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gem-squad_v2-train-2000 | 570b56026b8089140040f895 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. | What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II? | What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II? | [
"What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Greatest Generation"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2001 | 570b56026b8089140040f896 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. | Both during and after the conclusion of World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country? | Both during and after the conclusion of World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country? | [
"Both during and after the conclusion of World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2002 | 5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c8e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. | How many Americans served in the military in World War I? | How many Americans served in the military in World War I? | [
" How many Americans served in the military in World War I?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2003 | 5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c8f | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. | How many American service personnel died in World War I? | How many American service personnel died in World War I? | [
" How many American service personnel died in World War I?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2004 | 5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c90 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. | What other country besides the UK became a super power after World War II? | What other country besides the UK became a super power after World War II? | [
" What other country besides the UK became a super power after World War II?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2005 | 5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c91 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. | What name is given to those Americans who served in World War I? | What name is given to those Americans who served in World War I? | [
"What name is given to those Americans who served in World War I?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2006 | 5ad174b5645df0001a2d1c92 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement. | Both during and after the conclusion of World War I, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country? | Both during and after the conclusion of World War I, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country? | [
" Both during and after the conclusion of World War I, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2007 | 570b56c06b8089140040f89c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology? | The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology? | [
"The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Communism"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2008 | 570b56c06b8089140040f89d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | What was the psychological turning point of the war? | What was the psychological turning point of the war? | [
"What was the psychological turning point of the war?"
]
| {
"text": [
"The Tet Offensive"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2009 | 570b56c06b8089140040f89e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | When did this offensive take place? | When did this offensive take place? | [
"When did this offensive take place? "
]
| {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2010 | 570b56c06b8089140040f89f | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam? | When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam? | [
"When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
796
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2011 | 570b56c06b8089140040f8a0 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what? | The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what? | [
"The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?"
]
| {
"text": [
"\"Vietnamization,\""
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2012 | 5ad17615645df0001a2d1cf8 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | The policy of containment in Korea was aimed at what ideology? | The policy of containment in Korea was aimed at what ideology? | [
"The policy of containment in Korea was aimed at what ideology?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2013 | 5ad17615645df0001a2d1cf9 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | What was the sociological turning point of the war? | What was the sociological turning point of the war? | [
" What was the sociological turning point of the war?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2014 | 5ad17615645df0001a2d1cfa | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | When did this defense take place? | When did this defense take place? | [
"When did this defense take place?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2015 | 5ad17615645df0001a2d1cfb | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | When were US forces withdrawn from China? | When were US forces withdrawn from China? | [
" When were US forces withdrawn from China?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2016 | 5ad17615645df0001a2d1cfc | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified. | The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Chinese to fight their own war was called what? | The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Chinese to fight their own war was called what? | [
"The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Chinese to fight their own war was called what?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2017 | 570b57586b8089140040f8a6 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony? | When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony? | [
"When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1774"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2018 | 570b57586b8089140040f8a7 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | What colony was placed under martial law? | What colony was placed under martial law? | [
"What colony was placed under martial law?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Massachusetts"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2019 | 570b57586b8089140040f8a8 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution? | What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution? | [
"What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Lexington and Concord"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2020 | 570b57586b8089140040f8a9 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief? | Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief? | [
"Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?"
]
| {
"text": [
"The Continental Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2021 | 570b57586b8089140040f8aa | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | When did the colonies declare independence? | When did the colonies declare independence? | [
"When did the colonies declare independence?"
]
| {
"text": [
"July 4, 1776"
],
"answer_start": [
862
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2022 | 5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | When did Britain declare martial law in a South American colony? | When did Britain declare martial law in a South American colony? | [
"When did Britain declare martial law in a South American colony?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2023 | 5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | What colony wasn't placed under martial law? | What colony wasn't placed under martial law? | [
"What colony wasn't placed under martial law?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2024 | 5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | What were the second conflicts of the American Revolution? | What were the second conflicts of the American Revolution? | [
" What were the second conflicts of the American Revolution?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2025 | 5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b2f | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | Who rejected Washington to serve as commander in chief? | Who rejected Washington to serve as commander in chief? | [
" Who rejected Washington to serve as commander in chief?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2026 | 5ad16f3d645df0001a2d1b30 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776. | When did the colonies declare dependence? | When did the colonies declare dependence? | [
" When did the colonies declare dependence?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2027 | 570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99a | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War? | What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War? | [
"What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War?"
]
| {
"text": [
"having only a modest army"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2028 | 570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99b | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | Why was the US military so small initially? | Why was the US military so small initially? | [
"Why was the US military so small initially?"
]
| {
"text": [
"A traditional distrust of standing armies"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2029 | 570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | The founding fathers had faith in what military groups? | The founding fathers had faith in what military groups? | [
"The founding fathers had faith in what military groups?"
]
| {
"text": [
"local militia"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2030 | 570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in? | What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in? | [
"What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in?"
]
| {
"text": [
"foreign wars"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2031 | 570b58f5ec8fbc190045b99e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place? | Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place? | [
"Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place?"
]
| {
"text": [
"a domestic tyrant to seize power"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2032 | 5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | What quality made the US a major military power after the Revolutionary War? | What quality made the US a major military power after the Revolutionary War? | [
"What quality made the US a major military power after the Revolutionary War?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2033 | 5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | Why was the US military so large initially? | Why was the US military so large initially? | [
" Why was the US military so large initially?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2034 | 5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | The founding fathers had no faith in what military groups? | The founding fathers had no faith in what military groups? | [
" The founding fathers had no faith in what military groups?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2035 | 5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b5f | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve Africa in? | What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve Africa in? | [
" What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve Africa in?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2036 | 5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b60 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power. | Early leaders also feared a small army would allow what internal conflict to take place? | Early leaders also feared a small army would allow what internal conflict to take place? | [
" Early leaders also feared a small army would allow what internal conflict to take place?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2037 | 570b59d76b8089140040f8b0 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations? | What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations? | [
"What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Sioux and Comanche"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2038 | 570b59d76b8089140040f8b1 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War? | What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War? | [
"What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?"
]
| {
"text": [
"population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2039 | 570b59d76b8089140040f8b2 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations? | Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations? | [
"Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?"
]
| {
"text": [
"William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2040 | 570b59d76b8089140040f8b3 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought? | When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought? | [
"When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1876"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2041 | 570b59d76b8089140040f8b4 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn? | What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn? | [
"What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Col. George Armstrong Custer"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2042 | 5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bd8 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | What two tribes particularly resisted being not confined to reservations? | What two tribes particularly resisted being not confined to reservations? | [
"What two tribes particularly resisted being not confined to reservations?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2043 | 5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bd9 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the eastern plains after the Civil War? | What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the eastern plains after the Civil War? | [
"What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the eastern plains after the Civil War?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2044 | 5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bda | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing African policy of putting Indians on reservations? | Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing African policy of putting Indians on reservations? | [
" Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing African policy of putting Indians on reservations?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2045 | 5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bdb | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | When was the Battle of Big Little Horn fought? | When was the Battle of Big Little Horn fought? | [
" When was the Battle of Big Little Horn fought?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2046 | 5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bdc | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891. | hat US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Big Little Horn? | hat US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Big Little Horn? | [
"hat US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Big Little Horn?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2047 | 570b5b516b8089140040f8ba | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century? | What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century? | [
"What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2048 | 570b5b516b8089140040f8bb | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of? | What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of? | [
"What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?"
]
| {
"text": [
"torpedo plane"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2049 | 570b5b516b8089140040f8bc | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under? | What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under? | [
"What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Franklin D. Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2050 | 570b5b516b8089140040f8bd | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated? | When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated? | [
"When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1913–15"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2051 | 5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c1e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century? | What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century? | [
"What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2052 | 5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c1f | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | What aircraft did Fiske call for the dissolvement of? | What aircraft did Fiske call for the dissolvement of? | [
" What aircraft did Fiske call for the dissolvement of?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2053 | 5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c20 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve over? | What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve over? | [
" What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve over?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2054 | 5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c21 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway. | When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Army operated? | When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Army operated? | [
" When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Army operated?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2055 | 570b5c156b8089140040f8c2 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918? | What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918? | [
"What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?"
]
| {
"text": [
"doughboys"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2056 | 570b5c156b8089140040f8c3 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918? | What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918? | [
"What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?"
]
| {
"text": [
"American Expeditionary Forces"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2057 | 570b5c156b8089140040f8c4 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe? | Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe? | [
"Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?"
]
| {
"text": [
"John J. Pershing"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2058 | 570b5c156b8089140040f8c5 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | When did fighting on the western front end? | When did fighting on the western front end? | [
"When did fighting on the western front end?"
]
| {
"text": [
"November 11, 1918"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2059 | 570b5c156b8089140040f8c6 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front? | What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front? | [
"What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Armistice"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2060 | 5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | What was the name given to African soldiers in Europe in 1918? | What was the name given to African soldiers in Europe in 1918? | [
"What was the name given to African soldiers in Europe in 1918?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2061 | 5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Asia in 1918? | What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Asia in 1918? | [
"What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Asia in 1918?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2062 | 5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | Who had overall command of the African forces in Europe? | Who had overall command of the African forces in Europe? | [
" Who had overall command of the African forces in Europe?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2063 | 5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c4f | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | When did fighting on the eastern front end? | When did fighting on the eastern front end? | [
" When did fighting on the eastern front end?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2064 | 5ad173ad645df0001a2d1c50 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918. | What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the eastern front? | What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the eastern front? | [
" What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the eastern front?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2065 | 570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a4 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II? | What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II? | [
"What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?"
]
| {
"text": [
"air power"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2066 | 570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a5 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | When did the US officially enter World War II? | When did the US officially enter World War II? | [
"When did the US officially enter World War II?"
]
| {
"text": [
"8 December 1941"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2067 | 570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a6 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | What event led to America entering the war? | What event led to America entering the war? | [
"What event led to America entering the war?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2068 | 570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a7 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do? | At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do? | [
"At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?"
]
| {
"text": [
"seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2069 | 570b5cafec8fbc190045b9a8 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan? | What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan? | [
"What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2070 | 5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6a | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War I? | What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War I? | [
"What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War I?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2071 | 5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6b | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | When did the US officially enter World War I? | When did the US officially enter World War I? | [
" When did the US officially enter World War I?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2072 | 5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | What event led to Africa entering the war? | What event led to Africa entering the war? | [
" What event led to Africa entering the war?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2073 | 5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did England do? | At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did England do? | [
" At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did England do?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2074 | 5ad1741f645df0001a2d1c6e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii. | What country served as an African forward base to wage war with Japan? | What country served as an African forward base to wage war with Japan? | [
" What country served as an African forward base to wage war with Japan?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2075 | 570b5d446b8089140040f8cc | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | When was the Vietnam War fought? | When was the Vietnam War fought? | [
"When was the Vietnam War fought?"
]
| {
"text": [
"between 1959 and 1975"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2076 | 570b5d446b8089140040f8cd | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war? | Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war? | [
"Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Cambodia and Laos"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2077 | 570b5d446b8089140040f8ce | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam? | What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam? | [
"What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Operation Rolling Thunder"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2078 | 570b5d446b8089140040f8cf | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam? | When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam? | [
"When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?"
]
| {
"text": [
"1964"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2079 | 570b5d446b8089140040f8d0 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam? | What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam? | [
"What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2080 | 5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb6 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | When was the Chinese War fought? | When was the Chinese War fought? | [
" When was the Chinese War fought?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2081 | 5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb7 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | Besides China, what other countries saw fighting in this war? | Besides China, what other countries saw fighting in this war? | [
" Besides China, what other countries saw fighting in this war?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2082 | 5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb8 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | What was the name of the bombing of South Korea? | What was the name of the bombing of South Korea? | [
" What was the name of the bombing of South Korea?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2083 | 5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb9 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | When did American military involvement ramp up in China? | When did American military involvement ramp up in China? | [
" When did American military involvement ramp up in China?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2084 | 5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cba | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. | What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to China? | What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to China? | [
" What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to China?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2085 | 570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9ae | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war? | Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war? | [
"Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?"
]
| {
"text": [
"North Africa during World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2086 | 570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9af | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience? | What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience? | [
"What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?"
]
| {
"text": [
"8 years of war with Iran"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2087 | 570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b0 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | What equipment did the Iraqi army possess? | What equipment did the Iraqi army possess? | [
"What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?"
]
| {
"text": [
"late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2088 | 570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b1 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict? | Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict? | [
"Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier"
],
"answer_start": [
777
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2089 | 570b5e2dec8fbc190045b9b2 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | What problem did the Iraqi forces have? | What problem did the Iraqi forces have? | [
"What problem did the Iraqi forces have?"
]
| {
"text": [
"the antiaircraft weapons were crippled"
],
"answer_start": [
652
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2090 | 5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2a | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | ome observers thought that the Chinese Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war? | ome observers thought that the Chinese Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war? | [
"ome observers thought that the Chinese Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2091 | 5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2b | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | What conflict was supposed to have provided Iranian forces with battle experience? | What conflict was supposed to have provided Iranian forces with battle experience? | [
"What conflict was supposed to have provided Iranian forces with battle experience?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2092 | 5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | What equipment did the Iranian army possess? | What equipment did the Iranian army possess? | [
" What equipment did the Iranian army possess?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2093 | 5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2d | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major African military conflict? | Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major African military conflict? | [
"Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major African military conflict?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2094 | 5ad1771f645df0001a2d1d2e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire. | What problem did the Iranian forces have? | What problem did the Iranian forces have? | [
" What problem did the Iranian forces have?"
]
| {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2095 | 570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d6 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory. | What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria? | What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria? | [
"What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?"
]
| {
"text": [
"ISIL"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2096 | 570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d7 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory. | What legal ethos does ISIL operate under? | What legal ethos does ISIL operate under? | [
"What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?"
]
| {
"text": [
"Sharia law"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2097 | 570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d8 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory. | What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers? | What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers? | [
"What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?"
]
| {
"text": [
"kidnapping and decapitation"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2098 | 570b5f0c6b8089140040f8d9 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory. | How did the US intervene against ISIL? | How did the US intervene against ISIL? | [
"How did the US intervene against ISIL?"
]
| {
"text": [
"airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2099 | 570b5f0c6b8089140040f8da | Military_history_of_the_United_States | With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory. | What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria? | What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria? | [
"What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?"
]
| {
"text": [
"degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
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