaptations to suit it for its specific functions without affecting the adaptations of the other stages. |
Capillaries rejoin to form venules, which convey blood to what? | extremities | glands | arteries | veins | |
Although it is not vital to humans, calcitonin is important for calcium homeostasis in adults of some species in what group characterized by backbones? | invertebrates | mammals | reptiles | vertebrates | |
What force holds planets in their orbits? | Big Bang | magnetism | centrifuge | gravity | Planets are held in their orbits by the force of gravity. What would happen without gravity? Imagine that you are swinging a ball on a string in a circular motion. Now let go of the string. The ball will fly away from you in a straight line. It was the string pulling on the ball that kept the ball moving in a circle. The motion of a planet is very similar to the ball on a string. The force pulling the planet is the pull of gravity between the planet and the Sun. |
The nature of what gives metals the properties of being ductile and malleable? | titanium bonds | liquid bonds | magneticism | metallic bonds | Because of their freely moving electrons, metals are good conductors of electricity. Metals also can be shaped without breaking. They are ductile (can be shaped into wires) and malleable (can be shaped into thin sheets). Metals have these properties because of the nature of their metallic bonds. |
What are the special compartments that are surrounded by membranes inside eukaryotic cells called? | chloroplasts | ribosomes | vacuoles | organelles | Eukaryotic cells contain special compartments surrounded by membranes, called organelles. For example, notice in this image the mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus. |
Molds and casts usually form in which type of rock? | crystalline | igneous | metamorphic | sedimentary | Molds and casts are another way organisms can be fossilized. A mold is an imprint of an organism left in rock. The organism's remains break down completely. Rock that fills in the mold resembles the original remains. The fossil that forms in the mold is called a cast ( Figure below ). Molds and casts usually form in sedimentary rock. With compression ( Figure below ), an organism's remains are put under great pressure inside rock layers. This leaves behind a dark stain in the rock. |
What is a hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer called? | canal | moat | ditch | well | Most groundwater does not flow out of an aquifer as a spring or geyser. So to use the water that's stored in an aquifer, people must go after it. How? They dig a well. A well ( Figure below ) is a hole that is dug or drilled through the ground down to an aquifer. |
When is a moving car said to be in dynamic equilibrium? | when accelerating | at rest | at homeostasis | zero net force | Figure 9.3 This car is in dynamic equilibrium because it is moving at constant velocity. There are horizontal and vertical forces, but the net external force in any direction is zero. The applied force F app between the tires and the road is balanced by air friction, and the weight of the car is supported by the normal forces, here shown to be equal for all four tires. |
Every chemical reaction between molecules involves breaking and forming of what? | atomic pathways | orbits | ions | bonds | |
The mass percentage of a solution component is defined as the ratio of the component’s mass to ________? | liquid's mass | enough ’ s mass | solvent's mass | solution ’ s mass | Mass Percentage Earlier in this chapter, we introduced percent composition as a measure of the relative amount of a given element in a compound. Percentages are also commonly used to express the composition of mixtures, including solutions. The mass percentage of a solution component is defined as the ratio of the component’s mass to the solution’s mass, expressed as a percentage: mass percentage =. |
Harmful instances of what can result in errors in protein sequence that yield non-functional proteins? | radiation | infection | bioaccumulation | mutation | Harmful mutations can result in errors in protein sequence, creating partially or completely non-functional proteins. |
When dissolved in water, the base sodium hydroxide (naoh) produces sodium ions with what charge? | negative | constant | similar | positive | An acid also produces negative ions, and a base also produces positive ions. For example, the acid hydrogen chloride (HCl), when dissolved in water, produces negative chloride ions (Cl - ) as well as hydrogen ions. The base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) produces positive sodium ions (Na + ) in addition to hydroxide ions. These other ions also combine when the acid and base react. They form sodium chloride (NaCl). This is represented by the equation:. |
What precious resource allows us to grow food as well as materials we turn into clothing and medicine? | gasoline | petroleum | mercury | soil | Soil is a precious resource. It allows us to grow food and the materials we use to make everything from the shirt you have on to the medicine you took this morning. Soil is made up of small pieces of rock that have broken down over hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Soil is also partly made up of the remains of plants and animals, and is home to many organisms, from earthworms to ants. But soil can be damaged by unsustainable farming practices and clear-cut logging. In this chapter, you will learn how soil forms, what it contains, and how to protect it. |
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