question
stringlengths 14
399
| distractor3
stringlengths 1
63
| distractor1
stringlengths 1
57
| distractor2
stringlengths 1
62
| correct_answer
stringlengths 1
67
| support
stringlengths 0
3.56k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Why is the drift velocity negligible? | need free charges | shows free charges | less free charges | many free charges | Good conductors have large numbers of free charges in them. In metals, the free charges are free electrons. Figure 20.6 shows how free electrons move through an ordinary conductor. The distance that an individual electron can move between collisions with atoms or other electrons is quite small. The electron paths thus appear nearly random, like the motion of atoms in a gas. But there is an electric field in the conductor that causes the electrons to drift in the direction shown (opposite to the field, since they are negative). The drift velocity v d is the average velocity of the free charges. Drift velocity is quite small, since there are so many free charges. If we have an estimate of the density of free electrons in a conductor, we can calculate the drift velocity for a given current. The larger the density, the lower the velocity required for a given current. |
Instruments that measure the angle of the slope of a volcano are called what? | angle meters | aberration meters | velocity meters | tilt meters | All that magma and gas pushing upward can make the volcano’s slope begin to swell. Ground swelling may change the shape of a volcano or cause rock falls and landslides. Most of the time, the ground tilting is not visible. Scientists detect it by using tiltmeters, which are instruments that measure the angle of the slope of a volcano. |
What is the term for preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past? | remains | deposits | bones | fossils | Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past. Most fossils form in sedimentary rock. Fossils can also be preserved in other ways. Fossilization is rare. It’s very unlikely for any given organism to become a fossil. |
Birds flying thousands of miles south in the winter, then returning to their homes in spring, is a familiar example of what? | emigration | hibernation | evacuation | migration | One type of migration that you are probably familiar with is the migration of birds. Maybe you have heard that birds fly south for the winter. In the fall, birds fly thousands of miles to the south where it is warmer. In the spring, they return to their homes. ( Figure below ). |
The hydration of what is what makes many alcohols? | enzymes | lipids | malts | alkenes | Many alcohols are made by the hydration of alkenes. |
What causes oxides to decompose? | precipitation | humidity | acidity | heat | Found as a pure element in nature; oxides decompose with heating. |
With codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in what? | gametes | homozygotes | prokaryotes | heterozygotes | With codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in heterozygotes. The red and white flower in Figure below has codominant alleles for red petals and white petals. |
When hit from behind in a car crash, a passenger can suffer a neck injury called what? | twisted neck | inflammation | necklash | whiplash | When hit from behind in a car crash, a passenger can suffer a neck injury called whiplash . Explain in terms of inertia how this occurs, and how headrests can prevent the injury. |
When a species always migrates, what is this type of migration called? | mass migration | emigration | genus migration | obligate migration | Although migration is thought of as innate behavior, only some migrating species always migrate (obligate migration). Animals that exhibit facultative migration can choose to migrate or not. Additionally, in some animals, only a portion of the population migrates, whereas the rest does not migrate (incomplete migration). For example, owls that live in the tundra may migrate in years when their food source, small rodents, is relatively scarce, but not migrate during the years when rodents are plentiful. Foraging Foraging is the act of searching for and exploiting food resources. Feeding behaviors that maximize energy gain and minimize energy expenditure are called optimal foraging behaviors, and these are favored by natural section. The painted stork, for example, uses its long beak to search the bottom of a freshwater marshland for crabs and other food (Figure 45.36). |
How are valuable metabolites recovered? | metabolism | replication reaction | osmosis | reabsorption | Flame Cells of Planaria and Nephridia of Worms As multi-cellular systems evolved to have organ systems that divided the metabolic needs of the body, individual organs evolved to perform the excretory function. Planaria are flatworms that live in fresh water. Their excretory system consists of two tubules connected to a highly branched duct system. The cells in the tubules are called flame cells (or protonephridia) because they have a cluster of cilia that looks like a flickering flame when viewed under the microscope, as illustrated in Figure 41.10a. The cilia propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface; cilia also draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration. Any valuable metabolites are recovered by reabsorption. Flame cells are found in flatworms, including parasitic tapeworms and free-living planaria. They also maintain the organism’s osmotic balance. |
Structures that have lost their use through evolution are called _______ | symbiotic structures | primordial structures | residual structures | vestigial structures | Some of the most interesting kinds of evidence for evolution are body parts that have lost their use through evolution ( Figure below ). For example, most birds need their wings to fly. But the wings of an ostrich have lost their original use. Structures that have lost their use through evolution are called vestigial structures . They provide evidence for evolution because they suggest that an organism changed from using the structure to not using the structure, or using it for a different purpose. |
What does continental crust grade into at continental margins? | remnants crust | ocean floor | storm crust | oceanic crust | Think of a continent, like North America. Surrounding the continent are continental margins . Continental crust grades into oceanic crust at continental margins. Continental margins are under water. Almost all of North America sits on the North American Plate ( Figure below ). Both sides of the continent have continental margins, but each is very different. One continental margin of North America is an active margin. The other is a passive margin. Can you guess which is which?. |
What body system consists of organs that break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste? | skeletal system | lymphatic system | hormonal system | digestive system | The digestive system consists of organs that break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. |
Some samples of matter appear to have properties of solids, liquids, and/or gases at the same time. this can occur when the sample is composed of many what? | few pieces | turn pieces | large pieces | small pieces | Some samples of matter appear to have properties of solids, liquids, and/or gases at the same time. This can occur when the sample is composed of many small pieces. For example, we can pour sand as if it were a liquid because it is composed of many small grains of solid sand. Matter can also have properties of more than one state when it is a mixture, such as with clouds. Clouds appear to behave somewhat like gases, but they are actually mixtures of air (gas) and tiny particles of water (liquid or solid). The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it. One way to measure an object’s mass is to measure the force it takes to accelerate the object. It takes much more force to accelerate a car than a bicycle because the car has much more mass. A more common way to determine the mass of an object is to use a balance to compare its mass with a standard mass. Although weight is related to mass, it is not the same thing. Weight refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object. This force is directly proportional to the mass of the object. The weight of an object changes as the force of gravity changes, but its mass does not. An astronaut’s mass does not change just because she goes to the moon. But her weight on the moon is only one-sixth her earth-bound weight because the moon’s gravity is only one-sixth that of the earth’s. She may feel “weightless” during her trip when she experiences negligible external forces (gravitational or any other), although she is, of course, never “massless. ” The law of conservation of matter summarizes many scientific observations about matter: It states that there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical change) or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states (a physical change). Brewing beer and the operation of batteries provide examples of the conservation of matter (Figure 1.8). During the brewing of beer, the ingredients (water, yeast, grains, malt, hops, and sugar) are converted into beer (water, alcohol, carbonation, and flavoring substances) with no actual loss of substance. This is most clearly seen during the bottling process, when glucose turns. |
Stimuli in the brain, stomach, and small intestine activate or inhibit production of what secretion? | digestive juice | metabolic juice | sweat | gastric juice | Gastric Secretion The secretion of gastric juice is controlled by both nerves and hormones. Stimuli in the brain, stomach, and small intestine activate or inhibit gastric juice production. This is why the three phases of gastric secretion are called the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases (Figure 23.17). However, once gastric secretion begins, all three phases can occur simultaneously. |
What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected? | pollenation | parasitism | mutualism | commensalism | Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is not affected. An example is the relationship between birds called cattle egrets and cattle (see Figure below ). Cattle egrets feed on insects. They follow cattle herds around to take advantage of the insects stirred up by the feet of the cattle. The egrets get ready access to food from the relationship, whereas the cattle are not affected. |
What does the a1c test measure over the past two to three months? | albumin levels | RBC levels | cholesterol levels | blood-glucose levels | Endocrinologist An endocrinologist is a medical doctor who specializes in treating endocrine disorders. An endocrine surgeon specializes in the surgical treatment of endocrine diseases and glands. Some of the diseases that are managed by endocrinologists include disorders of the pancreas (diabetes mellitus), disorders of the pituitary (gigantism, acromegaly, and pituitary dwarfism), disorders of the thyroid gland (goiter and Graves’ disease), and disorders of the adrenal glands (Cushing’s disease and Addison’s disease). Endocrinologists are required to assess patients and diagnose endocrine disorders through extensive use of laboratory tests. Many endocrine diseases are diagnosed using tests that stimulate or suppress endocrine organ functioning. Blood samples are then drawn to determine the effect of stimulating or suppressing an endocrine organ on the production of hormones. For example, to diagnose diabetes mellitus, patients are required to fast for 12 to 24 hours. They are then given a sugary drink, which stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin to decrease blood-glucose levels. A blood sample is taken one to two hours after the sugar drink is consumed. If the pancreas is functioning properly, the blood-glucose level will be within a normal range. Another example is the A1C test, which can be performed during blood screening. The A1C test measures average blood-glucose levels over the past two to three months. The A1C test is an indicator of how well blood glucose is being managed over a long time. Once a disease such as diabetes has been diagnosed, endocrinologists can prescribe lifestyle changes and medications to treat the disease. Some cases of diabetes mellitus can be managed by exercise, weight loss, and a healthy diet; in other cases, medications may be required to enhance insulin’s production or effect. If the disease cannot be controlled by these means, the endocrinologist may prescribe insulin injections. In addition to clinical practice, endocrinologists may also be involved in primary research and development activities. For example, ongoing islet transplant research is investigating how healthy pancreas islet cells may be transplanted into diabetic patients. Successful islet transplants may allow patients to stop taking insulin injections. |
What is the term for liquid waste formed by kidneys? | sperm | blood | feces | urine | Urine is a liquid waste formed by the kidneys as they filter the blood. If you are getting plenty of fluids, your urine should be almost clear. But you might have noticed that sometimes your urine is darker than usual. Do you know why this happens? Sometimes your body is low on water and trying to reduce the amount of water lost in urine. Therefore, your urine gets darker than usual. Your body is striving to maintain homeostasis through the process of excretion. |
Why does metal conduct heat and electricity so well? | insulation | electromagnetism | free flowing photons | free flowing electrons | The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals. Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons. As electrons enter one end of a piece of metal, an equal number of electrons flow outward from the other end. When light is shone on to the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light. This process is responsible for the high luster of metals. |
Liverworts are small plants that grow close to what? | tree tops | houses | beaches | ground | Liverworts are small plants that grow close to the ground. |
What do atoms make by rearranging their chemical bonds in a reactant? | minerals | solutions | compounds | products | When a chemical reaction occurs, the atoms in the reactants rearrange their chemical bonds to make products. The new arrangement of bonds does not have the same total energy as the bonds in the reactants. Therefore, when chemical reactions occur, there will always be an accompanying energy change. In some reactions, the energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants. Thus, in the course of the reaction, the substances lose energy to the surrounding environment. Such reactions are exothermic and can be represented by an energylevel diagram like the one in http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 gob-ch07_s04_f01. In most cases, the energy is given off as heat (although a few reactions give off energy as light). Figure 7.3 Exothermic Reactions. |
Spindle fibers pull what apart in anaphase i? | True Chromosomes | known chromosomes | risk chromosomes | linked chromosomes | In anaphase I, the spindle fibers pull the linked chromosomes apart. The sister chromatids remain tightly bound together at the centromere. It is the chiasma connections that are broken in anaphase I as the fibers attached to the fused kinetochores pull the homologous chromosomes apart (Figure 7.5). In telophase I, the separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles. The remainder of the typical telophase events may or may not occur depending on the species. In some organisms, the chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelopes form around the chromatids in telophase I. Cytokinesis, the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into two daughter cells, occurs without reformation of the nuclei in other organisms. In nearly all species, cytokinesis separates the cell contents by either a cleavage furrow (in animals and some fungi), or a cell plate that will ultimately lead to formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells (in plants). At each pole, there is just one member of each pair of the homologous chromosomes, so only one full set of the chromosomes is present. This is why the cells are considered haploid—there is only one chromosome set, even though there are duplicate copies of the set because each homolog still consists of two sister chromatids that are still attached to each other. However, although the sister chromatids were once duplicates of the same chromosome, they are no longer identical at this stage because of crossovers. |
What type of mutations cannot be passed on to offspring? | functional mutations | symbiotic mutations | instructional mutations | somatic mutations | Somatic mutations occur in other cells of the body. These mutations may have little effect on the organism because they are confined to just one cell and its daughter cells. Somatic mutations cannot be passed on to offspring. |
What is the process in which cells break down glucose, release the stored energy, and use it to make atp | electromagnetic respiration | reproduction | photosynthesis | cellular respiration | Cellular respiration is the process in which cells break down glucose, release the stored energy, and use it to make ATP. The process begins in the cytoplasm and is completed in a mitochondrion. |
Dew point is the temperature at which what occurs? | precipitation | combustion | fermentation | condensation | When air is very humid, it doesn’t have to cool very much for water vapor in the air to start condensing. The temperature at which condensation occurs is called the dew point. The dew point varies depending on air temperature and moisture content. It is always less than or equal to the actual air temperature, but warmer air and moister air have dew points closer to the actual air temperature. That’s why glasses of cold drinks “sweat” more on a hot, humid day than they do on a cool, dry day. For more details on the dew point, read the short article at this URL: http://www. kidsgeo. com/geography-for-kids/0108-dew-point. php. |
In what type of diabetes can the pancreas still make insulin, but the cells of the body cannot use it efficiently? | type A diabetes | type 3 diabetes | type 1 diabetes | type 2 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes occurs when body cells are no longer sensitive to insulin. The pancreas may still make insulin, but the cells of the body cannot use it efficiently. Being overweight and having high blood pressure increase the chances of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes usually develops in adulthood, but it is becoming more common in teens and children. This is because more young people are overweight, due to a high sugar and fat diet, now than ever before. |
What are the two classifications of factors in the environment that affect organisms? | Antibiotick and abiotic | shear and abiotic | rotational and abiotic | biotic and abiotic | Organisms depend on their environment to meet their needs, so they are greatly influenced by it. There are many factors in the environment that affect organisms. The factors can be classified as either biotic or abiotic. |
What do increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the air do to the earth's temperature? | Pollute | Lower it | stable it | raise it | |
What is the name of a microorganism that is considered important for living resources in all ecosystem? | protozoa | pathogens | archaea | bacteria | Microorganisms such as bacteria are important living resources in all ecosystems. They recycle nutrients and other matter. |
What bone cell is responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum? | fibroblasts | epithelial | congenial | osteoblast | The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts, which do not divide, synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts. As the secreted matrix surrounding the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped within it; as a result, it changes in structure and becomes an osteocyte, the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell. Each osteocyte is located in a space called a lacuna and is surrounded by bone tissue. Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity. They can communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through canaliculi (singular = canaliculus), channels within the bone matrix. If osteoblasts and osteocytes are incapable of mitosis, then how are they replenished when old ones die? The answer lies in the properties of a third category of bone cells—the osteogenic cell. These osteogenic cells are undifferentiated with high mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells that divide. Immature osteogenic cells are found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow. They differentiate and develop into osteoblasts. The dynamic nature of bone means that new tissue is constantly formed, and old, injured, or unnecessary bone is dissolved for repair or for calcium release. The cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown, is the osteoclast. They are found on bone surfaces, are multinucleated, and originate from monocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cells, not from osteogenic cells. Osteoclasts are continually breaking down old bone while osteoblasts are continually forming new bone. The ongoing balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is responsible for the constant but subtle reshaping of bone. Table 6.3 reviews the bone cells, their functions, and locations. |
Individuals with what condition experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin? | eczema | dementia | psoriasis | vitiligo | Figure 5.10 Vitiligo Individuals with vitiligo experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin. The condition is especially noticeable on darker skin. (credit: Klaus D. Peter). |
What do decomposers release back to the environment after they break down the remains and other wastes? | nematodes | carbon monoxide | unrefined waste | simple inorganic molecules | When organisms die, they leave behind energy and matter in their remains. Decomposers break down the remains and other wastes and release simple inorganic molecules back to the environment. Producers can then use the molecules to make new organic compounds. The stability of decomposers is essential to every ecosystem. Decomposers are classified by the type of organic matter they break down:. |
What are the areas between cells that either allow or prevent the movement of materials called? | receptors | sections | corners | junctions | Junctions are areas between cells that either allow or prevent the movement of materials. Junctions are usually composed of numerous proteins, forming a large molecular complex. Gap junctions, desmosomes and tight junctions are three examples of junctions. |
Arguably the most important ingredient in saliva for digestion is a type of what, which initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates? | fatty | amino | genes | enzyme | Saliva Saliva is essentially (95.5 percent) water. The remaining 4.5 percent is a complex mixture of ions, glycoproteins, enzymes, growth factors, and waste products. Perhaps the most important ingredient in salvia from the perspective of digestion is the enzyme salivary amylase, which initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates. Food does not spend enough time in the mouth to allow all the carbohydrates to break down, but salivary amylase continues acting until it is inactivated by stomach acids. Bicarbonate and phosphate ions function as chemical buffers, maintaining saliva at a pH between 6.35 and 6.85. Salivary mucus helps lubricate food, facilitating movement in the mouth, bolus formation, and swallowing. Saliva contains immunoglobulin A, which prevents microbes from penetrating the epithelium, and lysozyme, which makes saliva antimicrobial. Saliva also contains epidermal growth factor, which might have given rise to the adage “a mother’s kiss can heal a wound. ” Each of the major salivary glands secretes a unique formulation of saliva according to its cellular makeup. For example, the parotid glands secrete a watery solution that contains salivary amylase. The submandibular glands have cells similar to those of the parotid glands, as well as mucus-secreting cells. Therefore, saliva secreted by the submandibular glands also contains amylase but in a liquid thickened with mucus. The sublingual glands contain mostly mucous cells, and they secrete the thickest saliva with the least amount of salivary amylase. |
What element can form two different compounds with oxygen? | hydrogen | dioxide | H20 | carbon | Carbon can form two different compounds with oxygen. |
Each protein has its own unique sequence and shape held together by chemical interactions. if the protein is subject to changes in temperature, ph, or exposure to chemicals, the protein structure may change, losing its shape in what is known as this? | gastrulation | extraction | fermentation | denaturation | Each protein has its own unique sequence and shape held together by chemical interactions. If the protein is subject to changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals, the protein structure may change, losing its shape in what is known as denaturation as discussed earlier. Denaturation is often reversible because the primary structure is preserved if the denaturing agent is removed, allowing the protein to resume its function. Sometimes denaturation is irreversible, leading to a loss of function. One example of protein denaturation can be seen when an egg is fried or boiled. The albumin protein in the liquid egg white is denatured when placed in a hot pan, changing from a clear substance to an opaque white substance. Not all proteins are denatured at high temperatures; for instance, bacteria that survive in hot springs have proteins that are adapted to function at those temperatures. |
Because they can cause diseases in plants, some parasitic fungi are considered what? | bacterial | viral | toxic | pathogenic | |
What is another common term for single-unit smooth muscle? | energies muscle | abnormal muscle | lateral muscle | visceral muscle | Smooth muscle is organized in two ways: as single-unit smooth muscle, which is much more common; and as multiunit smooth muscle. The two types have different locations in the body and have different characteristics. Single-unit muscle has its muscle fibers joined by gap junctions so that the muscle contracts as a single unit. This type of smooth muscle is found in the walls of all visceral organs except the heart (which has cardiac muscle in its walls), and so it is commonly called visceral muscle. Because the muscle fibers are not constrained by the organization and stretchability limits of sarcomeres, visceral smooth muscle has a stress-relaxation response. This means that as the muscle of a hollow organ is stretched when it fills, the mechanical stress of the stretching will trigger contraction, but this is immediately followed by relaxation so that the organ does not empty its contents prematurely. This is important for hollow organs, such as the stomach or urinary bladder, which continuously expand as they fill. The smooth muscle around these organs also can maintain a muscle tone when the organ empties and shrinks, a feature that prevents “flabbiness” in the empty organ. In general, visceral smooth muscle produces slow, steady contractions that allow substances, such as food in the digestive tract, to move through the body. Multiunit smooth muscle cells rarely possess gap junctions, and thus are not electrically coupled. As a result, contraction does not spread from one cell to the next, but is instead confined to the cell that was originally stimulated. Stimuli for multiunit smooth muscles come from autonomic nerves or hormones but not from stretching. This type of tissue is found around large blood vessels, in the respiratory airways, and in the eyes. |
What is the term for the horizontal displacement of a projectile from its starting point? | produce | type | Distance | range | In projectile motion, the horizontal displacement of an object from its starting point is called its range. |
What types of stimuli control endocrine activity? | pressure and chemical | light and pressure | temperature and light | chemical and neural | Role of Endocrine Gland Stimuli Reflexes triggered by both chemical and neural stimuli control endocrine activity. These reflexes may be simple, involving only one hormone response, or they may be more complex and involve many hormones, as is the case with the hypothalamic control of various anterior pituitary–controlled hormones. Humoral stimuli are changes in blood levels of non-hormone chemicals, such as nutrients or ions, which cause the release or inhibition of a hormone to, in turn, maintain homeostasis. For example, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in blood osmolarity (the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma). If blood osmolarity is too high, meaning that the blood is not dilute enough, osmoreceptors signal the hypothalamus to release ADH. The hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and reduce the volume of urine produced. This reabsorption causes a reduction of the osmolarity of the blood, diluting the blood to the appropriate level. The regulation of blood glucose is another example. High blood glucose levels cause the release of insulin from the pancreas, which increases glucose uptake by cells and liver storage of glucose as glycogen. An endocrine gland may also secrete a hormone in response to the presence of another hormone produced by a different endocrine gland. Such hormonal stimuli often involve the hypothalamus, which produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the secretion of a variety of pituitary hormones. In addition to these chemical signals, hormones can also be released in response to neural stimuli. A common example of neural stimuli is the activation of the fight-or-flight response by the sympathetic nervous system. When an individual perceives danger, sympathetic neurons signal the adrenal glands to secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine. The two. |
What events, resulting in death of over half of animal species, have occurred on earth at least five times in the past 540 million years? | spontaneous mutations | mass migrations | microevolutions | mass extinctions | Since life began on Earth, there have been several major mass extinctions. If you look closely at the geological time scale, you will find that at least five major mass extinctions have occurred in the past 540 million years. In each mass extinction, over 50% of animal species died. The total number of mass extinctions could be as high as 20. |
What is most of the water used in agriculture used for? | sowing | cleaning | construction | irrigation | Many crops are grown where there isn’t enough rainfall for plants to thrive. For example, crops are grown in deserts of the American southwest. How is this possible? The answer is irrigation. Irrigation is any way of providing extra water to plants. Most of the water used in agriculture is used for irrigation. Livestock also use water, but they use much less. |
What is a collection of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes that has accumulated along the lining of a blood vessel called? | clots | atherosclerosis | embolus | thrombus | thrombosis, can be caused by excessive numbers of platelets. A thrombus is a collection of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes that has accumulated along the lining of a blood vessel, whereas an embolus is a thrombus that has broken free from the vessel wall and is circulating in the bloodstream. |
Acidity is measured on what kind of scale? | pneumatic scale | electromagnetic scale | caloric scale | ph scale | Acidity is measured on a pH scale. Rain that is 5.0 or less on that scale is considered acid rain. |
What is the enclosed, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus and is attached to the placenta? | womb | epithelial sac | umbilical sac | amniotic sac | Attached to the placenta is the amniotic sac , an enclosed membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus. It contains amniotic fluid , which consists of water and dissolved substances. The fluid allows the fetus to move freely until it grows to fill most of the available space. The fluid also cushions the fetus and helps protect it from injury. |
Alzheimer’s disease is a disease that occurs mainly in what population? | white adults | younger adults | female adults | older adults | Alzheimer’s disease is another disease that occurs mainly in older adults. In Alzheimer’s disease, a person gradually loses most normal mental functions. The patient typically suffers from increasing memory loss, confusion, and mood swings. The cause of Alzheimer’s isn’t known for certain, but it appears to be associated with certain abnormal changes in the brain. There is no known cure for this devastating disease, but medicines may be able to slow its progression. |
What do sudoriferous glands secrete? | tissue | water | moving | sweat | Sweat Glands When the body becomes warm, sudoriferous glands produce sweat to cool the body. Sweat glands develop from epidermal projections into the dermis and are classified as merocrine glands; that is, the secretions are excreted by exocytosis through a duct without affecting the cells of the gland. There are two types of sweat glands, each secreting slightly different products. An eccrine sweat gland is type of gland that produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation. These glands are found all over the skin’s surface, but are especially abundant on the palms of the hand, the soles of the feet, and the forehead (Figure 5.14). They are coiled glands lying deep in the dermis, with the duct rising up to a pore on the skin surface, where the sweat is released. This type of sweat, released by exocytosis, is hypotonic and composed mostly of water, with some salt, antibodies, traces of metabolic waste, and dermicidin, an antimicrobial peptide. Eccrine glands are a primary component of thermoregulation in humans and thus help to maintain homeostasis. |
Group 15 of the periodic table is also called which group? | hydrogen | oxygen | potassium | nitrogen | Group 15 of the periodic table is also called the nitrogen group. The first element in the group is the nonmetal nitrogen (N), followed by phosphorus (P), another nonmetal. Arsenic (As) ( Figure below ) and antimony (Sb) are the metalloids in this group, and bismuth (Bi) is a metal. All group 15 elements have five valence electrons, but they vary in their reactivity. Nitrogen, for example, is not very reactive at all, whereas phosphorus is very reactive and found naturally only in combination with other substances. All group 15 elements are solids, except for nitrogen, which is a gas. |
Humans need lipids for many vital functions such as storing energy and forming what? | enzymes | ionic bonds | zygotes | cell membranes | Humans need lipids for many vital functions such as storing energy and forming cell membranes. Lipids can also supply cells with energy. In fact, a gram of lipids supplies more than twice as much energy as a gram of carbohydrates or proteins. Lipids are necessary in the diet for most of these functions. Although the human body can manufacture most of the lipids it needs, there are others, called essential fatty acids , that must be consumed in food. Essential fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Both of these fatty acids are needed for important biological processes, not just for energy. |
What bond is a force of attraction between ions and atoms? | radiation bond | carbon bond | Ionic bond | chemical bond | A chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms or ions. Bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons. |
What type of cells are the smallest of all human cells? | meristematic | egg | dna | sperm | Sperm are tiny cells. In fact, they are the smallest of all human cells. They have a structure that suits them well to perform their function. |
Vertebrates also require relatively large quantities of calcium and phosphorus for building and maintaining what? | metabolism | brain cells | blood | bone | |
What contains most of the structures found in skin? | basal layer | epidermis | subcutaneous layer | dermis | Structures of the Dermis. The dermis contains most of the structures found in skin. |
What is the study of matter and energy referred to as? | cosmology | biology | geology | physical science | Physical science is the study of matter and energy. It includes chemistry, which focuses on matter, and physics, which focuses on energy. |
What do you call the ability of a particular electrochemical cell to generate an electric current? | electromagnetism | momentum | kinetic energy | electrical potential | The ability of a particular electrochemical cell to generate an electric current is called its electrical potential. Reduction potentials measure the tendency of a substance to be reduced in a redox reaction. |
What is a controlled scientific study of specific variables called? | variation | practicum | example | experiment | An experiment is a controlled scientific study of specific variables. A variable is a factor that can take on different values. |
What happened to earth's species during the permian period? | division | evolution | duplication | mass extinction | The Permian Period ended with Earth’s second mass extinction. During this event, most of Earth’s species went extinct. It was the most massive extinction ever recorded. It’s not clear why it happened. One possible reason is that a very large meteorite struck Earth. Another possibility is the eruption of enormous volcanoes. Either event could create a huge amount of dust. The dust might block out sunlight for months. This would cool the planet and prevent photosynthesis. |
Which organ in the body controls the amount of water loss in urine in response to maintaining homeostasis? | spleen | lungs | liver | kidneys | The boy in Figure below is working out on a hot day. He’s losing a lot of water in sweat. To maintain homeostasis, his body can balance the water lost in sweat by excreting less water in urine. The amount of water lost in urine is controlled by the kidneys. The kidneys are organs of excretion. |
What is corrosive mixture is formulated by the combination of water, air and sulfur? | hydrochloric acid | nitric acid | sulfuric water | sulfuric acid | Surface mining exposes minerals that were underground to air and water at the surface. These minerals contain the chemical element sulfur. Sulfur mixes with air and water to make sulfuric acid. This acid is a highly corrosive chemical. Sulfuric acid gets into nearby streams and can kill fish, plants, and animals. Surface mining is safer for the miners. |
What type of pollutants enter the air directly? | carbon | secondary | liquid | primary | Primary pollutants enter the air directly. Some are released by natural processes, like ash from volcanoes. Most are released by human activities. Carbon oxides are released when fossil fuels burn. |
What type of reaction is a process in which some substances, called reactants, change into different substances, called products? | toxic reaction | reversible reaction | physical reaction | chemical reaction | A chemical reaction is a process in which some substances, called reactants, change into different substances, called products. During the reaction, chemical bonds break in the reactants and new chemical bonds form in the products. |
What is the number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula that shows how many atoms or molecules of the substance are involved in the reaction? | note | requirement | frequency | coefficient | Coefficients are used to balance chemical equations. A coefficient is a number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula. It shows how many atoms or molecules of the substance are involved in the reaction. |
Through what does urine enter the bladder? | the tubules | the enterocytes | the vas deferens | the ureters | Nephrons filter about ¼ cup of body fluid per minute. In a 24-hour period, nephrons filter 180 liters of fluid, and 1.5 liters of the fluid is released as urine. Urine enters the bladder through the ureters. Similar to a balloon, the walls of the bladder are stretchy. The stretchy walls allow the bladder to hold a large amount of urine. The bladder can hold about 1½ to 2½ cups of urine but may also hold more if the urine cannot be released immediately. |
The male and female reproductive system is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) produced by what gland? | adrenal | thyroid | testes | pituitary | 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones The male and female reproductive system is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. In males, FSH stimulates sperm maturation, which is inhibited by the hormone inhibin. The steroid hormone testosterone, a type of androgen, is released in response to LH and is responsible for the maturation and maintenance of the male reproductive system, as well as the development of male secondary sex characteristics. In females, FSH promotes egg maturation and LH signals the secretion of the female sex hormones, the estrogens and progesterone. Both of these hormones are important in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system, as well as maintaining pregnancy. The placenta develops during early pregnancy, and secretes several hormones important for maintaining the pregnancy. |
How do plants grow? | through pollination and cell division | through cell growth and sexual reproduction | through mitosis and cell division | through cell growth and cell division | Most plants continue to grow throughout their lives. Like other multicellular organisms, plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases cell size. Cell division increases the number of cells. |
What part of the brain is attached to the brain stem but considered a separate region of the adult brain? | frontal lobe | parietal lobe | temporal lobe | cerebellum | Brain Stem The midbrain and hindbrain (composed of the pons and the medulla) are collectively referred to as the brain stem (Figure 13.12). The structure emerges from the ventral surface of the forebrain as a tapering cone that connects the brain to the spinal cord. Attached to the brain stem, but considered a separate region of the adult brain, is the cerebellum. The midbrain coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory perceptual spaces. The pons is the main connection with the cerebellum. The pons and the medulla regulate several crucial functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates. |
Plants are described by what term, meaning their cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles? | walled | complex | prokaryotic | eukaryotic | Plants are multicellular and eukaryotic, meaning their cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
What is a primary source of the hormone melatonin? | thyroid gland | thymus | pituitary gland | pineal gland | |
How many more times likely are men to suffer from iron overload? | two times | twenty times | eight times | ten times | |
Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in what? | muscles | blood | lipids | cells | |
What does the inner membrane divide into two internal compartments? | golgi apparatus | chitin | epidermis | mitochondrion | |
Defined as total distance traveled divided by elapsed speed, average speed is a scalar quantity that does not include what? | size | shift | pressure | direction | • Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the elapsed time. (Average speed is not the magnitude of the average velocity. ) Speed is a scalar quantity; it has no direction associated with it. |
Lymph capillaries collect fluid that leaks out of what? | lymph nodes | bladder | alveoli | blood capillaries | Lymph capillaries collect fluid that leaks out from blood capillaries. The lymphatic vessels return the fluid to the cardiovascular system. |
Action potentials occur whenever a depolarization increases the membrane voltage to a particular value called what? | fraction | velocity | ohms | threshold | |
Programmed cell death is also known as? | necrosis | suicide | sepsis | apoptosis | |
What happens to the mass number during a nuclear decay process by positron emission? | it increases | it rises | it decreases | remains unchanged | During a nuclear decay process that occurs by positron emission, a proton is converted into a neutron and a positron. The neutron remains in the nucleus, and the positron is expelled. Overall, the atomic number of the parent nucleus increases by one, and the mass number is unchanged. For example, carbon-11 emits a positron to become boron-11:. |
Embryos usually don't survive if they have extra or too few of these genetic units? | ribosomes | phenotypes | genes | chromosomes | Outside of chromosome 21 and the sex chromosomes, most embryos with extra chromosomes do not usually survive. Because chromosomes carry many, many genes, a disruption of a chromosome can cause severe problems with the development of a fetus. Individuals with one (or more) fewer chromosome usually don't survive either. Can you explain why?. |
Like the other outer planets, neptune has rings of ice and what? | glass | gas | mercury | dust | Like the other outer planets, Neptune has rings of ice and dust. These rings are much thinner and fainter than Saturn's. Neptune's rings may be unstable. They may change or disappear in a relatively short time. |
In an electromagnetic wave, what do the crests and troughs represent? | particles fields | vibrating fields | ocean waves | oscillating fields | The black line represents the straight path of the light itself. Along this path, there exists an electric field that will reach a maximum positive charge, slowly collapse to zero charge, and then expand to a maximum negative charge. Similarly, there is an changing magnetic field that oscillates from maximum north pole field to maximum south pole field. Along the path of the electromagnetic wave, these changing fields repeat, oscillating over and over again. However, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields demonstrate a weaving pattern that is not the way light travels. For an electromagnetic wave, the crests and troughs represent the oscillating fields, not the path of the light. |
What biome is located between the temperate and tropical biomes? | Tropical | Desert | mountainous | subtropical | Latitude means how far a biome is from the equator. Moving from the poles to the equator, you will find (in order) Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical biomes. |
Metabolism is the sum of all catabolic and which other reactions in the body? | abolic | inbolic | systic | anabolic | CHAPTER REVIEW 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions Metabolism is the sum of all catabolic (break down) and anabolic (synthesis) reactions in the body. The metabolic rate measures the amount of energy used to maintain life. An organism must ingest a sufficient amount of food to maintain its metabolic rate if the organism is to stay alive for very long. Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins from ingested food, into their constituent smaller parts. They also include the breakdown of ATP, which releases the energy needed for metabolic processes in all cells throughout the body. Anabolic reactions, or biosynthetic reactions, synthesize larger molecules from smaller constituent parts, using ATP as the energy source for these reactions. Anabolic reactions build bone, muscle mass, and new proteins, fats, and nucleic acids. Oxidation-reduction reactions transfer electrons across molecules by oxidizing one molecule and reducing another, and collecting the released energy to convert Pi and ADP into ATP. Errors in metabolism alter the processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and can result in a number of disease states. |
Diarrhea due to food poisoning is an example of a problem involving what organ system? | muscular system | lung system | skeletal system | digestive system | Much of the time, you probably aren’t aware of your digestive system. It works well without causing any problems. But most people have problems with their digestive system at least once in a while. Did you ever eat something that didn’t “agree” with you? Maybe you had a stomachache or felt sick to your stomach. Perhaps you had diarrhea. These can be symptoms of food poisoning. |
White light is a mixture of all wavelengths of what? | x-rays | gamma radiation | infrared radiation | visible light | |
What prevents solutes that have accumulated in the xylem from leaking back into the soil solution? | the altostratus | the exoskeleton | the exodermis | the endodermis | |
Hydrogen chloride contains one atom of hydrogen and one atom of what? | nitrogen | magnesium | calcium | chlorine | Hydrogen chloride contains one atom of hydrogen and one atom of chlorine. Because the. |
What property of toluene and xylene makes them important in the chemical industry? | isolate property | excess property | corrosive property | solvent property | Toluene and xylene are important solvents and raw materials in the chemical industry. Styrene is used to produce the polymer polystyrene. |
The earliest cells were prokaryotes, surrounded by a cell membrane but lacking which key structure? | lysosomes | mitochondria | ribosomes | nucleus | The first organisms were made of only one cell ( Figure below ). The earliest cells were prokaryotes . Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. They do not have a nucleus. Their organelles are free in the cell. The cells get their nutrients directly from the water they live in. The cells need to use these nutrients to live and grow. |
When is the rate of the forward reaction equal to the rate of the reverse reaction? | after equilibrium | at conduction | before equilibrium | at equilibrium | At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. |
In which process do signaling molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells? | orientation | replication | maturation | induction | |
Every species has a characteristic number of what? | DNA | ribosomes | receptors | chromosomes | |
Ecologists already use the abilities of many prokaryotes to carry out bioremediation of soils and what else? | plasma | air | gas | water | |
How is most evidence gathered in science? | field research | hypothesis | observation | lab experiments | Lab experiments are the main method of gathering evidence in some branches of science. Why might lab experiments not be the best way to study living things, such as wild animals?. |
Phosphate groups are found within phospholipids and what else? | hydrocarbon chains | amino acids | carotenoids | nucleotides | Phosphate groups are found within phospholipids and nucleotides. |
Yogurt is made with milk fermented with what? | disease | viruses | pathogens | bacteria | Describe hurricane formation and the damage they cause. |
What is energy from the sun called? | kinetic energy | potential energy | thermodynamic energy | solar energy | |
What is the term for when gravity pulls soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs and hillsides? | mass momentum | mass pressure | avalanche | mass movement | Gravity can pull soil, mud, and rocks down cliffs and hillsides. This is called mass movement. The most destructive types of mass movement are landslides and mudslides. They occur suddenly and without warming. They engulf everything in their path. |
Metals are good conductors of what? | sound | light | metabolism | electricity | Metals are elements that are good conductors of electricity. They are the largest of the three classes of elements. In fact, most elements are metals. Look back at the modern periodic table ( Figure above ) in this chapter’s lesson "How Elements Are Organized. " Find the metals in the table. They are all the elements that are color-coded blue. Examples include sodium (Na), silver (Ag), and zinc (Zn). |
What plant hormone allows plants to curve in a specific direction? | apoptosis | peptides | pheremone | auxin | Plants may not be able to move to another location, but they are able to change how they grow in response to their environment. Growth toward or away from a stimulus is known as a tropism ( Table below ). Auxins, a class of plant hormones, allow plants to curve in specific directions as they grow. The auxin moves to one side of the stem, where it starts a chain of events that cause rapid cell growth on just that one side of the stem. With one side of the stem growing faster than the other, the plant begins to bend. |
What is the most common type of organic compound? | vitamins | proteins | fats | carbohydrates | Carbohydrates are the most common type of organic compound. A carbohydrate is an organic compound such as sugar or starch, and is used to store energy. Like most organic compounds, carbohydrates are built of small, repeating units that form bonds with each other to make a larger molecule. In the case of carbohydrates, the small repeating units are called monosaccharides. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
Dissolved oxygen in seawater is critical for sea creatures, but as the oceans warm, oxygen becomes less what? | saturated | insoluble | abundant | soluble | Introduction Coral reefs are home to about 25% of all marine species. They are being threatened by climate change, oceanic acidification, and water pollution, all of which change the composition of the solution we know as seawater. Dissolved oxygen in seawater is critical for sea creatures, but as the oceans warm, oxygen becomes less soluble. As the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the oceans increases, contributing to oceanic acidification. Coral reefs are particularly sensitive to the acidification of the ocean, since the exoskeletons of the coral polyps are soluble in acidic solutions. Humans contribute to the changing of seawater composition by allowing agricultural runoff and other forms of pollution to affect our oceans. Solutions are crucial to the processes that sustain life and to many other processes involving chemical reactions. In this chapter, we will consider the nature of solutions, and examine factors that determine whether a solution will form and what properties it may have. In addition, we will discuss colloids—systems that resemble solutions but consist of dispersions of particles somewhat larger than ordinary molecules or ions. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.