id
stringlengths 8
90
| text
stringlengths 528
58.1k
| page_name
stringlengths 2
99
| topic
stringclasses 15
values | subtopic
stringclasses 45
values | subjects_top_term
stringclasses 279
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2646_Silkie | spelled silky breed chicken named plumage said feel like silk breed unusual qualities black skin bones blue toes foot chickens exhibited shows appear colors addition distinctive physical characteristics known calm friendly temperament exceptionally care young fair layers laying eggs week commonly hatch eggs breeds bird species nature history unknown exactly singular combination attributes appeared documented point origin ancient china occasionally encountered bird chinese silk chicken places southeast_asia named possibilities india java earliest surviving written account comes wrote chicken 13th century travels asia writer naturalist italy published comprehensive treatise chickens read admired today spoke wool bearing chickens ones clothed hair like black cat likely way west maritime trade breed recognized officially north_america acceptance common west myths early dutch breeders told buyers offspring chickens rabbits promoted having actual fur 21st century popular ornamental breeds chicken kept ornamental pet chickens backyard keepers commonly raise offspring chickens like ducks game birds characteristics considered breed countries varies according region breed standards class officially large actually separate variety time north american strains breed sized europe standard sized original version standard relatively small chickens males weighing pounds females weighing pounds calls males females grams plumage unique chicken breeds recent years developed breeds notably britain netherlands compared silk fur overall result soft appearance feathers lack functioning similar birds characteristic leaves unable fly appear distinct varieties non extra feathers area covers separated according color colors recognized competitive showing include black blue buff grey white alternative red splash exist standards perfection small colored dark blue addition defining characteristics toes foot breeds exhibit rare trait include sultan black skin bones grayish black meat chinese language meaning black chicken extends skin animal tissue rare trait chickens caused rare believed begun asia breeds descended asian stock possess color breed generally produce common meat breeds chicken lay fair number eggs cream color production interrupted extreme tendency produce eggs ideal year capacity bred bred especially egg production exploited keepers allowing raise offspring birds addition good mothers universally renowned calm friendly temperament confinement interact children cause bullied active aggressive birds kept mixed flocks standard male weight female british standard smaller australian standard weights males females british standard weight males females known usually additional foot genetic cause extra digit formation shown gene called regulatory sequence causes expression anterior developing limb leading increased tissue growth feet display wings standard digit arrangement japanese initially develops additional wing embryo lost prior hatching genetic cause differs cause chicken breed expression secondary effect cuisine black meat generally considered unusual attribute european american contrast asian consider meat food chinese cuisine especially values breed common ingredient japanese vietnamese korean dishes areas chinese cuisine strong influence malaysia cook early 7th century traditional chinese medicine held chicken soup meat food usual methods cooking include traditional chinese soup uses ingredients mountain orange fresh fusion restaurants metropolitan areas west cooked traditional american french cuisine | Silkie | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
3140_GiantSchnauzer | giant giant working breed dog developed 17th century germany largest breeds breeds standard miniature numerous breeds development including black originally bred assist farms driving livestock market guarding farmer property breed eventually moved city worked guarding shops factories unknown outside bavaria popular military dog world war world war dense coarse coat protects weather come color patterns solid black color known pepper salt banded hairs alternating white black appearing gray hairs distance legal shown ears docked tails like distinct beard today numerous dog sports including police dog history giant emerged german state bavaria 17th century original considered rough coated version german breeds hair thought help withstand harsh german winters bites origins breed unclear sources speculate originated combination black des standard giant originally bred farm dog guarding property driving animals market turn 20th century giant factories bavaria unknown outside bavaria military dog world war world war giant imported america 1930s remained rare 1960s breed popular new registered number animals new dogs registered modern times giant police dog trained obedience dog agility search rescue shown shows europe breed considered working dog dog focus european clubs shows working ability breed countries including germany dogs achieve title qualify champion description appearance giant called giant comparison large dog breeds great instead comparison standard miniature breed standard calls males stand inches females stand inches square shape resemble larger version standard tail long ears small button ears carried high head legal possibly docked ears head length dog measured base tail flat coat dense weather resistant fur giant face forms distinct beard stride long crisp come colors solid black pattern called pepper salt banded hairs black white hairs cover body giving appearance having temperament usually quiet breed breeding giant inherently suspicious strangers territorial introduced usually accepting novel people situations potential aggressive usually reserved commanding figure aroused giant described children intelligent bored easily energetic highly spirited coupled lead unwanted destructive behavior easily trained deeply loyal owner breeders believe pepper salt colored black counterparts health require regular beard collect food particles making frequent essential shown coat needs stripped weeks simply companion animal coat instead giant hip elbow common prone eye problems progressive prone skin diseases seasonal flank cancer skin common dark colored dogs frequently occurring varieties limbs cell digit occurs caused defect cells color skin skin common giant develop central diabetes selective seizure disorders sensitive gold bone diseases joint problems issue common causes death liver cancer followed heart attacks heart failure | Giant Schnauzer | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
3528_Pug | breed dog short face tail breed fine glossy coat comes variety colours black compact square body developed muscles brought china europe sixteenth century popularized western_europe netherlands united_kingdom nineteenth century queen_victoria developed passion passed members royal family known gentle companion dogs breed remains popular century famous celebrity owners judged best world dog description physical characteristics depicted eighteenth century prints tend long lean modern breed preferences square body compact form deep chest developed muscle smooth glossy coats silver black markings clearly defined trace black line extending tail tail normally tightly hip distinct shapes ears rose button rose ears smaller standard style button ears folded edge head breeding preference goes button style ears legs strong straight moderate length set shoulders moderately laid strong feet small toes split nails black lower teeth normally upper resulting bite temperament breed described latin phrase little lot dog small space remarkable charming personality despite small size strong rarely aggressive suitable families children majority breed fond children properly play depending owner mood quiet tend intuitive sensitive moods owners usually eager tend somewhat lazy nature spend lot time called shadows follow owners like stay close action attention affection owners history chinese origins ancient times bred companions ruling families china pet highly valued chinese emperors royal dogs kept luxury guarded soldiers later spread parts asia buddhist monks kept pets monasteries breed retained devotion owners ancient times early history attested detail accepted modern descended dogs imported europe china 16th century similar dogs popular imperial court song dynasty 16th 17th centuries popular european courts reportedly official dog named saved life approach assassins travelled left netherlands accept throne england period bred old type giving modern king characteristics breed eventually popular european countries painted spain italy rode private carriages dressed jackets matched military track animals people employed guard dogs 18th century present day english painter devoted owner series self portrait london includes known italy wrote journal little dog dutch london perceive carriage meet popularity continued spread france eighteenth century marriage carry concealed messages family confined les prison having given visiting rights nineteenth century england breed flourished patronage queen_victoria bred included venus involvement dogs general helped establish formed queen victoria favoured colours queen victoria passion passed members royal family including grandson king george son king edward viii responded breed image anti size period paintings 18th 19th centuries usually appear longer legs today ears modern appearance probably changed new wave imported directly china shorter legs modern style nose british credited making black fashionable brought china ear illegal arrived united_states nineteenth century soon making way family home ring recognized breed dog club america founded recognised year won dog united_states won began best world dog held rio_de_janeiro brazil named double masterpiece health problems lack longer prominent skeletal ridges susceptible eye injuries painful compact breathing leaving prone breathing difficulties unable efficiently regulate temperature tongue normal body temperature temperature rises oxygen demand greatly increased immediate cooling required body temperature reaches organ failure occur breathing problems worsened stresses travelling air cargo involve high temperatures following deaths breeds banned transport cargo enacted seasonal restrictions live life prone regular exercise healthy diet median life span years line breeds size common conditions like short breeds elongated excited prone reverse causes quickly seemingly gag caused fluid debris getting caught irritating throat limiting breathing reverse episodes usually harmful dog throat covering nose order breathe mouth fit born breathing cases nostrils breathing difficult breed added pressure cases dog pass blocked happens surgery needed modify breathing passages eye common problem breeds syndrome caused trauma head neck owner tight instead harness eye usually pushed owner attention usually happens regular basis require surgery faces owners clean inside avoid infection dog develop condition known skin fold abnormal formation hip known hip affected nearly survey performed animals breed ranked second worst affected condition breeds tested breeds susceptible dogs known condition caused parasitic present dog skin causing symptoms allowed damage host weakened immune system problem young usually major easily especially susceptible present form condition vulnerability thought genetic breeders avoid producing adults condition investigative documentary carried bbc found significant pedigree dogs study london showing gene pool equivalent individuals issues suffer nme known dog brain nme occurs small dogs yorkshire known cure nme believed inherited disease dogs usually die sleep months onset susceptible condition typically months seven years age breed dogs prone tail british bulldog example occurs areas spine cause condition occurs parts spinal fuse properly young growing resulting irregularly shaped spinal cavity pressure spinal cord historical depictions | Pug | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
4025_Clydesdalehorse | horse breed draught horse derived farm horses scotland named region originally smaller breeds draught horses tall breed bay color significant white markings presence breed originally agriculture draught purposes today famous members breed drum horses create improve draught breeds breed developed flemish imported scotland crossed local recorded use breed system hiring begun resulted spread horses scotland northern england breed registry formed late 19th early 20th centuries thousands exported scotland sent world including australia new_zealand known breed built australia world war population numbers began decline increasing war conscription decline continued 1970s considered breed vulnerable extinction population numbers increased slightly intervening time thought vulnerable breed characteristics changed greatly history 1920s 1930s compact horse smaller belgian beginning 1940s breeding animals selected produce taller horses looked impressive shows today stands hands inches high weighs pounds mature males larger standing taller hands weighing pounds breed straight slightly convex facial profile broad forehead wide muzzle strong arched neck high sloped shoulder breed associations pay close attention quality legs general movement active clearly lifted general impression power quality energetic manner described carriage outlook identified risk chronic progressive disease clinical signs include progressive swelling limbs similar chronic humans usually bay colour black grey chestnut occur white markings including white face feet legs occasional body spotting generally lower belly extensive lower legs body spotting extensive white markings thought result breeders want white face leg markings spotting body attempt getting ideal set markings breed horses white leg horses white legs bodies average result desired white markings gene responsible causing expressions breeds researchers genes responsible patterns buyers pay premium bay black horses especially white legs white facial markings specific colours preferred physical traits buyers choose horses problems desired colour markings horses preferred buyers despite draught breed writer needed desired coat colours texture breed associations state colours bad horses body spots increasingly accepted history takes old noted century flemish imported scotland bred local resulting larger existing local stock included black unnamed stallion imported england unnamed dark brown stallion owned duke hamilton prominent stallion hands inches coach horse stallion unknown lineage named blaze written kept beginning early 19th century later known mare farm owner born traced lineage black stallion mare listed ancestry living today known significant influence breed recorded use reference breed exhibition glasgow theory origin descending flemish horses brought scotland early 15th century late 18th century author theory admitted common story ancestry likely system hiring districts existed scotland written records dating program consisted local agriculture improvement societies holding breed shows choose best stallion owner awarded monetary prize owner required return additional stallion designated area breeding local system purchase sent scotland northern england extensive local spread type areas placed scottish draught horses formed followed later renamed served canadian breed enthusiasts american stud book published short lived founded compete started breeders dedicated improving breed responsible large introduction blood large numbers exported scotland late 19th early 20th centuries leaving country export certificates issued horses horses exported countries british_empire continental europe russia world war saw conscription thousands horses war effort war breed numbers declined farms increasingly decline continued wars following world war number breeding england dropped considered vulnerable extinction meaning fewer breeding females horses exported scotland 19th 20th centuries went australia new_zealand formed association breed australia bred extensively australia draught breeds unknown late 1960s noted excellent horses bred victoria new_zealand place considered type frequent england registered australia popularity led called breed built australia 1990s breed popularity numbers began rise moved breed risk status meaning fewer breeding females moved vulnerable considered watch status meaning fewer horses registered annually usa fewer exist worldwide estimated worldwide canada rest countries including russia japan germany south_africa uses originally agriculture hauling coal heavy hauling glasgow today draught purposes including agriculture logging driving shown ridden kept pleasure famous members breed teams horses owned brewery end prohibition united_states international symbol breed brand breeding program strict standards colour influenced look breed united_states point people believe bay white markings driven riding shown saddle drum horses leading ceremonial state occasions horses eye catching colours including purpose drum horse stand minimum hands inches high carry musical ride officer silver drums weighing kilograms late 19th century blood added irish draught breed attempt improve declining breed efforts seen successful irish draught breeders thought blood horses prone lower leg instrumental creation horse developed great_britain draught breeds create australian early 20th century crossed creating mid sized draught horses useful pulling commercial wagons military artillery | Clydesdale horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
4036_TweedWaterSpaniel | water water breed dog extinct 19th century best known involved early development modern breeds dogs described generally brown athletic dogs area near river close type water dog breed known outside local area breed created crossing local water dogs imported water dog breed extinct history village northumberland south noted long famous breed water invariably brown wrote origins water rocky shores junction sea water dogs derived addition strength introduction cross newfoundland dog rendered completely adequate difficulties systematically engaged quote refers specifically newfoundland breed actually likely mean extinct breed water dog referred homeland location newfoundland stanley expert flat coated wrote water letter late 19th century coast probably saw men salmon dog coat colour wet difficult exact colour salt whilst elders discussed fishing asked northumberland salmon net men dog water dog airing knowledge told water new nasty suspicion leg pulled dog looked like brown water dog certainly asked came told came speculated water named developed estate lord fact simply original breed dog later golden theory documented evidence early development golden fully documented listed water involved specifically breed appearance temperament water long tail liver colored coat looked similar irish water heavier muzzle pointed skull dog thick slightly like ears lips fore legs hind legs size small liver coloured coat instances offspring liver coloured tan knees noted work characteristics author speculated ancestry parents litters breed known intelligence courage sporting ability legacy golden end 19th century sir lord developing breed known time yellow unusual typically period black main pairing modern said descended dog named rare yellow coated female named given cousin yellow produced pairing named dog simply named kept records bred died early age second dog named bred previous pairing produced yellow named breeds times began development modern golden coated formation modern breed known coated breeds bring characteristics new breed included breeds extinct including water coated considered early 20th century | Tweed Water Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
4185_NorwegianForestcat | cat norwegian forest cat norwegian breed domestic cat originating natural breed adapted cold climate coat glossy long water hairs uncertain breed ancestors short haired cats brought norway brought long haired cats like ancestral modern breeds world war breed nearly extinct efforts helped breed creating official breeding program registered breed 1970s local cat took notice breed efforts register currently norwegian forest breed popular norway sweden iceland france big strong cat similar breed long legs tail body breed good climbing strong claws lifespan usually years kidney heart diseases reported breed specifically breed complex branching cause collapse late juvenile onset storage disease type history norwegian forest cat adapted survive norway cold weather ancestors include black white cats brought norway great_britain time cats brought norway cats reproduced farm feral stock eventually evolved modern day breed cats russia turkey respectively possible ancestors breed norse legends refer mountain dwelling fairy cat ability climb sheer rock faces cats manage norwegian forest cat adept author believes ancestor modern breed norse organisations modern breed likely ancestors norwegian forest cat served ships cats viking ships original lived norwegian forests centuries later prized hunting skills norwegian farms discovered early twentieth century cat enthusiasts organisation devoted breed formed oslo norway club movement preserve breed interrupted world war owing cross breeding free ranging domestic cats war norwegian forest cat endangered nearly extinct helped breed comeback developing official breeding program cat leave norway 1970s registered breed pan european federation cat norwegian cat took notice breed efforts register breed registered europe 1970s recognized sweden accepted breed united_kingdom britain norwegian forest breed popular norway sweden fifth popular cat breed france year breed description strongly built larger average cat breed long body long legs tail coat consists long glossy thick water layer legs chest head profile breed generally straight head long overall shape similar triangle strong chin muzzle medium length square round shaped head considered defect eyes shaped oblique colour ears large wide base high set placed extension triangle formed head end hair like ears coat colors accepted chocolate cats strong claws good climb rocks cats quiet voice develop loud voice kept house dog friendly intelligent generally good people norwegian forest cat lot energy demanding attention cats live primarily outdoors swift effective hunters breed adapt indoor life bought registered usa tend cost cats usually live years old heavy tall require food domestic breeds males considerably heavier larger females health issues kidney heart diseases reported breed experiment directed concluded complex breed branching cause collapse late juvenile onset storage disease type breed disorder rare prove fatal cats dna tests available highly recommended cat associations cat members carry dna test animals breeding provide pedigree database comes health programmes publishing single cat test result provide useful information breeders informed breeding decision breed known suffer hip rare partially hereditary disease hip joint breed societies clubs society viking cat club | Norwegian Forest cat | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
5101_Herdwick | breed domestic sheep native north west england derived meaning sheep pasture low capacity perceived wool quality compared common commercial breeds sheep prized robust health ability live solely forage tendency territorial stray difficult terrain considered sheep commercially farmed central western wool quality unique qualities relating thick type forming protective barrier layer likely qualities protect sheep similar conditions known survive blanket snow days eating wool severely threatened outbreak foot mouth disease england wales breed survived intent preserve unique animal crucial traditional agriculture far number commercial breeds survive largely farming subsidies aid natural beauty history early history root word breed sheep pasture recorded documents dating 12th century origin breed unknown common theory ancestors sheep introduced early norse settlers according brought region 10th 11th centuries viking invasions western england alternatively piece local folklore suggested came wrecked spanish ship case important breed end 12th century centuries sheep large factor shaping culture terrain grazing sheep continues largely dry stone walls valleys built protect grazing land livestock words speech relate sheep ancient counting system sheep survival counting systems potter half life children author involved keeping breeding acting president breed association time won number prizes shows death bequeathed farms approximately total sum acres instructions continue flocks modern history modern era main industry shifted agriculture tourism subsequent influx tourists district times conflicted traditional life including raising farmer summed problem visitors land year thousand shut gate bothered times round sheep late 20th century keeping economically outside support open market prices drop low penny kilogram weight wool single sheep direct monetary guarantees wool prices actually costs farmers considerably larger money shear receive compensation majority farmers burned waste products trust acts wool merchant able bargain better prices directly operate wool trademark farmers survive sale european_union farm subsidies farmers particular receive subsidies operating designated favored area england rural development programme agree maintain land accordance sustainable farming practices receive additional subsidies live miles makes particularly vulnerable disease outbreak foot mouth disease led destruction flocks fears survival breed typical sheep farming industry estimated sheep present outbreak lost easily long standing introduction new stock required extensive fencing preserve considered traditional identity led parties duke westminster lord lord wished save hill sheep lands residents saw breed icon region longtime resident writer guardian harry griffin expressed feeling mountain sheep notably hardy sheep likely seen valley highest land england old walls quarter bridges little grey sheep end climbed walked nearly years written nearly life destruction entire flocks meant forced undergo process local term new sheep hills normally teach behaviour left acquainted particular behavior taught new inevitably involving rounding flocks inaccessible sheep cause wandering replaced original set position circumstances aftermath disease tough government restrictions order prevent outbreak place oregon sheep farmer began united_states begin breeding program artificial designed bring breed country time meat received european_union characteristics dual purpose breed producing strongly lamb coarse grey wool slowly breed hardy british hill sheep breeds cold relentless rain heights upwards feet metres spend winter approximately december april normally left freely additional feed tends stay local term small area fell rough conditions losses high ability thrive reason fell farmers highly value higher producing lowland breeds grey easily dyed coarse best suited use carpet wool wool excellent natural possible buy sheets wool fit lamb distinct taste eaten queen elizabeth_ii coronation banquet commonly produce desirable market cross breeding suffolk sheep born black year dark brown colour sheep called stage grey polled shows traditionally wool local term method called marking sheep ownership chemical available iron ore mixed years legal method identifying particular shepherd sheep cut sheep ear called marks replaced ear | Herdwick | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
5430_Lipizzan | czech croatian hungarian italian breed horse closely associated austria demonstrate high school movements classical including highly controlled stylized jumps movements known airs ground horses trained traditional methods date hundreds years based principles classical breed dates 16th century developed support nobility breed takes earliest stud farms established located near village spelled italian modern day breed endangered numerous times warfare sweeping europe including war coalition world war world war rescue world war american troops famous disney movie miracle white disney movie starred played supporting roles movies shows books media today recognized foundation breed late 18th early 19th centuries modern trace breeding included foundation classic mare lines recognized breed majority horses registered member organizations covers horses countries state europe majority reside europe smaller numbers americas africa australia generally gray color muscular breed matures slowly long lived characteristics measure hands inches horses bred closer original carriage horse type taller approaching hands inches long head straight slightly convex profile jaw deep ears small eyes large expressive nostrils neck arched low muscular broad baroque type horse wide deep chest broad muscular shoulder tail carried high set legs strong broad joints defined feet tend small tough horses tend mature slowly live active longer breeds horses performing difficult exercises living color aside rare solid colored horse usually bay black gray like gray horses black skin dark eyes adult horses white hair coat gray horses including born dark usually bay black lighter year process takes place process complete years age actually true white horses common white horse born white skin 18th century coat colors including bay chestnut black gray dominant gene gray color preferred royal family color emphasized breeding practices small breed population color deliberately selected desirable feature came color overwhelming majority horses long standing tradition bay stallion residence tradition continued present day history ancestors traced approximately earliest predecessors originated 7th century horses brought spain crossed native spanish stock result horse horse breeds 16th century ruled spain austria powerful horse desired military uses use fashionable rapidly growing riding schools nobility central europe emperor brought spanish horse austria founded court stud brother established similar stud located modern day breed obtained village derives word meaning tree spanish arabian stock crossed succeeding generations crossed extinct breed italy baroque horses spanish descent obtained germany denmark breeding stock exchanged specialized producing heavy carriage horses riding light carriage horses came stud beginning near austria main stud horses vienna breeding selective allowing proved stand stud breeding passed rigorous performance testing foundation horses today maximum foundation lines recognized refer divided groups trace classical foundation 18th 19th centuries stud additional lines historic boundaries classical gray spanish stallion black stallion gray stallion stud spanish dam descendants today trace hungary stallion stud bay stallion gray arabian stallion originally syria additional stallion lines found croatia hungary eastern european countries north_america accepted equal classical lines black stallion baroque type spanish pedigree croatian stud farm owned stallion spanish lines bred sold hungarian stud farm stallion lines died years early breeding horses addition foundation stallion lines classic mare lines exist today mare lines recognized organizations traditional naming patterns required breed traditionally given names line second dam example horse mare named austria horse line tracing foundation names chosen traditional line names required end letter world famous uses highly trained public performances demonstrate classical movements training spanish riding hall built oldest kind world located vienna austria takes original spanish heritage horses commissioned building vienna building completed remains home today wartime preservation endured wartime history saved breed extinction march war coalition horses evacuated journey gave birth november horses returned stables ruins rebuilt horses evacuated napoleon invaded austria remained away stud years returning april following treaty horses evacuated times unsettled period followed resulting loss horses destruction written documented horses prior horses finally returned good remained rest 19th century evacuation 20th century occurred horses evacuated world war placed following war austro hungarian empire broken italy animals divided different new postwar nations austria italy hungary czechoslovakia romania yugoslavia nation austria kept breeding stock austrian breeding stock consolidated world war high command nazi_germany transferred europe breeding stock czechoslovakia breeding stock taken additional european nations arrived evacuated austria vienna january bombing raids neared city head colonel feared horses danger spring horses threatened advancing soviet army slaughtered animals horse meat captured facility rescue united_states_army famous disney movie miracle white occurred parts command general near spring learned area like competed olympic games exhibition war conclusion requested horses protection army tank unit command colonel discovered horses allied prisoners war occupied april operation cowboy rescue known resulted recovery horses including learned raid arranged fly american soldiers began riding horses miles border germany eventually settled temporary quarters breeding stock returned returned celebrated 60th anniversary rescue touring united_states croatian war independence horses stable croatia taken serbs horses remained calls began returned country origin october horses returned croatia modern breed breed suffered setback population viral epidemic hit horses percent expected crop lost population stud increased stud crop born rate successful pregnancy birth increased result new center study funded assessed horses stud farms europe goal developing scientifically based description horse study mitochondrial dna performed animals studied found contain known known modern horses meaning high degree genetic diversity expected known mare families included large number different breeds including european breeds international governing organization breed composed national private organizations representing organizations work banner promote breed maintain standards registered residing private breeders countries state europe largest number europe registered horses followed americas africa australia horses state represent quarter horses europe romania greatest number horses followed austria hungary italy croatia slovakia smaller bosnia having horses serbia having educational programs developed order promote breed foster adherence traditional breeding objectives status breed horse developed stud located borders recognized national animal example pair featured cent euro coins mounted regiments police italy employ mounts october visit named given queen elizabeth_ii united_kingdom decided leave animal care stud farm training uses traditional horse training methods developed based principles classical turn traces ancient greek writer works rediscovered 16th century thoughts development horses mental attitude considered applicable today writers strongly influenced training methods include founder riding academy naples lived 16th century 17th 18th centuries methods training passed oral tradition field marshal school published initial guidelines training horse rider school mid-20th century wrote number works serve textbooks riders today principles taught based practices taught cavalry riders prepare horses warfare young come training years old training takes average years horse schooling considered complete mastered skills required perform school progressively difficult skill sets taught forward riding called straight riding given skills taught year training young horse learns learns basic commands line taught ridden arena simple straight lines turns teach correct responses rider legs hands mounted main goal time develop free forward movement natural position possible campaign school horse learns collection balance turns maneuvers horse learns stride perform lateral movements introduced complex double longest training phase years high school includes riding horse greater collection increased use developing increased skill natural period horse learns advanced movements half pass counter flying change passage horse taught airs ground level emphasizes performance high degree perfection trains driving saddle exclusively uses performances worldwide today competes driving retaining classic position airs ground airs ground difficult high school movements famous finished movements include position horse raises legs standing degree angle entirely hind legs controlled form requires great deal strength difficult related movement horse rises degree angle movement horse hind legs essentially jumping ground hind legs jump place stallion leaps air kicks hind legs jump movements include predecessors horse jumps fore hind legs remaining body kick horse jumps hind legs slightly kick hind feet visible viewed rear series successive horse ground rising achieving forward motion movement longer popular culture starred played supporting roles movies shows books media film stars based novel written wife film producer owned time movie rescue world war depicted movie miracle white movie live action relatively realistic film set world war backdrop disney produced feature film discussion main characters came spain portugal born white black represent film suppressed racial conflict dividing world main powers cold war television programs featuring include children television series produced yugoslavia germany broadcast united_kingdom followed adventures teenage girl visits farm horses raised books poems mention star dutch writer published book history 20th century perspective horses brother perfect horse novel star horses key elements plot setting play crucial role novel airs ground henry children novel white stallion 1960s poet wrote poem dedicated horses june released mercury flight story stallion book series season episode angry fancy confesses lifelong dream stallion concert promoter owned filed chapter bankruptcy permanently closed new movie based world war evacuation nazi breeding farm expected hit theaters december | Lipizzan | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
5567_SelleFrançais | breed sport horse france renowned primarily success jumping successful athletic horse good usually bay chestnut color created french riding horse breeds merged stud book new breed meant serve unified sport horse period horses replaced transforming animal mainly sport leisure bred france exported worldwide additional stud books formed great_britain united_states horses registered stud books undergo judge performance horses breeds pass including arabian anglo arabian french breeding able registered proven successful international level competition equestrian disciplines commonly seen jumping seen combined driving equestrian competitive trail riding competitions riders won numerous medals summer olympics world equestrian games including making entire gold medal french teams jumping world equestrian games summer olympics breed characteristics diversity breeds contributed set breed standards range hands inches sport horses usually stand relatively tall hands inches athletic horse balanced powerful morphological traits remain breed forehead broad facial profile straight convex neck strong long connected straight elongated muscular slightly oblique powerful asset jumping chest deep shoulders long sloping legs strong muscular wide joints hard generally bay chestnut color legacy origins anglo norman breed gray common origins anglo arabian horses contributed breed white markings white lower legs fairly common breed inherited norman ancestors temperament highly variable horse selection criteria breeding stock beginning breed based physical ability recent years breeders working create selection criteria focus temperament vast majority good quiet energetic patient friendly breed reputed intelligent quick learn history origins begin native french horses 19th century normandy native common crosses native military bred pulling carriages types recognized sang half blood horses half blood horses found french regions different types usually named regions bred main types french saddle horses bred sang centre bred bred french created merging regional half blood horses france merged types included anglo norman region merger create sport horse meet needs society horses leisure sport type offered wide genetic diversity wide variety local horses crossed anglo norman origins widely represented breeding france creation breed selected solely sport horse breed refined creation successful competitor international equestrian sport july association approved breed association plays advocacy role partners world ensures proper orientation selection genetic improvement breed breeding centered normandy mainly origins norman related farms reported breeding activity vast majority percent small operations mare born percent total saddle horses bred france bred approved produce offspring year active bred france abroad artificial plays important role breed contributed breeds europe including breeds branches countries united_kingdom organization called led opening british stud book manages stud book breed united_states brazil argentina morocco agreements french stud book register horses bred countries registration stud book selection stud book long allowed breeds arabian anglo arabian french today restrictions exist stud book european breeds registered registered parents cross horse passed stud book selection procedures pass selection process allowed registered process involves approval committee judges criteria based age breed horses qualification criteria involve performance scored national origins listed pure anglo french horses qualify designation product horses belonging saddle horse breeds recognized european_union listed category pure saddle breeds recognized listed individual basis performing high level jumping day competition come countries territories access high level competitions granted special listing status stud book divided parts section pure registered parents section horses parent distinction abandoned sections single stud book uses french sport horse recognized internationally breed jumping day selection criteria breeding stock focuses jumping abilities jumping technical sport calling lively responsive powerful horses horses blood competitive day speed stamina needed successful portions day jumping event thanks qualities seen international jumping day teams france gradually improved faced stiff competition northern european breeds active addition french breeders guide horses popular profitable sport jumping system good horses ranks stud books based success jumping ranked 3rd best jumping stud book world topped breeds horse ranked world stud book ranked 6th world horse placed 25th ranked 19th beaten popular breeds including use mainly young horses selected according skills trained students schools horses representing selected age trained according abilities reaching highest levels combined driving equestrian competitive trail riding competed international level sports production race horses france anglo horses produced competitive racing obstacles horses generally registered meaning france france created successful french especially raced races registered include winner race international success compete year international competitions equestrian disciplines particularly successful successful international competitor huge importance international jumping world numerous successful love world cup winner gold medal winning french jumping team world championships turn known competition career success offspring rider won gold medal summer olympics time winner world cup pillar french jumping team 1980s participated summer olympics took 7th individually summer olympics winning bronze medal french team 1980s saw rise small black horse considered jumping despite impressive jumping style won french championships european championship team medals gold medal summer olympics rider 1990s rose prominence international competition french bronze medal winning jumping team summer olympics ridden european champion world champion member french team ridden jumping european champion individual bronze medalist summer olympics 2000s saw world leaders jumping day champion jumping team world equestrian games winning day event team summer olympics european champion named world champion competitive trail riding continued lead international jumping competitions 2010s swiss rider riding member breed individual gold summer olympics | Selle Français | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
6080_Castillonnais | called ancient breed small riding horse southwestern france breed currently overall resembles confused common horse members breed dark bay black color modification results paler color eyes muzzle underside body today principally pleasure riding including tourism driving probably descends horses inspired era paintings found example oriental blood added later originally bred breed cavalry agriculture driving breed declined population 20th century extinct group supporters began work save breed breed association called formed breed officially recognized french government breed association regional conservation group share interest preservation breed population numbers low concern characteristics physical characteristics seen breed currently single breed members breed closely resemble enthusiasts breeding mountain horse medium size good good temperament members breed closely resemble horses horse official breed standard calls moderately long neck long sloped shoulder broad rounded muscular legs members breed branded left relative rarity physical similarities commonly confused horses range hands inches high ideal height hands inches hands inches colors allowed breed dark bay black modification results paler color eyes muzzle underside body horses color prohibited entry horses genetically tested officially determine color allowed breed considered easy keeper temperament horses sure mountain paths exhibit extended strong engagement history like french breeds probably descends horses inspired era paintings found example time blood oriental horses added breed influenced physical appearance temperament originally known horse saint town large horse fair held day saints day late nineteenth century horses known use mounts light cavalry historian president agriculture agricultural society began study breed work development native horse populations france breed originally horse agriculture cavalry pulling type carriage lack support breeding syndicate existence horse need breed declined population horses draft horses breed extinct intervention group supporters saved breed extinction formed support french government agencies stud farms annually august association holds small competition sale breed includes register horses breed officially recognized efforts small number breed enthusiasts time remained breed association changed association headquartered organization worked protect diversity animal species region committed protecting breed population numbers low majority breeders located found brittany november existing goal created breed association double number concern low population numbers national stud farm national brought help safeguard genetic resources breed uses mainly pleasure riding adapted mountainous terrain makes useful equestrian tourism area driving seen competitions logging pack horses taking food equipment mountainous areas accessible helicopter | Castillonnais | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
6606_SableIslandhorse | island horse island horse island pony type small feral horse found island coast nova_scotia canada small type pony sized horse horse ancestors usually dark color horses released island late eighteenth century soon feral additional horses later transported improve herd breeding stock rounded private use sale slaughter 1950s placed danger extinction canadian government protected horses law feral state 1980s long term herd studies performed genetic analysis conducted concluded herd genetically unique interest horses declared official horse nova_scotia island declared herd legally protected interference humans horses live wildlife park mainland nova scotia herd descended horses removed 1950s characteristics horses remain feral generally stand hands inches males island average kilograms females kilograms available food island limits size offspring horses removed island fed generally larger physically horses resemble spanish horses arched sloping overall short short allow easily sandy rough ground island horses coats tails especially winter tail low set coats dark colours white markings half bays rest distributed chestnut black island horses natural prior protection kept use humans horses known sure island horses feral horse population entirely subject kind interference research considered herd conducted herd numbers animals numbers changing based weather severity population split numerous smaller ranging number ranging approximately square kilometres lack predators older horses die starvation teeth worn lifetime exposure sand tough grass lack food island limits horses size offspring removed island raised better significantly larger history narrow crescent shaped island located approximately kilometres southeast nova scotia kilometres long covered sand dunes grasses bird species plant species found island addition herd feral horses known inhabitants popular legends claim horses swam ashore island introduced 16th century portuguese explorers supported historical genetic evidence reality horses deliberately introduced island 18th century recorded horses brought boston clergyman reverend stolen passing present day horses thought historians scientists descended horses seized british expulsion horses shipments french horses including members norman breeds later crossed horses new_england including spanish boston merchant purchased horses transported island pasture referred small size horse ancestry composed solely horses government nova_scotia established station workers trained horses haul supplies rescue equipment staff recorded stallion taken probably similar type original horses released island horse island identified historic records known survived island breeding stock probably including horses breeding sent island half 19th century hopes improving type horses found island raising price sold mainland 19th early 20th centuries horses periodically rounded kept transported mainland sold frequently slaughter meat primarily dog food late 1950s island horses danger extinction public campaign begun school children save horses canadian shipping act canadian government declared horses fully protected longer able rounded sold law requires people receive written permission feeding interfering having horses island study preservation beginning mid-1980s long term studies begun horses living island documented histories genetic analysis herd performed concluded horses genetically similar light draft breeds found eastern mainland canada differences probably created natural selection genetic drift researchers stated horses genetically diverged breeds deserve special attention conservation interest groups loss island horses damaging genetic diversity canadian horse population loss breed genetic erosion possibility population small number horses study mitochondrial dna published horse found genetically diverse horse populations studied included horse pony breeds feral populations north_america europe study stated horses threat low numbers excessive extreme weather global warming nova scotia legislature declared island horse provincial symbols making official horse nova scotia canadian government created allows protection island horses aside island island horses live wildlife park nova scotia maintains descendants island removed island 1950s | Sable Island horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
6952_RobRoy(dog) | dog white male owned favorite pet acquired having seen breed perform circus later lived family white house portrait died short illness life death acquired wife island white wisconsin reportedly seeing breed perform circus period owned female named ill unsuccessfully treated died death remarked mannerisms known favorite pets kept included dogs birds cats described gentleman great courage fidelity known lead morning manner gaze fixed forward characteristics aside frequently tried trick dog chasing animals appeared screen showing films white house according ordered senator surrender dog having breakfast legacy portrait american artist illustrator hangs shows dog pose gaze directed achieved feeding candy hand portrait | Rob Roy (dog) | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
7009_AmericanCockerSpaniel | american american breed sporting dog type dog closely related english breeds diverged 20th century differing breed standards america united_states breed usually called world called american order differentiate english cousin word commonly held stem use hunt england thought derived type origins spain america came registered national breed club set years later dog considered father modern breed born time 1920s english american varieties noticeably different recognised english type separate breed recognised american separate english type american popular breed united_states 1940s 1950s 1980s reigning total years won best title dog occasions linked president united_states occasions owners including richard_nixon ranked 29th american registration statistics historical comparisons notable trends breed smallest sporting dogs recognised distinctly shaped head makes immediately addition marked differences english relative happy breed average working intelligence bred standard longer ideal working dog members breed suffer wide variety health including problems hearts eyes ears history word thought date late 12th century type dog imported england spain span word referring country origin records century selective breeding place breed separated distinct types called water land smaller variety land called named use according historical records brought north_america aboard sailed plymouth england landed new_england recorded america liver white dog named captain registered american club formed later known oldest breed club dogs united_states task club initially create standard separate america types land task years completed dog considered father american dog considered father english bred shipped america pregnant united_states dog differed greatly modern breed inches tall long body considered excellent dog era popular end 19th century breed popular america canada dual use family pet working dog early 20th century breeders atlantic created different breed standards breed gradually diverged noticeably different 1920s american smaller muzzle coats softer dogs overall lighter smaller differences apparent breeders founded english restricted breeding types types america shown breed english type variety main breed recognised english separate breed return initially united_kingdom american accompanied service personnel american bases 1950s 1960s addition came embassy staff business people returning home registered american born january bred judges confirmed dog american english permitted dog shown 1960s shown rare breed meant class shown variety classes included american shown class entitled variety classified agreed breed shown category variety stated american variety breed given separate register previously included variety registration numbers increased following recognition notable american popularity american won best westminster dog occasions win seductive won title twice known photographed dog world win coincided american popular breed dog united_states remain popular recent victory victory going rise shine popularity american increased 1980s popular breed recent years popularity breed decreased ranked 15th popular american links united_states presidency american household united_states senator richard_nixon speech september colored american named dot dogs owned buff colored dog named caused scandal dog received unwanted gift president subsequently giving away white_house physician recently named lived bill_clinton arkansas governor appearance american smallest dog recognised sporting dog average inches high dog normal proportions medium long silky fur body ears hanging legs belly known head nose ears hang breed standard states size inches inches males inches females disqualification shows american weigh pounds average females breed usually weighing slightly males head american makes breed immediately recognizable rounded dome skull pronounced stop square shaped lip drop ears long low set long silky fur eyes dark large rounded nose black brown depending colour breed coat breed come variety shades colours separated main groups black black tan solid colour black colour black variety black tan points dog head feet tail pattern called black tan group known includes solid colours light cream dark red lighter allowed according standards coloured dogs white patches colour black brown includes coloured dogs addition american coats come pattern known recognised american eyes skull shorter muzzle clearly pronounced english head like colours colours american variety english shade buff common american seen english breed english considered shade red english breed slightly larger inches height american temperament known merry american breed standard defines ideal dog breed temperament suggestion breed ranks 20th rating indicates good working obedience intelligence tests run variety breeds 1950s 1960s showed american performed best tested ability restraint delayed response trigger trait breed bred ability hunting freeze finding bird command proved worst breed tested came manipulating objects instance dish food pulling string good level early age american people children dogs pets breed tail prefers people best suited backyard easily stressed loud noises rough treatment handling members breed originally hunting dogs increased popularity dog bred breed standard resulting certain attributes long coat longer ideal working dog health american surveys median lifespan years low end typical range dogs years breeds size larger english typically lives year longer american survey common causes death cancer old age cardiac immune smaller sample size leading causes death cancer disease immune american previously high popularity resulted breed frequently bred backyard breeders mills breeding increased breed related health issues certain susceptible variety illnesses particularly affecting ears cases eyes number percent afflicted dogs known progressive identified members breed american recommends annual eye exams dogs breeding problems identified unknown number percent breed including ear common drop breeds dog including american hip identified members breed heart conditions heart weakened enlarged sick syndrome type abnormal heart beating causes low blood pressure identified breed condition caused gene breed prevents energy causing dog extremely low energy unable exercise gene causes appears percent population dna testing prevent carrier dogs breeding creating condition american prone related condition known form cause normally dog engage sudden violent attacks initial research shows conditions appear popular culture film lady features lady american | American Cocker Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
7049_Mérenshorse | horse occasionally referred older pony small horse native mountains southern france river flows northern spain near general types small light traditional mountain horse taller modern type found black color meet strict physical standards order registered stud book breed known sure mountain terrain endurance french breed registry regional offices partners national organizations europe preserve promote breed organization rigorous selection breeding stock goal increasing quality breed past farm work draft work pack horses today mainly saddle horse members breed successful carriage driving taken annual seasonal migration moved higher mountains summer valleys winter old practice fell recently emerged thought originated prehistoric times exact early history remains mystery theories origins include descent horses similar regional mountain horses possibly oriental horses brought area settlers east small black horses area recorded early time associated pulled artillery napoleon farmers dock workers miners moving goods mountains frequently seen local horse breed cross end 19th century gained reputation light cavalry horses time led decline population local agricultural society charge breed breed registry created stud book created control french national stud second half 20th century population sharply declined transferred work cavalry agriculture machines 1970s verge extinction horses registered stud book breed saved members movement settled mountains local economy breeding programs benefited new surge popularity riding horses population rebounded leading breeding program considered example conservation rare breeds herd size remains relatively small genetic study considers traditional type breed endangered recommends efforts focused preservation naming traditionally bred village les department french national stud calls breed officially mentioned time french horse breeding specialist considers use incorrect prefers names prefers saying refers village valley located horse breed characteristics traditional small light horse adapted mountains modern increasingly sporting style breed known ranked beautiful horse breeds french magazine horses meet certain physical standards order admitted stud book time admission criteria changed times currently general appearance strong compact energetic movement like mountain horses calm report comprehensive study breed temperament published versatile breed hardy able live year outside suffering weather known endurance agility sure require little care survive poor food working resistant cold react poorly heat born snow human intervention usually handled accustomed humans early age increased resistance properties varieties consumption cause bloody blood horses breed standard gives ideal height hands inches weight kilograms desired size hands inches hands horses smaller hands inches considered equestrian competitions horses bred valleys plains larger bred mountains average hands inches coat black reddish cast winter born black silver grey coffee colored black grow body desirable head straight slightly concave facial profile flat forehead wide short ears distinguishing characteristic breed beard hair growing small white markings allowed face legs neck medium length modern shorter broader traditional version shoulders sloping moderately long chest wide deep pronounced favored pack horses mountain horses traditional wide flat deep generally shorter modern traditional version horses long strong backs preferred use pack horses tail low set legs strong solid defined joints tend short set close fault mountain horses feet large formed allowing horses shoes abundant lower legs registration france breed organized des race members horses stud book regional offices purpose organize breeders enthusiasts role decide overall direction breed partnership promotes national shows international exhibitions publishing lists annual breed registered breed stud book selection rigorous based tests age breeding goal produce horses ideal good character subject particular observation year old perform test cross country jumping test test line physical inspection stringent inspection procedures breeders aim achieve steady increase quality breed evaluated breed competition organized french breeding divided schools thought traditional breeders seeking preserve original type light draft horse living high mountains year round retaining breed known second comes conversion leisure horse 1980s aims transform physical type breed sports oriented horse ensure survival breed source tension farmers users breed countries france populations breed stud books recognized french italy foreign breed breeds limited distribution recognised national breeders association found northwestern italy provinces spread mountain regions valleys italian breed registry based belgian non profit organization organizing breed country june recognized official stud book august agreement signed french breed registry recognize belgian stud book daughter organization present netherlands switzerland germany recognized stud books active breeding populations czech_republic members breed exported india tunisia department known annual seasonal migration cattle sheep horses including members breed year june hundreds horses moved summer metres altitude live semi feral state traveling steep mountain paths storms climactic variations october return valleys winter old tradition fell favor reintroduced association association worked local horse breeders promote return annual practice year usually led experienced mare marked bell cattle stallion accompany maintain herd prevent mixing mountain slopes behavior midway feral horses horses humans year round horses raised high mountains stay year round perform history history closely linked homeland evidenced myths legends plays role origins old commonly said lost time native upper valley near direct ancestor probably valley period approximately years ago wild horses probably moved mountains escape global warming accompanied end glacial period physical characteristics result harsh mountain environment live reminiscent horses cave drawings years ago images depict animals dense coats skull shaped like modern beard like hair origin breeds area resembles norwegian unlike crossed horse theory origin based straight concave facial profile distinguishes convex horses asserts descended oriental horses brought settlers east isolation mountain homeland undergone little foreign breeds antiquity middle ages mentions small black horses resemble commentaries war discussing defeat cavalry link animals discussed relationship definitely established location subject controversy authors placing district near pack animal romans taken animals left small black horse described antiquity mentions middle ages associated statue showing small horse examined shown animal resembles standing hands inches shoulder legend founding depicts traveler exhausted cold kills horse steaming swearing build small hospital place survives local held special place religion horses especially belief souls belief knights took horses died 12th century princess climbed fortress small sure black horse 14th century small black horses mentioned accompanying armies count 18th 19th centuries horses napoleon russian campaign mainly pull artillery horses type french territory beginning 19th century popular legend famous crossing battle long delivery horse local farmers dock workers continuing french armies appreciated endurance breed mines saddle harness moving goods mountains france spain mainly carrying wood minerals known endurance sense direction horses sold sur horse fair popular merchants large cities breed called town famous high quality legs ability survive poor food breed derived cross horses breeds world war born annually department breed organized end 19th century horses known use light cavalry praised agility sure robust endurance result semi feral existence mountains 20th century starting late 19th century created decline population early 20th century breeders les began work crossings outside breeds bred horses similar original breeders wanted alive traditional valued versatility control breeding given president agriculture agricultural society dedicated preservation breed breeding society created stud book created control french national stud french army ceased use drawing artillery mountains corresponded beginning decline breed population fell dramatically second half 20th century modernization transport agriculture attempts create horse tougher native breeding program significantly increase population use agriculture continued 1970s like french draft breeds bred slaughter produce horse meat mountains acted sanctuary preventing breeds cattle sheep disappearing completely early 1970s verge extinction early 1970s remained horses registered breed breed saved extinction communities believing ecological apocalypse movement people wanting live fringe society settled small villages boosted local economy including encouraging resumption breeding time story semi feral horse local phenomenon orphaned following accident raised bottle fed goat milk sold horse dealer later returning homeland winning prizes stallion died having returned herd high mountains breed revived fashionable animal leisure national expert horse breeding moved efforts farmers breeding sport pony style animals breed originally called horse renamed pony commercial administrative reasons good breeding management promotion population numbers breed gradually recovered number doubled animals rescue considered good example saving endangered breed introduced island breeding local economy saddle horse hauling breed equestrian tourism mountains island particularly suited steep terrain climate taking tourists volcanic regions covered ash national center breeding open offer support preservation breed equestrian center includes living museum presentation breed offered prime minister britain january removed classification pony returned category horse french national stud breed chosen launch breeding farm certified organic horses intended leisure use human consumption horses fed natural diet mixture clay treated combination moved high mountains year present today closest original type lifestyle found valleys high mountains near majority breeding takes place traditional homeland breed found regions france including alps centre france annual breed commonly seen major horse shows total herd size relatively small population numbers stabilized somewhat beginning 21st century active year new registered listed active breeding stock breeders term applied active year percent total horses france genetic study considers original type breed endangered author suggested conservation priority order maintain maximum genetic diversity french horse breeds uses past horses farm work particularly steep difficult terrain draft work mining hauling timber today following breeding selection slightly taller type principally saddle horses especially mountainous areas proved successful carriage driving jumping day considered multi purpose recreational horse attached cultural identity region leisure competitive trail riding consistently ranked french national competitive trail riding championships finished second crossing tourist facilities offer guided trail rides mountains horses centers having stable consisting entirely members breed therapy centers use program uses breed include agricultural work including logging sure mountain horses access areas equipment mounted police use bred milk manufacture products | Mérens horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
7626_NorfolkSpaniel | norfolk norfolk extinct breed dog early 20th century originally thought originated work norfolk theory doubt later 19th century term designate type sussex attempts use specify breed later known english liver white black white coat norfolk described large set breed standard specimens breed varied greatly england members breed difficult train formed strong attachment owners useful hunting land water breed ceased exist rolled new english breed created contain type history norfolk believed come cross black cultivated unspecified duke norfolk later historians disagree theory saying duke norfolk king charles type stock origins norfolk theory duke norfolk based origins norfolk thought investigation 19th century wrote 15th duke norfolk order find truth origins breed duke responded denying connection breed state grandfather 13th duke norfolk owned letter duke printed gazette alternative origin proposed volume work history description ireland lee argued norfolk descended crossing coated water strain land 18th century split categories land water toy land split types type norfolk placed sussex 1860s breed described breed england description varies standard point averaged inches height formed issued breed standard norfolk recognising variety general public saw generic land 1890s breed common counties england leading dog writers question authenticity origins liver white england constituted single breed personally consider liver white particular variety believe indigenous norfolk states similar dogs exist trace ancestry norfolk liver white pre date breeding black ordinary described breed virtually extinct purity liver white colours running numbers miscellaneous origins involving duke norfolk designated medium legged sussex english norfolk included designation term norfolk considered use cover types ultimately rejected club believed breed liver white colour change terminology smooth immediate work dog book referring norfolk breed modern era norfolk thought previous english prior recognition temperament norfolk typically unhappy separated owners formed strong attachment compared 19th century ill tempered successfully broken members breed noisy described making noise hunt similar fashion far use hunting varied breed useful land water particular successful america beginning 20th century popular area boston described good water appearance breed white dog liver black markings breed standard set measurements inches height long legs ears white area forehead said add great deal beauty differences including broader skull shorter neck compared build shape proportions smaller size field era displayed colours liver white liver black norfolk breed specific qualities varied greatly places breeding lines kept particularly pure lines having stock sussex bred end 19th century description norfolk changed slightly breed standard norfolk animal coat black white liver white reasonably heavy body legs longer field shorter irish water deep chest long sloping shoulders strength features typical ears standard included requirement tail docked brief standard described norfolk simply looking like large | Norfolk Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
7705_Arabianhorse | arabian horse arabian arab horse arabic breed horse originated distinctive head shape high tail carriage arabian easily recognizable horse breeds world oldest breeds archaeological evidence horses middle_east resemble modern dating years history arabian horses spread world war trade improve breeds adding speed endurance strong bone today arabian found modern breed riding horse arabian developed desert climate prized nomadic people brought inside family tent shelter protection theft selective breeding traits including ability form cooperative relationship humans created horse breed good quick learn willing arabian developed high spirit needed horse raiding war combination willingness sensitivity requires modern arabian horse owners handle horses respect arabian versatile breed dominate discipline endurance riding compete today fields equestrian sport popular horse breeds world found worldwide including united_states canada united_kingdom australia continental europe south_america especially brazil land origin middle_east breed characteristics arabian horses refined wedge shaped heads broad forehead large eyes large nostrils small display distinctive concave profile slight forehead eyes called adds additional capacity believed helped arabian horse native dry desert climate breed characteristic arched neck large set set refined clean structure poll called ideal arabian long allowing flexibility room distinctive features relatively long level naturally high tail carriage breed standard requires solid bone standard correct bred deep angled hip laid shoulder breed variations individuals wider suitable intense bursts activity events longer better suited long stretches flat work endurance riding horse racing compact body short usually dense strong bone good walls especially noted endurance superiority breed endurance riding competition demonstrates bred strong sound horses superior stamina international sponsored endurance events half dominant performers distance competition skeletal analysis instead usual pairs ribs quality arabian relatively horizontal properly angled good length depth hip determined length allows agility angle hip leading assert flat angle use properly formed hip angle determined attachment spine structure length aspects anatomy arabian typical horse breeds built speed distance angle oblique hip angle necessarily horses bred need good length good length hip proper attachment muscles unlike angle length hip rule size breed standard stated describes standing hands inches tall occasional individual regardless height classified horses hands inches traditional height horse pony common myth strong relatively small refined arabian horse noted greater density bone breeds short cannons sound feet broad short breed physical strength comparable taller animals smaller arabian carry heavy rider tasks sheer weight horse matters farm work draft horse lighter weight horse disadvantage purposes arabian strong hardy light horse breed able carry type rider equestrian pursuits temperament centuries arabian horses lived desert close association humans shelter protection theft prized war kept owner tent close children everyday family life horses naturally good disposition allowed reproduce result today good temperament examples makes breeds rules allow children exhibit nearly ring classes including limited riders hand arabian classified hot breed category includes refined spirited horses bred speed like hot sensitivity intelligence enable quick learning greater communication riders intelligence allows learn bad habits quickly good ones tolerate abusive training practices sources claim difficult train hot horse natural tendency cooperate humans treated badly like horse excessively nervous anxious seldom vicious seriously subjected extreme abuse end spectrum romantic myths told arabian horses near divine characteristics colors registers horses coat colors bay gray chestnut black bay gray chestnut common black common classic gene appear exist registered breeders usually expressing patterns features matter coat color black skin white markings black skin provided protection intense desert sun gray white appear white hair coat genetically white color usually created natural action gray gene virtually white looking actually specialized seen older gray called bloody shoulder particular type gray localized pigment shoulder registered white having white coat pink skin dark eyes birth animals believed manifest new form dominant white result nonsense dna tracing single stallion horse originally thought actually found new form dominant white labeled possible white occurred past exist verified genetic testing spotting pattern exist coloring characterized white markings high white knees irregular spotting legs belly face white markings extend eyes chin jaw edges genetic mechanism produces gene involved studies indicate appear carry dominant gene produces bold spotting completely white horses breeds inheritance patterns observed like follow mode inheritance registered according researcher actually action unlike genetic partial like pattern horse white solid hairs entire body flanks head legs solid colored people confuse young gray horse hair colors common consistently age gray colors exist carry genes colors evidence pottery tombs suggesting spotting patterns existed ancestral arabian type horses antiquity nonetheless today carry genes leopard complex spotting patterns spotting excess white believed breeders mark dna testing standard time horses belly spots white markings deemed excessive discouraged registration excess white ring produce horses arabian characteristics coat colors found breeds arabian produces limited range potential colors appear carry color based lethal disorders frame gene produce lethal white syndrome produce arabian non affected population studies seeking gene caused condition breeds nonetheless arabian offspring cases carry genes non arabian parent carrier genetic disorders known genetic disorders arabian horses inevitably fatal inherently fatal usually result affected animal remaining conditions usually treated thought conditions means flawed gene sex linked come parents affected born currently lack sufficient research data determine precise mode inheritance breed horse problems inherited diseases fatal genetic conditions exist breeds including miniature horse belgian genetic diseases occur arabian ancestry parents following severe combined disorder fatal carriers signs similar bubble boy condition humans affected born complete lack immune system generally dies infection usually age months dna test detect healthy horses carriers gene causing testing careful planned eliminate possibility affected born syndrome called coat color lethal disorder fatal carriers signs condition affected born coat color tips coat hairs entire hair shaft unable stand birth usually days birth november announced dna test developed detect carriers simultaneously announced developed dna test disorder horses affected carriers signs affected usually born clinical signs stage usually weeks age develops severe head wide legged stance symptoms related death cells frequently diagnosed crashed fence fallen backwards suffering head injury caused accident severity varies having fast onset severe coordination problems showing signs mildly affected horses live lifespan adulthood accident prone dangerous genetic test uses dna markers associated detect carriers affected animals clinical signs distinguishable conditions diagnosis verified examining brain condition axis neck base skull fused symptoms range mild rear legs affected stand nurse symptoms seen weeks spinal cord disease seen horses month age condition genetic test hereditary component condition researched present juvenile referred usually fatal appear normal usually stop occurring months affected signs days months birth treated traditional anti seizure reduce severity condition studied genetic mode inheritance unclear cases studied general group recent research updates suggest dominant mode inheritance involved transmission trait researcher linked fashion syndrome fact occurs similar horses produced conditions occurs horses ranging birth year age common thought genetic possibly inheritance study needed born defect causes opening tube act like way valve air affected air forms characteristic swelling breathing noisy severely affected animals diagnosis based clinical signs examination skull medical management therapy treat upper respiratory tract surgical intervention needed correct opening provide route air abnormal pass normal expelled successfully treated grow fully useful lives united_states created foundation supports research efforts uncover roots genetic diseases organization fight arabian information conditions additional information available legends arabian horses topic myths legends origin story tells muhammad chose foundation test courage loyalty variants tale common version states long journey desert muhammad turned herd horses loose race oasis desperately needed drink water herd reached water muhammad called horses return responded returned master desperate favorites called meaning legendary founders strains arabian horse generally considered fictional horses legend breeders today claim modern actually descended origin tale claims king solomon given pure arabian type mare named pure queen different version says solomon gave stallion gift rider people came pay tribute king legendary stallion said faster hunt successful stud founding legend creation myth puts origin arabian time son story angel known descended heaven awakened wind angel commanded stop scattering dust rain gathered handsome creature horse swallow ground bestowed title wind arabian horse finally story states created arabian horse south wind create thee arabian victory battle set rich treasure establish thee earth thee flight wings versions story claim said south wind want creature material condensed wind colored animal bay burnt chestnut said horse arabian chestnut color hung happiness hangs eyes shall lord animals men shall follow shall good flight pursuit shall fly wings shall fortune shall come meditation origins oldest human developed horse breeds world stock oriental arabian horse oriental characteristics similar modern arabian horses features appeared rock paintings inscriptions dating years ancient history horses refined heads high carried tails depicted artwork particularly 16th century scholars arabian horse arabian came separate subspecies horse known scholars including noted arabian researcher believe dry oriental horses desert modern arabian developed likely specific characteristics based environments lived separate subspecies horses similar identical physical characteristics include horse india western asia extinct desert roots different theories ancestors arabian originally lived evidence suggests arabian came area northern edge hypothesis suggests southwestern corner arabian peninsula modern day dry indicate good natural existed long ago far ice age hypothesis gained renewed attention following discovery artifacts dated bce southwestern saudi_arabia appeared portray horses arabian horse people arabian peninsula known today time learned use approximately years ago theory development occurred plateau central scholars noting horses common rare arabian peninsula prior rise islam breed known today developed large numbers conversion islam 7th century brought knowledge horse breeding oldest depictions horses clearly date earlier bce regardless origin climate culture ultimately created arabian desert environment required horse cooperate humans survive humans providers food water certain areas hardy arabian horses needed far water order survive horses live hours water pasture water fed horses dates milk desert horse needed ability thrive little food traits compensate life dry climate wide temperature extremes day night weak individuals breeding pool animals remained centuries human warfare way life depended horses bred war horses speed endurance intelligence raids required stealth preferred away position fighters good disposition critical prized war brought inside family tents prevent theft protection weather predators appearance necessarily survival factor bred beauty horses practical features strains centuries tracked ancestry horse oral tradition horses blood known horses forbidden valued riding breeding pedigree families traced female line believe male horses considered good war horses kept selling poor quality time developed sub types strains arabian horse unique characteristics traced maternal line according primary strains known promoter writer arabian horses middle 20th century held belief strains felt strains represented body types breed masculine feminine lesser strains sub strains regional variations strain names arabian horses pure blood bred pure strain strains discouraged forbidden tribes purity important believed believing mare bred stallion blood mare future offspring contaminated stallion longer complex web strain integral culture knew history best war detail carefully tracked breeding dogs family tribal history eventually written records began kept written middle_east specifically term arabian date important strain modern studies mitochondrial dna suggest arabian horses alive today records stating descent given strain actually share common maternal ancestry historic development role ancient world fiery war horses faces high carried tails popular artistic subjects depicted pulling war hunting horses oriental characteristics appear later artwork far north type horse called arabian ancient near east later word appeared writing shared characteristics modern arabian including speed endurance example horse skeleton unearthed peninsula dated probably brought invaders considered earliest physical evidence horse horse wedge shaped head large eye small muzzle characteristics arabian horse islamic history following spelled arabian horse spread known world time recognized distinct named breed played significant role history middle_east islam muslim influence expanded middle_east north_africa muslim warriors reached spain controlled war horses oriental types including horse north_africa arabian horses spread rest world ottoman_empire rose fully dominated heart turkish empire obtained arabian horses trade diplomacy war ottomans encouraged formation private stud farms order ensure supply cavalry horses ottoman nobles egypt collected pure desert bred arabian horses sultan egypt imported bred numerous egypt stud farm record purchases describing horses abilities deposited library source later study ottomans arabian horses sold traded given diplomatic gifts europeans later americans egypt historically egyptian breeders imported horses bred palestine arabian peninsula source foundation time ottoman_empire dominated egypt political region recognized need quality war horse racing continued return obtain pure famous egypt known established extensive stud farm 19th century death stock bred egypt known assassinated heir sold horses gave away diplomatic gifts remnant herd obtained went desert bring new peak stud unfortunately epidemic african horse sickness 1870s killed thousands horses egypt herd late life sold horses exported park stud england death able gather remaining horses stud passion brought saving pure horse desert helped egyptian horse breeders convince government need preserve best remaining pure arabian descended horses collected previous century government egypt formed known today representatives traveled england 1920s purchased eighteen descendants original blunt exports returned egypt order restore lost horses purchased united_states 1930s small group exported usa relatively egyptian bred arabian horses exported overthrow king private stud farms princes confiscated animals taken 1960s 1970s oil development brought foreign investors egypt horse exported germany united_states soviet_union today designation straight egyptian egyptian arabian popular arabian breeders modern egyptian bred arabian add breeding programs arrival europe probably earliest horses arabian enter europe came indirectly spain france arrived returning beginning european armies invaded palestine knights returned home arabian horses war later knights heavy armored war horses carried obsolete arabian horses descendants develop faster light cavalry horses warfare 20th century major arabian horses europe occurred ottoman turks sent horsemen hungary mounted pure captured raids ottomans reached vienna stopped polish hungarian armies captured horses defeated ottoman cavalry animals provided foundation major eastern europe polish russian breeding programs rise light cavalry stamina agility horses arabian blood gave enormous military advantage army possessed result european monarchs began support large breeding establishments crossed local stock example royal stud polish king august imperial russian stud peter great european horse breeders obtained arabian stock directly desert trade ottomans russia obtained including arabian stallion foundation provided arabian horses catherine great owned pure arabian members russian nobility prince established arabian stud farms meet continued need breed source pure poland notable imports included prince founded stud poland state run arabian stud farm established decree great stud farms poland established including owned polish married family later notable farm produced stallion central western europe 18th century marked establishment great arabian europe dedicated preserving pure arabian set royal stud originally intended provide horses royal stables established breed animals uses including mounts prussian army foundation breeding programs crossing native horses english observers felt prussian mounts superior endurance british credited arabian superiority state included hungary set stud germany stud founded king william king james england imported arabian stallion arabian england introduced european race horse breeding especially england arabian foundation modern breed brought england 18th century monarchs obtained arabian horses personal mounts famous arabian europe war horse ridden mid-19th century need arabian blood improve breeding stock light cavalry horses europe resulted middle_east spain sent representatives desert purchase arabian horses established stud book successor king imported additional european nations state military stud farm established spain breeding arabian horses military remained heavily involved breeding spain early 20th century existence today period marked phase considerable travel middle_east european civilians minor nobility process travelers noticed arabian horse pure breed horse threat modern forms warfare problems reducing horse population tribes rapid rate late 19th century began earnest collect finest arabian horses find order preserve blood pure desert horse future generations famous example daughter granddaughter lord rise park stud famous arabian breeding operations founded europe park stud england founded starting repeated journeys middle_east including visits stud egypt tribes bringing best find england purchased maintained stud farm egypt near cairo death daughter inherited title portion estate obtained remainder following protracted legal battle father expanded stud added new exported arabian horses worldwide death stud passed manager ran motorway cut property forcing sale land dispersal horses stud produced horses worldwide significance early 20th century europe early 20th century military involved breeding arabian horses europe particularly poland spain germany russia private breeders developed number breeding programs significant private breeders continental europe spain direct descendant founded stud 1920s modern warfare impact european world war russian revolution collapse ottoman_empire historic european stud farms lost poland wiped notable survivors russian revolution combined effects world war destroyed breeding programs russia soviet government arabian program site estate included polish england programs survived war established breeding operations added new imports desert bred arabian horses middle_east european recovered stud germany founded king went considerable decline time herd transferred remained spanish civil war world war devastating impact horse breeding europe stud destroyed records lost survivors younger horses rescued survived soviet_union united_states obtained valuable arabian war strengthen breeding programs soviets taken steps protect breeding stock utilizing horses captured poland able establish breeding program soon end world war americans brought arabian horses captured europe united_states station california postwar era poland spain germany developed established respected arabian stud farms poland particular nazis soviets able reclaim breeding stock particularly world renowned quality arabian horses tested racing performance standards 1950s russians obtained additional horses egypt augment breeding programs cold war exported iron curtain cold war come west caught eye breeders worldwide improved international relations eastern europe west led major imports polish russian bred arabian horses western europe united_states 1970s 1980s collapse soviet_union greater political stability egypt rise european_union increased international trade arabian horses organizations created consistent standards transferring registration arabian horses different nations today arabian horses traded world america horses american mainland end ice age arrived brought horses arabian ancestry mexico followed brought horses similar breeding america horses followed new arrival missionaries settlers horses escaped stolen foundation stock early imports colonists england brought horses arabian breeding eastern example imported horse arabian turkish ancestry america george_washington primary mounts american revolutionary war gray half arabian horse named stallion ranger known arabian said obtained sultan morocco presidents linked ownership arabian horses president received sultan president obtained arabian stallion leopard tree gifts sultan turkey american known specifically bred arabian horses traveled desert obtain breeding stock crossed bred unfortunately horses lost civil war known arabian descendants today major political figure purchased prior secretary state abraham_lincoln leopard stallion imported prior left known descendants america imported desert bred arabian mare bred leopard producing leopard arabian son arabian appear today development breeding america established recording animals number reached half million today registered north_america rest world origins registry date sponsored exhibit arabian horses today syria chicago exhibition raised considerable interest arabian horses records unclear horses imported exposition seven died fire shortly arrival horses remained end exhibition stayed america sold auction went bankrupt horses caught interest american breeders including purchased horses auction admirer imports major arabian united_states included bradley teamed purchase directly interested arabian cavalry mount imported period years starting wave imports came 1920s breeders imported arabian park stud england poland spain egypt breeding fostered stood public stud reduced rate polish breeding captured nazi_germany imported following world war deaths england led sales united_states demise passing tensions cold war eased imported america poland egypt late 1970s political issues surrounding import regulations recognition stud books resolved arabian horses imported spain russia modern trends 1980s popular status symbol marketed similarly fine art individuals horses tax shelter prices especially united_states record setting public auction price mare named love sold million largest syndication history arabian stallion potential profit led breeding arabian tax reform act closed tax passive investment limiting use horse farms tax shelters arabian market particularly vulnerable artificially inflated prices collapsed forcing breeders bankruptcy sending slaughter prices recovered slowly breeders moving away producing living art horse suitable amateur owners riding disciplines survey found arabian horses america owned recreational riding purposes registered united_states largest number nation world australia early imports arabian horses introduced australia earliest days early imports included light spanish came india based records describing arabic persian blood arabian horses probably imported australia groups merchant named imported bay arabian stallion india said owned later known duke wellington additional india arrived tasmania arabian born australia stallion named 19th century came australia produce horses left recorded descendants significant imports permanently recorded offspring appearing modern arabian imported england improve famous arabian included australian stud book military involved promotion breeding horses especially world war foundation breeds considered uniquely australian including australian pony 20th 21st centuries early 20th century arabian horses arrived australia polish breeding arrived egyptian lines imported arabian horses rest world followed today australian arabian horse registry second largest world united_states modern breeding arabian horses today found world longer classified strain informally classified nation origin famed horses given pedigree popular types labeled polish spanish russian egyptian domestic describing horses ancestors imported united_states prior including programs usa specific mixture acquired designation set devoted followers virtues debated debates value arabian refined beauty value horse stamina number breeders preservation breeding controversies exist relative purity certain animals breeders argue genetic purity discussing horses descend animals traced desert major factions follows states origin arabian horse arabian desert ultimately trace lineage source essence horses accepted registration united_states deemed definition arabian states arabian horse appears register listed acceptable definition known arabian horses world registered stud books acceptable researched purity question general findings web site describing research political issues surrounding arabian horse particularly america end spectrum organizations focused documented desert sources restrictive definitions example europe accepts horse pedigree exclusively based breeding arabian peninsula non arabian horses time likewise organization takes position horse called arabian horses horses north_america reasonably assumed descend entirely arabian horses bred horse breeding tribes sources unacceptable restrictive horses identified straight egyptian trace lines desert horses owned bred specific egyptian breeding programs definition straight egyptian constitute arabian horses america ironically pure desert bred syria enormous difficulties accepted owned saw need obtain piece paper verify purity horses eventually developed stud book animals accepted influence horse breeds genetic strength desert bred arabian horse arabian played development nearly modern light horse breed including morgan american quarter horse breeds arabian influenced development australian stock horse draft horse today people cross breeds add endurance agility beauty usa half registry includes special section arabian crosses crosses originally registered half popular breed registry including national horse arabian cross arabian quarter horse arabian welsh pony arabian morgan addition half approved breeding particularly registry intense debate role arabian played development light horse breeds dna based research developed hypothesis based body types suggested light dry oriental horse adapted desert climate developed prior dna studies multiple horse breeds suggest horses arose multiple mare lines little breeds following horse location middle_east crossroads ancient world relatively near earliest locations oriental horses spread europe asia ancient modern times little doubt humans crossed oriental blood types create light riding horses actual questions point oriental prototype called arabian arabian blood mixed local animals point history breeds arabian influence specific animals documented written stud books older breeds dating influx arabian ancestry difficult example outside cultures horses brought influenced predecessor horse time islamic invasions 8th century difficult trace precise details journeys taken waves horses traveled middle_east north_africa gibraltar southern europe mitochondrial dna studies modern horses peninsula horses north_africa present convincing evidence breeds crossed influenced studies compare arabian horses evidence horses resembling breed called arabian genetic mix probably related different appearance horses arabian type present muslim armies occupied europe historical documentation islamic invaders raised arabian horses spain prior spanish documented imports arabian horses improve existing spanish stock revive declining populations uses versatile horses compete equestrian fields including horse racing horse disciplines saddle seat western pleasure hunt seat cutting endurance riding jumping youth events pleasure riding trail riding working ranch horses interested competition competition dominate sport endurance riding stamina leading breed competitions cup cover miles day participate sanctioned endurance events worldwide including world equestrian games extensive series horse shows united_states canada arabian half arabian anglo arabian horses sanctioned conjunction classes offered include western pleasure hunter type saddle seat english pleasure plus popular native costume class sport horse events arabian horses popular north_america particularly began hosting separate arabian half arabian sport horse national championship grew draw entries competition draws arabian arabian horses perform hunter sport horse saddle sport horse hand combined driving competition nations sponsor major shows strictly including spain poland excelled open events breeds famous examples field western riding competition arabian mare defeated horses breeds win championship cow palace san_francisco california arabian competitive breeds stallion won breed cutting horse competition quarter horse congress 1950s jumping hunter competition number competed successfully breeds open competition including won multiple jumping classes horses breeds open circuit arabian competed brazilian team athens olympics appeared open sport horse events olympic level competition anglo arabian ridden olympic silver medal france team gold french anglo arabian ridden team gold medal individual silver olympics olympics french rider won gold individual medal jumping anglo arabian anglo arabian ridden represents united_kingdom olympic competition winning awards including place recently named nicknamed sources vary hand pony arabian pony breeding won gold medals pan american games finished kentucky day competition activities involved wide variety activities including movies places horses showcased popular movies dating silent film era rode stallion son seen films including black stallion featuring stallion filming version football teams performing crowd pleasing activities field horses serves traveler mascot arabian thunder stage arabian stallion mascot retirement arabian took thunder arabian horses regular sight annual tournament roses parade held new year day california search rescue teams occasionally police work polo usa europe turkish equestrian sport pronounced horseback riding programs guest | Arabian horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
8101_ItalianHeavyDraft | italian heavy draft italian heavy draft draft breed draft horse italy italian breed italian rapid heavy draft farm horse italian pronunciation generally chestnut color breed known combination strength speed development traces continued late 19th early 20th centuries breeders utilized mix foundation included native italian stock imported horses mainly draft type versatility led use agricultural military capacities production stud book formed population numbers continued rise beginning world war breeding programs suffered war despite care afterward population numbers continued increasing decreased need draft horses 1970s selective breeding goals changed produce horse suitable meat production today remains primary use italian heavy draft breed characteristics italian heavy draft generally stands hands inches high weighs pounds generally chestnut usually tail red bay head light draft breed straight slightly convex profile set short broad muscular neck fairly pronounced muscular chest broad deep shoulders sloping straight short flanks short rounded sloping legs short broad joints formed closely resembles breed heavily creation italian heavy draft larger bears resemblance developed northern italy horses meet breed standards set breed registry branded design ladder enclosed shield examined twice seven months half years horses passing evaluation branded left pass second marked left neck history selection eventually italian heavy draft begun military stud italy breed originally developed crossing native stock large horses resulting horses strong light fast farm work required italians breed lighter faster blood added resulting horse exactly creators looking 19th century added blood mix bringing breed current stud book begun selection processes developed select horses use draft capacities breeding programs suffered world war careful program horses war brought italian heavy draft current state despite italian heavy draft early popularity strong fast draft horse increasing farming military sectors reduced need draft horses population numbers declined 1970s selection processes changed focus production animals horse meat continued primary focus present time breed association formed italy preserve promote italian heavy draft association charged maintaining stud book evaluating breeding stock granting maintaining genetic exhibiting breed main breeding areas italian heavy draft plains hills venice estimated half registered population end largest numbers number reported modern trace remains slower italian slow heavy subject morphological study uses italian heavy draft originally bred versatile horse agriculture urban settings military capacities production large military breed size strength speed extremely useful italian farmers introduction farming areas impractical production horses today bred meat italy global consumers horse meat consumption jumped percent eighteen month old preferred slaughter | Italian Heavy Draft | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
8511_CumberlandIslandhorse | horse horses band feral horses living state georgia popular myth holds horses arrived island time 16th century arrival spanish unlikely horses left spanish survived likely current population descends horses brought island 18th century english national_park_service took management horses similar bands horses living islands estimated population horses island horses relatively short life pest disease rugged environment study found instability marks bands large numbers dominant early dispersal juveniles frequent band changing herd studied periodically late 1980s researchers recommending management strategies depending focus study current herd levels shown negative effect environment researchers focused environmental issues recommend severe reduction herd numbers researchers looking genetic state herd size nearly large current necessary prevent state herd genetically unique warrant special preservation national_park_service current management plan horses effort create blocked georgia member house_of_representatives history horses native popular myth states brought island spanish 16th century believed horses likely survive lack visits spanish local native americans island finding little practical use 18th century english began settling horses seen today likely descendants horses brought settlers large majority horses began freely revert natural state feral 19th century efforts capture use horses attempts island plantation owner allowed visitors purchase capture horses called marsh personal use horses cavalry animals american civil war war records suggest people captured horses horse meat bought plantations island introduced tennessee walking horses feral horse population attempt improve animals received small income buying selling animals later island residents began introducing additional breeds island bands horses large number horses brought island globe arizona running wild western national_park_service acquired island declared new horses introduced island introduced early 1990s hopes existing population monitoring horses tracking impact environment outbreak eastern killed horses approximately herd population seven feral horse barrier islands characteristics resource assessment estimated approximately feral horses horses counted island yearly census conducted counted horses horses counted census park management estimates approximately horses missed counts year bringing total horses life span horses approximately half ancestors parasites disease suffer digestive issues linked great sand causes abdominal study published researchers fish wildlife service looked data collected effort better understand herd dynamics cumberland island herd study found band instability high generally forming close relationships commonly switching stallion banded juveniles quickly researchers attributed lack territory bands frequently inhabiting overlapping areas high number bachelor saw high number dominant lead band alternate breeding band born likely survive comparable western feral survival rates respectively found especially true animals born june attributed higher temperatures higher insect levels reduced food availability number horses cumberland bands comparable western bands eastern islands horses tended larger bands average horses band respectively controversy management initial study published researcher demonstrated current population horses grazing island researcher recommended reducing herd size animals contended maximum size island support environmental damage study showed horses significantly reducing plant stocks island reducing future plant production study genetic variation feral horse eastern barrier islands conducted researchers study concluded herd minimum size necessary prevent researchers noted looking herd size solely related genetic variation environmental damage consideration addition found large introduced blood outside horses horses genetically unique ongoing environmental damage concluded horses met genetic environmental requirements feral horses public lands herd reduced removed completely researchers conceded analysis local historical cultural elements consideration environmental genetic began process developing management plan cumberland island horse compiling information released draft environmental assessment early began taking public comment potential management plan public opinion severely divided approving management plan likely resulted reduction removal herd animal rights activists island residents protesting plan plan implemented representative included provision federal bill prevented management horses kingston change bill touring island consultation initially claimed personally significant damage island horses herd size decreased later questioning refused expand observations damage island provision expired effectively halted momentum park management plan study published recommended management strategy reduced herd populations environmentally recommended sizes combination island adoption private owners researchers recommended use focused female members herd high numbers bachelor study conducted determine public opinion management feral livestock horses pigs island researchers found visitors believed horses damaging habitat island consensus solution problem majority visitors tended prefer non lethal methods managing population opposed non management complete time park management felt horses popular tourists destructive beach ecosystems including increase erosion horses eaten grasses previously held sand place report emphasized negative impact horses having island environment endorsed study findings animals appropriate population island report noted management challenges resulting public political appeal animals stated management plan necessary potential solutions offered included herd reduced herd portion island reduce herd numbers april management plan published considers herd feral free ranging | Cumberland Island horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
8864_TennesseeWalkingHorse | tennessee walking horse tennessee walking horse breed horse known unique beat running walk movement originally developed southern united_states use farms plantations popular riding horse calm disposition smooth sure seen ring popular pleasure trail riding horse english western equipment seen movies television shows performances breed developed late 18th century canadian eastern united_states crossed spanish texas breeds later added named considered foundation breed born formed closed tennessee walking horse national celebration held annual event recent years attracted considerable attention controversy basic categories tennessee walking horse competition called flat performance differentiated desired leg action flat horses wearing regular exhibit exaggerated movement performance horses wear built pads weighted action devices creating called big style action devices prohibited shows sanctioned breed organizations breed affected prohibits practice abusive practices enhance movement prized ring occur today despite law controversy continuing practices led split breed community criminal charges number individuals creation separate breed organizations breed characteristics modern tennessee walking horse described refined elegant built tall horse long neck head defined small placed ears breed averages hands inches high pounds shoulders hip long sloping short strong moderate thickness depth acceptable hind legs slightly cow found solid colors patterns common colors bay black chestnut found colors caused genes champagne cream silver genes patterns include reputation having calm disposition naturally smooth riding horses famous movement popular trail pleasure riding best known running walk beat pattern regular flat walk significantly faster horse performing flat walk moves miles hour kilometres hour running walk allows horse travel miles hour kilometres hour running walk horse rear feet prints feet inches centimetres longer prized tennessee walking horse breed performing running walk horse head rhythm flat running walks main performed tennessee walking horses members breed perform variations lateral including rack stepping pace fox single foot pleasure riding ring tennessee walking horses long reaching stride history tennessee walker originated horses brought kentucky starting crossed spanish imported texas horses bred limestone central tennessee originally known tennessee originally purpose horses farms plantations riding pulling racing known smooth sure rocky tennessee terrain american blood added breed later known born stallion family morgan mare named foundation tennessee walking horse breed failure horse insistence pacing instead breeding line named born able perform successful horse turn famous tennessee walking horses formed changed current tennessee walking horse breeders stud book closed meaning date tennessee walker parents registered eligible registration recognized distinct breed named official state horse state tennessee common breed kentucky american quarter horse horses registered life annual new common southern southeastern found country uses tennessee walker noted appearance horse events particularly performances saddle seat style english riding equipment popular trail riding horse endurance riding promote use maintains awards program conjunction breed seen television movies performing events horse silver times played tennessee walker trigger successor original trigger famous played tennessee walker named position mascot traveler held times tennessee walking horse tennessee walker arabian cross 20th century crossed welsh create american walking pony pony breed horse shows basic categories tennessee walking horse competition called flat performance flat horses compete different disciplines western english shows divisions offered flat plantation pleasure division judged brilliance presence horses balanced park pleasure animated flat divisions flat horses shown ordinary allowed use pads action devices trimmed slightly lower angle natural toe seen stock horse breeds performance horses called built exhibit animated lifting high ground step exaggerated action called big horses riders saddle seat attire horses double triple nailed pads called form prohibited shows governed horses western classes wear equipment similar breeds western pleasure classes mix english western style equipment riders wear hat helmet western classes shown pleasure fine harness driving classes similar saddle seat horses tennessee walking horses typically shown long tail artificially set tails seen performance classes grown horses classes harness classes generally allowed pleasure flat competition classes horses turned saddle seat equipment typical horse shown single curb bit bit inches double common saddle seat breeds riders wear typical saddle seat attire hats mandatory use safety helmets allowed ranges strongly encouraged required pleasure division classes horse protection act showing exhibition sale tennessee walking horses horse breeds governed hpa concerns practice developed 1950s widespread 1960s resulting public outcry congress passed declaring practice cruel act prohibits entering horse sale auction exhibition prohibits drivers transporting horses sale congress delegated statutory responsibility enforcement management sales horse shows placed administration act animal violations hpa result criminal charges fines prison sentences certain train license complete inspection teams include investigators medical officers conduct horse shows authority license follow standards act defined hpa meanings irritating agent applied internally externally person limb horse burn cut inflicted person limb horse nail screw chemical agent injected person person limb horse substance device person limb horse person engaged practice involving horse result application injection use practice horse suffers reasonably expected suffer physical pain distress walking action devices remain legal conjunction illegal practices defined code federal regulations boot collar chain roller device placed lower leg horse manner rotate leg slide leg cause friction strike band joint research undertaken effect applications chemical physical legs tennessee walking horses study found chains weight combination chemical produced pain horses chains lighter produced pain tissue damage changes detected observing horse assessing stance lower legs trainers trick training horses react pain cause severely horse area touched practice called reference horse steward trainers use timed wear horse goes ring pressure eliminating use chemicals altogether trainers sore horses observed leaving grounds find stringent federal inspection teams present illegal federal law years practiced criminal charges filed people violate act enforcement hpa difficult limited inspection budgets problems enforcement hired shows police result certified organizations remained certified known actively working end legislation amend strengthen hpa introduced congress president executive committee voted support legislation board directors chose bill sponsored representative representative sponsors november hearing held supporters included members opponents included members tennessee commissioner agriculture rules organizations controversies rules concerns breed industry compliance resulted development multiple governing organizations breed registry kept promotes riding disciplines breed horse shows currently recognize tennessee walking horse shows banned use action devices time class organization group dedicated preservation original mainly use trail pleasure horses showing horses listed organization descend foundation registered include horses shown organizations formed promote exhibition flat horses promotes naturally horses sanctioned horse shows rule book official affiliate organization breed sanctions horse shows licenses judges authorized process building tracking registry document pedigree performance achievements horses recorded included breeds sued eventually won concessions use registry certificates judgment prohibit continuing registry service longer actively advertised website organization promotes exhibition flat horses licenses judges pleasure classes promotes use horses distance riding sport horse activities authorized organizations rules horse shows action devices allowed sound horses honest judging objective winning fairly celebration tennessee held august considered showcase competition breed recent years celebration attracted large amounts attention controversy concerns violations | Tennessee Walking Horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
9065_MaineCoon | maine maine largest breed cat distinctive physical appearance valuable hunting skills oldest natural breeds north_america specifically native state maine simply introduced official state cat records maine exact origins date introduction united_states exist competing suggested breed popular cat shows late 19th century existence threatened long haired breeds overseas introduced early 20th century maine comeback popular cat breeds world maine large cat nickname gentle giant characterized robust bone structure rectangular body shape silky flowing coat long tail breed colors vary widely chocolate pedigree reputed intelligence playful gentle personality maine cited having dog like characteristics professionals notice certain health problems breed including hip breeders use modern screening methods minimize frequency problems history origin ancestral origins maine unknown speculation folk tales folk tale involves queen france executed story goes death attempted escape france help captain loaded ship prized possessions including favorite cats united_states pets safely reached shores maine bred short haired breeds developed modern breed maine folk tale involves captain english kept long haired cats aboard ships ship anchor new_england ports exit ship mate local feral cat population long haired began appearing litters local cat population referred cats myth trait based genetically impossible idea modern maine descended ancestors semi feral domestic cats myth likely based common color breed brown tail idea maine originated domestic cats wild explain hairs commonly seen tips ears generally accepted hypothesis breeders maine descended local short haired domestic cats long haired breeds brought overseas english possibly captain 11th century connection seen strong resemblance maine breed said descendant cats traveled cat shows popularity mention literary work book cat owned wrote chapter breed late 1860s farmers located maine told stories cats held contest local dozen entered boston north american cat hosted madison square garden new_york_city female maine brown named entered owned won silver collar medal named best silver collar purchased help donation collar housed jean baker rose memorial library early 20th century popularity began decline introduction long haired breeds persian originated middle_east recorded win maine national cat years portland oregon breed rarely seen decline severe breed declared extinct 1950s declaration considered exaggerated reported prematurely time created early 1950s attempts increase popularity maine years held cat shows hosted exhibitions photographs breed noted creating written breed standards maine maine denied provisional breed status steps required breed recognized able compete championship competitions times led formation breed finally accepted provisional status approved championship status couple decades saw rise popularity maine championship victories increase national rankings state maine announced breed named official today popular cat breed according number registered breed description largest breed domestic cat average males weigh females weighing height adults vary reach length including tail reach length long tapering heavily resembling tail body solid muscular necessary supporting weight chest broad possess rectangular body shape slow physically mature potential size normally reached years old cats year accepted male maine named longest cat measuring tip nose tip tail died february cancer home nevada age overlap length lighter build lower height maine medium haired cat coat soft silky texture vary coat color length shorter head shoulders longer stomach flanks cats having lion like neck minimal required breed compared long haired breeds coat self maintaining owing light density coat subject seasonal variation fur thicker winter thinner summer colors cats colors indicating chocolate pointed patterns patterns accepted breed standards pattern example accepted common pattern seen breed brown eye colors accepted breed standards exception occurrence blue colored odd eyes eyes different colors cats possessing coat colors white physical adaptations survival harsh winter climates dense water resistant fur longer underside rear extra protection walking sitting wet surfaces snow ice long like tail resistant sinking snow face shoulders warmth protection wind blowing snow like seat sitting snow ice surface large especially extra large facilitate walking snow compared long fur growing toes help toes warm aid walking snow giving additional structure significant extra weight heavily ears extra long fur growing inside help ears warm original maine cats inhabited new_england area possessed trait known having extra toes feet sources claim trait thought occurred approximately maine population maine time little evidence given claim rarely seen ring unacceptable competition standards gene simple dominant gene shown pose threat cat health trait breed fact automatic rings private organizations breeders created order disappearing known gentle giants possess average intelligence making relatively easy train known loyal family cautious mean strangers independent maine generally known lap cat gentle disposition makes breed relaxed dogs cats children playful lives males tending females generally possessing dignity equally fascination water personality trait comes ancestors aboard ships lives known vocal cats known frequent making loud diet require ample protein nutrients large cat breed high levels energy best feed quality food needs fulfilled dry food wet food wet food mixed dry food times week feeding cat quality dry food reduce build teeth avoid grain based foods cat natural diet contain grain grain lead diabetes eat food lists grains ingredient label food lists meat ingredient best maine cats develop plastic best eat glass steel bowl health pet insurance data obtained study years sweden puts median lifespan maine years lived years lived years generally healthy hardy breed adapted survive new_england climate severe threat common heart disease seen cats pure bred thought inherited dominant trait middle aged older cats males thought disease progressive disease result heart failure hind legs originating heart sudden death specific causes seen testing services offered tested lab located approximately tested positive cats tested positive clinical signs disease maine cats clinical evidence test negative strongly suggesting second exists breed prevalence found study potential health problem spinal muscular genetically inherited disease causes loss spinal cord activate skeletal muscles trunk limbs symptoms normally seen months age result muscle muscle weakness shortened life span test offered detect genes responsible hip hip joint cause cats commonly affected hip tend males larger big breeds similar situation dogs relatively smaller size weight cats frequently results symptoms pronounced rays submitted indicates database maine cat breed listed database kidney disease slowly progressive disease affecting persian persian related breeds fluid filled expand destroying functional tissue observed low appears particular breed recent study spanning years documented healthy enrolled pre breeding screening programme single small mean diameter located junction different size numbers location observed persian related breeds study maine cats test negative proving disease cats unrelated observed related breeds gene cats failed demonstrate common genetic sequences presence absence changes appear negatively impact patients quality life follow available reported alive adulthood exact nature clinical relevance currently unknown screening recommended pre breeding assessment currently valid method detection breed | Maine Coon | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
10486_Sebrightchicken | chicken breed chicken named developer sir oldest recorded british true meaning miniature bird corresponding large version breed created 19th century selective breeding program designed produce ornamental breed breed specialist club enthusiasts admitted exhibition standards long establishment today popular breeds despite popularity difficult breed inheritance certain unique characteristics breed carries studied scientifically largely ornamental chicken lay tiny white eggs kept meat production history background sir 7th member parliament addition breeding chickens cattle animals sir john wrote influential pamphlets animal keeping breeding art improving breeds domestic animals observations observations instinct animals read sir john pamphlet impressed passage elaborated weak live writings darwin correspondence mutual friend aided darwin inception darwin theory natural selection darwin seminal work published cited sir john experiments breeding recalled sir respect produce given feather years years obtain head darwin cited sir john extensively dog breeding work variation plants animals descent man selection relation sex book natural selection published lifetime development breed carries intentionally set create small chicken laced plumage similar laced variety polish chickens exact makeup breed uncertain thought crossed british polish birds base achieving laced chicken breed true breed establishment circa founded individual breed association chickens breed appeared edition today breed popular chickens according characteristics accordance intentions creator ornamental commonly seen competitive shows true small stature males weigh average grams females short backs large breasts downward pointing wings combine create angular look plumage laced edges evenly black base dark gold whitish silver legs slate blue skin dark horn color carry rose covered fine points small spike sweeps head called leader originally purple colour referred fancy today bright red desired according standards countries breeders consider adverse effect fertility male use don carry trait breeding purposes despite automatic disqualification shows chicken breeds meaning long shaped feathers common appear tail neck saddle unique characteristic molecular found useful model organism study sex carry causes tissues skin convert unusually large male sex female sex kind birds male protective turn owners like light nature best contained smaller area live happily living breeds prolific expected produce white eggs season prolific egg layers outstanding meat birds prove particularly difficult raise especially rarely chicks usually high mortality rates adults generally hardy birds especially susceptible disease temperament friendly actively social birds males known aggressive general like small chickens somewhat birds small size relatively large wings minority chicken breeds retains strong flying ability keepers confinement allowing free range genetic males occasion born breeding | Sebright chicken | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
10595_Naborr | april november originally named gray arabian stallion russia stud russian bred stallion ancestry polish bred mare establishing race track ring ussr exported poland lived seven years purchased import united_states wealthy arabian horse arizona death sold time highest price paid arabian horse auction went leading champion arabian horses united_states canada life career russia april originally named russian born stallion spelled mare gray recorded russian arabian stud book standing centimetres hands year old raced won times starts highest recorded speeds metres metres metres accomplishments track qualified breeding stallion age awarded certificate class equivalent reserve champion moscow competition open breeds horses champion russia registered sold poland polish rebuilding arabian breeding program following world war wanted stallion restore line national desert bred stallion brought poland horse killed revolution end world war line lost poland preserved son exported england great poland stud moved poland noted temperament intelligence style arabian beauty dry fine head expressive eye swan neck milk white hair unusual age resembled arabian horses painted best painter oriental horses poles able import stayed january purchased imported america anne arrival america registered came america ship polish bred including voyage lasted days rough ship encountered storm sea ran low hay year old came trip fairly lost pounds horse mare aborted died horses lost great deal weight stood select friends result ownership year total stud book closed outside breeders seeking returned poland purchased offspring bred including mare total offspring imported poland united_states died age terms called sold public auction october television station owner horse phoenix area agreed team purchased estate auction paid time highest price paid arabian horse auction america brought newton partner horse month later previously bred owned kept ranch initially newton suitable barn built facility near arizona bought newton share period newton formed partnership arabian breeders purchase son named stud fee advertised year brought honored spectators living legends fourth leading champions united_states ownership high purchase price coverage mainstream national news outlets credited beginning bubble high auction prices paid arabian horses distinction russian bred arabian offspring registered united_states poland registered russian arabian stud book approved died november years old final year life born october offspring legacy combining imported offspring american born horses registered united_states end offspring won championships number wins later doubled tied leading statistics showed championships won offspring horses earned higher honors winning offspring included son western pleasure reserve stallion salon france sons daughters championship careers son poland imported united_states performance showing formal driving park horse son adventure stallion daughter national champion offspring performance disciplines included park formal driving horse pedigree grandson son sold russia arabian stud price estimated dam poland russians captured number world war brought captured horses ancestors line mare carries crosses stallion | Naborr | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
10799_ColoradoRanger | colorado ranger horse breed colorado high plains united_states breed descended imported turkey state virginia late 1800s bred ranch horses nebraska colorado early 1900s registered traces patches max breed championed founded original registry membership limits resulted horses registered instead pedigree research ongoing discover additional horses trace ancestry original horses registered solid color carry leopard spotting patterns coloration breeding allowed draft horse pony breeding horses dual registered approximately percent characteristics registration colorado ranger horses color breeding allowed generations registered horse pedigree stand hands inches high breed straight facial profile long muscular neck deep chest shoulders sloping connected short horses original purpose ranch horses shown western english disciplines mainly trail pleasure riding known good disposition abilities stock horses registered colorado trace directly foundation pedigree patches second max son horse named max born registered colorado bred registered resulting registered horses draft horse pony blood registered colorado double registered registered proper approximately percent colorado ranger horses dual registered history original foundation ancestors colorado ranger brought united_states given president turkish sultan horse gray named second arabian gray named leopard reached virginia voyage turkey reaching virginia spent years breeding noted horses leased leopard tree friend grant named general breed number ranch nebraska successful producing high quality ranch horses years later colorado collaborated buy group horses including stallion imported stallion spot leopard grandson leopard sides pedigree influence leopard american horse breeding listed registers major breed associations united_states 20th century colorado horses purchased improve existing ranch stock crossings leopard coloration originally aim breeding program resulting horses bore spotted coat patterns breeders began include goals influential foundation breed colorado born leopard spot named max second stallion named imported north_africa owner wedding gift daughter stallion provided important blood breed imported turkey colorado high plains interested breed acquired max patches son original ranch stallion time breeding horses kept complete records horse bred initial pedigree record breed association invited bring chose leopard fox names coined members faculty reference horses having bred ranges colorado colorado ranger official breed nickname commonly influential saving highest quality ranger stock severe drought 1930s driving miles better pasture history making journey rains returned eastern colorado drive return horses original pasture establishing herd developed practice groups horses western united_states use breeding stock practice horses influenced return influenced quarter horse western stock horse breeds founded granted corporate charter association remained president organization death registry initially imposed member limit ranger horses breeders allowed members instead registered member limit lifted pedigree research continued find register horses ranger breeding registered registered 1980s blood allowed breed practice discontinued states registered blood eligible registry horses registered new horses registered annually originally bred western today found midwest eastern parts country including states michigan ohio pennsylvania found canada large breeding farm | Colorado Ranger | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
10821_Binky(polarbear) | polar bear july polar bear lived alaska zoo anchorage found orphan alaska taken zoo quickly popular attractions local hero received international news coverage zoo visitors separate incidents died parasitic disease early life found orphaned alaska rescued given later alaska zoo anchorage quickly zoo popular attractions keeper commented performer cried evenings laughing visitors left day initially placed foot foot oval cage quickly prospect raising estimated needed new larger enclosure uncertain zoo officials feared sent fundraiser open house held raise money effort number schools businesses participated ultimately greatest contribution zoo effort city purchase zoo land zoo agreed buy annual installments new enclosure opened year appearance dog spot car commercials approached sexual maturity zoo officials negotiated purchase female polar bear named oklahoma transfer finalized died viral disease february young polar bear twins female male joined enclosure got poorly given zoo mexico grown bear weighed pounds aggressive bear bit zoo employee finger keeper commented independent likes play games feeling walks halfway den sits knows close smart bear celebrity death july year old australian tourist jumped safety rails close photograph cage stuck head bars grabbed suffered broken leg bite wounds tourist caught event tape kept woman shoe days retrieved zoo officials day attack photographer took photo holding shoe mouth printed press account incident gave shoe bar nearby burned weeks later involved drunken local teenagers approached bear enclosure apparently hoping swim pool year old hospitalized leg zoo confirm attacker bear blood face following incident attacks received international news coverage merchandise created including shirts adorned shoe photo slogan send tourist got away local letters editor supported incidents arguing polar bears respected zoo director criticized actions saying violated rules bear life initially insisted attack change zoo run security cage upgraded zoo visitors suddenly sick parasitic disease dying associated liver failure july week symptoms began shortly showed signs disease morning july went died zoo visitors left flowers outside bears enclosure zoo memorial service saw high turnout despite pouring rain bears buried zoo grounds | Binky (polar bear) | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
11125_Welara | arabian pony breed developed arabian horse welsh pony originally bred england arabian stud early 1900s imported arabian welsh pony breeding spread north_america breed registry formed united_states began published disciplines english riding known spirit breed characteristics average hands inches hands inches registered stand hands inches high crosses sections tend produce slightly different types pony section welsh pony crosses smallest tend hands inches mainly light driving mounts small children section crosses usually stand hands inches driving riding larger children small adults section crosses average hands inches hands tend heavier pony feet showing arabian ancestors section crosses generally stand hands inches high types suited riding average slightly larger adults majority disciplines colors allowed registration color size restrictions mix arabian welsh blood gives breed spirit good movement head small slightly concave neck arched prone shoulders long short mainly english riding especially hunter classes seen jumping day pleasure driving general leisure riding horses crosses popular mounts riders competing hunter classes history crosses began arabian horse sussex england early 1900s arabian stud began breeding arabian including polish arabian stud welsh especially stud farm imported beginning early 1920s breeders england north_america soon followed suit time focused creating new breed cross known breed registry called american created order develop promote breed began published collected preserved welsh arabian blood allowed registered blood breed registry claimed slightly registered north_america new registered annually registered percent blood breeds association registers welsh arabian foundation stock spread additional areas world including caribbean oceania europe europe welsh arabian crosses additional blood called riding sport breed seen central western parts country | Welara | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
11593_Buckeyechicken | chicken breed chicken originating state ohio created late 19th century standard breed chicken known created woman american class listed threatened breed derived ohio nickname state color said resemble seeds plant dual purpose chicken decent laying ability strong meat production characteristics yellow skinned chickens lay brown eggs history bred developed warren ohio resident named american breed chicken known developed woman despite fact women given charge household flock history barred black red games produce goal functional breed produce bitter midwest winters contrary popular belief breed created rhode_island red breed actually sent birds breeders improve breed admitted entrance signifies official certification breed association allows entered shows judged according breed standard outlined recognition standard significant factor survival past largely lack color variations especially popular exhibition breed growing interest exhibition fancy dual purpose variety bird adopted commercial operations generally bird smaller farm flocks today breed status listed threatened threatened defined threatened fewer breeding birds united_states seven fewer primary breeding flocks estimated global population breed included catalog heritage foods danger extinction characteristics male weighs average breed yellow skin lays brown eggs primary color red black tails males dark according breed standard plumage resemble seeds especially breed similar appearance differentiated bar slate color feathers close body body compact short broad purely american breed sport combined build makes cold hardy chicken breeds developed sport chickens primarily created foreign birds bears traits game frame disposition character good generally calm birds rare cases aggressive despite game heritage confinement produce better allowed range grass said breeders feather picking good meat producer layer eggs year dual purpose chicken suited small backyard flocks | Buckeye chicken | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
12223_Aztecahorse | horse horse breed mexico called american found united_states horses solid color coloration known compete western riding english riding disciplines mexican registry original united_states registration rules vary key aspects including ancestral requirements physical developed mexico blend spread united_states blood added breed characteristics foundation breeds defined mexican registry chosen produce breed combined athletic ability good temperament certain physical characteristics measure hands inches stand hands inches ideal height hands inches sexes usually weigh pounds facial profile breed straight convex neck slightly arched overall horses broad chest long sloping shoulders free mobile natural collection derived ancestry breed breed found solid colors gray seen white markings allowed face lower legs breed associations american registry allows non solid coloration registration according breed standard mexican registry horses percent foundation breeds blood mexico horses classified registration categories designated letters depending certain crosses different classes permitted mexico horses conform strict standard established mexican agriculture ministry requires inspection seven months issue birth certificate meet breed standards denied registration parents registered approved breeding registration approval breeding subject second detailed inspection age granted horses fully satisfy requirements standard registry horses breeding allowed horses percent blood common generations registered categories registration based relative degree blood foundation breed seeking ideal blend quarter horse unlike mexican counterparts physical registered history bred horse traditional horsemen mexico instrumental creation horse national horse mexico official recognition november imported crossed began breed foundation horses breed near mexico early history breeders realized need unified breeding program order produce horses met required characteristics created lake partnership breeders developed breed today official stallion named cross stallion named quarter horse mare named horse original breed registry maintains international registry regional formed majority found mexico mexican association registered horses according mexican registry adds approximately horses year formed registering portion breed followed owners association registry slightly different registration breeding rules approved mexican government register horses american registry called allows use horses essentially coloration percent breeding registry incorporate mexican registry allows blood registered uses breeds known seen competition western riding events cutting team english riding events events polo pleasure riding | Azteca horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
12769_MidnightSun(horse) | horse leading breed time world grand champion trained lived life franklin tennessee midnight sun approximately life time world grand champion talk town horses won annual tennessee walking horse world grand championship life june mare named stallion wilson allen solid black stallion matured hands inches weighed pounds unusually stout breed original great grandson known foundation tennessee walking horse breed half brother jim siblings early champions bought taken trained tennessee walking horse win world grand championship title awarded followed win year making second repeat winner half brother time stake carried purse known calm disposition wasn uncommon home near franklin tennessee let visiting children ride rode time world grand champion bought eleanor dispersal sale stipulated kept routine life continued stand stud farm death handled nearly life died year horse death turned laws said somebody hold life lived years died november buried grave visible today legacy described single influential tennessee walking horse horses line won breed highest honor horses won world grand championship midnight merry talk town setting sun sun talk town time world grand champion great second time winner leading recent years descendants midnight sun approximately lifetime stud career earned owners close year new use artificial offspring influenced horse breeds years life size statue commissioned death owner stood headquarters tennessee pedigree denotes | Midnight Sun (horse) | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
13151_Jutlandhorse | jutland horse jutland horse danish den draft horse breed originating denmark named forms western country usually chestnut compact muscular breed known calm willing temperament breed originally developed use agriculture today seen urban settings horse shows best known members breed pull beer wagons brewery copenhagen competitions demonstrations images 9th century horse similar jutland viking raiders great_britain written record 12th century popular war horses breeds occurred 18th century modern jutland type began addition blood breeds mainly draft horses stud book created late 19th century jutland population grew maximum numbers subsequently declined estimated horses remaining characteristics jutland typically chestnut bay gray black frequently white markings early 1900s bay black colors minority chestnut considered horse national color bred generally stand hands inches weigh pounds breed convex facial profile short arched neck low wide chest straight shoulder slightly sloped overall compact muscular breed temperament calm energetic considered breed enthusiasts willing workers compact size jutland strong powerful horse transport carriages heavy goods publication foreign commerce noted ability horse pull carriages stated class work heavy draft generally probably better animal jutland horse heavy powerful beast history origins breed fully documented evidence points ancestors jutland early 9th century images time viking raiders great_britain riding horses similar appearance modern jutland horses left contributing base stock suffolk punch eventually developed horses jutland exported england germany france middle ages popular mounts knights especially use mention jutland type 12th century documented war horses useful attributes jutland horse appears danish ballad risen hero goes pilgrimage rome journey encounters giant horses prove shy weak enable confront giant jutland horse passing miller claims strong carry mounted jutland succeeds killing giant horse danish breed influenced jutland 18th century significant spanish influence jutland active selection modern day jutland appears begun blood native cleveland bay cleveland bay cross horses added 19th century development breed significantly influenced stallion named imported denmark sources disagree suffolk punch cross generations descendant spelled sources considered founding stallion modern breed alive today descend sons jutland strongly resembles heavy draft breed similar origins influenced descendants exception lower legs jutland resembles suffolk punch stud book breed created horses registered breeders association formed evaluated according breed standard year created established dedicated development jutland horse breeding heavy draught horses 1950s jutland population numbers exceeded stud farms devoted breeding denmark time population numbers numbers dropped study jutland horses danish time concluded little risk jutland extinct low genetic diversity study included populations breeds greatest loss genetic diversity horses denmark extinction jutland breed genetic distance native breeds level genetic diversity danish breeds found similar european breeds danish breed conservation organization estimates uses originally bred use farms members breed agricultural purposes today bred horse shows working urban areas brewery jutland pull brewery owned peak today uses transporting beer copenhagen horses compete demonstrations shows promoting brewery breed | Jutland horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
13388_KerryBogPony | pony mountain breed pony originated ireland possibly descended irish hobby horse originally lived mainly feral existence southwestern ireland local inhabitants pack cart horses transporting villages breed developed physical characteristics including low weight height ratio unusual pattern helped soft ground known ability survive harsh conditions war increasing declines local small farm population resulted breed extinction local man found genetically tested herd foundation stock rebuilding breed early 2000s breed recognised began issued members breed small numbers exported united_states time irish american breed formed registered population characteristics generally stand hands inches high irish breed standard calls stand hands stand hands low weight height ratio enables walk wet ground hind feet tend track outside feet allowing better progress soft ground exhibit relatively upright steep angle compared breeds possibly characteristic aids movement easy keepers feral lived low nutrient heather moss possibly shoreline overall muscular strong heads concave profiles small ears large eyes winter coat long dense serving protection harsh weather solid coat colours found including colours white markings common coloured animals accepted irish registry breed known enthusiasts strength intelligence generally driving companion animals riding programs known ireland possibly derived practice calling attract pony considered mountain pony breeds british isles study mitochondrial dna found closely related native irish breeds irish draught pony rare closely related small horse breeds found western europe including pony horse study found relationships pony pony breeds lack common ancestry reinforcing lack relationship study suggested population mountain breeds initial attempts increase population 1990s breeds contributed development horse known history original ancestry unknown horses living feral existence southwestern ireland enthusiasts claim breed descendant ancient irish hobby book illustration horses pictured resemble today original showing breeds similar morphology originally transport known ability navigate soft spots rocks wet weather strength relative small size trained work harness pull turned loose needed later caught work breeding programs existed instead left reproduce feral setting travelled observed horses resembled spain british cavalry aware war pack animals conflict return ireland famine decline farmers previously utilised died emigrated addition spanish brought island replace declined fuel source pack animals longer needed 1850s farms began consolidated machinery large draft horses employed reducing number needed consequently left run feral ignored shot locals emergence operated village began search remnants population despite reports breed extinct eventually found resembled remembered childhood removed stables blood performed ireland identified dna markers subsequent dna testing showed unique breed formed separate population local breeds ireland great_britain stallion named played significant role breed continued breeding promoting breed recognised year formed americans interested breed exported ireland farm ohio american founded initial recognised official breed following year issued members breed exception place allowed unrelated met physical breed standards bred offspring registered given concern small number initially registered closed new applicants financially rewarded farmers environmentally friendly methods village open air museum ring location breeds houses existing population registered irish registry included new year herd numbers steadily increased began numbers population numbers irish breeds pony irish draught despite increasing numbers breed considered critically endangered horses administered society ireland pony society based ireland branch great_britain required allowed book divided classes class meet requirements class meet height requirement class meet color requirements class submit official inspection breed association hosted annual breed sale | Kerry Bog Pony | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
13558_Whippet | snap dog dog breed medium size breed originated england descended today strongly resemble smaller shown group relatively health problems participate dog sports lure agility originally deemed unsuitable hunting size returned peasant breeders hunt break forest law dogs bred catch rats hunt rabbits forest law repealed miniature popular sport dog racing led described poor man frequently racing dogs today highest running speed breeds weight miles hour challenge speed fastest accelerating dog world history bred hunt sight game open areas high speeds find numerous representations small like art dating ancient egyptian times bred small dog related palaces dog ancestor today medieval england small breed popular use dog written english use word regard type dog dog called actually cross little modern original thought small hunting forests england dogs frequently returned breeders usually peasants hunting dogs forest law dogs returned usually cutting leg removing toes breeders kept dogs continued breed producing smaller version suited rat catching hunting rabbits repealed small immensely popular commonly known snap dogs tendency snap nearby prey picture dogs presented small probably related early form painted second painting different non dog painting entitled portrait 7th earl features similar like dog nineteenth century racing major sport england held high regard northern parts england wales generally disregarded rest country time varieties type smooth coat popular lancashire yorkshire modern rough coat popular durham northumberland frequently referred rabbit dog early specimens taken race track dog time exported world said shapes forms sorts useful man profits little house rest pleasure recreation age modern granted breed official recognition making eligible competition dog shows commencing recording united_states recognised arrived united_states mill operators england populations established massachusetts 55th popular breed according won best dog won best known won female chosen dog year racing dog racing originally extension hare began bred race mid nineteenth century form sport rudimentary form known dogs participated said trained dogs kept person known slip frequently race judge slip release dogs time race owners standing opposite end track waving popular sunday event north time international events australia track known races saturday nights week white city track eventually sport evolved dogs divided groups hunted rabbits governed rules hare set rules established trained trained chase mechanical lure fashion similar races types maintaining considered important breeding dogs win races racing dogs established bring reform consistency race rules procedures races involving non year later viewing non dogs threat established exclusively animals description appearance medium sized dog weighing pounds height ranges depending dog shown north_america heights inches males inches females tend somewhat larger united_states canada canadian club standards larger inches males inches females colour considered judging come wide variety colours marking patterns solid black solid white red blue cream coat short smooth close fastest dog weight capable achieving speeds miles hour unique way running referred double suspension results dog legs ground twice stride legs completely extended body temperament quiet prone require regular exercise generally gentle dogs content spend day resting describes quiet owner living room says excellent house dogs called poor man lancashire yorkshire despite bred racing couch potatoes running usually asleep owner lap prone fighting known chase small pets nature tendency furniture touch sensitive meaning tend jump touched unexpectedly health course work race bred jobs years kept structurally sound breed predominantly free physical lead certain health problems like low concentration body fat liver inability given proper nutrition exercise care live years breed survey puts median lifespan years months generally healthy prone frequent ear skin digestive problems breeds genetic eye defects rare noted breed recommends breeders test defect breeding stock hip rare performed animals determined heart large slow beating intermittent animal rest causes concern owner experienced breed demonstrate regular exercise health survey conducted cardiac problems shown second leading cause mortality study identified particular significantly associated athletic performance single copy generally fast copies large known bully bully experience significant health problems experienced normal prone muscle seen breeds heavily dogs | Whippet | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
13643_ScottishTerrier | known popularly called breed dog initially highland breeds grouped breeds originated scotland modern white independent rugged breed outer coat soft dense nicknamed breed modern breed said able trace lineage single female named small breed distinctive shape roles popular culture owned variety celebrities including 32nd president united_states included statue washington 43rd president known playing piece board game monopoly described territorial dog good tend loyal family prone bleeding disorders joint disorders diseases cancer breeds dog condition named breed called successful dog breeds dog recent best description appearance scottish small compact short legged built good bone substance hard weather resistant coat thick set body hung short heavy legs characteristics joined special keen piercing expression erect ears tail features breed scottish bold confident aspect power small package eyes small bright piercing shaped round color dark brown nearly black darker better ears small set skull pointed cut covered short hair height roughly length tail roughly generally balanced dog weigh female inches height coat scottish typically hard outer coat soft dense coat trimmed blended distinct outline longer coat beard legs lower body slightly softer body coat appear coat colours range dark gray jet black mix black brown straw nearly white coats occur similar appearance white temperament territorial alert quick moving breeds breed known independent self assured playful intelligent nicknamed rugged nature endless determination nickname originally given 19th century george fourth earl earl famous pack brave named supposed inspired regiment described loving described described breed noted tend loyal family known attach people suggested scottish good tendency bark necessary typically reserved strangers case described fearless breed aggressive dogs introduced early age originally bred hunt fight prone dig chase small rats mice health genetic health concerns seen breed von disease seen breed common eye conditions seen variety breeds appear age specific conditions relating skin affect breed affected common dog related conditions parasites typically live years cancer scottish greater chance developing according research appeared risk compared breeds descending order cancer transitional cell lower tract cell skin nasal known commonly affect include mast cell research suggested times likely cancer breeds common kind cancer transitional cell commented usually occurs older dogs average age years common females ratio females males symptoms blood frequent owners noticing symptoms aware symptoms indicative tract infection common effective form treatment non anti drug allows cancer cells kill order help prevent cancer dog owner ensure dog minimal exposure cigarette smoke use caution treating dogs provide healthy rich diet low high vegetables plenty exercise hereditary disorder dog ability walk caused defect pathways brain control muscle low level body typically symptoms particular dog degree stress legs pushed arches rear legs causing dog fall moving speed condition seizure related dog remains conscious event symptoms cause stress removed shown effective treatments required found breeds including episodic falling condition found king considered similar disorder known lion jaw condition caused excessive bone growth jaw usually occurring seven months age like hereditary disorder cause discomfort dog attempts progression condition usually thirteen months age followed slow partial complete condition seen breeds dog west highland white larger breeds von disease disease hereditary bleeding disorder found dogs humans caused lack von factor plays role process blood cause abnormal function prolonged bleeding times affected dogs prone nose increased bleeding following trauma surgery types condition type common type iii severe type von disease relatively common scottish type widespread common condition appears breeds extent breeds increased risk include golden german shepherd dog history initial grouping highland including generic caused confusion breed lineage disagreement mentioned early 16th century records actually descended vice versa certain white closely related originated region originally bred hunt kill farms hunt highlands scotland actual origin breed old scottish obscure written records dog similar description scottish dates described book history scotland years later sir painted portrait young girl dog similar appearance modern day king scotland important historical figure featuring scottish history 17th century king sent thought scottish french monarch gift love breed increased popularity world dog writers early 19th century agree varieties existing britain time rough haired called smooth haired biological sketches states certainly point breed smooth english produced cross brown went describe low stature strong muscular body short stout legs head large proportion body generally sandy colour black long hard coat described generic specific breed asserts existence small hard rough coated developed hunting small game scottish highlands early 19th century description shares characteristics known today known scottish addition paintings sir entitled scottish work west highlands depict type similar described scottish standard 19th century highlands scotland including abundant originally known generic term short haired little end 19th century decided separate scottish develop pure specific breeds originally breeds separated categories known today generic large group differing traits said originate birmingham england dog offer classes groups continued exhibited generic groups years groups included ancestors today scottish recorded history initial development breed started late 1870s development dog shows exhibition judging dogs required comparison breed standard appearance temperament written time eventually divided known today scottish white sought identify breed description late 19th century scottish known different names highland named abundant number dogs area successfully exhibited dogs 1870s dog owned dog owned owned owned early winners dog exhibitions dogs scottish ultimately began said present day stem single bitch book new scottish refers foundation modern scottish goes reason early breeders line bred bitch virtual exclusion produced worry dam champions son founding breed worry daughter champions sides atlantic descend splinter captain responsible setting type shortly time exhibited alexander palace england following year began classified way today written standard breed drafted appeared published extremely influential setting breed type standard described breed grey typically black fashionable favoured 20th century scottish club england founded club dedicated breed club secretary responsible greatly breed southern parts great_britain scottish club scotland founded seven years english club following formation english scottish clubs followed years disagreement breed official standard issue finally settled revised standard based dogs dogs robert heather necessity bred bred miss litter brother dogs offspring modified look particularly length head ground body subsequent success ring led highly sought british public breeders modified standard completely breed new standard subsequently recognised circa introduced america early 1890s years world war world war breed popular formed standard written scottish recognized popular breed united_states permanently stay fashion continue enjoy steady popularity large segment dog owning public world founded supports research health issues breed won best dog breed total times victories began win include recent victories won victory famous popular culture breeds dog lived white_house times president renowned owning named gift distant cousin president loved rarely went roosevelt including named named scottish named family entered white_house recently president owned black starred films produced white_house famous people known owned include queen_victoria president poland actress owned scottish said dog death cancer old age drugs renowned featured popular board game monopoly player token game created 1930s popular pets united_states popular monopoly game according vice president marketing scottish named scene latin american novel named official mascot long running unofficial mascot university founder scottish heritage honored official athletic nickname scott college georgia uses mascot dog image symbol brand bags amateur athletics organisation anthropomorphic mascot | Scottish Terrier | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
14218_SussexSpaniel | breed dog developed sussex southern england low compact similar appearance slow paced energetic temperament suffer health conditions common large dogs specific range heart conditions spinal disc bred hastings specific hunting conditions nearly extinct second world war popular united_states country recognised major clubs notably sussex won best westminster club description sussex low compact similar appearance small dark normally taller usual weight range roughly rectangular appearance normally high shoulder weighing noticeable features golden liver coloured coat unique breed historically examples black sandy coloured coat thick slight wave chest legs ears consists weather resistant silky outer coat eyes colour silky ears lobe shaped typical set moderately low sussex short kind dog temperament sussex slow paced calm breed somewhat behaviour normally keeps energy enthusiasm check eager people excellent children protective family excellent candidates therapy dog work primarily family pets competent aid hunter train tend natural ability quarter field excellent retrieve given training breed game scent picked health breed generally healthy average life span hip genetic hip joint concern breed compact nature seriously surveys conducted showed affected hip breed ranked 9th worst affected breeds common condition outer ear common variety long ears trap moisture making prone dogs upright ears caused variety reasons including ear fungi generally dirt treatment relatively simple range prescribed counter ear cleaning presents difficulties require section successful delivery heart conditions sussex include valve common heart defects essentially animal condition valve formed causes heart work faster pump blood body final results condition swelling fluid chambers heart heart muscle known leading eventual heart failure patent appears breed condition small blood vessel connecting major close following birth cause complications positioned allow blood flow bypass lungs appears heart condition uncommon breed common english bulldog breeds relatively actually combination conditions including previously mentioned valve secondary condition right conditions defect defect hole wall heart carries blood left right heart positioned effect dog depends severity condition range heart reduced activity levels death symptoms generally failure grow reduced tolerance exercise active treatment effective cases disc syndrome commonly called spinal disc disc canal spinal cord resides cord compressed dog experience symptoms ranging scope mild neck pain limbs loss sensation loss control commonly seen mid area occur spine mild cases result treated medically animal restrict movement minimum weeks accompanied pain medication surgery restore sensation dog legs following success rate depends severe history fuller hastings england began breeding gun dogs work districts terrain rough dense meant needed tongue alert hunter quarry fuller crossed breeds liver white norfolk extinct field possibly early english sussex bred specifically inherit ability common breeds era breeds admitted stud book lost little popularity achieved 1940s world war breeding discouraged sussex saved extinction english modern descended dogs saved registered english club breed identified vulnerable native breed great_britain described having annual registration figures year registered named won best westminster club dog years old oldest dog win title breed popular united_states country recognised great_britain canadian new_zealand | Sussex Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
14479_PanamaCreature | panama creature variously referred panama monster panama monster blue hill horror refers creature photographed near town panama september creature discovered killed group teenagers photographs corpse given television station story pictures circulated comparisons speculation identity creature suggestions including alien species creature new science performed panama remains days creature discovery concluded corpse fact male brown odd appearance caused underwater resulted hair loss identified corpse buried events group teenagers aged claim playing near cave panama creature emerged approached fearing safety attacked creature sticks rocks killing claim threw corpse pool water leaving area later returned took photographs creature corpse sending pictures television station writing sun claimed discovery sparked fear confusion town according sources subsequent photographs taken creature doubts expressed later photos specimen days photographs taken teenagers gave different account interview saying river felt grabbing legs took water started throwing rocks sticks seen like photographs pale creature body features nose long arms writers huffington_post said head clearly animal strange limbs reminiscent thin human arms writers compared small version alien extra terrestrial lord rings long lost cousin speculation story photographs circulated internet including great speculation possible explanations video showing original photographs footage corpse popular web viewed videos course day addition prevalence internet story covered television radio comparisons drawn found new_york june popular theory panama creature proponents hypothesis cited hooked visible photographs science author writing supported hypothesis difficult time explaining creature theory generally considered credible similar photographs taken creature found coast panama costa_rica later confirmed started decay internet speculation led proposing fact pit bull example species previously unknown science sort genetic said appeared kind addition explanations reported speculation alien connection bases ball wax creature corpse recovered days encounter performed panama concluded corpse fact male brown species common area works rio_de_janeiro brazil explained people know dead animal looks like dry environment claimed body got stuck water movement currents gave false impression alive revealed severe trauma inflicted body specialist estimated body water days prior discovery probably caused fact submerged water lead acceleration fur loss resulting smooth skin post contributed unusual appearance corpse identified body buried staff | Panama Creature | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
14542_Bretonhorse | horse breed draft horse developed brittany province northwest france native ancestral stock dating thousands years created different european oriental breeds stud book created officially closed breed chestnut color strong muscular distinct coming different area brittany smallest type generally light draft saddle work harness light farm work heavy largest generally hardest draft work horse breed military draft agricultural capacities improve create draft breeds produce characteristics horses usually metres hands tall range hands depending type usually chestnut coat tail bay grey red blue head medium volume straight profile strong short neck set muscular shoulder long sloping chest broad muscular short wide sloping legs short powerful broad joints formed breed trait officially recognised centre older types disappeared include grand derived native stock arabian considered real descendant original general features draft type smaller face mainly light draft work required speed saddle numbers decreasing recent years type known extremely rare local races speed inherited arabian ancestors developed result 19th century type bred mainly central brittany attractive good coach horse capable light farming work originates use pulling mail coaches extensively french horse artillery described lighter version suffolk punch draft breed great_britain heavy draft derived blood strong relative size short muscular legs bred northern coastal area brittany type absorbed older type called grand heavier horse improve draft breeds centre smaller draft type breed history originally bred great strength horses present mountains thousands years knows arrived theory brought europe migration asia years ago school thought descending horses bred celtic warriors conquest great_britain original ancestors population horses lived mountains possibly descended horses ridden mountain horses crossed oriental horses create type known middle ages ancestral horse sought military leaders partly comfortable said fact stood hands high nicknamed horses brought europe strong influence types subsequently developed common heavier type mainly pack horse farm draft work developed mainly wars long journeys natural popular lighter riding horse breed retained mountain roots main stud located mountain country time arabian blood added breed creating middle ages early 1900s crossed horses native foreign including breeds 19th century resulted lighter weight type today breed controlled organization dating created separate books heavy draft types books combined separate sections type sections combined types registered documented pass harness performance tests decision permit new outside blood officially closed outside horses horses eligible registered present day region brittany department brittany registered branded cross left neck despite registration restrictions breeding horse spread france world today france bred mainly parts time trend increase size draft horse breeds gain power bulk endurance exception shown reduce breed unique qualities 1930s blood abandoned decision led preservation breed purity subject instead improve breeds buyers come france world buy use improving native draft horses significant influence canadian horse members breed sent canada 17th century create heavy draft breeds india produce breeding farm crossed anglo arabian stallion produce carriage horses 19th early 20th centuries italian farmers attempted use improve local stock offspring proved heavy slow lighter general draft work required 1930s breed developed spain crossing imported local today breed population small noted researchers rich genetic diversity world war stallion improve breed germany uses capacities sub types breed smaller types saddle fast light draft work larger types ideal heavy draft agricultural work commonly improve breeds today breed draft horse small farms gather bred meat production horse meat staple european countries including france belgium germany switzerland | Breton horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
14567_FoxTerrier | different breeds dog type smooth fox breeds originated 19th century handful dogs descended earlier varieties british related modern white breeds addition number breeds diverged main types fox recognised separately including miniature wire smooth fox share similar characteristics main differences coat markings successful shows prominently america homeland history small dogs observed romans england hunters chase quarry demonstrating behaviour going earth english physician described english type work 18th century recorded wire haired black tan colour earliest record white dog named pitch owned colonel dog subject painting created portrait alive painting prior accompanied text necessary notice colonel account celebrated pitch descended white kingdom dog writers early 20th century suggested pitch cross colour introduced breed known early 19th century breeding practices came create modern thought old english bulldog creation breed onwards complete pedigree exists dogs known trap ancestors modern strains white old bred black tan trap strain reverend dogs definitive history known thought come black tan stock female dogs period best known addition dogs named old tip thought modern period jack russell later jack russell series breeds named period short leg built fashion skull broad hunting packs kept bred ability drive fox den gradually pace hunt faster bred longer legs speed end 18th century increased size meant big original purpose use fox hunting began decline founded following years later breed club member female smooth fox bred named winner best dog following popularity dog shows result selective breeding instance wire fox champions descended single championship winning dog modern breeds main breeds wire originate england addition descendant breeds developed variety countries example american toy fox developed miniature breeds major types white coloured markings similar facial characteristics essentially differences coats slight differences markings markings type appear black birth head adult life common colours tan black markings type spotting main breeds originally commonly longer occurs pure bred lines successful breed dog best titles going fourteen titles going shown breed coat variations changed listed separate breeds smooth fox won best titles won occasions smooth fox smooth fox short hard coat predominantly white measures inches weighs pounds head breed long wedge shaped small dark eyes ears shaped breed identified vulnerable native breeds fewer annual smooth fox registered compared wire fox popular breed successful dog dog won best title times victories followed best title despite smooth fox breed winning best titles westminster won wire haired fox hard crisp double coat coarse texture underneath provides protection cold dense skin seen felt individual hairs twist average member breed measure inches weigh pounds similar features small dark eyes shaped ears body shorter tall king edward vii owned wire fox called great deal breed turn 20th century member early winner named individual dogs greatly influenced breed included born born descendant breeds common health issues disease gene health issue wire fox condition prevalent average breed types fox susceptible survey conducted primary cause death old age causing reported deaths secondary cause cancer unspecified type accounted reports average lifespan fox years survey reported median age death years months | Fox Terrier | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
15158_AmericanSaddlebred | american american horse breed united_states breed referred descended riding type horses bred time american revolution american includes ancestors developed modern type kentucky known kentucky extensively officer mount american civil war breed registry formed united_states 20th century breed popularity continued grow united_states exports began south_africa great_britain formation registry american registered found countries world separate breed established great_britain australia continental europe southern africa averaging hands inches height known sense presence style spirited gentle temperament color including patterns acknowledged breed late 1800s considered breed bred trained perform beat slow historically possible patterns faster rack breed hereditary spine upper respiratory issues breed played prominent horse industry called horse world attracted attention numerous celebrities breeders american appeared films especially golden age hollywood mainly known performance ring seen competition english riding disciplines combined driving pleasure riding horse american compete primary divisions park pleasure divisions judged performance manners presence quality characteristics american stand hands inches high averaging hands inches weigh pounds members breed shaped heads straight profile long slim arched defined sloping shoulders correct leg strong level backs sprung ribs level high carried tail enthusiasts consider spirited gentle animals color acceptable common chestnut bay brown black gray known stallion additional horses recorded spotted minimal markings recorded base color making note markings practice continued 1930s time breeders came accepting colored horses began recording markings registering horses called world beautiful horse known horse world describes follows carries attitude elusive description class presence quality style charm superior air distinguishes movement popularly known horses horses shown saddle seat classes common seen breeds walk includes regular plus beat known slow rack slow today beat lateral pairs legs leave ground strike ground different times hind foot connecting slightly ring performed restraint precision rack beat equal intervals making smooth ride ring performed speed action appearing historically slow running walk stepping pace fox modern usually performs stepping pace known low soft found hereditary basis mode inheritance precise located researchers believe horse researching condition help breed serve model investigating skeletal horses species head position common ring upper respiratory system movement required horses cause leg injuries increased fault shows addition flaws history origins hobby horses british isles animals called brought united_states early settlers animals refined america extinct breed called riding driving breed known pacing colonists imported beginning crossed combined massive exports ultimately led extinction breed preserve important canadian introduced instead time american revolution distinct type riding horse developed size quality stamina breeds animal called american horse existence documented letter american diplomat wrote asking sent france gift 19th century breeds played role development 19th century include morgan canadian particularly significant impact breed originally french origin influential development tennessee walking horse influential lines blue stallion imported united_states canada registered american foundation stallion lines american horse refined kentucky addition blood created taller better looking horse known originally seventeen foundation listed breed registry registry decided list remainder identified noted deceased today foundation breed recognized crosses denmark son imported years recognized foundation stallion son denmark percent horses registered volumes breed second foundation recognized harrison chief messenger considered foundation stallion breed american civil war american commonly military known bravery endurance officers mounts included numbers general lee traveller general grant cincinnati general lexington general jackson generals conflict include time brutal marches group historical record suggests held better horses breeds formed called private individuals produced breeds morgan early national association american developed breed horse member general instrumental forming organization changed breed american saddle horse simply saddle horse 20th century present world war began exported south_africa popular non racing breed country horse standards continued evolve 1920s popularity breed grew industry slowed world war began grow post war mexico missouri earning title saddle horse capital world exports continued attempts begin south african breed registry started formed 1950s saw continued growth breed lemon drop kid fine harness horse appear cover sports_illustrated late 1950s centered kentucky largely success breeders charles helen renowned coach individual exported great_britain breed history breeding groups transported decades enthusiasts worked establish breeding showing platform breed american saddle horse association changed membership opened non breeders group began focus breed promotion breed registry headquarters kentucky horse park lexington kentucky decade later formed register great_britain acts british affiliate founding american registry horses accepted new registered annually oldest functioning breed registry common eastern breed found north_america europe australia south_africa located kentucky horse park large collection related items artwork volume library breed related works magazines focus american horse magazine national saddle horse international ring history horse exhibited kentucky early prominent national horse united_states held began running world championship offering prize champion horse formed began formats rules formed regulate english pleasure classes today prestigious award breed industry american triple crown winning championships horse feat accomplished horses breed history paralleled major historical developments heavyweight boxing champion owned exhibited 1940s organized negro horse michigan allowing greater opportunities african american people exhibit horses time significant racial segregation united_states gas shortages 1970s 1980s pressure recreational dollar saw growth single breed shows expense multi breed traditional horse beginning 21st century number women showing increased female competitors winning world championships uses today exhibited united_states multiple divisions including hand classes ridden saddle seat classes horses park pleasure classes hunter country pleasure western pleasure plus pleasure driving fine harness harness classes competition shown tail augmented artificial switch horses shown shaved hair tails area called dock trimmed short use set tail certain types competition common today generally allowed grounds horses park pleasure division horses tails division prohibited outside breed specific shows promoted suitable competitive trail riding endurance riding combined driving jumping suitable fox hunting cutting closely affiliated traditional ring competition mistaken crosses participating events suitable family horses trail pleasure riding ranch work film celebrity affiliation film television horses golden age hollywood including horses lead roles friend national velvet fury version black beauty half played lead role series prominent role giant 1990s actor rode horses mare named great fire role star trek generations numerous celebrities owners breed including rogers | American Saddlebred | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
15746_EnglishWaterSpaniel | english water english water breed dog extinct 20th century specimen seen 1930s best known use hunting able dive duck described similar cross fur typically white liver tan pattern pre dating irish water thought referred shakespeare believed genetically influenced modern breeds dog including american water modern variety field unknown breed involved creation irish water history john described water suggested shakespeare knew breed mentions water furthermore shakespeare specifically mentions breed act iii scene gentlemen says love qualities water breed mentioned specifically early cabinet described having hair long naturally loose description accompanied liver white coated shows pre date irish water developed breed 1830s unfortunately person credited developing irish water left written records unknown english water involved development half 18th century english water duck hunting initially class water irish standard specifically set english water judging class described chaos british dogs varieties history characteristics writing said breed believe breed lost scattered country specimens old english water requires encouragement breeding power committees variety improve form fact irish water continued english water allowed quietly absorbed breeds stud book class water irish fourteen dogs registered years led writers judges time believe english water merely cross irish water dogs shows class match description dog earlier periods dogs awarded prizes period described having coats flat bit hair skull writing author stated centuries breeding extinct seen thirty years descendant breeds english water thought include american water developed additional stock irish water breeds considered descended water dog english water records origin modern field precise dogs creating breed english water cross registered time liver colour appearance unlike irish water appearance english water closely resembled haired version traits white liver tan dog stood inches tall looked like typical lean long legged long ears tail white brown coat water dog english water described having long narrow head small eyes ears long covered thick fur body moderately stout barrel shaped field legs long straight large feet dog varied size larger varieties known water dogs smaller water english water colours liver tan white suggested breed source colours found modern english breeds hunting paintings english water working masters hunting ducks shows slightly different looking english water area work showing duck hunting author advises individual wishes hunt ducks type hunter best use english water breed described swimming diving ducks intelligent avoid lured away nesting places author described best variety breed long ears coat white belly neck brown | English Water Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
15772_Canadianhorse | canadian horse canadian horse horse breed canada strong breed horse usually dark colour horses generally riding driving descended draft light riding horses imported canada late later crossed british american breeds 18th century canadian horse spread northeastern contributed development horse breeds peak popularity breed distinguished draft horse type type pacing type thousands horses exported 19th century subsequently killed acting cavalry horses american civil war exports decreased canadian population point extinction prompting formation passage law export experimental breeding programs early 20th century succeeded establishing breed extent combined world wars resulted breed extinct 1980s concerned declining population numbers interested breeders undertook promotional program resulted renewed interest breed 1990s population numbers higher genetic studies found relatively high levels genetic diversity small breed livestock conservation organizations consider breed risk low population numbers breed characteristics canadian horses dark coloured black bay brown found occasionally tails cream gene appears breed result genetic influence stallion sources state gene gray longer found breed genetic late 20th century preservation society breed states rarely grey height averages hands inches average pounds weight weigh pounds canadian horse short high set head broad forehead neck arched graceful chest broad strongly shoulders sloping relatively high set tail overall breed gives impression strength agility heavy tail arched finely heads reminiscent ancestry described hardy horses easy keepers today canadian horses riding driving horses known jumping ability seen competition discipline leisure riding found light draft work trail riding working stock horse unlike breeds set naming system identify individuals based registration format employed comes prefix farm breeding establishment born followed lastly given year different letter assigned begin given year letter named older horses fall naming strategy mandatory naming registered offspring coming canadian lines originally horses identification numbers identification technology chosen breed registry history canadian horse descended french stock sent canada late 17th century initial shipment consisted normandy brittany center french horse breeding survived trip shipments followed horses stallion stallion shipments included mix draft horses light horses included pacing horses exact origins horses unknown shipments probably included horses leased gentleman farmers religious orders money exchange remained property king years despite poor conditions hard work horses canada given nicknames included little iron horse horse steel population numbers rose quickly early stock horses horses government limited farmers owning horses additional horses slaughtered law failure terms enforcement french canadian horse spread eastern michigan illinois united_states lived generally feral existence escaping human control completely expulsion century english seized livestock including horses animals transported horse late 18th century imported horses british isles existing canadian stock 19th century found performing light draft work riding driving duties 19th century canadian painter known works featuring canadian horse usually showed association french opposed english settlers area paintings generally portrayed canadian horse role winter scenes estimated canadian horses exported canada annually shipped west_indies possibly contributed breeds middle 19th century canadian horses spread northeastern racing stamina pull freight wagons played role development breeds including morgan horse extensively efforts establish population breed association country thousands horses imported canada artillery cavalry horses american civil war killed historian states canadian horse played major role history war said north won simply fact soldiers better horse canadian exports war casualties canadian horses extinct formed inspect approve breeding stock aim creating breed export canada forbidden quebec law experimental breeding program begun canadian government program goal breed larger horses retained endurance breed known succeeded increasing size hands inches high pounds weight slightly smaller combined world war world war ended federal breeding program breeding stock sold auction province quebec established program program lasted herd disbanded sold auction 1970s present 1970s popularity breed decreased significantly approximately canadian horses worldwide annual interested breeders began campaign preservation promotion resulted canadian team winning north american driving championships popularity began increase mid-1990s population numbers classified breed critical changed designation rare increase popularity came pressure breed standard change meet modern market trends breeding taller horses formed response pressures goal preserving original canadian horse type remains official registering body canadian horse governed canadian federal animal pedigree act responsibility monitor registration identification keeping stud book canadian horses responsible breeding stock registered maintained beginning horses registered new horses registered mainly quebec livestock considers breed threatened designation given breeds global population annual fewer considers breed risk fewer annual female breeding stock study mitochondrial dna published canadian horse newfoundland pony found genetically diverse canadian breeds studied included horse pony canadian horse showed high diversity sharing canadian populations draft breeds pony breeds british mountain pony breeds tested study canadian horse shown related draft horse breeds including belgian previous studies relationship supported findings study high levels diversity canadian horse supported conclusions study determined small population size historical genetic resulted significant loss genetic variation paper stated canadian horse significant popular breeds canadian horse common animal symbol canada declared national breed country official animal symbol canada parliamentary act provincial legislature quebec named heritage breed province sub types peak popularity breed main types distinguished considered extinct having disappeared merged main canadian horse population canadian heavy draft disappeared late probably developed crosses probably popular export new_england bred large numbers horses caribbean plantations second called horse known power speed resulting crosses mixed french lines played role development horses canadian type canadian historically better documented types canadian likely result breeding pacing horses imported france new_england resulting horses known ability race ice exported united_states north_carolina breeding center later tennessee late maintained early breeding histories impossible trace canadian influenced commonly called fastest members breed came quebec near racing began area long severe winters sunday races attending church mass common eventually races large church going populace races banned certain distance churches instead moved local rivers smooth frozen surfaces provided useful resulting contests drew attention quebec horses imported united_states canada lasting impact american horse breeding early 1800s coloured stallion named imported lexington kentucky quebec michigan began offered stud service spread eastern known mainly saddle stock included pacing horses stallion successful right founded important family appearing kentucky offered stud offspring carried family differentiated owner began family included little brown star champion harness racing horses pacing import black stallion named said bred near montreal originated pilot family horses old pilot produced son named pilot acclaimed horses successful harness horse | Canadian horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
16446_MissouriFoxTrotter | missouri horse breed state missouri united_states developed settlers early 19th century quickly developed breed appreciated stock horse abilities stamina smooth performs known fox beat broken diagonal foot diagonal pair lands hind eliminating moment suspension increasing main breed registry begun registers horses european registry begun recognizes living europe smaller registry focused preservation original historic type begun united_states mid sized muscular breed mainly trail riding ranch work breed characteristics missouri fox stand hands inches high weigh pounds begun missouri fox horse breed association maintains separate registry fox standing hands inches solid color white facial leg markings common facial profile straight set neck medium length ends pronounced breed muscular sloped shoulders short legs missouri performs known fox replaces seen breeds fox beat broken diagonal foot diagonal pair lands hind eliminating moment suspension giving smooth sure ride described having horse walk feet fox horse foot ground times display sliding motion hind legs fox regular speed walk beat beat extra provide additional rider horse foot ground movement horse removes bounce beat caused moment suspension followed feet hitting ground horse shifts pair legs value intermediate speed horse energy thirty horse breeds able perform beat missouri rider maintain speed miles hour fox cover short distances miles hour comparison average medium speed miles hour history developed stock including horses brought missouri settlers tennessee kentucky virginia breeds contributed included arabian morgan tennessee walking horse time missouri horses state known unique useful rocky terrain breed popular smooth ability work cattle missouri fox horse breed association founded missouri open stud book registered horses fox specified physical characteristics fox exported europe 1950s queen england imported colored horses stud book closed allowing horses registered parents entered fox official state horse missouri seen united_states canada european countries registered horses counts current members european missouri formed association europe affiliate european championship breed took place began working start european stud book breed approximately missouri fox europe living germany new registry formed goal preserving promoting original heritage type seen years registry large reducing tennessee walking horse blood figure prominently original missouri restricting walker blood attempting develop horses closely resemble original type uses missouri fox extensively trail riders appreciate stamina weight carrying abilities handicapped riding programs smooth proven useful riders minor physical disabilities crosses creating fox carry hunters trail riders especially western united_states employs speed stamina members breed horse descent north rim | Missouri Fox Trotter | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
16602_Exmoorpony | pony pony horse breed native british isles semi feral livestock large area devon somerset southwest england given endangered status threatened status british isles mountain pony breeds having similar cold weather adapted pony breeds pony hardy variety equestrian activities free state breed presence contributes conservation management natural pasture habitats present britain fossil remains found area dating claim breed ice age claim modern dna research close morphological resemblance primitive wild horse investigations shown horses transport southwest england early roman carvings similar pony book records descendants removed form foundation today breed breed society formed breed nearly extinct second world war owing soldiers target practice thieves killing meat war small group breeders worked save 1950s began exported north_america stud book published publicity resulted increased interest breed estimated worldwide characteristics usually variant dark bay called brown markings eyes muzzle flanks markings occur horses considered primitive trait entry breed registry requires animal white markings usually stand hands inches recommended height limit hands inches hands inches taller limit reaching powerful build pony strong height noted endurance chest deep broad level legs short good bone hard sources state distinctly different jaw structure horse breeds includes beginnings development seventh misunderstanding based incorrect translation german study study properly translated refers feature found multiple horse breeds animals sizable lower jaws appears extra branch blood supply area extra tooth eventually developed extra blood supply frequency general horse population makes appearance pony head somewhat large proportion body small ears unique feature called eye caused extra helps water provide extra cold weather pony breeds grows winter coat consisting highly longer hairs prevent water sides animal fall areas tail thick long dock tail type common cold weather having coarse hairs called frost cap snow ice tail away groin areas fall long hairs hind legs history prehistoric origin theories claim breed directly descended isolated population wild ancestors bred pure ice age years old modern dna research date supported traditionally held view origin pony existing studies indicate share inherited mitochondrial dna horse breeds world inherited identical horses horses present britain hundreds thousands years species wild horse identified remains dating spear damage horse shoulder bone discovered pit dated showed early humans hunting horses area time horse remains recovered nearby remains dating found cave gorge miles horse tracks found area pre horse bones found chamber tombs dating modern dna studies genetic studies date prehistoric remains modern breed studied dna mitochondrial dna obtained passed male line worldwide shows little genetic variation horses second found china suggesting limited number contributed original domestic horse pony shares general contrast mitochondrial dna passed female line shows far variation dna indicating large number wild regions contributed modern domestic breeds found dna samples obtained wild horses prehistoric deposits found horses living individuals finds pony high frequency pre found different breeds world currently british isles dna samples available ireland wild horses abundant ice age lack sufficient pre dna samples makes impossible determine contribution wild horses modern breeds including pony study morphological characteristics outward appearance organisms indicated extremely close resemblance breeds consistently grouped results analyses showing closest relationship breeds studied closest breeds genetic distance distance significantly wider gap distance indication horses england comes archaeological investigations showing ancient wheeled horse drawn transport extensively southwest england early recent research indicated significant roman involvement mining metals including iron tin copper transported neighbouring export roman carvings showing british roman pulled similar found somerset recorded history modern times book mentions mentions rare sold private buyer sir warden took area hill owned land herd known anchor herd small number descendants original herd remain hill time removal rest sold stayed breeders area families preserve descendants animals 1820s 1860s produce successful hardy ancestors described hands inches high usually bay color similar today late 1800s began register formed published stud book second world war led sharp decrease breed population training ground breed nearly extinct surviving war partially soldiers target practice stolen eaten people cities war small group breeders continued preserve population publicity resulted increased interest breed north_america imported canada 1950s small maintained 1990s small established areas england maintain vegetation nature reserves managed organisations county wildlife registered branded point star near left shoulder 2000s attracted criticism limited semi feral choice british organisation established assist preservation pony little market organisation works raise funds training horses currently livestock considers population threatened levels meaning estimated global population breed annually considers breed endangered meaning population numbers estimated great_britain survival trust considers breed critical meaning active adult breeding estimated worldwide uses past pit kept semi feral conditions variety activities including showing long distance riding driving agility won divisions took title championships breed makes suitable conservation grazing contributes management chalk grassland natural pasture habitats conservation herd park moved military base czech_republic effort save biodiversity january | Exmoor pony | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
16665_Dalespony | pony pony united_kingdom native mountain pony breeds breed known strength stamina courage intelligence good disposition history modern pony strongly linked history lead mining area england originally working pony descended number breeds breed registry created breed extensively british_army world wars pony extinct second world war post war conservation efforts success rebuilding population today different activities population numbers low led considered critical threatened breed characteristics pony hands inches head straight neat broad eyes fine muzzle ears body fairly short broad deep rib cage long broad quarters neck good length joining strong strong sloping shoulders legs muscular hard dense bone clearly defined flexible large round open heels tail leg feathers straight silky abundant majority black brown bay grey colours acceptable white markings permitted head star stripes white allowed hind legs small white extending joint excess white markings registered register stud book pony great deal energy power lifting clear ground impression alert courageous calm kind animal meet physical standard set breed registry registered status meaning proper appearance registered registered stud book wishes promote breeding maintain current population levels history horses present area early times horse remains dating roman times found area excavations land romans named ancient british tribe east horse riding warriors history modern pony strongly linked history lead mining area england stretches peaks scottish borders lead mined area roman times chancellor england owned lead mines 14th century iron ore fuel finished lead carried pack pony carrying time pack pony trains worked loose led supervision mounted train leader modern pony descended number breeds original working bred crossing scottish pony native pony area late century later brought breed traced arabian today trace directly influential horse foundation modern blood added improve ability welsh stallion added 19th century increase size leaving lasting resemblance breeds agility power speed great success races 18th century organized hunts fell pony continued early 20th century chosen fell premium stallion registered pony pony stud book opened formation introduction blood threatened affect quality stallion awarded later ensure displaying best breed characteristics breeding members breed served british army europe world war early 1920s purchased british army army took finest stock draft blood specifications purchased specific older years stood hands high weighed pounds measurement inches able pack pounds mountainous terrain breed disappeared second world war taken breeding animals pulled commercial wagons work towns cities use british_army pack artillery military europe left war cases slaughtered food population declined war extent new registered post war future pony preserved small group breeders began search proper type 1960s saw fell pony help save breed underwent reorganisation time grading register developed aim identifying breeding characteristics original type grading program successful populations rebuilt point program discontinued 1990s population grown allow exported canada registered north_america estimated worldwide year formed official sub registry breed registry pony moved critical status rare breeds survival trust meaning united_kingdom population fewer registered breeding females based lists breed threatened meaning population numbers worldwide annual uses today compete jumping cross country driving calm kind temperament combined ability carry heavy weights long distances ideal pony endurance riding holidays carry experienced riders adults children alike kinds terrain long distances small free eastern estimated breeding age feral | Dales pony | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
16679_RusskiyToy | known russia russian small breed dog originally bred russia known today types coats breed smooth coat long coat smooth coated variety previously known long coated moscow long haired toy brought russian toy dropped breed added official list breeds registered registered allowed compete companion events official breed standard varieties written russia breed nearly wiped twice 1920s rise communism toy dog traditional link aristocracy 1990s influx foreign breeds following fall iron curtain smooth coat type older long coat type appearing 1990s breed unknown outside russia relatively details associated health issues known originally bred rat fighter exhibit expected friendly dog attached family unit size similarities compared description smallest breeds world measuring weighing small distinctive head large eyes triangular ears countries docking prohibited tail curved shape types breed distinguished coats long coated smooth coated smooth coated dog short shiny close lying coat long coated variety longer coat ears legs tail fringe ears usually long straight slight wave grown age completely cover outer edges tips ears smooth coat type breed closely resembles breed czech_republic average little shorter leg little heavier russian toy varieties crossed produce smooth long coated litter addition smooth coated dogs bred occasionally bear long coated offspring long hair gene present records long coated russian toys breeding producing smooth coated offspring breed main colors black tan blue tan brown tan solid red shades red includes red tips hairs black known red red brown health russian toy require help remove retained deciduous teeth known teeth baby teeth fail fall way permanent teeth intervention usually baby permanent teeth occupy jaw cause deposits tooth decay lead premature loss teeth retained teeth cause teeth breeds dog russian toy suffer knee cap slips place knee bends groove normally holds place shallow usually inherited defect occurs development rarely trauma suffer bone small delicate nature temperament active cheerful originally bred anti rat dog watch dog second quality active breed vocal attached family regardless ages family members usually reserved strangers loyal owners ready protect perceived danger history evidence english style russia seen saint_petersburg display english style dated sign reads dog short hair named personally belonged russian emperor breed developed companion dog russian nobility according accounts records indicate smooth coated competed dog far generally accepted reference breed appears russian toys shown exhibition dogs appeared moscow dog awarded medals result october revolution diminished popularity numbers types dogs closely linked aristocracy dog shown breeding began stock russian toys russia dogs left lack numbers political isolation country time caused creation new breed distinct english style toy dog breeders sought remaining toy sized standard breed resulting contemporary features classic toy addition new characteristics head high wide flat eyes round dogs entered exhibition standard varieties written authorized published new breed standard combining short coated long coated moscow toy russian toy fall iron curtain popularity imported exotic breeds nearly drove russian toy extinction resurgence occurred thanks new energetic generation dog breeders breed remained virtually unknown outside russia 1990s established outside russia successful ones located finland estonia ukraine czech_republic interest breed rise usa japan recognised expected gain definitive recognition american accepted breed russian toys recognized development long coated original long coated arguably dog named born october smooth coated dogs slightly longer hair typical initially registered coat long meet breed standard usually dogs participate breeding programs registered pedigree purchased long coated variety founding intentionally retain breed dog longer coat developed ear fringe female named longer coat smooth coated dogs produced litter long coated developed breed moscow came known moscow toy breed appearance dog standard set years birth approximately long coated dogs registered significant considering litters tend small typically today long coated variety established presence poland czech_republic estonia ukraine number countries breeding program particularly strong finland brought finland long coated male named imported russia registered female named brought later year estonia owner produced finland litter russian toys appear dog finland american history accepted russian toy records august july approved compete companion events january onwards shown earn certificate merit points shows board acknowledged following year board acknowledged dog club america inc second club decided breed known club america inc asked separate distinct clubs different officers form independent clubs represent club represent russian toy dog added word club retained original dog august stated clubs combine club represent russian toy breed | Russkiy Toy | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
16746_Potcakedog | dog dog mixed breed dog type found caribbean islands comes rice mixture local residents traditionally fed dogs appearance varies dogs generally smooth coats ears long faces history dogs caribbean islands share common ancestry residents turks originally nearby islands took dogs types contributed development dogs brought bahamas protecting supplies ships arrived dogs north_carolina arrived loyalists american revolutionary war period likely early spanish settlers introduced dogs included fighting dogs dogs killed addition breeds imported 20th century local dogs making mix breeds dynamic dna studies shown early dog dna today remaining dna constant imports dogs arrival type derived term refers rice mixture family cooking pot traditionally fed dogs nassau estimated stray late 1970s bahamas named type royal february lists separately mixed breed dog group non registered description appearance described having shepherd mix look dog appearance varies island resemble typical dog characteristics type typically ears long face smooth coat commonly rough coat result mixed heritage vary widely terms color brown white black far mixed coats average dog stand approximately inches healthy dogs typically weigh pounds weigh pounds according dogs intelligent loyal calm hardy unlike dog breeds able eat foods dogs incredibly hardy tend properly confined supervised rescue efforts number stray dogs turks islands apparently increased despite programmes designed numbers territory dependent tourism officials consider dogs police shot poisoned median age years bahamas dissuade residents altering pets according bahamas advocates animal rights group dogs percent tourists report seeing dogs percent state scared presence local organisations adopt stray dogs alleviate problem turks based rescue organisation place registered charity running families adopt volunteers connected potential rescue website facebook page sent free charge additionally kill united_states shelters accept located ships florida ferries additional rescue programs exist puerto_rico notable dogs dog named mascot collaboration bring greater attention animal welfare issues ambassador hope homeless animals death cancer appeared cnn received ambassador goodwill year awards dogs honoured series commemorative stamps dogs dusty born owned trained locate fish scent water distant cries feeding sea birds featured television magazines including | Potcake dog | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
16829_Heckhorse | horse horse horse breed claimed resemble extinct wild breed created german zoologist brothers attempt breed unsuccessful creating genetic copy extinct species developed breed coloration primitive markings nazi invasion poland introduced small herd survives horses subsequently exported united_states breed association created 1960s breed characteristics horses variant color white markings breed primitive markings including dorsal stripe horizontal legs horses generally stand hands inches tall head large low legs strong strong needing horse high stepping makes comfortable ride considered attractive driven breed described calm friendly curious intelligent independent physical description similar strong approximately height coloration primitive markings history wild horse extinct wild hunting horses captive horse died russia horse created german zoologist brothers director germany attempt breed believed recreate extinct subspecies breeding living descendants believed combine genetic material living descendants recreation extinct horse breeders idea different genetic stock attempt recreate reasonable look alike result line horses bred named brothers bred european small horse pony breeds descended eventually integrated horse breeds bred wild horse type known horse believed wild blood help draw wild characteristics felt lay dormant pony breed initial crosses visually closely resembled especially shape head horse provided desired coloration upright offspring bred born program desired coloration born breeding program continued horses showed desired skull shape bone structure coloration relatively quickly breed coloration set parents reliably passing characteristics offspring world war horses desired type taken german occupied countries use breeding program polish biologist working horses point believed descended goal like horses program reintroduced forests poland war removed animals forest breeding programs considered campaign destruction actions effectively ended breeding program resulting horses closely resembling sent hunting preserve nazi government officials land horses returned polish management war ended small herd horses remained living little interference humans europe remaining area lowland forest conducted similar breeding program hopes resulting cattle export horse united_states stallion named duke imported illinois followed mare imported texas horses came early 1990s horses united_states traced animals private breeders united_states use horses riding light driving early 1960s founded horse enthusiasts promote breed fewer horses united_states having descended foundation horses imported germany small number horses lived feral state breeders crossed horse breeds larger horse primitive characteristics breeds commonly crossed horse welsh pony arabian horse new breed pony called developed breeds europe breeders cross horses produce hunters | Heck horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
17094_FloridaCrackerHorse | florida horse breed horse florida united_states genetically physically similar spanish style horses especially spanish group breed known agility speed spanish brought horses florida expeditions early 16th century colonial settlement progressed horses cattle horses developed type seen today continued florida known 1930s point superseded needed work larger cattle brought florida dust bowl population numbers declined efforts private families florida government breed saved extinction concern low numbers livestock consider breed numbers critical point characteristics known pony florida modern breed retains size spanish ancestors standing hands inches high weighing pounds found mainly bay black gray chestnut seen colors occasionally found straight slightly concave profiles strong backs sloping known speed agility trail endurance riding extensively stock horses seen western riding sports working cow horse team team horse breed association recognizing running walk addition regular walk single known rack breed enthusiasts foundation breed developed spanish stock including horse similar type banker horse spanish style breeds eastern united_states dna testing proven separate breeds history horses arrived southeast north american mainland brought second trip region officers scouts livestock later expeditions brought horses cattle spanish florida late 16th century horses extensively local cattle business late 17th century industry especially northern florida southern georgia horses brought north_america spanish subsequently bred included spanish breeds overall relatively small physical traits distinctive spanish breeds including short backs sloping shoulders low set tails wide early cattle drivers nicknamed florida georgia spanish horses drive cattle eventually known cattle received nickname distinctive cracking transferred horses rode cattle primary use stock horses type developed horse known speed endurance agility century 1930s type predominant horse southeastern united_states american civil war purchased large amounts beef florida spanish horses bred highly desired riding horses time continual introduction new spanish blood cuba horses traded areas dust bowl large western cattle moved florida bringing parasitic cattle parasite needed treated frequently found horses bred working smaller cattle able hold western cattle replaced smaller horses resulted florida breed extinct 20th century breed survival 20th century owed families continued breed horse kept distinct alive donated herd pure bred horses state florida state started small prairie state preserve horses owned private families remained breed founded registry established registry created horses designated foundation horses offspring immediately registered horses came mainly lines designated breed experts horses denied entry registry horses registered foundation registry effective july declared official state horse main stock smaller lines state florida maintains groups line horses breeding purposes display group prairie preserve state annually sells excess horses individual breeders send horses sale livestock considers breed critical status colonial spanish horse family meaning estimated global population breed fewer fewer annually united_states considers population critical meaning active adult breeding existence today breed numbers slowly rise horse original horse bred horses captured expedition extinct create having influence quarter horse sources use describe today 1970s surge interest horses bearing strong original breed died breed association longer exists | Florida Cracker Horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
17111_ParsonRussellTerrier | russell breed small white original 18th century breed named person credited creation type dog reverend john jack russell recognised variety jack russell recognised united_kingdom america recognised jack russell changed current form international clubs recognised new white breed smooth rough broken coat narrower range sizes energetic suited sports able children animals range breed related health issues mainly relating eye disorders history breed shares common history jack russell early 1980s type small white dates work reverend born purchased small white tan female named hamlet formed basis breeding program 1850s dogs recognised distinct type devon founded created breed standard type club formed aim promoting digging fox hunting turn 20th century associated type devon renamed jack russell club continued world war club folded jack russell club great_britain established parent club jack russell club actively opposed recognition jack russell club reformed aim seeking recognition breed initial application turned jack recognised january variant following suit recognised breed effective november august successfully petitioned change breed russell breed club following suit international association recognised russell june updated recognised breed april adopted new april new_zealand major clubs recognise russell separately parsons registered compared description russell bred conform standard unlike close relative noticeably longer legs tall length body predominantly white breed black tan markings easy groom coat smooth broken similar smooth coat longer hair head face legs body breed standard recognise rough coat clear outline hint beard dog broken coated possess moderately thick small shaped drop ears tip pointed eyes nose dog black normal range sizes inches tall weight pounds relatively square outline body long dog tall compared jack russell longer head larger chest overall slightly larger body size retains flat skull elongated shape lower set ears addition greater variation size ranging inches height hands able span chest dog required judging judge lifting dog legs gently ground motion order measure size chest judges fingers meet chest spine describes significant factor critical judging process measure size chest feel correct shape standard physical points treated faults ring height dog outside standard range dog possess ears liver brown coloured nose markings temperament energetic type dog sports agility require vigorous exercise order prevent bored potentially destructive home suited live children typical temperament tolerate rough handling describes single minded courageous work home playful unusual dogs breed involved work fox hunting typical small white adapted bench playful dogs horses breed standard requires treated fault states confused treated overt aggression dog accepted criterion disqualification ring health eye conditions affect russell include primary lens condition disease causes abnormal begin affected dogs support lens eye destruction cause lens fall wrong location eye lens falls anterior chamber secondary occur causing loss vision national associations publish dna screening results broken groups carriers eye conditions appear breed include juveniles progressive posterior detachment non eye breed related conditions affect average lifespan years | Parson Russell Terrier | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
17267_TayWhale | known locally monster whale swam eastern scotland hunt escaped found floating dead week later towed exhibited train tour scotland england professor anatomy whale time public military band playing background organised woods whale woods great deal money famous wrote bad poem events history december whale appeared shore time country major port attracted local interest normally hunted arctic boats harbour winter decided hunt animal waters failed attempts december strong male towed rowing boats far struggle lasted night lines broke whale escaped week later whale found dead floating sea towed dragged beach professor anatomy quickly visited recording feet long measuring feet inches local entrepreneur bought whale transported yard sunday people paid local newspaper published stories whale november january headlines included appearance whale river november whale hunting november return whale november trail whale december christmas whale december whale interviewed mother exploits poem december january whale hunt escape whale january runaway whale january whale found dead january whale corpus january recovered whale sale monster man january finally january whale badly public exhibition allowed come famous specimen working room reputed like deck greenland assistants disturbed admitted public fee watch progress military band played background snow showers able remove skeleton woods flesh stuffed taken profitable tour far edinburgh london finally august able remove skull rest skeleton eventually wrote seven anatomy articles decade whale ultimately published complete monograph entitled memoir anatomy whale whale skeleton displayed fame popularly famous largest specimen wide range specimens species collected form museum illustrate darwin theories fame whale famous poet wrote notably bad poem famous whale verses run opinion god sent whale time need matter people think creed know fishermen general poor god goodness sent drive poverty door bought pound brought safe sound measures feet length snout tail advise people far near fail piece verse whale poet signing spectator published whale interviewed mother exploits verses went son son range gun fear mother shoot wide mark drawings whale | Tay Whale | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
17607_Newfoundlandpony | newfoundland pony newfoundland pony breed pony originating newfoundland canada muscular found colors including relatively rare white coloration newfoundland developed mix english irish scottish pony breeds brought newfoundland settlers period centuries initially free produce modern type settlers draft multi purpose mid-20th century brought point extinction slaughter population rebounded slightly formation breed registry remains low newfoundland pony declared heritage breed newfoundland afforded protection law breed recognized canadian federal animal pedigree act registered breeding age total population widely dispersed breeding population estimated animals physical characteristics newfoundland usually hands inches tall weight pounds black bay brown color chestnut gray seen white coloration occasionally found breed white horses rare gray horses hair coats white age common born dark colored dark skin color age retaining dark skin white horses born remain white color pink skin color patterns eligible registration white markings minimal seasonal color changes drastic head small ears small pointed tips overall body muscular deep narrow chest short sloping low set tail coat thick especially winter order registered good temperament easy work generally family horses pleasure riding driving seen horse shows history ancestors newfoundland pony arrived newfoundland british isles brought settlers formed initial shipment imported governor newfoundland lord imported additional animals soon followed pony shipments england ireland scotland additional breeds found shipments included extinct pony fell highland beginning imports breeds eventually forming modern newfoundland pony past newfoundland pony assisting gardens hauling beaches gathering hay carrying wood transportation successfully bred withstand hard climate island mid-20th century increasing ban free contributed decline population increased exports france horse meat 1970s led extinction breed shortly breed extinct interested breeders came formed group formed gather remaining free register horses breed captivity successful locating animals government newfoundland passed heritage animals act newfoundland pony far heritage animal newfoundland subsequent order designated group maintain registry act preservation animal act required wishing export newfoundland acquire permit ensured going private homes instead formed group sought newfoundland pony recognized given additional protection recognition march stated believed breed federal recognition believing federal act meant farm stock breeding animals heritage breeds members society fear protection breed federal law compared current provincial regulations provincial government final decision forward process federal recognition study mitochondrial dna published newfoundland pony canadian horse found genetically diverse canadian breeds studied included horse pony newfoundland found high diversity high number overlapped mountain pony breeds historically documented ancestors newfoundland breeds feral population saint overlapping suggested relationship suggesting possible point previous studies markers come conclusion showed relationship newfoundland horse study find overlapping support possibly population 1980s resulted lost order registered undergo dna testing verify newfoundland added newfoundland pony study category worked verify breed history population numbers studies completed breed moved critical category meaning breed global population annual considers breed critically endangered fewer annual female breeding stock registered breeding age total registered population largest populations provinces newfoundland ontario smaller populations seven canadian provinces united_states estimates widely dispersed breeding population consists | Newfoundland pony | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
17886_FrenchSpaniel | french french breed dog like developed france canada hunting dog descended dogs 14th century popular royalty middle ages nearly extinct turn 20th century saved efforts father french priest largest breeds typically white coat brown markings friendly breed health issues affected syndrome called breed recognised canadian international clubs included breed step recognition history mentioned france 14th century work later translated english master game speculated originated 11th century french referred specific type noted distinctive king holland type breed popular middle ages settling dog net hunting favourite french royalty royal courts versailles favored breeds hunting dogs addition catherine russia known owned french named period french known split regional types wrote french hunting rough french found best companion occasions watches conduct velocity wounded prey presents possible speed feet master 1850s brittany known developed crossing french english established breed standard french turn 20th century numbers french dropped low nearly extinct competition foreign sporting dogs particular french hunters chose hunt particularly english breeds hunting dogs french priest named father undertook task gathering remaining french order preserve breed built representatives french founded father president association modern french group recognised french including brittany blue recognition french little known outside france neighboring countries introduced canadian province quebec 1970s quickly popular dog hunting canada formed ensure french continue meet breed standards pursue official recognition breed recognised french recognized recognize french recognised registered dog order record compete associated dog shows america pet registry qualify recognition national breed club established written request needs sent breed standard enables qualification step qualify compete miscellaneous class requires minimum active members national breed club minimum dogs united_states generation pedigree dogs breed addition geographically spread states finally clubs laws constitution reviewed breed observations staff typical stay years miscellaneous class recognition granted time breed club seen active hold matches local national shows miscellaneous class foundation stock service instead requires british bred dog generation details country origin including breed standard allows listing recognition granted discretion description french tallest breeds taller english males range height inches females inch shorter dogs range weight pounds normal dog muscular appearance deep chest strong legs french eyes dark amber colour thick tail tip hair medium dense long feathers ears backs legs tail chest lies flat body normal colour french coat white brown markings shade light dark liver historically coat white black markings breed mixed colours 19th century temperament french friendly outgoing personality balanced patient naturally aggressive dog eager trained easily dog breed form strong bond master typically working dog high level stamina requires vigorous exercise health breed healthy issues wet weather conditions condition known affect french newly recognised disorder symptoms apparent half months year age reported thirteen dogs canada shares symptoms german english dogs affected bite resulting secondary self claws happen extreme cases majority initial dogs identified days months diagnosed specific general | French Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
17934_DandieDinmontTerrier | small scottish breed dog family breed long body short legs distinctive knot hair head character sir novel lent breed thought based credited father modern breed dogs descended earlier owning families including northumberland breed clubs supporting breed registered vulnerable native breed low number yearly basis breed friendly tough suitable interaction older children breed specific health concerns affected spinal issues elongated body breed affected cancer higher average rate history breed originates dogs border country scotland england hunting whilst ultimate origin remains unknown dogs owned northumberland early thought involved early origins dogs type border theories exist including idea cross head family born nearby fly fisher enjoyed sports particular kept dogs hunting lord hired remove pond lord attempted purchase favoured dogs successfully removed refused died february dogs passed care son james james son eventually inherited dogs sold dog named old pepper came town scottish border old pepper descended favorite dogs worked lord manor breed remained relatively unknown outside borders sir novel published sir walter spent time area whilst sheriff learned prowess types specialist working fox wrote included character owned number named pepper colours coats character partly based real life farmer owner generic terms dogs depending coats dogs came variety sources including dogs anderson families documented breeding accepted father modern breed breeds took place introduced blood breed certain breeders maintained pure bred lines theory introduced pseudonym 1880s denied breeders era breed known sought hunting scott writings published remain dog breed named fictional character time breed involvement development formed hotel november formed oldest breed club dogs world lord society president vice president noted breeders involved formation club breed standard created founding member club agreed year later meeting club club held time shows held conjunction clubs yearly basis moved exception second world war shows continued held shows continued held general area moved south breed club breed clubs created scotland lasted particularly long scottish society merged today addition southern society scotland club breed registered recognized second world war dispersed dogs destroyed lack food caused manpower following war led way establishing breed including located surrey later moving old windsor continued bred early 1990s passed hands recognised dog breeds native british isles putting new list vulnerable native breeds breeds chosen list originated ireland year particularly low period july september registered male overall year registered compared west highland white additionally numbers dropped low levels america registering time period following work registration numbers improved slightly registered highest number year years breeds native manchester lower registration figures description breed short legs elongated body unusually scottish breeds ears neck muscular having developed breed use larger game typical height inches weigh pounds generally hardy breed issue climbing stairs silky coat forms dog head similar body shape coat thicker longer coat comes colour ranges pepper pepper ranges dark black light gray vary reddish head appears white typically legs feet darker colour lighter colour body slowly blending legs depth coat reach inches colour coat usually set time dog reaches months age continue mature physically years old temperament breed tough usually friendly suitable older children makes good companion guard dog breeds usually owners known ability dig large holes short space time trained good cats trusted smaller animals rats described game prone challenging animals including cases dogs health breed elongated body issues breed specifically discs dog backs discs slip resulting spinal disc symptoms relating depend entirely dog affected range loss control worst cases following work breed clubs ensure health issues dealt especially common conditions affecting minor issues affecting breed include primary closed angle syndrome order combat breed breed clubs recommend procedure called conducted regular intervals lives slightly higher risk cancer average average life years | Dandie Dinmont Terrier | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
18177_MiniatureSchnauzer | miniature miniature breed small dog type originated germany mid late 19th century miniature developed crosses standard smaller breeds farmers bred small dog efficient dog described dogs good guarding tendencies guard dogs bite miniature recognized colors internationally solid black black silver color known salt pepper controversial fourth color variant miniature pure white recognized universally breed remains popular worldwide primarily temperament relatively small size 17th popular breed history earliest records surrounding development standard germany come late 19th century originally bred medium sized farm dogs germany equally suited guarding property time passed farmers bred standard smaller compact size combining miniature recorded miniature appeared exhibition held accepted registration new breed years miniature introduced united_states originally known international classifications vary united_kingdom australia fall canada miniature classed recognized classed start modern miniature generally considered begin miniature win best dog born april lived nearly fourteen living miniature america trace lineage miniature 11th popular breed falling 17th popular description appearance miniature square shaped build measuring inches tall weighing pounds females pounds males double coat exterior fur soft trim coat kept short body fur ears legs belly face retained recognized coat colors black salt pepper black silver pure white miniature described non dogs entirely true minimal generally characterized rectangular head beard teeth meet bite oval dark colored eyes shaped natural forward folding ears ears point straight upward come sharp point tails naturally thin short docked permitted straight rigid legs feet short round called cat feet thick black pads docking tails ears controversial practice especially non working dogs illegal restricted number countries worldwide north american white controversy white color varieties miniature currently recognized accepted showing canadian club controversy rests disputed origins white variation contained genes originally recognized breed result subsequent modifications types available white variation original german standard included white acceptable color chooses recognize white temperament breed standard describes temperament alert spirited command friendly intelligent willing usually easy train tend excellent good territorial instinct inclined biting strangers owners home welcome guest typically friendly highly playful dogs given outlet required energy bored fun miniature compete dog agility trials obedience tracking high prey drive means attack small pets birds snakes attack cats training dog raised cats health survey puts median lifespan miniature little years lived years generally healthy breed miniature suffer health problems associated high fat levels problems include increase possibility form independently issues affect breed diabetes stones eye problems feeding dog non foods help avoid problems miniature prone syndrome condition produces filled usually backs treated variety methods miniature ears dried swimming risk infection especially ears ear examinations regular annual check miniature prone von disease dogs inherited bleeding disorder occurs von factor protein required specific groom cut standard breed require regular stripping seen dogs short cut usually reserved family pets stripping removes loose dead coat hand called finger stripping stripping knife way process miniature family pets regular appointments hair mechanical produces soft silky skin close trim stripped coat close body falls fringe like foundation called left grow regularly standards giants sport beard created allowing hair grow left body hair grow inches | Miniature Schnauzer | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
18277_Dølehest | harness type horse norway alternately considered separate breed considered type small draft horse known pulling power agility smaller faster horse harness racing types commonly types strictly entry time resulted improvement breed type originally probably descended horse time breed arabian blood added especially creation 19th century created current breed association formed originally mainly pack horse today heavier type mainly agricultural purposes crossed breeds develop horses harness racing riding breed characteristics horses generally stand hands inches hands high weigh pounds usually bay brown black gray chestnut occurring frequently white markings occur head legs especially type head heavy straight profile neck short muscular moderately pronounced broad chest wide deep shoulder strong muscular sloping long broad muscular slightly sloping legs short broad solid joints tough point breed history prone weak legs low fertility problems corrected horses closely resemble developed ancestral stock presented grading inspection heavy type tested pulling power lighter type rays showing knee lower legs free defects presented satisfactory results track breeding year old issued temporary licenses begin racing career breeding ability considered acceptable type proper fast grading registered draft type strict organized standards improved quality breed past decades horse smallest draft breeds shows great pulling power hardy especially known excellent shown lighter sub type breed late 20th century types common breed uniform type fewer differences draft sections breed history thought originated inland valley county likely descendant breeds similar people known traders area movement western norway northern england 9th century century extended period trade areas likely influenced strong resemblance fell pony breeds named large influence development breed son partisan stallion sources breeding imported norway said cost time bred years norway horses today contain arabian imported norway influential stallion named grandson considered foundation stallion heavier type stallion named breeders maintain improve horses heavier type draft uses 19th century harness racing began rise popularity norway breeders looked create horse suitable sport smaller lighter faster variation draft type developed blood heavy draft breeds create new type especially influenced arabian foundation stallion type types commonly especially split types class heavier agriculture driving horses class lighter racing riding horses formed enthusiasts second type stud book published containing types born split registration norwegian crosses time standards entry inspection committee created norwegian taken new program approved coordinated original registry horses meet standards alternately considered separate breed interest continued world war horses heavily norway occupation germany breed numbers interest diminished war increasing reduced demand draft animals breeding center established help maintain population numbers formed promote preserve breed approximately registered new registered annually uses originally developed pack horses overland trade routes norway main connected oslo north_sea ran mainly heavy draft agricultural work timber hauling lighter mainly harness racing influential breed formation breeds similar north swedish breeds crossed produce lighter weight horse forward harness racing crossed swedish produce riding type horses crosses produce nice hunter horses | Dølehest | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
18605_NarragansettPacer | horse breed developed united_states extinct developed united_states 18th century associated closely state rhode_island extinct late 19th century developed mix english spanish breeds exact cross unknown known owned famous day including george_washington sales caribbean cross breeding diminished breed point extinction known died possibly horse true pacing breed known sure breed good looking racing general riding frequently crossed breeds provided foundation american breeds including history highly valued plantation owners 19th century major influence american breeds breed especially associated state rhode_island early 18th century extinct late 19th century known breed horse developed america exact origins breed unknown probably developed cross english horses spanish breeds spanish breeds included included lateral horses developed cross known sure poor terrain english horses contributed members breed possible ancestor pony early 18th century lieutenant governor rhode_island began development breed stallion named old speculated considered father breed george_washington owned raced asked american friend pair paul possibly rode ride warn americans british march extinction mainly breed sold large numbers west_indies breeding stock severely diminished united_states horses left create improve breeds pure strain soon extinct north_carolina noted breeders breeding stock having brought area early early pioneers known mare died characteristics exclusively pacing horse strong evidence indicates exhibited beat intermediate speed pace beat intermediate speed comfortable ride pace known qualities riding driving horses averaged hands inches tall generally chestnut color cooper described handsome head clean neck long arms legs thin tapered source stated narrow little said spirited carry head tail high remarkable speed horses difficult viewers breed rarely called stylish good looking considered easy work sure uses breed pacing races rhode_island baptist population allowed races greater reportedly covered mile tracks little minutes played significant role creation tennessee walking horse breed combined french create canadian breed especially suited racing ice contributed substantially creation early 19th century bred fledgling morgan breed morgan breed selected intermediate horses crosses sold canada caribbean south_america remain morgan breed breeds indirectly influenced include breed started kentucky tiger horse breed | Narragansett Pacer | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
18923_Morganhorse | morgan horse morgan horse earliest horse breeds developed united_states tracing foundation figure later named best known owner served roles 19th century american history coach horses harness racing general riding animals cavalry horses american civil war sides conflict influenced major american breeds including tennessee walking horse 19th 20th centuries exported countries including england morgan stallion influenced breeding horse established vermont purpose improving morgan breed farm later transferred breed registry established organizations europe oceania developed estimated morgan horses worldwide morgan compact refined breed generally bay black chestnut color come colors including variations english western disciplines breed known versatility morgan state animal vermont state horse massachusetts popular children authors including portrayed breed books henry horse later disney movie breed characteristics officially breed standard morgan type regardless discipline individual horse compact refined build morgan strong legs expressive head straight slightly convex profile broad forehead large prominent eyes defined laid shoulders upright arched neck short strongly long tail attached high carried straight appear strong powerful horse breed known easy keeper breed standard height ranges hands inches individuals particularly animated elastic square collected rear legs balanced meaning perform intermediate speed rack fox pace states morgan distinctive stamina personality strong natural way moving breed reputation intelligence courage good disposition registered come variety colors commonly bay black chestnut common colors include gray silver cream addition color patterns recognized frame white pattern noted genetic disease identified morgan breed type storage dominant muscle disease found mainly stock horse draft horse breeds caused gene dozen breeds found condition prevalence appears low compared stock draft breeds study percent randomly tested carried condition lowest breeds study coat color genes found linked genetic disorders genetic syndrome multiple originally called anterior segment characterized abnormal development tissues causes compromised vision generally mild form disease non progressive genetic studies shown closely tied silver gene small number carry silver causes apparent vision problems cause vision problems possibility lethal white syndrome fatal disease seen frame gene present mare line morgan breed produced healthy frame individuals advocates genetic testing identify carriers advises owners avoid breeding horses frame breed history trace single foundation stallion named figure born massachusetts given man named debt payment horse later came identified particular owner horse evolved breed figure thought stood hands inches weighed pounds known passing distinctive looks temperament exact pedigree unknown extensive efforts discover historian notes writings possibility named fill detective novels membership application figure kicked horse later died injuries buried vermont figure extensively breeding stallion records known exist sons notable foundation morgan breed chestnut stood hands inches high stood years stud new_england dark bay size figure known endurance speed harness best known chestnut stallion slightly shorter figure turn born went foundation stallion american tennessee walking horse breeds known unbeaten harness racing record important history morgan breed known speed races breed development 19th century extensively harness racing pulling coaches breed speed endurance harness stock horses general riding light driving work miners breed army american civil war riding harness horses morgan stallion exported england 1860s ability influenced breeding horses period numerous morgan brought west integrated horse influenced development breed morgan horse ancestor 1870s longer legged horses came fashion morgan horses crossed breeds resulted virtual disappearance original style morgan remained isolated areas native vermont compiled book morgan breeding published colonel vermont native published volume marking beginning formal breed registry established vermont land donated purpose improving morgan breed breeding program aimed produce horses sound capable performing saddle harness transferred military use cavalry mounts sides american civil war horses morgan roots included winchester known little alternately described morgan american breed heavily influenced morgan morgan enthusiasts stated horse survivor regiment morgan mix records early sources support accounts state lineage mix american spanish blood stuffed body display makes statement breed sources agree originated oklahoma texas area making background likely families main groups morgan breed today known government families smaller particularly noted traces illinois breeding program family trace breeding program grandson industrialist maternal great great grandson revolutionary war officer founder focused preservation breeding horses descended line considered lines lines tracing figure breeds 20th 21st centuries government family largest tracing bred foundation line general gates involvement ended purchased farm breeding stock carries program today abbreviated common ancestor horses bred stock horses work cattle descended government farm shipped west organizations founded later changing 1930s 1940s controversy registry membership stud book open closed mirrored similar controversies breed result discussions stud book declared closed outside blood january canadian signed agreement registration horses similar agreement great_britain approximately horses registered life association new registered annually estimated exist worldwide popular united_states populations great_britain sweden countries largest association breed addition horses hands inches organizations focus specific morgan breed include begun works develop promote unusually colored silver cream genes registers horses bred resemble type seen late 1800s early 1900s american common membership based organizations devoted preserving old time vermont strain exist started second founded morgan horse registry inc formed registers maintains dna data base associations countries including canada australia new_zealand great_britain sweden austria germany vermont museum dedicated history breed uses morgan breed known versatility number english western events successfully shown disciplines including jumping western pleasure cutting endurance riding stock horses pleasure riding driving frequently seen driving competitions including combined driving carriage driving american breed compete competition representing seen mounts participants riding programs gentle disposition steady movement morgan shows held open competition program run gives points based competition success breed shows annual world championship morgan horse held detroit michigan moved current home oklahoma horses compete year morgan horse named official state animal vermont official state horse massachusetts literature film children book horse published fictional account figure honor book movie based book book movie criticized containing number historical creating myths figure historian stated looked true entertainment vehicles children author known morgan horse series dreaming morgan horse won children choice award following award sequel awards given children book council morgan horse subject poem runaway poem speaker observes little morgan left mountain pasture winter afraid falling snow | Morgan horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
19276_PonyoftheAmericas | pony americas pony americas pony breed developed state iowa united_states foundation stallion arabian pony cross breed registry founded years registered today pony largest active youth oriented horse breed called small horse combining mainly arabian attributes registry open allowing blood breeds strict criteria entry including coloration specified height physical characteristics mainly bred western riding breed disciplines including driving endurance riding english disciplines breed characteristics registered pony americas club coloring visible feet known loud coloring coloration includes typical leopard complex characteristics eyes muzzle visible white eyes striped coloration allowed ancestry breed noted coloring facial profile slightly concave muscular breed deep chest sloped shoulders breed averages hands inches high despite having size pony breed physical characteristics small horse arabian type true pony breed pony register offspring registered crosses original arabian breeds crosses allowed registry members long meet physical breed requirements crosses breeds including quarter anglo arabs spanish welsh accepted individual basis history developed united_states 1950s pony iowa foundation stallion breed arabian pony cross markings named appreciated stallion disposition decided use develop new breed colored group associations founded pony receiving registration number year later members registered club goal develop medium sized pony older children small adults coloration arabian muscle bone originally height requirement called inches changed range inches final change height raising upper limit inches years existence breed club registered founding breed club present early blood completely bred order maintain improve small stock horse look sought breed founders pony hosted national convention club developed hall_of_fame members pony registered club industry largest youth oriented breed members active affiliated chapters originally developed mainly western riding stock uses seen competing endurance riding day hunter driving jumps originally breed club shows allow people age saddle adults driving classes age limit riders raised decided adults horses years old saddle | Pony of the Americas | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
19424_Brumby | free feral horse australia found areas country best known found australian alps region south eastern australia today found second largest population queensland group known mob band descendants escaped lost horses dating cases belonging early european settlers including south_africa indonesia british pony draught horse breeds significant number today live places including national parks occasionally mustered use working stock horses farms stations trail horses horses mounts pleasure horses subject controversy regarded pest threat native ecosystems government valued australia heritage supporters working prevent treatment captured history origin term term refers feral horse australia recorded use print magazine melbourne said bush queensland wild horses month magazine suggested new south wales term poet stated introduction poem run published bulletin word free horses obscure come following possibilities horses left property place new south wales left tasmania word meaning wild language indigenous australians southern queensland letter says word horse people creek station queensland district established 1840s later abandoned leaving horses escape wild suggested derives irish word early horse imports horses arrived australia fleet imported farm utility work recreational riding racing major activities horses thought reached australia horse racing popular resulting influx imports england roughly horses living australia number grown largely natural increase long journey sea england europe asia meant strongest horses survived trip making particularly healthy strong australian stock aided ability flourish origin feral horses likely confined primarily sydney region early 19th century settlers crossed blue mountains opened expansion inland horses required travel cattle sheep pastoral industry grew report escaped horse 1840s horses escaped settled regions australia likely escaped fences properly installed fences existed believed australian horses feral released wild left fend result abandoning settlements horses arid conditions unfamiliar land combined farming australia especially difficult world war demand horses defence forces declined growth led growth number unwanted animals set free 20th century replacement horses machines farming led falls demand contributed increases feral populations currently australia horses continent estimated non drought periods feral horse population increases rate percent year drought conditions natural threats despite population numbers feral horses generally considered moderate pest allowed damage vegetation cause erosion impact environment detrimental reason considered environmental threat cultural potential economic value management presents complex issue australian alps south eastern australia thought descendants horses owned pioneer coast south western_australia known appear carry rare gene commonly known seen mainly number old breeds belgian draught horses gene causes parts horse coat resulting coloured muzzle flanks belly seen chestnut horses coloured tails appear adapted coastal environment consuming appear damaging monitoring particular ensure careful management unusual feral horses uses captured fitted gps tracking extensive comparative research effect terrain morphology health different horses paths movement diet patterns mob structure tracked recorded captured trained stock horses saddle horses encouraging viewing feral potential tourist attraction sold european horse meat market capture contribute millions dollars australian economy approximately horses meat export originates feral population hides hair horses sold training camps organisations promote positive interaction troubled high risk youths camps usually weeks allowing youths train wild quiet willing saddle horse improving youths self esteem catch handle event challenge competitions riders required catch free running horse time limit minutes points awarded challenge care skill catching ability teach lead demanding challenges riders held new_south_wales plus man snowy river challenge victoria new south wales societies including hold special classes registered annual agricultural shows environmental impact horses described australia 1860s environmental impact include soil loss erosion vegetation reduction plants increased tree deaths bark damage habitats spreading invasive detrimental effects population native species cases feral horses damage infrastructure including pipes fences credited help keeping tracks trails clear bush service vehicles areas habitats free horses compact soil soil air spaces leaving water collect occurs soil areas horses prevalent water penetration resistance times higher areas horses causes soil erosion damages vegetation soil hold water plant hindered horse potential damage waterways habitats near streams increases runoff reducing quality water causing harm ecosystem horse tends foul waterways accumulation result feral horses adding negative environmental impact exotic species australia alpine areas particular risk low growing alpine flora highly vulnerable short summers mean little time plants grow recover damage biodiversity high species plant found erosion limestone areas leads runoff moss important component highland horses seeking water feral horses reduce plant species exposure soil caused vegetation removal grazing combined increased nutrients recycled horse favour species invade region overtake native species diminishing diversity dispersal aided attachment seeds horses tails transferred horse consumption location effects actually transfer debated fact large number species dispersed method concern interested survival native plant species australia effect plants plant habitats pronounced horses travel greater distances find food water consume threatened limited vegetation negative influences widespread feral horses bark trees leave trees vulnerable external threats occurred drought species plateau appears feral horses prefer species interaction animal species changes vegetation result feral horses region affects bird species removing plants feed altering habitat birds prey feral horse grazing linked decline reptiles amphibians habitat loss addition grazing near waterways influences aquatic fauna areas frequented horses crab higher increasing predation fish result fish decline removal vegetation renders susceptible predation areas horses abundant populations prevalent likely horses consumption vegetation normally feed horses removed signs presence specifically black rock increase competition horses reason decline populations certain areas populations potential pass exotic diseases african horse sickness domestic horses carry fever passed horses cattle lead high fatalities domestic populations causing farmers management feral horses like livestock carry parasite result people drinking contaminated drinking water population management poor management feral horses pose ecological environmental threat parts australia management difficult issues feasibility public concern currently management attempts vary feral horses considered states south_australia including queensland controversy removal primary argument favour removal impact fragile ecosystems damage destroy endangered native flora fauna public concern major issue control efforts advocate protection including people believe feral horses belong country horse interest groups horses feral completely opposed measures threaten survival animal welfare groups reluctantly accept organizations oppose lethal techniques attempt organise relocation animals instead argued relocation involves hours helicopter traumatic horses groups favour humane means control damage cause native flora fauna generally opposed means makes management challenge present cost allowing feral horses concerns population control methods traditional method removal called running reminiscent iconic poem man expert riders rope remove new location options population control include fertility control ground helicopter shooting trapping methods provide complete freedom suffering horses cost high costs include economic research equipment purchases labour expenditures moral concerns welfare horses result effective efficient means control called fertility control non lethal method population management usually viewed humane treatment use supported appears treatments effective breeding season immediately following injection lasting effects debated costly difficult treat animals repeatedly method despite ideal widely implemented shooting trained considered practical method control effectiveness believe shooting preferred method population control subject horses stresses long distance transportation related capture removal methods horses initially wounded shooting tracked dispatched accessible open country shooting horses mountain ranges regarded humane means control helicopter allow aerial reconnaissance large area target populations shooters close target animals ensure termination method considered effective cost efficient means control disapproval high believe organizations supporting argue aerial shooting unnecessary alternative population control methods given adequate trials government officials express concern need control rapidly growing populations order avoid ecological problems associated feral horses certain areas labour intensive process results major outcomes slaughter sale relocation assisted feed hay strategically placed attract feral horses location capture feasible process low demand captured horses making desirable fertility control shooting reduce population having find alternative locations management national parks october october approximately shot guy river national park result public outcry followed established investigate alternative methods control campaign began remove horses national park trapped taken park national national park estimated horses resulted reduction horses national commenced plan reduce numbers passive trapping captured phase aerial took place shooting horses helicopter gorge queensland literature media called wild bush horses mentioned poem man snowy river poem expanded films man snowy river man snowy river title return snowy river title man snowy river series man snowy river arena spectacular poem called run describes mob running wild inspired write poem read judge hearing horses asked run popular silver books written children young adults stories describe adventures stallion stories movie known silver stallion king wild starring animated children television series adopted emblem newly formed rugby union team based canberra australia competing known super | Brumby | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
19541_Lusitano | known pure blood portuguese horse breed closely related spanish horse called horses breeds developed peninsula 1960s considered breed horses known present far region renowned war horses muslims invaded brought horses crossed native horses developing horse useful war bull fighting portuguese spanish stud books split portuguese strain horse named word ancient roman portugal main breed breed today characteristics differ slightly line alter real strain bred solid color generally gray bay chestnut horses alter real strain bay members breed baroque type convex facial profiles heavy intelligent willing elevated movement originally bred war today competed olympics world equestrian games portuguese spanish teams showing driving competitions belgian team winning multiple international titles members breed today expected horse bull injured history horses known humans far shown cave paintings area local wild horses originally humans probable ancestors modern studies comparing ancient modern horse dna indicate modern group contains maternal present wild horses early period ancient horses war clear evidence use believed invaders brought horses contributing outside blood ancestry modern breeds alliance known formed point horses bred area renowned war horses writing admired advanced riding techniques horsemen war possible horses legend claimed area wind amazing passed modern hypothesis suggests bond humans horses initial inspiration believed come area later invasions area romans resulted establishing stud farms bred cavalry horses roman army local stock muslims invaded peninsula invasion brought horses crossed native horses cross breeds produced war horse superior original horse new type introduced americas called war horse ancestor battlefield major riding europe horseback displays high school common entertainment portuguese gentry mitochondrial dna studies closely related modern horse compared horse north_africa present convincing evidence horses crossed direction influenced maternal portuguese historian ancient breed ancestor southern breeds including genetic studies mitochondrial dna genetic cluster largely separated breeds maternal lineage shared breeds relatively recent dating middle ages making unlikely prehistoric ancestor prior modern times horse breeds europe known primarily region bred takes ancient roman region today portugal similar horse originally described horses distinct quality came spain sources state genetically breed difference country individual horses born known portuguese national horse 16th 17th centuries horses moved continually spain portugal horses improve portuguese cavalry portugal successful restoration war spain based mounted troops riding war horses spanish blood reign portugal spain portuguese horse breeding reached lowest point spanish passed laws halt country production cavalry horses stud farms exist run secrecy horses smuggled stolen spain secret farms provided base modern charles_ii england married catherine portugal royal included portugal bombay garrisons garrisons included large groups portuguese cavalry mounted horses prior 1960s type horse called portugal spain adopted portugal separation countries revolutions portugal african colonies resulted near economic collapse portugal landed class attracted political estates vacated stud farms broken horses sold spain best lines saved efforts breeders breeding soon increased today bred mainly portugal brazil maintain presence countries world including australia united_states great_britain south_africa european countries horses partial blood popular especially crossed arabian blood strains sub types portuguese stud book recognizes horses mare called heads lineage horses foundation horses main breed portuguese state stud line meets breed standards differ individual characteristics foundation horses stallion stallion stallion stallion alter real stallion mare alter real alter real strain bred portugal stud founded portuguese royal family provide horses national riding academy royal use uses horses exclusively performances strain developed imported spain napoleon invaded spain early 19th century alter real strain deteriorated introduction arabian spanish norman blood 19th 20th centuries strain established introduction spanish blood early 20th century revolution ended monarchy alter real strain faced extinction records burned stud discontinued specialist horse breeds saved able establish strain turning herd stud reopened portuguese state maintained ownership stud continues produce horses use high school registration today outside portugal spain breeding showing registration closely linked example shares responsibility cross hosting combined national breeds australia formed register promote breed australia new_zealand june signed agreement parent organization portuguese follow association rules regulations maintains registry horses parent example combined registry characteristics uses generally gray bay chestnut solid color including black bays bred alter real stud usually stand hands inches high stand hands inches members breed narrow heads profiles slightly convex thick arched leading defined shoulders muscular sloping deep broad chest horses short strong backs rounded sloped leading low set tail legs known powerful horses noted intelligence willing nature breed elevated generally comfortable ride differs having sloped lower set tail convex head profile tail extremely thick breeds ancestors originally classical driving horseback today seen olympic disciplines including high level combined driving competition hand team driven won took world championships world equestrian games bronze winning team went collect silver medal summer olympics entire portuguese team rode spanish competitor took gold medal hand driving competition team composed solely mounted today form bull killed considered disgrace rider horse injured horses bred sport calm remaining control rider confronted bull breeding horses crosses longer allowed breed registry alter real stallion taken brazil prior napoleon invasion foundation stallion breed | Lusitano | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
19700_ChincoteaguePony | pony known horse breed pony developed lives feral condition united_states states virginia maryland breed famous series written starting horse like commonly called smaller stature created poor habitat variation found physical characteristics blood different breeds introduced points history solid color found patterns favorite breed enthusiasts live diet salt marsh plants brush poor quality scarce food combined created faults outside blood added beginning early 20th century legends told origins popular holds descend survivors wrecked spanish virginia coast likely descend stock released island 17th century colonists looking escape livestock laws taxes mainland practice pony began settlers rounding removing mainland official held auctioned way raise money fire equipment annual event continued fashion present day popularly known feral actually live entire island owned federal government split fence maryland virginia state line herd living fence live land managed different federal agencies different management strategies maryland herd referred literature national_park_service horses live generally treated wild animals given assistance species island treated prevent conversely virginia herd referred lives owned virginia treated twice yearly prepare life general population sold auction live live island having purchased bred private breeders characteristics horses referred pony breed average hands inches feral state grow hands inches provided better nutrition generally weigh pounds solid colors found breed patterns horses coloration tend sell money annual auction outside added herd variation physical characteristics general breed tends straight slightly concave facial profile broad forehead refined neck shoulders angled ribs sprung chest broad short broad rounded thick low set tail breed legs tend straight good dense bone makes sound considered intelligent willing viewed easy train hunter driving trail terms health generally hardy easy keepers late 19th century author praised good manners gentle disposition reporting story pony ridden distance miles days man equipment load weighed pounds pony weighed approximately pounds history legend states descend spanish horses virginia coast way peru 16th century story holds descend horses left island pirates theories unlikely documentation found horses inhabiting island early mention horses existing island colonists mainland island mid late evidence points ancestors actually horses brought islands 17th century mainland farmers livestock islands subject taxes fencing laws animals including sheep cattle horses brought islands national_park_service holds theory horses brought island 17th century volunteer fire company owns virginia argues spanish theory correct argue horses valuable 17th century left run wild island claim sunken spanish virginia coast support theory promotes theory early 1900s described having islands american revolution described time perfect symmetry extraordinary powers action endurance early 1800s virginia governor released author called earliest printed testimony 1920s managed agencies faults found effects legs narrow poor bone lack substance plagued breed animals growing hands inches partially limited poor quality feed found islands harsh habitat allowed survive welsh pony blood added upgrade stock horses coloring introduced herd common distinctive patterns contribute horse like breed owned introduced arabian blood added hopes adding height breed increasing length legs arabian different points breed history released herd survive bred removed island breeding returned pony similar history comes coast north_carolina isolated population outside blood added island herd island undergone change time island connected lowest point august hurricane created inlet south maryland separating storm permanent system artificial built preserve inlet navigation channel result disrupting sand movement area island drifted considerably westward kilometer apart pony written description pony appeared practice rounding livestock island existed years initially animals marked ownership groups settlers event festival day days horse sheep held sheep population diminished time pony population grew wednesday thursday july designated annual days pony taking place early 1920s purchased wealthy farmer forcing settlers necessitating change pony format parts pony actual moved transported truck years annual swim begun early 1900s established tourism sport haven causeway completed connected island virginia mainland pair fires ravaged year volunteer fire company established official held auctioned raise money fire equipment held annually exception currently visitors gather wednesday july watch mounted riders bring virginia herd swim channel swim takes minutes rider observers hand assist horses especially hard time crossing swim herd evaluated late stages pregnancy young removed herd islands swim affected treated site larger auctioned day majority herd including young returned friday highest price paid pony lowest price purchased buy conditions money fire department allows pony released pony swim breed registry preservation founded open horses purchased annual auction maintains breed registry registers including private breeders registered associations owned private individuals spread canada management lies virginia state lines split states smaller northern portion maryland larger southern section virginia separate live separated fence runs maryland virginia state border descended original stock maryland feral called horses maintained national_park_service virginia feral called owned entire island purchased federal government divided protected areas maryland virginia lie jurisdiction different governmental agencies different management strategies applied herd maryland section contains state owned land allowed state plays little management feral separate small bands consisting stallion diet consists mainly coarse grass grows salt marshes makes percent food diet supplemented vegetation rose american beach grass poison ivy require twice water horses require diet increased water drink contributes appearing fat maryland herd maryland herd called herd owned managed national_park_service maryland herd free ranging wild horse populations left united_states combined presence relatively small naturally confined area ideal scientific study late 1970s scientists herd conduct studies feral horse behavior social structure ecology remote delivery pregnancy testing effects human intervention wild animal populations wildlife populations species worldwide studied detail long period maryland herd herd numbers grew negatively impacted living environment manage population numbers long term non employed proving percent effective seven year field trial began management level smaller amounts early proven effective improving health increasing life older removal pregnancy related stress general herd health improved early mortality decreased older found age horse injured administered treatments percent rate injection site normally weeks mare years old given treatment withdrawn produces produced represented genetically herd placed yearly treatment plan death introduction herd numbers continued rise high dropped significantly study determined mitochondrial dna diversity herd low likely isolation nuclear genetic diversity remained level similar breeds mainland treatment maryland herd treated like wildlife extra attention paid employees thought likely maryland herd carries infectious effectively allowing riding camping privately owned horses mainland shore insect season stretches mid october treatment wild animals maryland herd aggressive reports tearing tents biting kicking knocking visitors increase biting incidents national_park_service implemented new measures visitors measures included new safety information recommended viewing distances visitors danger visitors ill fed inappropriate human foods average maryland pony year killed car pony patrol volunteers patrol island visitors virginia herd virginia herd called herd owned managed allows live special use grazing permit allowing approximately adult thirty born herd year annual maintain herd size animals working island protect increase population efforts endangered herd placement fences reduced land available grazing fencing prevents reaching sea went escape biting insects including trapped enclosure high water died carried sea storm unlike maryland herd virginia island roadways prevent auto accidents discourage visitors feeding late 20th century previously sold auction returned population numbers threatened drop targeted numbers large numbers deaths storms issues virginia herd rounded treatment including diseases eastern western swim year addition continual monitoring basic aid minor injuries performed committee fire department intervention needed brought general horse population auction purchase private buyers visits tested books released children book series novels breed internationally famous real purchased henry publicity increased film based book publicity generated books assisted breed remaining viable 21st century fictionalized books based real horse ranch established preserve establish museum memorabilia series model horse company created models descendants surviving descendants worldwide | Chincoteague Pony | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
20971_Granny(orca) | known killer whale estimated whale researchers years old correct oldest known living captured rest pod old time marine park released estimated born description recognizable gray saddle patch dorsal fin half moon notch fin ocean said seen thousands times markings fins like studies going decades exact age known age older estimated offspring birth age stop having offspring adding generations ages estimated photographs 1930s size growth age estimates case photographed male thought son estimated years old scientists believed offspring age estimated later determined dna son pod descendants travels pod group pod clan southern resident killer whale population frequent inland waters british_columbia summer months southeast alaska central california completed journey far miles week known male thought son seen according researchers multiple grandchildren great grandchildren travelling pod southern resident killer studied population killer world population captured 1960s 1970s use sea parks killed hunters attempting capture legacy oldest known arguments keeping captivity referencing allegedly reduced lifespan captivity oldest captivity year old miami average lifespan captured years age captain said mind blowing think whale years old born went imagine things seen lifetime focal point environmental efforts resulted endangered species act estimate load parts million descendants reproductive systems damaged exposure pollution additionally family risk declining west_coast salmon populations featured children book titled clan tale wild lifespan estimates wild vary says wild years females years males estimates similar estimates study marine conservation groups argue estimates low effects hunting pollution capture wild populations natural wild equivalent humans male living years female living years | Granny (orca) | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
21580_Dominantwhite | dominant white dominant white group genetically related coat color conditions horse best known producing white coat producing forms white spotting white markings dominant white horses born pink skin white hair dark eyes white hair spotting vary depending genetic involved dominant white rare condition normal conditions parent dominant white produce dominant white offspring currently known dominant white linked documented spontaneous single ancestor dominant white occur breed studied different breeds color breeds american white horse white horse characterized dominant white coats different forms dominant white labeled known dominant white coat colors associated kit gene suggests known white coats inherited meaning horse needs copy white white spotted coat dominant white genetically distinct genetically visually distinct gray dominant white lethal white syndrome dominant white horses documented horses forms dominant white thought result embryos verified dominant white genetic variations identification dominant white horses born pink skin white coat retain lives term dominant white typically associated pure white coat horses white near white partially white exhibit irregular spotting pattern similar horses white hair depends involved non white areas skin hair commonly seen dorsal horse known especially common ears interspersed spots non white skin hair addition white skin band cases born non white hair lose pigment age help gray factor dominant white spotting affect eye color dominant white horses brown eyes pink skin devoid pigment cells appears pink underlying network white hair rooted pink skin genetic factors produce white near white white coat colors horses visually similar dominant white prevalence dominant white potential genetic causes horses near white completely white coats occur spontaneous found unexpectedly breed discourage excessive white markings date dominant white identified multiple families horses horses horses south german draft horses family arabian horse american white horse descended primarily dominant white stallion crossed non white known dominant white coat inheritance mapped kit gene terms kit dominant spotting gene kit respectively current research shown multiple forms gene horses possess kit gene necessary survival earliest stages development presence absence dominant white based presence certain altered forms kit unique form called trait animals inherit parent original normal form kit expected horses dominant white spotting called wild type dominant white horse kit associated dominant white spotting wild type kit history dominant white research dominant white horses described scientific literature horse described family white near white horses researcher columbia university colour skin white called pink usually small dark skin great dark spots skin usually dark stripes invariably white dark skin usually glass watch eyes dark eyes coming year old pure white coloured coloured hair glass blue eyes contemporaries agreed blue eyes inherited separately white coat assigned white trait white time means assigning position gene family white horses produced old king dark eyed white stallion purchased old king bred morgan produce breed horse known today american white horse grandson old king center major study dominant white coat color horses conducted alfred university concluded based test white coat inherited lethal state factors variations influence multiple genes influenced observed white coat american white horse mapped study identified white coat color horse described range considered white white white gray german term gray horse according ranged solid white horses reviewers data successive years felt work erroneous concluded white lethal researchers prior modern dna analysis developed remarkably theories gene proposed named work horse coat colors los del suggested forms inherited white spotting arranged allowing varied expression dominant white proposed distant genes influence white present time study beginning molecular level research dominant white 21st century pattern known regarded likely cause white type white spotting mapped inherited genetically related distinct produce nearly white horses resemble dominant white genes responsible possible patterns labeled identified forms white gene responsible certain patterns researchers switzerland united_states published paper identifying genetic cause dominant white spotting horses horse arabian horse breeds dominant white conditions occurred separately spontaneously past years represents different variation form gene researchers identified seven unique causes dominant white distinct families horse large family family south german draft horses series kit gene contains base pairs change base pairs results identified kit genes horses resultant known linked dominant white date dna tests identify horse carries identified commercially available found horses descended white mare named born parents coats extensively marked single type single accidentally exchanged thought occurred thought severely affect function kit nonsense located kit horses born pure white pigment lose time based studies kit mice severity suggests state horses found normal blood parameters suffer found horses descended colonel stallion born colonel described chestnut extensive white markings known family pure white horses white daughter born linked single located found arabian horses descended near white stallion born parents white thought originated horse nonsense horses retain interspersed regions skin hair fade time members family possess blue eyes thought inherited separately white coat based similar studies mice researchers named potentially found breed characterized white coat beginning spontaneous white stallion born named sultan like horses type dominant white pure white near white areas fade time found descending stallion like white spotting horses exhibit huge range white pure white near white like spotting limited high irregular covered face members family studied degree dominant white spotting found form later study found members family greatest compound carried found near white born non white parents potential range known thought occurred spontaneously horse found near white born dam offspring non white possess results site located kit found horse like white spotting parents maternal half siblings non white found site located found white horse single relatives studied parents non white found study horses family white spotted solid non white family members like wide range observed marked large amounts white face legs medium sized belly spots nearly white founder line found family south german draft horses descending single white stallion thought originated responsible site found found found site found found found found japanese draft horse site found bay extensive solid colored extended head leg markings found bald face markings white leg markings extending knees irregular belly spots horses tested negative frame white gene predicted probably damaging horses solid colored offspring carry originally discovered recognized having subtle role increasing white markings white appears breeds effects recognized family determined factor extensively white horses account inherited white spotting horses kit expected found roles white spotting occur specific breed family arise spontaneous kit gene prone new occur virtually breed molecular kit gene protein called steel factor critical stem cells blood cells sperm cells pigment cells process called alternative uses information kit gene slightly different proteins use different circumstances impact kit affects blood cells sperm cells pigment cells steel factor steel factor stem cell factor relay chemical messages messages development signal migration early pigment cells crest tissue eventual destinations dermal layer crest tissue embryo lies dorsal line migrate dorsal line number specific sites near eye near ear head sites body tail sites cells undergo rounds migrate body dorsal aspect ventral aspect limb timing migration critical white markings small star pure white coat caused failed migration certain degree eventual white design completely random development organism single fully formed process steps beginning identical clones identical twins process unlikely occur way twice process element called process cell process element development partly responsible eventual appearance white horse potentially accounting nearly quarter research team studied dominant white cited subtle variations kit protein potential cause horses kind dominant white early known early death non viable embryo occur embryo possesses dominant white reason caused nonsense dna impossible produce functional kit protein possible embryos site viable effect gene function study unearthed horses compound completely white essentially greater accounted hypothesis originally supported study conclusions traits controlled single gene drawn test large sample sizes traits controlled series multiple characters subject knew created white coat white horses condition breeding white horses result white occur study concluded white conversely white coat simple dominant horses non white horses white produce white offspring observe white horses produced white offspring suggesting dominant white horses exist result concluded white lethal state horses non white white died reported death rates white similar non white concluded white died gestation aborted found suggesting death occurred early development prior work researchers split mode inheritance white harmful recent research discovered possible genetic pathways white coat historical findings reflect action different genes possible varied origins white horses responsible lack remains proven dominant white cause state white recognized mice produces belly spot interspersed white hairs dorsal aspect coat black eyed white healthy mice severe die days affects multiple systems following mapping kit gene researchers began identifying series known representing unique kit gene primarily produce white spotting tiny head spots fully white coats mild lethal produce white spotting affect health animal state small amounts white likely linked conspicuous white presently research evidence suggested kit affect health fertility recent study showed blood parameters horses normal white horses dominant white white horses potent symbols cultures array horse coat colors identified white genetically distinct dominant white horses documented despite references called horses dominant white caused absence pigment cells animals normal distribution diagnosis humans based visual described horses dominant white similar coat colors mammals diagnosis based production defects color gene gene known horses non white colors blue eyed cream horses pink skin pale blue eyes cream colored coats indicating pigment cells pigment present skin eyes coat lower levels dominant white horses pigment cells pigment skin coat addition dominant white horses seldom blue eyes genetic factors combinations genetic factors pearl gene champagne gene produce like coats coat colors distinguishable dominant white unusually colored eyes gray horses born color progressively replace colored coat gray white hairs gray horses dark skin happen carry genes pink skin unlike dominant white horses born white skin color affected coat color change leopard complex horses breeds genetically distinct white spotting patterns leopard pattern resemble white factors influence eventual appearance leopard complex coat copy copies leopard present degree dense leopard associated white present birth extensive dense white appear nearly white birth continue age parts world horses called white born white born common horses tend blankets tend hat war terms applied horses non white areas head especially ears poll remaining coat white dominant white horses areas pigment ears poll term medicine hat usually refers horses commonly known white spotting genes combined frame white lethal white lethal white syndrome copies frame gene born white nearly white coats pink skin unlike dominant white horses born invariably die days birth horses carry gene healthy typically exhibit frame spotting pattern cases solid horses frame ancestry uncertain non horses multiple patterns detected dna test dominant white white horses identified white near white coats underlying pink skin dark eyes pigment dorsal genetic differences term dominant white reserved known dominant white horses known kit gene known create viable embryo contrast horses kit gene type called simply minimal slight particularly dramatic maximum refers horses test negative dominant white negative negative frame initially dominant white separated grounds entirely white possess pigment studies dominant white showed dominant white produce range white include horses spots hair skin larger families dominant white studied included pure white horses horses described having like white markings white horses described recently dominant white distinguished grounds dominant white produce embryos state viable kit currently identified dominant white proven lethal similarities forms reflect common molecular origin series mapped kit researchers mapped suggested like patterns map kit similarly major white leg facial markings mapped near kit gene horses thought account spontaneous occurrences white near white spotted horses refers occur single cell stage affect portion adult cells possible cause rare occurrence coloring horses mosaic white horses visually indistinguishable dominant whites produce white partially white stem cell developing underwent change dna resulted skin hair cells descend affected stem cell exhibit rest cells unaffected mosaic depending cell populations affected case genetic occur spontaneously sex cell parent cases called present single conceived affected sperm egg cell condition inherited generation conditions humans skin condition called caused dozen distinct kit gene humans characterized white patches skin forehead face ventral trunk outside condition pigs patch commercial white colors caused kit gene best known model kit gene function mouse described produce white toes black eyed white mice white lethal state lethal combined male mice kit sterile date effects described horses kit | Dominant white | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
21808_RussianSpaniel | russian russian type soviet_union world war cross breeding english breeds physically similar shorter coat longer body developed hunting dogs breed suffer major health complaints normally associated popular native russia breed introduced overseas 1990s recognised major clubs description russian small dog short tight silky coat ears legs colors vary greatly include solid colors white markings black tan combinations head ears usually dark russian resembles english body similar field lines breed longer ears line body russian tends longer english breed line split separate specific field lines breed male females breed weigh average inches makes similar size little larger english weighs approximately average inches females little smaller inches bred primarily hunting dogs goal find bird send air retrieve command hunter shot quarry russian suited hunting fields woodland birds rabbits small game breed popular native russia small size makes suitable kept busy cities easily transported hunting sites health long russian require checks prevent ear breed gain weight easily prevented controlling food intake russian prone food usually identified months age common chicken breed specific health issues currently known temperament energetic free spirited breed kept companion dog easy going nature devotion cause cheerful active dog ready play responding form attention happily tail good children history russian youngest russian originated english english breeds known russian mentioned early new_zealand recorded russia black owned hunting grand duke end 19th century noble connections breeds imported moscow hunting smaller use russian bird hunting weather terrain conditions beginning 20th century selective breeding began longer legged specifically create mixed russian late 1930s variety moscow fit specific breed standard modern russian breeding world war led original russian standard revised standards issued popularity breed russia increased early 1990s moscow dog shows time annually including russian breed popular set united_states increase knowledge breed outside russia enable owners register dogs international recognition recognised major clubs russian recognised north american club recognition breed required apply names addresses owners number dogs bred copies dogs generations recognised country origin statistics registration figures country statistics entries shows country international level inherited health conditions breed registry closed standard country origin brief history details working activities order recognised fully compete miscellaneous class requirements compete class demonstrate following having minimum active members national breed club population dogs generation dogs breed distribution states breed standard reviewed approved currently dogs miscellaneous class irish red norwegian shepherd typical stays class years national club breed held shows judges workshops prior fully recognised | Russian Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
22034_ClumberSpaniel | breed dog type developed united_kingdom largest comes predominantly white lemon orange markings brown lemon predominantly breed taken breed developed hunting heavy cover gentle loyal act strangers habits considered including constant coat history breed uncertain prior mid-19th century theories prevalent kept bred british monarchs including king edward vii king introduced canada breeds recognised breed suffer variety breed specific varying severity temporary bone growth whilst young hip spinal disc description appearance largest long heavy bodied standing inches height weighing pounds similar shape smaller heavy bone structure massive melting head expression square nose muzzle large vine leaf shaped ears muzzle legs common coat dense weather resistant straight flat ears belly legs predominantly white colour lemon brown orange markings eyes base tail temperament temperament described gentle loyal strangers appear breed enjoy couch eating sleeping shed medium pace tend minds especially curious playful breed trophy mentality dog need carry time unfortunately lead health issues items breed hunt small packs suited work hunting dense cover slow field compared quiet worker fine nose good stamina broad muzzle breed allows retrieve variety game health large fast growing suffer temporary months age bone growth complete common condition breed suffers impacted anal dog require emptied final common condition breed heat sensitivity left shade hot addition difficulties giving birth require sections dogs suffer sensitivity common severe health conditions eye conditions spinal disc hip median lifespan years inward rolling commonly lower lid turn eye cause visual hereditary disorder seen english american king english plus variety non breeds outward rolling eye resulting increased exposure dog develop known dry eye syndrome commonly found breeds exaggerated facial features boxer english american english treatment varies depending severity condition treatment surgical delayed dog reaches adulthood whilst facial structures animal growing changing dogs surgical correction defects exhibited ring spinal disc spinal disc occurs disc canal spinal cord resides cord compressed dog experiences symptoms ranging mild neck pain leg loss sensation commonly location seen mid area occur spine cases result treated medically animal restrict movement minimum weeks accompanied medication pain surgery restore sensation dog legs following success rate depends severe hip hip hereditary condition occurs dog breeds extent according scores scheme second worst breed mean scores furthermore survey conducted animals found tested affected condition initial signs usually noted dog months old include muscle reluctance fatigue exercise inability climb stairs jump dog appear arched worst cases pain moving medical treatment vary administration surgical correction depending severity condition history breed history uncertain middle 19th century theory originated france stating time french revolution gave prized duke newcastle park theory goes extinct breed mountain dog known great second theory descended old type later incorporated king charles breed originally dogs large colored lemon white modern breed smaller lap toy breed dog certain breed took duke newcastle credited development improvement prince albert prince consort queen_victoria promoter breed son king edward vii bred estate norfolk breed shown england onward referred queen victoria diary october wrote walked directly breakfast albert went shoot fine went slopes funny old order dogs found game dear nice dogs mid 19th century breeding restricted nobility world war breeding stopped entirely causing numbers decrease record low king george developed line fields estate bred owned ireland won honor best centenary currently recognised vulnerable native breed means breed fewer new year recognised field irish water north_america breed shown widely united_states prior late 1960s officer british regiment stationed halifax nova scotia introduced north_america listed registry recorded date orange white dog owned nova scotia breeds recognised entered dog champion country sunrise bred owned richard florida win best | Clumber Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
22140_Auxois | horse breed eastern france large breed individuals weighing kilograms bred horse meat agricultural work leisure pursuits overall members breed solid muscular appearance usually bay bay color colors accepted breed registry known power direct descendant middle ages 19th century blood added french draft breeds creation stud book creation stud book crosses registered world war interrupted efforts set breed standard testing resumed world war pride regional farmers breed reached peak 1930s 1960s began decline advent 1970s extinct french government began pushing breeding native draft horses meat production opposed agricultural usage meat considered high quality combined lower expected market meat led continued decline french draft horse populations 1990s french government reversed position breeding meat began promoting draft breeds leisure pursuits continues rare having eighth smallest population numbers native french draft breeds annual breed held frequently seen breed characteristics horse great size larger large trait massively muscular build built heavy pulling average height hands inches ideal height hands inches hands inches hands inches weigh kilograms kilograms depending individual horse bred meat agricultural work leisure pursuits head relatively short wide forehead neck relatively short muscular shoulders long sloping chest wide deep body solid broad short legs robust appear small relation mass body usually legs french draft horse breeds horses registered branded left neck letters brand generally applied breed competitions age horses usually bay bay color chestnut red similar gray seal brown called black breed registry horses genetically brown black markings accepted registration colors excluded known power having calm gentle temperament like easy keeper able survive outdoors seasons harsh climatic conditions seen majority bred meat production horses bred intended slaughter power breed valued competitive leisure driving equestrian tourism smaller horses breed milk production celebrations weddings historical logging recent years increasingly agriculture found gardens farms use maintenance rural roads planning history history closely tied homeland named rich area including french parts northern breeding large draft horses recognition dates early 20th century making relatively new compared french draft breeds direct descendant middle ages small robust tough horse riding driving theory held descendant older horse bones found area breed developed originally horse existed area absorbed extensive 1840s blood introduced breed followed blood 1860s possibly blood late 19th century care taken fix specific breed type physical characteristics variable breeders introduced foreign creating stud book breed breed took rich valley selection new breed took place local created 19th century breeding crossed trait sought large size power valuable agricultural work birthplace breed originally considered sub type breed attempts create breed registry failed attempt time successful stud book created creation stud book crosses registered physical characteristics breed fixed leaders community critical doubtful breed right merely unsure good idea accept recognition regional breed france world war world war world war interrupted efforts secure breed standard stud book selection resuming years ideal height set hands inches breeding spread neighboring regions world war world war pride regional farmers advent preferred pulling animal slow work winning local cattle breed bred solely agricultural work exclusively purpose strongest horses multi horse fields logging competed popularity horse uncommon farmers region black coated red coated satisfy color preferences potential buyers early 1930s reached peak physical development described like trait born neck naturally held low nose touched ground developed entirely traction allowed huge weights short distances time popular considered southern representation breed merchants visiting horse appreciated breed deemed bay coloration better able hide dirt light gray black peak populations usage french draft horses short advent 1960s post war 1990s world war fuel stocks armies unavailable farmers allowed horses remain key aspect agriculture transportation end war war farmers rapidly operations draft breeds quickly abandoned favor machines population numbers began fall early 1950s collapsed completely 1960s 1970s disappeared villages breed homeland retained small number traditional competitions early 1970s appointed new director began conversion french draft breeds animals bred slaughter horse meat stud encouraged farmers longer find buyers animals slaughter markets breeding production meat helped safeguard breed keeping gene pool intact transformed previously powerful breed bred solely weight main consideration slaughter official french decree changed category fit draft horses heavy horses encouraged farmers select heaviest breeding possible increase average weight breed approved change 1950s 1980s average weight increased kilograms kilograms conversion meat unfavorable preferred quality meat closely related considered lowest quality meat addition promised market horse meat french overwhelmed imports cheap horses americas eastern_europe lack population french breeds including continued decline collapse prices forced draft horse related activities early 1990s recreational riding enjoyed revival france consumption horse meat dropped began production horse milk published decree restoring draft horse year use heavy horse decree prohibited docking tails french horses french farmers moved production animals recreation agricultural uses began supporting aim july promotional center opened regional grants national stud promote breed focuses mainly training young horses riding driving showcases performances providing services assistance study undertaken breeders showed opposition changes breed author recommended expanding breed standard open new markets save extinction present creation stud book horses trait crosses allowed registered ensure selection desired breed characteristics lighter active horse seen time breeding horse meat horses bred artificial embryo transfer allowed registered potentially bred trait national registry managing stud book breed standard promotion breed annual breed competition held september region continues celebrate breed museum dedicated regularly seen paris population low french draft horse breeds eighth smallest population breeds making threats extinction real active breeding reported breeders term applying person owning active breeding mare represented percent total french draft horse far main breeding area horses regions known registered living outside france unknown outside home region rest france french draft horse breeds exported born year numbers ranging | Auxois | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
22785_HogIslandsheep | sheep sheep breed sheep descended animals brought virginia 18th century 1930s 1940s storm conditions forced island residents evacuate leaving sheep sheep adapted environment free human intervention feral breed preserved organizations relevance american history resemblance historical american sheep possesses traits somewhat lost modern breeds breed characteristics sheep feral breed descended sheep abandoned 1930s 1940s believed breed descended breed possibly improved leicester english breeds sheep relatively small tough hardy weigh average pounds pounds born spotted adults white black males females horns half total population sheep commonly modern agriculture largely endangered status modern breeds bred characteristics including maximum size yield considered important preserve insight american history traits modern sheep lack foraging skill efficient use food easy history 17th century sheep colonists time contemporary english breeds known barrier islands taken spanish ships wrecked let sheep loose colonists combination sheep flocks island open space lacked predators colonists allowed livestock free rounding mark use meat wool hurricane destroyed island inhabitants abandoned settled areas sheep left fend feral state nature bought island 1970s rounded sheep removed prevent breed extremely rare today fewer registered animals listed critical research conservation nature bought sheep bought private owners taken studied determine relatively free parasites researchers concluded sheep special resistance parasites simply isolated habitat sheep sent institutions george_washington birthplace preservation collected samples sheep program aims preserve genetic material animals significant american history sheep resemble small short sheep raised colonial farms meat wool cross sheep combination called american site sheep exhibits recreate look feel historical farm sheep population small preservation breed pure line threaten breed health increased risk pairing bad genes looking sheep reported breeders response breeders crossed sheep breeds including sheep bred offspring pure sheep producing pure sheep addition genetic diversity | Hog Island sheep | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
23021_Singapuracat | cat smallest breeds cats noted large eyes ears brown coat blunt tail reportedly established drain cats imported singapore 1970s later revealed cats originally sent singapore exported investigations concluded wrongdoing kept status natural breed history originally singapore foundation working singapore tommy returned local brown cats cats pair male female litter young female foundation establish breed takes singapore visited singapore cat fitting profile exception tail local cat imported adopted breeding program accepted registration granted championship status period breeders found occasional litter solid colored caused gene solid color desire breed true breeders chose test remove breeding programs individuals gene discovered foundation cats carried gene controversy cat finding trip singapore american discovered papers revealed foundation cats actually taken singapore friend efforts correct history presented meadows went relatively unnoticed started campaign use national mascot reporter informed published article national cats registered import certificates meadows breeders speculated cross described judges resemblance cross small litter size uncommon natural breeds added doubts meadows story investigated incident request breed club investigation told investigation board cats grandchildren local cats sent previous sensitive business trip singapore meadows earlier claim foundation cats origin apparently lied conceal secret trip found wrongdoing kept status natural breed said streets singapore michigan doesn matter referring cat picked said addition documented cat picked pound cats meadows brought legitimate cat singapore recent studies based dna showed genetic differences adding support claim natural breed singapore proceeded decision use breed advertised tourism mascot concluded investigation amalgamation words cat love taken winning entry naming competition incidentally means love sculptures found brown cats coats occasionally seen resembles majority cats seen locals advertising based popularity breed tourists time hosted temporary exhibit cats celebration nation 39th national day cats loaned owners event description moderately muscular world smallest cats short fine coat grown female usually weighs pounds male weighs pounds large slightly pointed deep ears large shaped eyes characteristics breed tail slender slightly shorter length body blunt tip breed coat pattern individual hair strands alternating sections dark light color typically dark bands separated light bands dark color tip underside including chest muzzle chin takes color light bands recognized cat color described dark brown warm old ivory ground color described active curious playful desire human interaction tendency perch high places allow better view surrounding pet quality cost usd specimen cost upwards present pet quality cost usd specimens upwards health concern breeders condition known inability expel weak muscles condition present foundation cats appears females today individuals require deliveries section issue affects breed leads typical symptoms includes lack appetite poor coat quality weight loss breeders shown concern lack genetic diversity breed caused small gene pool researchers completed dna study found genetic diversity breeds studied possibility breed increase genetic diversity raised breeders receptive idea preferring use world closely related line april started allowing breed individuals chosen meet certain health appearance requirements | Singapura cat | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
24414_Nokotahorse | horse horse feral semi feral horse breed located southwestern united_states breed developed 19th century foundation consisting ranch bred horses produced horses local native americans mixed spanish horses harness horses related breeds wiped early 20th century cooperation state federal agencies worked reduce competition livestock grazing created 1940s bands inadvertently trapped inside preserved park sold large number horses including herd released outside point brothers leo began purchasing horses aim preserving breed started later beginning breed registry organization later second short lived registry begun organization minnesota created registers slightly different type horses removed park recent years today park conducts regular herd numbers excess horses sold horse angular frame commonly blue color exhibits called indian shuffle breed generally separated sections traditional ranch type differ slightly height events including endurance riding western riding english disciplines breed characteristics horse angular frame prominent sloped low set tail members breed blue color rare breeds black gray common common colors include red bay chestnut patterns occur occasionally general types horse traditional known registry tend smaller refined closer type colonial spanish horse generally stand hands inches high second type known ranch type closely resemble early foundation type quarter horses generally stand hands inches members breed exhibit known indian shuffle horses described versatile intelligent members breed endurance racing western riding events fox hunting day jumping sources vary etymology breed source stating derives people inhabited says combination created brothers history horse developed southwestern corner little missouri river feral horses encountered 19th century horses domestic original feral local indian spanish horses southwest draft harness stock horses hardy useful ranch horses little missouri area wrote great wild horses found invariably domestic descent ranch indian outfit claiming dams wild domain ranch located near bought herd native american bred horses originally confiscated leader sold fort bred racing stallion lexington owned early 20th century feral horse target local looking limit grazing competition livestock horses rounded ranch horses sold slaughter shot 1930s 1950s federal state agencies worked remove horses western established 1940s construction bands horses accidentally enclosed park fence bands remaining feral horses nonetheless park sought eliminate horses national_park_service declared exempt wild free horses covered free horses federal lands allowed view deal including sending slaughter late 1970s growing public opposition removal feral horses prompted management strategy changes today roosevelt national park managed purposes historical demonstration park added outside aim modifying appearance park management felt horses created outside sell better subsequent dominant herd removed replaced feral stallion stallion arabian stallion time stallion replacements took place large number horses park rounded sold auction auction concerned welfare horse leo purchased horses including dominant stallion blue addition smaller numbers horses purchased researching history breed stated found evidence horses park probably related remaining horses band horses range bred founded town short lived claimed evidence claim 1990s today brothers herd horses including purchased park course descendants horses mainly endurance races declared state researchers conducted study horses park ranch discovered horses park ranch characteristics consistent colonial spanish horse horses ranch bred maintain improve spanish characteristics brothers founded protect conserve horse tracks living dead horses horses found united_states continued herd conducted 1990s decade 21st century horses considered traditional type removed wild purchased supporters national_park_service currently maintains herd horses breed chosen annual benefit horse campaign following year model created manufactured marketed portion proceeds going family owned approximately horses owning additional point living world breed registry organized briefly second registry minnesota based organization called october disputed right breed association claiming legal trademark registry sued created longer history breed ordered association cease registering horses matter settled association disappeared public view soon fall organization created organization registers horses removed park recent years stating horses accepted march approximately horses registered horses tend slightly different horses registered additional blood different breeds released park | Nokota horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
24632_Charolaishorse | horse extinct breed horse region france surrounding town department eastern central france like french result crossing local agricultural horses known region bred breed specific french breeds fused create national unified breed originally horse riding driving agriculture late 19th century additional blood added new type emerged principally light cavalry mount jumping characteristics breed small closely physically resembled horse extinct french type breed short head small ears short strong neck attached low shoulder body short rounded broad strong legs generally considered small strong robust hardy traits especially breeding changes 19th century known pulling power appreciated endurance known ability cavalry horse called perfect war horse jumping members breed competed international events sports considered better anglo norman horse french breed history original ancestors include developed horses bred region middle ages small horses known endurance riding agriculture coach horses type combined blood developed belonged group french breeds called sang half crosses native breeds 19th early 20th century sources claim arabian blood added horses captured mid-20th century sang breeds generally known region existed individual breed horses separated breed type instead geography significant physical characteristics distinguished sang types developed prior mid-19th century horses primarily raised department areas preferred breeding clay limestone soils favored development skeletal structure multi purpose types like slowly supplanted farmers favor draft horses breed particular preferred farmers threatened existence original small multi purpose strain gave way type small draft horse crossed horse cavalry purposes thought enthusiasts reduced quality breed missed old style disappeared lack demand use thought benefited breed author stated breeding type excellent condition report time stated favorite horse king albert belgium named like french saddle horse types reorganization french horse breeding multiple sang types including merged create new national breed called french called finest sport horses today seen international competition jumping events day racing | Charolais horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
24734_Saluki | dog breed originating persia classed typically deep long legged tend independent animals requiring patient training gentle owners ancient words translate earth evidence breed referred earth meant reference breed appeared writing pre islamic arabic poetry derived arabic form disputed british diplomat sir wrote arabic word describes person thing place named arab tradition states ancient town far modern arabs associate town origin breed word derived reference places armenia towns called modern turkey near modern turkey located near baghdad iraq capital derived arabs similar sounding word languages spoken peoples evidence description sight hunting sight run quarry kill retrieve normal size range breed inches high pounds weight females slightly smaller males head long narrow large eyes drop ears tail breed long curved typical deep long legged body coat comes variety colors including white cream red tan black tan tri color white black tan overall appearance grace symmetry coat types smooth evident breed gene pool variety light legs fur types silky low compared breeds physical capacity credited fastest dog breed distances metres breeds thought faster longer distances book records listed fastest dog capable reaching speed kilometres hour heavily feet able absorb impact body remarkable stamina running historically hunting nomadic tribes typical quarry included hare fox hunting hunters ride close quarry holding thrown prey speed dog running start hunters hawks eyes prey bring blinded animal temperament modern retained qualities hunting reserved strangers independent breed difficult train training methods gentle patient bore easily ideal breed leave long periods typically enjoy rough games activities balls early help prevent later life given hunting instincts dog prone chasing moving objects health hip uncommon breed ranking joint lowest survey breed scored average points score low high breed specific survey conducted responses highlighted health issues primary cause death identified cancer responsible deaths common forms liver cancer secondary cause death cardiac related forms heart failure unspecified heart defects old age listed frequent cause death heart cardiac issues present responses conditions reported responses average lifespan years similar breeds size history earliest dog breeds splitting related rest dog breeds fourth major genetic split historically bred agriculture originated images running dogs long narrow bodies pottery found dates years ago ancient writer suggesting depict ancestor despite depictions bearing erect pointed ears increasingly depicted egyptian tombs onward eighteenth dynasty egypt rose prominence replacing thought similar modern dogs generic term dog ancient egyptian art breed spread southward iran breed mentioned poetry depicted miniature paintings hunting scenes horseback master depicted book illustrations ibn ibn ali metal reign prince created outstanding pieces sculpture iran carved commissioned commemorate hunting exploits trading route stretched ancient iran china china examples breed painted fifth emperor known commonly dynasty inscription painting reads painted imperial brush additional red seals added later years owners painting reveals painting imperial chinese collection 18th century europe legend maintains returning brought middle_east painting duke hunting dog painted thought dog wears collar decorated shell badge traveled way saint james spain appear work known kings currently located london painted breed religious paintings ibn king 1930s known pack accompanied arab world hunting trips following death son ibn attempted lines pure bred breeds pure bred lines royal saved efforts given pure bred king decade later pure bred registered today breed held high regard middle_east hunting dogs nobles rulers region considered clean allowed women quarters dogs kept outside dna study compared dogs wolves alpha gene codes protein assists step expansion gene dogs enable early dogs exploit rich diet fed refuse agriculture data indicated wolves copies gene associated hunter copies historically bred agriculture originated copies breeding west brought england referred modern treated breed recent genetic tests shown breeds genetically separate successful modern breeding line began daughter 1st baron having seen tour year imported breeding pair area champion breed purity struggled nearly decades real popularity hold early 1920s officers returning war middle_east arab revolt brought pet home brigadier general 19th wife returned britain stationed post war occupation keen hunters rode pack dogs including course whilst stationed desert imported male called influence breed west mounted campaign recognition breed coincided phenomenon caused discovery tomb late formed granted official recognition breed registered western cyrus imported iran registered records litter imports england inter war years chiefly areas british military influence commerce egypt iraq imported breeding stock countries despite substantial populations germany netherlands sweden imported england chiefly descendants exported countries mid-1930s interest outbreak world war breeding activities entirely stopped number litters minimal breed alive food reserved edible meat humans prevent dying starvation killed bombs owners entire small number survived war fresh imports belonging second wave soldiers returning middle_east slow process establishing breed began popularity dramatically increased founded recognized breed mascot popularity united_states according remained relatively stable past decade breed ranked decreased increased registered approach numbers popular breeds line similar breeds registered period september 12th exhibition celebrated showed range exhibits including bronze works contemporary artists range trophies breed clubs | Saluki | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25011_LargeBlackpig | large black pig large black occasionally called devon breed domestic pig native great_britain particularly devon cornwall essex accurately named large breed british pig entirely black hardy pig known having large litters breed foraging ability particularly useful extensive farming poor candidate intensive farming combined local black pig breeds founding breed association variations types areas decreased popular early 1900s exported areas world population numbers declined second world war farmers turned breeds suitable intensive pig farming 1960s breed extinct numbers slowly risen considered vulnerable rare breeds survival trust history resulted amalgamation black pigs geographically separate areas devon cornwall south west england east pigs eastern england mainly essex influenced china late 18th century devon cornwall probably closely related pigs mainland europe particularly france devon pigs originally selected length bodies ears tail hair longer better reference quality substance selective breeding brought improvements breed type small thick bodied good constitution alternative origins proposed black colour breed black guinea imported africa similar pigs late 19th century grew popularity breed association formed trademark consisting letters shield registered herd book large black pigs published large black pigs devon cornwall combined remnants smaller black east breeds numbers fallen sustainable levels considerable variations types areas breeding stock exchanged general achieved 1920s modern times large black royal year large blacks entered breed popularity breed peaked 1920s world war population numbers declined farmers began favour pig breeds intensive indoor farming breed association merged later report development pig production united_kingdom published main conclusions pig farms poorly placed compete european producers diversity local breeds obstacle progress british pig farmers focus breeds welsh large white report initiated period decline british pig breeds including large black time rare breeds survival trust founded numbers traditional pig breeds dangerously low extinct placed trust endangered list countries spread britain exported mainland europe africa oceania exports australia chosen pig ability thrive hot weather foraging abilities represented percent australia pig population raised mainly breeders victoria south australia tasmania breed population continued percent total population slight increase world war decrease zero new 1980s exports 1920s population country point imports necessary today small found descend pigs imported canada australia south_africa characteristics long deep bodied pig known extensive farming best suited pasture based farming strong foraging grazing ability efficiently converts poor quality feed meat pig breed britain black helps protect pig sunny climates breed easily contained fencing partly large ears obscure vision help protect face eyes animal foraging especially dirt breed known long periods fertility strong maternal instincts birth large litter known litters note listed having produced litters largest number litters recorded pig weigh pounds pounds results loss fertility breed larger years early 1900s weights averaged pounds larger peak popularity mainly meat production especially bacon meat known lean quality flavour excess fat commercial production crossed yorkshire middle white pigs producing vigorous hybrid regarded farmers today commercial favour black skin conservation status large black pigs recorded licensed registered representing approximately pig population end large black pigs registered small increase figure historic pig breed britain numbers slowly rise increase demand meat traditional pig breeds classified vulnerable rare breeds survival trust meaning believed breeding females currently recognizes lines lines breed rare breeds trust australia listed status critical meaning australian pure bred pig herd book fewer year estimated large black population united_states breeding lists status critical means fewer animals registered year united_states estimated fewer worldwide population pigs stood conservation sake genetic diversity livestock breed coming seen good option fulfilling needs increasing number consumers interested pasture raised pork canada identified single remaining canadian herd included breed conservation endangered fewer animals country | Large Black pig | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25076_WelshCorgi | welsh welsh welsh dwarf dog small type dog originated wales separate breeds recognized historically attributed influx dogs alongside flemish 10th century attributed dogs brought norse settlers particular common ancestor swedish certain degree types suggested explain similarities popular breed dog appearing list vulnerable native breeds physical differences types according breed standards larger overall dog weight height traditionally tails different shapes docking previously regards health according survey similar life spans kidney conditions likely furthermore likely eye problems breed welsh strong ties queen elizabeth_ii personally owned dogs crosses history historically dogs specifically cattle type dog referred meaning heels larger animals historically agricultural areas wales combination low height ground innate agility allow avoid cattle term means dog dwarf dog welsh language intended insult dog means purely descriptive term folk legend says gift woodland breed markings left coat fairy geographical distance areas modern breeds named resulted separate evolution breeds different tales told origin believing modern breeds expected evolved shared ancestry attribute flemish 10th century theories origin variety suggest originated central european breeds area modern germany depending time period dogs imported wales extinct breed attributed influences settlers region dogs similar dimensions exist modern scandinavia called swedish claimed historians breeds share common ancestor farmers began switch cattle sheep late 19th century existing breed working sheep flocks crosses began place colour pattern originated breed subsequent similarities types welsh attributed cross breeding simply selected breeding farmers wished variety appear closer nature breed recorded date appearing ring wales captain called meeting breeders varieties formed initial membership members general breed standard drawn began appear shows point breed specifically bred looks primarily interested variety appear point breeds referred varieties later shortened time passed number rows breeders types early shows judges breeders type favour deciding won certain classes welsh appeared time championship granted cardiff prize awarded red white bitch named breeds continued judged recognised breed separately initial registration listed pedigree books decisions breed dog formed left owners occasions freedom choose felt appropriate dog named best open welsh continued breeds survived second world war registered numbered end war popular post war years united_kingdom ranked fourth popular breed english reserve best welsh beaten standard breeds declined popularity physician view times suggesting issues temperament created list vulnerable native breeds breeds list breeds register dogs year registered initial increase declined rose highest numbers list began total registered added registered year blamed foreign dog breeds daily_telegraph blamed decline ban tail docking introduced years prior saw increase number popularity credited change subsequently removed vulnerable native breeds list america welsh brought united_states american massachusetts previously known breeding old english purchased bitch london wanting mate dog visited bought dog called captain registered single breed registered animal breed litter registered later year oakland california bitch named purchased canada imported breeding lines registering addition british titles awarded champion status america dog named united_states month achievements repeated victories club formed held dodge new_jersey following second world war imports brought united_kingdom including uncle sam dominated circuit winner best open america 37th popular breed dog united_states pair imported america member breed registered draw united_states given type welsh registered compared modern breeds breeds named county wales originated dogs share similar traits coats water resistant shed average twice year body slightly longer breeds short legs placing bodies close ground square outline typical elongated body great minor differences shape head appear fox like head welsh typically larger equivalent larger nose days following birth true colour coat appear particularly evident black tan markings modern era compete dog agility trials obedience tracking events instincts measured non competitive tests exhibiting basic instincts trained compete trials known colloquially mad run welsh guard children welsh differences breeds include bone structure body length size larger breeds large rounded ears inches long fox like flowing tail set line body allowed colours white coat double coated dog outer coat dense slightly harsh texture medium length dog short soft thick according breed standard breed stands inches weigh pounds skeletal structure differs exaggerated bend legs fits animal addition heavily set bone mass greater number colours coat present breed breed standard allowing variety shades red white markings expected breed black coat allowed tan points rules markings present breed normally restricted blue disqualification criteria breed standard purpose showing include drop ears white coat blue eyes non solid black dogs welsh feature pointed ears somewhat smaller stature low set intelligent strong stamina sufficient work day farm common height inches dog breed weigh pounds bitch pounds tail shorter accomplished breeding docking historically breed natural bob tail short tail today tail usually advent tail docking dogs bob tail aggressively pursued breeders focusing instead characteristics tail artificially shortened need given countries ban docking breeders attempting select dogs genes natural bob tails fewer colours coat appear breed include red tan black white markings plain white grey coats seen considered fault purposes shows specific disqualification criteria present breed standard health according dog health survey conducted breeds similar average having median age death years months welsh median age death years months main causes death similar breeds primary cause cancer old age breed showed higher proportion deaths attributed kidney failure survey showed breeds suffer similar rates ongoing health conditions exception quarter welsh surveyed suffered type eye condition eye conditions typical breeds include progressive occurs dogs years age common older dogs similar survey seen breeds issues relating reproduction dogs requiring sections having false similarities seen related issues including hip common types dogs rare breeds cultural impact queen elizabeth_ii long associated visit 5th bath margaret known family liked owned father prince albert duke york later purchased golden eagle surrey renamed princess elizabeth given named susan 18th birthday strong connection dog hidden following wedding prince philip susan owned queen bred generations dogs susan owning personally dogs pure bred welsh called appeared screen stage novels characters incorporated fantasies christmas american author illustrator featured film led increase popularity breed united_states theatrical adaptation took place welsh author toured required different perform stage anime main characters super intelligent ship shelf graphic novel plays folklore tradition draft animal features fairy like beings live close relationship land friends based resemble welsh breeds | Welsh Corgi | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25494_WelshSpringerSpaniel | welsh welsh breed dog member family thought comparable old similar english historically referred welsh relatively unknown succession victories dog trials breed increased popularity following recognition breed gained modern breed coat comes single colour combination white red markings usually pattern loyal attached family members wary strangers health conditions limited common breeds dog affected average hip eye conditions working dog bred hunting rare varieties widely known english confused history actual date origin welsh traced dogs resembling breed distinctive red white coat frequently depicted old pictures prints type dog known considered similar modern writing said white marked commonly red thought way welsh valleys local hunters managed conserve pure state time called welsh starter spring game originally hunters traditional red white colour found english dogs early 20th century dogs considered died long ago welsh time called welsh point included known welsh 19th century different varieties including english welsh term describe size dog breed unusually book image described showing welsh solid coloured dark inscription work dog health disease describes welsh deep liver colour welsh relatively unknown 19th century changed won team stake trials held williams estate thought team defeated known teams home advantage dogs went win successive years champion dog welsh photographed recognised breed gained popularity new breed shown alongside english welsh transported america late 19th century gained recognition world war caused problems breed united_kingdom war dogs parents registered breed restarted remaining dogs dogs formed modern day breed breeders 1920s 1930s developed dogs type remains today welsh formed slowly increased wars records held breed club destroyed air raid world war following world wars thought welsh remained united_states breed reintroduced descendants dogs breed today united_states canada breed officially imported australia registered welsh compared english english numbers remained steady welsh registered numbers english increased english numbers remain closer american registered breed remains popular breeds including field irish water description appearance welsh compact built dog bred hard work endurance body impression length angled developed build welsh slightly square meaning length dog slightly greater height dogs square ring long height greater length traditionally docked breed legislation country origin allowed claws removed showing eyes brown colour yellow eyes occur ring ears small suspended hanging vine shaped light like nostrils developed black shade brown pink nose standard ring britain colour specified breed standard showing bite preferred jaw severely unlike english english divergence field styles breed male dogs inches high females little smaller inches average members breed weigh legs chest underside body ears tail lightly colour rich red white pattern acceptable white area red welsh confused english marked differences slightly smaller reddish markings white background opposed english black liver coloured markings breeds admired hunting abilities trademark trait game seen play dog spring toy experts believe welsh brittany share ancestry great deal resemblance breeds colours exclusive appear brittany similar sizes welsh larger english temperament welsh active loyal meet strangers territory act cautious wary breed known friendly members family especially children accepting pets household friendly playful attitude breed quick learn correct training bred work endurance breeds hunting dogs requires regular exercise routine healthy content adequate exercise welsh appear welsh owners suffer separation anxiety health welsh generally healthy breed suffer conditions common breeds hip like dogs ears prone ear survey breeds dog conducted welsh ranked 14th worst hip score average score breed average lifespan years eye disorders welsh prone disorder affects condition causes pressing surface eye causing scratch lead damage cases affects lower eyes cases upper affected symptoms include tearing eyes thick discharge eyes rolling hairs medical treatment surgical correction necessary depending severity case condition present soon birth later life secondary condition eye related diseases breeds affected condition include great english narrow closed angle dominant trait breed leading cause dogs increased fluid pressure eye fluid reduced pressure causes permanent damage nerve loss happen quickly hours pressure elevated slowly time mild elevation sudden rapid elevation pressure common narrow closed angle common breed slower open angle symptoms include eye eye looking cloudy sensitivity light dog eye objects carpet condition moderate extremely painful treatment vary depending severity condition inherited appears eye usually occurs eye eventually | Welsh Springer Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25495_CavalierKingCharlesSpaniel | king small classed toy dog originated united_kingdom popular breeds countries grown popularity united_states ranks 18th popular pure breed united_states silky smooth coat commonly smooth tail breed standard recognizes colours chestnut white black white tan black tan breed generally friendly good children animals require lot human interaction expected average lifespan king years king charles changed late 17th century flat breeds 1920s shared history smaller king breeders attempted recreate considered original configuration breed dog resembling charles_ii king restoration health issues affect particular breed king descends small toy like brought scotland continental europe fashionable lap dog noble class king charles_ii huge fan lent breed history early 18th century 1st duke kept red white king charles type hunting duke recorded able horse estate named honour victory battle influence red white variety king king known attempts recreate original king early turn 20th century extinct attempts documented 16th book toy dogs ancestors including history management toy japanese published divergence king american offered dog class prize pounds prize best male females old type shown pictures charles_ii england time long face stop flat skull inclined spot centre skull breeders era appalled entered considered sub par king competition died seeing plan come fruition breeders believed said club formed standard created based dog named ann son owned recognised variety king type second world war caused drastic setback emerging breed vast majority breeding stock destroyed wartime food shortages instance population dogs dropped 1940s following war dogs survive new beginning present day descend dogs ann son litter brother numbers increased gradually club recognised breed right king history breed america relatively recent recorded living united_states brought united_kingdom enthusiasts founded continues present day american king charles club created group breeders apply recognition recognised parent club description historically king lap dog small fully grown adults comparable size larger breeds breed standards state height inches weight pounds tail usually docked silky coat moderate length standards state free slight wave allowed grow ears feet legs tail adulthood standards require kept long feet particularly important aspect breed features king english toy confused united_kingdom english toy called king united_states colours toy known breeds share similar history diverged years ago major differences breeds primary difference size weighs average pounds king charles smaller pounds addition facial features similar different ears set higher skull flat king charles finally muzzle length tends longer king charles cousin colour breed recognized colours rich chestnut markings white background known honour palace 1st duke raised predecessors breed particular colour dogs chestnut spot middle forehead called spot spot known mark thumb print based legend awaiting news husband safe return pressed head expecting dam thumb resulting bearing lucky mark news battle won black tan dogs black bodies tan highlights particularly legs beneath tail black tan referred king charles king entirely chestnut white coats considered fault american rules fourth colour known black white tan markings inside ears inside legs underside tail colour referred prince charles king popularity according statistics released sixth popular dog united_kingdom single year popular year popularity rise america 56th popular breed 25th popular ranked higher individual cities statistics eighth nashville minneapolis paul seventh boston atlanta sixth new_york_city san_francisco breed popularity continued grow ranking 18th place fourth popular breed australia addition national breed clubs belgium canada czech_republic denmark finland france germany netherlands new_zealand norway south_africa spain sweden temperament breed highly playful extremely patient eager dogs breed good children dogs shy larger dogs adapt quickly environment family location suit city country life ability bond larger smaller dogs makes ideal houses breed dog long dog trained rank 44th average intelligence working obedience naturally curious playful enjoy simply lap making excellent companion lap dogs medical patients elderly active sporting successful shows obedience agility wonderful therapy dogs sweet gentle breed need exercise happy sleeping couch taking long walks instinct chase things including vehicles busy streets street wise tend regard strangers friends members breed usually good guard dogs strong hunting instinct birds small animals owners reported training live happily variety small animals including coat requires weekly owners prefer trim long feathers dirty walking playing outside health notably suffer valve disease leads heart failure appears point lives common cause death genetic health problems including early onset valve disease potentially severely painful hip certain vision hearing disorders health problems breed today descend dogs disease present original founding dogs passed significant proportion future generations known founder effect likely cause prevalence breed health problems shared breed include valve disease hereditary eye issues affected ear problems common health problem types suffer general hip common types dog breeds valve disease nearly eventually suffer disease valve heart progressively leading heart failure condition affected multiple genes lines worldwide susceptible leading cause death breed survey united_kingdom showed deaths cardiac related common causes cancer old age condition begin emerge early age expected present half king age rare year old heart heart disease common dogs generally dogs eventually heart problems valve disease generally humans disease old age heart valve gradually deteriorate valve flaps causing heart blood valve heart failure particularly susceptible early onset heart disease evident dogs young years age developed breeding guidelines eliminate early onset valve disease breed unclear significant number breeders follow guidelines club said members prepared health check breeding stock appear breed affected animals breeding protocol recommends parents years old heart clear parents grandparents heart clear age condition affecting brain spine causing symptoms ranging mild discomfort severe pain partial caused lower skull reduces space available brain forcing opening spinal cord blocks flow cerebral spinal fluid brain spine increases fluid pressure creating turn believed create fluid pockets term spinal cord rare breeds widespread king international research samples past years consistently showing dogs symptoms present age typically appear months years age dogs according research scientist symptoms include sensitivity head neck shoulders indicated dog frequently area neck shoulder restricted body motions frequently performed actually making physical contact body air behavior appears dog frequently walking stopping way normal typical usually worse dog wearing collar walked excited thing morning night dogs behavior dogs behavior appear suffer pain leading researchers including believe sign pain discomfort existing damage dorsal horn region spine onset early age sign rapidly appearing problem severe likely poor awareness body position especially regard falling results problem progression variable majority dogs showing symptoms age tend progression condition rule basic causes discomfort ear primary media ear spinal limb injuries assuming present similar symptoms easier cheaper treat present similar symptoms scan normally confirm diagnosis reveal suspects recommend scan dogs signed certificate noting grade episodic falling causes exercise induced meaning increased muscle tone dog muscles relax previously thought muscular disorder known recently discovered caused single gene genetic test available severe cases episodes response exercise excitement similar typically results loss consciousness dog remains conscious episode severity symptoms range mild occasional falling freezing seizure like episodes lasting hours episodes severe dog gets older standard pattern attacks onset symptoms usually occurs months appear age similar genetic disorder affected condition carriers dogs coloured coats likely affected dogs coloured coats half king blood disorder called low number blood according recent studies denmark united_states disk shaped blood elements aid blood excessively low numbers common cause bleeding disorders dogs blood king combination normal size dogs found large function normally typical appear experience health problems size fewer numbers hip knee disorders hip common genetic disease affects king present birth develops age hip diagnosed rays usually evident rays mature adult severe rays indicate disease series animals ranked worst breeds worst affected breeds bulldog subject genetic defect knee called condition observed months old cases surgery indicated grading system runs tight knee knee loose cap easily displaced grade physical rehabilitation therapy exercise reduce grading potentially avoid surgery grades severe surgery likely needed correct problem avoid development limb eye problems disorder commonly found colloquially known dry eye usual cause condition reaction dog tear reducing production tears according condition requires continual treatment result partial total disorder decrease heal time study conducted showed average king evaluated eye problems include hereditary progressive ear disorders primary media known ear consists highly plug fills dog middle ear cause membrane reported exclusively affect half pain head neck areas resulting similar symptoms caused examining diagnosed actually form present birth lack formation early inner ear relatively rare addition recent studies found develop progressive hearing loss usually begins progresses dog completely deaf usually ages years progressive nature form believed caused hearing nerve lack formation early inner ear urban myth urban legend claims charles_ii issued special decree granting king permission enter establishment dog guide dogs rules variant myth relates specifically myth instead applied king parliament website states contrary popular act parliament referring allowed palace westminster asked question thoroughly researched similarly proof law covering wider spokesman said law quoted time time alleged books king charles decree research hasn tracked | Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25523_NamibDesertHorse | desert horse rare feral horse found africa probably feral herd horses residing africa population ranging desert horse athletic appearance resembling european light riding horses probably descends usually dark color despite harsh environment live horses generally good condition times extreme drought horses subject population studies given significant insight population dynamics ability survive desert conditions origin desert horse unclear theories forward genetic tests performed date completely verified origin likely ancestors horses mix riding horses cavalry horses german breeding programs released farms camps early 20th century especially world war origin horses eventually near location man water source generally ignored humans periodic threat possibility destroying native habitat 1980s aerial survey population traditional grazing land incorporated park points horses removed herd including removal sale population early 1990s close records population kept studies performed determine horses effect environment despite considered exotic species park allowed remain ties country history draw tourist attraction characteristics common color desert horse bay chestnut brown horses gene gray occur breed individuals dorsal stripes colors recorded desert horses athletic muscular clean strong short backed oblique shoulders good horses appearance bred riding horses head skin coat overall good club occasionally seen likely trauma traveling long distances scientists studying horses rate body condition scale excellent poor based mainly estimated weight muscle tone horses tend remain average condition despite harsh environment live generally averaging better condition severe average body score decreases horses found moderate body scores entire population poor condition condition horses directly rainfall available forage temperature distance forage water individual energy expenditures play role studies 1990s found evidence disease population external parasites investigations found internal parasites present small large larvae behavior ecology home range desert horse reaches north usually dry west great bands horses range consisting animals generally observations bands identified including mixture bachelor breeding groups operating stallion groups groups stallion share breeding duties desert horse travels extensively searching food water shelter climate insects study found average home range square miles km2 traversed day cover considerable distances kilometres existing water sources best grazing sources creates severe selection pressure removes weak animals population water desert horse goes water long thirty hours summer known close hours water winter significantly longer horses feral study suggested years genetic isolation water population developed mechanisms improved ability conserve water second study showed water conservation ability differ populations periods hours suggested desert horse improved conservation ability periods extended upwards hours common occurrence feral state horses especially young juveniles provide major food source southern spotted availability food appears significant influence predation rates horses black backed young horses rare harsh environmental conditions live main driver mortality desert horse cause exhaustion large plains animals including mountain sporadically utilized area grazing periods excess rainfall human interference including fencing portions land hunting eliminated significantly reduced movement animals area endangered mountain exist portion park range intersect desert horse genetic testing results published indicated desert horses isolated horse populations world second lowest genetic variation horse populations studied date small founding population generally small modern population smaller periods drought despite large breeding population horses originally descended genetic occurred breed history resulting significant decline genetic variation relatively short period time ideal minimum population size genetic horses current range support population given average rainfall estimates necessary minimum population maintain genetic effectiveness range animals testing showed desert horse oriental horse grouping genetically closest arabian horse association distant closer arabian south african breeds tested pony boer pony pony genetic similarity arabian type horses distant closely resemble outward appearance hot type resulting athletic lean animals blood studies 1990s new variant noted absence blood samples horse breeds indicates presence probably occurred horses established desert history native horse populations origins desert horse trace imported horses theories ancestors desert horse true story known theory says cargo ship carrying australia wrecked near strongest horses swam ashore traveled home desert horse near theory states descend cape horse pony crosses ridden raiders traveling southern africa north likely theory desert horse descending combination escaped south african military horses bred german horses world war horses campaigns south african troops escaped released desert prior time german baron built castle edge held herd approximately horses killed action europe world war farm abandoned leaving horses land relatively close area desert horses desert horse closely resembles horses bred ridden world war era troops horses ridden making story likely genetic evidence study gave descent horses breeding program arabian horse desert horses genetically similar research archives horse breeding operations found combined blood studies suggests animals descended gene pool high quality riding animals opposed work horses study released theory desert horse descending combination european descended breeding stock escaped military horses possible source breeding stock stud farm near leased previously mayor photo albums stud animals markings similar seen modern desert horse addition early fighting world war bombs dropped german aircraft south african camp near ordnance specifically targeted land herd grazing horses purposes scattering escaped army animals joined stock animals lost stud farm turmoil war horses area likely existing places 1970s present desert horses originally forced compete livestock turned loose farmers ground horses competition limited forage horses nearly extinct saved efforts employee mining station filling steam locomotives diesel locomotives took route horses previously survived water pumped locomotives placed danger pumping stopped horses dying petitioned supply horses water installing holding tanks water trough population estimates ranged horses generally averaged aerial count distinguished horses ground based observations estimated animals mid-1980s horses habitat largest game reserve africa expansion park movement remove horses considered exotic species public outcry prevented happening following year horses removed park research purposes use patrol horses national park unsuccessful use gained independence drought southern africa decision reduce population estimated animals june animals captured sold adjust new habitats half died feral population horses horses selected age gender degree genetic relationship removed intent sell auction horses kept holding weeks time aggressive separated auction cancelled horses released range beginning december population counts completed herd numbers ranged animals counts providing population numbers attempts originally horses possible threat habitat protected desert horse likely herd feral horses africa concern quarters horses negative influence habitat competition native species exotic species desert horse generally unwanted park horses special case given close ties history popularity visitors appeal subjects case studies feral horse bands studies found area approximately metres area affected horses significant disturbance area outside radius species vegetation found outside area appear affected rainfall horses probably low population density natural grazing lack affect vegetation horses unlikely significantly influence small populations horses appear affect vulnerable endangered plant animal species cases threatened human influence horses restricted certain grazing area native large horses pose danger species horses originally known local population ghost horses stayed away human rarely seen grazing grounds game reserve policy limited intervention place encouraged support given horses necessary bringing horses closer contact humans included closer contact tourists frequently area near main road traverses grazing grounds horses credited bringing tourist dollars concerns negative horse human interactions including vehicle accidents disruption sensitive areas people looking horses disruption herd dynamics dependent humans | Namib Desert Horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25537_KentuckyMountainSaddleHorse | kentucky mountain saddle horse horse breed state kentucky developed farm riding horse eastern kentucky related breeds kentucky mountain saddle horse association formed subsidiary developed registered excessive white markings patterns standards groups horses main difference color requirements closed horses parents cross registers remains open characteristics stand hands inches high registered horses height divided categories class horses stand taller hands inches class horses stand hands inches high horses registered found solid colors white markings allowed face legs small patches belly horses excessive white including bald face white faces white knees showing markings including instead registered subsidiary solid colored registered parents usually registered solid colored registered parents registered dual registered mid sized horses compact build breed flat facial profile mid length arched neck deep chest sloped shoulders known self sufficient easy keepers registered demonstrate gentle temperament willing disposition registry breed exhibits natural called single foot replaces seen majority horse breeds intermediate speed walk beat beat extra provide additional rider horse foot ground movement horse removes bounce beat caused moment suspension followed feet hitting ground horse shifts pair legs value intermediate speed horse energy thirty horse breeds able perform beat registration non parents registered main parents registered parents registered meet breed standards parents registered appendix resultant registered open horses meet breed standards history kentucky mountain saddle horse developed eastern kentucky probably ancestry smooth horses southeastern extinct related breeds exact early history unknown similar history called mountain pleasure horses developed farmers looking small horse perform dual duty powerful work horse comfortable riding horse long travel rough terrain developed gentle handled young members farm families today continue riding horses regarded excellent trail mounts rugged terrain founded subsidiary organization formed register horses white markings allowed members registered horses majority horses kentucky breed seen canada small population europe host joint championship year kentucky horse park | Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25547_BedlingtonTerrier | breed small dog named mining town northumberland originally bred hunt mines dog racing numerous dog sports shows companion dog closely related described versatile contradictory dog good children fit kill dog weight powerful swimming skills comparable water dogs newfoundland noted quick having high endurance noted similarity appearance dogs blue liver sandy tan points fur forms distinctive knot dog head originally known applied breed dogs traced far dog shows class held shown early shows frequently dyed improve look fur known rock ridge night rocket won best dog breed high instance copper exception eye problems free health complaints description appearance described resembling lamb compared miniature version stated bred dogs possess spirit dogs blue liver sandy tan points carry known gene dominant trait carried gene causes born black dark brown fur grey liver age fur creates shape dog head known modern breed standards dog lighter body breed formed prominent believed darker lighter dog coat described hard rugged style described texture giving breed nickname haired coat combination hard soft hairs extremely difficult maintain clip professionals expensive dogs referred clip ring fur stands inch centimetres body coat crisp texture performed regularly coat condition rapidly reason kept strictly pets lower maintenance pet groom style referred breed head dog rounded shape stop eyes shaped small lips close fitting lack arched body slightly longer length height inches preferred height male dogs range inches allowed females preferred height inches acceptable range inches weigh pounds possess light temperament sharp bark called like compared firing machine gun fast dogs high endurance quick water land swimming speed rivals newfoundland pace ordinary speed horse lineage tendency bolt versatility praised dogs willing house dog gun dog rat dog dog needed bolt fox known intelligence comes taking fond fighting prone jealousy dogs man stated dog fit kill dog weight compared fighting dogs dog fighting pit fighting breed mild gentle recommends good children says breed soft temperament loyal quiet breed chase small animals outside accepting inside playful cheerful breed high prone new zealand warns keeping dogs dominant personalities challenged terrifying fighters despite gentle appearance breed good dogs breeders notably argued working ability courage declined began bred introduced breed coat easier groom maintain said pure longer considered working breed proceeded cross dogs attempt bring working qualities history bred village northumberland described favourite companion northern miners originally known lord taken particular liking dogs known gypsy dogs hunt mention known likely life james allen dogs traced far james father william demand hunter kept order help hunt valued owners rabbit dogs racing dogs popular racing dog given dog named owned man named called best race reputation great courage began working months old carried hunting animals generally regarded blind known saving child pig keeping animal bay help arrived died shows class held following year class held crystal palace red dog named took prize won held birmingham established dogs early shows dyed bring closer breed standard improve chances winning unknown judges time aware practice cared practice eventually accepted dog shape general closely related fact earl exhibited litter won shows won shows related blue shape suggests related related crossed produce extra fire took best dog subsequently featured life magazine descendants cable car featured cover sports_illustrated february edition health longevity median longevity based recent surveys years longer dogs general longer breeds similar size longest lived deceased dogs survey years leading causes death old age leading cause death copper dogs died liver diseases usually died younger age dogs dying causes owners reported common health issues living dogs reproductive heart eye problems prone eye diseases breeds high kidney problems copper occurred living dogs concern dogs having bred damaging extent breeders conduct dna testing litters allow pups carry copper gene bred practice significantly reduced disease breed problems generally healthy breed copper copper known copper storage disease copper syndrome disease characterized accumulation copper liver closely related wilson disease humans prone copper dog breeds west highland white prone copper storage disease breed dog reported reports involvement dog breed studies shown disease caused causes cell saturated copper causes cell store copper nucleus varieties disease form occurs copper clinical symptoms disorder form seen young dogs causes death days thought caused stress chronic form characterized extended period time liver disease slowly causes death dog tendency accumulate iron liver nearly extent accumulate copper | Bedlington Terrier | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25641_EriskayPony | breed pony scotland generally grey colour dense coat protects harsh weather breed developed ancient times islands scotland small population remained pure protected islands light draught work mount children equestrian disciplines driving breed rare today rare breeds survival trust considering status critical breed formed second characteristics pony generally stands hands inches usually grey colour bay black dark coloured animals generally characteristics light coloured muzzle ring eye according breed standards stripe chestnut excess white markings discouraged breed winter coat dense protect harsh climate thick tail head large wide forehead neck shoulders chest deep generally broad rib cage long short increases strength slightly sloping similar pony body type easy going temperament suitable mount children light draught work jumping day western riding driving successfully competed combined driving highly competitive international level competitions sanctioned horse riding history pony developed group western isles scotland origins breed ancient roots celtic norse breeding physically similar drawings ancient stones found north west scotland related northern breeds including horse pony takes island outer originally breed fairly large population mid-19th century similar found western islands scotland pack animals light draught mounts children 19th century numbers reduced increased produce larger draught work island crossed horse breeds mainland europe including arabs horses including crossed island including produce highland pony specimens preserved islands scotland mainly difficulties islands stock remained pure advent declined population animals early 1970s politician coast carried away cargo bottles today rare population considered critical status based meaning fewer breeding females registered world today believed number risen worldwide possible surviving pony breed breed represent breed pony society formed goal maintaining purity breed second formed aims produce desirable traits registry feels help promote survival registry considered possibility cross breeding achieved legal recognition breed society passport issuing organisation receive legal recognition addition small herd living feral state descended group brought owned 1970s form nature reserve today island owned operate policy non intervention allowing live human interference | Eriskay Pony | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
25858_Finnhorse | finnish horse finnish literally horse finland nickname swedish literally finnish cold blood horse breed riding horse draught horse influences characteristics breed developed fully finland english called finnish universal consider breed capable fulfilling finland horse needs including agricultural forestry work harness racing riding breed declared official national horse breed finland claimed fastest versatile breeds world finland term universal horse describe breeds horse relatively small body type heavy riding horse light draught separate sections stud book different goals develop heavier working horse lighter type versatile riding horse smaller pony sized animal combined breed standard sections defines breed strong versatile horse pleasant disposition average height breed hands inches typical colour chestnut white markings tail exact origins early finnish horse currently known breed horses finland centuries history horses finland parallels history documented history distinct breed begins turn 13th century outside influences light breeds recorded beginning 16th century making breed larger usable official founded producing animals significant numbers years agriculture finnish horse cavalry later half 20th century population high animals 1950s low breed managed survive thanks popularity harness racing versatility mount breed characteristics breed standard defines multi purpose horse average height ideal easy handle versatile combines strength agility speed endurance lively reliable alert temperament breed standard encourages horse honest sincere eager cooperate humans willing work hardy good endurance robust health generally long lived breed standard describes head dry profile straight long convex spaced short ears neck shaped body long rounded level high connection tail strongly good bone dry legs strong typically thick tails legs light average height hands inches hands inches exist licensed breeding separate section official stud book good regular relatively low steady action fast breed known good horses harness racing addition general traits separate breed sections overall typical section recorded horses registered multiple sections colours percent today chestnut tails white markings face legs common breed minority color chestnut percent bay percent black silver exist smaller numbers genes cream present gene pool distinctive non pattern moderately common usually expressed selective colour breeding 20th century single white horse registered deemed white recorded modern history breed number non increasing dedicated breeding colours dozen black grey exist genes responsible white markings found number individuals genetic testing 18th 19th centuries chestnut shades prevailing colour finnish horses making percent breed bays blacks existed greater numbers today percent bay percent black remaining percent grey spotted wide high leg markings rare unlike today bold markings common 20th century change came selective breeding turn 20th century spirit high began considered symbol finland popular addition chestnut colour officially chosen official aim breeding original colour named colour recently founded finnish national horse breeding association colours chestnut considered evidence foreign blood goal chestnut breed breeding regulation stated stallion coat white grey spotted accepted stud book popularity bay black dropped mare removed stud book solely bay colour selective breeding combined export horses colours popular neighbouring countries especially bays sweden chestnut prevailing colour earliest section listed chestnut bay colours included book point percent breed vigorous colour breeding chestnut early 20th century combined genetic resulting low number existed 1980s colours grey cream preserved minor breeders 1980s fewer grey combined carriers cream gene today descend single maternal line founded mare literally lived 1920s cream black rare known blacks breed identified black confirmed dna test considered long long time april appearing double cream born blue eyed pink skin pale coat later officially recognised double cream colour rare today passed single dam line descends mare confirmed exist descendants mare great great granddaughter second line died passing stallion offspring grey exists dam line descending mare especially maternal grandson award winning working section stallion second grey line died mare grey offspring silver gene survived reasons affects black colour masked second act black bay base coat colors produces chestnut like silver bays long registered silver blacks dark breed sections stud book created today sections working section draught type section riding section section split stud book created working draught type finnish horses section universal lighter horses section renamed section lighter horse section divided parts finnish riding finnish pony sized finnish types today majority type draught type working draught type oldest types separate breeding section split oldest types rare today total horses registered working section draught type heavier longer body horses riding types relatively small compared draught breeds considerable pulling power pull heavy loads breed good pulling technique powerful low efficient body stature actual pulling finnish draught type pound pound stronger larger draught breeds average horse draught work capable pulling percent weight pull percent work horse competitions best achieve higher results pulling percent body weight draught type horse pass tests evaluation walking test pulling general test points given horse performance tests added given temperament resulting final score horse given score addition achieving minimum scores accepted working horse section stud book required metres minutes seconds type type section horse light muscular relatively long body long legs evaluation type horse meet standards racing results breeding value index decreed disposition evaluated test type evaluation standard type existed separate breeding section universal horse section renamed replaced section total number dropped 20th century popularity harness racing turned historical lows 1970s 1980s today approximately training compete harness racing official racing championship began held annually attracting tens thousands spectators slower mature lighter breeds usually enters harness racing competition age build competition better light breed effective competition career long finnish harness racing allow raced ages breed fast official finnish record long held racing champion stallion finally broken horse world record harness racing long held record broken scandinavian sweden official finnish record world record held double racing female champion absolute speed record held stallion result achieved win time official finnish record successful breeds scandinavia 21st century admitted swedish norwegian races invitation flaws common breed hinder success include heavy hind legs problem affects tendency hind legs directly line creates high probability hind hit cause breaking helped degree careful tendency feet tends increase age appears condition called affects lateral foot common draught breeds study affected noted horses long toes low heels common length heels riding horse type riding horse section capable reliable mount lacks traits required competing highest levels international riding sports combination size good temperament makes suitable adults children qualify riding section horse carry long neck small head sloping shoulder defined body long universal breeding goals breed lighter build longer neck better fewer faults allowing modern riding type work easily bit temperament riding section animals appears lively pass evaluation riding type horse placed grade combined driving competition pass test pass jumping evaluation test possess clean qualified solely grounds test movement evaluation despite image working farm horse breed cavalry mount 17th century end world war finnish agriculture 1960s 1970s clear transition riding horse long use breed finnish cavalry proven suited job strong image working horse associated rural life old times riding hobby emerged established finnish cities 1960s imported horses preferred mounts horses represented modern times leisure time wealth viewed rugged riding section created grew slowly gained dozen horses decade idea riding considered near ridiculous time organisation founded promote use saddle growing popularity riding support riding type gained late 1970s estimated riding popularity harness racing breeding type breed lighter faster overall riding section addition finnish state horse breeding institute founded 1970s stud farm breed train riding larger scale trained mounts seen growing numbers competition added popularity credibility breed saddle use slow beginning increasingly appreciated riding horse today riding riding section horses currently sought section suffers pony sized type pony sized measure hands inches sexes required pass test horse pedigree evaluated small individuals descending larger sized lines accepted horse small express qualities size especially thorough attention paid pony sized horse character obedience cooperation pony sized suited practically use larger exception heavy draught work smaller size reduced strength individuals able compete win size work horse competitions pony sized individuals cross registered section breeding small equal competitors harness larger ones combined driving pony sized size advantage allowing greater agility section popular therapy riding school use breeding section created time riding types pony sized technically newest sections riding horses bred universal horses combined section beginning bred larger size centuries pony sized breeding section established pony sized lines existed section remains type accepted evaluation registered horse parents registered verified descended generations qualify stud book breeding animal horse prove meeting exceeding breed standard set qualities performance ability disposition cases quality offspring horse offered years old stallion mare registered stud book evaluation board considers performance horses desired discipline riding driving harness racing events horses registered stud book tested performance stud book registration inspection exception section evaluated type horse overall build section offered individuals qualify merits stud book evaluation process accepted later based quality accomplishments offspring occur horse offspring evaluated competitive history stud book evaluation high quality parent granted acceptance stud book conversely horse removed offspring found inherited flaw condition stallion removed offspring clearly average level competitive success stud book walking test walking test given draught type measures horse endurance pulling load horse tested pulls kilograms load metres walking calculated time kilometre minutes qualify accepted horse qualifying time given points extra points given faster times interval seconds maximum points given time longer minutes seconds pulling test pulling resistance test test draught type horses measures pulling capacity relation size test performed progressive stages called steps load increased time horse tested pull weighed semi rough sand friction sand taken account measured test loaded according horse weight attempt load equals percent estimated weight horse subsequent stage test load increased percent horse weight horse pull metres weight horse stops test resume minute stops times reaching required distance test discontinued points awarded testing stage completed successfully maximum total score pulling style evaluated given points pass test horse successfully complete pulls steps corresponds pulling capacity percent horse weight award points corresponds percent horse weight pulled test general test performed optional draught type horses lieu pulling test pony sized horses lieu test horse driven different members evaluation committee test asked perform walk cooperation disposition evaluated scale points draught section test disposition reliability consists parts points given pass test horse score point test combined score test points examines behaviour horse loaded remaining parts evaluate way horse driven parts include regulation speed horse walk turns obstacles backing load corner test test horse evaluated member evaluation committee ridden walk horse movement balance disposition evaluated given points horse express cooperation sensitivity cues active effort test required riding type horses optional pony sized horses lieu test history ancestors modern important finnish history work horses burden aspect life antiquity 20th century modern breed precise line descent unclear numerous outside influences recorded history finland earliest hard archaeological evidence horses existing today finland dates later asset military forces region finland times swedish russian rule independence addition functionality military working horses bred speed harness racing argued sport main factor survival breed numbers crashed later half 20th century approximately animals 1950s 1980s 21st century numbers breed approximately animals early history multiple exist origins horse finland indigenous wild horse origin thought significant numbers horses imported earliest times likely descended northern european domestic horse theory suggests horses arrived west brought today western finland circa viking horses northern european ancestry main theory suggests non viking peoples migrated finland southeast south brought horses origin developed regions theories merit distinct horse types eastern western regions finland remained distinct middle 19th century eastern origin breed proposed archaeologist published finnish horse proposed finnish horses descended animal accompanied peoples migration region middle russia shores similar idea suggested years earlier natural historian theory continued receive support modern times considered proposed prototype branch breed considered possible prototype influenced swedish norwegian horse populations later expanded hypothesis proposing horse population later diverged mid finnish types remained distinguishable late turn 20th century photographs support claims small horse stout pronounced short neck large head small horse central finland hand noble longer body lighter neck refined head swedish professor suggested finnish horse spread river valleys norway ancestor found continue having purchased finnish pony type stallion stud use dismissed possibility eastern came prototype western pony breeds professor proposed different theory doctoral thesis argued types wild horses existed europe believed horse believed notably large headed type horse early encountered bce suggested later encountered peoples horses south peoples better horses shorter muzzle wider forehead descended addition suggested came european horses spanish french origin centuries larger size narrow believed examinations carried 1920s proved influence horse types years later continuation war measured horses proposed came original northern european animal descended modern studies theories suggesting modern horse breeds descending horse modern horse resembles extinct early 20th century english edward proposed finland countries surrounding home region called yellow pony later supported view proposing pony descended small forest horse previously widespread lands surrounding earliest horse equipment bits found finnish graves date beginning circa breeds considered descend early types include native horse swedish horse region russia lithuanian point history clearly documented horses bred western regions horses originated south western finnish horse type larger better suited farming forestry work characteristics original western finnish type prevailed influenced outside blood traces outside influence detected long time later mixed type larger horses middle ages foreign horses brought finland military campaigns additional animals imported manor houses driving offspring central european finnish horses larger finnish parents suited agricultural work earliest known documentation finnish trade horses imports exports dates sent letter merchants selling horses non apparently succeeded improving horse population predominant form finnish trade horses eventually shifted imports exports russian chronicle mentions presumably denoting place good horse breeding early king saw necessary limits horse exports russia later 16th century writer mentioned high quality horses early found horses strictly prohibited trading banning sale horses age years organised breeding earliest document noting outside horses finland papal letter swedish rule finland followed foreign horses obtained finnish cavalry purchased seized war probably influenced finnish horse population significant planned efforts improve quality horses selective breeding finland occurred 16th century known interest horse breeding founded mare finnish stud farms properties ordered larger horses mainly region horse brought sweden probably finland imports kept regional royal farms swedish literally king estate service local letter mentions breeding horses kind finland known horses imported directly finland descended imports brought sweden finland early 16th century increase size finnish horse employed breeding royal farms carried major reforms cavalry decline heavy cavalry late middle ages light cavalry gaining importance new approach horse breeding gave orders stud finnish founded royal farms sweden municipality finland hold smaller number finnish horses horses imported sweden imported lands bordering north_sea likely type goal increase size weight finnish horse population successor prohibited finnish horses demonstrated success efforts importance horses region finland horse breeding farms lasted years later rulers line programs deteriorated stud closed crown owned stud transported outside breeding efforts finnish horses widely kept semi feral conditions mid-19th century describes horses regardless sex age let forest summer spring finished pasture scarce terrain challenging rocky ground wetlands considers practice important factor making easy keeping hardy breed military use goal increase height finnish horse finnish cavalry survey records indicate goal achieved heights horses surveyed measured highest point provides height measurement significantly different standard measures ranged centimetres taller animals horses officers horses owned colonel taller measurement centimetres known horses domestic imported average height horses troops centimetres year year survey centimetres overall pony sized horses measurement centimetres average height horses cavalry centimetres thirty years war horses finnish cavalry small considered inferior cargo horses animals great stamina crucial quality long exhausting campaigns humble looking finnish horses presumably exchanged possible horses obtained war probably rare return horse left likely horses brought finland purely central european lines reinforcements replace considerable horse casualties obtained reign cavalry horses imported south larger size world war breed horses finnish army mounted police forces officers rode foreign light horse breeds called light type enlisted members cavalry talented competitive success service war finnish cavalry converted infantry use riding purposes nearly ended finnish horse intentionally early 16th century known influences breed having early 17th century add size horses systematically 18th century new breeds created europe crossing local native horse populations light riding horses finnish military officers developed interest similar breeding study assignments foreign military forces colonel founded state stud farm conjunction military school stud described arabian years influenced local horse population outside military school number writings 19th century mention breed similar smaller programs developed royal estate imported sweden don horses influenced population half 19th century improving size horse type originating known breed bred engineer beginning 19th century finnish horses influence don horses seen late 1920s 1930s black bay horses finnish cavalry squadrons colours addition needs military improve common working horse improved roads advances agriculture replaced previously predominant horse horses better quality needed transport agricultural work attempts create better working horses breeds including heavy norwegian breed horses favoured multitude breeds diversity led difficulties creating consistent type beginning 20th century creation accepted criticised having norwegian look intentional experiments included descended crosses russian military horses breeding programme stated breed oriental descent breed descending important influence pedigree notable son estates especially southern regions finland known light hot breeds example officer bred probably attempt create driving horses notable failing attempt happened stud founded import export breed important influence driving horse breeds including offspring praised looks turned poor talent speed combination large population horses finland animals later enthusiasm estate based attempts significant influence modern finnish horse especially detailed description best finnish horses mid-19th century available development horse estonia experts consulted finnish horse order value project according stud farm inspector russian_empire finnish horses found types type type type type finnish academic master considered finnish horses mixed especially swedish north german english horses crossed finnish ones outside influence mainly russian swedish count respected time mentioned report purposes documents created years number finnish horses imported stud describe finnish obtained average height hands inches colour typically dark star heads large short carried bodies muscular deep chest muscular long muscular sloping leg joints defined short feet tough records noted legs faults position defined finnish horses considered calm good workers swift runners decline 18th century horse population finland vastly diminished numbers quality beginning century great northern war campaigns finnish cavalry larger time history usable horse finland needed horses cavalry infantry transporting supplies horses serving swedish military returned finland animals provided remaining swedish reinforcement regiments taken sweden norway russian invasion occupation caused additional hardships end russian occupation finnish human populace large numbers horses lost war epidemic diseases furthermore great number horses exported russia invasion command removed finland ended mainly area government russian researchers suggested horse developed mainly finnish addition hardships war occupation treaties ceded finnish territory russia resulted finnish horse population left new borders finnish horses russian areas russian horses significant numbers russians having taken best animals combined old custom shared municipalities larger areas rebuilding horse population took decades increase numbers horses bred young occurred researchers agricultural chemistry finland described finnish horse population time horse breed descended horses rarely taller centimetres good good chestnut bay coat breed found mixed bigger influence horses according calculated measurements horse finland early 18th century average peasant horse hands inches tall horses employed larger hands inches tall discovered horses southern western regions finland larger northern eastern regions probably influence imported horses century typical finnish horse probably hands inches size small contemporary weighed kilograms roughly half weight contemporary hands inches working section horse civilian horse good quality good action swift leg faults common response decline finnish horse population especially great loss good quality breeding animals experienced great famine senate finland gave orders provinces obtain quality public use scope programme later expanded include provinces finland divided breeding districts state owned stallion available service local horses programme known crown finnish official guidelines selection given common aim finland increase size bulk horse population create type better suited agricultural work revival end 18th century finnish horses began described especially military leaders detrimental damaging quality finnish horse particularly military use beginning 19th century german historian especially blamed west coast estates damaging finnish horse nonetheless outside imported finland end century oriental arabian blood served state farms influence russian imported oriental turkish horses horses noted norwegian brought northern light riding horses imported russian conversely heavier horses imported southern finland late finnish nationalism arose increased late 19th early 20th centuries finnish horse essentially ended new direction taken finnish horse breeders breed considered symbol nation desired possible november finland horse breeding association founded breed improve finnish horse means governmental decree issued horse breeding associations founded country leading establishment stud book notable objectives breeding programme concerned appearance especially colour breed aim remove foreign characteristics later 1920s trials performance introduced main objectives breeding programme continued encourage improvements capacity movement character breed establishment stud book closed breed bred pure accidental intentional exist accepted registry develop new breeds finland stud book remains control impact world war horses central asset finnish military forces winter war continuation war tens thousands horses main locomotive power army shortage automobiles animals private owners systematic procedure ensure continuity breeding nursing pregnant approved enrolled eligible military horses officially remained private owners property marked identification necessary returned reported dead program successful preserving breed horse population rebounded pre war count animals soon great number russian horses captured wartime threat russian animals way ensure new owners practical political reasons soviet russia accept horses finland massive war accepted payment total animals sold soviet russia low rates best offered soviets according witnesses useless horses ended russia post war decline approximately horses existed finland established beginning 20th century horse population consisting entirely remained stable years rebuilding country wars increased demand horse power 1950s breed reached time peak estimated animals great majority horses draught type increased agriculture forestry 1960s number dropped horses having bred large numbers years earlier taken slaughter thousands change forestry tax policy previously state supported horse powered forestry discouraged keeping horses working horse ended lines suitable sports recreation survived 1970s breed numbers declined animals years later existed breed time lowest point horses time overall horse population finland increasing decade lighter harness racing horse breeds establishing position counting animals year breeds increasingly imported bred numbers population slowly began recover existed harness racing associated betting degree relatively new hobby riding important factors ensuring survival breed 21st century nearly finnish horses registered decade 21st century breed numbers finland roughly animals approximately born annually breed makes roughly finland total horse population objective ensuring breed continuity breeding year horses harness racing horses riding uses 21st century bred breed popular riding schools recreational riding relatively unknown horse breed outside finland organised efforts promote internationally word recently coined standard exist outside finland having exported small numbers nations germany sweden equestrian exchange project carried 1980s number sold austria germany germany horses foundation stud went breed dozens selling germany austria number horses exported netherlands german population remains notable outside finland animals apart exchange project late 1980s activity export minimal study stated increased international interest demand ensure survival breed end objectives national breeding program include increasing international recognition generating demand breed recreational educational uses standard breed finland equestrian tourism improve opportunities participate swedish norwegian heats finland considered value national horse breed cultural ties strong support variety organisations hand progress breed internationally complicated low population lack international recognition strengths breed international disciplines considered good health working qualities versatility novelty value outside finland versatility breed universal horse type finnish concept creates challenge marketing vague status buyers currently tend seek conventional horse types result lacks strong advantage specialized breeds versatility advantage specialised breeds limited smaller range activities influence horse breeds 14th 16th century finnish horses exported russian germany quantities eventually restrictions number exports set finnish horses exported russia early 19th century influenced development horse 19th century early 20th century horses finnish origin creating baltic russian agricultural draught breeds lithuanian draught cases breeds developed finnish horses small local horses increasing size 1920s 1930s breeding horse heavy horse bred horse stud book closed 1950s traces influence found soviet russian work horse breeds mid-20th century finland exported horses soviet russia war 1960s 1970s pony sized improve quality gene pool highly 1960s horse mid-19th century manor owners estonia found native small agricultural needs came conclusion population benefit finnish horses good quality breeds considered job state stud farm founded central base new breed finnish bought needs finnish horses produced mainly later offspring finnish prove good expected stud gradually stopped finnish horses finnish arabian stallion noteworthy influence modern day horse widely great grandson uses 21st century approximately percent point lives harness racing riding second popular use multiple uses starting career harness racing later moving riding perform competitions open breed classes jumping endurance riding western riding combined driving approximately riding schools riding therapy popular pleasure horses draft work agricultural forestry work traditional uses bred particularly large heavy draught horse horse breed country versatility desired primary cavalry climate conditions finland necessitated breed hardy result remained small tough pull heavy loads difficult terrain chest deep snow relative size powerful world best animals able pull percent weight draft type family lines left estimated animals known actual 21st century interest traditional uses methods increasing competitions regularly held usually include horse pulling contests harness historically harness racing organised harness races having held prior racing church home traditional recreation farmers harness racing remained farmer hobby end 1950s time number horses kept finland racing lost popularity longer horse breed allowed race finland faster light breeds introduction betting brought new life harness racing sport increased interest betting led growth racing turn helped establish harness racing main use decades successfully compete combined driving breed sport finland especially regional national levels driven member finnish singles driving team finished 2nd world singles championships france according suited combined driving focused hard working possessing cool nerves riding popular recreational riding horses suited use riding schools riding therapy horses currently employed mounted police considered bit small job competitive disciplines 1970s separate competition classes established horse shows helped increase popularity breed horse racing slow compete directly sport horse breeds highly reliable mount cross country riding particularly difficult terrain continuation war breed successfully crossed wetland confronted endurance riding ridden successfully finished endurance riding world championship competition stockholm sweden finishing 28th considered reliable fairly good regularly seen centimetres jumping classes successful lower levels clean efficient shorter stride keeps competing advanced levels book olympic rider described enduring mentally focused easy keeper considered jumping breed best asset riding animal noted scope reach level required modern international competition able compete national levels lower levels upper hand easily perform required movements allow ease riding international competition higher level breed hindered movement restricted somewhat upright shoulder despite successful horses number earn notable achievement competing finland expensive prize money low compete national 4th level grade individuals competed prix level suited riding therapy calm steady hard working healthy enduring small allow patient assisted easily large stimulate muscles senses balance rider trained driving familiar unusual noises controlled inexpensive find appearance | Finnhorse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
26031_CarolinaMarshTacky | rare breed horse native south_carolina member colonial spanish group horse breeds include banker horse north_carolina small horse adapted use lowland swamps native south_carolina developed spanish horses brought south_carolina coast spanish explorers settlers traders early 16th century horses colonists american revolution south farm work cattle hunting breed history breed considered critically endangered marsh existence today organizations worked complete dna testing breed goals mapping place horse breeds world beginning stud book association begun objective preserving promoting closed stud book created characteristics marsh generally stands hands inches high acceptable range hands inches high today breed comes wide variety colors including bay chestnut black historically multi colored patterns found selected breeding today seen colors today consistent colonial spanish horses profile breed head usually flat somewhat concave slightly convex nasal region muzzle forehead wide eyes set apart breed typically slight neck neck attached low chest compared breeds pronounced short strong angled chest deep narrow shoulder long angled legs long tapering general lower legs exhibits beat similar brazilian breed spanish heritage compared fox shows period support feet planted diagonal foot shows support lacks diagonal foot known owners stamina ability work water swamps tend sure smart able survive challenging coastal environments easy keepers small size gentle nature historically preferred mount children women working animals abilities field today endurance riding continuing traditional work assisting humans hunting wild game cattle ancestral horses dna testing proved relative isolation separate breed unique characteristics history developed spanish horses brought island coastal areas south_carolina spanish explorers settlers early 16th century horses added population animals purchased spanish settlement florida pack horses native american trade routes sold traders reached charleston managed mainly feral rounded locals horses needed tradition continued 20th century breed american revolution irregular forces nicknamed swamp fox swamp given forces advantage british cavalry mounted larger european breeds easily able maneuver dense lowland swamps american civil war commonly members community islands south_carolina shore use fields gardens breed derives english word meaning common cheap horses common breed area country history height popularity ranged south_carolina georgia continued world war members beach patrols tasked surveillance south_carolina beaches nazi boat attacks enemy troop spy landings 1960s races beaches tradition revived cultural festival races continued festival future years formed association developed efforts working owners breed enthusiasts goal preserving promoting breed breed registry closed registry august maintained closed outside horses registered proof origin visual inspection dna confirmation complete articulated horse skeleton believed unearthed archaeological dig florida approximately year old skeleton found site housed conservation region coastal georgia south_carolina common horse breed history automobile common 20th century breed numbers declined thought gone extinct 1980s 1990s today living animals recognized breed registry including survival trust considers breed critical nearly extinct levels meaning fewer breeding existence considers consider strain colonial spanish horse critical levels meaning fewer annual united_states estimated global population representatives state breed numbers increase estimated members ensure permanent survival june bill signed law state heritage horse south_carolina began investigating truly spanish stock organization initial field investigations found surviving members breed fit physical type colonial spanish stock american livestock breeds collaborated collect dna samples photo document largest herd south_carolina considered largest remaining herd heritage tracing american_civil_war dna testing undertaken effort identify horses new reveal dna markers breed carries map breed genetic place horse breeds worldwide horses tested effort | Carolina Marsh Tacky | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
26386_KingCharlesSpaniel | king king known english toy small dog breed type combined separate toy breeds single title varieties merged breed contributed colours available breed thought originated far_east toy seen europe 16th century famous association king charles_ii england linked english royalty time queen mary members breed owned russia queen_victoria queen elizabeth_ii king types toy early 19th century reduce size nose style day 20th century saw attempts restore lines king breed charles_ii time included unsuccessful toy popular king slightly larger flat head longer nose king charles smaller head flat face historically breeds merged king hunting stature suited kept hunting instincts exhibit high energy better suited modern breed prone health problems including cardiac conditions range eye issues history thought toy eventually king originated far_east primarily japan share common ancestry toy given gifts european royalty red white variety toy seen paintings including small dog symbol female paintings featuring toy created 16th century dogs high heads short pointed today italian toy crossed local small dogs imported chinese dogs continental descendant similar toy sized earliest recorded appearance toy england painting queen mary king philip mary queen scots fond small toy dogs including showing fondness british royalty types dogs charles_ii king france owned number small called translations latin work talks new type brought france rare strange hard addition later translation original text discuss gentle classified delicate thought originate malta sought captain brought examples toy voyage japan theory proposed commodore expeditions japan behalf united_states mid 19th century noted dogs common gift thought earlier voyage captain introduced japanese type england 17th century charles_ii 17th century toy began feature paintings dutch artists spanish artists including depicted spanish works dogs black white entirely white french naturalist later describe types dogs crosses fond toy dogs carry evidence modern breeds descended particular dogs credited causing increase popularity breed period diary describes allowed palace including state occasions entry dated september describing council meeting wrote observed king playing dog business charles sister princess painted holding small red white toy sized 16th writing work death age charles took dogs charles_ii toy continued popular british court reign king popular types included white red variety following glorious revolution reign queen introduced britain eventually lead drastic physical changes king comparisons pictures english toy continental variety changes begun place english types shorter nose featured breed overall moving away seen earlier works 17th century english toy remained popular 18th century featured frequently literature art lady satire poem daughter lord lieutenant describes features english toy forehead large high physical characteristics breeds toy featured group portraits satirical works toy popular upper classes ladies dogs despite introduction portrait nature feature toy toy century weighed little pounds thought dog breed prone overweight 19th century varieties toy occasionally hunting reported years ago grace duke reputed possess smallest best breed britain invariably red white long ears short black eyes period term describe type small hunt duke residence palace gave explains toy able hunt albeit day difficult terrain delicate small carpet exquisite nose hunt truly fit long day covert idea supported work illustrated book dog wrote seldom field sports size easily tired short legs ground 19th century considered type thought parent breed toy including varieties breeds toy popularity ladies disadvantage breeds toy long coats required constant toy changed somewhat dogs charles_ii day study dog changes king charles breed present day altered worse muzzle short forehead ugly prominent bull dog eye increased double size expression character dog accurately corresponds breed long ears coat attractive fashion period toy crossed reduce size bred reduce dog sense smell impaired according 19th century writers caused varieties toy removed participation field sports proposed red white shorter nose seen modern king charles 16th century fashion ladies carry small toy sized travelled town dogs called given species biological classification 19th century dog writers 1830s practice longer vogue types given generic term including similar modern believed dogs possessed power healing repeated observation little dogs good sickness stomach applied weak person effect performed moderate heat 1840s dropped use breed returned called written occurrence coloured toy dog named owned dogs continued popular royalty queen victoria dog king named dash purchased king american dog weighed pounds disqualified previous year account weight average price lower paid price ranged king charles ranging given robinson children left governorship king showing 20th century attempted king james black tan single breed called toy oversaw separate breeds strongly objected argument resolved following intervention king edward vii clear preferred king followed suit combining breeds single breed known english toy japanese considered type toy merged new breed recognised breed right grand russia owned king time shooting family july days later found clearing believed bodies family burnt discovered corpse king site 1920s bred king palace husband moved later evicted documented attempts early 20th century breed 18th century type king seen portraits king charles_ii toy haired black small medium sized cross bred dogs variety breeds including unsuccessful attempts reproduce earlier style king originated competition held american offered prize fund best male female dogs old type shown pictures charles_ii england time long face stop flat skull inclined spot centre skull breeders entered considered sub par king live new breed created breeders banded created breed club new king initially listing new breed king type recognised new breed right recognise continued connection royalty king attending princess anne tenth birthday party dog elizabeth_ii owned king addition dogs frequently associated bbc documentary critical breeding variety pedigree breeds including king highlighted issues involving king charles breeds chief advisor said dog shows current breed standards main judging criteria actively encourage intentional breeding deformed disabled dogs closely related animals opinion scottish following programme ended sponsorship annual dog bbc declined broadcast event king popular 23rd popular breed according registration figures collected english toy according popular breed registered compared king low number king charles identified vulnerable native breed effort help promote breed description king charles large dark eyes short nose high head line black skin mouth average stands inches small compact body breed traditionally docked tail long ears typical coat comes varieties trait shares king sets markings reflect breeds modern breed derived black tan markings known king charles prince charles red white single coloured solid rich red king charles black tan markings typically consist black coat tan markings face legs chest tail prince charles white black patches tan markings similar locations king charles white coat red patches distinctive red spot center skull king mistaken king significant differences breeds principal size weighs average pounds king charles smaller pounds addition facial features similar distinguishable ears set higher skull flat king charles finally muzzle length king charles tends shorter typical muzzle classes english toy english toy places breed single class groups king charles placed english toy section companion toy dog group king temperament king charles friendly breed extent typically suitable breeds bark warn owners approaching visitor high energy breed enjoys company family members primarily able bond children tolerant accept rough handling prefers left long periods known toy breeds suitable apartment living breed tolerate pets king charles hunting instincts ancestors friendly smaller animals intelligent obedience work stable temperament successful therapy dog hospitals nursing homes health natural found members breed box gene allowed rules health related research breed limited major studies conducted britain included studies outside including united_states king number eye respiratory system disorders common dogs diseases common small breeds specific breed associated health conditions average lifespan years breed able reproduce naturally eye heart conditions eye problems associated king include disc compared breeds king increased risk extra hairs cause eye inheritance suspected conditions ages onset ranging months years heart conditions related king include valve disease valve causing blood flow backwards chambers heart eventually leading heart failure patent blood heart lungs seen lead heart failure conditions present similar symptoms conducted survey cardiac disease breeds king found 7th worst dogs affected common issues breed king sensitive dogs additional tissue throat directly mouth nasal cavity known acts muscle causing tissue dogs narrow narrow decrease dogs ability exercise properly increase heat stroke hereditary disorders found king hanging tongue defect prevents tongue mouth diabetes associated english recommends corrected surgery required risk surgery breeds study conducted king 38th worst breeds animals tested found surveys conducted finnish breed club found occurrences higher years ranging breed traits cause concern health issues include skull issues open young dogs soft spot skull common dogs year old condition known water brain condition cause symptoms require dog fused toes dog toes fused health issue breed trait cause concern urban myth urban legend claims charles_ii issued special decree granting king permission enter establishment dog guide dogs rules variant myth relates specifically myth instead applied king parliament website states contrary popular act parliament referring allowed palace westminster asked question thoroughly researched similarly proof law covering wider spokesman said law quoted time time alleged books king charles decree research hasn tracked | King Charles Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
26498_Snuppy | korean born april credited world dog created cell ear adult involved mothers produced pups sole survivor department led known successful breeding sperm artificially females resulted birth history sheep scientists managed clone numerous animals including cats cows horses mice pigs rabbits rats unable successfully clone dog problematic task artificial environment failed attempts scientists professor able successfully create clone tissue ear year old mothers carry embryos procedure resulted resulted born successfully died pneumonia weeks birth successful clone carried original embryos final placed success rate project tenths percent named initials word process eggs female fertile phase cycle eggs harvested week period year removing eggs eggs extracted required constant monitoring achieve nucleus egg replaced cell ear adult dog electrified fused chemical reaction embryos transferred dogs mothers pregnant successfully gave birth born survived died weeks birth process took nearly years intensive effort reaction named amazing invention year particular recognition given technique process time stated embodied history making despite numerous performing cited team extraordinary experiment criticised director program cited process raised question humans mass cells biological processes criticised process stating bring science closer human coupled low success rate ethical clone family pets scientist successful sheep said successful proved correct environments global ban human needed quickly implemented criticised entire concept dog grounds mission promote way general improvement dogs improvement occur created controversy late accused series allegations related work prior claim successfully human embryo charges alleged paid egg donations eggs came employees constitute code later found photographs published depict suggested stem cell lines claimed created clones brought doubts validity consistently claimed genuine clone hired korean dna lab investigate found authentic findings dismissed grounds employed panel ordered investigation investigation found despite previous projects research related accurate clone adult result indicted fraud dismissed university developments professor took leadership team involved known successful breeding sperm taken artificially females resulted birth survived team lee gone successfully clone dogs wolves successfully breeding wolves lee claimed ability breed makes possible working dogs usually training dogs guide dogs reproduce claimed patent process clone formed license agreement commercial pet company entered partnership competitor caused ongoing legal battle owns patent rights withdrew dog completed commercial august ran financial trouble world dogs named work south korean customs july supporters founded company called developed techniques based licence subsidiary owns original patent created dogs owners dogs died charging time reported dogs producing embryos species day | Snuppy | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
26612_Anglo-Normanhorse | horse anglo norman horse horse breed developed northern france major center horse breeding area numerous regional types bred crossed form body types developed anglo norman breed split form french remaining types eventually standardized remained criticism hybrid nature breed successful international sport horse especially sport jumping anglo norman contributed development breeds europe asia anglo norman developed early 19th century local norman blood influences seen breeds including british russian horses mid-19th century anglo norman popular breed france breed association founded purchased french army cavalry artillery horses controversy best choice military late 19th century saw significant improvements breeding programs remained dispute goals breeders needs military early 20th century significantly reduced demand breed fighting world war german occupation france resulted major damage breeding centers deaths horses rebuilding breeders turned away draft carriage horses began breeding sport horses equestrian competition stud book created decade breed successful international competition combined french types create national french saddle horse despite active government support breeding programs variations remained continued distinguishable decades merge 1990s 2000s movement began reopen anglo norman stud book recreate separate breed plan remains open presented created controversy french breeding community anglo norman stud book open breed characteristics anglo norman reflected multiple influences french government attempted look historic norman horse types adding large amounts blood resulting offspring gave rise spite breeding programs author studied anglo norman described members breed hybrids crosses distinguished types horses harness racing carriage horses military horses subdivided military type heavy cavalry light cavalry cavalry line specific type french artillery horses anglo norman fastest france reputed patient hard working official races france took place officer believed races best way select breeding stock producing saddle horses best anglo norman horses emerged major foundation french breed officially split anglo norman breed continuing breeding goal maintain balanced breed input heavier original norman type anglo norman breed standardized described averaging hands inches high taller facial profile convex neck long shoulders powerful breed tendency upright shoulder angle author criticized horses consisting badly united pieces norman english suggesting better results occur breeders higher quality despite criticism anglo known jumping abilities successful horses competing international level history original horses small horses called introduced settled ancient beginning century later romans crossed larger 6th century practice horse racing documented region beginning 10th century norman horses desired europe 16th century norman horses known heavy strong able pull long distances pull artillery arabian blood added reign development modern horse similar french regional populations 19th century government run national transformed indigenous french horses introducing foreign major influences common native military pulling carriages types recognized sang half blood horses half blood horses found french regions different types usually named regions bred origin known horse breeding thanks climate soil breed developed region specific oldest area origin mainly produced saddle horses valleys produced carriage horses main center breeding especially second french empire plains young placed pasture pin originally military breeding cavalry horses participated breeding horses end 19th century anglo norman arose exclusively district specifically bred department today normandy horse breeding center home percent breed national french sport horse developed large anglo norman region produced numerous successful international competition early development norman horse known distinct types horse plains area horse minor variations developed popular end lasted late 18th century mid sized type particularly suited riding pulling small carriages oldest type anglo large developed ancestor intended luxury carriage trade horses larger slower horses bred racing standing hands inches type black color allowing drivers easily form matched teams horses popularity france parts europe carriage horses remained popular carriage horse breeds world early 19th century disappeared 19th century napoleonic wars saddle horses remaining france situation exacerbated improvements roads resulting large demand carriage horses reducing demand riding horses 1850s wealthy army continued purchase riding horses early 19th century breeders focused ancestor mainly carriage horse crossed practice likely started resulting mix called anglo norman local native crossed early results disappointing despite low population numbers riding horses early 1850s author noted type norman saddle horse extant beginning early 1850s arrival second french empire anglo norman popular breed france competing reputed versatile horse appropriate riding pulling light carriages breed influenced horses england local norman crossed imported horses norfolk blood quality resulting animals ensured breed success anglo norman spread france especially type riding horse south horse sang society french half blood horses founded later encouragement society encourage french horse breeding breeders spread description norman horses particularly anglo versatile horses riding driving french conquest algeria brought anglo norman competition horse law passed established french horse breeders imported horses result desire native french breeders protect interests imports french colonies law named politician argued law supportive french agriculture especially anglo norman breed called anglo norman horse time suitable services said useful riding driving sought military commercial interests law significantly increased national breeding standards encouraged production half blood horses especially military use development anglo norman saddle horse breed long delayed focus production fashionable carriage horses resulted military imposing major breeding changes breeders unaware jobs horses performed military conflict breeders military resulted disagreements breeding aims 1830s interwar period main horses french cavalry author stated good breed use opposing scholars argued case military requirements conflicted norman breeders carriage horses preferred breeders different style sought military required fast horses stamina agility according military equestrian economic weight norman horse breeders negatively influenced effectiveness french army early 20th century producing large overweight easily states breeders norman horses managed french government powerful lobbying groups selling military rejects breeding programs commercial success carriage horses proved worthless cavalry led creation severely criticized use considered anglo bred near useful military 20th century transport military 20th century anglo norman longer demand carriage military horse addition world war german occupation france caused significant damage norman homeland breed fighting destroyed farms killed half horses saint surviving breed horses lost status animals luxury leisure farms left ruins breeders left breeding aims certain provisions marshall plan convinced focus breeding draft horses type began disappear instead emphasis shifted producing horses equestrian sports stud book created anglo norman breed december 1950s 1960s anglo norman major force international competition summer olympics anglo norman won gold medal jumping anglo norman combined regional saddle horses sang centre order create unified national french saddle horse french government actively supported merger regional types breeds large financial appropriation spite merger decades horses clearly identifiable differences august des stud farm developed idea sport anglo preserve genetic heritage generations horses extant breed plan moved forward august support professional breeders argument increasingly crossed european breeds advent artificial opening stud book horses foreign breeds theory allowed horses foreign called born france breeders prefer return original french anglo norman regional sport horse breeders asked vote rejected idea idea new stud book presented december november commission des president association publicly spoke idea june arguing competition countries strong world sport horse breeding creating competition france avoided described proposed opening anglo norman stud book criminal saying step backwards led small group breeders response sport defended project stating anglo norman stud book project field world stud book largest decline europe august new stud book approved french government official submitted publication edition june september stud book horses registered influence breeds create breeds horses europe asia included created crossing native greek blend lines native horses hungarian breed stems anglo norman stallion named blood add born anglo norman create polish horse breed | Anglo-Norman horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
27084_WestHighlandWhiteTerrier | west highland white west highland white commonly known scottish breed dog distinctive white coat modern breed descended number breeding programs white scotland prior 20th century 16th credited creation modern breed want known related breeds included 8th duke breed small white scottish given modern time recognition major clubs occurring time breed remains popular twice winner breeds 1960s featured television film including advertising companies dog food scottish medium sized longer legs scottish breeds white double coat fur fills dog face giving rounded appearance breed good children tolerate rough handling active intelligent breed social high prey drive hunt breed specific health issues appear breed including condition young dogs nicknamed jaw causes bone jaw dog prone skin disorders breed specific condition called occurring energetic need plenty exercise cousin bred hunt small places farms appearance commonly bright deep set shaped eyes dark colour ears pointed erect members breed typically weigh pounds average height inches body shorter height dog shoulder deep chest muscular limbs black nose short closely fitted jaw bite lower locked upper upper locked lower slightly turned better grip flat breeds climbs rocky surfaces young nose pink markings slowly turn black age soft dense thick rough outer coat grow inches long fur fills face rounded appearance develop adults coarse outer coat normally removed hand stripping especially dog showing temperament temperament west highland white vary greatly friendly children whilst prefer tolerate rough handling child pulling ears toy normally independent assured self confident good loyal breed bonds owner requiring good exercise min highly social friendly scottish breeds hardy breed leading issues training need training occasion lifetime having typical prey drive tends highly interested toys especially chasing balls retain instincts earth dog including investigative traits natural instincts bark dig holes ranked 47th health american breed club puts lifespan years club survey puts average lifespan years clinic data typical lifespan years french database gives years median years typical litter size litters contain called gave birth litter april breed conditions found breeds abdominal affected disease known lion jaw referred jaw disease condition affected parents carriers faulty gene condition appears breeds including different types unrelated breeds typically appears dogs year old cause problems dog swallow food testing conducted condition bones jaw additionally blood increased calcium levels levels condition stops progressing time dog year old cases normally treated anti feeding soft foods cases tube feeding necessary animal eat pain medical option remaining breed prone skin disorders quarter surveyed affected chronic skin condition higher proportion males affected compared females uncommon severe breed specific skin condition affect white juveniles adults dogs affected dogs suffer red hair loss initial stages condition forms inherited genetic problem exists breed cell breed specific appear breeds including disease dog lacks called symptoms noticeable develops identified age weeks affected dogs muscle weakness trouble walking symptoms slowly increase limb begins occur hereditary condition owners avoid breeding affected animals eliminate breed genetic condition affects breed white dog syndrome condition commonly found condition originally thought connected genes white coats condition found breeds including yorkshire condition typically develops days resulting head limbs affected males females affected different lengths time symptoms females lasting weeks males affected rest lives common conditions appear breed include elevated levels alpha acid dog blood spinal fluid cause muscle commonly found hip joint known syndrome occurs breed chances condition occurring higher breeds australian shepherd miniature breed likely affected knee cap slips place history scottish white recorded early reign scotland reigned king ordered dozen presented gift coloured dogs seen colours white dogs seen weak times breed existence considered white scottish breeds reports ship spanish wrecked island indicated ship carried white spanish dogs descendants kept distinct breeds including families chiefs families preserved white sandy coloured dogs family clan reported descendants chiefs kept white including wicked man norman grandson norman chief death 8th duke chief bred breed white scottish known breed white scottish appeared point developing line female produced white offspring dog produce white regardless bred drowning offspring came theory ancient trait scottish trying breeding program produce white aim restoring stature dark coloured breed credited classes added dog shows white end 19th century person closely associated developing modern breed white 16th owned work game story told reddish brown mistaken fox shot following decided develop white breed known generation sandy coloured coats developed ears trait seen later modern breed unknown declared want known creator breed insisted breed white renamed term west highland white appears hunting published breed club set 10th duke society president second club subsequently set chairman succeeded club second chairman recognition followed breed appeared time year imported united_states imported initially known time recognised club renamed following year west highland white club america breed spent period immediately followed vogue popular immediately arrival canadian recognition followed allowed time death stable type appeared ears white coat short major shows breed equally successful sides atlantic member breed win championship owned dog registered time scottish won title scottish club age seven months breed recognised independently championship title retained dog white win major came dog pattern won title best title taken simon took years breed took best title major dog owned took title breed recent win breed major time best title going popularity breed early 20th century dogs exchanged hundreds popular breed registered decrease numbers popular breed new dogs registered breed position united_states stable remaining breeds ranked 30th popular based varied decade ranked 34th popular culture public life founder pakistan known author novelist founder known called branding advertisements breed mascot dog food brand australian dog food manufacturer uses west highland white breed face dog brand seen dog packaging website television print commercials film film adventures bobby released february cast white bobby appearance caused protests breed club complained filmmaker use incorrect dog breed film played carried early movie played brings laundry home television titular character bbc scotland produced television series owned named aunt owns named | West Highland White Terrier | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
27118_Shirehorse | horse horse breed draught horse draft horse breed comes colours including black bay grey tall breed standing hands inches standing hands inches breed enormous capacity weight pulling held world records largest overall horse tallest horse times history breed popular pulling brewery wagons delivering customers practice continues today breed forestry leisure promotional pursuits british organization known created beginning breed exported britain united_states large numbers late 19th early 20th centuries popularity fell increased reaching low point 1950s 1960s popularity began increase 1970s population numbers considered critical levels based based characteristics black bay grey large amounts white markings black bay grey chestnut colour allowed registry stand hands inches high mature average hands inches stand hands inches high hands inches average weight ranges head long lean large eyes set neck slightly arched long proportion body shoulder deep wide chest wide muscular short long wide occur legs hair fine straight silky smaller hands inches generally preferred working horses taller horses especially hands inches promotional purposes breed known easy going temperament identified risk chronic progressive chronic progressive disease includes symptoms progressive swelling limbs disease similar chronic humans enormous capacity pulling weight british exhibition pair horses estimated pulled starting load equal tons exact number determined pull exceeded maximum reading working slippery pair horses pulled tons later exhibition largest horse recorded history probably named born stood hands inches high peak weight estimated kilograms hands inches named book world records record holder world tallest horse death breed history farm work 18th century horses fit sale market london early english great horse valued reign henry_viii measuring kept increasing role gunpowder brought end use heavy horses battle cavalry favoured lighter faster mounts big horses began draught work instead 16th century dutch engineers brought horses came england drain horses probably significant influence breed medieval horse came animal called old english black horse 17th century improved followers resulting horse known imported dutch flanders notable breeders tended concentrate improving male line different types black horses developed lincolnshire type leicester type type tended larger bone extra hair type tended endurance finer appearance term horse century incomplete records begin appear near end 18th century best known horses era direct recorded horse usually recognized foundation stallion breed stood stud 19th century extensively cart horses goods docks cities countryside rough roads created need large horses extensive english cart horse society formed changed society published stud book edition containing records dating registered year british registry imported united_states large numbers horses imported 1880s established register promote breed soon popular united_states imported approximately registered registry time world war increasing strict regulations purchase livestock feed reduced need ability draft horses thousands slaughtered large breeding closed breed fell lowest point 1950s 1960s fewer horses shown annual british spring 1970s breed began revived increased public interest breed societies established united_states canada netherlands france germany world horse congress held use breed artificial frozen australian 1920s 1930s today changed 1950s 1960s changed notably changed lower legs mass coarse hair silky associated modern peak population numbered million 1950s 1960s number declined thousand united_states population dropped significantly early 20th century continued decline 1940s 1950s horses registered registry numbers began increase horses registered held annually largest great_britain currently american livestock breeds considers population critical levels meaning estimated global population breed fewer annually considers breed risk meaning population numbers estimated survival trust considers breed vulnerable meaning active adult breeding existence today uses horse originally staple breed draw deliver brewery public houses maintain tradition include brewery wiltshire hook brewery drawn deliveries early 1800s 1920s resumed service deliveries continuing horse drawn present day recently withdrawn horse teams including brewery leeds today breed forestry work leisure riding | Shire horse | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
27320_BluePicardySpaniel | blue blue breed originating france area mouth start 20th century descended described quiet breed requires exercise stamina especially good children similar distinctive coloured coat recognised handful associations breed predominantly known france canada description appearance blue average inches high weighs pounds coat grey black forming bluish shade black patches coat flat little ears legs underside tail long legs characteristics long broad nose muzzle thick ears covered silky hair usually end tip muzzle chest medium size descends level tail typically extend normally straight breed similarities breeds recent history described softer obvious difference coat color brown coat blue black grey coat brought breed introduction blood similar modern era close similarities different breed standards addition blue little faster slightly finer nose temperament versatile hunting dog ability locate retrieve game harsh adverse terrain conditions specialised type terrain tends score field trials blue considered quiet breed requires great deal exercise high level stamina loves play responsive breed human especially good children health breed known genetic health issues blue prone ear common dogs ears including breeds average life thirteen years history french speculated appeared following 11th century breeds dogs described 14th century work following french revolution france allowed raise hunting dogs turn meant pre existing french split types specific regions classified according physical appearance hunting abilities turn 20th century area mouth considered paradise hunters interested restrictions united_kingdom british shooters board dogs area near mouth caused blood local population developed blue black blue grey recorded shown officially classified french shown blue formed different breeds france blue recognised separate breed born france year person import blue canada saint quebec breed recognised canadian effective june breed recognised uses standard | Blue Picardy Spaniel | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
28201_Fancyrat | fancy rat fancy rat brown rat common type pet rat fancy rat derives idea animal fancy promotion animals phrase fancy like appreciate fancy rats origins targets blood sport 19th century europe specially bred pets fancy rats come wide variety colors coat types bred raised rat groups world fancy rats commonly sold pets stores breeders rats psychologically different wild relatives acquired breeders shops pose health risk common pets example brown rats considered disease threat exposure wild rat populations introduce like home fancy rats experience different health risks wild counterparts likely illnesses wild rats fancy rats care affordable compared small pets biggest draws additionally fancy rats independent loyal easily trained earning comparison cats dogs comparison given fancy rats considered intelligent history origin modern fancy rat begins rat 18th 19th centuries trapped rats europe rat kill rats likely sell rats blood sport rat popular sport beginning 20th century involved filling pit rats placing long kill believed rat began certain odd colored rats height sport eventually breeding selling pets men thought formed basis rat fancy rat catcher queen_victoria manager largest sporting public houses london men responsible beginning color varieties present today black specifically known rats unusual color selling pets rat fancy formal organized hobby began woman named asked permission bring pet rats exhibition town england october black white rat won best ignited interest area douglas death rat fancy soon began fall fashion original hobby formally lasted point rat dropped returning original hobby revived formation pet rats commonly available stores breeders exist rat groups worldwide differences wild rats rats removed wild counterparts justify distinct subspecies compare significant differences set apart apparent coloring random color occur wild rare wild dark brown color fancy rats white blue pet rats wild comfortable humans known seek owners freely decreased reactions light sound new food better tolerance rats shown mate earlier readily longer period time lifespan rats exhibit different behaviors fighting wild rats flee lost battle rats spend protracted amounts time belly boxing position traits thought products environment opposed certain underlying biological reasons members wild species receptive differences passed offspring compare silver fox body structure rats differs wild rat body fancy rat smaller larger ears longer tail counterpart generally smaller facial features rats longer lifespan wild rats rats protected predators ready access food water shelter medical care average lifespan years contrast wild average lifespan year wild rats generally larger brains hearts laboratory rats fancy rat wild rat face multitude differing health concerns risk developing infection exposure humans harbor coming contact carriers like social behavior generally speaking rats function best cage mate generally ill advised singular rat severe problems seen older males earlier rats introduced better rat breeders encourage new owners rats gender litter starters particularly males fighting beginning alpha rat determined rats weeks month rats likely adjusted rats generally friendly cage mates particularly females help care sick rats generally rats litter sex live occasional friendly play fight possible rats different litters integrated integration process easy hard measures taken provide security rats techniques integration include bringing neutral ground territorial process integrating easiest rats young age generally months old process integrating difficult adult male rats adult males likely accept new cage mates especially alpha established issue integrating rats owners group rats live packs pack starts animals varieties pet species variety colors coat types features appear wild developed appeared spontaneously individual rat defined ways color coat marking non standard body type allows specific classifications eyed coloring pet rats retain coloring wild brown rat tones hair solid colors single color hair trait derived black rat based colors include black based colors include black chocolate eye color considered coloring coat color definitions include standards eyes genes control eye color affect coat color vice versa american lists black pink odd eyed different colored eyes possible eye colors depending variety rat shown refers eyes appear black closer observation deep dark red color names vary defined varieties like interpretations standards different countries clubs markings dividing varieties fancy rats different markings pet rats appear combination colors markings markings typically reference patterns colored hair versus white hair extremes self completely solid non white color completely white blending colored areas nose feet called points cat markings markings strict standard detailed terminology showing fancy rat pet shows domestic rats closely bred color standard found pet shops formal breeding perspective defined variations markings recognized breed standard published rat organisation commonly recognized standards include colored white belly color runs saddle single line head spine possibly partly tail capped color head head capped body irish self triangular wedge white fur face form fur broken spotted hood blaze irish english irish england irish standardized triangle white begins chest legs point ends mid length united_states clubs like distinguish marking english irish allow standardized irish rat white symmetrical nature underside marking varieties include spotted named spotted dog essex masked typically gradient color body base tail nose cats australian variety solid color stripe belly color marking corresponds markings body type prominent standardized physical changes applied rats selective breeding development origins united_states characterized having large low round ears sides head named resemblance fictional elephant rat genetic named cat shares feature necessarily coat types relatively small variety coats relation number colors markings internationally standardized common type normal standard allowed sexes males coarse thick rough coat females coats softer finer standardized coats include hairs softer variation silky coat extra soft fine characterized long straight hairs remaining coat types defined hair lack rats rats rats coat variety characterized varying levels hair loss rats bred coated range having areas short fur completely bare rats genetically produced breeding different combinations genes cause coats dominant trait needs parent produce coated offspring copies trait present breeding coat affected differently causing earning double semi rats rats constantly lose hair different patches times life ethics selective breeding controversy rat regard selective breeding hand breeding rats conform specific standard develop new large fancy founded hand process results rats conform given away sold food killed referred concerns breeding rats ethical tail vital rats balance adjusting body temperature rats greater risk heat exhaustion poor control falling heights risk life threatening pelvic region like hind leg similarly rats protected cold coat groups prohibit showing varieties events advertisement affiliated services availability related species seen intentional import foreign countries regulated example foreign prohibited australia coat types colors varieties bred separately foreign lines country example fancy rats exist australia areas like canadian province alberta considered rat free ownership domestic fancy rats outside schools laboratories illegal health human raised prone specific health risks diseases wild counterparts far likely certain illnesses prevalent wild major considerations include exposure living conditions diet rats live entire lives indoors usually able avoid disease causing bacteria absent treated water easily avoid like beetles essential spread endemic parasites like rat additionally pet laboratory rats enjoy benefits having consistent balanced diet access medical care living indoors decreases risk contracting certain diseases living close quarters rats unable seek proper protection environmental factors temperature humidity fed diet stresses inherently associated living unnatural habitat adversely affect rat health prone specific conditions specifically disease usually seen stressed young rats additionally pet rats exposed disease caught humans bacteria associated throat human associated fungus found animals usually rat rat immune system compromised illness occurs infection develop pneumonia diseases like rat infection virus prevalent simply highly work tandem way rats kept laboratories pet stores breeders noted far likely occur laboratory rats kept pets pet rats develop given high placed areas low humidity high temperatures group bacteria commonly reside skin cuts social fighting open pathways cause evidence female rats likely develop non females research prevention common diseases health issues rats going changes main suggestions improved health longevity fancy rats suggestions included feeding rat friendly reduce risk heart disease stroke risks owners keeping rats pets come stigma rats supposedly transmit dangerous diseases owners fear rats carry plague fact list species considered threat outbreak united_states connected people owned pet rats determined pet rat initial exposure rat diseases typically indicates exposure wild populations owner home pet contaminated food water risk rat owners rat bite fever rare disease rats found rats large chain pet stores breed stock rats masses usually intention snake food pets breeders fail good care rats disease fairly rat characterized swelling site bite scratch contracted fever body contracted infected rat fiction fiction pet brown rats depicted akin character befriends wolf pets portrayed roles vary evil ambiguous professional animal trainer films commercials music videos claimed rats easiest animals train intelligence focus short novel basis films ben remake film protagonist befriends rats found home builds close relationship end movies generally emphasize popular perception kill people cats grocery stores wild rats pets portrayed neutral positive ways television house briefly featured pet rat titular character versions turtles franchise master adoptive father turtles splinter pet rat learned martial arts skills imitating owner point click adventure game puzzle flesh protagonist owns pet rat named seen times game involved puzzles player organisations american rat | Fancy rat | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
28211_SealyhamTerrier | rare welsh breed small medium sized originated wales working dog principally white bodied rough coated breed developed mid late 19th century captain following world war popularity associated hollywood stars members numbers dropped significantly breed listed vulnerable native breed time low recorded registered united_kingdom decline blamed influx foreign designer breeds reduced working dog breed equally suitable family dog working given right training affected breed specific breed disorders prevalent conditions lens history breed developed captain near welsh county originally breed pest control hunt small game eliminate particularly usually relocated welsh extinct english white played records wanted small white dog strong jaw coat white coat particularly prized meant hunter field distinguish dogs quarry weak dogs bred stronger ones death breeders began work including promoted breed breed shown time club created breed officially recognised recognised major clubs english speaking world early stages recognition breed alternatively known welsh border founded 1920s 1930s sir dogs hunt usually relocated time hunting deciding wanted better hunting dog bred showing cross bred dogs resulted breed dog called described death rats rabbits popularity world war united_states hollywood film industry fashionable dog hollywood elite owned actors writer grant owned named real seen film suspicion seen start film birds walking cameo appearance owned featured movie favoured dogs king george owned dog named jack sunday newspaper reported notice posted windsor castle giving explicit instructions princess margaret breakfast bed brought room breakfast dogs called johnny looked queen mother princess margaret fell ill 1960s children author owned named featured work pop popular registered 1920s best known welsh breeds today lists endangered native breeds new dropped time low placing list vulnerable native breeds october british magazine highlighted breed cover heading save launched campaign save breed end year figures showed registered keeping list endangered breeds notable known won best victory televised bbc dropped coverage competition earlier year following controversy channel showed documentary previous won national championship united_states world dog founder stated sustain breed need year blamed decline breed availability designer dogs newer breeds banning tail docking reduced ability working dogs vulnerable breeds committee explains traditionally soon born tails docked half length small working dogs got stuck holes meaning required short strong tails owner able pull breed ranked breeds according appearance measurements vary breed standard according particular countries breed standard states height exceed inches measured shoulder blade ideal weight kilograms females kilograms males white double coat requires regular wire order prevent dense outer coat weather resistant markings face variety colours including lemon black brown blue mix brown black heavy body markings patches excessive coat discouraged low ground muddy weather long coats dirty coats hand stripping order coat soft temperament happy company fine left suited town country vocal personality whilst loyal family companions trained working dogs making excellent taught animals including cats birds described great companions way bond owners magical indoors rings asks know door train retrieve health hardy breed breed specific health problems main hereditary problem highlighted eye condition called lens dna tests lens condition lens slips position weakening fibers holds place turn blocks flow eye leading painful increase pressure nerve damage leading visual field loss eventual november highlighted specific concerns breed health judges low numbers breed prevalent problems facing breed today popular effect general problem genetic diversity breed | Sealyham Terrier | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Animal domestic breeds, types, and individuals |
107_ArchitectureoftheSongdynasty | architecture song dynasty architecture song dynasty noted buddhist enormous stone wooden bridges lavish tombs extravagant palaces literary works architecture existed architectural writing song dynasty professional form described dimensions working materials organized manner addition examples standing depictions song artwork architectural drawings illustrations published books aid modern historians understanding architecture period architect master carpenter structural engineer high status scholar officials era architectural knowledge passed thousands years usually fathers sons government agencies schools construction building engineering song dynasty building aided private workshops employed central government city palace layout ancient chinese capitals capital followed guidelines specified square city wall gates emperor outer city ancient built reign emperor rectangular plan square proportions north south west east south wall gates gate center east gate west walls gates east wall gate southern end gate west wall gate north wall eastern end gate new wild gate gate gates center sides reserved emperor gates straight passages sets doors city gates passages guarded sets doors song artist painting river festival depicts gate detail building roof shallow slope song dynasty style supported prominently sets lower assembly rested city gate form wooden foundation upper assembly supported roof similar extant song building method assemblies support superstructure specified 12th century building manual literally flat base city wall built rammed earth technique detailed vol iii standards moat stronghold foundation square apply dan earth lay mixture broken brick tile crushed stones dan layer earth men standing face face times man pounding times times men standing face face pounding twice times man pounding following surface stamp feet randomly surface layer earth compressed layer brick stone half rammed earth walls time tapered thickness wall greatest base decreases steadily increasing height detailed book song dynasty city outer city wall inner city wall palace center inner city rectangular doors palace enclosure rectangular watch tower corners main gates gate west gate east gate north gate known gate south gate doors painted red decorated gold walls decorated dragon phoenix floating cloud patterns match carved beams painted tile roof dragons biting end rooftop ridge tail pointing sky symbolic function explained dragon tail similar hawk waves causes rainfall people likeness rooftop prevent fire hawk tail running southward gate imperial boulevard wide merchants opened shops corridors banned rows black fencing placed center boulevard barrier pedestrians carriages inner sides fences ran brick lined filled lotus south gate intercepted imperial boulevard crossed stone flat design boulevard stone bridge crossing river later imitated spring summer peach pear trees adorned banks variety flowers buddhist following reign han dynasty idea buddhist entered chinese culture means house protect southern northern period distinctive chinese developed predecessors tall watch towers residential apartments han dynasty models han era tombs periods chinese developed purely wooden structures use articulated stone brick easily survive fires caused lightning arson susceptible decay earliest brick remains extant built typical example era stone giant wild constructed buddhist influences china waned late period numerous buddhist towers built song dynasty tall chinese built countryside city walls largely avoid competition cosmic imperial authority embodied cities gate towers giant wild built city ward southeastern exceptions iron temple earned iron grey color bricks forming tower originally built wood architect struck lightning burned period rebuilt appears today order emperor song story structured octagonal base meters tall tile bricks feature carved artwork dancing figures ministers buddhist themes gallery period featured true cast iron iron temple jade springs temple province built incorporates cast iron stands tall imitating contemporary wooden stone brick features sloping octagonal base iron constructed cast layer layer octagonal sections standing feet high cast iron exist china today harmonies example song era architecture located southern song capital foot facing original destroyed current tower erected fully restored stands tall constructed red brick frame stages wooden size served permanent lighthouse aid sailors night described near brick built according inscriptions running storey square base pedestal thirteen stories totaling height multiple layers similar style earlier giant wild small wild wood brick hybrid built floors octagonal brick wooden fifth floor entirely wood stone brick featured architectural elements typical chinese wooden buildings example built uses typical wooden architecture hold roofs tiers feature interior reaches fourth floor fifth features winding exterior stairs provide access ninth floor temple tallest extant wooden tallest chinese built era remains standing completed meters tall octagonal base large platform surpassing meter held record construction 9th century served religious purpose buddhist landmark monastery great height gave valuable function military watch tower observe movements enemy utility surveillance towers serve astronomical built standing today temples uncommon wealthy powerful families facilitate construction large temple complexes usually portion family estate buddhist sect land contained buildings religions use family town located west shanghai converted mansion property buddhist hall later built religious buildings hall spurred boom temple construction area causing major center sect buddhism turn spurred construction temples lead town significant location song nearby town gained prominence shortly fall song large construction temples religious buildings spanned entire song empire apart development urban areas temples religious buildings featured number unique aesthetic structural features temple mother located southeastern suburb province extant examples early song architecture temple mother main building built period renovated double roof ridges dragon heads wide open jaws biting ends main ridge roof supported massive corresponding drawings temple mother curve upward slightly end characteristic song architecture columns façade decorated dragons shafts progressively taller increasing distance central pair building porch sole example structure unique feature site cross shaped bridge leads situated heart city example song architecture established chinese government palace temple legendary located near modern day built 11th century subsequently destroyed near end dynasty structures complex palace situated remain intact giant borne flank entrance palace sorrow meters high tallest unmarked country large pyramid constructed rounded stone blocks symbolic tomb son located outside complex important large borne period preserved mount bridges bridges waterways known china ancient dynasty song dynasty large bridges constructed built large bridges entirely stone like bridge built standing today bridges central spans featured paintings landscapes long covered corridor bridges like 12th century wide stone based piers wooden superstructure built serving administrator poet large pedestrian causeway built bears traveler visited describing chinese bridges encountered way mountains east historian quotes saying road timber bridges width drive built engineers years wooden chinese bridges 3rd century onwards doubt similar supposed employed bridge rhine drawn found use africa 13th century europe lane highway like found enormous beam bridges built song dynasty long individual spans length construction necessitated moving massive stones names engineers recorded appear inscriptions bridges names local officials sponsored oversaw construction repair engineering school headed prominent engineer known risen position governmental planned supervised construction large bridge called bridge near border present day county bridge stone structure similar number bridges found stands features ship like piers bound bases length width height famous bridge near bridge constructed examples song bridges include stone arch bridge bridge built sixth year dynasty song era bridges include bridge long seen today tombs northern song emperors located southwest city large tombs number thousand including individual tombs song emperors princes members extended family complex extends approximately east west north south construction complex began reign song ruler father buried site northern song emperors buried emperor song emperor song died captivity invasion northern china lining spirit ways tomb complex hundreds song sculptures statues tigers lions horses mythical creatures government officials military generals foreign ambassadors featured enormous display song era artwork layout style song tombs resemble found contemporary kingdom western auxiliary burial site associated tomb center burial site truncated tomb having guarded walled enclosure centered gates corner towers contains elaborate brick chinese timber frame construction door pillars sets interior walls tomb large separate chambers conical ceilings large staircase leads entrance doors subterranean tomb literature song dynasty previous works architecture brought sophisticated levels description written definitive works earlier manual ascribed written responsible construction wooden tower destroyed lightning replaced brick soon time books architecture considered scholarly achievement craft status recorded official court book lost history scientist statesman wrote work extensively dream pool essays praising work architectural genius saying time reproduce work singled passages scene gives advice architect order wind passage describes sections building area area ground foundation proceeds provide proportional construction techniques section years later published treatise architectural methods state building standards similar books came national building law early dynasty book earliest technical manual chinese architecture survived technical treatise architecture written architect official completed book presented emperor song year reign successor emperor song treatise officially published years later benefit architects book intended provide standard regulations engineering agencies central government workshops families china benefit written government manual building practices included building codes regulations accounting information descriptions construction materials classification crafts chapters book outlined units measurement construction fortifications stonework included specifications making units inclined arms joints columns beams provided specifications wood carving drilling bamboo work wall building decoration book contained recipes decorative listing proportions mixing mortars masonry manufacture tiles illustrating practices standards drawings book outlined structural great detail providing standard dimensional measurements components developed standard grade system timber elements known system units universally applied buildings book derived pre existing written material architecture majority book documented inherited traditions architects provided technical terms included mathematical building proportions construction techniques discussed implications local topography construction particular site estimated monetary costs hiring laborers different skill levels crafts basis day work addition price materials need according season employed architecture song artwork | Architecture of the Song dynasty | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
209_GradeIlistedbuildingsinSomerset | grade listed buildings somerset grade listed buildings somerset england demonstrate history diversity architecture ceremonial county somerset consists non metropolitan county administered divided districts authorities districts somerset independent authorities established april following breakup county bath authorities include areas somerset creation united_kingdom term listed building refers building structure officially designated special architectural historical cultural significance grade structures considered buildings exceptional interest listing begun provision listed strict limitations imposed modifications allowed building structure fittings england authority listing act rests english_heritage non public body sponsored media sport local authorities responsibility regulate enforce planning regulations districts include medieval era churches included somerset towers collection distinctive gothic architecture church towers prolific construction towers started typically accomplished master mason small team supplemented local parish labourers according authors reject model suggesting instead leading architects designed parish church towers based early examples perpendicular design ornamentation developed important commissions contract builders carried plans adding distinctive mix innovative details decorations new designs emerged years included list towers somerset apart churches area characteristics bath grade listed buildings local golden coloured date 18th 19th centuries dominant architectural style georgian district greatest concentrations cluster cathedral abbey wells features bridges piers selection manor houses district buildings related trade commerce centered includes defensive similarly related buildings feature bath bath commonly referred authority created april following abolition bath occupies area square miles km2 thirds green belt stretches outskirts bristol south east southern wiltshire border city bath principal settlement district covers population half live bath making times densely populated rest district bath grade listed buildings highest concentrations country covered english heritage listings oldest sites bath foundation piles irregular stone chamber lined lead built roman occupation britain current building 18th century norman church built earlier foundations present building dates early 16th century shows late perpendicular style flying buttresses pierced medieval era represented remains city walls bath grade listed buildings local golden coloured date 18th 19th centuries dominant architectural style georgian evolved revival style popular early 18th century led entire city designation development buildings vision elder circus seen pinnacle wood work consists long curved form circular space theatre intended civic functions games games clue design inspiration rome best known bath built designed wood son younger architect designed arched bridge spanning prototype original unused design bridge venice heart georgian city associated designed local builder responsible buildings city including street great street baldwin eventually lived works wide boulevard constructed feet long feet wide lined sides georgian outside city bath grade listed buildings medieval era churches manor houses houses britain 18th century newton park landscape garden designed appear list forms recent building agricultural completed local government district covers largely rural area square miles km2 ranging population approximately administrative centre district grade listed buildings district churches towns villages greatest concentrations grade listed buildings wells wells 10th century better known 13th century site abbey construction started 7th century associated buildings ruined church damaged earthquake stands site shows evidence occupation times dark ages use pre christian times wider influence outside town built hold built summer residence abbot medieval structures include fortified army headquarters courtroom try rebels manor houses 15th century old manor followed 16th century 17th century built completed 18th century recent buildings included list churches built sir replace medieval church site formally known gregory great roman catholic monastery current buildings started 19th century unfinished authority administered independently non metropolitan county somerset administrative headquarters located town hall super mare resident population living households grade listed buildings including joins bristol pier built 1860s 1890s removed following damage restored rebuilt reopened public listed buildings manor houses represented include built 14th century 15th century religious structures largest number norman medieval eras oldest dates 11th century 12th century recent grade building victorian gothic revival estate near acquired june fund raising campaign prevent sold private interests ensure opened public appeal collected million public days trust received largest single grant million caused controversy house built bath stone highly picturesque turrets possessing elaborate roof district low lying area land close sea level hills historically largely marsh contains bulk area known including europe oldest known engineered roadway sweet track grade listed buildings castle street built site demolished homes merchants trading town port outside town largest concentration grade listed buildings village 12th century 14th century church mary associated site 13th century built chapel 11th century churches near standing blue rubble standing conical ditch approximately feet remains destroyed 15th century penalty local lord involvement second uprising led recent structures list manor houses south range built 16th century sir main north range sir recently constructed building list built district occupies area square miles km2 stretching borders devon edge district population administrative centre grade listed buildings medieval era churches religious buildings consists remains foundations medieval early tudor house dating 16th century resident abbot built church 13th century converted private residence sub 14th century priest house chapel farm known remained farm owned reformation 13th century hanging chapel town hall courthouse grammar school museum hall house known abbey takes site built chapel holy spirit founded built similarly date lay ownership abbey added names 19th century foot burton monument designed monument sir king alfred tower feet high triangular stands near stone believed alfred great king rallied towers planned commemorate end seven years war france accession king george iii grade listed buildings manor houses built long periods local country house acquired recommendation antiquarian built merchant site earlier building extensively altered enhanced 1870s associated chapel gardens parts dating early 14th century architectural historian praised saying parts blend perfection gentle sunny landscape surrounds 17th century house surrounded small 20th century arts crafts garden stands artificially raised terrace rectangular plan seven bays bays built red brick flemish bond local north south fronts divided giant small william mary style house completed enlarged provided new drawing room sir attached house built stages 18th century described beautiful house england borough status district covers population approximately area square kilometres centered town population live council based includes surrounding suburbs villages grade listed buildings oldest buildings churches built end 12th century castle bow incorporated originally gateway castle castle created chancellor king henry fortified bishop hall successor transformed manor house castle civil war reign brother king stephen site dates buildings fore street 16th century recent structures list manor houses built 15th century built 16th century recent building included list original 16th century rebuilt addition listed building estate designated grade england house headquarters second world war owned administrative centre current base devon somerset fire local government district covers largely rural area including parts population according census area square kilometres largest centres population coastal towns council administrative headquarters village grade listed buildings oldest smallest churches england origin originate sources date greatest concentration grade listed buildings including built site supported castle previous years market built dates 15th century 15th century includes earlier church site sites include manor houses medieval buildings | Grade I listed buildings in Somerset | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
602_Earlyskyscrapers | early early range tall commercial buildings built predominantly american cities new_york chicago cities united_states traditionally low rise buildings significant economic growth civil war increasingly intensive use urban land encouraged development taller buildings beginning 1870s technological improvements enabled construction iron framed structures deep foundations equipped new elevator electric lighting technically commercially viable build new class taller buildings chicago foot tall opened numbers grew rapidly labelled chicago initially led way skyscraper design constructed center financial district late 1880s early 1890s termed products chicago school architecture attempted balance aesthetic concerns practical commercial design producing large square styled buildings hosting shops restaurants ground level containing offices upper floors contrast new_york frequently narrower towers eclectic style criticized lack chicago banned construction new taller feet leaving development taller buildings new_york decade 20th century saw new wave skyscraper construction demand new office space hold america expanding workforce white collar staff continued grow engineering developments easier build live taller buildings chicago built new existing style new_york experimented tower design iconic buildings followed foot tall foot foot commercial successes criticism mounted broke ordered city skyline neighboring streets buildings perpetual shadow combined economic led introduction restraints new_york interwar years spread nearly major cities handful built western countries economic boom 1920s extensive real estate speculation encouraged wave new skyscraper projects new_york chicago new_york_city resolution helped shape art set style leading structures focused volume striking richly decorated skyscraper heights continued grow claiming new records reaching feet feet respectively onset great depression real estate market collapsed new builds halt popular academic culture embraced skyscraper films photography literature ballet seeing buildings positive symbols science alternatively examples modern life society skyscraper projects world war typically rejected designs early instead embracing international style older redesigned suit contemporary tastes demolished world tallest skyscraper background commercial social drivers early emerged result economic growth financial organization american businesses intensive use land new_york centers early skyscraper construction history key located small island manhattan east coast consequence colonial history new_york real estate broken small parcels land large sites half 19th century national center american finance banks financial district wall street competed fiercely english institutions international dominance great fire destroyed old financial buildings place wide variety new buildings erected demolished quick succession 1840s 1850s traveler suggested entire city rebuilt decade buildings adopted italian renaissance inspired style architecture popular rivals england rose stories new_york restrictions height buildings practice low rise buildings norm tallest buildings city churches new_york population property values increasing percent west city chicago major site development early contrast new_york chicago emerged major metropolis mid-19th century growing village inhabitants city nearly chicago railroad hub american west primary trading city emerging territories famous commercial culture saw different cities east coast immensely proud status growing vibrant center 1870s chicago main financial center west october great chicago fire destroyed wooden heart city city rebuilt large plots land new grid network followed new city prohibited construction wood factors encouraged building taller properties new innovative designs like new_york saw range businesses services packed single buildings construction taller buildings 1870s hindered financial panic ensuing economic depression lasted construction slowed property values recovery underway new builds new_york returning pace economic making construction taller buildings attractive financial option establishing development skyscraper technological developments emergence possible technological improvements middle 19th century developments iron framed building traditional buildings supported internal floors walls taller building thicker walls particularly base buildings substantial height rapidly saw lower floors eaten brick masonry 1860s french engineers experimented built plate wrought iron construct buildings supported internal metal frames frames stronger traditional masonry permitted thinner walls extensively described engineering journals initially build warehouses metal frames taller buildings meant exposing potentially devastating effects wind pressure consequence protective wind introduced enabled work produced calculating loads moments larger buildings metal framed buildings particularly vulnerable fire required special french engineers advances area early 19th century major came work architect 1860s spurred catastrophic fires chicago boston findings turned wide variety patented fire products 1870s taller heavier buildings required stronger foundations smaller buildings earlier buildings typically rested foundations rubble turn laid soft layer ground called buildings taller heavier support weight foundations increasingly needed rest directly bedrock new_york chicago required digging considerable distance soft soil hole filling water foundations complete deeper foundations needed greater challenge special water tight boxes called invented deal problem england adopted 1850s 1860s development elevator essential emergence early office building taller stories impractical powered elevators installed england 1830s spread factories hotels 1840s elevators ropes function effectively low rise buildings limitation encouraged introduction hydraulic elevator early models contained dangerous design flaws problems resolved providing solution early new environmental technologies heating lighting ventilation critical creating taller buildings attractive work central heating easily extended serve larger buildings 1850s system low pressure steam steam operated fans adopted construction later buildings lit gas carried safety risks difficult install taller buildings alternative electric lights installed onwards powered basement generators ventilation challenge smoke drifting offices streets gas lighting air quality major health issue steam driven forced draft ventilation system invented widely taller buildings 1870s overcoming problem improvements iron permitted running hot cold water facilities installed taller buildings time emergence skyscraper skyscraper academic disagreement building considered skyscraper term describe particularly tall horse later applied sail ship mast tall hats tall men ball hit high air 1880s began applied buildings describe large public monuments label tall office blocks coming widespread use decade identifying true skyscraper straightforward candidates exist depending criteria applied example tall office building use elevator substantial structural advances metal frame design chicago opened labelled skyscraper innovative use structural steel metal frame design foot tall story skyscraper designed baron trained engineer france leading architect chicago design unusual incorporated steel building internal metal frame alongside traditional wrought iron frame took weight floors building helped support weight external walls proving important step creating genuine non structural curtain walls feature later design perfect weight carried masonry walls metal frame clearly significant advance tall building construction approach quickly caught chicago building replaced metal design stronger approach chicago introduced interior light courts structural design building remaining technical issues resolved resulting entirely self supporting steel framed skyscraper buildings building combined elements newer older styles generally chicago rapidly adopted steel structures flexible effective way produce range tall buildings specialist professional structural engineers began establish practices chicago steel frames need new skyscraper technical challenges overcome boom skyscraper construction chicago onwards city leading way new form chicago built stories tall tightly centre financial district chicago constrained contemporary limits steel frame design muddy sub soil city limited stories chicago rapidly tourist destinations views wider city provided upper floors attractive sites right tourists advised hire street tours lying cab able safely tops tall buildings temple prominent new built chicago time fast growing social community lavish foot tall skyscraper stories holding shops higher levels containing private meeting halls able hold people roof garden observation gallery competing local rivals odd intended build higher skyscraper feet tall announced tallest building world newspapers picked story circulating facts size temple making comparison historical buildings capitol statue liberty odd project failed temple capitalized publicity declared tallest commercial building world comparison new_york trailed chicago having buildings stories tall delay caused city authorities authorize metal frame construction techniques relented allowed construct tower building story iron framed skyscraper encouraged building skyscraper towers new_york city remained cautious technology years finally breakthrough construction story foot high steel development broke chicago height record new_york thoroughly embraced skeleton frame construction particular new_york newspaper companies adopted skyscraper building park row termed newspaper row 1880s 1890s early constructed baltimore boston pittsburgh buffalo including buildings early examples west_coast include building san_francisco washington architectural challenges architects early faced number challenges fashionable architectural style late 19th century french movement termed style applied classical aesthetic principles modern buildings american architects trained style des began return home 1880s bringing ideals standards applying contemporary standards early straightforward buildings movement emulated built typically shorter broader skyscraper impossible accurately reproduce style tall narrow building primarily commercial buildings economics aesthetics play important design architectural writer noted current american architecture matter art business building pay investor ready money meet cost curse glory american architecture echoed theme condemning unnecessary features basis cubic foot purely ornamental purposes needed express use class waste 1890s chicago architects producing solution problem creating new architectural style termed chicago school architecture school included architects baron designs combined architectural aesthetic theory practical commercial sense favoured placing rich ornate designs outside ground level simpler ornamentation upper levels strong vertical lines roofs typically formed outline structure seen distance city skyline intent draw observer eye upwards celebrating sullivan termed nature skyscraper resources intricate detailing unlikely appeal busy businessman time lavish ground floor designs building stand pull necessary business successful commercial building community saw close collaboration architects specialist structural engineers building contractors emerge new skyscraper projects historically industry dominated individuals small firms combined roles architect engineer broke chicago period replaced partnership specialist architects focused appearance skyscraper specialist engineers focused structures enabled built chicago architectural firms grew large numerous specialist staff famous example felt like small factory visitors ultimately expanded employ staff resulting chicago school produced large solid looking built common appearance common height result usually box like illuminated large light court space allowed center outside building commonly divided parts base middle section roof line design intended emulate classical columns reflect functions different parts skyscraper central court form simple courtyard companies preferred roof courtyard glass produce shops restaurants shops times office space important difference income property chicago skyscraper windows feature style large fixed windows flanked smaller windows provided access sunlight adequate ventilation building form slight bay exterior chicago buildings relatively plain entrance ways fitted grand style unity building example reported including alps green artistic screen glass bronze marble balcony alongside columns finely carved capitals gold leaf silver silver elevators aim project sense prosperity solid financial credentials turn attract tenants willing pay high tenants surroundings good business credibility affirmed social status professionals new_york faced similar architectural challenges comparison chicago skyscraper architects worked closely engineers specialists instead held strong backgrounds movement perceived role primarily artistic partnership mechanical arts practices tended smaller resembling style workshops structural engineers new_york took longer build strong professional role trend reflected lower engineering quality early city new_york style emphasised stunning height somewhat eclectic use architectural features periods creating energetic flamboyant appearance towers common making best use relatively small plots land new_york new_york emulated style chicago broke exterior different layers style proponents argued reintroduced sense human proportion tall buildings critics felt results confused life early early mainly small office commonly feet placed adjacent long corridors following pattern invented building england allowed average small company rent small space offices held option future expansion renting additional office required later date skyscraper office relied natural sunlight windows necessary lit electric desk lamps standards day offices modern air latest fixtures fittings modern communication systems including telephone tubes installed result businesses chose older low rise offices chicago new felt convenient mainly occupied male workers changed 1890s female employees common percentage female clerical workers chicago example increased percent percent reaching percent moral concerns raised men women mixing offices characterised masculine spaces tobacco smoke profanity unsuitable women new female workers typically worked recently invented grew number offices provided wide range house services tenants including shops restaurants professional specialists libraries employed substantial number service staff maintain support building spent percent rental revenue service staff employing people including elevator operators engineers collection services facilities period referred small cities right criticism reform chicago opposition chicago began grow late 1880s early 1890s development skyscraper criticized large buildings chicago dominating churches private houses sentiment strengthened critics complained concentration tall buildings center city causing huge congestion new skyscraper burning additional coal power facilities consuming total million tons year leaving smoke air hanging chicago concerned risk major fire breaking spreading building building chicago having concerns growth skyscraper boston buildings built late 1880s feet feet tall respectively protests local civic real estate industry resulted city passing law limit new buildings maximum feet effectively banning construction cities philadelphia los_angeles washington similarly introduced height controls limit skyscraper construction decisive factor favour change chicago economic early 1890s end financial panic recession combined frantic building previous years meant chicago suddenly significant surplus office space threatening occupancy levels regulation introduced city council control problem support real estate industry hoped slow construction additional office space shore diminishing profit margins height new buildings limited feet lower height levels narrower streets effectively construction taller great age pre war boom early years 20th century saw range technically sophisticated confident built new_york academics term great age skyscraper building relatively conservative buildings classical style atlantic mutual designed clinton russell broke new ground including building opened near madison square chicago firm designed feet high story structure unusually shaped narrow building needed particularly strong wind facade richly incorporated stylistic features common chicago critical popular success likened time new_york icon construction singer tower announced company intended produce tallest skyscraper world company lower rise buildings new_york tower incorporated planned rent half tower tenants use upper half skyscraper designed advocate noted critic existing justified taking project way generating support skyscraper reform design technically challenging tall narrow tower needed special wind deep bedrock site required particularly deep foundations tower faced dark brick followed style rest complex lobby fitted italian marble opened stories feet tall visitors paid terms use observation area building views opened culmination long building project sons hold growing headquarters staff strong feet high stories world new tallest building intended skyscraper promote company image build surrounded publicity tower featured prominent magazines sides corn boxes coffee cars tower loosely modelled featured extensive early renaissance styled detailing modern additions huge clock faces electric night time illumination observation deck contemporary architects described building latest ideas ventilation air conditioning sound artificial lighting tubes bells unit operating clock systems special elevator installations design won critical acclaim american architectural profession construction building announced wanted create largest income producing property project grew finally opted story foot high skyscraper latest tallest building world cost million billion terms architect designs included high proportion usable floor space great deal light flexible floor plan subdivided different tenants date fittings installed encourage high class tenants including world fastest elevators safety features swimming pool gilbert adopted style glass emphasis vertical lines echoing structural frame underneath incorporating 15th 16th century styled features capped tower blended sky produce illusion greater height building night topped red white flashing lights famously dubbed cathedral commerce gilbert displeasure attempted avoid copying ecclesiastical architecture chicago skyscraper industry decade world war city elevated train network operating allowing workers come centre square feet new offices opened end decade chicago second largest number headquarters offices chicago architectural firms graham anderson continued design style popular previous decade chicago hosted world exposition massive international event excited interest themes classical architecture designed city landscapes chicago extensive discussions potential designing large parts city chicago resulting reflected debates substantial quarter block wide common height divided classical design sporting classical columns features despite apparent design individual buildings varied considerably detail designs effort express particular identities texture white example improvements construction process building sophisticated starting acquisition real estate needed site working commission secretly acquire individual bits land required project operating variety names avoid price increasing planned build known properties site typically bought news broke skyscraper owning property plot little choice sell funding skyscraper developments normally lent banks insurance companies raised bonds sold specialised bond house increasingly popular world war efforts improve processes largely work general contractors turn drew recent work efficiency specialist time schedules devised work undertaken cost carefully monitored reports produced day results demonstrated building construction project tonnes steel assembled days record period improved techniques introduced use skyscraper foundations grew advanced construction manhattan municipal building successfully sunk feet surface specially workers operating shifts constant medical support new technologies introduced buildings fast elevators powered electricity steam driven began installed time safety air protecting passengers case failure lighting improved recommended levels twice level electric lighting 1890s nonetheless relied primarily natural sunlight required installing large windows having tall ceilings allow sunlight penetrate offices office deeper feet considered practical design life reasons increase numbers period growth demand office workers demand firms larger complex white collar sectors insurance banking grew scale driven changing technology joined office adding machine telephone filing adding demand office space requiring increasingly specialised workers tenants rental income essential financial success skyscraper largest founded prominent companies rented office space owners charge significantly office space close main windows making efficient build premium office space possible cost slightly construct instance result standard pattern office units new_york chicago emerged single rectangular office adjoining exterior wall shaped design reception room giving way offices separated glass usually took large numbers relatively small companies tenants skyscraper different tenants example typical tenant rent office units skyscraper criticism particularly new_york attracted considerable comment negative return new_york writer condemned buildings american scene simply giants mere market mercenary monsters doomed torn turn larger buildings took place chicago combination environmental pollution meant complained scarcely streets damp day huge buildings black sky wider artistic sentiments varied like mixed feelings new_york reflected famous portrait building work old new new york contrasts growing steel frame emerging old low rise blocks street poets wrote issues early modernist describing city stir monstrous shape massive flight artists experimented producing portraits new_york capturing positive negative aspects modern structures artist produced romantic interpretation future new_york filled giant supporting aerial bridges receiving globe architectural community exposition chicago inspired america champion designing cities unified design building unique features complemented neighbours typically built common height horizontal visual unity aftermath exposition advocates joined movement form city beautiful movement proposing low rise cities wide built classical style critics condemned new_york describing produced sierra city skyline complaining modern skyscraper turned architectural success argued skyscraper rights rest city destroying collective appearance urban area architects stanford white refused work projects altogether reform new_york calls new_york legislation prevent growth citing effect city attempts faced legal obstacles constitution local authorities authority prevent buildings grounds aesthetics law new_york considered likely face judicial challenge argued legal reform skyscraper construction needed public health safety reasons area law normally supportive state intervention risk fire concern relatively height conventional fire fighting difficult architect considered large scale devastating high rise fire inevitable regulation forthcoming baltimore fire widely cited example risk baltimore real city lawyers argued taller buildings caused flames spread city blaze baltimore subsequently passed law banning buildings higher feet argued access light air noting tall buildings rose straight cast long shadows street preventing healthy sunlight reaching smaller buildings early attempts limit height new_york failed unsuccessful attempts followed legislation turned partially pressure real estate industry property market new_york entered recession vacancy levels buildings began rise campaign change helped construction building estimated cost million billion terms rapidly infamous vast height bulk blocked views cast neighbours permanent shade real estate industry finally ceased objections new legislation resolution passed details legislation largely work architect ford sympathies city beautiful movement disliked form new_york concerns urban public health found tall buildings exciting believed horizontal visual unity produced boring architecture consequence ford influence new_york laws relatively complex divided city different zones zone particular envelope applied controlling height buildings built typically building rise vertically feet building set set angle allow sunlight reach street quarter site owner build high wished restrictions inter war period boom depression post war boom real estate boom occurred end world war particular surge construction new new_york quarter financial district rebuilt square feet new office space added chicago saw pressure grow existing office space war limited wartime construction created supply shortages rent levels rose response percent level potential profits encouraged explosion new building projects city boom inflated prices real estate market leading speculative financing building projects including introduction percent new builds early edition fortune magazine commented man needs skyscraper money land able money continued grow height 1920s result improvements technology steel frame structures increasingly efficient improvements elevator design taller buildings easier ascend commercial factors work growing commercial demand pushed enabling taller projects higher offices attracted sunlight permitting charging premium tallest buildings acquire publicity owners turn making easier find best tenants furthermore higher cost underlying real estate taller building needed generate suitable return investment minimum sensible commercial height skyscraper project grew stories story relatively common influential study demonstrated best rate return skyscraper build stories high returning annual profit percent continued spread internationally new_york chicago remained center skyscraper development major centres built frequently result competition rival cities status investment cincinnati built followed tower complex detroit opened fisher building cleveland acquired built van brothers short period second tallest building world seattle built smith tower early los_angeles local government granted exemption city planning restrictions order build los_angeles city hall built providence built developed countries reaching near level construction seen partially lack funding local architectural preferences european cities including london paris laws ban tall buildings began appear including toronto antwerp european proposed excited planning soviet russia began construction foot palace soviets late 1930s socialist style tallest building world war intervened skyscraper completed post war years style result monumental seven sisters moscow building technology constructing continued develop time increasingly factor projects architects specialist teams developed faster ways design construct buildings interest payments build arrival rental income erected months teams workers totalling men floors assembled typical week building skyscraper towers involved adaption engineering techniques effectively different buildings designed base tower needed efficiently linked elevators service facilities new offices settled standard size feet wide deep depending height ceiling multiple small windows considered better larger ones output electric lighting continued improve began excessive heat offices air conditioning installed 1930s new_york set style 1920s 1930s designed art style architectural approach typically combined terms aesthetic simple mass use rich colour ornamentation surfaces buildings aim attention increasingly complex dimensional shape skyscraper contrast earlier styles historian suggests merely short buildings taller additional stories windows emphasised favour creating strong sense shape mass surrounding walls treated fabric dressing building underneath period typically lost ornamental horizontal divisions broken physical changes shape looked building forming striking silhouette new_york act allow light air reach streets encouraged stepped approach skyscraper design set style use percent site allowed law complete tall tower encouraged diversity buildings maintaining element harmony consistency style paramount building wall street example constructed set style towers partially limited size sites towers relatively narrow packed necessary elevators service facilities economically built larger expensive plots opted tallest towers possible including million billion terms new_york continued lead tall period times number tall buildings nearest rival chicago new_york complemented traditional offices linked corridors larger open plan spaces called general offices number workers fitted given space provided greater flexibility expensive corporate created 1930s especially wall street typically highest levels buildings corporate executives usually outfitted range traditional exotic styles remained grand affairs banks renting space shops restaurants favour exclusive atmosphere largest held workers common buildings held wide range services support including beauty private clubs skyscraper directly employed staff manage protect property technology offices grew sophisticated automatic machines teams specialised office workers chicago towers chicago altered laws 1920s allow towers built maximum building height chicago increased feet structures building ornamental towers allowed extend feet high additional changes came taller occupied towers permitted time subject controls overall volumes main building skyscraper feet tall tower built percent plot tower volume sixth main block practice meant tower built stories tall typical chicago skyscraper development initially chicago preferred styled buildings large light courts centre remained profitable designs building built law demonstrated effect ornamental towers skyscraper revised law building building took design added somewhat towers early 1920s producing profitable buildings period famous buildings emerged competition held celebrate 75th anniversary newspaper largest world competition members public invited influence design skyscraper build loyal following readership generate free publicity final design determined competition panel largely company chose tower design resulting tower conservative gothic design controversy decision broke immediately criticized hood design derivative tower regardless critics received visitors observation gallery opened second place entry competition simplified stepped design proved highly influential popularity older style began favor greater emphasis towers common way building chicago laws build square main block central service core simply place tower massive main block taller tower form good examples approach alternatively main block chicago civic opera building building sacrificing volume producing visual effect high wings flanking tall tower distinctive new_york setback style adopted chicago example style great depression boom skyscraper construction began following fast economic growth giving way slump years great depression building sorts slowed considerably real estate market lay new skyscraper builds collapsed value properties dropped dramatically tower cost million billion terms build valued million million debts sale million major bond house successful developments million billion bonds held investors developer brothers went bankrupt vacancy rates began increase recession bit increasing percent central new_york early percent percent face recession projects canceled scaled plans company build story skyscraper alongside existing tower forward shelved face recession public criticism expenditure economic climate instead phase project known ended stories high building height fully completed cases projects commissioned continued completion resulted square feet new office space added new_york start recession adding problem buildings iconic structures pushing limits skyscraper height sharply upwards completed depression began affect industry architect competed designers produce tallest building world famously erected minute secret order acquire title story foot tall building exterior built white grey brick metal extensively including eagles heads winged helmet mercury entrance black granite contrast windows gave way red marble mural ceiling design building distinct elevator different design placed floor building observation deck exclusive cloud club upper levels originated project story mixed use development purchase site million billion set record new_york year entered project financial concluded project profitable site build extremely tall story skyscraper instead revised financial estimates suggested height cut having world tallest building considerable instead additional stories added ensure building feet taller observation deck built attract tourists proved valuable source revenue limestone granite aluminium skyscraper specially designed easily erected standardized structural fittings completed months opening recession percent occupied 1930s ran loss critics dubbed state building originally intended new location brought end scheme decided develop large office center instead taking advantage low construction costs recession center development building heavily influenced architect long slab like distinct axes appeared narrow tower rose like sheer wall structure highly distinctive economically effective design available light offices eliminated darker internal rooms core building entirely taken elevators engineering services recession took building filled tenants chicago final pre war skyscraper built field building commissioned final boom years inter war economy skyscraper built demolished way wing tower development skyscraper social commentary public interest increased 1920s particularly competition competition drawings circulated display coming chicago month aftermath images flourished american culture commencing historian dubbed skyscraper city exhibition celebrated existing skyscraper featured futuristic murals depicting skyscraper heart city future short film explored form ending sunset shot skyscraper authors wrote novels important motifs settings produced ballet theme designed range popular skyscraper furniture commentary positive reflecting optimism technology direction urban life general seen expression rational engineering perfect buildings mankind live celebrated artist proponents likened medieval symbols modern age poems depicted objects sublime rational beauty describing buildings like crystals walls translucent glass sheer glass blocks steel chicago exposition technology portrayed solution america current future problems french swiss architect acclaimed new_york overwhelming amazing exciting violently alive went complain built tall employed record building portrayed skyscraper construction teams courageous heroes creating genre photography continued critics expressed concerns effect modern technology urban living human condition arguing generated pollution noise imposed lifestyle people worked social commentator reflected concerns critiques entitled skyscraper political theorist condemned buildings covering sky breath inventor expressed fears expansion result disaster artist oppressive character new traditional city photographic studies new_york 1930s explored complex theme urban change effect older ways life city echoing work decade century hollywood extensively popular films new_york 1920s produced skyscraper films prominently hero clock los_angeles building early silent movies closely associated masculine identity lloyd climbing closely associated characters transformation young men mature adults winning heroine film included iconic use early skyscraper final scenes giant scaled shortly death scene interpreted contrasting natural instinct modern building wider new_york legacy skyscraper development years second world war development began 1950s 1960s skyscraper entered different phase development usually called international modern period experimental designs style built european architectural concepts early 1930s notably post war modernist themes new generation stood individual plots fashion centre building row buildings forming huge towers featuring huge glass breaking earlier skyscraper traditions inside new technologies lighting widespread air conditioning meant older architectural features light courts windows unnecessary trend substantial implications early redesigned fit new tastes ornate detail removed 1960s example fit contemporary older adapted lacked physical depth build larger modern offices space new service facilities demolished way new larger structures singer tower demolished replaced international style 21st century buildings west street renovated housing partially extensive windows access sunlight critical discussion early began 1880s onwards architectural community continued growing cultural academic community inter war period terms chicago school movement began time 1940s academics label early chicago architects regarded early marking clear break earlier architectural forms interpretation chicago later challenged argued links movement pre existing chicago culture 1980s 1990s analysis early increasingly shifted away architects architecture individual buildings considerations roles wider urban context histories stressing social economic cultural dimension began produced new_york receiving greater attention address theme founded new_york historian preserve history skyscraper | Early skyscrapers | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
752_Mathematicsandarchitecture | mathematics architecture mathematics architecture related arts architects use mathematics reasons apart mathematics needed engineering buildings architects use geometry define spatial form building sixth century onwards create forms considered lay buildings surroundings according mathematical aesthetic religious principles buildings mathematical objects meet environmental goals wind speeds bases tall buildings india islamic world buildings including temples palaces laid specific proportions religious reasons islamic architecture geometric shapes geometric patterns buildings inside outside hindu temples like structure parts resemble conveying message infinite hindu century mathematical ornamentation cover public buildings renaissance architecture symmetry proportion deliberately emphasized architects influenced end nineteenth century russia barcelona pioneered use structures incorporated arches ruled surfaces twentieth century styles modern architecture explored different achieve desired effects minimal surfaces exploited tent like roof denver international airport pioneered use strong thin shell structures known connected fields architects considering relationships architecture mathematics note fields commonly understood weakly connected architecture profession concerned practical matter making buildings mathematics pure study number abstract objects argue strongly connected antiquity described architect man knew range disciplines primarily geometry enable oversee skilled necessary areas applied middle ages graduates learnt geometry aesthetics alongside basic grammar logic rhetoric elegant halls master builders guided master builder profession given title architect engineer renaissance geometry music astronomy extra expected renaissance man similarly england sir known today architect firstly noted williams interaction mathematics architecture according approach german identify tendencies architects revolutionary introducing wholly new ideas failing introduce change actually going backwards argue architects avoided looking mathematics inspiration times explain periods 19th century england architecture little connection mathematics equally note times italian 17th century movements mathematics barely consulted contrast revolutionary early 20th century movements actively rejected old ideas embracing mathematics leading modernist architecture end 20th century geometry quickly seized architects provide interesting attractive buildings architects use mathematics reasons leaving aside necessary use mathematics engineering buildings firstly use geometry defines spatial form building secondly use mathematics design forms considered beautiful time religious philosophy number architects islamic world chosen proportions built environment buildings designed surroundings according mathematical aesthetic religious principles use mathematical objects buildings use mathematics form computer modelling meet environmental goals air currents base tall buildings spatial forms secular aesthetics influential architect argued design building temple depends qualities proportion proportion ensures building relates usage means closer english term mirror symmetry relates assembling parts building uses small especially triangular numbers proportion structure width length aisle high wide columns feet thick feet high named qualities required architecture 16th century english delight categories classifying ways mathematics architecture encompasses use mathematics ensure building stands mathematical tools design support construction instance ensure stability model performance derives effective application mathematics reasoning spatial relationships design delight attribute resulting building resulting mathematical relationships building includes aesthetic sensual intellectual qualities rome survived intact illustrating classical roman structure proportion decoration main structure dome apex left open circular let light fronted short triangular height diameter interior circle metres interior fit exactly cube interior house sphere diameter dimensions sense expressed ancient roman units measurement dome spans roman feet roman feet diameter doorway roman feet high remains world largest concrete dome renaissance renaissance treatise architecture art building printed book architecture partly based starts cube derives diagonal face gives ratio diameter sphere cube gives documented discovery linear perspective developed enable design buildings look beautifully viewed convenient distance major text general rules architecture volume appeared venice volume books covered geometry perspective methods constructing perspectives wrong stop work widely published influential venice widely printed book largely responsible spreading ideas europe assisted proponents like english diplomat elements architecture proportions room villa calculated simple mathematical like different rooms house earlier architects balancing single symmetrical facade designs related usually square villa permitted range stating seven types room beautiful turn better circular rare square length equal diagonal square breadth square square half square thirds squares published late renaissance treatise idea idea universal architecture attempted relate design cities buildings ideas recent ideas nineteenth century structures starting end nineteenth century masts cooling towers striking shape aesthetically interesting strong structural materials economically tower exhibited twentieth century early twentieth century movement pioneered russian called geometry movement horizontal vertical seen universal architectural form consists putting directional tendencies roof planes wall planes slide past intersect modernist architects free use curves planes station circular ticket hall brick flat concrete roof painter adopted seven elements crystal sphere cone plane strip cylindrical rod spiral supposed basic building blocks architecture inspired nature proposed scale proportions architecture based supposed height man notre dame uses free form curves mathematical shapes said evocative natural forms ship praying hands design largest scale hierarchy detail smaller scales dimension applies famous twentieth century buildings denver international airport contemporary architecture opinion leading architects responded world architecture survey extremely diverse best judged museum denver international airport terminal building completed fabric roof supported minimal surface mean zero steel cables evokes colorado snow capped mountains tents native americans architect famous designing strong thin shell structures known dome metres high diameter metres dramatic roof consisting soaring white reminiscent ship sails possible construct standardized components composed triangular sections spherical shells radius required uniform direction late twentieth century movement creates deliberate disorder theory architecture calls random forms high complexity non parallel walls superimposed complex surfaces twentieth century architecture students obliged grounding mathematics argues overly simplistic politically driven anti scientific effectively separated architecture mathematics believes reversal mathematical values harmful aesthetic non mathematical architecture trains people reject mathematical information built environment argues negative effects society religious principles ancient egypt tombs constructed deliberately chosen proportions debated face angle ratio slant height half base length golden ratio design method imply use triangle face angle likely slope chosen triangle face angle known mathematical triangle base ratio face angle possible use triangle lay right angles ground plan pyramid knowledge imply asserted historian known right angles laid accurately use ropes measurement recorded isis admired triangle berlin stated area square equal smaller squares historian mathematics observes hard imagine interested conditions knowing notes egyptian text actually mentions use find length triangle sides simpler ways construct right angle concludes remains uncertain ancient probably know evidence construct right angles ancient indian architecture town planning employs symmetrical drawings called complex calculations arrive dimensions building components designs intended integrate architecture nature relative functions parts structure ancient beliefs utilizing geometric patterns symmetry directional early builders come mathematical proportions accident mathematician notes simple tricks string stakes lay geometric shapes right angles mathematics reason existing buildings universal appeal visually satisfying provide viewer sense scale different viewing distances example hindu temples built seventh century parts character dimension range cluster smaller towers lit mountain tallest central tower represents holy lord depicts endless repetition hindu religious studies scholar observed pattern towers grouped smaller towers grouped smaller towers ideal form suggests infinite rising levels existence consciousness expanding sizes rising time housing sacred deep large complex multiple streets laid according tall towers like repetitive structure shrine rectangular surrounded high stone walls followers held things numbers observed harmonies produced notes specific small frequency argued buildings designed greek word originally denoted harmony architectural shapes precise building smallest details right entire design metres long metres wide metres high gives ratio width length height width putting gives height width length delight sets module constructed sides ratio half convenient right triangle enabling angles sides checked suitably rope inner area similarly proportions metres wide long ratio diameter outer columns metres centres metres considered authors perfect temple built elaborate architectural include subtle correspondence walls columns refers subtle diameter columns rise platform columns stand classical greek temples platform slight upward shed reinforce building earthquakes columns supposed lean actually lean slightly carried meet mile centre building height outer edge transmitted roof follow rule built delicate curves golden ratio known described method geometric construction argued golden ratio design ancient greek buildings sculptures paintings recent authors doubt claims experiments computer scientist failed find preference golden islamic architecture historian islamic art suggests like great mosque designed muslim foot metres palace proportions follow series sides diagonal describes right triangle sides court series continues giving ratio decorative patterns similarly generating squares inside circles pointed stars generating pointed stars evidence support earlier claims golden ratio hall regular drawn centres halls inside corners turkey built provide space inside building large central space accordingly arranged formed enormous pillars capped circular dome metres diameter metres high formed square externally exceptionally tall metres tall building plan circle inside inside square architecture architecture seen abandoned imperial city complex distinctive mathematical order strong aesthetic based symmetry harmony architecture representing paradise displaying power scale symmetry costly decoration white marble decorated great gate buildings gardens paths form unified design buildings include mosque red sandstone west identical building answer east maintain symmetry complex formal garden parts rivers paradise offering views reflections divided turn complex laid grid subdivided smaller historians architecture agree traditional accounts width complex yards main area squares divided areas like garden wide mosque guest house laid grid observe repeatedly complex given sides units width units help explain choice complex christian architecture christian byzantium istanbul constructed twice rebuilt thousand years largest cathedral built inspired later buildings including city byzantine architecture includes nave crowned circular dome half diameter metres smaller half forming rounded corners vast rectangular interior interpreted architects representing mundane square base divine heavens soaring spherical dome emperor architects compiled works solid geometry influenced importance water baptism christianity reflected scale architecture oldest rome built set trend octagonal font inside buildings octagonal italy largest built circular octagonal font metres high diameter metres ratio wrote octagonal eighth day rising christ death receives dead graves similarly described eighth day resurrection christ octagonal florence built oldest buildings city direct tradition classical antiquity extremely influential subsequent major architects including model classical architecture number pilgrimage church john near czech republic designed nave circular surrounded pairs columns oval alternating church gates stars legend claims stars appeared head architecture wounds christ letters latin kept silence secrets wide variety geometric structures minimal surfaces barcelona started completed include revolution arches ruled surfaces varied mix creatively combined different ways church example assembled stone branches form overlap tops meeting point contrast surfaces smoothly join structures form surfaces exploits natural patterns mathematical columns derived shapes trees naturally cracked cooling rock columns assumption san_francisco saddle roof composed segments arranged horizontal cross section roof square cross section christian cross building square metres metres high makes different use structure constructed identical concrete beams weighing tonnes arranged circle form revolution white beams creating shape like hands praying heaven dome visible outside building ground mathematical decoration islamic architectural decoration islamic buildings decorated geometric patterns typically use mathematical formed tiles plain decorated stripes stars points islamic patterns based solomon seal motif pointed star squares rotated degrees centre islamic patterns exploit possible groups early showed use groups decorations claimed found groups asserting remaining groups found islamic modern architectural decoration end 20th century novel mathematical geometry seized architects provide interesting attractive buildings modernist architect declared crime influencing architectural thinking rest 20th century 21st century architects starting explore use 21st century ornamentation extremely diverse concert conference centre looks like crystal wall rock large blocks glass london aluminium tiles red white brown circular windows differing sizes uses types tile triangle irregular library creates decorative grid small circular blocks glass set plain concrete walls defence architecture fortifications evolved medieval fortresses high masonry walls low symmetrical star forts able resist artillery bombardment mid fifteenth nineteenth centuries geometry star shapes dictated need avoid dead zones attacking infantry shelter defensive fire sides projecting points angled permit fire sweep ground provide sides projecting point known architects designed defences include architectural historian argued star shaped fortification formative influence renaissance ideal city renaissance city type century half impressed schemes star shaped city environmental goals architects select form building meet environmental goals example london known like shape solid revolution designed modelling geometry chosen purely aesthetic reasons air currents base despite building apparently curved surface panels glass forming skin flat lens panels cut rectangular glass triangular panels traditional ice pit persia functioned cooler ground structure shape subterranean storage space ice food subterranean space thick heat resistant construction storage space year round internal space cooled ice available summer frozen | Mathematics and architecture | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
3982_ArchitectureofFremantlePrison | architecture prison architecture includes acre site prison terrace western_australia limestone site construction south western corner eastern portion site considerably higher ground level site includes prison cell blocks gatehouse perimeter walls cottages tunnels related infrastructure longest tallest cell range australia dominating feature prison constructed continues façade alignment main block service buildings converted separate women prison surrounded limestone perimeter walls storey limestone gatehouse central clock presents imposing entrance north south gatehouse terrace cottages houses built victorian style contrast georgian style network tunnels exists prison built provide prison later town supply fresh water elements site include hospital building prisoner workshops open spaces limestone ramp axis gatehouse heading port area archaeological zones sub surface remains varying levels significance found area convict grant background dates early years european settlement constructed centre western australia colony established free settlement 1840s early reluctance accept britain overcome cheap convict labour overcome significant shortage manpower colony arrival convict ship june unexpected sailing ship sent ahead inform pending arrival seventy blown course capacity left ship prepared accommodation guards captain general clerk accommodation quickly rose sudden increase demand leaving henderson paying basic house london eventually henderson leased properties year site modern day hotel convert buildings temporary prison henderson looking site build permanent convict establishment whilst favoured known kings park height gave pleasing supposedly air governor rejected proposal henderson ultimately settled current site hill raised dominant position overlooking port city site description built land grant acres limestone site timber cut site exhibits considerable changes ground level natural man result location use ground level considerably higher south western corner site remains natural known referred eastern portion site considerably higher ground level established main cell block comparatively level terrace highest comprises substantially intact convict era structures including limestone perimeter walls exceptional heritage significance structures dating time use colonial state prison significant convict era complex includes main cell block chapel yards cells perimeter walls gate house complex prison officer residences terrace service buildings hospital south eastern workshops ramp access street elements contribute site overall heritage significance include western workshops new division conversion service building female division addition eastern range layout foot tall boundary wall prison grounds gatehouse centre western wall facing terrace roads site street north east street south cottages housed prison workers officials located outside wall gatehouse inside walls parade ground located east gatehouse centre site contains north main block west north western corner women prison previously laundry hospital building stands north eastern corner workshops located south eastern corner north gatehouse system underground tunnels constructed provide fresh water runs eastern edge site archaeological zones sub surface remains varying levels significance found area convict grant particular sites cottages east perimeter wall reserve site cage courtyard features site features include associated water supply system constructed 1890s brick vaulted underground reservoir associated pumping station complex series rock cut shafts drives kilometre underground tunnel network graffiti tablet records progress walls gatehouse prison surrounded limestone perimeter walls define extent depot original topography south east north walls random rubble limestone lime mortar range height metres additional courses added dark stone attached piers occur approximately metre centres lee sides walls number openings including pedestrian gates walls exceptional heritage significance vital defining character sterile zones inside main perimeter walls walls female division outside prison wall standard prison practice surveillance contribute character prison entry complex consists combined gate house quarters entry court military civil guard houses flanking inner gate storey limestone gatehouse central clock presents imposing entry prison gatehouse associated entry complex constructed convict labour designed constructed limestone gatehouse towers narrow gate reminiscent found 13th century english castles walled cities gate iron clock structure imported england clock london installed years later sounding hour gatehouse smaller second inner gate engraved names significant figures designed gate clerk works supervised soldier wrought iron complex expanded altered use entry complex prison functions entry complex extended north female division workshop range western workshops leaving sterile zone perimeter wall gatehouse remained significant feature landmark closure prison main entrance housing café office areas restoration carried preserving original stone facade removing non original rendering cell blocks based english prison design model site key feature designed captain henderson completed designed hold prisoners metres long storeys high longest tallest cell range australia constructed 1850s changes time main cell block impressive facade built limestone blocks site significant ways scale position simplicity material near character ensures focal dominating feature prison evidence fabric internal configuration spaces reveals functioning convict depot subsequent prison atmosphere come imperial convict era colonial western_australia central storey high cell block flanked end large dormitory called association rooms men slept reward good behaviour soon receive ticket leave contrast cells space measuring seven feet cell initially basin connected running water installation advent bends coming pipes lead removal 1860s following cells larger removing dividing wall cells electric lighting installed 1920s toilets duration prison operation prison closure cells restored represent varying living conditions different times prison history main block houses solitary confinement cells single storey block axis main cell block east consists punishment cells dark cells light chamber built main cell block relates colonial use prison operated rope tied beam trap door upper level opening trap door cause condemned prisoner fall hanged centre anglican chapel windows ones bars occupies prominent position projecting wing centre facade retains original painted wall patterns beneath later paint layers intact early prison chapel australia interior features include early substantial example arch construction colonies handsome boards original elegant anglican chapel altar painted representation words sixth use unusual translation thou murder thou kill common interpretation church_of_england given regular use felt thou kill upper northern association ward floor evidence use communal prisoner accommodation form rails convict painted mural wall constructed response division continues façade alignment main block building shaped plan storeys high regular pale limestone blocks rock face openings set brick handsome range main building visually significant main cell block completes northern zone prison interior configuration cells significant example attempt introduce separate system western_australia prisoners completely isolated months sentence division exercise yard initially facilitate concept prisoners hour exercise day system successful considered dated prisoner management strategy leading removal years electricity underground world war australian_army appropriated prisoners separate main population condemned death building cater offices small business premises meeting rooms women prison north western complex originally service area laundry built 1850s place women prisoners needed following closure transfer prisoners buildings converted prison wall built creating western_australia separate prison women population crime growth led extended 1890s 1910s single storey limestone building known female division distinctive monitor roof upper storey addition eastern range red brick construction saw women prison close space education assessment main prison closure adapted use visual arts facility staff accommodation flat area immediate west prison called terrace formed rubble resulting prison site adjoining western perimeter wall outside prison northern terrace compound staff accommodation adjoining residences built 1890s quarters prison staff cottages northern end street built victorian style contrast georgian style houses number incorporates parts guard room converted 1890s quarters built alongside number single storey house random rubble limestone walls iron roof separated perimeter wall rear yard numbers pair single units random rubble limestone walls iron roofs separated perimeter wall rear yard storey residences terrace built 1850s officer accommodation number known chaplain house storey house rendered painted limestone walls plan roughly square west south sides single storey building connects south east house main prison wall number known superintendent house storey house rendered limestone walls iron roof walls connected gatehouse limestone walled buildings plan roughly square door house prison north east room ground floor house initially built chaplain taken superintendent later prison administration number house storey building roughly square plan painted limestone walls sheet metal roof accommodated superintendent later resident magistrate remained use housing prison officers 1970s number known surgeon house storey structure limestone walls southernmost house terrace numbers northernmost initial buildings featured sitting rooms dressing rooms kitchen water closet shed mirrored number expanded additions built 1890s single storey limestone structure stables located south number buildings hospital hospital built crucial component public works convict era relied convict labour provided healthy located north eastern corner prison compound building shaped plan single storey rendered painted limestone walls features wide timber posts medical services relocated main cell block building female prisoners hospital refurbished reopened subsequently remained continuous operation prison closure adjacent hospital building east reservoir brick vaulted reservoir system constructed appear low brick structure reservoir roof consists rendered central vault raised millimetres centre eastern terrace contains remains 1850s workshops prison workshops provided activities training prisoners reduced cost maintenance repairs construction providing house service original workshop shop buildings constructed prison site later known workshops included carpenter painter printing office 1850s metal shop west workshops built start twentieth century providing work prisoners paint shop mat maker shoe maker book tailor shop western workshops single storey squared limestone rubble building openings dressed brick open saw tooth roof southern concealed wall western workshops adapted use art workshops buildings area south east workshops shower block helmet workshop associated sheds structures recent exception terrace series erected dismantled world war tunnels south eastern corner eastern terrace pumping station associated tunnels set 1850s workshops wall underneath parts eastern terrace adjacent pumping station workshops complex series shafts drives cut rock 1890s early twentieth century east workshops single storey limestone building western enclosed area east entire workshops yard light steel steel supports network tunnels exists prison including kilometre connection built prisoners purpose enable escapes labour provide prison later town supply fresh water guards gun tower adjacent tunnel entrance prevented attempted escapes construction buildings shafts sunk limestone bedrock provide prison fresh water water house supply ships suffered storm damage prompted tank installed prison main cell block offer town alternative water supply prisoners worked pump fill tank connected gravity fed pipes increasing demand led construction reservoir water drawn pumped prisoners additional wells built connected series tunnels horizontal drives metres north east prison steam pump implemented drew thousand imperial gallons hour water new town reservoir constructed street fed prison triple expansion steam driven pump million imperial gallons day prison tunnels prisoners relieved manual pumping employed supply wood boilers authority took control pumping station prison town connected perth metropolitan water supply tunnels closed continued prison gardens oil leaking nearby tanks contaminated water pollution eventually cleared prison closure water supply system including tunnels subject heritage studies including inspection tunnels opened year main shaft refurbished including installation audio visual equipment lighting removal debris access shaft tunnels creation new steel platforms addition extra limestone rocks tunnels help lift users water open spaces related elements open spaces significant provide impressive settings structures important spaces right retaining stark open character institution required surveillance extensive main cell block scale secure location perimeter walls particularly impressive paths garden beds raised brick comprises remains high natural ground level form flat areas playing fields tennis courts evidence vaulted reservoir located significant landscape presents formal quality perimeter walls generally landscape sparse simple comprising elements lawn low pavement landscape elements outside walls include exotic pine trees terrace inclined ramp built terrace axis gatehouse port area ramp constructed limestone rubble cut fill activities required create prison site terrace ramp integral original design prison complex exceptional heritage significance cut western end modern road historic visual link alignment ramp intersects terrace houses accommodation prison erected mark boundary point limestone early prison associated housing site surviving elements early convict establishment include henderson house henderson street cottages terrace housing numbers henderson street range street paths roads ramps garden sites walls sub surface works distant routes asylum store wharf site article incorporates text source australian prison australia licensed creative australia licence required | Architecture of Fremantle Prison | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
4219_CastlesinGreatBritainandIreland | castles great_britain ireland castles played important military economic social role great_britain ireland introduction following norman invasion england small number castles built england began build bailey castles large numbers control newly occupied territories england 12th century began build castles stone characteristic square keeps played military political roles royal castles control key towns economically important forests castles norman lords control widespread estates david invited lords scotland early 12th century help control areas kingdom new lords brought castle technologies wooden castles began established south kingdom following norman invasion ireland henry_ii castles established castles continued grow military comfort 12th century leading sharp increase complexity length england ireland wales castle architecture continued follow england death trend scotland moved away construction larger castles use smaller tower houses tower house style adopted north england ireland later years built sequence militarily powerful castles destruction welsh 14th century castles combining defences luxurious sophisticated living arrangements heavily gardens parks royal castles left decline 15th century maintained defensive purposes small number castles england scotland developed palaces hosted lavish celebrations amid elaborate architecture structures means royalty richest late medieval barons gunpowder weapons defend castles late 14th century onwards clear 16th century provided artillery transported brought bear besieged castle gunpowder weapons play important attack role defences coastal castles british isles improved deal threat investment declined end 16th century widespread civil religious conflicts british isles castles played key role england modern defences quickly built alongside existing medieval fortifications cases castles successfully siege ireland introduction heavy siege artillery brought rapid end utility castles war scotland popular tower houses proved unsuitable defending civil war artillery major castles edinburgh strong resistance end war castles prevent future use military use castles rapidly decreased subsequent years adapted use garrisons scotland key border locations years come including second world war castles county parliamentary legislation 19th closed period early 18th century castles favour architecture emerged important cultural social feature england wales scotland frequently improved 18th 19th centuries renovations raised concerns protection today castles british isles legislation primarily tourist attractions castles form key national heritage industry historians archaeologists continue develop understanding british castles vigorous academic debates recent years questioned interpretation physical documentary material surrounding original construction use norman invasion anglo saxon fortifications english word castle derives latin word refer private fortified residence lord noble presence castles britain ireland dates primarily norman invasion arrival built fortified structures origins 9th century especially urban areas large best described fortified private dwellings usually classed castles rural smaller usually consisted wooden hall wall domestic buildings entrance tower called apparently ceremonial purposes rural relatively secure role primarily ceremonial normally classed castles small number castles built england probably norman knights service include richard castle possibly dover invasion william duke normandy invaded england actions landing build protect supply routes following victory battle hastings began phases castle building establishment new king number royal castles key strategic locations royal castle programme focused controlling towns cities england associated lines communication including cambridge lincoln nottingham york castles built thirds built towns cities anglo saxon urban castles use existing town walls fortifications typically required demolition local houses space cause extensive damage records suggest lincoln houses destroyed cambridge castles deliberately built important local buildings halls local nobles constructed imitate aspects previous buildings gatehouse castle exeter closely resembled previous anglo saxon tower probably demonstrate local population answered new norman rulers second waves castle building led major junior knights new estates conquered lands king influenced castles built key locations king gave followers compact groups estates including sussex chester intended protect line communication border respectively areas baron castles relatively tightly england nobles estates castles widely dispersed pushed advanced valleys building castles went larger castles neighbouring base result castle building norman nobility england marches lacked grand strategic plan reflecting local circumstances military factors layout existing estates church lands castles situated old roman roads formed backbone travel country control lines communication ensure easy movement different estates castles built close inland river ports built coast usually located mouths rivers ports rare exceptions groups castles located mutually reinforcing example castles intended act integrated defence area gloucester gloucester city windsor ring castles built london approximately day march apart regional patterns castle building seen relatively castles built compared west england marches probably relatively settled prosperous nature east england reflected shortage available labour castles occupied simultaneously built invasions abandoned new castles constructed especially western borders recent estimates suggest castles occupied time post conquest period architecture large degree variation size exact shape castles built england wales invasion popular form castle bailey earth mound called support wooden tower wider enclosed area built alongside called bailey typical example post invasion castle widespread design earth built circular oval shape topped wooden good example norman case built hill post invasion castles usually sited lower ground norman castles period followed bailey pattern particularly popular certain areas south west england south wales theory forward explain variation easier build shallow soil areas larger london castle stone castles built england immediately conquest characteristic square norman castles built style intended impress provide military protection wales wave norman castles wood mixture bailey designs exception stone built castle heavily influenced design numerous materials nearby produce historian termed play images antiquity size castles varied depending geography site decisions builder available resources analysis size shown distinctive regional variation example saw larger built london bailey castles took great effort build required relatively skilled allowing raised forced labour local estates addition speed built single season particularly attractive immediately conquest larger earthworks particularly required greater quantity manpower smaller consequently tended royal belong powerful barons muster required construction effort despite bailey common designs norman castles fortification slightly different castles designed attached single built additional towers added castles built later converted bailey structures 12th century developments castle design early 12th century onwards began build new castles stone convert existing timber designs initially slow process picking speed second half century traditionally transition believed driven crude nature wooden fortifications limited life timber wooden castles vulnerability fire recent archaeological studies shown wooden castles robust complex stone wooden castles converted stone years instead expanded wood early stone keeps built conquest existence followed 12th century built typically sided designs corners reinforced buttresses keeps storeys high entrance storey prevent door easily broken strength design typically came thickness walls usually stone case dover castle walls feet metres thick larger keeps subdivided internal wall smaller versions single slightly cramped chamber floor stone keeps required skilled build unlike labour men paid stone keeps expensive relatively slow erect walls usually raised maximum feet metres year typical taking years build norman stone keeps played military political role keeps physically extremely robust designed intended location final defence castle placed near weak points walls provide supporting fire keeps purely military utility included elaborate blind outside building roman style appears ceremonial entrance route interior hosted impressive ceremonies events contained numerous flaws military perspective similarly extensive debate role castle expensive design closely echoes imperial byzantine palaces intended henry_ii symbolic military nature improvement 12th century onwards creation shell keeps involving replacing wooden circular stone wall buildings built inside shell producing small inner courtyard classic example development perfectly circular wall square entrance tower later circular good example design formidable castles period round castles unusually popular cornwall devon circular design held military advantages 13th century onwards origins 12th century circular design circular design designs circular order accommodate irregular windsor castle economy society english castles period divided royal castles owned king castles controlled anglo norman lords according chronicler william royal castles formed bones kingdom number royal castles designated castles forming administrative hub particular county example winchester castle served centre hampshire castles formed base royal sheriff responsible enforcing royal justice relevant role sheriff stronger century progressed number royal castles linked forests key resources royal forests early medieval period subject special royal jurisdiction forest law historian describes harsh arbitrary matter purely king forests expected supply king hunting grounds raw materials goods money forests typically tied castles assist enforcement law store goods extracted local economy castle linked local lead mining tied eponymous forests respectively south west crown oversaw lead mining industry castles played important role running local courts castles varying size classed key stronghold given lord usually larger better fortified norm usually held local courts king continued exercise right occupy use castle kingdom response external threats cases staff occupied castles men king retained right construction new castles issuing licenses possible bishops build control castles important castle linked practice challenged occasion 12th century practice castle guards emerged england wales lands assigned local lords condition recipient provided certain number knights defence named castle cases dover arrangement sophisticated particular castle towers named particular families owing castle guard duty links castles surrounding lands estates particularly important period castles royal deer parks chases attached purposes hunting usually stretched away village borough associated castle occasionally castle placed centre park anarchy civil war broke england forming turbulent period rival factions struggled power open battles relatively rare war campaigns instead centred sequence raids commanders attempted gain control vital castles controlled territory rival regions siege technology anarchy centred basic stone throwing machines supported siege towers mining combined blockade occasionally direct assault phase conflict known castle war saw sides attempting defeat stephen attempts easterly fortress push london attempts seize taking sides responded challenge conflict building new castles sets strategic fortifications south west supporters built range castles protect territory usually bailey designs similarly stephen built new chain edge castles miles apart order protect lands cambridge castles termed formal permission given construction contemporary saw matter concern suggested castles built conflict probably suggests alternative figure feature war creation counter castles english conflicts years civil war involved building basic castle siege alongside main target attack typically built bailey design yards metres away target range bow counter castles act firing platforms siege weaponry bases controlling region right counter castles destroyed use cases earthworks survived counter castles called jew mount built stephen outside son henry_ii assumed throne end war immediately announced intention eliminate castles sprung war unclear successful effort recorded destroyed giving details figure recent studies selected regions suggested fewer castles probably destroyed thought simply abandoned end conflict certainly new castles nature observes castles known built stephen reign entirely vanished spread castles scotland wales ireland castles scotland emerged consequence royal authority 12th century prior little evidence castles having existed scotland remained politically england north ruled kings norway david scotland spent time court henry south earl returned scotland intention extending royal power country scotland military technology including introduction castles scottish king encouraged norman french nobles settle scotland introducing feudal mode use castles way controlling contested quasi independent resisted rule david predecessors particular focus size scottish castles primarily wooden bailey constructions varied considerably larger designs smaller castles like historian suggested creation castles scotland conquest establishing governing system norman expansion wales slowed 12th century remained ongoing threat remaining native rulers response welsh princes lords began build castles usually wood indications begun onwards documentary evidence native welsh castle timber castles including equivalent quality norman fortifications area prove difficult distinguish builders sites archaeological evidence end 12th century welsh rulers began build castles stone primarily ireland remained ruled native kings 12th century largely use castles history irish fortifications called type heavily defended usually considered castles usual sense word kings constructed fortifications called latin french castle considerable academic debate far resembled european castles norman invasion ireland began henry_ii england occupation southern eastern ireland number barons rapid norman success depended key economic military advantages castles enabling control newly conquered territories new lords rapidly built castles protect possessions bailey constructions built remains uncertain castles built ireland anglo castles trim built stone centres major barons analysis stone castles suggests building stone simply military decision castles contain defensive flaws instead designs including focus large stone keeps intended increase prestige owners provide adequate space administrative apparatus new territories unlike wales indigenous irish lords appear constructed castles significant number period 13th 14th centuries military developments castle design britain continued change end 12th century henry_ii ceased built england continued erected wales marches square keeps remained common england contrast circular keeps increasingly prevailing france marches circular designs popular castles began regular enclosed shape design especially prosperous south flanking towers initially square curved introduced walls began grow size complexity introduced time castles dover tower london expanded concentric design labelled early development scientific fortification developments spread possessions ireland english style castles dominated 13th century deteriorating irish economy 14th century brought wave building end scotland undertook number castle building projects modern style early death sparked conflict scotland english intervention edward ensuing wars scottish independence castle building scotland altered path turning away building larger conventional castles curtain walls scots instead adopted policy deliberately destroying castles captured scotland english prevent use subsequent invasions new scottish castles built nobles tower house design larger castles built scotland typically royal castles built scottish kings changes driven developments military technology mining rarely siege engines time largely incapable damaging thicker castle walls introduction began change situation able throw heavier balls remarkable accuracy reconstructed devices shown able knock holes walls recorded england probably year richard crusade appears started alter castle designs accommodate new technology return europe encouraged shift round towers curved walls addition having fewer dead zones easier defend mining castle designs easy attack curved surfaces force shot castles saw increasing use 13th century especially england certainly linked introduction combined firing positions tops towers initially protected wooden stone introduced england late 13th century important military advance older short bow favoured weapon time richard vast numbers needed supply royal forces turn requiring larger scale iron production england primarily tower london castle local forest dean available provide raw materials national centre quarrel manufacture scotland centre production bows siege engines king result english castle grew complexity scale prominent dover windsor castle showed ability modern designs withstand attack king john successful siege rochester required elaborate sophisticated assault reportedly costing marks siege castle required bring siege engines engineers bolts equipment labourers england siege castle second barons war larger longer extensive water defences attack future edward despite prince targeting weaker parts castle walls employing huge siege towers attempting night attack barges brought chester costs siege exhausted revenues english counties scotland initially smaller scale recorded event siege besieging able break relatively weak stone walls axes days edward invaded scotland brought siege capabilities evolved south border fell days castles surrendered king subsequent english attacks considerable resources including giant siege engines extensive teams miners economy society number royal castles 12th century onwards formed essential network royal 13th century wide range goods including food drink weapons armour raw materials castles southampton winchester bristol tower london import store distribute royal english royal castles insisted royal establish coming years county placed royal castles conditions poor claims poor treatment starvation common appears seen worst abuses development castles england affected economic changes period 13th 14th centuries average english barons increased wealth concentrated hands smaller number individuals greater time costs maintaining modern castle increasing result castles england number castles continued diminish coming years barons inclined let castles slide focus resources remaining stock castle guard system faded england replaced financial continued 13th century saw limited use edward occupation scotland early 14th century remaining english castles increasingly comfortable interiors painted decorated transported castle castle nobles travelled country increasing number built inside castles castles floors windows furnished glass allowing introduction window seats reading food transported castles relatively long distances fish brought sea miles away example remained heavily consumed food castles particularly surrounded extensive parks forests prime cuts imported castles lacked hunting grounds late 13th century castles built carefully designed landscapes drawing distinction inner core small enclosed garden complete small ponds outer region larger ponds high status buildings religious buildings rabbit mills settlements potentially set park suite small rooms built castle allow result properly appreciated viewing point constructed outside leeds castle redesigned castle placed large water garden end 14th century artificial lake enclosed park produce aesthetically symbolically pleasing entrance fortification wider forests increasingly managed proportion smaller deer consumed castle inhabitants england increased result welsh castles 13th century native welsh princes built number stone castles size varied considerably smaller fortifications substantial castles like largest native welsh castles typically defensive benefits high mountainous sites built irregular shape fit rocky peak deep ditches cut rock protect main castle welsh castles usually built relatively short living accommodation princes nobility distinctive rectangular watch towers walls comparison norman castles weaker design use spiral stonework outer walls generally inferior norman built castles native welsh castles built closely resemble norman designs case including round norman gatehouse defences edward launched final invasion remaining native welsh strongholds intending establish rule region permanent basis occupation instructed leading nobles construct new castles region mid wales flint described finest achievements medieval military architecture england wales castles varied design typically characterised powerful mural towers castle walls multiple firing points large extremely defended castles intended king region included extensive high status accommodation edward established new english towns cases new castles designed alongside fortified town walls integrated defence suggested impression firmly given elite group men war long standing comrades arms king military architectural expression unlimited budget famous architect engineer probably responsible bulk construction work region castles extremely costly build required labourers building resources gathered local england mustered chester bristol sent spring returning home winter number workers involved placed significant drain country national labour force total financial cost calculated certainty estimates suggest edward castle building programme cost times total royal expenditure castles castles strong symbolic statements nature new occupation example decorated carved eagles equipped towers expensive banded masonry designed imitate walls constantinople image imperial power actual site castle important positioned close roman fort elaborate gatehouse excessive sets doors appears designed impress visitors image castle believed byzantine character palace fortresses middle 13th century began redesign favourite castles including winchester windsor building larger halls installing glass windows palaces painted walls furniture marked beginning trend development grand castles designed elaborate elite living life earlier keeps focused single great hall privacy owner family provided upper floor living accommodation 14th century nobles travelling bringing larger households travel entertaining visitors equally large castles redesigned provide greater residential privacy comfort ruling family retaining strong defensive features capacity hold residents castle design influenced subsequent conversions berkeley time built designed hold different noble households facilities royal castles designed defence mind designed hold different households time kings wealthy lords afford redesign castles produce palace fortresses spent windsor castle half times edward typical annual income words result great apparently unified palace uniform sorts ways roof line window heights line floor ceiling heights echoing older designs real defensive value wealthy john redesigned heart like windsor work emphasised rectangular design separation ground floor service areas upper stories contrast lavish interiors especially 1st floor inner bailey buildings end 14th century distinctive english perpendicular style emerged south england private castles built newly emerging wealthy families like work windsor castles drew architectural themes earlier martial designs intended form defence attack new castles heavily influenced french designs involving rectangular semi rectangular castle corner towers moat walls effectively comfortable courtyard plan manor built possessed moat towers genuine military fortification castle primarily intended admired visitors luxurious dwelling architecture comparisons edward great castle north england improvements security scottish border rise major noble families encouraged surge castle building end 14th century palace fortresses took castle styles south combined exceptionally large key towers keeps form distinctive northern style built major noble houses castles typically built south marked historian described second peak castle building england wales designs end 14th century introduction gunpowder early gunpowder weapons introduced england onwards began appear scotland english crown regularly spending money new technology began installed english castles scottish castles cannons sizes smaller hand cannons larger guns firing stone balls inches medium sized weapons weighing useful defence castles eventually established pound guns tower london pound heavy bombard installed edinburgh castle early cannons limited range unreliable addition early stone relatively ineffective fired stone castle walls result early cannon proved useful defence particularly infantry assaults fire crews enemy early cannons dangerous soldiers scotland killed besieging cannons called lion exploded expense early cannons meant primarily weapon deployed royalty nobility cannons english castles initially deployed south coast channel ports essential english trade military operations europe increasingly threatened french raids dover received cannon late 14th century small circular built walls accommodate new weapons subject unsuccessful french siege crown reacting castle cannon mill producing gunpowder english castles welsh borders scotland similarly equipped tower london acting supply depots new weapons scotland cannon castle appears bought edinburgh arsenal new devices 15th 16th centuries decline english castles 15th century castles maintained owners royal castles receiving insufficient investment allow maintained roofs leaked stone work lead wood stolen crown increasingly selective royal castles maintained left decay 15th century windsor leeds kept comfortable accommodation nottingham york formed backbone royal authority north bristol forming west major fortifications castles border castles newcastle saw funding maintenance reduced royal castles continued role county gatehouse frequently principal facility ranks continued reduce 15th century producing smaller elite lords reducing comparative wealth majority castles fell similar decline 16th century accounts english castles descriptions castles sore decayed defences walls good repair decayed english castles play decisive role wars roses fought primarily form pitched battles rival factions renaissance palaces 15th 16th centuries saw small number british castles develop structures drawing renaissance views architecture increasing popularity continent tower keeps large solid keeps private accommodation probably inspired france started appear 14th century 15th century fashion spread creation expensive french influenced castles featuring complex tower keeps central eastern england castles began built brick forming examples new style north border construction great tower picked english tradition incorporated additional french influences produce highly secure comfortable castle guarded gun park royal builders scotland led way adopting styles castle design james exceptional revenues key lands establish power kingdom ways including constructing castles invariably extending modifying existing fortifications scottish castle palaces drew designs particular fashionable design court turrets corner giving clean italian appearance later castles drew renaissance designs france work shift architectural focus reflected changing political alliances formed close alliance france reign words architectural historian results earliest examples coherent renaissance design britain changes included shifts social cultural beliefs period saw older feudal order destruction monasteries widespread economic changes altering links castles surrounding estates castles renaissance saw introduction idea public private spaces placing new value castles having private spaces lord guests away public view elite britain ireland continued maintain build castles style late medieval period growing understanding renaissance absent 14th century domestic castles fundamentally different military fortifications built deal spread gunpowder artillery castles continued built reworked cultural historian described conscious attempt values seen threat results castle example include huge castles deliberately redesigned appear old sporting features complete private chambers italian modern luxury accommodation size noble households slightly 16th century number guests largest castle events continued grow came feast castle duke buckingham routinely entertained people castle start 16th century elizabeth visited brought entourage barons staff visit lasted exceptional days leicester castle owner entertained queen neighbouring region fireworks bear mystery plays hunting lavish scale living entertainment need find space older castles major issue england scotland tower houses tower houses common feature british irish castle building late medieval period constructed ireland scotland england tower house typically tall square stone built building scottish tower houses surrounded walled courtyard designed hold valuable animals necessarily intended defence buildings guarded like doors metal bars smaller versions tower houses northern england southern scotland known towers houses built sides border regions scotland number built scottish towns originally argued irish tower houses based scottish design pattern development castles ireland support hypothesis defences tower houses primarily aimed provide protection smaller raiding parties intended significant opposition organised military assault leading historian defensive heavier guns built scottish tower houses 16th century common use lighter gunpowder weapons muskets defend scottish tower houses unlike scotland irish tower houses defended relatively light frequently reused older modern designs save money analysis construction tower houses focused key driving forces construction castles appears linked periods instability areas concerned scotland isles led immediate burst castle building region longer term increased degree clan warfare subsequent wars england added level rest century irish tower houses built end 14th century onward countryside unstable control large number small promoted construction financial rewards bid improve security english tower houses built frontier scotland dangerous insecure period secondly appears periods relative prosperity contemporary historian observed northern english scots man better sort little tower pile tower houses built status symbols defensive structures english scottish borders construction pattern follows relative prosperity different english lords built tower houses primarily early 15th century northern england particularly prosperous scottish built late 15th early 16th centuries boom periods economy scotland ireland growth tower houses 15th century mirrors rise cattle resulting wealth brought lesser lords ireland development gunpowder artillery cannons continued improved 15th 16th centuries castle adapted allow cannons firearms defensive role gunpowder weapons remained relatively unreliable england europe adapting new form warfare built defend cover designed defend harbour english castles designed continental style period cutting edge european design scottish castles advanced regard partially result stronger french architectural influences scotland example early attempt deploy combination letter box gun ports low curved stone towers artillery weapons letter box gun ports common mainland europe rapidly spread scotland rarely england 15th century scotland led way adopting new design castle ditches constructed castle henry_viii concerned threat french invasion familiar modern continental designs responded threat building famous sequence forts called device forts south coast england specifically designed equipped defend gunpowder artillery forts lacked modern continental features angled fort slightly different design group shared common features fortification formed number compact shape designed guns degree angle fire forts usually allow guns fire features disperse gunpowder smoke probable forts originally protected earth survived resulting forts described historian having air like wedding cake coastal defences marked shift away castles military fortifications domestic buildings forts garrisoned domestic chosen transition date study castles consequence subsequent years marked end indigenous english fortification design english castle improvements entirely dominated imported european experts superiority scottish castle design diminished battery built edinburgh castle example badly dated continental terms time built limited number modern fortifications built ireland castle harbour built fear invasion equally european standards nonetheless improved gunpowder artillery played ireland successful english siege demonstrated power new siege guns relatively guns ireland years war end century irish proved relatively siege warfare artillery mainly english ireland scotland challenge transport artillery pieces castle poor state scottish roads required expensive trains pack horses king afford ireland river network frequently transport weapons inland circumstances older castles frequently remain viable defensive features siege castle attack castle proved artillery brought bear previously castle walls fall relatively quickly 17th century wars kingdoms scotland inherited crown england bringing period peace countries royal court left london result exceptions occasional visits building work royal castles north border largely ceased investment english castles especially royal castles declined dramatically james sold royal castles england property developers including york southampton castle royal inspection highlighted castles including decayed subsequent inspection english counties found similar picture lincoln nottingham bristol southampton rochester state pamphlet described english castles decayed requiring provision defence maintained private homes berkeley winchester better condition necessarily conflict redesigned modern dwellings style handful coastal forts castles dover castle remained good military condition adequate defences english civil war broke initially supporters parliament royalist supporters war expanded include ireland scotland dragged separate conflicts england war prolonged conflict britain involve use artillery gunpowder english castles purposes conflict formed key city defences military governor rural castles bases raiding control surrounding countryside larger castles windsor holding prisoners war military headquarters war castles frequently brought fresh use existing defences renovated walls backed earth order protect cannons towers keeps filled earth gun platforms new earth added existing designs cambridge surrounding norman brought commission costs considerable work castle coming prominent war occurring period involving castles suggests military role castles seventeenth century proportion medieval histories artillery formed essential characteristic military action according military historian attack fortified supported artillery ratio artillery pieces defenders varied considerably cases guns previous conflicts artillery piece defenders unknown extreme cases near castle growth number size siege artillery favoured resources purchase deploy weapons artillery improved decisive lighter cannon period found hard penetrate earth timber defences demonstrated siege mortars able fire taller walls proved particularly effective castles particular compact ones smaller open areas castle heavy artillery introduced england eventually spread rest british isles thousand irish soldiers served europe returned war bringing experience siege warfare thirty years war europe arrival train siege guns transformed conflict fate local castles irish castles withstand parliamentary weapons quickly surrendered invaded scotland heavily artillery proved decisive restoration english civil war resulted parliament issuing orders slight damage castles particularly prominent royal regions particularly period peak fortifications period including town walls great castles expensive took considerable effort carry damage usually cost effective fashion selected walls destroyed cases damage total involved major case request wished avoid conflict time charles_ii restored throne major palace fortresses england survived typically poor state historian described shifting functional requirements patterns movement modes transport aesthetic taste standards comfort royal circles changing qualities sought successful castle architecture growing popularity sat typical design medieval castle furthermore fashionable french court time required substantial number rooms order satisfy court protocol impractical fit rooms older buildings shortage funds curtailed charles_ii attempts remaining castles redesign windsor fully completed restoration years castles retained defensive role castles england repaired garrisoned king military technologies progressed costs upgrading older castles estimated required potential conversion york approximately terms gives scale potential costs castles played minimal role glorious revolution fortifications dover castle attacked unhappy religious beliefs catholic governors king john castle formed war ireland north britain security problems persisted scotland forces built number new modern forts barracks royal castles edinburgh continued use practical fortifications tower houses built restoration fortified tower house fell fashion weak state scottish economy larger properties simply abandoned modest castles continued adapted houses rebuilt ireland tower houses castles remained use glorious revolution events led dramatic shift land ownership boom building country houses cases stripped older abandoned generation castles tower houses 18th century military governmental use castles britain ireland continued modest military utility 18th century sequence threatened crown scotland culminating rebellion royal castles maintained period english border defences like forming internal security measures scotland like able withstand attack taken siege end rebellion final castle siege occur british isles aftermath conflict castles barracks forces sent garrison highlands castles holding prisoners war napoleonic wars end century equipped case popular uprising revolutionary period ireland rebuilt following fire reaffirmed centre british administrative military power castles remained use county run effectively private businesses frequently involved gatehouse maintained main prison building cambridge lancaster newcastle prison reformer conducted famous survey prisons culminating work state prisons documented poor quality castle facilities prisoners lived dungeon floor frequently covered inch water oxford close offensive worcester subject fever castle surgeon enter prison gloucester extreme howard work caused shift public opinion use older castle facilities social cultural use middle century medieval ruined castles fashionable considered interesting conventional classical architecture way giving degree medieval new owners suggests ideal image castle included broken soft decayed rough appearance cases countryside surrounding existing castles highlight ruins castle capability brown reworking castle alternatively ruins repaired reinforced present suitable appearance castle cases castle reused bases dramatic alternatively entirely new castle created scratch original stonework occurred building tower parts time castles tourist attractions time windsor castle early tourist attraction visitors afford pay castle keeper enter castle horn buy followed later editions following coming decades visitors beginning progress far attractive female guide escorted tourists ruins popular tour scotland blair castle popular attraction account gardens romantic connections appealed visitors especially artists irish castles proved popular partially contemporary tourists regarded country somewhat backward ruins failed provide necessary romantic contrast modern life appreciation castles developed century progressed concept picturesque ruin english clergyman published works journeys britain concept correctly picturesque landscape landscape argued usually required building castle ruin add consequence natural picture paintings style usually portrayed castles indistinct coloured objects distance writing picturesque account detail favour bold impressions sense ruins particularly appealed followers preserved contrast artistic work end century stopping short genuine detailed precise provide substantial base architectural fine detail medieval castle features enabled work architects 19th century military governmental use military utility remaining castles britain ireland continued diminish castles regimental depots including castle equipped order provide coastal defences end napoleonic period political instability major issue early 19th century popularity movement led proposals tower london event civil unrest ireland played increasing role ireland pressures independence grew century operation local prisons locations castles criticised work pressure reform continued grow 1850s 1860s reform legislation surrounding bankruptcy debt largely removed threat imprisonment unpaid debts process eliminated purpose prisons castles efforts conditions local prisons success failures led prison reform british prisons including prisons castles like york compensation paid owners cases york facilities considered poor require complete reconstruction payment denied short term led reduction number prisons england including famous castle prisons coming years changes prison design led closure remaining castle prisons social cultural use castles saw increased visitors tourists helped better transport links growth railways tower london opened tourists visitors year numbers grown year attractions castle received visitors travelling growing industrial towns nearby victorian tourists recorded charged ruins castle spread railway system wales marches strongly influenced flow tourists region castles scotland tourist tours increasingly popular 19th century usually starting edinburgh complete spending weeks north taking advantage expanding rail steamer network remained popular additional castles joined circuit popular railway line reached north purchasing reading increasingly important visiting castles 1820s visitors buy early outlining castle history tower london published scottish castle known providing long historical accounts sites drawing plots romantic novels details sir historical novels helped establish popular victorian image gothic medieval castle scott novels set scotland northern castles including featured histories ireland began stress role castles rise british values ireland tourism remained limited response popularity commissioning construction replica castles particularly popular beginning 19th century later victorian period design published offering details recreate appearance original gothic castles new build leading work fake norman castle imitation castle later built welsh 1880s fantasy gothic construction replica built late response improve existing castles bringing chaotic historic features line integrated architectural aesthetic style termed gothic numerous attempts restore rebuild castles produce consistently gothic style informed genuine medieval details movement architect particularly prominent illustrated reworking windsor castle similar trend seen renovated older castle produce authentic design heavily influenced work french architect north border resulted distinctive style scots style architecture took french traditional medieval scottish features baroque style style proved popular ireland 1850s example forming good example fashion gothic architects frequently improved existing castles floors castle transformed added grand turrets similar way 16th century tower house castle turned victorian ideal medieval house style spread south famous architect added scots touch work windsor pace change concerns begun grow middle century threat medieval buildings britain established result public pressure passing act provisions act focused prehistoric structures medieval buildings castles leaving legal protection 20th 21st century half century castles maintained brought military use irish war remained centre british administration military intelligence operations ireland transfer power castle second world war tower london hold execute suspected spies briefly adolf_hitler deputy prisoner war facility stripped delicate royal treasures guard british royal family dangers blitz coastal castles support naval operations dover castle medieval fortifications basis defences castle scotland support royal_navy castle ireland coastal defence base castles cambridge brought local defence plans case german invasion handful castles retained military role war dover nuclear war command centre 1950s nato turn 21st century strong cultural interest british castles persisted 20th century cases destructive consequences wealthy collectors bought removed architectural features historical artefacts castles collections practice produced significant official concern significant cases included castle bought decorated numerous medieval buildings removed original sites britain case parts castle sold sent buyers united_states partially result events increasing legal powers introduced protect castles acts parliament widened terms earlier legislation national monuments allow inclusion castles act parliament introduced preservation orders time powers extended similarly end irish civil war new irish state took early action extend strengthen previous british legislation protect irish national monuments beginning century number major restoration projects british castles outbreak world war work undertaken end war major state funded restoration projects occurred 1920s largest work typically centred cutting vegetation castle ruins especially ivy removing damaged unstable stonework castles saw cleaned castles scotland substantially rebuilt inter war years early film industry took interest castles potential sets starting filmed castle starring leading actor 21st century second world war picturesque ruins castles conservation preference restore castles produce described cared fabric neat highly regulated visitor friendly environment reconstruction reproduction original appearance castles discouraged result stonework walls today castles tourist attractions usually better condition case medieval period preserving broader landscapes past rose importance reflected decision programme internationally recognise british castles including durham tower london special international cultural significance 1980s single largest group english castles owned english_heritage created increasingly acquired castle properties england 1950s second largest single owner followed english local authorities finally small number private owners royal castles tower london windsor owned behalf nation similar organisations exist scotland established ireland created working alongside maintain castles sites new organisations emerged recent years manage castles restored number castles britain ireland decades castles remain highly popular attractions nearly million people visited tower london million visited visited visited dover castle ireland years exploited tourist potential castle heritage began encourage tourists 1960s 1970s irish castles core irish tourist industry british irish castles today closely linked international film industry tourist visits castles involving simply visit historic site visit location popular film management handling britain historic castles times contentious castles late 20th early 21st century usually considered heritage industry historic sites events commercially presented visitor attractions academics way histories constantly culturally socially reconstructed condemned commercial sites tower london challenge manage historic properties required practical decisions end spectrum owners architects deal practical challenges repairing smaller decaying castles private houses castle damp proved considerable problem end scale fire windsor castle opened national debate burnt castle wing replaced degree modern designs introduced pay million costs million terms speculative commercial reconstruction castle gardens style led vigorous academic debate interpretation archaeological historical evidence trends conservation altered contrast prevailing post war approach conservation recent work castles acquired english_heritage attempted degree intervention site historiography earliest histories british irish castles recorded albeit somewhat fragmented fashion 16th century 19th century historical analysis castles popular victorian historians concluded british castles built purposes military defence believed history pre conquest concluding countryside built romans study castles historians archaeologists developed considerably 20th century century historian archaeologist published ground breaking book arguing convincingly british castles fact norman introduction historian published year charting course military development english castles middle ages began document country castles unprecedented scale providing additional resource historical analysis second world war historical analysis british castles dominated academics use growing archaeological evidence 1940s saw increasing number excavations bailey castles number castle excavations went double 1960s increasing number castle sites threat urban areas public scandal surrounding development castle site london contributed reforms funding rescue despite number castle excavations fell archaeological work focusing conducting excavations greater number small scale fewer large scale sites study british castles remained primarily focused military role drawing evolutionary model improvements suggested thompson earlier century 1990s wide reaching interpretation british castles took place vigorous academic discussion history meanings began debate concluded features castles previously seen primarily military nature fact constructed reasons status political power historian described older norman driving force formation britain castles replaced model power years characterised increasing number major publications castle studies examining social political aspects fortifications role historical landscape perspective remains dominant theme academic literature today | Castles in Great Britain and Ireland | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
4839_ArchitectureofScotlandinthePrehistoricera | architecture scotland prehistoric era architecture scotland prehistoric era includes human building modern borders scotland arrival romans britain century bce settlers began build wood scotland years ago permanent houses stone constructed years ago settlements like large numbers tombs era particularly west north south east linked timber monuments remnants remain related structures include bank monuments timber halls bronze age fewer new buildings evidence built artificial islands iron age evidence substantial stone atlantic include towers smaller evidence scotland located clyde forth line stone age oldest house evidence britain oval structure wooden posts found near forth dating period bce earliest stone structures probably found dated bce development agriculture groups settlers began building stone houses scottish soil era years ago villages years later burial ritual sites particularly common preserved northern western isles lack trees led structures built local stone stone building oldest surviving houses north west europe making use locally gathered rubble dry stone construction probably occupied years bce dates era occupied bce europe complete large numbers tombs period different types identified roughly grouped passage graves gallery graves stone relatively simple box like graves usually stone covered large stone slab near mainland dated bce dated approximately bce passage graves construction built large stones weigh tons gallery graves rectangular gallery like spaces entrance end width gallery lined covered earth impressive surviving monuments period sets standing stones scotland mainland date bce stones tallest feet height contrast highlands islands stone extensively south east visible architectural mainly earliest probably dating beginning fourth millennium bce today monuments consist massive earth stone commonly plan east widely distributed particularly angus related structures include bank monuments timber halls forms enclosure bank parallel sided usually flanked ditches originally believed roman origin monuments consist long parallel lengths banks earth external ditches open avenue forms usually associated burial chambers examples bank scotland include long mound hybrid bank monument stretches miles usually sub rectangular banks external ditches raised platforms stone wood thought exposure corpses prior burial interpretation disputed remains period found long key examples include closely related sites timber halls probably unique scotland massive buildings oak subsequently burnt debate role buildings seen variously regular farming families related series monumental constructions hall feet long feet wide roof feet high making large accommodate people bronze age bronze working developed bce decline building large new structures reduction total area cultivation suggests fall population early middle bronze age evidence cellular round houses stone oval houses thick stone walls partly subterranean earliest period technique provided structural stability evidence occupation partially entirely built artificial islands usually lakes rivers waters constructed layers rubble edges vertical piles surfaced logs oak creation monuments continued period approximately scotland named near distinct forms circular rubble enclosure known ring passage graves long entrance usually complex astronomical europe hill forts introduced period including occupation near scottish borders bce accommodated houses fortified acre enclosure places west summit stone wall rubble core iron age early iron age seventh century bce cellular houses begin replaced northern isles simple atlantic substantial circular buildings construction important examples complex atlantic began built howe massive constructions date era circular towers probably dating bce hollow walled structures unique scotland ruins survive metres ground level extant examples towers walls exceed feet height sites scotland best preserved include south near despite extensive research purpose nature societies created matter debate archaeologists 1960s distinguished smaller structures similar construction usually called heaviest evidence occupation era continue middle ages period saw beginnings characteristic outer wall circle stone piers bearing resemblance wheel flourish era roman occupation evidence iron age scotland located clyde forth line majority circular single enclosure relatively small covering acres larger appear largely abandoned roman period departure | Architecture of Scotland in the Prehistoric era | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
4931_ArchitectureinmodernScotland | architecture modern scotland architecture modern scotland encompasses building scotland beginning twentieth century present day significant architect early twentieth century mixed elements traditional scottish architecture contemporary movements estate house design declined importance twentieth century early decades century traditional materials began way cheaper modern ones world war office block began dominate building major cities attempts began improve quality urban housing poor resulted massive programme council house building style continued twentieth century common forms period plain massive buildings second world war tower blocks adopted solution period saw building new towns including social building problems constructions soon apparent creation new towns council house estates necessitated rapid supply new churches 1980s scottish architecture began recover reputation new buildings like created house glasgow recently edinburgh urban regeneration involving replacement renovation existing buildings landscapes 1980s saw growth speculative house building developers introduction english brick half vernacular styles scotland production state sponsored housing subsided 1970s return church design original post modern designs 1980s glasgow style early twentieth century significant scottish architect early twentieth century having considerable influence european architecture mixed elements scots arts art produce elegant modern buildings major work included street glasgow influence glasgow style seen work architects like designs included heavily glass fronted vincent street hope street early example reinforced concrete construction estate house design declined importance twentieth century exception work undertaken beginning reconstruction undertook series major country house designs important built adam style castle rebuilt industrialist ross english architect designed neo georgian mansion owner moscow department store building world war social change undermined construction rural country houses twentieth century distinctive scottish use stone architecture declined replaced cheaper alternatives portland cement concrete mass production brick stone retained material housing stock edinburgh undergo twentieth century private architecture increasingly client driven son successful competition new libraries constructed glasgow following gift city designs selected seven libraries allowing demonstrate individual interpretation architecture libraries built locally sandstone blended existing landmark buildings greatly enhanced liberal use columns sculpted features noted scottish railway stations extensions railway station spectacular bay railway station early world war miller chief designer adapted growing needs office block glasgow central plan followed practice united_states filling entire blocks building steel framed buildings high fire marshal allow heavily american influenced building mid twentieth century public architecture impulse produce comprehensive welfare state important modernist architects era stepped designs buildings like andrew house edinburgh built tower empire scotland held glasgow building world war social change undermined construction rural country houses isolated examples included houses combined modern traditional elements designed built place world war shortage building materials reduced number large luxury houses isolated examples included logan house designed 1950s 1960s design earl period saw considerable restoration existing houses world war government increasingly aware scotland housing problems particularly glasgow rent strike royal commission reported mining areas badly constructed damp labourers cottages farms unfit human occupation counties islands groups houses older masses great cities result massive programme council house building early council houses built sites away pollution city constructed semi detached homes cottages north west glasgow built piece library social centre seven shopping 1930s schemes tended built like thousand houses built story building schemes designed displaced urban clearance thousands demolished poor land near railways soon notorious survey found half scotland houses inadequate style universal church building late nineteenth century continued twentieth examples including edinburgh common forms period plain massive buildings protestant examples included roman catholic examples included removed need new presbyterian church building replaced tendency nineteenth century churches main tendency church design 1930s isolated large classical protestant commissions edinburgh major buildings form catholic_church movement centred plans movement reached peak 1960s leading figure pursuing style jack later 1920s pursued brick style catholic architecture church utilised engineering techniques architecture resulting broad space narrow arcades monumental facade red brick linear plan subsequent designs including partner temporary open catholic chapel empire exhibition fronted like grid peter walls towers showed influence abstract compositions contemporary swedish architecture pointed future influence post war post war period scotland continued produce important architects including designed flats common london considered landmark development modernist residential planning style profound impact scotland later work outside scotland highly influential international scale main thrust post war planning clearance rebuilding beginning populations districts buildings demolished rebuilding began resulting district george street canal street low flats render reused rubble storey tower end post war desire urban regeneration gained momentum focus tower block championed glasgow city housing committee projects like red road flats originally offered hope new beginning escape nineteenth century city lacked sufficient infrastructure soon deteriorated extensive use fire leading long term health problems builders residents responsible glasgow stark rebuilding new confidence period seen infrastructure projects forth road bridge opened key example solution adopted scotland building new towns like designed excess population cities new low dense pattern community design cottages low flats praised architecture built centre layout town general receiving heavy criticism century modernist architecture described resident fantasy unhappy child tendency comprehensive scottish urban planning derided critics planning architect arrogance creation new towns council house estates necessitated rapid supply new churches shortage materials need rapid building discouraged development innovative design accompanied rejection architects traditional forms favour international characterised simple outlines internal spaces absence colour flat roofs catholic_church traditional membership affected changes housing react situation creating new parishes west country baptist churches followed close particularly new towns congregation clergy expressed domestic 1950s dual use hall churches completed steel framed building clad timber brick flat roof buildings erected basic pattern 1980s present 1980s backlash nature modernist architecture instead form post looked clash styles renewed emphasis visual aesthetics invoked combination private public movement included renewed influence scots inspired designs seen respectively old town edinburgh extended significant figure development architecture scotland 1980s academic secretary treasurer scotland argued motorway expansion production grey early private works influenced ideas included warehouse centre street street glasgow public structures included building house glasgow 1990s return elements particularly major public building projects recent major public buildings include glasgow designed known curving roof striking modern buildings cinema highest scotland important public building early century edinburgh designed opened design recalls fishing boats increasing attempts preserve survives scotland architectural heritage including great buildings monuments influenced houses towns like edinburgh glasgow surviving renovated restored black fronts created pollution original pink sandstone brought modern standards accommodation urban regeneration attempted areas post industrial decline like glasgow returned housing 1980s warehouse conversions recently waterfront edinburgh resulting return resident populations major urban centres 1980s saw growth speculative house building developers introduced english brick half vernacular styles scotland largely unknown period small built minimum standards little regard energy environmental issues sales council houses popular scotland mid-1990s unlike england local authorities use capital receipts development abolished replaced responsibility provide affordable housing environmental improvement turn replaced includes scottish local authority production state sponsored housing subsided 1970s return church design reflected loss confidence churches rapidly declined identified post style emerging period limited number new buildings replacing existing churches tended produced building companies timber beams exposed roofs produce aesthetically constructions late 1980s original designs including catholic church replacement church french design nearby parish church converted farmhouse | Architecture in modern Scotland | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
5095_ArchitectureofDenmark | architecture denmark architecture denmark origins viking period richly revealed archaeological finds firmly established middle ages gothic churches sprang country period country little access stone brick construction material choice churches fortifications castles influence inspired castles france dutch flemish designers brought denmark initially improve country fortifications increasingly build magnificent royal castles palaces renaissance style parallel half style popular ordinary dwellings towns villages country late reign early proponent baroque continue considerable time impressive buildings capital provinces came initially france slowly adopted native danish architects increasingly participated defining architectural style productive period ultimately merged 19th century style 1960s danish architects entered world scene highly successful turn evolved recent world class great belt bridge paving way number danish designers rewarded excellence home abroad middle ages archaeological excavations parts denmark revealed way lived notable sites located south danish border near german town probably dates end 8th century houses deemed sophisticated dwellings time oak frames walls roofs probably viking ring houses near danish island zealand different ship like shape long walls house consisted large central hall smaller rooms end north jutland metres long metres wide wide ends middle long walls curving slightly walls consisted double rows posts horizontally series outer posts wall possibly support building like buttresses style denmark churches 9th century built timber survived hundreds stone churches style built 12th 13th centuries flat nave chancel small rounded windows round arches granite limestone initially preferred building materials brick production reached denmark middle 12th century brick quickly material choice finest examples brick buildings unique church lady tall towers church island built like churches island round church building supported circular outer wall exceptionally wide hollow central column construction cathedral started region great danish shape related earlier german buildings traces influences followed great cathedral close trade contacts rhine region germany materials sandstone models taken gothic style end 13th century gothic style norm result older churches rebuilt adapted gothic style flat ceilings replaced high cross windows enlarged pointed arches towers added interiors decorated murals red brick material choice seen presents features gothic architecture pointed arch buttresses increased light spatial combination nave chancel gothic architecture denmark found churches monasteries examples secular field rectangular castle clearly presents gothic features commissioned danish nobleman called services north german master worked building contains defensive features times including false doors dead end corridors murder holes pouring boiling pitch attackers death traps protect nobles peasant uprisings half buildings late middle ages slow transition began traditional wooden houses towns villages half properties oldest denmark island constructed building forms southern swedish region denmark half houses historic importance oldest surviving half house denmark built located east coast old town jutland open air village museum consisting historical buildings collected parts country include variety half houses dating middle 16th century renaissance renaissance architecture reigns especially christian inspired french castles times flemish architects designed palace copenhagen stock exchange city remarkable renaissance buildings reign designed flemish architects started work finished modelled winged french castle finally completed winged building castle burnt orders christian quickly rebuilt leadership younger son famous flemish artist widely recognized europe outstanding renaissance castles largest renaissance palace scandinavia original building pulled order complete winged french styled castle low terrace wing courtyard architectural expression decorative finish clearly reflect preferences evidenced ornamental windows especially sweeping copenhagen built example style king storey built site park decided start work ambitious building castle developed stages dutch renaissance masterpiece completed castle renaissance style park denmark oldest royal garden sponsored exchanges europe built designed emphasize copenhagen position commercial metropolis inspired style distinctive towers roof reflect taste christian characteristic building dragon tails topped crowns kingdom denmark included norway sweden began work construction south sweden completing buildings renaissance style particularly impressive designed flemish danish architect said scandinavia finest example renaissance church initiated number projects norway largely based renaissance architecture established mining operations world heritage site devastating fire town oslo moved new location rebuilt fortified city layout surrounded renamed king christian founded trading city naming stone buildings common town houses farms continued half conjunction single stone house ordinary people continued live half houses northwestern began develop end middle ages prosperity peaked 17th century corn grown locally traded germany netherlands half houses form museum date period providing insight town functioned time danish country period tended built style usually larger fine example near north eastern house half building large rectangular courtyard flanked baroque renaissance period principally dutch influence baroque architecture features originated italy france symmetry primary concerns enhanced projecting central section main façade copenhagen round tower christian projects provided funding observatory proposed initial leadership surprisingly adapted design tower completed height bricks specially ordered netherlands hard burned slender type known meter long spiral ramp leads providing views copenhagen round tower oldest functioning observatory europe today observe night sky tower astronomical winter near built local baroque country house denmark replacing earlier renaissance style inspiration came holland architect probably foremost designers times danish architect masterpiece copenhagen relies greek cross basic layout façade extending height building features distinctive undertaken reign finally completed building centre copenhagen said important pure baroque building remaining denmark involved design usually credited work mansion houses denmark based design dutch building engineer charged develop area especially connection canal designed copenhagen new harbour christian king completed work years numerous town houses built northern sunny canal oldest number completed probably harbour master near designed danish architect assistance invited facade sophisticated floor apartments higher ceilings designed use royalty palace copenhagen designed completed certainly impressive baroque buildings day palace destroyed fire extensive riding arena completed survived undamaged visited today royal residence shore lake exquisite work court castle park denmark largest best preserved baroque gardens turn 19th century architecture developed late baroque style major proponents built building designed palace north copenhagen ambitious work near succeeded working components balanced cohesive baroque palace following closely baroque period came fashion leadership originally spent years abroad increasingly interested architecture especially french style return denmark built copenhagen residence crown prince frederick later soon given prestige assignments including overall architectural design district copenhagen planned strictly octagonal square containing considered europe important complexes lord chamberlain charge project gave free hand design principal buildings provide area straight broad streets lined wanted emulate grand building achievements french monarchs surprisingly palace square inspired paris period died work completed architects including continued execute plans finest outcomes complex immediate vicinity influenced developed strict style period ornamental facade seen building copenhagen storey added later designed small church village church denmark relied inspiration ancient greece rome brought denmark french architect sculptor established denmark persuaded complete death succeed successful designing prestige buildings near pupils turned denmark prominent 18th century architect known father danish undertook considerable redesign work interiors including work introduced classical temple style wide entrance large hall carried work complex including wooden columns linking crown prince residence king remarkable example island south eastern denmark small country home built french style exceptional roof like surrounding house work foremost landscape architects times designed summer retreat island governor wife building shaped main rooms ground floor floor consisting interior probably decorated leading day 19th century death main proponent christian developed severe style clean simple forms large surfaces charge major building projects copenhagen designed responsible rebuilding designing surrounding square charged rebuilding palace burnt unfortunately burnt remains magnificent chapel columns conveys sense antiquity remembered designing young man experienced germany france met german born architect archaeologist introduced colourful architecture antiquity uncle active art culture official awakened king interest museum danish sculptor asked sketches building designs stood architects given commission transform theatre scenery painting building museum construction buildings released traditional urban plan closed streets completed work incorporated aspects ancient egyptian architecture design plan egyptian greek arrival second half century special importance attached high standards proper use materials seen copenhagen university library designed inspired productive 19th century architects contributed way copenhagen appears today important buildings include copenhagen hotel support company designed number decorated buildings brewery site redevelopment new district copenhagen proponent completed reconstruction palace fire designed parliament building iceland time danish colony greatest achievement completion copenhagen site ruin work stopped original design plans differed significantly lateral towers eliminated dome lower columns reduced main entrance overall height matched thanks taller building commonly known completed years drawn original plans national main proponents national romantic style main aim use distinctive motifs distant past clearly demonstrated copenhagen city hall completed certainly copenhagen monumental original building quarter 19th century impressive facade golden statue balcony tall slim clock tower inspired participant movement designed art style end century urban development harbour town south east dates 13th century real prosperity emerged 19th century trade important drivers town subsequently underwent period renovation new brick stone buildings lining narrow streets old town important tourist attraction fine architectural style northern tip jutland distinctive 19th century houses red roofs yellow red tones dominated backed white chimneys roof decorations traditions found town old districts maintained newer residential areas town imposing buildings beginning 20th century designed designed known architects 20th century increasingly continued thrive beginning century seen apartment buildings police headquarters development isolated phenomenon drawing existing classical traditions countries new ideas pursued german speaking cultures characterised combination direct indirect influences vernacular architecture italian german movement greatest level success sweden number important danish proponents including assistance designed denmark houses district copenhagen appropriately working adapted design serve main achievement built collections art remembered town planning activities contributions danish town planning laboratory church copenhagen named danish philosopher pastor remembered hymns integral national culture result unusual appearance denmark famous church designed relied heavily scandinavian brick gothic traditions especially danish village churches stepped combined modern geometric forms classical vertical gothic architecture construction began completed son death striking feature building west facade reminiscent exterior church organ began 1930s relied rational architecture making use concrete iron glass meet social needs main proponents denmark especially developments north copenhagen designed completed tower meters tall tower clock face diameter meters building concrete marble norway traditional approach taken designed buildings world war drew trends american irregular ground plans flat roofs open plan interiors glass good examples family house outskirts near good use reasonably cheap materials post war housing consist shaped houses based design traditional danish project noted synthesis creates architecture landscape designed period country leading modernist design copenhagen town hall completed shows combined use different materials sandstone types glass painted steel following footsteps denmark outstanding successes 20th century architecture notably iconic earned distinction second person work recognized alive copenhagen considered outstanding example critical synthesis created universal regional culture winning international competition paris design based simple forms brought international fame prolific designed building variety prestige buildings scandinavia including copenhagen opera house success transformation pedestrian zone copenhagen 1960s influential book life buildings earned international reputation urban design advised numerous city planning developments including melbourne london new_york work drawn copenhagen bicycle culture improve quality public space city centres contemporary period turn millennium danish architecture flourished home abroad important areas greater copenhagen provided substantial opportunities architectural developments domestic number firms gained international recognition winning important commissions abroad overseas assignments important denmark recent years seen emergence new architectural firms operating denmark internationally recent urban developments contemporary urban development south east copenhagen city centre origin connected building bridge linking copenhagen sweden completed initial planning stages 1990s office building realised today constantly expanding area apartments office space copenhagen undergoing significant recent years encouragement projects waterfront based initial planning work 1980s area seen appearance prestige buildings including black diamond national library extension international presence established countries active outside denmark particularly middle_east number projects saudi_arabia syria including damascus interesting project new building waterfront hamburg designed award winning amsterdam new won competition design new headquarters berlin ahead firms france opened offices london oslo addition numerous projects countries international work includes london new library notable international projects extensions national maritime museums london successful commissioned build oslo widely recognized bridge architects completing projects worldwide include great belt bridge scotland south_africa hong_kong great belt suspension bridge completed world largest length metres free span metres vertical clearance ships metres designers student housing complex considered copenhagen successful new buildings recent years emerging practices trend contemporary danish architecture emergence new generation successful young practices inspired international trends modernist tradition scandinavia generation spearheaded firm founded unusually rapid transition established firm beginning big received international recognition number projects including practice closely related dutch firms worked work danish architects big major international breakthrough came firm won international competitions gained large commissions include art museum overlooking mexico_city neighbourhood hamburg new city hall estonia new national library low energy project china world village women sports young practices transform contributed project china awarded golden lion venice architecture project commissioned danish architect practices later went win high profile competitions denmark abroad won competition new building transform project city hall square copenhagen won prize competition scandinavia largest sustainable district copenhagen notable emerging danish architectural practices include | Architecture of Denmark | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
9033_Phallicarchitecture | architecture architecture consciously creates symbolic representation buildings intentionally unintentionally resembling human source amusement locals tourists places world deliberate imagery found ancient cultures links ancient cultures found traditional artifacts ancient greeks romans celebrated festivals built shrine erect honor messenger gods figures related egyptian god min depicted holding erect figures women head found greece yugoslavia symbolism prevalent architecture ancient romans deeply imagery architecture domestic items ancient culture parts including indonesia buddhist parts korea japan symbol fertility motifs temples areas everyday life scholars feminism pointed symbolic nature architecture especially large dominate landscape symbols male domination power political authority towers vertical structures unintentionally examples modern architecture interpreted architect specifically cited admitted meaning intentional aspect design history background antiquity worship existed particularly prevalent period bronze age architecture prominent ancient egypt greece human sexuality received high degree attention ancient greeks honored celebrated festivals roman deity god fertility depicted giant numerous public architectural pieces greeks regularly built shrine called entrance major public buildings homes roads honor messenger gods typically took form vertical pillar topped head man surface pillar head erect believed sought inspiration ancient image min valley god similarly depicted standing king simplified body arm raised hand holding erect ancient greek historian documented women carrying large shaped monuments ornaments size human body villages ancient island pillar supports symbol buildings sites believed devices ward evil elaborate use architecture sculpture ancient greek society seen sites northern greece archaeologists ancient town discovered clay sculptures women heads folded arms similar women heads period found greece macedonia parts old yugoslavia vast majority culture cylindrical shaped heads facial features particularly culture pieces heads nose eyes parts ancient world like structures resembling human built symbols representing human fertility asserting male sexuality symbolism prevalent architecture ancient considered symbolic masculine earth ancient egypt functions existing reference sun representing fertility power architecture individual pieces prevalent ancient rome ancient greece egypt romans deeply introduced related components architectural pieces domestic items archaeologists site discovered ornaments sculptures unearthed revealing inch protruding believed inscription habitat happiness romans wore ward evil eye worship women sicily continued 18th century objects kissing offerings placing altar churches smaller exhibited certain christian medieval times connected form religious smaller shaped monuments form idols rings drinking vessels jewellery documented found medieval churches ireland hindu represents creator destroyer main deity india destroyer stated include role creation creation role represented symbol known form form male trinity common feature hindu temples india forms built dynasty dedicated features cells especially renowned hall thousand indonesia feminine remain common symbols harmony sultan number carvings walls according indonesian chronicles gained power god sperm dead temple built 10th century dedicated evidence ritual fertility cult practiced time temple numerous depicting sexuality fertility including stone depictions consists pyramid statues male statue flattened shells temple striking metre representation housed references architecture temples depict africa particularly decorated palaces like piers columns entrance palaces decorated walls motifs similar features seen pillars temples africa interpreted western scholars symbols subtle subject varying interpretations like ancient egyptian kings built temples pillars ancient cities pillars representation discovered madagascar ancient maya architecture rare particular considerable number like architectural pieces contains temple known temple sculptures motifs modern major architectural development 17th century articulated tensions form symbol fantasy time western society oppressive particularly sensitive public displays sexuality blatant graphic architecture considered embarrassment act initial draft proposed ideal city near drew ideas design union man woman interpretation intercourse penetration private designed thrust circular ring building representing penetration circular ring representing passage female second revised design said elevated site female gender lonely original planned animated circular ring representing female reproductive organs drew sexually charged inspiration buildings designed design instance fueled prostitution ancient sexual ritual comparison likes gained notoriety pornographic architectural architectural inspiration relatively mild said omitted towers designs occasion aware general society obvious representation missing erection explained effect significance missing according interest architecture 18th century synonymous motivated similar interest masculine works profoundly ancient influence architecture design worship contain numerous illustrations temples architecture particular said offered prototype mysterious architecture worship closely resembles houses pleasure located designs concluding based sexual ritual plans penetrating believed purpose designs celebrate male power commentators provided illustrations analysis temples meaning architecture work note effect temple buildings shaped plan america especially chicago new_york numerous global cities high rise shape grew 20th century famous architect propagated europe place traditional decorative architecture similar futuristic developments took place italy initiative triumph man unlike ancient times blatant architectural representations west modern times subtle subject interpretation architects specifically admitted human source architectural creation italian cited having obsession architecture rigid decades high rise skyscraper symbol government quest economic power china hong_kong south_korea pacific rim nations china dollars annually high rise office residential buildings aim increasing rate far greater occupied symbolism art architecture vertical buildings seen symbol horizontal buildings seen feminine terms brutality referred architectural including likes french argued buildings architectural type symbolize force male fertility masculine violence special status perpendicular proclaiming orientation space brutality remain abstract brutality political power conducted considerable research meaning high rise buildings said arrogant especially public state buildings introduces precisely element visual realm purpose display need impress convey impression authority spectator great height spatial expression potentially violent power drew comparison high achievement acquisition wealth building monuments 19th century argues capitalized symbolism monuments ancient egyptian place column structures female counterparts example suggested moving designing large hand woman holding suggestive manner adapting factory chimney nude woman climbing monument defense paris instance commemoration escape paris balloon franco prussian war subject debate artists late 19th century believed resembled proposed turning monument enormous sex balloon forming horizontal proposed turning adding twin balloon form contemporary scholars architectural criticism investigated relationship architecture body sexuality sex power place particular perceive high rise like buildings urban landscape symbols male domination power rational believes form monumental high rise building grew 20th century america read symbol power present trend science technology nature incorporating sci offers counter argument urban design theories saying dominance use male masculine represent human problem eliminate reveal inherent notion universal generic human unspecified subject discusses architecture makes building masculine feminine book art architecture religion symbols modern era created public works art varying degrees subtlety examples statue honor revolution hill lisbon portugal sculptor greatest example cemetery cemetery hills northeastern iran near border roughly miles northeast according popular belief cemetery house tomb pre islamic prophet born years prior birth muhammad ancient graveyard contains unknown origin clear representations distance resemble stone common especially buddhist parts korea japan seen symbols fertility prowess dragon pool temple shrine visited female pilgrims come worship perceived fertility stone granite small size white reportedly found field nearby farmer thailand considered symbol good luck representative fertility numerous country featuring architecture shrine hotel colored wooden statues shapes sizes said possess special cosmic powers good fortune fertility anybody coming contact near contains massive statue raised platform statue dual functions primarily reminder monks remain symbol fertility human life smaller statue nearer monastery known located kilometres south nature park contains number erect statues tragic legend virgin swept sea drowned unable saved lover townspeople devastated helpless curse appeared cast local fishing industry day local fisherman relieved sea fishing industry revived discovered restless spirit manner compensated woman inability grave placing sexually potent statues view shore statues range size styles faces animated appearance colorful exact depictions human asian countries belief brings good luck drives away evil spirits symbols routinely painted outside walls new houses carved wooden hung crossed design sword dagger outside new homes corners road drive airport explicit paintings common sight white washed walls homes shops monastery shrine dedicated wooden people visit monastery pilgrimage seeking bear child welfare children displayed monastery brown wooden piece silver handle religious considered possess divine powers blessing oriented people said prevent family members houses painted symbols buildings structures empire state building story empire state building located new_york_city intersection fifth avenue world famous landmarks generally thought american cultural icon cited symbol american pride ultimate sign american power inaugurated designed art style roof height feet meters antenna included stands total high stood world tallest building years completion construction completed numerous people mentioned similarities appearance tall towers leaning tower leaning tower italy dating long suffered structural problems tower stories high metres restoration work degrees currently degrees foundation problems continues sink annually resemblance tower seen leaning tower sexual slang term half erect local retailers attempted capitalize tower architectural piece making featuring underwear tower resembling catholic_church denounced promotion tower manner showing complete lack respect disgrace retailers fined selling items promoting tower nelson column nelson column monument admiral erected grateful nation commemorate nelson victory battle ran money having raised public column granite shaft poem ballad good lord nelson included lines stiff pillar air nelson square reminds british monumental column malta described artist egyptian symbol observed look similar large largely described monument monument managed attract international media coverage specific visit pope malta pope mobile carrying planned passed similarly artist created monumental column described critics stands place paris france given french 1800s meter foot originally stood honoring nineteenth dynasty egypt according french perceived moment arrived located shanghai china world tallest radio tower metres tallest building asia tower houses restaurants theaters conference hall hotel significant tourist attraction city tower met mixed reception new_york_times described great monster truly monumental bit like enormous silver ball long steel column tower considered proof city worship indicative wealth increasing chinese cities designed french architect project called high rise office building following completion originally called owner public noted building form suggestive calls fully assumed state capitol lincoln state capitol building lincoln nebraska cited apex architecture stories feet tall second tallest surpassed story tallest building lincoln tallest state heaviest capitol building north_america building designed drew classical gothic architectural traditions constructed indiana limestone golden dome building nicknamed plains like appearance opened london april designed metres structure london environmentally sustainable tall building recycled materials compared nicknames include erotic likened fat cigar building cited crude metaphor london iconic buildings cabinet voted best building world story skyscraper located les neighborhood barcelona spain designed named owners holding company interests include barcelona water company example high tech architecture city design combines number different architectural concepts resulting striking structure built reinforced concrete covered facade glass window openings cut structural concrete building stands skyline barcelona tallest building city standing area square metres offices led cause tower change color night officially opened september claims inspired nearby mountain note appearance draw comparisons locals refer structure drug delivery system inserted seen prime example architecture american monument marble granite world tallest stone structure world tallest standing feet inches according national_park_service construction monument began halted completed journal review dated october said monument saw washington monument national albert memorial tiny doll like people waiting says speaking sex symbols symbol existence capitol dome viewed metaphor praise ing power white piercing air like bayonet futuristic film set united_states noteworthy giant billboard water tower water tower historic water tower michigan united_states listed national_register_of_historic_places building tower designed constructed elaborate city project began located highest point tower completed cost today tower frequently joked shape earned nickname brick dick known landmark building shape location tower frequently residents point providing directions visitors residents pop said interview famous thing water tower brick years old looks like big world building contest contest held cabinet magazine find building resembled human contest originated writer drew slate readers claiming diary later published book love know brooklyn new_york_city new_york world led cabinet magazine initiate search find building truly world cities readers subsequently poured views claims magazine editors months entries discussion announced winner winner readers poll florida state capitol building notable nominee illinois christian science church illinois strongly resembles viewed air church claims designed old oak tree declared didn design seen seeing didn design seen greater manchester metal sculpture criticized council installment adjacent children play area park looking rude paid week efforts council workers modified structure moved park new headquarters newspaper construction slated completion china attempted censor jokes shape park sydney metre high located intersection elizabeth street street sewer notable landmark appearance emphasised november temporarily installed giant hiv awareness campaign installation generated lot media interest including drew australian christian lobby salt_lake_city utah completed stands eastern end temple square salt_lake_city utah building currently houses administrative support staff lay ministry building form viewed north south faces resembles large building floors extend outward adorned images world rendered relief large images regarded locals resemble reinforcing building overall appearance | Phallic architecture | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
9620_ArchitectureofLeeds | architecture leeds architecture leeds city metropolitan borough england encompasses wide range architectural styles notable buildings northern industrial centres leeds prominent architecture victorian era city leeds contains buildings early middle ages britain best preserved ruined monasteries examples 20th century industrial architecture particularly districts current buildings leeds product industrial revolution post war regeneration 20th century new buildings provided city commuter towns villages house increasing suburban population leeds city centre currently undergoing redevelopment number buildings leeds won awards architecture examples renovation projects won awards pre earliest evidence area leeds dates oldest existent man structure leeds metropolitan district earthworks iron age fort leeds thought site roman town abandoned romans left britain church leeds thought built leeds like industrial cities little remaining medieval architecture lack medieval architecture central leeds attributed small size town majority period population usually time larger settlements yorkshire york earliest remaining buildings leeds built described best complete churches yorkshire noteworthy piece architecture period leeds abbey foundation begun banks abbey disbanded buildings ruined henry_viii numerous england located remote areas unlike survive dissolution reused parish churches ruins particularly preserved form norman architecture later gothic additions remnants monastic buildings sufficiently intact display domestic arrangement function monastery keeps records displays artefacts abbey eras leeds paintings abbey come artists renowned abbey purchased colonel presented council restored parts abbey safe public enjoyment opening central leeds buildings middle ages examples city leeds boundaries including bridge dates medieval period considerably altered pointed gothic arches different heights replaced semi circular arches said granted sins local residents return building bridge building castle commenced demolished king granted permission construction remains foundations seen remembered street castle gate 14th century stone hall house courtyard fortress grounds grade listed currently undergoing conservation tudor times leeds market town people grew century successive city centre following centuries destroyed visible evidence period earliest building remaining city centre late early 17th century house yard timber framed building storeys possibly cross wing larger hall house state disrepair generally accessible public church oldest church central leeds consecrated founded described architectural rarity virtually intact 17th century church plans demolish came defence argued successfully restoration interior unusual having large longer regular services care regularly open visitors occasional public events major example 18th century architecture lies outside city city leeds boundaries grade listed built funded proceeds architect york extensions designed interiors opening trade hall brought industrial development small scale 19th century leeds like manchester began growing towns cities industrial belts yorkshire lancashire providing leeds rare examples industry period generally accepted beginning industrial revolution late 18th century begun built currently largest mill museum examples industrial architecture era areas surrounding leeds city centre main originally street near city square quebec street designed built demolished way lane constructed built design grade listed building building changed new built developments built close difficult exterior building possible reported remains 17th century cottage demolished controversial approval nineteenth century 19th century leeds began grow britain largest cities led widespread building city leeds wool cloth trades resulted building industrial buildings era resulting workforce migrated city rural areas brought building houses leeds surviving examples terrace housing particularly known good deal 19th century designed land owned built local architect corn merchant estate originally acres exterior victorian gothic style architect employed modern building techniques materials including cast iron construction leeds city centre examples era leeds market hotel calls landings leeds town hall pictured designed opened queen_victoria hotel built 1890s inspired french architecture time designed built building lay derelict years converted shopping centre east end park contain houses era foot column guided era 19th century saw construction leeds railway infrastructure including notable leeds city centre major railway stations era survived fact leeds railway station rebuilt recently industrial architecture history notable churches main church lane large church demolished 1970s smaller church building attached home christ church notable gothic church demolished constructed feet tall held record leeds tallest building building town hall housing leeds growth 19th century led mass migration city resulted areas city new houses built industrial revolution led increase working middle classes leading building new houses aimed classes common form housing built working classes terrace houses built largely working class districts whilst larger terrace houses built middle classes developed affluent district leeds boasts large victorian popularity outer suburbs late 20th century brought land values area fell decline cost building small house leeds seventy eighty pounds average weekly rent shillings fifth average wages time twentieth century leeds wide variety buildings era chapel art semi detached houses 1930s large parts city centre contain commercial buildings era examples 20th century residential architecture early era decade 20th century areas leeds saw continuation victorian style architecture particularly areas like originally built hotel converted picture house cinema gas lighting original organ piano grade listed building surviving picture palaces picture house regarded finest examples architecture leeds art chapel lesser extent art houses parts leeds general built art styles chapel boasted built art style closed late 1960s hall later demolished 1990s 1920s 1930s leeds designed built provide unemployed work great depression designed completed designed leeds director utilised modernist design based european examples particular vienna revolutionary time mass council housing based weak neo georgian design demolished 1970s 80s poor maintenance provided backdrop sitcom castle city square constructed following year large storey brick working men woman opened designed senior architectural assistant closure converted sustainable leeds limited examples designed architect commencement demolition autumn following closure october design flaws pool size inch narrow qualify olympic standard meaning held competitions council hoped spent 1960s closed problems construction parts particularly office blocks constructed outdoor rear commonly known displayed replaced run houses unusual street chosen informal replaced streets including longer streets street flats popular poorly designed constructed demolished thirteen years constructed smaller shops site demolished earlier picture flats database picture picture unseen parts display elements large areas exposed concrete older parts university visible view parts university necessary walk main campus 1960s 1980s areas leeds entirely built era high rise council flats leeds office buildings victorian demolished era replaced council housing widespread private residential developments joint effort homes built time particularly completed tallest building leeds completion knocked position opening tower inner ring road constructed course 1960s ambitious scheme kind subsequently promoting city slogan works involved construction tunnels motorway construction notable council plan 1960s separate pedestrians traffic proposed new buildings city square built overhead walkway came fruition short section built growth financial business services sector mid-1980s onwards resulted boom office developments city centre buildings constructed time style known leeds look use dark red pitched grey slate roofs 1990s 1990s saw residential development demolished replaced centre later centre core constructed 1990s saw town centre previously notable 1960s architecture constructed site 1920s 1930s building houses main regional offices building controversial imposing design regarded self important led building nicknamed housing leeds housing stock fallen disrepair middle 20th century city victorian unsuitable modern leeds labour councils 1930s pledged replace older houses relied mainly heating open coal fires led problems deaths leeds attributed problem partially relieved 1950s introduction clean air act clearance scheme way 1930s took second world war scheme way 1950s largest social housing project began building estate planned time satellite town city limits building new council estates prevalent city east end city expanded east 20th century direction completed lay right eastern fringes city demolished early 21st century including high profile 1960s 1970s land social housing council started looking building high rise estates sporting prominent tower blocks 1970s land available developments particularly large estates unpopular faced need larger social housing stock built smaller estates park partnership replaced war houses newer redeveloped areas obvious housing incarnation era council house subject controversy built hand people argue vastly improved britain housing stock provided occupants modern central heating inside modern kitchen way built disruption communities build quality certain houses policy housing problem tenants certain estates leeds suffered high crime poverty low house prices maintained lower crime rate enjoy house prices estate far period leeds seen development particularly city centre notably developments developments dock albeit conversion older building developments incorporating student accommodation redevelopment leeds railway station incorporated notable steel glass roof covering main platform hall providing views south west level place currently tallest building leeds second tallest structure yorkshire near building comprises offices flats shops restaurants feet tall storeys original design included added architectural journal place cup awarded buildings ugly freeze heart skyscraper leeds situated north city centre wade lane adjacent building officially completed september feet storeys leeds tallest building building consists solely student accommodation leeds education institutions building built site little later public house car parking area city fully booked academic year contains students flats suite gym student use plaza tower plaza tower skyscraper city centre completed plaza overtook leeds second tallest building tower contains student flats stands feet storeys making building storeys leeds place commercial height ceilings particularly high storeys leeds dock originally large timber dock situated city centre decades industrial decline left dock obsolete opening began regeneration area little undertaken wider redevelopment began completed cost million includes flats offices bars restaurants hotel casino development centres dock boulevard square main office block development attracted tenant smaller dock incorporates residential house boats passenger boat service runs development criticism people city commenting lack people area architect described future described development mundane collection buildings incredibly place claimed decades shiny new buildings following spiral decay claims explored bbc television programme inside fashion claimed thought development huge success seat super theatre style venue built fan orientation construction began decades calls venue replace demolished represented city large concert hall intervening period leeds major city venue building based striking frontage modelled close images insect eye illuminated night variety colours reflect mood playing time future major developments leeds city centre planned completion beginning new decade hold prevailing economic conditions subsequently cancelled buildings criterion place tallest residential buildings time completion planning permission approved room star hotel opposite new leeds arena site completed project currently hiatus following collapse main contractor involved development relocated dock following refusal planning permission site critical reception leeds architecture television film called poet goes north gave opinion changing architecture leeds described constant sound falling victorian architecture british railways house saying blocked light city square testament money architectural merit praised leeds town hall film film broadcast time preserved restored screened architect critic attracted controversy criticism recent architectural developments leeds notably dock referring leeds plans future said worrying signs yorkshire mistakes london years ago criticised services city centre referring lack schools health care facilities described dock development future claims explored bbc television programme inside claimed leeds needed iconic building like manchester sage claimed redevelopment older buildings calls compete europe quality sensitivity design guardian architecture critic lamented post millennium architecture leeds weak planning system allowing wave cheap looking architecture city points sky plaza prime example public space leeds city centre main public squares park square city square millennium square smaller squares exist including square square square rest leeds large open parks city centre lacks free recreational space contained squares city square millennium square redeveloped hard landscaping interview northern editor guardian architect praised city square designed public space criticised plaza tower development lack public space stating space available service vehicles awards buildings leeds won architecture awards following buildings award wharf place mint hotel awards yorkshire peoples award short listed buildings road leeds city centre street leeds city centre ask rendezvous café market place chapel boston spa development leeds city centre flats dock street leeds city centre voluntary non profit body aims objectives stimulate public interest care beauty history character city locality encourage high standards design architecture town planning encourage development improvement features general public promote organise operation achievement objectives trust works preserve leeds architectural heritage ensure new developments suitable quality city local heritage open days conjunction | Architecture of Leeds | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
9630_ArchitectureofScotland | architecture scotland architecture scotland includes human building modern borders scotland era present day earliest surviving houses years villages years earliest preserved example europe built artificial island date bronze age stone buildings called atlantic larger hill forts arrival romans led creation forts like continuous fortification clyde known wall built second century roman influence evidence underground departure romans series hill forts major geographical features castles arrived scotland introduction twelfth century initially wooden bailey constructions replaced stone castles high curtain wall late middle ages new castles built scale particularly borders simpler tower houses gunpowder weaponry led use gun ports platforms mount guns walls adapted resist bombardment medieval parish church architecture typically simpler england ecclesiastical buildings gothic style early fifteenth century introduction renaissance styles included selective use forms church architecture nave followed directly influenced renaissance palace building late fifteenth century beginning private houses adopted features incorporated features medieval castles tower houses plans based french produce scots style reformation led widespread destruction church ornaments decoration post reformation period unique form church emerged based plan restoration fashion grand private houses influenced style associated architects sir scotland produced significant british architects eighteenth century including particularly looked classical models edinburgh focus classical building boom industrial revolution transformed scottish towns leading urban exemplified like glasgow new towns designed communities like developed solution preferred conservative surgery retaining best buildings area removing worst revival style particularly rebuilding parallel revival gothic church architecture pursued alexander greek late nineteenth century saw major engineering projects including forth bridge bridge major steel constructions world significant scottish architect early twentieth century developed unique internationally influential glasgow style architects continued employ styles informed past included mid twentieth century architecture scotland increasingly influenced key scottish architects movement included introduction led urban extensive use tower block style new towns like received considerable criticism recent major architectural projects include glasgow striking modern buildings edinburgh prehistoric era groups settlers began building known permanent houses scottish soil years ago villages years ago stone building oldest surviving houses north west europe making use locally gathered rubble dry stone construction dates period europe complete burial ritual sites particularly common preserved western isles lack trees led structures built local stone early middle bronze age evidence occupation partially entirely built artificial island usually lakes rivers waters peoples early iron age scotland particularly north west lived substantial stone buildings called atlantic remains hundreds houses exist country merely piles rubble impressive towers date imposing structures having created circa south east larger hill forts survive evidence iron age scotland located clyde forth line appear largely abandoned roman period departure circular single enclosure roman post roman constructions romans began military expeditions scotland summer arrived britain appointment new governor began series expeditions scotland years later constructed substantial fort near said pushed armies estuary usually assumed established forts including fortress successors unable unwilling subdue far north fortress dismantled completion fortifications ridge abandoned space years occupation limited end century northern limit roman expansion line drawn fort dates period romans eventually withdrew line northern england building fortification known wall coast coast romans undertook southern scotland moving construct new clyde wall largest roman construction inside scotland covered wall turf circa metres high nineteen forts extended having taken years build wall overrun abandoned soon romans retreated line wall occasional expeditions involved building forts departure fifth century area roman occupation round house characteristic outer wall circle stone piers bearing resemblance wheel constructed sites identified west north small underground constructions discovered scotland south east dated suggest construction date 2nd 3rd centuries usually found close settlements timber frames preserved storing agricultural products departure romans evidence series forts smaller constructions compared constructions major geographical features middle ages medieval vernacular architecture use local materials styles england construction employing pairs curved support roof usually hidden view rural areas extensive use turf fill walls stone base long lasting rebuilt years regions including south west solid clay walls combinations clay turf stray rendered clay lime lack long span structural timber common building material stone employed dry stone construction different regions heather straw introduction christianity scotland ireland sixth century led construction basic masonry built churches beginning west coast islands medieval parish church architecture scotland typically elaborate england churches remaining simple towers highlands simpler built rubble masonry indistinguishable outside houses farm buildings eighth century sophisticated buildings emerged early masonry produced block built stone buildings like eleventh century round tower square towers eleventh century masonry techniques advanced blocks rectangular resulting structurally stable walls incorporate refined architectural detailing seen time increasing influences english continental european designs pattern detailing piers nave abbey modelled details thirteenth century east end incorporated typical european gothic fifteenth century continental builders known working scotland french master mason employed building rebuilding considered fine examples gothic architecture interiors churches elaborate reformation highly decorated houses like ones surviving carvings created mid fifteenth century depicting progression seven deadly sins considered finest gothic style late medieval scottish churches contained elaborate burial monuments like douglas tombs town douglas early sixteenth century saw crown built churches royal connections imperial monarchy edinburgh scotland known dramatically placed castles date late medieval era castles sense fortified residence lord noble arrived scotland david encouragement norman french nobles settle feudal particularly south east way controlling contested primarily wooden bailey constructions raised mount wooden tower larger adjacent enclosure bailey usually surrounded ditch connected wooden bridge varied size large modest designs like england constructions converted stone bailey castles twelfth century scotland continued occupation stone castles high curtain wall need thick high walls defence forced use economic building methods continuing tradition dry stone rubble building covered lime render uniform appearance addition castles royal castles larger providing defence lodging scottish court local administrative centre included fortifications wars scottish independence robert adopted policy castle destruction allow fortresses easily held english beginning castles including edinburgh wars independence new castles began built scale maintenance castles house retained troops like near rebuilt duke albany fourteenth century largest number late medieval fortifications scotland built nobles tower house design smaller versions tower houses southern scotland known towers houses defences tower houses primarily aimed provide protection smaller raiding parties intended significant opposition organised military assault leading historian defensive typically tall square stone built building surrounded walled courtyard designed hold valuable animals necessarily intended defence built extensively sides border england isles led immediate burst castle building region gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered nature castle architecture existing castles adapted allow use gunpowder weapons incorporation gun ports platforms mount guns walls adapted resist bombardment begun probably castle british isles built artillery fort incorporating shape better resist cannon fire artillery mounted early modern renaissance impact renaissance scottish architecture seen occurring distinct phases early fifteenth century selective use forms church architecture followed second phase directly influenced renaissance palace building late fifteenth century adoption low massive church building round arches pillars contrast gothic perpendicular style particularly dominant england late medieval era influenced close contacts rome netherlands conscious reaction english forms favour continental ones seen nave begun facade chapel collegiate churches established scotland late fifteenth early sixteenth centuries like edinburgh showed combination gothic renaissance styles extensive building rebuilding royal palaces probably began accelerated reaching peak works seen directly reflecting influence renaissance styles constructed james direction master work referred palace apparently use term country extended began correspond fashionable corner italian palace castle style palace combining classical symmetry neo imagery evidence italian working reign completed palaces rebuilt proportions encountered french version renaissance building visiting marriage second marriage mary guise resulted longer term connections influences work reign largely disregarded style adopted england henry_viii adopted forms european beginning extensive work followed buildings edinburgh described finest examples renaissance architecture britain copying continental forms scottish architecture incorporated elements styles traditional local patterns adapting scottish materials particularly stone work undertaken demonstrated continued renaissance influences having classical entrance built built classical similar themes seen private houses built earl reformation reformation church architecture scotland rejected ornamentation places worship need elaborate buildings divided ritual resulting widespread destruction medieval church ornaments decoration need adapt build new churches suitable reformed services particularly putting pulpit preaching centre worship earliest buildings simple style continued built seventeenth century castle windows south wall north unique feature reformation materials churches rubble employed stone added wooden church edinburgh built rectangular layout largely gothic form sophisticated classical style variation rectangular church developed plan adapting existing churches allowed maximum number near pulpit seen continued seventeenth century seventeenth century greek cross plan churches cases arm cross closed aisle meaning effect churches unique style great private house scotland later known scots located origin period kept features high walled medieval castles largely obsolete gunpowder weapons influenced french brought scotland work royal palaces drew tower houses towers retaining external features larger ground plan stone built plan rectangular block towers castle particularly influential work king master mason death worked rebuilding collapsed 3rd earl began work edinburgh adopted distinctive style applied elements scottish fortification flemish influences renaissance plan like style seen lords houses built edinburgh highly influential style gave way english forms associated later seventeenth century restoration turbulent era civil wars english occupation scotland significant building scotland largely confined military architecture fortresses triangular style trace restoration large scale building began incorporating comprehensive ideas reviving sir considered effective founder classical architecture scotland key figure introducing style scotland following principles venetian architect ideas strongly based symmetry perspective values formal classical temple architecture ancient greeks romans associated england designs bruce style country house nobility encouraging continental leisure oriented architecture built country houses including house significant work mansion built estate purchased surveyor royal works undertook rebuilding royal palace gave palace present appearance death charles_ii bruce lost political favour later following glorious revolution imprisoned suspected houses predominantly built cut masonry rubble stonework internal walls worked mason bruce rebuilding palace appointed surveyor royal works responsible maintenance palace refurbished chapel royal king james vii father law master mason smith worked caroline park edinburgh smith country houses followed pattern established roofs fronts plain handsome style plan baroque facade smith designed sir circular structure modelled designed fronted giant columns entrance restrained modelled palace netherlands industrial revolution eighteenth century act union growing prosperity scotland led new building public private threat insurrection invasion meant scotland saw military building england period relying strength inclined angled engineered masonry work combined ability absorb artillery fire culminated construction near projecting scotland produced significant architects era including james john created work degree looked classical models edinburgh focus classical building boom scotland mid eighteenth century laid according plan rectangular blocks open squares drawn built strong sandstone precisely cut residences built flats contrast contemporary building england buildings divided vertically different houses divided horizontally different occupants sharing common staircase smallest room largest drawing rooms reputation major centre enlightenment resulted city nicknamed athens north plan building forms architectural detailing copied smaller towns rendered locally materials despite building boom government administration including king works london meant number scottish architects spent careers england major impact georgian architecture influenced style credited founding georgian architecture architectural historian speculated associated campbell pupil spent career italy england developed rivalry fellow trained rome practised mainly england architectural style incorporate elements forms italian baroque strongly influenced interpretation baroque sir foremost architect time scotland designing building numerous country houses public buildings best known works near edinburgh individual style built style baroque details inspired continental architecture death sons robert john took family business included lucrative work robert emerged leader phase neo classical revival england scotland death rejected style continued tradition drawing inspiration directly classical antiquity influenced year stay europe interior designer architect brothers developing adam style influenced development architecture britain western_europe north_america russia patterns taken scottish architect adam main rival born sweden work london small number houses scotland appointed architectural tutor later architect king international outlook adam combined conventions influence large number pupils nineteenth century urban growth planning vernacular architecture period continued depend local materials styles increasing making use locally mined stone edinburgh extensive use yellow sandstone commercial centre glasgow built distinctive red sandstone major fire largely wooden city fathers decreed major buildings locally abundant granite beginning new phase large scale mining leading granite city port centre major industry nineteenth century supplied scotland england faced stone pavement pillars built groups friends family homes poor usually simple construction contemporaries noted cottages highlands islands tended single rooms windows floors shared large family contrast lowland cottages distinct rooms chambers clad plaster paint windows urban settings included traditional houses larger stone slate town houses merchants urban gentry industrial revolution transformed scale scottish towns making glasgow second city empire growing wealth planned architecture aristocracy middle classes growth urban exemplified sub urban like glasgow lack general poverty contributed disease crime low life concept new town aimed improving society foundation designed communities important scottish thinking mid eighteenth twentieth century addition included complete rebuilding 5th duke designed self contained community combining industry ordered improved living conditions important milestone historical development urban planning scotland produced major figures urban planning developed concept discarded idea sweeping remove existing housing plan favour conservative surgery retaining best buildings area removing worst practice purchasing improving new developments garden edinburgh gothic revival gothic revival architecture seen expression according scots style reading gothic earliest evidence revival gothic architecture scotland constructed design input displays incorporation turrets largely conventional style houses incorporated external features scots style houses style include clearly seen castle adam important adoption style early nineteenth century residence novelist poet sir built model modern revival style common features borrowed seventeenth century houses included crow stepped pointed turrets style popular scotland applied relatively modest dwellings architects urban contexts including building street edinburgh 1850s rebuilding palace adoption royal retreat confirmed popularity style ecclesiastical architecture style common england adopted important figures included developed new style church building accorded fashionable high gothic adapted worship needs edinburgh trained office london returning edinburgh worked mainly small churches pointed early english style characteristic scott assistants practice designing prestigious public private buildings scotland dome old college medical faculty station edinburgh neo continued major style nineteenth century designer edinburgh landmarks new town finest works scotland situated centre edinburgh figure associated classical style alexander greek working mainly glasgow turned away gothic style ancient greeks seen temple columns employed styles work included branches including headquarters edinburgh designed number churches local government buildings houses schemes stewart edinburgh commissioned design lay area glasgow farmland miles south city centre formed partnership executed major works brewers warehouse men edinburgh centre including design abbey work price partnership execute important projects queen victoria memorial liverpool cathedral edinburgh new engineering nineteenth century saw major engineering projects including stone iron bridge important forth bridge railway bridge east scotland kilometres west central edinburgh construction suspension bridge designed stopped collapse works bridge project taken designed structure built glasgow based company sir opened march spans total length metres major structure britain constructed steel contemporary built wrought iron twentieth century present significant scottish architect early twentieth century having considerable influence european architecture mixed elements scots arts art produce elegant modern buildings major work included street glasgow influence glasgow style seen work architects like designs included heavily glass fronted vincent street hope street early example reinforced concrete construction twentieth century distinctive scottish use stone architecture declined replaced cheaper alternatives portland cement concrete mass production brick stone retained material housing stock edinburgh undergo twentieth century private architecture increasingly client driven son successful competition new libraries constructed glasgow following gift city designs selected seven libraries allowing demonstrate individual interpretation architecture libraries built locally sandstone blended existing landmark buildings greatly enhanced liberal use columns sculpted features noted scottish railway stations extensions railway station spectacular bay railway station world war miller chief designer adapted growing needs office block glasgow central plan followed practice united_states filling entire blocks building steel framed buildings high fire marshal allow heavily american influenced building mid twentieth century public architecture impulse produce comprehensive welfare state important modernist architects era stepped designs buildings like andrew house edinburgh built tower empire scotland held world war government increasingly aware scotland housing problems particularly glasgow rent strike royal commission reported mining areas badly constructed damp labourers cottages farms unfit human occupation counties islands groups houses older masses great cities result massive programme council house building early council houses built sites away pollution city constructed semi detached homes cottages north west glasgow built piece library social centre seven shopping 1930s schemes tended built like thousand houses built story building schemes designed displaced urban clearance thousands demolished poor land near railways soon notorious survey found half scotland houses inadequate post war period scotland continued produce important architects including designed flats common london considered landmark development modernist residential planning profound impact scotland later work outside scotland highly influential international scale post war desire urban regeneration focus tower block championed glasgow city housing committee projects like red road flats originally offered hope new beginning escape nineteenth century city lacked sufficient infrastructure soon deteriorated responsible glasgow stark rebuilding solution adopted scotland building new towns like designed excess population cities praised architecture built centre layout town general receiving heavy criticism century modernist architecture described resident fantasy unhappy child 1980s scottish architecture began recover reputation works building house glasgow recent major public buildings include glasgow designed known curving roof striking modern buildings including cinema highest scotland important building early twentieth century edinburgh designed opened design recalls fishing boats increasing attempts preserve survives scotland architectural heritage including great buildings monuments influenced houses towns like edinburgh glasgow surviving renovated restored original pink sandstone black fronts created pollution brought modern standards accommodation urban regeneration attempted areas post industrial decline like glasgow returned housing 1980s warehouse conversions recently waterfront edinburgh resulting return populations major urban centres list scottish architects father robert architect builder sir architect designer husband artist designer father alexander greek | Architecture of Scotland | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
10196_ArchitectureofNorway | architecture norway architecture norway evolved response changing economic conditions technological advances demographic fluctuations cultural shifts outside architectural influences apparent norwegian architecture adapted meet norwegian climatic conditions including harsh winters high winds coastal areas salt spray norway architectural trends seen parallel political societal changes norway centuries prior viking age wooden structures developed sophisticated craft evident elegant effective construction viking following ascent christianity introduced architecture churches slightly pointed arches barrel piers supporting groin large result religious influence england middle ages geography dictated dispersed economy population result traditional norwegian farm culture remained strong norway differed european countries adopting combined ready availability wood building material ensured relatively examples baroque renaissance architecture styles built ruling classes europe constructed norway instead factors resulted distinctive traditions norwegian vernacular architecture preserved existing farms norwegian open air museums showcase buildings middle ages 19th century prominent examples include oslo extant buildings service farms valley 20th century norwegian architecture characterized connection norwegian social policy hand innovation norwegian architects recognized work norway architecture considered expression social policy outside norway innovative projects history construction norway characterized need shelter people animals property harsh weather including cold winters frost heavy precipitation certain areas wind storms scarce building resources modern times transportation infrastructure primitive builders largely rely locally available materials pre historic times earliest traces human norway dated mountainous regions near contemporary excavations found portable dwellings likely kept nomadic hunters traces tents found places western coast near evidence indicates tents use similar design use time tents semi permanent introduction simple foundation traces found archipelago area permanent dwellings probably built introduction agriculture norway available evidence indicates wood building material structures iron age dwellings typically combined shelter animals humans long houses order preserve heat remains structures stone age iron age excavated near locations prehistoric long houses pairs roof bearing posts dividing interior walls turf similar buildings excavated viking medieval eras distinctive timber building traditions found confluence norwegian architecture practice log building horizontal logs corners technique thought imported peoples east scandinavia building tradition typically found churches possibly based improvements prehistoric long houses roof bearing posts dug ground archaeological evidence actual buildings earliest permanent structures finds viking ships ship suggest significant mastery engineering viking holding reconstructed counting remaining churches wooden houses preserved intact norway log houses added built galleries political power norway consolidated contend external threats larger structures built accordance military technology time fortresses bridges ultimately churches built stone masonry structures followed european styles time churches possibly churches built norway middle ages 12th 13th centuries beginning 19th century churches existed destroyed religious movement favored simple lines today remain large number documented recorded measured drawings demolished churches owe longevity architectural innovations protected large complex wooden structures water precipitation wind extreme temperatures important introduction massive underneath posts prevent rotting centuries church construction building type evolved advanced art science reformation new churches built new churches mainly stone horizontal log buildings corners old churches disappeared neglect deterioration small accommodate larger congregations impractical according later standards architecture stone churches norway built influence anglo saxon missionaries particularly bishop later churches influenced continental architecture examples include churches churches lost rebuilt gothic style numerous examples exist notably gothic architecture churches originally built structures modified extended gothic period cathedral ruins renowned important destinations medieval europe danish rule late middle ages norwegian state severely weakened norway entered personal union denmark sweden kings resided denmark norway gradually reduced provincial status reformation separate institutions abolished danish government copenhagen regarded norway backward province exploited worthy investment monumental architecture ambitious renaissance architecture unusual norway compared european countries fortresses oslo trondheim tower bergen built stone accordance standards defensive fortifications time modernized rebuilt years built unique commercial buildings bergen starting 16th century log buildings combining native german traditions renaissance architecture monumental construction norway came vernacular building resumed 16th 17th centuries danish administration examples renaissance architecture norway prominent tower bergen contemporary manor near trondheim parts undertook number projects norway largely based renaissance architecture established mining operations world heritage site devastating fire town oslo moved new location rebuilt fortified city layout surrounded renamed king christian founded trading city naming baroque architecture norway strategic danish norwegian kingdom danish kings built fortifications borders time fortifications border areas ports modernized line baroque military practice residences built according local vernacular traditions exhibit influence baroque architecture city oslo building code prohibited wooden houses number large town houses modeled continental building types constructed large churches constructed brick walls notably bergen probably famous baroque structure norway royal residence trondheim residential building largest wooden structure architecture provided brief significant interlude norway appearing primarily decorative arts mainly interiors furniture luxury articles table silver glass country districts folk artists produced distinctly norwegian craft decorative painting related wood carving style architecture wooden town houses influence notably trondheim bergen bergen significant towns central country districts 18th century log walls increasingly covered fashion possible technology buildings better better protected harsh climate main reason rapid adoption custom fashionable appearance boarded walls suitable bare log walls background details ornaments borrowed classical architecture 19th century napoleonic wars led separation norway denmark norway restored autonomous kingdom personal union sweden states separate institutions king foreign service regained required new public buildings mainly capital following century country experienced impressive growth wealth population resulting need new infrastructure buildings neo dawn 19th century handful academically trained architects active norway military officers having studied civil engineering market architects limited sparsely inhabited country capital city court important government institutions architecture interest mainly limited group wealthy merchants landowners close previous century group saw remarkable increase prosperity large fortunes sought surround buildings gardens appropriate social position connected internationally people acquainted latest trends architecture structures demand architect stanley educated copenhagen spent years norway turn 19th century minor works wealthy patrons oslo major achievement renovation seat higher education completed added classical older structure semi circular auditorium parliament temporary place assemble preserved national monument graduate designed splendid manor built owner brick houses norway layout central classical designed town houses period saw erection large number splendid neo houses towns coast notably oslo bergen trondheim mainly wooden buildings dressed stone architecture far largest private house norway manor renovated danish architect count promoted status capital city practically buildings suitable new government institutions ambitious building program initiated realised slowly strained economy major undertaking royal palace designed built planned gate avenue connecting palace city monumental square halfway surrounded buildings university institutions university buildings realised according plan fully educated architects norway designed original building local branch campus university buildings sought assistance renowned german architect german architectural influence persisted norway wooden buildings followed principles norwegian romantic nationalism influence norwegian architecture following german lead architects designed red brick buildings revival medieval styles gothic examples considered suitable churches public institutions factories norwegian architect inspired middle ages proposal square surrounded public building avenue new royal palace north planned buildings university composed medieval style exposed brick work colleague convert realize number red brick buildings visit berlin met famous architect major work neo adjacent near begun extended stages architects followed notably oslo german architect designed neo gothic church completed urban apartment buildings continued built classical tradition brick walls repertoire historic styles expanded oslo residential development detached planned designed early built variety styles ranging medieval exotic architects started design wooden buildings new style called swiss style style originated germany swiss popular culture admired elements projecting roofs emphasis inspired alpine vernacular buildings style correctly termed wood term introduced number residential institutional commercial buildings built style characterized ornate projecting details railway stations churches designed trained architects distributed rural districts helped style popular alive vernacular tradition long went fashion architects swiss style evolved scandinavian variation known norway dragon style combined motifs viking medieval art vernacular elements recent past renowned style architect designed number tourist resorts exhibition churches 1880s 1890s caught eye german emperor visited norway annually commissioned design near hunting lodge church east prussia buildings destroyed world war architects abandoned swiss dragon styles shortly elements swiss style survived vernacular buildings decades recent past producers pre fabricated family homes increasingly reintroduced motifs swiss style repertoire vernacular architecture 20th century lived worked buildings designed built according vernacular building traditions norwegian known practices varied somewhat region climatic conditions evolved time largely based use wood locally available resources middle ages dwellings log houses corners carefully crafted ensure protection elements centrally placed open fires smoke roofs gave way stone chimneys early modern times specialized buildings commonplace organized introduction exterior boarding 18th century improved housing standards considerably gave rise larger houses building practices coast included fishing cottages piers etc houses livestock people typically built actual shoreline typical medium sized farm inland norway include dwelling house hay barn livestock barn food storage houses stable occasionally separate houses pigs etc houses separate heat sources washing houses usually kept separate houses prevent fires typically separate small structures farm housed separate houses wheel making etc eastern inland norway houses typically organized square distinction inner outer configuration houses depended farm situated hill terrain depending size economic farm feast hall house retired farmers farm hands dormitory carriage house smaller poorer farms combine dwelling houses simpler storage areas use facilities farms activities afford build houses building traditions varied region type structure food storage houses usually built ways difficult mice rats cats exterior varied region account local climate conditions roofs covered birch bark places norway farms maintained mountain farms cows goats sheep pasture summer months typically include small dwelling house dairy making storing cheese sour cream etc modern norwegian farms maintain building traditions longer need varied buildings past traditions carried recently built vacation mountains coast 20th century architecture german influence brought norway neo norway gained independence new generation norwegian architects educated sweden took lead developing distinctly national architecture break german tradition german town planning continued influence early 20th century architecture founded began teach architecture trondheim emerged distinctly norwegian architects contributed norwegian regional architecture discussed art historian art architecture variant certain influence new construction norway turn 20th century city burning ground rebuilt entirely style continues prominent example brussels trondheim numerous art buildings capital oslo art buildings erected local economic crisis building trade decade century public buildings constructed style government office building bergen main theatre monumental example mass residential architecture changing demographics growing social awareness led increased political architectural interest providing cost effective comfortable residential space growing urban population general working class particular known housing cause norwegian popular culture continues play role day architecture tool manifestation social policy architects politicians determining features adequate intended residents housing projects late felt working class families need bath apartments small houses included small kitchen rooms world war number cooperative investment projects known roughly homes resulted handful developments war gave way cooperative organizations formed finance build large scale residential complexes known built complex oslo similar initiatives country set standards housing hired architects design solutions contracted built entire sections known satellite cities built outskirts major cities introduced entirely new phenomenon eastern areas oslo similar areas emerged bergen trondheim cities apex trend reached massive buildings era spent force mid-1970s led increased awareness physical emotional needs city issues debate kitchen traditional norwegian homes combined family room kitchen early apartment buildings small called laboratory popular time eat took place natural light large apartment buildings oriented provide sunlight residents kitchen east morning light living room west evening light privacy providing separate sleeping quarters parents children children led larger apartments time similarly buildings limited number apartments adjoining staircase apartment complexes reinforced characterized social democracy hell perceived shortcomings mass housing movement led efforts create cost effective housing solutions varied integrated natural surroundings families needs parliament norway recommended shift small residential houses large apartment buildings provided citizens ability fund construction homes entire construction industry formed build needs result pioneering efforts archaic unnecessary restrictions relaxed improving opportunities build housing suit individual needs preferences undertake home improvement projects built homes late 1920s international style taken scandinavian architects scandinavia architectural trend called colloquially sweden norway found adherents young architects especially norway definite breakthrough stockholm exhibition majority architects scandinavia converted modern movement firmly established mainstream trend architecture maintained dominant position number landmark structures particularly oslo built style restaurant demolished designed restaurant opened art gallery shows influence preceding trend 1920s bath public seaside bath facilities norway year designed great names norwegian architecture beer reconstruction architecture following earth tactics retreating troops large areas needed rebuilt overwhelming need housing architectural competition produced designs simple cost effective rapidly assembled housing resulting houses broke building standards met immediate need shelter dedicated reconstruction government sponsored architecture norway gained independence national government determined establish institutions consistent newly formed state ambitions modern society prime minister priority oslo building things country water toilets providing hot cold water granting wish providing common apartment king queen son early years public works limited structures needed national government administrative needs increasing number large scale projects conceived designed completed meet needs public health welfare including hospital complexes facilities etc later vacated favor solutions turn required architecture vacated public health problem tuberculosis solved temporary provisional housing asylum homeless sports recreation facilities social policy norway national local level emphasized connection athletics mass elite levels athletic centers typically built accommodate spectators participants training example ski jump rebuilt times rebuilt virtually municipality built year round facilities centers cultural expression ambitious controversial structures dedicated performing arts art museums combination activities built cities architectural legacy designs sought successfully complement urban landscape giving modern element examples include barn hall churches holding legacy nearly thousand years norwegian church architecture commissioned new churches covered wide range architectural styles including entirely new designs arctic cathedral jan new casts traditional designs church transportation infrastructure including bridges tunnels notably transit centers rail sea air transportation oslo airport consortium norway largest construction project architectural designs projects reflected style currents time societal debate purpose intended serve ambitions early gave way designs based designs emphasized human ecological needs great extent norwegian architects found opportunity develop signature styles projects norwegian architectural dialect projects controversial resulting creative tension probably served advance state architectural arts norway national local governments governmental institutions continue largest customers architects coming years contemporary themes number trends influence contemporary architecture norway growing public private buildings wider range purpose expected meet increasingly complex demands example new opera building designed oslo reflects ambition build vibrant cultural center create new architectural icon aesthetics factor early principle form strictly follow function growing sensibility aesthetics affect physical emotional health use building structure norwegian laws concerning health decades emphasized access daylight fresh air harsh climatic conditions create added uplifting aesthetics environmental concerns addition concerns air water pollution norwegian architectural design emphasized integration natural landscape recently architects worked engineers scarce resources energy water etc demographic diversity norwegian demographics undergone significant changes decades resulting new religious buildings norwegian building traditions speak renaissance traditional norwegian architecture urban planning affected need preserve restore traditions examples include plans renew center recent work oslo neighborhood number architectural prizes awarded norway including books norwegian oslo isbn norwegian oslo isbn norwegian oslo isbn norwegian odd norwegian oslo isbn modern norwegian architecture oslo isbn christian oslo isbn daniel oslo oslo isbn | Architecture of Norway | Art and architecture | Architecture | Architecture |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.