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20468216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bisset%20%28artist%29 | James Bisset (artist) | James Bisset (ca. 1762 – 17 August 1832) was a Scottish-born artist, manufacturer, writer, collector, art dealer and poet, who spent most of his life in and around Birmingham, England.
Bisset was born in Perth, the son of a merchant who invested the Baltic flax trade but had fallen upon hard times. He was educated at Perth Academy until 1776 when he moved at the age of 13 to Birmingham, where his brother had established himself as a merchant. At the age of 15 Bisset obtained an apprenticeship with a Birmingham japanner, and by 1785 was listed in a local trade directory as a painter of miniatures. His invention of a method of painting on the inside of convex glasses enabled him to develop a successful business making ornamental goods and marry the daughter of a local landowner, and the early years of the nineteenth century saw him diversifying into medal-production and art dealing.
In 1789, he was instrumental in establishing one of Birmingham's first committees to provide watchmen (a form of early policing), in the St. Paul's district.
In 1808 Bisset moved to a large house in New Street where he established a museum and picture gallery – Birmingham's first – that displayed everything from paintings and medals to stuffed wildlife and "works of savage nations". In 1813 he sold two paintings by Canaletto and moved to nearby Leamington Spa, where his museum was re-established by his wife Dolly.
Bisset was a notable figure in Birmingham's cultural and commercial life, a prominent member of the Birmingham Book Club and a composer of much published verse. His most notable work is his 1800 Poetic survey round Birmingham, with a brief description of the different curiosities and manufactures of the place, accompanied with a magnificent directory, with the names and professions, &c. superbly engraved in emblematic plates – a directory of Birmingham trades at the time of the town's revolutionary industrial expansion, written in heroic verse and intended as a "grand tour" of the "works of genius" of a "seat of the arts".
References
1762 births
1832 deaths
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Writers from Perth, Scotland
British medallists
Portrait miniaturists
Artist authors
Museum founders
People educated at Perth Academy |
23573917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | The 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Lipno nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 10th edition. The mixed C2 team event was not held after having been done so at the previous championships.
Medal summary
Men's
Canoe
Kayak
Mixed
Canoe
Women's
Kayak
Medals table
References
External links
International Canoe Federation
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1967
ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Czechoslovakia
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1967 |
17333155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper%20Niesiecki | Kasper Niesiecki | Kasper Niesiecki (31 December 1682 – 9 July 1744), also known as Kacper Niesiecki, was a Polish heraldist, Jesuit, lexicographer, writer, theologian and preacher.
Biography
Niesiecki was born in Greater Poland to a burgher family. In 1699 he began training as a Jesuit in Kraków. From 1701 to 1704 he studied philosophy in Lublin, earning a master's degree. In 1707 Niesiecki started his studies in theology at the Jagiellonian University, graduating in 1711. He undertook further study in Lutsk, Krosno, Bydgoszcz, Chojnice and Kalisz.
Between 1715 and 1723 Niesiecki worked as a preacher in Masovia, Greater Poland, Lesser Poland and Ruthenia. He taught rhetoric in Bydgoszcz and Chojnice, and ethics and mathematics in Kalisz. From 1724 he lived in the monastery of Krasnystaw, where he engaged in his life's work, compiling the Herbarz Polski (Polish Armorial). Niesiecki died there on 9 July 1744.
The first volume of Herbarz Polski was published in 1728 in Lwów. Niesiecki wanted to write it in Latin, but his patron, Marianna from Potocki-Tarłowa, specified that it was to be published in Polish. Because Niesiecki tried to not use unverified sources and legends, he was opposed by the szlachta (Polish nobility). He continued with the work; however, there were delays in printing the next volumes. After the fourth volume was published attacks by the nobles increased; they sent letters of protest to his Polish and Roman superiors. Work on the fifth volume was interrupted by his death; it was completed by Stanisław Czapliński, but never published. In the opinion of historians, the work of Niesiecki obeys all world-standards of genealogy.
In the 19th century the armorial was expanded by several authors and published by Jan Nepomucen de Bobrowicz in Leipzig.
Polish Armorial
Herbarz Polski (Polish Armorial) full title: "Korona Polska przy złotey wolnosci starożytnemi Rycerstwa Polskiego y Wielkiego Xięstwa Litewskiego kleynotami naywyższymi Honorami Heroicznym, Męstwem y odwagą, Wytworną Nauką a naypierwey Cnotą, nauką Pobożnością, y Swiątobliwością ozdobiona Potomnym zaś wiekom na zaszczyt y nieśmiertelną sławę Pamiętnych w tey Oyczyźnie Synow podana TOM ... Przez X. Kaspra Niesieckego Societatis Jesu", Lviv, 1738.
"Korona Polska..." vol. 1
"Korona Polska..." vol. 2
"Korona Polska..." vol. 3
"Korona Polska..." vol. 4
edition expanded by other authors: Herbarz Polski... vol. 4-10, published by Jan Nepomucen de Bobrowicz, Leipzig, 1841
Herbarz Polski... - some volumes
See also
Polish literature
Polish heraldry
References
Coats of arms pictures from Herbarz Polski
18th-century Polish Jesuits
Polish male writers
Polish genealogists
1682 births
1744 deaths
Polish heraldists
Polish lexicographers
18th-century lexicographers |
6903609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Jerusalem%20%28poem%29 | Siege of Jerusalem (poem) | Siege of Jerusalem is the title commonly given to an anonymous Middle English epic poem created in the second half of the 14th century (possibly ca. 1370-1390). The poem is composed in the alliterative manner popular in medieval English poetry, especially during the period known as the "alliterative revival", and is known from nine surviving manuscripts, an uncommonly high number for works of this time.
The siege described in the poem is that of 70 AD. The poem relies on a number of secondary sources—including Vindicta salvatoris, Roger Argenteuil's Bible en François, Ranulf Higdon's Polychronicon, and the Destruction of Troy—and on Josephus’ The Jewish War, which was itself a source for the Polychronicon. The destruction of Jerusalem is ahistorically portrayed as divinely ordained vengeance by the Romans Vespasian and Titus for the death of Jesus Christ. The poem also describes the tumultuous succession of emperors in Rome in the late 60s, when rulers Nero, Galba, Otho and Vitellius met violent deaths.
Although technically excellent and linguistically interesting, the poem has rarely been presented to students of Middle English verse because of its sadistic indulgence in gory details and extreme anti-Semitic sentiment. This latter aspect of the poem raises important questions regarding the cultural milieu in which it was repeatedly copied and presumably read. Many modern critics have treated the poem with near-contempt due to its excessive descriptions of violence, such as the horrible execution of the Jewish high priests or the cannibalism of her own child by a Jewish woman in the besieged city. Other critics have pointed out that the anonymous poet does not flinch from the horrors of war and does not preach violence against contemporary Jews.
However, some have argued that the violence against the Jews was not intended to be against the Jews specifically or taken to be commentary on Judaism; any other religious group might as well have been used to the same ends. Identifying the Jews, by such logic, would have been a way of indicating otherness, their role serving as a placeholder for a group different than the initial aggressor. If so, then the violence enacted upon or attributed to them, being at times so unnecessarily graphic and cruel, would have come across, even to an audience at the time so taken with reading about violence, as so unjustified (regardless as to whom it was for or against) as to create pause and encourage reflection on the atrocities committed by the invading Romans.
Synopsis
The poem begins with the story of Jesus's crucifixion (lines 1-24), as a foreground to the rest of the poem. Then, a fictionalized version of Caesar Nero, who is afflicted with cancer, is introduced (lines 29-36). He summons a fictional merchant, named Nathan, to help cure this disease. Nathan warns Nero that there are no physical cures for his disease, and begins to tell the story of Jesus, about his life, about the Trinity, about the death of Jesus, and about the Veil of Veronica. Following this, the Senators decree that the Jews are responsible for the death of Jesus (lines 269-272), and the Roman army is dispatched to avenge the death of Christ (line 300). When the Romans arrive at Jerusalem, the two armies clash violently, but the Romans prevail, leaving the Jews to retreat into the city and begin the siege (lines 389-636). The Emperor Nero commits suicide in Rome, eventually leaving Vespasian in control (lines 897-964). Vespasian returns to Rome to rule, and a council gives his son Titus control of the Roman armies. It is Titus that leads the Romans for the rest of the siege, capturing the city of Jerusalem, destroying the temple, and slaughtering or selling the rest of the Jews.
Major characters
Pontius Pilate: The Roman procurator who ruled Jerusalem; Jesus Christ’s crucifixion happened under his rule; later is imprisoned and dead in Vienne
Vespasian: Commander of the Roman army; suffers from an illness and is healed by Veronica’s veil; has vowed to avenge Christ’s death; later becomes the Roman emperor
Titus: Son of Vespasian; suffers from an illness as well and is healed by his conversion to Christianity; takes charge of the Roman army after his father becomes the emperor
Nathan: a messenger sent to Nero to report Jews’ refusal to pay tribute to Rome; introduces Christ’s stories to Titus
Josephus: a Jewish leader who is the only physician who can heal Titus; refuses any rewards after heals Titus
Nero: the Roman emperor who orders Vespasian and Titus to attack Jerusalem and ask for tributes; later commits suicide
Caiaphas: a high priest of Jews; later is captured and executed by the Roman army
Critical issues and interpretations
Genre
Critics struggling to assign this poem to a single category tend to treat it as a cross-genre work. Siege of Jerusalem contains elements of a historical narrative (since it is at least in part factually rooted in the siege that felled the Second Temple around 70 A.D.); it is interspersed with hagiography (for its depiction of conversion and adherence to the "Vengeance of Our Lord Tradition"); and has undertones of romance (due to its detailed, exaggerated illustrations of violence and warfare). Such a generic mixture may have augmented the poem's readership at the height of its circulation, since the multitude of contexts, complications, and conventions through which it can be interpreted alerted a broad scope of audiences to its relevance.
Critical reception
Some critical receptions of the poem argue that the extreme depictions of violence against the Jews is meant to show the hypocrisy of the Roman army. Part of the evidence for this reading is the fact that the Romans, except for Vespasian and Titus, are not described as converting to Christianity in the poem. The poem additionally has a flagrant focus on the effects of war. When also considering the absence of the question of conversion in connection with the described deterioration of the Jews, critics have argued that the author of ‘’Siege of Jerusalem’’ was not actually writing with antisemitic intentions, but rather using cultural anxieties about the Jewish other when shaping their narrative into a critique of Roman expansionism.
Dating the composition of the poem
Currently, there are nine known surviving manuscripts of Siege of Jerusalem, which are called Manuscript A, Manuscript C, Manuscript D, Manuscript E, Manuscript Ex, Manuscript L, Manuscript P, Manuscript U, and Manuscript V. Manuscripts A, C, Ex, P, and V only contain fragments of the poem, whereas Manuscripts D, E, L, and U contain copies of the entire poem. None of these manuscripts are considered to be created directly by the original poet, but have helped establish an approximate timeline for when the poem might have been composed. Michael Livingston writes, in his introduction to the poem, about dating the poem's composition. He writes that through analysis of the age of the oldest manuscript, scholars were able to locate a terminus ad quem, meaning the latest point at which the poem could have been authored, of the late 1390s.
References
Bibliography
External links
Text of Siege of Jerusalem with modern English translation edited by Michael Livingston, University of Rochester, TEAMS Middle English Text Series
Introduction to Siege of Jerusalem by Michael Livingston, TEAMS Middle English Text Series
Bibliography of works related to Siege of Jerusalem
Middle English literature
14th-century books
14th-century poems
Epic poems in English
Antisemitism in England
Antisemitic works
Christian anti-Judaism in the Middle Ages
First Jewish–Roman War
Jerusalem in fiction
Anonymous works
Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) |
44496848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20European%20Road%20Championships | 1997 European Road Championships | The 1997 European Road Championships were held in Villach, Austria, in September 1997. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men.
Events summary
Medal table
References
External links
The European Cycling Union
European Road Championships, 1997
European Road Championships by year
International cycle races hosted by Austria
1997 in Austrian sport
Villach |
17333177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Barton%20Site | Fort Barton Site | The Fort Barton Site is the site of an historic American Revolutionary War fort, now located in a public park at Lawton and Highland Avenues in Tiverton, Rhode Island. All that remains of the fort are its earthworks, a roughly oblong structure about long and deep. The site was a defensive post overlooking the main ferry crossing between Tiverton and Aquidneck Island, which was under British control at the time of its construction in 1777. The ferry was used as a launching position for American forces during the Battle of Rhode Island in August 1778. The site was named after Lt. Col. William Barton who successfully captured the British General Prescott during a midnight raid on the British headquarters at Prescott Farm in what is now Portsmouth.
Fort Barton was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
External links
Fort History information
Barton
Buildings and structures in Tiverton, Rhode Island
Barton
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places |
23573919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctim%C4%9B%C5%99ice | Ctiměřice | Ctiměřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhuwa | Sakhuwa | Sakhuwa is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2821 people living in 505 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44496861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%27%20space | James' space | In the area of mathematics known as functional analysis, James' space is an important example in the theory of Banach spaces and commonly serves as useful counterexample to general statements concerning the structure of general Banach spaces. The space was first introduced in 1950 in a short paper by Robert C. James.
James' space serves as an example of a space that is isometrically isomorphic to its double dual, while not being reflexive. Furthermore, James' space has a basis, while having no unconditional basis.
Definition
Let denote the family of all finite increasing sequences of integers of odd length. For any sequence of real numbers and we define the quantity
James' space, denoted by J, is defined to be all elements x from c0 satisfying
, endowed with the norm .
Properties
James' space is a Banach space.
The canonical basis {en} is a (conditional) Schauder basis for J. Furthermore, this basis is both monotone and shrinking.
J has no unconditional basis.
James' space is not reflexive. Its image into its double dual under the canonical embedding has codimension one.
James' space is however isometrically isomorphic to its double dual.
James' space is somewhat reflexive, meaning every closed infinite-dimensional subspace contains an infinite dimensional reflexive subspace. In particular, every closed infinite-dimensional subspace contains an isomorphic copy of ℓ2.
See also
Banach space
Tsirelson space
References
Functional analysis
Banach spaces |
44496868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20additalis | Cliniodes additalis | Cliniodes additalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Mexico, where it has been recorded from San Luis Potosí.
The length of the forewings is about 14 mm. The forewing costa, basal and medial areas are brown. The medial area has some rust red scales. The postmedial and terminal areas are filled with reddish brown. The hindwings are translucent white, with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in June.
Etymology
The species name is derived from Latin additus (meaning added).
References
Moths described in 2011
Eurrhypini |
6903618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry%20High%20School%20%28Stark%20County%2C%20Ohio%29 | Perry High School (Stark County, Ohio) | Perry High School is a public high school in Perry Township, Ohio, United States near Massillon. It is the only public high school in the Perry Local School District in Stark County.
Athletics
1991 - boys basketball state semi-finalists
2012 - baseball district champions
8 Times Federal League Baseball Champions
2010 OHSAA Division 1 State Softball Champions (first OHSAA team title in school history)
Intermat Wrestling has the 2013 Panther Wrestling team ranked #7 Nationally
2013 - Girls 4x400 State Champions and New County Record 3:48.59 (Strickland, Genetin, Dearing, Luke)
2014 State Wrestling Champions - Dual Meet.
2015 & 2016 OHSAA Division II football state finalists
18 Times Federal League Football Champions
2018 OHSAA Division I Softball State Champions
2021 OHSAA Division I Softball State Champions
Speech and debate
The Perry Speech and Debate Team won the Ohio Speech and Debate Association State Title in 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2018, 2019, and 2020. They are one of the most prolific teams in the state, and recently broke the 500 club for at least 500 NSDA letters and degrees. They have had multiple individual state champions as well.
Arts
The Perry High School Marching Band has qualified for OMEA State Finals in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2021. The marching class of 2017 was the first to receive superior ratings all 4 years at states. The Perry High School Marching Band has earned consistent superior ratings since 2013. The Symphonic Winds have earned superior ratings in Class AA and A over 37 times. In 1991, The Perry Symphonic Winds performed at the Midwest International Band and Orchestra clinic, and performed at the OMEA State Convention in 2015.
There are also a large array of choirs at Perry, including Bel Canto, Lyrics, Kinsmen, Treblemakers, as well as Symphonic. These choirs perform numerous concerts ranging from classical to popular music. Over the years, these choirs have competed at state competitions multiple times.
The Perry Theatre was christened the "Little Broadway" of Stark County by the Canton Repository. The term was highlighted as part of a feature article reporting the yearly successes, sell-out crowds and continued demand for tickets that the Perry Theatre had established over the years. Theatre Students, along with their directors as well as school administrators accepted the title. With that acceptance the Perry Theatre established a yearly mission and commitment to uphold the honor. The Perry Players perform at the Louie Mattachione Theatre at Perry High School, and were under the direction of Louie Mattachione for over 50 years until his retirement.
Notable alumni
Matt Campbell: head football coach at Iowa State University
Tyler Light: professional golfer
Steve Luke: NCAA wrestling champion at Michigan
Dustin Schlatter: NCAA wrestling champion at Minnesota
References
High schools in Stark County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
17333184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20G.%20Heider | Karl G. Heider | Karl Heider (born January 21, 1935) is an American visual anthropologist.
Life and education
Heider was born in Northampton, Massachusetts. Heider is the son of psychologists Fritz and Grace (née Moore) Heider. He had two brothers; John and Stephan.
After spending two years at Williams College, Heider transferred to Harvard College where he earned his B.A. in anthropology. Heider then spent a year touring Asia on a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship provided by Harvard. Returning to Harvard in 1958, Heider went on to earn an M.A. in 1959 and Ph.D. in 1966.
He was married to the psychologist Eleanor Rosch with whom he studied the Dani people. The couple divorced in the late 1970s.
Career
Heider's work ranged from psychological anthropology to visual anthropology.
It has included going into the West Papua region in the 1960s and 1990s, as well as producing works on ethnographic film making and writing on Indonesian cinema.
Filmography
Tikal (1961)
Dani Sweet Potatoes (1974)
Dani Houses (1974)
See also
Visual anthropology
Seeing Anthropology written by Karl G. Heider
Rashomon effect
External links
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 30th June 2007 (video)
Notes
1935 births
Williams College alumni
Harvard College alumni
Living people
American anthropologists |
23573924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cachovice | Čachovice | Čachovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Struhy is an administrative part of Čachovice.
Notable people
František Čáp (1913–1972), film director
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhuwa%20Dhamaura | Sakhuwa Dhamaura | Sakhuawa Dhamaura is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6478 people living in 1266 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44496888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarap%20Ka | Mangarap Ka | Mangarap Ka (International title: You Dreamed / ) is a Philippine afternoon television drama on ABS-CBN starring Piolo Pascual and Angelica Panganiban. It aired from March 22 to October 8, 2004.
Plot
A light drama with elements of action and adventure, "Mangarap Ka" marks a new direction for its makers ABS-CBN, which has created and perfected the teleserye genre over the years. Spotlighting the colorful sights and sounds of downtown Manila, "Mangarap Ka" is set in Quiapo, where we meet Oslec (Piolo Pascual), a street-smart young man whose life is about to be changed when he meets a lost young boy named Tikoy (newcomer Steven Christian Fermo).
Cast
Main cast
Piolo Pascual as Celso "Oslec" Macapinlac Jr./Dragon King
Angelica Panganiban as Catherine Sita "Cutie" Carter
Steven Christian Fermo as Tikoy
Supporting cast
Patrick Garcia as Tristan
Miles Ocampo as Pepe/Pepay
Rio Locsin as Jacqueline Catacutan Carter
Nova Villa as Zoila Catacutan
Nanding Josef as Samuel
Ilonah Jean
See also
List of programs aired by ABS-CBN
List of telenovelas of ABS-CBN
References
ABS-CBN drama series
2004 Philippine television series debuts
2004 Philippine television series endings
2000s Philippine television series
Television series by Star Creatives
Filipino-language television shows
Television shows set in Manila |
17333217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Sladen | Percy Sladen | Walter Percy Sladen (30 June 1849 – 11 June 1900) was an English biologist who specialised in starfish.
The son of a wealthy leather merchant, Sladen was born near Halifax, Yorkshire on 30 June 1849. He was educated at Hipperholme Grammar School and Marlborough College, but received no university training. As a young man he indulged his hobby of natural history, but soon become fascinated with echinoderms. In 1876 he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, and the following year became a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London. 1877 also saw the publication of his first paper, in which he split the sea-lily genus Poteriocrinus into four; in his lifetime, Sladen would gain a reputation as a "splitter" because of his proclivity for declaring specimens to belong to new genera or species. Late that year he began a long and fruitful collaboration with Duncan; which would see the publication of some 15 co-authored papers, many on fossils, over the course of twelve years.
From December 1878, Sladen spent three month at Naples under the auspices of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. His work there, on echinoderm pedicellariae, established his reputation as a leading authority on echinoderms, and in 1881 he was invited to organise and write up an account of the starfishes collected during the Challenger expedition. This would take him a decade to complete, and comprise nearly 1000 pages and 118 plates.
By 1890, Sladen married Constance Anderson of York. She was sister of Tempest Anderson the volcanologist, and Yarborough Anderson, a barrister.
Her father William Charles Anderson was a surgeon and Sheriff of York.
By that time Sladen was on the Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Zoological Secretary of the Linnean Society of London, and also active in the Zoological Society of London and the Geological Society of London. He therefore relocated to London, at least temporarily. Unfortunately much of Sladen's later life was interrupted by poor health. In 1895 he was elected Vice-President of the Linnean Society, but only a few months later he gave up both this and his secretarial position because of health problems. He completed only two more papers before retiring in 1898 to an Exeter estate inherited on the death of his uncle. He died there two years later, on 11 June 1900.
Following his death, Sladen's wife helped preserve her husband's memory by donating his large collection of echinoderms to the Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter, and endowing the Percy Sladen Memorial Trust, to be administered by the Linnean Society to support scientific research.
Honoria
The hatchetfish Argyropelecus sladeni was named after him.
See also
:Category:Taxa named by Percy Sladen
Notes
References
(alternative; retrieved 2016-12-15)
External links
1849 births
1900 deaths
English zoologists
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
People educated at Marlborough College |
23573925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cist%C3%A1%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Čistá (Mladá Boleslav District) | Čistá is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
17333229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyanosaka%20Station%20%28Osaka%29 | Miyanosaka Station (Osaka) | is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Miyanosaka Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line, and is located 1.0 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two elevated opposed side platforms with the station building underneath.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on September 11, 1940 as . It was renamed to its present name on June 20, 1971.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 6,153 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Kudara-dera ruins
Kudara Shrine
Osaka Prefectural Psychiatric Medical Center
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1940
Hirakata, Osaka |
20468239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy%20Husyev | Serhiy Husyev | Serhiy Yevhenovych Husyev (; ; born 1 July 1967 in Odessa) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer. He was the Ukrainian top goalscorer in the second championship of 1992–93.
External links
1967 births
Living people
Soviet footballers
Ukrainian footballers
Ukraine international footballers
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
SKA Odessa players
CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol players
Trabzonspor footballers
Altay S.K. footballers
Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C. players
FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Liga Leumit players
Ukrainian Premier League top scorers
Expatriate footballers in Israel
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Association football forwards
K. D. Ushinsky South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University alumni
Footballers from Odesa |
44496889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxata | Artaxata | Artashat (), Hellenized as Artaxata () and Artaxiasata (), was a major city and commercial center of ancient Armenia which served as the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia from its founding in 176 BC to 120 AD, with some interruptions. It was founded during reign of king Artaxias I, the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty. The name of the city is derived from Iranian languages and means the "joy of Arta" (see also; -shat). Its ruins are located in the Ararat Province of modern-day Armenia, on the left bank of the Araks River.
History
Antiquity
King Artashes I founded Artashat in 176 BC in the Ostan Hayots canton within the historical province of Ayrarat, at the point where the Araks River was joined by Metsamor river during that ancient eras, near the heights of Khor Virap. The story of the foundation is given by the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi of the fifth century: "Artashes traveled to the location of the confluence of the Yeraskh and Metsamor [rivers] and taking a liking to the position of the hills [adjacent to Mount Ararat], he chose it as the location of his new city, naming it after himself." According to the accounts given by Greek historians Plutarch and Strabo, Artashat is said to have been chosen and developed on the advice of the Carthaginian general Hannibal:
However, modern historians argue that there is no direct evidence to support the above. Some sources have also indicated that Artashes built his city upon the remains of an old Urartian settlement. Strabo and Plutarch describe Artashat as a large and beautiful city and call it the "Armenian Carthage". A focal point of Hellenistic culture, Armenia's first theatre was built here. Movses Khorenatsi points that in addition to numerous copper pagan statues of the gods and goddesses of Anahit, Artemis and Tir brought from the religious center of Bagaran and other regions to the city, Jews from the former Armenian capital of Armavir were relocated to Artashat.
Artashes also built a citadel (which was later named Khor Virap and gained prominence as the location where Gregory the Illuminator was to be imprisoned by Tiridates III of Armenia) and added other fortifications, including a moat. Given the city's strategic position on the Araks valley, Artashat soon became a center of bustling economic activity and thriving international trade, linking Persia and Mesopotamia with the Caucasus and Asia Minor. Its economic wealth can be gauged in the numerous bathhouses, markets, workshops administrative buildings that sprang up during the reign of Artashes I. The city had its own treasury and customs. The amphitheater of Artashat was built during the reign of king Artavasdes II (55-34 BC). The remains of the huge walls surrounding the city built by King Artashes I could be found in the area.
Wars against Romans and Persians
During the reign of Tigranes II, the Armenian kingdom expanded and conquered many territories in the south and west, ultimately reaching the Mediterranean Sea. Due to the remoteness of Artashat in the greater context of the empire, Tigranes built a new capital called Tigranocerta. However, in 69 the Roman general Lucullus invaded Armenia, defeated Tigranes' forces at the outskirts of Tigranocerta, and sacked the new capital. As the harassed Roman forces continued to move northeast in pursuit of the Armenian king, a second prominent battle took place, this time at Artashat where, according to Roman sources, Tigranes II was defeated once again. Artashat was restored as capital of Armenia in 60 B.C.
However, the city remained a hotly contested military target for the next two centuries. It was occupied by Capadocian legions under the Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, who razed it to the ground in 59 AD as part of the first, short-lived, Roman conquest of Armenia. After Emperor Nero recognized Tiridates I as king of Armenia in 66, he granted him 50 million sesterces and sent architects and construction experts to help in the reconstruction of the ruined city. The city was temporarily renamed Neronia, in honor of its sponsor, Nero.
Artashat remained the capital of Armenia until 120 when the see of power was moved to Vagharshapat during the reign of Vologases I (Vagharsh I) 117/8–144. After his death, the Romans led by Statius Priscus invaded Armenia and destroyed Artashat in 162 A.D. Archaeological excavations conducted during the Soviet era uncovered a Latin inscription bearing the full titles of the Emperor Trajan that was probably inscribed upon the governor's palace, dating back to the first quarter of the second century. Artashat remained one of the principal political and cultural centres of Armenia until 369 when it was thoroughly destroyed by the Sassanid Persian invading army of king Shapur II.
In 449, just prior to the Battle of Avarayr, the city witnessed the gathering of the Artashat Council, where the political and religious leaders of Christian Armenia gathered to discuss the threats of the Sassanid king Yazdegerd II. However, after losing its status as a capital to Vagharshapat and later Dvin, Artashat gradually lost its significance, though it continued to be a notable settlement for centuries.
In 587 during the reign of emperor Maurice, Artashat and much of Armenia came under Roman administration after the Romans defeated the Sassanid Persian Empire at the battle of the Blarathon.
The exact location of ancient Artashat was identified during the 1920s, with archaeological excavations beginning in 1970. The archaeological site is south of the modern city of Artashat, near the monastery of Khor Virap.
Soviet period and independence
The modern town of Artashat was founded by the Soviet government in 1945, 8 km northwest of the ancient city, within the Armenian SSR. It was given the status of an urban community with the merger of three villages, Upper Ghamarlu, Lower Ghamarlu, and Narvezlu.
The town grew gradually as an industrial hub during the Soviet period, mainly in the sphere of food-processing and building materials production.
In 1995, with the new law of the territorial administration of Armenia, Artashat became the provincial centre of the newly created Ararat Province.
References
Further reading
Former capitals of Armenia
Archaeological sites in Armenia
Forts in Armenia
Buildings and structures in Ararat Province
Ararat Province |
23573926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrixspermum%20centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda, commonly called the centipede thrixspermum, is a species of orchid widespread across southern China, the Himalayas, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
References
centipeda
Orchids of Asia
Plants described in 1790 |
17333261 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshigaoka%20Station%20%28Osaka%29 | Hoshigaoka Station (Osaka) | is a passenger railway station in the city of Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.
Lines
Hoshigaoka Station is a station of the Keihan Katano Line and is located from the terminus of the line at Hirakatashi Station.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms connected by an elevated station building.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on November 1, 1938.
Passenger statistics
In the 2009 fiscal year, the station was used by an average of 4,885 passengers daily.
Surrounding area
Amano River
Hirakata Hoshigaoka Post Office
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Official home page
Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1938
Hirakata, Osaka |
44496890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilia%20parathicta | Tortilia parathicta | Tortilia parathicta is a species of moth in the Stathmopodidae family. It is found in India.
References
Stathmopodidae |
23573928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalovice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Dalovice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Dalovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The municipal part of U Česany is an administrative part of Dalovice.
Notable people
Josef Ludl (1916–1998), footballer
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
17333322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruman%20railway%20accident | Peruman railway accident | The Peruman railway accident occurred on 8 July 1988, when a train derailed on the Peruman bridge over Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala, India and fell into the water, killing 105 people. The cause was never established, but was blamed on track alignment and faulty wheels, possibly compounded by failure to notify maintenance workers about the approach of a delayed train that had been making-up time by travelling at excessive speed.
Derailment
The accident occurred at Peruman bridge over Ashtamudi Lake, Perinadu, Kollam, Kerala, on 8 July 1988 at around 13:15 Hrs. Ten bogie carriages of the Train Number:26 Island Express, travelling from Bangalore to Thiruvananthapuram Central, derailed and fell into the lake. Of the 14 coaches, only the engine, the parcel van and a second class compartment had crossed the bridge when the derailment occurred. Two of the nine coaches that fell into the water turned upside down.
Rescue operations
The rescue operations were started immediately by the local people of Perumon and Munrothuruthu who were residing near the bridge. The injured were rushed to Kollam's district hospital and nearby private clinics. Realising the scale of the tragedy, three helicopters and over 100 navy divers were also pressed into service from Cochin, 140 km away. Union Minister of State for Railways Madhavrao Scindia, accompanied by Railway Board members, flew down in a chartered plane to supervise the rescue operations. Scindia announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs. 1 lakh (100,000) each to relatives of each of the dead.105 people lost their lives and around 200 people were injured.
Cause
The exact cause of the accident is still unknown.
Tornado
A first inquiry conducted by the Commissioner for Railway Safety attributed the cause of train accident to a tornado. This finding has been widely disputed by the general public.
As per P. Venugopal, The Hindu newspaper's correspondent for Alappuzha district then
Track alignment and faulty wheels
A second inquiry, prompted by public outrage, revealed that problems in track alignment and faulty wheels of coaches were responsible for the tragedy.
The following possible causes, even though not officially acknowledged, have received widespread attention in media.
Speed
Some eyewitness are quoted saying that the train was running too fast for the bridge at the time of accident.
Track maintenance work
Some track maintenance may have been going on at the railway bridge. A report alleges the maintenance workers called up the nearest station and inquired about the passing trains. They were told that the Island Express which was due to pass is running late. The blog asserts the workers had lifted a section of rail and the repair was underway, then the workers went for a break, leaving the separated rail, assured that the train was not due. The train kept the right time and derailed on the bridge.
Observation of Arunkumar (18-07-2022):
I was traveling by road that night from Kozhikode to Trivandrum and was surprised by the number of Police vehicles and Ambulances on the road at that time of the night. It was only after reaching Trivandrum that I came to know about the nature & extent of the tragedy.
To me,the possibility of track maintenance and taking a work-break by the workers (under the mistaken impression that the Island Express was running late) sounds more probable.
In popular culture
Perumon tragedy was featured in the 1990 Malayalam movie Iyer the Great. There is a short movie by Shankar Ramakrishnan that has been titled as "Island Express". The movie describes the connection of different people and their journey after the accident.
External links
https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/818678/1/08_XI_27-07-1988_p146_p147_PII.pdf
https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/818710/1/08_XI_11-08-1988_p216_p252_PII.pdf
See also
List of Indian rail accidents
Lists of rail accidents
References
Derailments in India
1988 in India
Railway accidents in 1988
Transport in Kollam district
History of Kerala (1947–present)
Rail transport in Kerala
History of Kollam district
Disasters in Kerala
Railway accidents and incidents in Kerala |
20468242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20Rose%20Bowl | 1964 Rose Bowl | The 1964 Rose Bowl was the 50th Rose Bowl Game, played on January 1, 1964. It featured the Illinois Fighting Illini and the Washington Huskies.
Illinois was led by co-captains Dick Butkus and George Donnelly, Jim Grabowski, Lynn Stewart, and Archie Sutton on their way to a victory over the Huskies, led by Junior Coffey.
The game was scoreless until the second quarter; Washington scored first, following an Illinois fumble at its own 27-yard line. Backup quarterback, Bill Siler, kept it for three yards, then passed it to Joe Mancuso for 18 yards to the Illini 6. Siler then faked a pass and pitched to halfback Dave Kopay, who scored behind the block of halfback Ron Medved, with 8:26 left in the first half. The Illini got on the scoreboard with Jim Plankenhorn's field goal in the waning seconds of the second quarter and Washington led
In the third quarter, after George Donnelly's first interception of the game, Illinois took control as Jim Warren scored a touchdown for the Illini on a two-yard run.
In the fourth quarter, with Illinois up by a score of 10-7, Washington was driving downfield, trying to score a go-ahead and possible game-winning touchdown, but George Donnelly intercepted the ball on the 4-yard line and ran it back to the 15. Illinois capitalized on that momentum and moved the ball 85 yards, with Jim Grabowski scoring his second touchdown of the game to put Illinois ahead 17-7.
Sophomore Grabowski rushed for 125 yards and was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Butkus played both ways in this contest, both at center and linebacker. He recovered a fumble, and had an interception (in addition to leading a defense that held Washington to only 59 yards rushing and 71 yards passing for the game).
Aftermath
The opposing running backs were both drafted by the Green Bay Packers, Coffey in 1965 and Grabowski in 1966.
References
Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl Game
Illinois Fighting Illini football bowl games
Washington Huskies football bowl games
Rose Bowl
January 1964 sports events in the United States |
44496895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20European%20Road%20Championships | 1998 European Road Championships | The 1998 European Road Championships were held in Uppsala, Sweden, in August 1998. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men.
Events summary
Medal table
References
External links
The European Cycling Union
European Road Championships, 1998
European Road Championships by year
International cycle races hosted by Sweden
1998 in Swedish sport
Sports competitions in Uppsala
August 1998 sports events in Europe |
44496907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naughty%20Otter | The Naughty Otter | The Naughty Otter is a 1916 British short silent film directed by American filmmaker Charles Urban. He made the film, probably as part of his 'Curious Pals' series of animal films while visiting England during World War I. It features an otter on a table up to mischievous tricks and ends up knocking over a bowl of water.
References
1916 films
British silent short films
British black-and-white films
Films about otters |
23573930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A1%20Lhota%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Dlouhá Lhota (Mladá Boleslav District) | Dlouhá Lhota is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanpur | Samanpur | Samanpur was a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal.
Just before 2017 Nepalese local elections, it was merged with other 5 Village development committees Gamhariya, Sangrampur, Bahuwa Madanpur, Dharampur and Bariyarpur to form Gadhimai Municipality.
At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 5352 people living in 982 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23573931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%A1%C3%ADn | Dobšín | Dobšín is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Kamenice is an administrative part of Dobšín.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
20468247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNLV%20%28AM%29 | KNLV (AM) | KNLV (1060 AM, branded as "Greatest Hits 93.9 & 1060") is a radio station licensed to serve Ord, Nebraska, broadcasting an oldies music format featuring the top-40 hits from the 1960s through 1990s. The Mighty 1060 also features farm reports, local news, weather and local high school sports play-by-play broadcasts. It operates on AM frequency 1060 kHz and is under ownership of MWB Broadcasting II.
An FM translator for KNLV is known as Greatest Hits 93.9 FM.
Previous logo
References
External links
NLV
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1965 |
44496919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20European%20Road%20Championships | 1999 European Road Championships | The 1999 European Road Championships were held in Lisbon, Portugal, in August 1999. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and time trial for under-23 women and under-23 men.
Events summary
Medal table
References
External links
The European Cycling Union
European Road Championships, 1999
European Road Championships by year
International cycle races hosted by Portugal
1999 in Portuguese sport
Sports competitions in Lisbon
August 1999 sports events in Europe
1990s in Lisbon |
44496921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20inferalis | Cliniodes inferalis | Cliniodes inferalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Costa Rica and the eastern Andes from the Valle de Cauca in Colombia to Peru (Junín).
The length of the forewings is 15–17 mm for males and 17–18 mm for females. The forewing costa is dark red and the basal area is grey with dark violet scales. The medial area is dark violet-brown and postmedial area is brownish violet. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, February and from May to November.
Etymology
The species name refers to the maculation that is darker than Cliniodes superbalis, from which its distinct status is inferred. The name is derived from Latin infera (meaning the lower world).
References
Moths described in 2011
Eurrhypini |
44496924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20A.%20Krohn | Chester A. Krohn | Chester A. Krohn (April 16, 1915 – October 18, 1996) was an American teacher and politician.
Born in Marshfield, Wisconsin, Krohn graduated from University of Wisconsin–Madison and was a high school teacher. He served as clerk of the Marshfield Board of Education. In 1941, Krohn served in the Wisconsin State Assembly and was elected on the Wisconsin Progressive Party ticket.
Notes
1915 births
1996 deaths
People from Marshfield, Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Educators from Wisconsin
Wisconsin Progressives (1924)
School board members in Wisconsin
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American educators |
44496928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilia%20hemitorna | Tortilia hemitorna | Tortilia hemitorna is a species of moth in the Stathmopodidae family. It is found in India.
References
Stathmopodidae |
20468249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.%20G%C3%B6ppinger%20SV | 1. Göppinger SV | 1. Göppinger SV is a German association football club from the city of Göppingen, Baden-Württemberg.
History
The team was established on 13 October 1905 as 1. Göppingener Fußballverein and lays claim to being the oldest football club in the city. On 24 April 1920, soon after World War I the club merged with Athletiksportverein 1895 Göppingen and took on its current identity. The origins of predecessor side ASV go back to 11 August 1895 formation of 1. Athletik Klub Göppingen. This club merged with Kraftsportverein Fortuna Göppingen in 1901 to become Athleten-Klub Foruna Göppingen. They adopted the name Athletiksportverein Göppingen early in 1907, and in 1911 merged with Sportclub Göppingen.
SV first came to notice in 1934 when they became part of the Gauliga Württemberg, one of 16 top-flight divisions created in the reorganization of German football under the Third Reich a year earlier. The club only spent the 1934–35 and 1936–37 seasons in first division play, being sent down on both occasions after 10th-place finishes. They returned to the Gauliga in 1943, captured the division title, and then went out in the opening round of the national playoffs to KSG Saarbrücken (3–5). The following season was that last before World War II interrupted play across the country.
After the war, Göppingen took up play in the Landesliga Württemberg (II), but was sent down in 1948 after just three seasons. It was not until 1968 that they returned to third tier competition in the Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg. They finished second and the next year took the division title, which led to their participation in the national amateur championship playoffs. SV moved on to the semifinals where they were eliminated 1–0, 2–1 by SC Jülich 1910.
In league play, a successful promotion playoff advanced SV to the Regionalliga Süd (II) where they found themselves overmatched. They returned to the Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg (III) which later (1980) became the Amateuroberliga Baden-Württemberg (III). They enjoyed a string of strong finishes through the late 70s before slipping away to lower tier local play in the mid-80s. It was during this period that they made appearances in the opening rounds of the German Cup tournament (1975, 1980, 1984). SV played first in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (III) until 1985, then in the Verbandsliga Württemberg (IV) until 1991 and then descended through the Landesliga Württemberg (V) to the Bezirksliga (VI) in 1994. Since 2007, SV have played in the Landesliga Württemberg (VI), from where they earned promotion back to the Verbandsliga in 2009. In 2013–14 and 2014–15 the club finished runners-up in the league and thereby earned the right to compete in the promotion round to the Oberliga. In 2014 it missed out to FC Germania Friedrichstal and, in 2015, to 1. CfR Pforzheim, thereby remaining in the Verbandsliga. Finishing runners-up in the league for a third consecutive time in 2015–16 the club took part in the promotion round once more, this time defeating TSG Weinheim on aggregate and moving up to the Oberliga, ending a 31-year absence for the club.
Honours
Gauliga Württemberg (I)
Champions: 1944
Amateurliga Nordwürttemberg (III)
Champions: 1970
Verbandsliga Württemberg
Runners-up: 2014, 2015, 2016
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.
References
External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1895
1895 establishments in Germany |
20468251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangrampur%2C%20Rautahat | Sangrampur, Rautahat | Sangrampur was a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal.
Just before 2017 Nepalese local elections, it was merged with other 5 Village development committees samanpur, Gamhariya, Bahuwa Madanpur, Dharampur and Bariyarpur to form Gadhimai Municipality.
At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3978 people living in 787 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17333325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3131%20Mason-Dixon | 3131 Mason-Dixon | 3131 Mason–Dixon (prov. designation: ) is a Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 January 1982, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Arizona, United States. The likely S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 19.7 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named for English astronomers Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon.
Orbit and classification
Mason–Dixon is a core member of the Koronis family (), a very large asteroid family of almost 6,000 known asteroids with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.1 AU once every 5 years (1,825 days; semi-major axis of 2.92 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body was first observed at Heidelberg Observatory in February 1922. Its observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in July 1954. On 1 February 1907, Mason–Dixon made a close approach to one of the larger asteroids, 52 Europa. At its closest, it passed Europa within 1.1 million kilometers.
Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer in memory of English astronomers Charles Mason (1728–1786) and Jeremiah Dixon (1733–1779), who observed the 1761 transit of Venus from the Cape of Good Hope. Between 1763 and 1767 they surveyed the so-called Mason–Dixon line, the boundary between the US States of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 June 1986 ().
Physical characteristics
The asteroid's spectral type has not been determined. Due its membership to the stony Koronis family, Mason–Dixon is likely a common S-type asteroid.
Rotation period
In January 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Mason–Dixon was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a high brightness variation of 0.70 magnitude (), indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape. Another fragmentary lightcurve by Maurice Clark at Preston Gott Observatory in September 2014 gave a less accurate period of 10.20 hours with an amplitude of 0.75 magnitude.
Diameter and albedo
Assuming a typical albedo of 0.15 for members of the Koronis family, Mason–Dixon measures 14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.00. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 18.6 kilometers.
References
External links
Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
003131
Discoveries by Edward L. G. Bowell
Named minor planets
19820124 |
20468270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santapur | Santapur | Santapur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 25000.
Santapur is a VDC that falls in newly made municipality Chandrapur, in
Rautaht district, Narayani zone of Nepal that is on the way to Gaur.
It has its own name and fame. As it consists of district's old school Shree Subhlalal Madhyamik bidhyalaya.it has two campuses. Besides this there are 3 private boarding schools.
It has approximately population of 25000 recently In the census 2068 B.S.many students of this villages are studying medicals in other countries like India and Bangladesh
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17333366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBUR | KBUR | KBUR (1490 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Burlington, Iowa. The station primarily broadcasts a talk radio format. KBUR is owned by Pritchard Broadcasting Corporation. It was first licensed on September 11, 1941.
Pritchard Broadcasting Corporation (owned by John T. Pritchard) agreed to purchase the station from GAP West (owned by Skip Weller) in late 2007. The station was owned by Clear Channel prior to GAP West.
References
External links
KBUR website
FCC History Cards for KBUR
BUR
Talk radio stations in the United States
Burlington, Iowa
Radio stations established in 2007 |
44496929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism%20in%20the%20United%20States | Pacifism in the United States | Pacifism has manifested in the United States in a variety of forms (such as peace movements), and in myriad contexts (such as opposition to the Civil War and to nuclear weapons). In general, it exists in contrast to an acceptance of the necessity of war for national defense.
Pacifist ideas
In early America religious groups such as the Brethren, Mennonites, and Quakers disseminated "antiwar sentiments...fostered by a growing colonial aversion to the carnage of the European imperial wars."
In the 1930s influential theologian Reinhold Niebuhr rejected overly idealist pacifism as "perverse sentimentality," in favor of just war.
In contrast to pacifism based on religious beliefs, some in the U.S. have opposed violent conflict on economic grounds, or for other practical, non-religious reasons.
U.S. Congress created the United States Institute of Peace in 1984 to promote international peace through education.
Wartime
War of 1812
The war ended in February 1815. New peace groups formed shortly thereafter: the New York Peace Society (est. August 1815) and Massachusetts Peace Society (est. December 1815).
Civil War
World War I
World War II
Korean War
The American Peace Crusade formed in 1951, in opposition to U.S. involvement in the Korean War.
Vietnam War
2001 Afghanistan War
Iraq War
See also
Peace movement in the United States
List of anti-war organizations in the United States
United States Pacifist Party
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (est. 1910)
War is a Racket
Pacifism in Germany
References
Bibliography
Published in 20th century
C. Chatfield (1971). For peace and justice: Pacifism in America, 1914-1941 (University of Tennessee Press)
L.S. Witner (1984). Rebels against war: The American peace movement, 1933-1983 (Temple University Press, Philadelphia)
1990s
R.C. Peace III (1991). A just and lasting peace: The US peace movement from the Cold War to desert storm (Noble Press, Chicago)
C. Chatfield (1992). The American peace movement: Ideal and activism (New York)
C. Smith (1996). Resisting Reagan: The US-Central America peace movement. University of Chicago Press
Published in 21st century
2000s
C.F. Howlett (2005). History of the American peace movement 1890-2000: The emergence of a new scholarly discipline Edwin Mellen Press, New York
2010s
(About the 1940s-1970s)
External links
Images |
17333398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurocyon | Nurocyon | Nurocyon is an extinct member of the dog family (Canidae) from the Pliocene of Mongolia. Nurocyon chonokhariensis is the only species in the genus. The teeth of Nurocyon show adaptations to an omnivorous diet, comparable to the living raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). The overall structure of the skull and dentition of Nurocyon are intermediate between the living genus Canis (dogs, wolves, and jackals) and the more primitive Eucyon.
References
Canini (tribe)
Prehistoric canines
Pliocene carnivorans
Pliocene mammals of Asia
Prehistoric monotypic mammal genera
Fossil taxa described in 2006
Prehistoric carnivoran genera |
20468284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santpur | Santpur | Santpur is a town and market center in Chandrapur Municipality in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. The formerly village development committee was merged to form the municipality on 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5594.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44496966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20abscess | Cold abscess | Cold abscess refers to an abscess that lacks the intense inflammation usually associated with infection. This may be associated with infections due to bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of tuberculosis, and fungi like those from the genus Blastomyces, which cause blastomycosis, that do not tend to stimulate acute inflammation. Alternatively, cold abscesses are typical in persons with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome, even when infected with an organism like Staphylococcus aureus that causes abscesses with inflammation in others.
Signs of acute inflammation are absent, so the abscess is not hot and red as in a typical abscess filled with pus. Cold abscesses are generally painless cysts that may be subcutaneous, ocular, or in deep tissue such as the spine.
See also
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
References
Tuberculosis |
20468291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UF%20Health%20Shands%20Cancer%20Hospital | UF Health Shands Cancer Hospital | UF Health Shands Cancer Hospital is an academic cancer center in Gainesville, Florida. The 200 bed complex focuses on producing basic laboratory findings that will ultimately be used for preventive therapies for cancers.
Background
This complex is eight stories high, and contains over of space. The facility houses about 200 private inpatient beds for a variety of patients, including those receiving diagnostic and therapeutic oncology services. It also includes a Critical Care Center for emergency and trauma related services. Designed by Flad Architects and built by SkanskaUSA, construction was completed in 2009 and cost $388 million.
See also
University of Florida
Shands at the University of Florida
University of Florida College of Medicine
J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center
Buildings at the University of Florida
References
External links
UF Health
UF Health Shands Cancer Hospital
UF Health Cancer Center
Hospital buildings completed in 2006
Teaching hospitals in Florida
Hospitals in Florida
University of Florida
Buildings and structures in Gainesville, Florida
Cancer hospitals
2006 establishments in Florida |
20468293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmujawa | Sarmujawa | Sarmujawa is a village of Budhimai Municipality in Rautahat District in the Province No. 2 of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5896 people living in 1069 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saruatha | Saruatha | Saruatha is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4463 people living in 836 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44496973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu%20Udani%20Siriwardhana | Vinu Udani Siriwardhana | Vinu Udani Siriwardana (Sinhala:විනු උදානි සිරිවර්ධන) (born March 10, 1992) is a Sri Lankan actress, model and TV presenter. In 2012 she participated in the "Derana Veet Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012" pageant and succeeded in becoming the joint winner for the title 'Derana Veet Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012' with Sumudu Prasadini (the latter represented Sri Lanka at the Miss World 2012 beauty pageant).
Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012
Error in calculation
Vinu won the 'Derana Veet Miss Sri Lanka for Miss World 2012' title at the official event held on 31 March 2012 at Blue Water, Wadduwa. On that day Sumudu Prasadini was chosen as the 1st runner- up of the beauty pageant. However, it was later revealed that a calculation error had occurred and on 4 April 2012, Sumudu Prasadini was crowned the winner of the pageant at a ceremony held at Galle Face Hotel, Colombo. It was concluded that both, Vinu and Sumudu would share the main title and that Sumudu would represent Sri Lanka at the Miss World 2012 pageant held in China on August 18, 2012.
In addition to the main title, Vinu also won the title 'Miss Talent' at one of the mini pageants held during the event and the title 'Sunday Observer Most Popular contestant' by receiving the highest number of public votes through the Sunday Observer newspaper.
Miss Tourism Queen of the Year International
Vinu also represented Sri Lanka at 18th Miss Tourism Queen of the Year International pageant, which was held in Nanjing, China and competed for the main title as well as two mini titles - 'Best in Talent' and 'Best National Costume'. At this competition, she succeeded in making into the top ten finalists in 'Best in Talent' and top 25 in 'Best National Costume' titles.
Acting career
Vinu started her acting career through the teledrama Pipena Mal playing the supporting role of Parami. But her most notable performance as an actress was the character "Tharumalee" in the teledrama Tharumalee and Wes teledrama. In addition to acting in teledramas, Vinu has also proven her talent through acting in several music videos.
Filmography
Personal life
Vinu is the second in her family with an elder brother (Sanu) and a younger sister (Ruvi). She is a past pupil of Anula Vidyalaya. Currently she lives in Dehiwala with her family. She is married.
Recently she was awarded the Nelson Mendala Peace Awards 2019. In addition, she worked as the host of the Friday Hada Redi Peya program. She also plans to write a book. She married Advance level Economics and Business studies lecturer Mr. Kasun Liyanage on 28 August 2020.
References
External links
News in Pictures
1992 births
Living people
Sri Lankan film actresses
Sri Lankan television actresses
Sri Lankan beauty pageant winners |
20468303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelton%20v%20Barry%20UDC | Chapelton v Barry UDC | Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council [1940] 1 KB 532, the "deckchair case", is an English contract law case on offer and acceptance and exclusion clauses. It stands for the proposition that a display of goods can be an offer and a whole offer, rather than an invitation to treat, and serves as an example for how onerous exclusion clauses can be deemed to not be incorporated in a contract.
Facts
David Chapelton went to a beach with his friend, Miss Andrews, at Cold Knap, a district of Barry in south Wales. There was a pile of deckchairs. A notice next to them said,
It also said tickets should be obtained from attendants. Mr Chapelton took two chairs from an attendant, paid the money and received two tickets. He put them in his pocket. On the tickets was written,
When Mr Chapelton sat on the chair it gave way, the canvas tearing from the top of the chair. He was injured. The county court judge held the council would have been negligent but that liability was exempted by the ticket. Mr Chapelton appealed.
Judgment
The Court of Appeal upheld Mr Chapelton's claim, overturning the judgment at first instance; it held that there was a valid offer when the chairs were on display, accepted when picked up the chairs from the defendant. Therefore, the ticket was merely a receipt of the contract, and the exclusion clause could not be incorporated as a term, because it was too late. Slesser LJ read the facts and gave his judgment first.
See also
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd.
Notes
English incorporation case law
English unfair terms case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
1940 in British law
1940 in case law
Barry, Vale of Glamorgan
20th century in Glamorgan |
20468304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Hempstead | USS Hempstead | USS Hempstead has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:
, a proposed seaplane tender that was cancelled in 1943 prior to construction
, a proposed attack transport that was cancelled in 1947 prior to construction
United States Navy ship names |
44496994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Football%20Club%20Social%20Alliance | The Football Club Social Alliance | The Football Club Social Alliance (FCSA) is a network of professional European football clubs that team up for social change on a global level. The FCSA runs international projects in crisis- and development regions, and projects in disability football within Europe.
History
The FCSA was established by the Scort Foundation, a politically and religiously independent non-profit foundation headquartered in Basel, Switzerland. The foundation was established according to Swiss foundation law on 27 January 2010.
In 2012, the Queens Park Rangers F.C. joined the FCSA's partnership programme.
In May 2016, the FCSA launched the young coach education programme in Jordan. In September 2017, the FCSA launched its programme in Lebanon in collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Lebanese Football Association. In March 2018, the 1. FSV Mainz 05 joined the FCSA's partnership programme.
Description
The FCSA aim to empower young people from conflict and crisis regions and work with disadvantaged children. Experts of the football clubs train these young dedicated women and men together with local aid organisations to become certified “Young Coaches”– football coaches and social role models.
Scort Foundation is responsible for all conceptual and organisational tasks, including the project management, fundraising and partnerships of the FCSA. The curriculum of the Young Coach Education programme was developed by Scort. Evaluations ensure that programme quality is maintained, and social impact is maximised.
Partners
FC Basel 1893
SV Werder Bremen
Bayer 04 Leverkusen
FK Austria Wien
FC Schalke 04
1. FSV Mainz 05 (since 2018)
Board of Directors
Gigi Oeri (President)
Pierino Lardi (Vice President)
Pierre Jaccoud
Claudio Sulser
References
External links
Official website
Basel
Foundations based in Switzerland
Sports charities
Organizations established in 2007
2007 establishments in Switzerland
Association football organizations
Charities based in Switzerland
Sports organizations established in 2007 |
44497011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanotis | Patanotis | Patanotis is a genus of moths in the family Momphidae. The species of this genus are found in Sri Lanka.
Species
Patanotis harmosta Meyrick, 1913
Patanotis metallidias Meyrick, 1913
References
ftp.funet.fr
Momphidae
Moths of Sri Lanka |
44497051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku%20Park | Suku Park | Suck-Woo Park (born 1947), also known as Suku Park , is a South Korean contemporary ceramic artist and a council member of the International Academy of Ceramics (IAC).
Early life and education
Park was born in Seoul in 1947 and attended the Fine Arts College of the Seoul National University in South Korea (1966–1970) before moving to Stockholm, Sweden in 1974 to graduate from the Swedish State School of Arts & Design (Konstfack).
Work
In early 1980s Suku Park was the art director for Pentik and lived with his family in Posio, Finland. He worked there 1984-1987 and has since his international career returned to Posio in 2011. In 1984 Suku Park moved his studio and his family to Espoo, and later in 1997 was one of the first members of Onoma (The Cooperative of Artisans, Designers and Artists in Fiskars).
Park's international career began from Posio and he has since exhibited in multiple countries with collections amongst others in the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Museum of Painting and Sculpture in Istanbul and Musée Ariana in Geneva. Park was a professor at Sangmyung University in Seoul, South Korea from early 2000 and has since moved back to Finland and Lapland where he lives and works.
On Posio and living in Finland affecting his work, Park stated that "My language of form and expression is not Korean, but a reaction inside myself to form things with my own hands in order to give an object its own character. When I'm designing I'm thinking function, but I'm thinking humour too". He continues that his works is influenced by the environment and was fascinated with Posio and the focus he could have there.
Park is the council member of IAC in Geneva, Switzerland, member of Konsthantverkarna, Stockholm, Sweden, Ceramic Group Kuusi, Finland.
Exhibitions
Park's selected solo exhibitions include: Anthony Shaw Gallery, London, United Kingdom (1978); Lotte Gallery, Seoul, South Korea (1980); Retretti Art Center, Retretti, Finland (1985); Illums Bolighus, Copenhagen, Denmark (1985); Norway Design Center, Oslo, Norway (1985); Konsthantverkarna, Stockholm, Sweden (1986, 1989); Andrew Shire Gallery, Los Angeles, United States (1990); Mikimoto Art Hall, Ginza, Tokyo, Japan (1989, 1992); SSamjigil Seoul, South Korea; Gallery Park Ryusook Seoul, South Korea; Reuchinhaus, Pforzheim, Germany and Galerie Marian Heller Sandhausen, Germany; Mokkumto Gallery, Seoul, South Korea; and Tong-in Gallery, New York City, United States.
Collections
Park's contemporary ceramic art pieces are held at:
The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom
The British Crafts Council, London, United Kingdom
National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden
National Museum Of Contemporary Art, Seoul, South Korea
Malmö Museum, Malmo, Sweden
Röhsska Museum, Gothenburg, Sweden
Museum Of Painting and Sculpture, Istanbul, Turkey
Musée Ariana, Geneva, Switzerland
Museum of Decorative Art, Prague, Czech Republic
Museum of International Ceramics, Bechyne, Czech Republic
Museum of Porcelain, Loket, Czech Republic
Iris Collection, Porvoo, Finland
Coffee Cup Museum, Posio, Finland
Youngone Plaza, Seoul, South Korea
Total Museum, Seoul, South Korea
Daeyoo Cultural Foundation, South Korea
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada
Ceramic and Glass Gallery, Waterloo, Canada
References
External links
Official Website
Gallery Marianne Heller, Suku Park exhibition
Kouvola.fi: Dialogue: Anu Pentik and Suku Park
Yourlapland.com: Dialogue: Anu Pentik and Suku Park
Tong-In Gallery, New York, Suku Park profile
"Amazon: International Competition - Fifth World Ceramic Biennale 2009 Korea, Introduction by Suku Park
Arctic Clay, Auction 2014
1947 births
Living people
South Korean artists
Seoul National University alumni
South Korean expatriates in Finland |
6903619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Kopache | Thomas Kopache | Thomas Kopache (born October 17, 1945) is an American actor.
Career
Kopache was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, the son of Dorothy E. (née Sterling). He is known for his roles as Assistant Secretary of State Bob Slattery in The West Wing and for various roles in the Star Trek franchise. He has also appeared in the stage productions of As You Like It as the banished Duke and in Antigone as Creon.
He has appeared in three of the Star Trek series and, along with Jeffrey Combs, Vaughn Armstrong, J. G. Hertzler and Randy Oglesby, is one of only five actors to portray as many as seven characters. Kopache played a Romulan in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Next Phase", a hologram in "Emergence" and a Starfleet officer in Star Trek Generations. On Star Trek: Deep Space Nine he played Kira Taban, the father of Kira Nerys (Nana Visitor), in "Ties of Blood and Water" and "Wrongs Darker Than Death or Night". In 1994, he portrayed Tu'Pari in the Babylon 5 episode "The Parliament of Dreams".
Kopache made a brief appearance in No Country For Old Men as a shoe salesman. Kopache guest starred as Vic Feldspar, Craig Feldspar's lisping, Jack LaLanne-like father in "Living Will", a sixth-season episode of Malcolm in the Middle. He briefly appeared as blackjack player Borsalino Cap in "The Contingency", the second-season premiere of the TV series Person of Interest.
"Catheter Cowboy"
In 2017, Kopache appeared on the HBO show Last Week Tonight as the "Catheter Cowboy", a character based on a commercial that aired on networks such as Fox News. Kopache's character would star in a similar-looking commercial and initially appear to talk about pain involving catheter use, but would then explain subjects such as the nuclear triad and the problems the American Health Care Act of 2017 offered. John Oliver bought commercial airtime in the Washington D.C. area and aired Kopache's segment live on stations such as Morning Joe and Fox & Friends in an attempt to send a message to President Donald Trump, as he was aware that Trump watched these shows.
Selected filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1945 births
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from New Hampshire
Actors from Manchester, New Hampshire
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors |
20468307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teopanzolco | Teopanzolco | Teopanzolco is an Aztec archaeological site in the Mexican state of Morelos. Due to urban growth, it now lies within the modern city of Cuernavaca. Most of the visible remains date from the Middle to Late Postclassic Period (1300-1521).
Etymology
Teopanzolco comes from the Nahuatl language, it has been interpreted as "the place of the old temple".
Location
Teopanzolco was built upon a hill formed from a lava flow. Although this area is now occupied by the Vista Hermosa district of Cuernavaca, in pre-Columbian times it was an area of coniferous woodland.
History of the site
The Morelos Valley was settled from about 2000 BC. During the Classic Period, Teopanzolco came under the influence of the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico. By the Postclassic, various Nahua groups had moved into the Altiplano; the Tlahuicas founded nearby Cuauhnahuac (Cuernavaca) and Teopanzolco itself. They were conquered in 1427 AD by the Aztec emperor Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, after which they were integrated into the Aztec Empire and were obliged to pay tribute and participate in Aztec military campaigns. The prehispanic history of Teopanzolco was brought to a close by the Spanish Conquest in 1521, at which time the Tlahuicas were still living in the area and paying tribute to the Aztecs.
Teopanzolco was probably the original centre of the city of Cuauhnahuac during the Early Aztec period (AD 1150–1350) before the ceremonial centre was moved to a more defensible location, now the centre of the modern city of Cuernavaca. After the relocation of the ceremonial centre no new construction was undertaken at Teopanzolco.
The site of Teopanzolco was rediscovered in the 1910s, during the Mexican Revolution, when the revolutionary forces of Emiliano Zapata installed an artillery emplacement upon the Great Platform (Building 1) in order to shell federalist positions in the centre of Cuernavaca. The resulting cannon fire shook loose the soil, revealing the stonework below.
The modern history of Teopanzolco begins with the first excavations at the site in 1921, no further investigations took place until it was excavated in 1956-7 by Mexican archaeologists Román Piña Chan and Eduardo Noguera, who investigated the temple of Ehecatl and established a ceramic sequence for the site. Further archaeological investigations took place in 1968-9 (by Angulo Villaseñor) and in 1980 (by Wanda Tomassi). INAH has undertaken maintenance and minor excavations annually since 1985.
The earthquake of September 19, 2017, damaged the main temple. As archaeologists began repairing the damage, they were surprised to find a smaller, previously unknown temple inside, which presumably was dedicated to Tlaloc, the god of rain. Archaeologists discovered stucco-covered walls, a bench, and a pilaster, which may date to the Posclásico Medio period (A.D. 1150-1200). While more studies need to be undertaken to prove this theory, this would mean that the temple of Teopanzolco predates the Templo Mayor in Mexico City.
The site
Only the ceremonial centre of Teopanzolco has been preserved. The residential areas of the prehispanic city lie beneath the modern development of Vista Hermosa, for this reason the actual size of the city is unknown. The surviving remains were built using local basalt. Although nothing survives of the original finishing, the buildings were presumably covered with painted plaster, as at other archaeological sites. Although the site had been developed by both the Tlahuicas and the Aztecs, the dominant architectural style and the majority of the excavated ceramics are Aztec in origin.
Great Platform or Building 1. This is the principal building within the archaeological zone. It consists of a westward facing rectangular pyramidal base that once supported twin temples; the northernmost was dedicated to Tlaloc, the Aztec rain god, while the southern temple was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. Two parallel stairways give access to the temples. This style of double temple is Aztec in origin. Two phases of building are evident, the second practically identical to the first and built on top of it. Only the platform survives from the second phase but sections of the walls of the twin temples survive from the earlier building phase. The later phase of construction appears to have been interrupted by the Spanish Conquest.
Temple of Tlaloc This consisted of a small enclosure surrounded by four pillars that presumably supported a wide roof that extended beyond the temple enclosure itself. It is situated upon the Great Platform.
Temple of Huitzilopochtli This was larger than the temple of Tlaloc and consisted of two rooms, one lying behind the other and accessed through it. The remains of an altar have been found in this inner sanctum . It is situated upon the Great Platform.
Building 2 This is a low, irregular platform with a wide north-facing stairway.
Building 3 is a small rectangular platform with an east-facing stairway.
Building 4 is a wide but shallow rectangular platform with a borderless east-facing stairway. A pit was found in this structure, which contained a great number of human bones together with two obsidian knives. The bones belonged to 35 individuals of both sexes who had been sacrificed and dismembered.
Building 5 is another small rectangular platform with an east-facing stairway.
Building 6 is a small rectangular platform with an east-facing stairway.
Building 7 is a small, low circular platform with an east-facing stairway. It was a shrine dedicated to Ehecatl, the Aztec god of wind, one of the manifestations of Quetzalcoatl. A sunken chamber was found inside this platform, it was filled with offerings of ceramic vessels and human skulls, probably belonging to sacrificial victims.
Building 8 is a very small rectangular platform with an east-facing stairway.
Building 9 is another low circular platform. It was another shrine to Ehecatl, slightly larger than the similar Building 7.
Building 10 is a long rectangular platform running east-west, located behind buildings 3 to 6. It has two stairways facing east and another facing to the west. It appears to have been expanded several times during its history.
Building 12 is a large platform aligned with the Great Platform, lying directly to the north. It has three west-facing stairways.
Temple of Tezcatlipoca or Building 13 is directly behind (i.e. to the east of) the Great Platform. Its lower level had a double stairway that faced towards the latter. The upper level has a single, wide stairway. The combination of a cannonball strike during the Mexican Revolution and a large looters' pit has inflicted extensive damage upon the remains.
Platform 15 was excavated in 1997. It is located at the southern edge of the archaeological site. It was a large platform in a poor state of preservation. Below the platform were found the remains of a residence whose inhabitants manufactured dyes, as evidenced by the discovery of hearths with tools and traces of iron oxide-based pigments. The residence was demolished in order to build the overlying platform, leaving only the foundations containing domestic human burials.
The site is in the care of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (National Institute of Anthropology and History) and is open to the public.
Notes
See also
Santa Cecilia Acatitlan
Templo Mayor
Tenayuca
Tlatelolco (archaeological site)
References
García Moll, Roberto (1993) Teopanzolco, Morelos miniguide, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico.
Kelly, Joyce (2001) An Archaeological Guide to Central and Southern Mexico, University of Oklahoma Press.
External links
Teopanzolco at INAH
Aztec sites
Former populated places in Mexico
Archaeological sites in Morelos
Tourist attractions in Morelos |
20468310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunaraniya | Saunaraniya | Saunaraniya is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3763 people living in 689 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6903630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Jefferson%20%28Nevada%29 | Mount Jefferson (Nevada) | Mount Jefferson is the highest mountain in both the Toquima Range and Nye County in Nevada, United States. It is the sixth highest mountain in the state. As the high point of a range which is well separated from other ranges by low basins, Mount Jefferson has a high topographic prominence of . This makes it the most prominent peak in Nye County and the third most prominent peak in Nevada (after Charleston Peak and Wheeler Peak). For similar reasons, it is also the highest mountain for over 90 miles in all directions. It is located about northeast of the county seat of Tonopah within the Alta Toquima Wilderness of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, near the smaller towns of Carvers and Round Mountain. Three distinct summits are located on a broad area of subalpine tundra: North Summit rises to , Middle Summit to , and South Summit to . During the Pleistocene, alpine glaciers eroded several cirques east of the summit plateau.
See also
List of Ultras of the United States
References
External links
Mountains of Nevada
Mountains of Nye County, Nevada
Mountains of the Great Basin
Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest
North American 3000 m summits |
44497052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League%201%20Cup | League 1 Cup | The League 1 Cup was a knockout cup competition organised by the Rugby Football League for the third division of rugby league in Britain. The cup was contested by the British League 1 teams, as well as two teams from the National Conference League. The final took place on the same weekend as The Summer Bash, and was the first game of the weekend to be played.
In 2017 it was announced the League 1 Cup would be retired after just three seasons.
History
In 2013 the Championship Cup was decommissioned after 12 seasons and the Challenge Cup became the only cup competition available to the Championships. In 2015, as part of the new structure a new cup competition was to be introduced, but only available to League 1 clubs and two clubs invited from the National Conference League. The first final was played as the opening game of The Summer Bash at Bloomfield Road in Blackpool.
In 2017 the Rugby Football League (RFL) confirmed the 16 League 1 clubs had voted to scrap the League 1 Cup, mainly due to it interfering with the domestic league season. The last winners were Barrow Raiders.
Format
The first round of the League 1 Cup is split into two pools; Northern regions and South and Midlands regions, all the League 1 clubs and any National Conference League (NCL) clubs invited to enter to make the number of teams up to 16 enter at this stage. A draw is made at the beginning of each round to determine fixtures.
In the first year of the cup, 2015, there were only 14 clubs in League 1 so two NCL clubs were invited to play in the competition. In 2016 and 2017 although there were 16 clubs in League 1, the non-UK based clubs; Toulouse Olympique (2016) and Toronto Wolfpack (2017); decided not to enter the cup so one NCL club was invited to play in their stead.
Other than a regional based first round to reduce travel costs, the cup is a knock-out competition with no seeding. Only the final is played at a neutral venue.
First Round: 16 clubs enter
Second Round: Last 8
Semi Finals: Last 4.
Final: Played at Bloomfield Road
Cup Finals
Winners
Sponsorship
In February 2015, the Rugby Football League (RFL) announced a 3-year deal with isotonic soft drink company iPro for the competition to be been known as the iPro Sport Cup.
The official rugby ball supplier was Steeden.
References
External links
RFL League 1
Sports leagues established in 2015
2015 establishments in England
Rugby league competitions in the United Kingdom |
20468319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawagada | Sawagada | Sawagada is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
44497075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrage%3A%20The%20Five%20Reasons%20Why%20O.%20J.%20Simpson%20Got%20Away%20with%20Murder | Outrage: The Five Reasons Why O. J. Simpson Got Away with Murder | Outrage: The Five Reasons Why O. J. Simpson Got Away with Murder is a true crime book by Vincent Bugliosi published in 1996. Bugliosi sets forth five main reasons why the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office failed to successfully convict O. J. Simpson for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. Personally convinced of Simpson's guilt, Bugliosi blames his acquittal on the district attorney, the judge, and especially the prosecuting attorneys Marcia Clark and Christopher Darden.
Reviews
Upon its release, the book was subject to criticism from various critics. The Los Angeles Times notes that Bugliosi's tone is in line that of anger and astonishment, as he condemned the majority of the major players in the case. They employed the metaphor of a 'dagger' to emphasise his ruthless tone. Similarly, the San Francisco Chronicle praised the book for its observational and authoritative tone which followers of the case were longing for. The Globe and Mail described the book as "engagingly idiosyncratic, and occasionally self-serving and simplistic."
References
1996 non-fiction books
Books by Vincent Bugliosi
O. J. Simpson murder case
W. W. Norton & Company books |
44497083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20Mollenhauer%20GmbH | Conrad Mollenhauer GmbH | Conrad Mollenhauer GmbH (commonly called simply Mollenhauer) is a leading German manufacturer of recorders.
The company was founded in 1822 by Johann Andreas Mollenhauer (1798–1871) in Fulda. In 1961, Bernhard Mollenhauer took over the business.
The company produces recorders for beginners and handmade instruments for soloists. In an effort to develop a renaissance-style recorder for use by beginners, Adriana Breukink developed the Adri's Dream recorder in collaboration with Mollenhauer in 1999. This line was later expanded to include Dream Edition recorders for more advanced players.
References
External links
www.mollenhauer.com
Manufacturing companies established in 1822
Flute makers
Fulda
Recorder makers
1822 establishments in Europe
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Germany |
6903632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adempiere | Adempiere | ADempiere is an Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP software package released under a free software license. The verb adempiere in Italian means "to fulfill a duty" or "to accomplish".
The software is licensed under the GNU General Public License.
History
The ADempiere project was created in September 2006. Disagreement between the open-source developer community that formed around the Compiere open-source ERP software and the project's corporate sponsor ultimately led to the creation of Adempiere as a fork of Compiere.
Within weeks of the fork, ADempiere reached the top five of the SourceForge.net rankings. This ranking provides a measure of both the size of its developer community and also its impact on the open-source ERP software market.
The project name comes from the Italian verb "adempiere", which means "fulfillment of a duty" but with the additional senses of "Complete, reach, practice, perform tasks, or release; also, give honor, respect", here which were considered appropriate to what the project aimed to achieve.
Goals of this project
The goal of the Adempiere project is the creation of a community-developed and supported open source business solution. The Adempiere community follows the open-source model of the Bazaar described in Eric Raymond's article The Cathedral and the Bazaar.
Business functionality
The following business areas are addressed by the Adempiere application:
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Financial Performance Analysis
Integrated Point of sale (POS) solution
Cost Engine for different Cost types
Two different Productions (light and complex) which include Order batch and Material Requirements Planning (or Manufacturing Resource Planning).
Project structure
All community members are entitled to their say in the project discussion forums. For practical purposes, the project is governed by a council of contributors. A leader is nominated from this council to act as overall project manager. The role of the Adempiere Council is to:
Support decisions of the leader.
Accept contributions.
Define the roadmap.
Review and approve specifications.
Vote for new functionalities.
Approve changes to core.
Technology
Adempiere is developed with Java EE technology, specifically utilizing Apache Tomcat and the JBoss application server. Currently database support is restricted to PostgreSQL and Oracle.
Architecture
Adempiere inherited the Data Dictionary from the Compiere project. This architecture extends the Data Dictionary concept into the application; thus the application's entities, their validation rules and screen layout can be controlled from within the application itself. In practice, this means that customization of the application can be done without new coding.
A Workflow Management Coalition and Object Management Group standards based workflow engine is utilized to provide Business Process Management. These features allow for the rapid customization of the application to a business's needs.
See also
Compiere, iDempiere, metasfresh, Openbravo (Compiere source code family)
List of ERP software packages
List of ERP vendors
List of free and open source software packages
forks
iDempiere It modularized the code through the OSGi framework so it allows a plugin architecture.
metasfresh - originally based on ADempiere, developed in Germany.
References
Notes
Top Open Source ERPs
Heise Online -Technology News Portal
GudangLinux note
LinuxPR note
InfoWorld article
Full Open Source compliance and Database independence, one step closer with Adempiere first release
Compiere User Community Splits; Code Forks
External links
Official Community website
Free customer relationship management software
Free ERP software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Software forks
Enterprise resource planning software for Linux |
44497086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalaritica | Phalaritica | Phalaritica is a genus of moths in the family Momphidae. There is only one species in this genus: Phalaritica vindex Meyrick, 1913 that is found in Sri Lanka.
References
ftp.funet.fr
www.nhm.ac.uk
Momphidae
Moths of Sri Lanka |
6903648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget | Paget | Paget is a surname of Anglo-Norman origin which may refer to:
Lord Alfred Paget (1816–1888), British soldier, courtier and politician
Almeric Paget, 1st Baron Queenborough (1861–1949), British cowboy, industrialist, yachtsman and politician
Sir Arthur Paget (British Army officer) (1851–1928), British Army general
Sir Bernard Paget (1887–1961), British Army general
Lady Caroline Paget (1913–1973), British socialite and actress
Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey (1885–1947), British soldier
Charles Paget, 8th Marquess of Anglesey (born 1950), British nobleman
Charles Paget (conspirator) (c. 1546–1612), Roman Catholic conspirator
Charles Paget (politician) (1799–1873), MP for Nottingham in the 1850s
Charles Paget (Royal Navy officer) (1778–1839), MP and vice-admiral
Charles Souders Paget (1874–1933), American architect in Canton, China
Christopher Paget (born 1987), English cricketer
Clara Paget (born 1988), British model and actress
Lord Clarence Paget (1811–1895), Royal Navy admiral, politician and sculptor
Debra Paget (born 1933), American actress and entertainer
Dorothy Paget (1905–1960), British racehorse owner and sponsor of motor racing
Sir Edward Paget (1775–1849), British Army general
Edward Paget (bishop) (1886–1971), English bishop
Francis Paget (1851–1911), English theologian, author and Bishop of Oxford
Francis Edward Paget (1806–1882), English clergyman and author
George Paget, 7th Marquess of Anglesey (1922–2013), British soldier and author
Henry Paget (disambiguation), several people
Sir James Paget (1814–1899), English surgeon and pathologist
Jock Paget (born 1983), New Zealand equestrian
John Paget (priest) (died 1638), pastor at the English Reformed Church, Amsterdam
John Paget (author) (1808–1892), English agriculturist and writer on Hungary
John Paget (barrister) (1811–1898), English police magistrate and author
Julian Paget, soldier and military historian, son of General Sir Bernard
Michael Paget (born 1978), Welsh musician, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
Reginald Paget (1908–1990), British lawyer and politician
Rosalind Paget (1855-1948), British nurse, midwife and reformer
Sidney Paget (1860–1908), British illustrator of Sherlock Holmes stories
Stephen Paget (1855–1926), English surgeon
Thomas Paget (disambiguation), several people
Walter Trueman Paget (1854–1930), farmer and politician in Queensland, Australia
William Paget (disambiguation), several people
First name
Paget Toynbee (1855–1932), British scholar
Paget Brewster (born 1969), American actress
Place
Paget Parish, Bermuda
Paget Peak, a mountain in British Columbia, Canada
Paget Island, Bermuda
Paget Marsh Nature Reserve, Bermuda
Mount Paget, highest peak on South Georgia island
See also
Paget baronets
Paget's disease (disambiguation), diseases described by Sir James Paget
Paget process, early technique for colour photography
Operation Paget, British police inquiry into the death of Diana, Princess of Wales
Paget Rangers, semi-professional football team
Padgett (surname)
References
English-language surnames |
6903679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange%20People%2C%20Queer%20Notions | Strange People, Queer Notions | Strange People, Queer Notions is a 1958 novel by American writer Jack Vance, writing as John Holbrook Vance. It was republished in the 2002 Vance Integral Edition (VIE).
Plot introduction
A young Oregonian art student is hired by another American to housesit a villa in a small Italian village. The employer then leads various members of the expatriate community in the village to believe the young man is a blackmailer.
Novels by Jack Vance
1958 American novels
American mystery novels
Novels about artists
Novels set in Italy |
6903681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP-format | PP-format | The PP-format (Post Processing Format) is a proprietary file format for meteorological data developed by the Met Office, the United Kingdom's national weather service.
Simulations of the weather are performed by the Met Office's Unified Model, which can be used for Numerical Weather Prediction or Climatology, and data is collected. This data is usually meteorological in nature and may include averaged data for parameters like global surface temperatures or accumulations of rainfall for locations inside the model, though the Unified Model is capable of outputting many sophisticated diagnostics to PP-format. These files are binary streams, structured in a proprietary file format which can then be processed and transformed into other, more portable, formats. The main reason for using such a format is to increase the rate at which data can be written from the model to disk, a major consideration when running a simulation that must be timely and efficient.
References
Earth sciences data formats
Met Office |
44497087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Aldborough%20%281727%29 | HMS Aldborough (1727) | HMS Aldborough was a 20-gun sixth-rate ship of the Royal Navy, built in 1727 according to the 1719 Establishment and in service in the West Indies, the North Sea and the Mediterranean until 1742. The future Admiral, Hugh Palliser, served aboard Aldborough as midshipman at the commencement of his naval career.
Naval career
Aldborough was commissioned in March 1727 and assigned to survey work in the British West Indies. Her first captain was Edward Baker, who remained in command until early 1729 when he was replaced by John Gascoigne.
After seven years in the West Indies the ship was returned to Deptford Dockyard in 1734 for refit and repair. Aboard as passengers for this voyage were James Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony of Georgia, and a delegation of Yamacraw sent to meet with the British Government. Aldboroughs years in tropical waters had taken their toll with extensive work required to restore her hull and timbers. Refitting continued until June 1735 at a cost of £5,417, more than two thirds of her original construction expense of £7,461.
Temporarily restored to seaworthiness, Aldborough was assigned to the command of Captain Nicholas Robinson and transferred to coastal patrol in the English Channel and North Sea. Robinson's 11-year-old nephew Hugh Palliser was also signed aboard as a midshipman from 1735. The ship remained in poor condition despite her recent refit, and was paid off for further repair in 1736.
Aldborough was refitted in 1737 as a fireship of 8 guns and 55 crew. In 1738 this designation was reversed, with Aldborough restored to the Navy lists as a 20-gun sixth rate and assigned to Mediterranean service under Captain George Pocock. She was immediately deployed as a privateer hunter, capturing a Spanish barque on 28 January 1739 and taking part in the capture of two more vessels in June. She was less successful in 1740, cruising for several weeks off the coast of Malta without encountering enemy craft. In January 1741 she was part of the British fleet at Port Mahon off the coast of Spain.
Fate
Aldborough was broken up at Deptford Dockyard on 31 March 1742, in accordance with Admiralty orders that another ship of the same name be constructed in her place.
References
Bibliography
Individual sailing vessels
1720s ships
Ships built in Portsmouth
Fireships of the Royal Navy
Sixth rates of the Royal Navy |
44497102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajdana%20Radunovi%C4%87 | Hajdana Radunović | Hajdana Radunović (born 10 January 1978) is a Montenegrin women's basketball player, who plays as a center.
References
1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Podgorica
Montenegrin women's basketball players
Centers (basketball)
ŽKK Partizan players
New York Liberty players
Montenegrin expatriate basketball people in Serbia
Montenegrin expatriate basketball people in the United States |
6903685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harukaze-class%20destroyer | Harukaze-class destroyer | The Harukaze-class destroyer was the first indigenous post-World War II Japanese destroyer class. Its main mission was anti-submarine warfare.
Almost all equipment was supplied from the United States according to the U.S. and Japan Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement. Sensor systems on-board was standard equipment in the U.S. Navy at that time, for example, the AN/SPS-6 air-search radar, the AN/SPS-5 surface-search radar, the QHB search sonar, the QDA attack sonar.
Three 5-inch/38 caliber Mark 12 guns were mounted on Mark 30 single mounts, and controlled by a Mark 51 director. The JMSDF wasn't satisfied with performance of the director, so later the Mark 51 was replaced by the Swedish advanced GFCS developed by Contraves (Harukaze) or American Mark 57 (Yukikaze). At the same time, K-guns and depth charge racks were reduced by half and replaced by Mark 32 torpedoes with two Mark 2 over-the-side launchers.
Ships
References
External links
Destroyer classes |
44497113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly%20College%2C%20Manchester | Piccadilly College, Manchester | Piccadilly College (formerly Aitchison College) was a UK based further education provider, situated in the heart of Manchester.
History
The college was formed 18 July 2013 as Aitchison College. It was renamed Piccadilly College on 25 July 2013 and was closed on 1 March 2016.
The college taught English as a Foreign Language, with their advertising targeting Spanish-speaking pupils.
References
External links
Further education colleges in Manchester
Educational institutions established in 2013
Educational institutions disestablished in 2016
Defunct schools in Manchester |
6903702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson%20v.%20Johnson%20County%20Community%20College | Thompson v. Johnson County Community College | Thompson v. Johnson County Community College, 108 F.3d 1388 (10th Cir. 1997) is a decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, involving the Johnson County Community College and its practice of giving workers no right to privacy in bathrooms or changing rooms. The college had used video to monitor the changing rooms, and since changing is a public function, there should be no expectation of privacy.
Its importance includes rulings on the lack of expectation of privacy in public areas.
References
External links
Thompson v. Johnson County Community College at Open Jurist
Video Monitoring information at WorkRights.org
United States privacy case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit cases
1997 in United States case law
1997 in Kansas
Bathrooms
Johnson County Community College |
20468326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Tina%20Watson | Death of Tina Watson | Tina Watson was a 26-year-old American woman from Helena, Alabama, who died while scuba diving in Queensland, Australia, on 22 October 2003. Tina had been on her honeymoon with her new husband, fellow American Gabe Watson, who was initially charged by Queensland authorities with his wife's murder. Watson pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment.
Evidence presented at the trial included Watson's differing accounts of what had happened on that day, of the couple's diving experience (or lack thereof), and of Tina's life insurance. While Watson was serving his term in Australia, authorities in Alabama flagged an intention to charge him with murder at a later date. After his release, he was deported to Alabama on the condition that he would not be sentenced to death if found guilty of murder. Watson was then put on trial, but on 23 February 2012, Judge Tommy Nail dismissed the murder case due to lack of evidence.
Background
Christina Mae "Tina" Watson (birth name unknown) was born in West Germany on 13 February 1977, before relocating to the U.S. while still a baby. On 24 January 1980, she was legally adopted by Tommy and Cindy Thomas. They lived in Walker County, Alabama, with her younger sister before moving to Louisiana then Birmingham. David Gabriel "Gabe" Watson met Tina while they were students at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and they began dating in January 2001.
Despite an earlier diagnosis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), Tina began diving lessons in January 2003, and earned her certification just before her wedding to Watson on 11 October 2003. Watson was purportedly a qualified certified rescue diver, with experience in the lake at Oak Mountain State Park. Watson had completed 55 dives by the time of their marriage, and Tina 5. The couple had planned a scuba trip in the Great Barrier Reef for their honeymoon, and flew to Sydney for a week before heading to Townsville. They chose to dive the popular yet difficult wreck of SS Yongala, a passenger ship that sank in 1911, even though Watson had limited open ocean experience and Tina had never dived in the ocean or below 9 metres. The dive company had also offered an orientation and guided dive with a dive master, which the couple had refused.
Incident
At around 10:30 am on 22 October, during an excursion from the dive boat Spoilsport to the site of Yongala, Tina lost consciousness and sank to the bottom, below the water's surface within two minutes of beginning the dive. Watson claimed the currents were stronger than they expected and that he responded to a signal from Tina to return to the dive rope, where he noted a look of worry on her face before she accidentally knocked his mask and air regulator loose. When Watson recovered his sight, Tina was sinking too quickly for him to retrieve her and he quickly surfaced to get help. He also stated that an ear problem prevented him from diving deeper to help her and that there was nothing in his training as a rescue diver "about how to get somebody" in trouble to the surface.
Other divers nearby at the time, including Dr. Stanley Stutz, saw Watson engaged in an underwater "bear hug" with his "flailing" wife, after which he headed for the surface while Tina fell to the ocean floor. One diver, Gary Stempler, photographed Tina by chance while taking a picture of his own wife that showed Tina in the background. The photo showed her lying face-up on the ocean floor, something that did not come to light until a couple of weeks later when the pictures were developed. Watson climbed aboard the Spoilsport and alerted dive instructor Wade Singleton, who brought Tina to the surface after ten minutes underwater. She was taken aboard the adjacent dive boat Jazz II, where a doctor tried to resuscitate her for 40 minutes while Watson remained on the Spoilsport, but she was unable to be revived.
Investigation
The day following the death, Tina's autopsy was performed by Professor David Williams, consultant forensic pathologist to the Queensland Coroner. Williams found florid evidence of air embolism, but no degenerative disease. He gave the cause of death as drowning. Due to the unexpected nature of Tina's death and the implausible and conflicting statements given by Watson, the death was investigated by the State Coroner's office. A coronial inquiry was held, as is the usual practice in Australia. Watson had already left Australia by this point and declined to return, so did not testify during the inquest but gave evidence through his lawyers to the inquest and to the Queensland Police. During the inquest, prosecutors submitted evidence that Watson's story contradicted the record of his actions stored by his dive computer. They suggested the possibility that he turned off Tina's regulator and held her until she was unconscious, then turned the air back on and let her sink before surfacing himself. As evidence, they described the many painstaking re-enactments of various scenarios conducted by police divers. Tina's father claimed that Watson had asked Tina, shortly before their wedding, to increase her life insurance and make him the sole beneficiary.
Civil action commenced in Alabama
In March 2005, Watson launched legal action in Alabama's Jefferson County Circuit Court to recoup the cost of the couple's trip after the travel insurance company refused a payout. He was seeking $45,000 for the accidental death plus compensation for trip interruption, medical expenses, phone calls, taxi fares, fees for extra credit card statements and unspecified punitive damages for mental and emotional anguish. The action was dismissed in May 2008 at Watson's request on the grounds the Australian investigation into his wife's death caused him "to reasonably apprehend that he risks self-incrimination in this case". His Australian legal team believed "it was not in his best interest" to pursue the damages claim and his U.S.-based lawyer, Bob Austin, added that his client would not be voluntarily "going back to Australia."
Indictment
On 19 June 2008, the Coroner laid the following charge:That on the 22nd day of October 2003 at the site of the historical shipwreck Yongala forty-eight nautical miles south east from the port of Townsville in the state of Queensland, David Gabriel Watson murdered Christina Mae Watson.
It was reported that the Coroner found "it was likely that Watson had killed his 26-year-old wife by turning off her air supply and holding her in an 'underwater bear hug' until she was dead"; the coroner, however, had made no such finding.
Trial and sentence in Australia
After resisting extradition for six months, Watson travelled voluntarily from the U.S. to Australia in May 2009 to face trial. At the trial on 5 June 2009, he pleaded not guilty to murder and guilty to, and was convicted of, manslaughter. Crown prosecutor Brendan Campbell pointed out that over time Watson had given police sixteen different versions of what had happened to Tina and that none of those versions matched what the only eyewitness had seen. When Tina was brought to the surface, her regulator was still in her mouth, her tank still had air, and tests indicated no faults with her equipment. Campbell described Watson as an experienced diver trained in rescuing panicked divers, who had allowed his wife to sink to the ocean floor without making any serious attempt to retrieve her. Watson did not inflate Tina's buoyancy control device (BCD) or remove her weight belt, and had failed to fulfill his obligations as her "dive buddy" by not sharing his alternative air source. Watson was sentenced to four and a half years in prison, to be suspended after serving only twelve months.
Reaction to the sentence
Tina's family stated that Watson's twelve-month term was an embarrassment to Australia. The day following the trial, Alabama Attorney General Troy King lodged an appeal with the Queensland Supreme Court and also wrote to Queensland Attorney-General Cameron Dick. Fairfax Media reported that the letter was leaked to them and published part of it in their newspapers.
The Queensland Director of Public Prosecutions, Tony Moynihan SC, issued a statement, which said:
"The decision to accept Mr Watson's plea of guilty to manslaughter was made after a careful and thorough examination of the admissible evidence, and was not taken lightly. Given the complex circumstantial nature of the case, Mr Watson's admission that he breached his duty to render assistance to his wife ultimately meant there was no reasonable prospect of proving, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he was guilty of murder." On 18 June 2009, Dick announced the state would appeal against the inadequacy of Watson's sentence.
Appeal
The appeal was heard by the Queensland Court of Appeals on 17 July 2009. The Crown asked the court to increase Watson's prison term to two and a half years. The defence argued that Watson had had a momentary lapse in judgment, had been accused of a crime he did not commit, and had voluntarily returned to Australia to co-operate with the court, and that the penalty imposed by the trial judge was fair and just. The findings on appeal were handed down on 18 September 2009. Two members allowed the prosecution's appeal, increasing Watson's period of incarceration by six months to a total of eighteen. One justice, by minority opinion, was in favour of dismissing the appeal.
Further incidents
Tina was buried in her native Pelham, Alabama. Her remains were exhumed in 2007 and moved to a different lot bought by Watson. After being informed by her family that flowers and gifts were repeatedly being vandalized or disappearing from the grave site, even when chained down, police surveillance videos showed Watson removing them with bolt cutters and throwing them in trash cans. Watson later said he removed them because they were "big, gaudy, plastic arrangements". Her grave was unmarked until 2009, when Watson provided a foot marker, prompting her father to request her body be returned for reburial. In 2011, the Probate Court removed Watson as administrator of Tina's estate and appointed her father, who also requested that her school and college pictures and yearbooks be returned. Watson appealed against the ruling and refused to provide the court with an inventory of Tina's possessions. Pending Watson's trial, the Alabama Circuit Court ordered him to stay away from the grave.
Trial in United States
Alabama investigation
In May 2010, King announced he had information not yet made public and wanted to try Watson for capital murder and kidnapping, asserting jurisdiction based on the theory that the alleged crime was planned in Alabama. King petitioned Australia for the evidence held by police, but was refused access until he gave an undertaking that the death penalty would not be imposed, as required under Australian law. This condition has been strongly criticised by King and Don Valeska, chief of the Attorney General's violent crime division, who stated: "If an Australian woman was killed here, we would immediately send the evidence there. We would not presume to tell the Australian authorities how to run their criminal justice system". In response to the announcement, Watson's parents came to the defence of their son, breaking their public silence on the case. Friends and family of Watson questioned whether he had any motive for the murder, noting that his affection for Tina had seemed genuine, there was no life insurance policy naming him as beneficiary, and he appeared to be emotionally devastated for an extended time following her death.
In June 2010, King assured the Queensland Attorney-General he would not seek the death penalty if Watson was tried in the U.S. for his wife's death. In August 2010 it was announced Watson would be released in November and was likely to be deported to the US, where he faced being charged with murder. Valeska stated he would pursue an additional charge of kidnapping by deception. The case was placed before a grand jury in Birmingham, Alabama in October 2010.
Watson was released from prison on 10 November 2010. He was transferred to an immigration detention centre while his deportation was delayed. During this time, Australian authorities sought further written assurances from the US Attorney General that he would not face the death penalty in Alabama if convicted of murder. Under international human rights law, Australia could not deport Watson if he faced execution in his home country. On 25 November 2010 he was deported to the United States and immediately arrested.
Arrest
Alabama prosecutors charged Watson with murder and kidnapping at the conclusion of his prison sentence in Australia after finding what they claimed was evidence he had plotted to kill his wife while still in the United States. A Birmingham grand jury indicted Watson on murder and kidnapping charges in October 2010. In July 2011, the Circuit Court set the trial date for 13 February 2012; Watson was released on a $100,000 bond.
New evidence
Colin McKenzie, a key diving expert in the original investigation who had maintained that "a diver with Watson's training should have been able to bring Tina up", subsequently retracted much of his testimony after being provided with Tina and Watson's diver logs, certificates and medical histories, to which he had not previously had access. McKenzie claimed Watson should not have been allowed in the water and never as a dive buddy for his wife, who had no open water scuba experience. Tina had heart surgery to correct an irregular heartbeat two years earlier but on her dive application had stated that she had never had heart problems or surgery. Professor Michael "Mike" Bennett, a leading expert in dive medicine, stated that Tina was unfit to dive without clearance from a cardiologist. Watson had received his rescue certification, normally a four-day course, after completing a two-day course in an Alabama quarry. He had no rescue experience and little open water experience.
According to McKenzie, "He had no hope of being competent, he could barely save himself [that day] let alone his wife; I don't believe he intended to kill her." Revelations that Watson needed help to don his diving equipment that day underscored that he was a "dangerous amateur" who showed "a complete lack of courage" when he abandoned his wife. The dive company had offered an orientation and guided dive with a dive master, which both Tina and Watson had refused. Company head Mike Ball said his people took Watson at his word, believing he was an experienced and certified rescue diver. The company later pleaded guilty to contravening safety standards (their code of conduct said both Watson and Tina must be supervised by at least a divemaster on the dive in question) and was fined $6,500, plus costs of $1,500.
Dismissal of the case
Alabama judge Tommy Nail ruled that evidence of Watson's behaviour following Tina's death was inadmissible. Nail also blocked Tina's father from giving evidence regarding Watson's alleged attempts to increase Tina's life insurance. On 23 February 2012, Nail acquitted Watson for lack of evidence without the defence needing to present its case. Nail said that the state's evidence was "sorely lacking" and that the prosecution could not prove that Watson had any financial motive. Prosecutor Don Valeska said that this was the first time he had a trial end in a judge's acquittal in the 41 years he had been trying cases. Regarding the judge's decision, Thomas said, "It should have gone to the jury for them to decide."
In media
A feature on the death of Tina Watson was broadcast in a 90-minute account that aired on Dateline NBC on 19 May 2008. An examination of Tina's death and Watson's subsequent trial and appeal was published by The Age on 17 July 2010. The author was Walkley Award winning investigative journalist, Peter Patrick. A feature on the death of Tina and her husband's Alabama acquittal was broadcast on an episode of the Australian 60 Minutes on 25 March 2012. Lifetime produced a made-for-TV movie, Fatal Honeymoon, based on the death of Tina Watson, starring Harvey Keitel, Billy Miller and . It premiered on 25 August 2012. Tina Watson's death was explored on Casefile True Crime Podcast (Case 51) which was published on 22 April 2017.
References
Further reading
Tina Watson Death - Michael McFadyen's Scuba Diving Web Site
External links
Inquest into the death of Christina Mae Watson known as Tina Watson
Mystery in the deep blue sea - NBC Dateline transcript
Tina Watson: the bride who drowned at the Barrier Reef - The Sunday Times
'Princess bride' feared being left on shelf - The Sydney Morning Herald
Death Down Under - The Sydney Morning Herald
Unfathomable - Australian Story
Obituary at Legacy.com
Tina's Story - a collection of news articles up to 2009
Casefile True Crime Podcast - Case 51: Tina Watson - 22 April 2017
2003 crimes in Australia
1977 births
2003 deaths
American manslaughter victims
Australia–United States relations
Crime in Queensland
Deaths by drowning
Deaths by person in Australia
Manslaughter in Australia
October 2003 events in Australia
People from Helena, Alabama
Underwater diving deaths |
6903708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20School%20of%20Dance | The School of Dance | The School of Dance was founded by Merrilee Hodgins and Joyce Shietze. The School of Dance opened its doors on Wellington Street, in the west of Ottawa, in 1978, as a nationally registered, educational, charitable, non-profit organization designed to provide professional training for dance. The budget was $11,000, with three staff, and the studios were rented.
History
In 1979, Celia Franca, a longtime friend and artistic colleague of both Hodgins and Shietze, joined, as co-artistic directors. With the addition of the legendary Franca, founder of the National Ballet of Canada and co-founder of the National Ballet School, Its unwavering standards of excellence became crystallized, and the stage was set for it to grow into the world class arts education institution it is today.
Students come from across Canada, many other countries, and every ward in Ottawa; graduates can be found worldwide, as dancers, choreographers, teachers, arts administrators and directors.
The School of Dance has grown in virtually every aspect of its operations from its professional programming and its accessibility projects and outreach activities to its arts education classes for the community, reaching more than 70,000 people each year. The School of Dance is recognized in Ontario as a private career college and a seminary of learning. The Contemporary Dance Programme is approved as a vocational program under the Private Career Colleges Act, 2005.
Hodgins directs The School of Dance with an operating budget of over $1 million and a growing staff of 3 full-time and 87 contract teachers, musicians, choreographers and artists.
From the mid-1980s to 1999, The School of Dance rented a three-studio facility on Catherine Street.
In 1996, The School of Dance added professional modern dance training and teacher training.
In 1998, The School of Dance began its co-operative relationship with the National Arts Centre, producing choreography in orchestral settings to introduce dance to children.
In 2000, The School of Dance purchased 200 Crichton Street, the former Crichton Street Public School.
In 2001, The School of Dance launched DanceONTour® as its outreach vehicle of arts education for academic schools in Ottawa and surrounding areas.
In 2002, The School of Dance doubled the number of its outreach programmes to the over 300 projects it now delivers per year. In the same year, The School of Dance launched DanceAbility, a specially designed dance programme for individuals with disabilities.
In 2003, The School of Dance launched the Inside Out Series of creative process lectures and performances, now named ISO 200, and hired a co-ordinator to manage the outreach and arts education projects.
In 2004, The School of Dance expanded its bilingual programming, with the recognition that its enrollment included an increasing number of francophone students. It also launched its Artists in Residence Programme, with five visual artists and a poet.
In 2005, The School of Dancel more than doubled the DanceONTour projects to 59 and included tours to Montreal, Quebec City, Cornwall, Hamilton, and the Upper Ottawa Valley.
In June 2006, The School of Dance produced a theatrical celebration for Franca's 85th birthday. In 2006, Collected New Works on Film, a 30-year archival collection of choreographic materials, was launched, as a national project with the support of the resident Stuart Conger Learning Centre.
In 2007, The School of Dance began expanding its guest choreographers to include some of Canada's finest im contemporary dance: Emmanuel Jouthe, Heidi Strauss, Marc Boivin, Serge Bennathan, Sarah Williams, Dana Gingras, Louise Bedard, Tedd Robinson, Peggy Baker, Sasha Ivanochko, Chick Snipper, Ginelle Chagnon and many others. Its guest teachers eventually included Andrew Harwood, Peter Ryan, Annemarie Cabri, Shaun Amyot, Jane Wooding, Eliot Rudolph, Massimo Agostinelli and many others.
In 2008, The School of Dance completed 107 DanceONTour projects, produced over 20 theatrical performances, and launched Dancing in the Street, a series of urban events in the City of Ottawa. Shall We Dance? was a specialized movement programme that began in Ottawa hospitals.
In 2009, The School of Dance celebrated its 30th anniversary, with a gala performance at the National Arts Centre with national stars and current students, creating an additional 30 events for the community.
In 2010, The School of Dances Extension Services expanded to include workshops, short courses, guest lectures, a book and video library and mentorship for Ottawa's new and emerging choreographers, dancers and musicians. It provides more than 4,600 h of studio space to Ottawa's arts community, either free or with a substantial discount, and it welcomes more than 40 organizations and artists to use space. The School of Dance launched DragonFly® for Learners with Down Syndrome.
In 2011, The School of Dance launched SODA, its alumni organization.
In 2012, The School of Dance was recognized as a private career college, and the Contemporary Dance Programme became a diploma-granting program. The School of Dance launched Gallery 200 and its new community spaces on the second floor of its building, including two new dance studios.
In 2013, Senator Jim Munson presented Artistic Director Hodgins with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in recognition of her contributions to arts education. Also, the Ontario Trillium Foundation committed three years' funding to DragonFly®, The School of Dance programme for Learners with Down Syndrome.
In 2014,The School of Dance employed 70 of Ottawa's artists and created NEW employment opportunities and mentorships for 6 young artists in the Dances by Youth for Youth mentorship project, 11 young artists for the Dancing in the Street and JUMP! animation projects, and 12 artists in the health-oriented Dance of Life programme.
In 2015, The School of Dance launched Dance is BEST, with new funding from the Ontario government for 40 dance workshops and arts activities designed to encourage physical activity, provide challenges for the brain, expand enjoyment of the arts and build new connections, both literally and figuratively, by connecting seniors and youth. The Dance is BEST projects will be presented in collaboration with Bruyère Continuing Care of Ottawa at four centres: Élisabeth Bruyère Residence, Saint-Louis Residence in connection with the Bruyère Village senior apartments, Saint Vincent Hospital, and Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital.
In September 2015, The School of Dance began a year-long celebration of 37 years in Ontario, with a performance collaboration with the National Arts Centre Orchestra and the launch of Connecting With Dance for patients with Parkinson's disease.
In 2016, Canada’s 150th birthday year saw TSOD celebrating with the Water Project in 11 fountains around Ottawa, Dancing in the Street in the Byward Market as guest artists of the City of Ottawa, 55 performances in 5 theatres and students from every province in Canada. In May 2016, the baby’s and toddlers program in the dragonfly division was created.
In 2017, DanceONTour completed 264 projects in 91 sites around Ottawa.
In 2018, The School launched Season 40, with the number 40 nestled into its original word-mark, vertical logo. The year-log celebrations include special programmes with the National Arts Centre and the National Gallery of Canada, plus more that 40 outreach projects all over Ottawa.
In 2019, The School expanded all of its Senior’s programmes to include health and wellness activities.
In 2020, The School began a busy season of 37 performances, 105 outreach workshops, hosting multiple guest choreographers. When COVD-19 struck the world, the Province of Ontario mandated the closing of the building. All classes, workshops, and performances moved online.
In 2021, The School continued offering online classes in addition to in-person activities when possible. Performances moved online.
External links
The School of Dance
The School of Dance Artist-In-Residence
The Celia Franca Foundation
DragonFly®, The School of Dance Programme for Learners with Down Syndrome
Gallery 200, a curated public gallery
Dance schools in Canada
Ballet schools in Canada
Educational institutions established in 1978
Schools in Ottawa |
20468330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shitalpur%20Bairgania | Shitalpur Bairgania | Shitalpur Bairgania is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4612 people living in 875 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6903712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny%20Bowcock | Benny Bowcock | Benjamin James Bowcock (October 28, 1879 – June 16, 1961) was a Major League Baseball second baseman. He started the last fourteen games of the 1903 season for the St. Louis Browns, who were 65–74 and finished sixth in the American League. The 23-year-old rookie was a native of Fall River, Massachusetts.
All fourteen of Bowcock's games were played on the road. He made his major league debut in a September 18 doubleheader against the Philadelphia Athletics at Columbia Park. His last appearance was on September 28 against the Boston Americans at Huntington Avenue Grounds. The Browns won 5 and lost 9 while Bowcock was in the lineup, and he faced three Hall of Fame pitchers during that time: Chief Bender, Jack Chesbro, and Cy Young.
During his brief time in the big leagues he showed a strong bat and a weak glove. He was 16-for-50 (.320) with a slugging percentage of .480. He had 1 home run, 10 runs batted in, and 7 runs scored. At second base he made 7 errors in 61 total chances for a fielding percentage of .885, far below the league average of .943.
External links
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet
Major League Baseball second basemen
Baseball players from Massachusetts
St. Louis Browns players
Sportspeople from Fall River, Massachusetts
1879 births
1961 deaths
Fall River Indians players
Columbus Senators players
Little Rock Travelers players
Johnstown Johnnies players
Fall River Brienies players
Portland Duffs players
Lowell Grays players
Seattle Giants players |
20468335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNLV-FM | KNLV-FM | KNLV-FM (103.9 FM, "King FM") is a radio station licensed to serve Ord, Nebraska broadcasting a country music format . It operates on FM frequency 103.9 MHz and is under ownership of MWB Broadcasting. JJ Johnnie James handles the morning show and is the host of a Party Line program.
External links
NLV
Country radio stations in the United States |
20468345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujicolor%20Pro | Fujicolor Pro | Fujicolor Pro was a line of professional color negative films from Japanese company Fujifilm introduced in 2004 for weddings, portraits, fashion and commercial photography. It originally comprised four emulsions: Pro 160S, Pro 160C, Pro 400H and Pro 800Z. Its main competitor was Kodak Portra.
In 2021 further production of the two remaining emulsions, Pro 160NS, distributed in Japan only, and Pro 400H, distributed globally, was ended. Remaining supply from stock only.
History
The "Pro" film line was introduced in 2004 to mark the replacement of the last of the 'NP' series films, with the new 160 ISO emulsions adjusted to be finer grained (RMS 3 rather than 4) compared to their NPS/C equivalent and have a more neutral colour balance in line with the recently updated 400 and 800 emulsions.
The preceding 'NP' series of films were:
NPS 160 (–2004) Daylight balanced film for 'S'hort exposures. Replaced by Pro 160S.
NPC 160 (–2004) Daylight balanced film, higher 'C'ontrast than NPS. Replaced by Pro 160C.
NPL 160 (–2004) Tungsten balanced colour film, also for 'L'ong exposures. Not carried forward into Pro line.
NPH 400 (2002–2004) Daylight balanced film, renamed Pro 400H.
NPZ 800 (2002–2004) Daylight balanced film, renamed Pro 800Z.
All Pro films incorporate: sigma fine grain technology, neutral color balance for improved skin tones, a fourth cyan layer for improved color rendition under fluorescent lighting and were optimized for scanning and single channel printing. They also have 'easy end seal' peel and stick tape on roll films.
Colors are generally 'cooler' than the equivalent Kodak Portra films.
All formats of Pro 800Z were discontinued in 2009/10 due to low demand. Pro 160C was discontinued in 2010 and Pro 160S was renamed Pro 160NS. However this film was only distributed in Europe, Asia & Australia (not USA). Pro 160 NS sheet film was discontinued in 2016. Pro 160NS in 120 was discontinued in the UK in late 2017 and in the rest of Europe in late 2018. Pro 400H was discontinued in all formats and markets in January 2021 and Pro 160NS in Japan in October 2021.
Emulsions
Pro 160C (2004–2010)
Pro 160C was an ISO 160 daylight-type color negative film designed for professional use, featuring a gradation design optimized for exposures requiring high-contrast results. It was discontinued in 2010.
Pro 160S and 160NS (2004-2021)
Pro 160S was an ISO 160 daylight-type color negative film designed for professional use, featuring more highly optimized skin tone reproduction, soft contrast (forgiving for portraits) and neutral gray balance, especially important for wedding and portrait photography. It was available in 135, 120, 220 (triacetate base) and sheet film; 4x5", 8x10" (polyester base).
In 2010 it was renamed Pro 160NS with no change to the emulsion, available in 120, 220 and sheet film and only distributed in Europe, Asia and Australia. 135 format was discontinued at the same time. With 220 already discontinued, sheet film was discontinued 2016. 120 format was stated as being discontinued in 2017 by retailers in the UK (no official announcement), but remained on sale from stock into early 2018. In late 2018 Pro 160NS was also stated as being discontinued by retailers in Germany with stock expiry dates of February 2019. It was announced to be discontinued in October 2021 in Japan. Predicted end of supply is March 2022.
Pro 400H (2004-2021)
Fujicolor Pro 400H was an ISO 400 fine grain natural color professional film for weddings, portraits, and fashion with a fourth color layer on triacetate base. Formats: 135, 120, 220
The 400H emulsion was originally launched as NPH400 in 2002. The bright, colorful, and fine-grained 400 speed film featured improved skin tones, much more accurate color reproduction, better shadow detail, and wider exposure latitude. It featured Fuji's new peel and stick paper backing. It was renamed in 2004 to Pro 400H and with new packaging to bring it into line with the new 160 line of films, but with no change to the emulsion.
220 format was discontinued in 2013 along with 135-24 exp and 135 multipacks.
In January 2021, Fujifilm announced that 400H was to be discontinued in both 135 and 120 formats in all markets. The reason for the sudden discontinuation compared to previous films on the range, was not lack of sales, but difficulty in procuring key raw materials for new master roll production. Predicted end of supply; 135 format - immediately in N.America (March 2021 in Japan). 120 format - Dec 21 in N.America (March 2022 Japan), later brought forward to June 2021 due to demand.
Pro 800Z (2004–2009)
FujiColor Pro 800Z was an ISO 800 fine grain natural color professional film for weddings, portraits, and fashion with a fourth color layer on triacetate base. It was available in 135, 120 and 220 format.
The Pro 800Z emulsion was originally launched as NPZ800 in 2002 and renamed Pro 800Z in 2004 with new packaging to bring it into line with the new 160 line of films, but with no change to the emulsion. It was discontinued in 2009/10.
See also
Kodak Portra - A similar family of films from Kodak
List of photographic films
List of discontinued photographic films
References
External links
Color negative films at Fujifilm global
Fujifilm photographic films |
20468347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simara%20Bhawanipur | Simara Bhawanipur | Simara Bhawanipur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5,035 people living in 978 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirsiya | Sirsiya | Sirsiya is a village development committee in Parsa District in Province No. 2 of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1966 people living in 352 individual households.
Sirsiya is now known for its Inland Container Depot (ICD) or Dry Port that is very close to the border with India and connected to Raxaul railway junction in India across the border.
Sirsiya Inland Container Depot
The 6 km long metre gauge railway track from Raxaul was converted to broad gauge by the Indian railways to connect Sirsiya Inland Container Depot (ICD) (also known as Birganj Dry Port) that became fully operational in 2005. It facilitates direct movement of containers and break-bulk cargo from Kolkata port and other places in India. It has six full-rake railway sidings. It handles more than 20,000 TEU annually. Its can store 1568 TEU. It has been constructed on land.
The containerised cargo traffic of 20,000 TEU is almost exclusively import into Nepal. There is very little export in containers with less than 1,000 TEU cargo being exported annually. Break-bulk cargo of about 200,000 tons annually includes both imports and exports.
References
Populated places in Parsa District |
20468360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin%20Miculescu | Valentin Miculescu | Valentin Miculescu (born 4 September 1975) is a Romanian former footballer who last played for Liga II club FCM Reșița.
Club career
Miculescu had a spell in Hungary where he played for Békéscsaba Előre.
Personal life
Valentin's son, David Miculescu, is also a footballer.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Association football forwards
Liga II players
FC Politehnica Timișoara players
FC UTA Arad players
FC Bihor Oradea players
CS Unirea Sânnicolau Mare players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Békéscsaba 1912 Előre footballers
Romanian expatriate footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Expatriate footballers in Hungary
Sportspeople from Timișoara |
20468371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotango%20vol.%202%20%28album%29 | Narcotango vol. 2 (album) | Narcotango vol. 2 is a studio album by Argentine Carlos Libedinsky.
Track listing
2006 albums
Carlos Libedinsky albums |
20468374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejapakar | Tejapakar | Tejapakar is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,296 people living in 605 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6903725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20of%20the%20Province%20of%20Chieti | List of municipalities of the Province of Chieti | The following is a list of the 104 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Chieti, Abruzzo, Italy.
List
See also
List of municipalities of Italy
References
Chieti |
20468385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengraha | Tengraha | Tengraha is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3503 people living in 637 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
6903726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone%20to%20Earth | Gone to Earth | Gone to Earth may refer to:
Gone to Earth (David Sylvian album), a 1986 solo album by David Sylvian
Gone to Earth (Barclay James Harvest album), by Barclay James Harvest
Gone to Earth (film), a 1950 film by the British-based director-writer team of Powell and Pressburger
Gone to Earth (novel), a novel by Mary Webb which was the basis for the 1950 film
"Gone to Earth", a song by the American Analog Set from their 1996 album The Fun of Watching Fireworks
"Gone to Earth", a song by Goldfrapp from their single "Black Cherry" |
6903746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Currie%20%28conductor%29 | David Currie (conductor) | David Currie is a Canadian conductor who was the music director and conductor for the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra from 1992 until 2016. Currie is also an assistant professor at the University of Ottawa, where he teaches double bass and conducting, and conducts the university orchestra.
Career
Currie is a graduate of the University of Michigan and the Interlochen Arts Academy. Prior to joining the OSO, he was a double bass player in the National Arts Centre Orchestra from 1971 until 1991, when he retired as Principal Bass.
Currie studied conducting in Siena, Italy and at the Toho Gakuen School of Music in Tokyo, one of Japan's most prestigious private music institutions, where he studied with Professor Morihiro Okabe and Maestro Kazuyoshi Akiyama. Since 1982, Mr. Currie has also been the conductor of the University of Ottawa Orchestra.
He is the founding conductor of the Tabaret Ensemble, a string ensemble of seven professors and seven music students from the University of Ottawa. He is also the founding conductor of the Pierrot Ensemble, a group that performs 20th-century music.
Currie has acted as a guest conductor for Ottawa's National Arts Centre Orchestra, and for Ottawa's opera company (Opera Lyra Ottawa).
In May 1992, Currie became Music Director of the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra. As music director, his duties include leading rehearsals, conducting the orchestra concerts, planning the programs, and engaging in community outreach activities. He stepped down in 2016.
Personal
Currie is married to Nancy Currie, an Ottawa-based visual artist and arts teacher, and the couple have two daughters (now adults).
References
External links
Profile of David Currie, from Ottawa Symphony
Male conductors (music)
Canadian classical musicians
Living people
Musicians from Ottawa
Toho Gakuen School of Music alumni
University of Michigan alumni
University of Ottawa faculty
21st-century Canadian conductors (music)
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian male musicians |
20468392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikuliya%2C%20Rautahat | Tikuliya, Rautahat | Tikuliya is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3103 people living in 530 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primovula%20roseomaculata | Primovula roseomaculata | Primovula roseomaculata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.
As is the case in most ovulids, in life, the mantle completely covers the shell almost all of the time.
References
Ovulidae
Gastropods described in 1909 |
6903780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20animal | Rational animal | The term rational animal (Latin: animal rationale or animal rationabile) refers to a classical definition of humanity or human nature, associated with Aristotelianism.
History
While the Latin term itself originates in scholasticism, it reflects the Aristotelian view of man as a creature distinguished by a rational principle. In the Nicomachean Ethics I.13, Aristotle states that the human being has a rational principle (Greek: λόγον ἔχον), on top of the nutritive life shared with plants, and the instinctual life shared with other animals, i. e., the ability to carry out rationally formulated projects. That capacity for deliberative imagination was equally singled out as man's defining feature in De anima III.11. While seen by Aristotle as a universal human feature, the definition applied to wise and foolish alike, and did not in any way imply necessarily the making of rational choices, as opposed to the ability to make them.
The Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry defined man as a "mortal rational animal", and also considered animals to have a (lesser) rationality of their own.
The definition of man as a rational animal was common in scholastical philosophy. Catholic Encyclopedia states that this definition means that "in the system of classification and definition shown in the Arbor Porphyriana, man is a substance, corporeal, living, sentient, and rational".
In Meditation II of Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes considers and rejects the scholastic concept of the "rational animal":
Shall I say 'a rational animal'? No; for then I should have to inquire what an animal is, what rationality is, and in this one question would lead me down the slope to other harder ones.
Modern use
Freud was as aware as any of the irrational forces at work in humankind, but he nevertheless resisted what he called too much “stress on the weakness of the ego in relation to the id and of our rational elements in the faced of the daemonic forces within us”.
Neo-Kantian philosopher Ernst Cassirer, in his work An Essay on Man (1944), altered Aristotle's definition to label man as a symbolic animal. This definition has been influential in the field of philosophical anthropology, where it has been reprised by Gilbert Durand, and has been echoed in the naturalist description of man as the compulsive communicator.
Sociologists in the tradition of Max Weber distinguish rational behavior (means-end oriented) from irrational, emotional or confused behavior, as well as from traditional-oriented behavior, but recognise the wide role of all the latter types in human life.
Ethnomethodology sees rational human behavior as representing perhaps 1/10th of the human condition, dependent on the 9/10ths of background assumptions which provide the frame for means-end decision making.
In his An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish, Bertrand Russell argues against the idea that man is rational, saying "Man is a rational animal — so at least I have been told. Throughout a long life I have looked diligently for evidence in favour of this statement, but so far I have not had the good fortune to come across it."
See also
References
External links
Are we rational animals?
Philosophy of Aristotle
Cognition
Scholasticism |
17333539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20positions%20of%20Ronald%20Reagan | Political positions of Ronald Reagan | Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). A Republican and former actor and governor of California, he energized the conservative movement in the United States from 1964. His basic foreign policy was to equal and surpass the Soviet Union in military strength, and put it on the road to what he called "the ash heap of history". By 1985, he began to co-operate closely with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev–they even became friends–and negotiated large-scale disarmament projects. The Cold War was fading away and suddenly ended as Soviets lost control of Eastern Europe almost overnight in October 1989, nine months after Reagan was replaced in the White House by his vice president George H. W. Bush, who was following Reagan's policies. The Soviet Union itself was dissolved in December 1991. In terms of the Reagan doctrine, he promoted military, financial, and diplomatic support for anti-Communist insurgencies in Afghanistan, Nicaragua, and numerous other countries. For the most part, local communist power collapsed when the Soviet Union collapsed.
In domestic affairs, at a time of stagflation with high unemployment and high inflation, he took dramatic steps. They included a major tax cut, and large-scale deregulation of business activities. He took steps to weaken labor unions and found a bipartisan long-term fix to protect the Social Security system. Although he had the support from the Religious Right, he generally avoided or downplayed social issues such as abortion, homosexuality, and racial integration. He spoke out for prayers in public schools but did not promote a constitutional amendment to allow it. Fighting drugs was a high priority. He also appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. He became an iconic figure who has been praised by later Republican presidential candidates.
Leadership
"Ronald Reagan was convivial, upbeat, courteous, respectful, self-confident, and humble. But he was
also opaque, remote, distant, and inscrutable," says historian Melvyn P. Leffler According to James P. Pfiffner, University Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University, Reagan was a larger-than-life character, a formidable politician, and an important president. His complexity produced a "presidency of paradoxes," in which dramatic successes mingled with unfortunate failures. His strengths included broad vision and clear direction. Voters appreciated his optimism, geniality, and gracious nature, which made his ideals seem all that more attractive. He believed that all national problems were simple problems and had faith in simple solutions. That strengthened his resolve but also led to failures when there were deep complications. Paradoxically, his victories depended on his willingness to make pragmatic compromises without forsaking his ideals.
Reagan himself made the major policy decisions and often overruled his top advisers in cases such as the Reykjavík Summit in 1986, and his 1987 speech calling for tearing down the Berlin wall. He was concerned with very broad issues, as well as anecdotal evidence to support his beliefs. He paid very little attention to details and elaborate briefings. When senior officials did not work out, such as Secretary of State Alexander Haig, they were fired. Reagan went through a series of six national security advisers before settling on people he trusted. Indeed, one of them, John Poindexter, was trusted too much. Poindexter and his aide Oliver North engaged in a secret deal with Iran called the Iran–Contra affair that seriously damaged Reagan's reputation. Reagan had rarely travelled abroad and relied on an inner circle of advisers who were not foreign policy experts, including his wife, James Baker, Edwin Meese and Michael Deaver. Haig had the credentials to be Secretary of State, but he was arrogant and unable to get along with the other top aides. He was replaced by George P. Shultz, who proved much more collaborative and has been generally admired by historians. Other key players included William J. Casey, director of the CIA, William P. Clark, national security advisor, and Jeane Kirkpatrick, Ambassador to the United Nations. Casper W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense, successfully rebuilt and expanded the military but did not coordinate well with the foreign policy leadership.
Foreign policy
Cold War
Reagan served as President during the last part of the Cold War, an era of escalating ideological disagreements and preparations for war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Reagan in 1982 denounced the enemy as an "evil empire" that would be consigned to the "ash heap of history" and he later predicted that communism would collapse.
He reversed the policy of détente and massively built up the United States military.
He proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a defense project that planned to use ground and space-based missile defense systems to protect the United States from attack. Reagan believed that this defense shield could make nuclear war impossible. Reagan was convinced that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with.
Policy toward USSR
Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet Union, marking a sharp departure from the détente observed by his predecessors Nixon, Ford, and Carter. Under the assumption that the Soviet Union was financially unable to match the United States in a renewed arms race, he accelerated increases in defense spending begun during the Carter Administration and strove to make the Cold War economically and rhetorically hot.
Reagan had three motivations. First he agreed with the neoconservatives who argued that the Soviets had pulled ahead in military power and the U.S. had to race to catch up. Stansfield Turner, CIA director under Carter, warned in 1981 that, "in the last several years all of the best studies have shown that the balance of strategic nuclear capabilities has been tipping in favor of the Soviet Union." Second, Reagan believed the decrepit Soviet economy could not handle a high-tech weapons race based on computers; it was imperative to block them from gaining western technology.
Third, was the moral certainty that Communism was evil and doomed to failure. Reagan was the first major world leader to declare that Communism would soon collapse. On March 3, 1983, he was blunt to a religious group: the Soviet Union is "the focus of evil in the modern world" and could not last: "I believe that communism is another sad, bizarre chapter in human history whose — last pages even now are being written." His most detailed analysis came on June 8, 1982, to the British Parliament, stunning the Soviets and allies alike. Most experts assumed that the Soviet Union would be around for generations to come, and it was essential to recognize that and work with them. But Reagan ridiculed the USSR as an "evil empire" and argued that it was suffering a deep economic crisis, which he intended to make worse by cutting off western technology. He stated the Soviet Union "runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens."
A year later in 1983 Reagan stunned the world with a totally new idea: the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), labeled "star wars" by the media, after the current movie. Reagan, following the ideas of Edward Teller (who invented the H-Bomb in 1950) called for a defensive missile umbrella over the U.S. that would intercept and destroy in space any hostile missiles. It was an unexpected, new idea, and supporters cheered, as SDI seemed to promise protection from nuclear destruction. To opponents, SDI meant a new arms race and the end of the Mutual Assured Destruction ("MAD") strategy that they believed had so far prevented nuclear war. The Soviets were stunned—they lacked basic computers and were unable to say whether it would work or not. Critics said it would cost a trillion dollars; yes said supporters, and the Soviets will go bankrupt if they try to match it. The SDI was in fact funded but was never operational.
Defense spending
The Reagan administration made dramatic increases in defense spending one of their three main priorities on taking office. The transition to the new professional all-professional force was finalized, and the draft forgotten. A dramatic expansion of salary bases and benefits for both enlisted and officers made career service much more attractive. Under the aggressive leadership of Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, the development of the B-1 bomber was reinstated, and there was funding for a new B-2 bomber, as well as cruise missiles, the MX missile, and a 600 ship Navy. The new weaponry was designed with Soviet targets in mind. In terms of real dollars after taxation, defense spending jump 34 percent between 1981 in 1985. Reagan's two terms, defense spending totaled about 2 trillion dollars, but even so it was a lower percentage of the federal budget or have the GDP, then before 1976.<ref>James T. Patterson, Restless Giant pp 200-203.</ref> There were arms sales to build up allies as well. The most notable came in 1981, a $8.5 billion sale to Saudi Arabia involving aircraft, tanks, and Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS). Israel protested, since the AWACS would undermine its strategic attack capabilities. To mollify Israel and its powerful lobby in Washington, the United States promised to supply it with an additional F-15 squadron, a $600 million loan, and permission to export Israeli-made Kfir fighting aircraft to Latin American armies.Arnon Gutfeld, "The 1981 AWACS Deal: AIPAC and Israel Challenge Reagan" (The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 2018) online
In its first term administration looked at arms control measures with deep suspicion. However, after the massive buildup, and the second term it looked at them with favor and achieve major arms reductions with Mikhail Gorbachev.
Nuclear weapons
According to several scholars and Reagan biographers, including, John Lewis Gaddis, Richard Reeves, Lou Cannon and Reagan himself in his autobiography, Reagan earnestly desired the abolition of all nuclear weapons. He proposed to Mikhail Gorbachev that if a missile shield could be built, all nuclear weapons be eliminated and the missile shield technology shared, the world would be much better off. Paul Lettow has argued that Reagan's opposition to nuclear weapons started at the dawn of the nuclear age and in December 1945 he was only prevented from leading an anti-nuclear rally in Hollywood by pressure from the Warner Brothers studio.
Reagan believed the mutually assured destruction policy formulated in the 1950s to be morally wrong. In his autobiography, Reagan wrote:
The Pentagon said at least 150 million American lives would be lost in a nuclear war with the Soviet Union—even if we 'won.' For Americans who survived such a war, I couldn't imagine what life would be like. The planet would be so poisoned the 'survivors' would have no place to live. Even if a nuclear war did not mean the extinction of mankind, it would certainly mean the end of civilization as we knew it. No one could 'win' a nuclear war. Yet as long as nuclear weapons were in existence, there would always be risks they would be used, and once the first nuclear weapon was unleashed, who knew where it would end? My dream, then, became a world free of nuclear weapons. ... For the eight years I was president I never let my dream of a nuclear-free world fade from my mind.
Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987 (and ratified in 1988), which was the first in Cold War history to mandate the destruction of an entire class of nuclear weapons.
Iran-Iraq
Originally neutral in the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 to 1988, the Reagan administration began supporting Iraq because an Iranian victory would not serve the interests of the United States. In 1983, Reagan issued a National Security Decision Directive memo which called for heightened regional military cooperation to defend oil facilities, measures to improve U.S. military capabilities in the Persian Gulf, directed the secretaries of state and defense and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to take appropriate measures to respond to tensions in the area.
Economic policy
Economic plans, taxes and deficit
Reagan believed in policies based on supply-side economics and advocated a laissez-faire philosophy, seeking to stimulate the economy with large, across-the-board tax cuts.Appleby, Joyce (2003), pp. 923–24 Reagan pointed to improvements in certain key economic indicators as evidence of success. The policies proposed that economic growth would occur when marginal tax rates were low enough to spur investment, which would then lead to increased economic growth, higher employment and wages.
Reagan did not believe in raising income taxes. During his presidential tenure, the top federal income tax rates were lowered from 70% to 28%. However, it has also been acknowledged that Reagan did raise taxes on eleven occasions during his presidency in an effort to both preserve his defense agenda and combat the growing national debt and budget deficit.
In order to cover the growing federal budget deficits and the decreased revenue that resulted from the cuts, the U.S. borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, raising the national debt from $1.1 trillion to $2.7 trillion. Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency.
Free Trade
Reagan was a supporter of free trade. When running for President in 1979, Reagan proposed a "North American accord", in which goods could move freely throughout the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Largely dismissed then, Reagan was serious in his proposal and once in office he signed an agreement with Canada to that effect. His "North American accord" later became the official North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed by President George H. W. Bush and ratified by President Bill Clinton.
Reagan understood free trade as including the use of tariffs to protect American jobs and industry against foreign competition. He imposed a temporary 100% tariff on Japanese electronics as well as other tariffs on a variety of industrial products, which resulted in some free market advocates criticizing his policies as protectionist in practice.
Healthcare
Reagan was opposed to socialized healthcare, universal health care, or publicly funded health care. In 1961, while still a member of the Democratic Party, Reagan voiced his opposition to single-payer healthcare in an 11-minute recording. The idea was beginning to be advocated by the Democratic Party. In it, Reagan stated:
One of the traditional methods of imposing statism or socialism on a people has been by way of medicine. It is very easy to describe a medical program as a humanitarian project ... Under the Truman administration, it was proposed that we have a compulsory health insurance program for all people in the United States, and of course, the American people unhesitatingly rejected this ... In the last decade, 127 million of our citizens, in just ten years, have come under the protection of some owned medical or hospital insurance. The advocates of [socialized healthcare], when you try to oppose it, challenge you on an emotional basis ... What can we do about this? Well you and I can do a great deal. We can write to our [
Congressmen, to our Senators. We can say right now that we want no further encroachment on these individual liberties and freedoms. And at the moment, the key issue is we do not want socialized medicine ... If you don't, this program I promise you will pass just as surely as the sun will come up tomorrow. And behind it will come other federal programs that will invade every area of freedom as well have known it in this country, until one day, as Norman Thomas said, we will awake to find that we have socialism. If you don't do this and if I don't do it, one of these days you and I are going to spend our sunset years telling our children, and our children's children, what it once was like in America when men were free.
Social Security
Reagan was in favor of making Social Security benefits voluntary. According to Reagan biographer Lou Cannon: "I have no doubt that he shared the view that Social Security was a Ponzi scheme. He was intrigued with the idea of a voluntary plan that would have allowed workers to make their own investments. This idea would have undermined the system by depriving Social Security of the contributions of millions of the nation's highest-paid workers".
Although Reagan was for a limited government and against the idea of a welfare state, Reagan continued to fully fund Social Security and Medicare because the elderly were dependent on those programs.
Mounting concerns that rising Social Security benefits were causing a long-term deficit and were growing too fast resulted in a bipartisan compromise in 1983. Brokered by conservative Alan Greenspan and liberal Congressman Claude Pepper, the agreement lowered benefits over the next 75 years and brought the system into balance. Key provisions included a gradual increase over 25 years in the retirement age from 65 to 67, to take account of longer life expectancy. (People could retire younger, but at a reduced rate of benefits.) Millions of people were added to the system, especially employees of state governments and of nonprofit organizations.Paul Charles Light, Artful Work: The Politics of Social Security Reform (1985)
New Deal
Reagan wrote that he was never trying to undo the New Deal as he admired President Franklin D. Roosevelt and voted for him all four times.
Social policy
Environment
Reagan dismissed acid rain and proposals to halt it as burdensome to industry. In the early 1980s, pollution had become an issue in Canada, and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau objected to the pollution originating in U.S. factory smokestacks in the midwest. The Environmental Protection Agency implored Reagan to make a major budget commitment to reduce acid rain, but Reagan rejected the proposal and deemed it as wasteful government spending. He questioned scientific evidence on the causes of acid rain.
Abortion
Reagan was opposed to abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, and threats to the life of the mother. He was quoted as saying: "If there is a question as to whether there is life or death, the doubt should be resolved in favor of life". In 1982, he stated: "Simple morality dictates that unless and until someone can prove the unborn human is not alive, we must give it the benefit of the doubt and assume it is (alive). And, thus, it should be entitled to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness".
As Governor of California, Reagan signed into law the Therapeutic Abortion Act in May 1967 in an effort to reduce the number of "back room abortions" performed in California. It was one of the most liberal abortion laws in the country and allowed for pregnancy terminations if the mother was in physical or mental distress as a result, or if the pregnancy was a product of rape or incest. As a result, approximately one million abortions would be performed and Reagan blamed this on doctors, arguing that they had deliberately misinterpreted the law. Just when the law was signed, Reagan stated that had he been more experienced as Governor, he would not have signed it. Reagan then declared himself to be opposed to abortion rights. During his presidency Reagan never introduced legislation to Congress regarding abortion. However, in a way, he played a role in protecting legalized abortion after he left office. His first judicial appointee for the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O’Connor, led the effort to uphold Roe v. Wade in a 1992 case over restrictive abortion laws in Pennsylvania.
Crime and capital punishment
Reagan was a supporter of capital punishment. As California's Governor, Reagan was beseeched to grant executive clemency to Aaron Mitchell, who had been sentenced to death for the murder of a Sacramento police officer, but he refused. Mitchell was executed the following morning. It was the only execution during his eight years as Governor—he had previously granted executive clemency to one man on death row who had a history of brain damage. He also stayed the execution of convicted murderer Robert Lee Massie in 1967 because he wanted Massie to attend the trial of his alleged accomplice. Massie would be executed over three decades later for a separate murder in 2001.
He approved the construction of three new prisons as President in 1982 as recommended by Attorney General William French Smith.
Drugs
Reagan firmly sought opposition to illegal drugs. He and his wife sought to reduce the use of illegal drugs through the Just Say No Drug Awareness campaign, an organization Nancy Reagan founded as first lady. In a 1986 address to the nation by Ronald and Nancy Reagan, the President said: "[W]hile drug and alcohol abuse cuts across all generations, it's especially damaging to the young people on whom our future depends ... Drugs are menacing our society. They're threatening our values and undercutting our institutions. They're killing our children."
Reagan also reacted to illegal drugs outside Just Say No as the Federal Bureau Investigation added five hundred drug enforcement agents, began record drug crackdowns nationwide, and established thirteen regional anti-drug task forces under Reagan. In the address with the first lady, President Reagan reported on the progress of his administration, saying:Thirty-seven Federal agencies are working together in a vigorous national effort, and by next year our spending for drug law enforcement will have more than tripled from its 1981 levels. We have increased seizures of illegal drugs. Shortages of marijuana are now being reported. Last year alone over 10,000 drug criminals were convicted and nearly $250 million of their assets were seized by the DEA, the Drug Enforcement Administration. And in the most important area, individual use, we see progress. In 4 years the number of high school seniors using marijuana daily has dropped from 1 in 14 to 1 in 20. The U.S. military has cut the use of illegal drugs among its personnel by 67 percent since 1980. These are a measure of our commitment and emerging signs that we can defeat this enemy.
Civil rights
Women
While running for President, Reagan pledged that if given the chance, he would appoint a woman to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1981, he appointed Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice of the Supreme Court. As President, Reagan opposed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) because he thought that women were already protected by the 14th Amendment, although he had supported the amendment and offered to help women's groups achieve its ratification while serving as Governor of California. Reagan pulled his support for the ERA shortly before announcing his 1976 candidacy for President. The 1976 Republican National Convention renewed the party's support for the amendment, but in 1980 the party qualified its 40-year support for ERA. Despite opposing the ERA, Reagan did not actively work against the amendment, which his daughter Maureen (who advised her father on various issues including women's rights) and most prominent Republicans supported.
Reagan established a "Fifty States Project" and councils and commissions on women designed to find existing statutes at the federal and state levels and eradicate them, the latter through a liaison with the various state governors. Elizabeth Dole, a Republican feminist and former Federal Trade Commissioner and advisor to Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (who would go on to become Reagan's Transportation Secretary) headed up his women's rights project.
Black people
Reagan did not consider himself a racist and dismissed any attacks aimed at him relating to racism as attacks on his personal character and integrity. Biographer Lou Cannon also believes that Reagan wasn't racist, or racially prejudiced. According to him, Reagan had been taught by his parents that racial intolerance was abhorrent and people who knew him were sure that Reagan absorbed his parents' lesson.
Reagan volunteered to take Eureka College's two black football players into his home after they were refused admission at a hotel on one of the team's trips. One of them was William Franklin Burghardt, who Reagan befriended and corresponded regularly until Burghardt's death in 1981. Recalling the incident, Burghardt had stated that "I just don't think he [Reagan] was conscious of race at all".
Reagan was opposed to racial segregation.
Reagan did not support many civil rights bills throughout the years on a federal level. He opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on the grounds that specific provisions of the law infringed upon the individual's right to private property and to do business with whomever they chose, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on constitutional grounds, but some have speculated that his position involved "an element of political calculation". In 1965 however, Reagan stated that he favors the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and that "it must be enforced at gunpoint, if necessary". In 1980, Reagan said the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was "humiliating to the South", but in 1982 he signed a bill extending it for 25 years after a grass-roots lobbying and legislative campaign forced him to abandon his plan to ease that law's restrictions. In 1988, he vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act, but his veto was overridden by Congress. This was especially notable as it was the first Civil Rights bill to be both vetoed and to be overridden since President Andrew Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 followed by Congress overriding the veto and making it law. Reagan had argued that the legislation infringed on states' rights and the rights of churches and small business owners. Reagan's Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, as well as his Justice Department, prosecuted fewer civil rights cases per year than they had under his predecessor.
In 1967, Reagan signed the Mulford Act into law which banned the carrying of loaded weapons in public in the state of California. While California was an open carry state, when the Black Panther Party began lawfully open carrying and monitoring law enforcement for police brutality, bipartisan calls for increased gun control came from the California State Legislature. The law was controversial, as it was clearly retaliatory against the Black Panthers, but Reagan defended the law, saying that he saw "no reason why on the street today a citizen should be carrying loaded weapons".
Critics have claimed that Reagan gave his 1980 presidential campaign speech about states' rights in Philadelphia, Mississippi in a calculated attempt to appeal to racist southern voters. This location is near the place where three civil rights workers were killed in 1964. However, others have pointed out that Reagan had given it at the Neshoba County Fair some distance away from where the murders took place. They also said that the vast majority of his speech had nothing to do with "states' rights" and that the fair was a popular campaigning spot. Presidential candidates John Glenn and Michael Dukakis both campaigned there as well years later. While campaigning in Georgia, Reagan mentioned Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an example of someone who used the line-item veto, which Reagan supported. However, Reagan was offended that some accused him of racism.
Reagan initially opposed Fair Housing legislation in California (specifically the Rumford Fair Housing Act), however in 1988 he signed a law expanding the Fair Housing Act of 1968. While signing the expanding of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, he said, among other things, that "[the bill was a] step closer to realizing Martin Luther King's dream", "[the bill was the] most important civil rights legislation in 20 years", and "[the passage of the Civil Rights of 1968 bill] was a major achievement, one that many members of Congress, including a young Congressman named George Bush, had to show enormous courage to vote for". Congressman John Lewis stated that Reagan "dramatized in a very open fashion that he is supportive of efforts to end discrimination in housing" and that Reagan's statements were blatantly meant for political gain as it was an election year. Reagan had previously stated in 1966 that, "If an individual wants to discriminate against Negroes or others in selling or renting his house, he has a right to do so [...] even though such prejudice is morally wrong." Nevertheless, Reagan supported the statute which prohibits racial discrimination on public accommodations and facilities, promised that he would use the "power and prestige" of the governor's office to ensure civil rights for everyone and sought to put an end to "the cancer of racial discrimination".
Reagan engaged in a policy of Constructive engagement with South Africa in spite of apartheid due to the nation being a valuable anti-communist ally. He opposed pressure from Congress and his own party for tougher sanctions until his veto was overridden. South African Archbishop and anti-apartheid activist Desmond Tutu called Reagan's policy as "immoral, evil, and totally un-Christian" as Nazism and lamented that the president's administration was overall "an unmitigated disaster" for black people.
Reagan opposed the Martin Luther King holiday at first, despite noting that King should be honored for freeing the United States from "the burden of racism", however he accepted and signed it after an overwhelming veto-proof majority (338 to 90 in the House of Representatives and 78 to 22 in the Senate) voted in favor of it.
In July 2019, newly unearthed tapes were released of a 1971 phone call between Reagan, then Governor of California, and President Richard Nixon. Angered by African delegates at the United Nations siding against the U.S. in the vote to expel Taiwan from the UN and recognize the People's Republic of China, Reagan stated, "To see those, those monkeys from those African countries - damn them, they're still uncomfortable wearing shoes!" Reagan's son-in-law, Dennis C. Revell, responded that Reagan’s remarks reflected the attitudes of his era, and that some African nations had only recently gained independence from European countries when Reagan spoke with Nixon. Revell also noted that Reagan enjoyed a great relationship with his oldest daughter’s adopted girl from Uganda and also with several African politicians, such as Samora Machel and Yoweri Museveni.
Education
School prayer
Reagan was a supporter of prayer in U.S. schools. On February 25, 1984 in his weekly radio address, he said: "Sometimes I can't help but feel the first amendment is being turned on its head. Because ask yourselves: Can it really be true that the first amendment can permit Nazis and Ku Klux Klansmen to march on public property, advocate the extermination of people of the Jewish faith and the subjugation of blacks, while the same amendment forbids our children from saying a prayer in school?". However, Reagan did not pursue a constitutional amendment requiring school prayer in public schools.
Reagan was particularly opposed to the establishment of the Department of Education, which had occurred under his predecessor, President Jimmy Carter. This view stemmed from his anti-government intervention views. He had pledged to abolish the department, but did not pursue that goal as President.
Energy and oil
As President, Reagan removed controls on oil prices, resulting in lower prices and an oil glut. He did not reduce U.S. dependency on oil by imposing an oil-importing fee because of his opposition to taxation. He trusted the free marketplace. Lower global oil prices had the effect of reducing the income that the Soviet Union could earn from its oil exports.
Footnotes
References and further reading
Bell, Coral. The Reagan Paradox: U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1980s (1989) short overview by Australian scholar excerpt
Brands, H.W. Reagan: The Life (2015), scholarly biography; 810pp
Busch, Andrew E.; "Ronald Reagan and the Defeat of the Soviet Empire" in Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27#3 (1997). pp. 451+
; scholarly biography, 953pp
Hayward, Steven F. The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution: 1980–1989 (2009), strongly pro-Reagan
Johns, Andrew L., ed. A Companion to Ronald Reagan (Wiley-Blackwell, 2015). xiv, 682 pp.; topical essays by scholars emphasizing historiography; contents free at many libraries
Kyvig, David. ed. Reagan and the World (1990), scholarly essays on foreign policy.
, autobiography; primary source
Schmertz, Eric J. et al. eds. Ronald Reagan and the World'' (1997) articles by scholars and officeholders online edition
Ronald Reagan
Reagan, Ronald
Reagan, Ronald
Reagan, Ronald |
6903781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20Fitzwarren%20railway%20station | Norton Fitzwarren railway station | Norton Fitzwarren railway station is an untimetabled station on the West Somerset Railway in Somerset, England. It was built in 2009 about north of the site of the old (Norton Fitzwarren) station that served the village of Norton Fitzwarren from 1873 until 1961. There were fatal railway accidents in the vicinity in 1890, 1940 and 1978.
History
First station
The Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) was opened through Norton Fitzwarren on 1 May 1843 but the nearest station was east at . On 31 March 1862 the original West Somerset Railway was opened to , leaving the Exeter line at Norton Junction, but still no station was provided. The first section of the Devon and Somerset Railway to opened on 8 June 1871, making a connection into the West Somerset line just west of the junction with the Exeter line.
The first two-platform station was finally opened at the junction on 1 June 1873, located immediately east of the junction (at ). On the northern platform side closest to the village was a small station building, a hotel and the goods yard. Both the branch lines were operated by the B&ER until 1 January 1876 when it was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway.
In 1931 the GWR started a project to quadruple the track between Cogload Junction (where the mainline from and the north met the Castle Cary cut-off line from Yeovil, Reading and ), for the south through Taunton to Norton Fitzwarren. The existing station buildings were demolished, to allow a new up-relief line to be built north of the existing northern platform, followed by the creation of a down relief road south of the southern platform. A new metal passenger bridge was erected, connecting the new station buildings to the north with both island platforms. The completion of the project also allowed the GWR to create the large regional goods facility at Fairwater Yard, located just east of the station. The whole project was brought into operation on 2 December 1931.
World War 2: US Army Depot G-50
At the start of World War II, the Royal Army Service Corps choose the relatively large scale station serving the small community as the ideal location for a new logistics depot. Finished at the end of 1941, it was immediately taken over by the United States Army as part of Operation Bolero in early 1942, one of their 18 supplies depots within the United Kingdom. Redesignated Quartermaster General Depot G-50, they equipped it with extensive railway sidings to the northeast of the railway station.
Part of the reasoning behind the choice of the depot, was that it was one of five within the 18 designated as a US Army Medical Corps supplies depot. Medical supplies were allocated of under cover storage, and a further outside. The US Army also locally developed the 67th General Hospital at Musgrove Park. Both facilities under the control of the US Army Medical Corps came into operation on 1 September 1942.
Closure
On 1 January 1948 the railways were nationalised and Norton Fitzwarren became a part of the Western Region of British Railways. Passenger traffic was withdrawn on 30 October 1961, after which passengers for the two branches once again had to change trains at Taunton until these routes were closed on 3 October 1966 (the Devon and Somerset line) and 4 January 1971 (West Somerset line). The goods yard continued to operate until 6 July 1964, when the logistics facilities of Norton Manor Camp closed.
The goods facilities had always handled a large volume of locally grown cider apples, and on 1 March 1983 a private siding utilising much of the former up-relief road connection to the WSR was opened into the Taunton Cider Company's factory on the northwest side of the former station site. Although this factory has since closed, it was this private siding that allowed the West Somerset Railway, in its new heritage railway guise, to be connected to the national railway network.
West Somerset Railway
In 2004 the West Somerset Railway Association (WSRA) (the volunteer organisation that supports the WSR) purchased of land west of its railway and north of the main line at Norton Fitzwarren.
This included a short length of the track bed of the dismantled Barnstaple branch line. This track bed and a new north-west chord have eventually formed a triangle where rolling stock is turned when required. Part of the land is used for ballast reclamation, with waste material being delivered to the site by Network Rail in conjunction with their track renewals depot at nearby Fairwater Yard.
There is also sufficient space to allow for the construction of a locomotive and rolling stock restoration depot in the future.
The WSRA built a single concrete platform on the west side of the Minehead to Taunton line in 2009. This is not shown in the regular timetable but is for use during special events when a shuttle service can bring people from . It is long enough to handle four-coach trains. It was first used on 1 and 2 August 2009 in association with a vintage vehicle rally on the WSR's land at Norton Fitzwarren.
There is no public access to the site currently, however it is hoped this will change in the future as the adjacent 'Ford Farm' site has been identified as a Potential Mixed Use Development site in the Taunton Deane Core Strategy
with an associated transport policy statement that any such development should include improved access to the adjoining West Somerset Railway station.
The WSR entered into a partnership with the modern Great Western Railway (GWR) in 2019 to operate Summer Saturday services between and on Saturdays when special events were taking place. On 3 August, services called additionally at Norton Fitzwarren for the annual Steam Fayre Vintage Rally, run by the WSRA, taking place at the station. These GWR services were the first time the new station was served by trains from the national rail network.
Accidents
Three significant accidents have happened on the main line in the vicinity of Norton Fitzwarren:
The Ocean Mails collision – 4-4-0ST No. 2051 was withdrawn following a fatal collision at Norton Fitzwarren on 11 November 1890 while working a special Travelling Post Office conveying mail from a trans-Atlantic liner which had been landed at .
The wartime collision – another crash occurred on 4 November 1940, which left 27 people dead, this time when a driver of a train leaving Taunton under blackout conditions due to the war misread signals and believed he was on a different line to the one on which he was travelling. The train was derailed at trap points as the driver mistook main line signals for his own.
The Taunton sleeper fire – a coach in the 22:30 sleeper train from to London Paddington station caught fire on the morning of 6 July 1978 and was brought to a stand near Norton Fitzwarren. Twelve people were killed and 15 people were injured.
References
West Somerset Railway
Disused railway stations in Somerset
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1873
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961
Heritage railway stations in Somerset
Railway stations built for UK heritage railways
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 2009 |
44497117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Rose | Charlotte Rose | Charlotte Rose is an English sex worker, dominatrix, sexual trainer and political candidate from Nottingham, who lives in London. In 2013 she won the award of "Sex Worker of the Year" at the Sexual Freedom Awards where she is now a resident judge. In 2014 she took up politics, campaigning for sexual freedom as an independent candidate in the Clacton and Rochester and Strood by-elections.
Career
Rose began her career in the sex industry at the age of 17 where she took part in a dominatrix-themed photoshoot. Rose married and became the mother of two children, an elder son and younger daughter. She became a teacher, but after separating from her partner she moved to Exeter, Devon in 2003. She gained a degree in hospitality from the University of Plymouth, and after working in the hospitality sector, taught the subject to further education students at Exeter College. She subsequently decided to become an escort. She became a vocal supporter of the sex industry. Rose also said that she wants to become Britain's number one sex guru.
In 2013 she won the "British Erotic Award for Sex Worker of the Year". In 2014 she appeared in the Channel 4 documentary Love for Sale, a series presented by Rupert Everett. Following this appearance Rose claimed she was the victim of a hate campaign, which resulted in her landlord evicting her and having to move to London. Rose claimed: "What other reason would it be apart from my profession? I don't do any harm, I don't make noise and I am just normal." In 2015 she appeared on an edition of BBC Two's The Daily Politics in which she argued for the decriminalisation of brothels in the United Kingdom. In 2017 she took part in Things Sex Workers are Tired of Hearing, a sketch for the online BBC channel BBC Three.
In 2015 Rose performed in a run of The Sex Workers' Opera at London's Pleasance Theatre. The show, which included elements of opera, hip hop and poetry to tell women's stories, went on its first UK tour in 2017. Rose is also the presenter of Rose Talks Sex, a long-running radio talk show discussing sex and sexual matters.
Rose stopped doing escort work following the death of her partner in a motorcycle accident in 2019. She then bought a motoring home and set herself a challenge to break a Guinness World Record by visiting 150 pubs across England, Scotland and Wales in 12 months. Shortly after she began her journey, her plans were curtailed by the COVID-19 pandemic, although she was able to continue on a smaller scale, visiting and reviewing pubs for her blog. She continues to present her radio show.
Politics
In 2014 Rose began to stand in political elections, campaigning for sexual freedom. She has stood as an independent candidate, but the Sexual Freedom Coalition lists her as standing for the "Sexual Freedom Party".
Rose first stood in the Clacton by-election on 9 October 2014. Out of eight candidates she finished last, taking 56 votes (0.16% of the vote). Rose then stood in the Rochester and Strood by-election. Out of thirteen candidates Rose finished eleventh, taking 43 votes (0.11%).
On 12 December 2014, Rose organised a protest against the Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014 amendment to the Communications Act 2003. One of the practices banned was facesitting, so part of the protest was a mass facesitting with people singing "Sit on My Face" by Monty Python. On 1 March 2015 she organised a public spanking event at Manchester's Sackville Gardens, also as a protest against the legislation.
In 2016 Rose gave evidence to the Home Affairs Select Committee, which was looking at the way sex work is treated by legislation. The Committee backed calls to change the rules regarding brothel-keeping and completely decriminalise sex work, though no legislation has been brought before Parliament to act on their recommendations.
References
External links
Page named "Sexual Freedom"
20th-century births
English activists
English women activists
Schoolteachers from Nottinghamshire
English dominatrices
English female prostitutes
Independent politicians in England
Living people
People from Nottingham
Sex education advocates
Sex worker activists in the United Kingdom
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Plymouth
Independent British political candidates |
6903783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole%20Highlands%2C%20Maryland | Carole Highlands, Maryland | Carole Highlands is an unincorporated community located in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. Carole Highlands is contained between East West Highway (MD 410) to the south, University Boulevard (MD 193) to the north, Larch Avenue, Hopewell Avenue, and 15th Avenue to the west, and Riggs Road (MD 212) to the east. Carole Highlands borders the adjacent neighborhoods of Chillum, Green Meadows, Lewisdale, and Langley Park in Prince George's County, while bordering the city of Takoma Park in Montgomery County, MD. For statistical purposes, it is part of the Chillum census-designated place (CDP).
Physical geography
Carole Highlands mainly includes single-family houses as well as the Riggs Hill Condominium Complex. Since Carole Highlands is an unincorporated community in Prince George's County, Maryland, Carole Highlands lacks its own neighborhood address and zipcode. As a result, most of the businesses and residences located within Carole Highlands, are assigned Hyattsville addresses, containing the Hyattsville/Adelphi zipcode of 20783 while a few business and residences located on the far western boundary of Carole Highlands, next to the Prince George's County/ Montgomery County Line, are assigned Takoma Park addresses, containing the Takoma Park zipcode of 20912. Carole Highlands was a planned community was named for the developer's daughter, Carole, and because much of it is literally on "high land." At the very top of the neighborhood is a water tower. Elevation above sea level (topo map here) reaches a maximum of at the water tower, and slopes downhill to its minimum of on Elson Street along Sligo Creek Park.
A -high dendritic ridge runs north and south through the neighborhood just west of 16th Place. The ridgeline divides the Sligo Creek watershed from the Northwest Branch watershed. When the leaves are off the trees, from various points on the ridge there is a clear view of the Shepherd Park and Brightwood neighborhoods of Washington, D.C. (3 miles west); of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception (3 miles south-southwest); and of Carmody Hills, Maryland (8 miles southeast).
Roads, hiker-biker trails, and political geography
Carole Highlands is located within a residential section east of 15th Avenue, northeast of Sligo Creek Park and MD-410 (East-West Highway), west of MD-212 (Riggs Road) and south of MD-193 (University Boulevard).
The only direct road access into the neighborhood is via Erskine Street (from New Hampshire Avenue) or Drexel Street (from Riggs Road).
Elson Street and Sligo Parkway East give Carole Highlands two access points to Sligo Creek Trail, which was designated a National Recreation Trail in 2006 (external link here). The paved and shaded hiker-biker trail links directly to the Anacostia Trail System and thus to the American Discovery Trail that crosses the United States from Delaware to California. However, most Carole Highlands residents use Sligo Creek Trail less frequently as an access point for coast-to-coast tours than for Bicycle commuting, family outings and jogging.
The western boundary of the Carole Highlands neighborhood is the current border between Montgomery County, Maryland and Prince George's County, Maryland, behind the backyards of the houses in Carole Highlands that face 15th Avenue. The section of Carole Highlands consists of single-family houses, starts at the Prince George's County/ Montgomery County Line and ends on East-West Highway (MD 410), the portion of Riggs Road (MD 212) south of Drexel Street, and 17th Avenue. Between portion of Carole Highlands, where Drexel Street/ Erskine Street east of 17th Avenue, and where Riggs Road intersects Drexel Street, north of East-West Highway (MD 410), near University Boulevard (MD 193), is where the "Riggs Hill Condominium Complex, which is the only condominium complex in Carole Highlands, is located. There are absolutely no apartment complexes located within the community of Carole Highlands whatsoever. On maps, the neighborhood is east of Hopewell Avenue, Larch Avenue, and 15th Avenue but north of East-West Highway (MD 410), south of University Boulevard East (MD 193), and west of Riggs Road (MD 212). Homes located east of New Hampshire Avenue (MD 650), but west of 15th Avenue are part of the City of Takoma Park's Ward 6 in Montgomery County.
Plants and animals
The neighborhood is lined with a canopy of mature trees. For this reason, Carole Highlands appears as a dark green patch on satellite images of the Washington area.
Many of the trees belong to species native to the local ecological region, the Piedmont region of Maryland. Some of the local tree species are oak, maple, birch, beech, elm, cherry, weeping cherry, spruce, pine, sassafras and flowering dogwood.
Mammals: Squirrels, raccoons and opossums are commonly seen and badgers, foxes and deer are seen occasionally.
Some bird species that have been spotted in local backyards are cardinals, titmice, robins, ospreys, crows, woodpeckers, flickers, mockingbirds, wood thrushes, gray catbirds, cowbirds, chickadees, blue jays, mourning doves, towhees, summer tanagers, goldfinches, house and purple finches and the ubiquitous species starling and sparrow. Kingfishers, herons and hawks are seen near Sligo Creek.
History
The largest section of the neighborhood was developed as a planned community by Carl M. Freeman Associates, Inc. (now the Carl M. Freeman Companies) beginning in 1947. The development maximized the preservation of oak trees hundred of years old by arranging houses on large (6000-12,000 square foot) lots contoured to respect the section's ridges and slopes. According to the company's website (here), the development won an award. Carole Highlands was the first and only suburban housing developed after World War II in the entire Washington, D.C. metro area which sold homes to all comers WITHOUT discriminatory covenants. Carole Highlands takes pride in having been an integrated community from its beginning and continues to shelter and celebrate its diversity. The community is integrated in every way possible.
The house styles of the development included traditional two-story "brick colonial" and -story "Dutch colonial" models; the then-new "California Cottage home" designed by Carl Freeman himself as a "truly livable space" with a naturally flowing connection with the outdoors; one-story frame ranch houses and, at the edge of the formal Carole Highlands Section on 17th Avenue, a row of attached (double) family homes. Some of the detached Freeman houses were subsequently enlarged with dormers or one or two-story additions, while others are still in their pristine state to the current day.
In 1960, the neighborhood Citizen's Association successfully brought a legal case against the Board of County Commissioners of Prince George's County. As a result, the court prohibited the building of a gas station on lot C-2.
The portion of Takoma Park located west of 15th Avenue, but east of Prince George's Avenue, Merrimac Drive, and Carroll Avenue, was originally located in Prince George's County, Maryland, from up until July 1, 1997. Earlier in 1997, residents living within the portion of Takoma Park located within Prince George's County, voted affirmatively to unify the City of Takoma Park under the jurisdiction of Montgomery County. The county line was shifted, changing Prince George's County's boundaries for the first time since 1791.
Home ownership in the neighborhood experienced turnover after the year 2000, as many long-term residents retired and sold their homes to younger newcomers. In 2004, Carole Highlands was featured as one of the best places to live in a local monthly magazine. The speculative real estate boom attracted "flippers" who expected to pocket a $100,000 profit in two years as housing prices spiraled. The subsequent real estate "bust" left many who bought at the top of the market under water with their mortgages however resulted in a default rate for the neighborhood amazingly lower (at 0.02% to date) than the prevailing default rates in Montgomery and Prince George's counties and the general rate in the state of Maryland. Most defaults involved over-leveraged speculators who never intended to settle and mis-timed the market. Residents still include some of Carole Highlands' now elderly "pioneers" who were the original or very early owners of their respective homes and three generations of their heirs and people who grew up in this family-friendly neighborhood and bought homes in the neighborhood where they now raise their own children. Today, many Carole Highlands residents work in nearby in Washington, D.C.or Silver Spring or College Park Maryland. Plumbers and professors live side by side.
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
Students from Carole Highlands Section in Prince George's County are currently assigned to Carole Highlands Elementary School—located within the section, Buck Lodge Middle School and High Point High School. Prince George's County Public Schools.
See * Carole Highlands Elementary School
Buck Lodge Middle School
High Point High School
Places of Worship
In 2003, the Turner Memorial AME congregation purchased the large church building within the section from the Wallace Memorial Presbyterian congregation that formerly occupied its multiple lots. Two Protestant and one Roman Catholic churches are located within easy walking distance on near-by New Hampshire Avenue.
Public libraries
The closest public library to Carole Highlands is the Takoma Park Library. This library is at Philadelphia and Maple Avenues, about one and a half miles west of Carole Highlands via bicycle paths and residential streets. The Takoma Park Library is a department of the City of Takoma Park, and is the only independent (not county-run) municipal library in the state of Maryland. It has a children's book room, an adults' book room and a periodicals reading area. Residents of the City of Takoma Park automatically have borrowing privileges, and Prince George's County residents may obtain full borrowing privileges for an annual fee of $10.
The second closest public library to Carole Highlands is the Hyattsville Library. This library is on Adelphi Road to the east of the Prince George's Plaza shopping mall, about two miles (3 km) east of Carole Highlands via MD-212 and MD-410. It has a children's book room, an adults' book room, a computer area and a periodicals reading area. The Hyattsville Library is also the site of the Maryland Room, decorated in the style of a parlor in a Colonial manor house of the 18th century and housing a historical and genealogical collection that focuses on Maryland.
Current issues of interest to residents
Purple Line and associated development
One issue of interest to Carole Highlands residents is the status of the Purple Line transit project.
Two Purple Line stations are planned nearby: the Takoma-Langley station at the intersection of MD-650 New Hampshire Ave x MD-193 University Boulevard East and the Riggs Road station at MD-212 Riggs Road x MD-193 University Bouleward. These two intersections are within less than a mile of the northwest and northeast corners of the Carole Highlands neighborhood. [To see the locations, click here for a map of the proposed Purple Line route, published by the Washington Post, May 31, 2007, and here for a street map with a pointer to Carole Highlands. To see the official planning maps, click on CFG-06-03 (Riggs Road Station) or CFG-06-02 (Takoma/Langley Station) at the Maryland Transit Authority website.]
The transit line would provide more commuting options to residents as a connection west to Bethesda and east to the New Carollton MARC and Metro stations. Because tall wrought-iron fences erected along the section's northern border block direct access from University Boulevard into Carole Highlands, the transit line itself is unlikely to alter the quiet character of the neighborhood.
However, the Planning Boards of Montgomery and Prince George's county for the Takoma Langley Crossroads (TLC) "transit-oriented development" envision vastly increased residential and commercial density around the two planned local stations that may impact the neighborhood—with or without the Purple Line.
In March 2007, the administration of recently inaugurated Maryland Governor O'Malley announced that the previous administration had underestimated likely ridership on this and two other potential new transit lines (e.g. this March 7, 2007 article from Gazette.Net). Accurate ridership estimates are important to secure federal funding for new transit projects. Costs of the Purple Line are estimated in the billions of dollars and the earliest year it may be operational is 2017.
Sligo Master Plan
Under the plan proposed by the Montgomery County Planning Board in May 2010 to rezone and redevelop its section of the Takoma Langley Crossroads sector and the City of Takoma Park's consistent plan to revitalize commercial uses along New Hampshire Avenue, land lots zoned commercial at the intersection of Sligo Creek Parkway and New Hampshire Avenue may be further developed. According to the "Sligo Master Plan" article in the May 2007 issue of the Takoma Park Newsletter, nearby residents "enthusiastically" expressed desires for encouraging such businesses on the lots as a small neighborhood pub, a cafe, a bicycle shop and rental business and a hardware store.
Takoma Langley Crossroads Plan
The plan approved in 2009 for the Takoma Langley Crossroads Section in Prince George's County, however, envisions massive redevelopment (=demolition and rebuilding). Approximately half the homes in the Carole Highlands Section (206 houses north of Erskine Avenue) were included in the Sectional Map Amendment (SMA) area of that PG plan. In the first phase (5–10 years), redevelopment would come up to the very boundary of the community as PG planners seek to demolish most buildings of the Riggs Hill Condominium between 18th Avenue and Riggs Road to convert them to multi-use: 3-4 floors of apartments above retail stores. In the third phase (15 to 25 years hence), the PG county plan calls for the "redevelopment" of the area of Carole Highlands included in the SMA into far more intense "medium density" land use—a term which is not associated with the existing zoning for single-family homes on spacious lots.
Owner-occupants of Carole Highlands homes filed a class action suit in Circuit Court less than a month after the County Council "initiated" (began) the SMA process of rezoning land use. The plaintiff class is currently expanding and reaching out to affected homeowners in other areas within the Takoma Langley Crossroad sectors of Prince George's and Montgomery County to prevent the rezoning of their properties and the intrusion of commercial activities into residential neighborhoods. The class may potentially expand to include owner occupants of the three spacious garden-style condominium communities, two of which the PG plan targets for demolition and conversion to multiuse and the third of which it targets for rebuilding into a higher density apartment complexes and the single-family homes PG plan targets for demolition and redevelopment as dense apartment buildings.
The Montgomery County Council will hold a hearing on its county's Takoma Langley Sector plan in May 2011. As of March 2011, no timetable has been set for publication or a hearing on the proposed rezoning within the SMA of Prince George's County's TLC plan.
Statistics and elected officials
Latitude: 38.98139 N
Longitude: 76.98361 W
County Council:
For current Montgomery County councilmembers, check MC District 5 externally.
For current Prince George's County councilmembers, check PG District 2 externally.
Maryland House of Delegates:
District 20 (Montgomery County)
District 47 (Prince George's County)
For current Maryland state delegates, check district on this list or externally.
Maryland State Senate:
District 20 (Montgomery County)
District 47 (Prince George's County)
For current Maryland state senators, check district on this list or externally.
United States House of Representatives:
Maryland District 8 (both counties)
Chris Van Hollen, current U.S. representative.
United States Senate:
Barbara A. Mikulski and Ben Cardin, current U.S. senators.
Governor of Maryland:
Larry Hogan
Lieutenant Governor of Maryland:
Boyd Rutherford
References
External links
Location in the DC Metro area
Map of proposed Purple Line route , published by the Washington Post, May 31, 2007
Topo map with streets, elevation contours and landmarks
Map of the Carole Highlands Elementary School District
Gazette.net article 01/11/2007 "At Carole Highlands [Elementary School], small groups spell success on MSA"
The original builders, Carl M. Freeman Associates
Sligo Creek Trail
Friends of Sligo Creek
the nearby International Corridor/Gateway Arts District
Unincorporated communities in Montgomery County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Prince George's County, Maryland
Washington metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Maryland |
6903784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster%20bar | Oyster bar | An oyster bar, also known as an oyster saloon, oyster house or a raw bar service, is a restaurant specializing in serving oysters, or a section of a restaurant which serves oysters buffet-style. Oysters have been consumed since ancient times and were common tavern food in Europe, but the oyster bar as a distinct restaurant began making an appearance in the 18th century.
History
Oyster consumption in Europe was confined to the wealthy until the mid-17th century, but by the 18th century even the poor were consuming them. Sources vary as to when the first oyster bar was created. One source claims that Sinclair's, a pub in Manchester, England, is the United Kingdom's oldest oyster bar. It opened in 1738. London's oldest restaurant, Rules, also began business as an oyster bar. It opened in 1798.
In North America, Native Americans on both coasts ate oysters in large quantities, as did colonists from Europe. Unlike in Europe, oyster consumption in North America after colonization by Europeans was never confined to class, and oysters were commonly served in taverns. During the early 19th century, express wagons filled with oysters crossed the Allegheny Mountains to reach the American Midwest. The oldest oyster bar in the United States is Union Oyster House in Boston, which opened in 1826. It features oyster shucking in front of the customer, and patrons may make their own oyster sauces from condiments on the tables. It has served as a model for many oyster bars in the United States.
During the same period, oysters were an integral part of some African-American communities. One example is Sandy Ground, which was located in modern-day Rossville, Staten Island. African-Americans were drawn to the oyster industry because it promised autonomy, as they were involved throughout the process of harvesting and selling. In addition, oyster farmers were relatively less impoverished than slaves and did not work under white owners. A recipe for an oyster pie in Abby Fisher's 1881 cookbook, What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking, suggests the influence of oysters on African-American foodways and culture.
By 1850, nearly every major town in North America had an oyster bar, oyster cellar, oyster parlor, or oyster saloon—almost always located in the basement of the establishment (where keeping ice was easier). Oysters and bars often went hand-in-hand in the United States, because oysters were seen as a cheap food to serve alongside beer and liquor.
By the late 1880s, an "oyster craze" had swept the United States, and oyster bars were prominent gathering places in Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Denver, Louisville, New York City, and St. Louis. An 1881 U.S. government fisheries study counted 379 oyster houses in the Philadelphia city directory alone, a figure explicitly not including oyster consumption at hotels or other saloons. In 1892, the Pittsburgh Dispatch estimated the annual consumption (in terms of individual oysters) for London at one billion, and the United States as a whole at twelve billion oysters.
This enormous demand for oysters was not sustainable. The beds of the Chesapeake Bay, which supplied much of the American Midwest, were becoming rapidly depleted by the early 1890s. Increasing restrictions on oystering seasons and methods in the late 19th century led to the rise of oyster pirates, culminating in the Oyster Wars of the Chesapeake Bay, that pitted poachers against armed law enforcement authorities of Virginia and Maryland (dubbed the "oyster navy").
According to The New York Times in 2014, about 90 percent of oyster bar sales in the United States come from farmed (not wild) oysters.
See also
List of oyster bars
Raw bar
References
Bibliography
Betti, Tom and Sauer, Doreen Uhas. Historic Columbus Taverns: The Capital City's Most Storied Saloons. Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2012.
Fisher, Abby. What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking, 1881.
Green, Aliza. Field Guide to Seafood: How to Identify, Select, and Prepare Virtually Every Fish and Shellfish at the Market. Philadelphia: Quirk Books, 2007.
Kemp, David. The Pleasures and Treasures of Britain: A Discerning Traveller's Companion. Toronto: Dundurn, 1992.
Kerr, Jean and Smith, Spencer. Mystic Seafood: Great Recipes, History, and Seafaring Lore From Mystic Seaport. Guilford, Conn.: Insiders Guide, 2006.
Koo, Dinah; Poon, Janice; and Szabo, John. The Cocktail Chef: Entertaining in Style. Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre 2006.
MacMurray, Patrick. Consider the Oyster: A Shucker's Field Guide. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2007.
Porter, Darwin and Prince, Danforth. Frommer's Great Britain. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
Reardon, Joan. Oysters: A Culinary Celebration. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2004.
Rosso, Julee and Lukins, Sheila. The New Basics Cookbook. New York: Workman Pub., 1989.
The Visual Food Encyclopedia. Montréal, Québec: Les editions Québec Amerique, 1996.
Walsh, Robb. Sex, Death & Oysters: A Half-Shell Lover's World Tour. Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, 2010.
Williams, Nicola. France. London: Lonely Planet, 2009.
Restaurants by type
Seafood
Types of drinking establishment |
6903790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%20Williams%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hank Williams (disambiguation) | Hank Williams (1923–1953) was an American singer-songwriter and musician.
Hank Williams may also refer to:
Hank Williams Jr. (born 1949), American country singer-songwriter and musician, son of Hank Williams Sr.
Hank Williams III (born 1972), singer, drummer, bassist, and guitarist, son of Hank Williams Jr.
Hank Williams (basketball) (born 1952), American professional basketball player
See also
Hank Williams First Nation, a 2005 Canadian film
"Honk Williams", a bonus track (about the musician) from the album It Doesn't Matter Anymore |
6903817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Wake%20Me | Don't Wake Me | "Don't Wake Me" is a song by Australian pop-rock group Uncanny X-Men. The song was released in September 1986 as the second single from the band's second studio album, What You Give Is What You Get. The song peaked at number 31 on the Kent Music Report.
Track listing
7" Vinyl (CBS - BA 3486)
"Don't Wake Me"
"Truckin' on into Alice"
Charts
References
1986 singles
Uncanny X-Men (band) songs
CBS Records singles
1986 songs |
44497129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Meanix | Bill Meanix | William Henry Meanix (January 18, 1892 – October 13, 1957) was an American track and field athlete. He held the world record in the 440 yd hurdles from 1915 to 1920, and he won the event the first two times it was contested at the United States championships.
Biography
Meanix became a track athlete at the English High School in Boston, Massachusetts. He subsequently studied at Colby College and Harvard. At first, he did not specialize in any one event, but competed in the sprints, hurdles and the shot put.
Representing the Boston A. A., Meanix won the hurdles at the 1914 United States championships, becoming the inaugural champion; while the championships had been held since 1876, this was the first time the 440 yd hurdles had been contested. His winning time of 57.8 seconds was a new American record, although Charles Bacon had run the slightly shorter 400 m hurdles in 55.0, equivalent to 55.3–55.4 for the imperial distance; the world record for the imperial hurdles was 56.8, held by Britain's G. R. L. Anderson.
On July 16, 1915 Meanix ran the 440 yd hurdles in 54.6 at Cambridge, Massachusetts, improving Anderson's world record by more than two seconds and also breaking Bacon's time. He set his record in the same meet where Norman Taber surpassed Walter George's mile world record from 1886. This time would remain Meanix's best, and stood as a world record until John Norton ran 54.2 in 1920. Meanix won the 1915 national championship in an even faster time, 52.6, but that race was held on a straight track and was wind-aided, making the time statistically invalid. His most serious rival in that race was August Muenter, who had earlier run 53.6 in similar conditions, but he fell at the ninth hurdle while trailing Meanix.
In 1916 Meanix was challenged as the leading American by Walter Hummel, who defeated him by two yards at the national championships in the meeting record time of 54.8. The following week Meanix beat him in a rematch, running 55.0, but Hummel was still selected for the AAU's top All-American team of the year. At the 1917 Penn Relays Meanix was defeated by another newcomer, Floyd Smart, in 55.2; the Harvard Crimson felt the use of 2 ft 6 in (76.2 cm) hurdles, instead of the usual hurdles, had favored Smart, but he beat Meanix again at the national championships, where regular hurdles were used. Meanix took second, ahead of Hummel.
With America entering World War I, Meanix enlisted in the United States Army in November 1917. He was discharged as a 1st Lieutenant in May 1919 and resumed hurdling, taking second behind Smart at the 1919 national championships. Meanix competed in the 1920 United States Olympic Trials, but was eliminated in the semi-finals and failed to qualify for the Olympic team; instead, he (and Smart, who had also failed to qualify) represented the United States in post-Olympic meets against teams from France, Sweden and the British Empire.
In 1923 Meanix was appointed as Tufts College's track and field coach. He later returned to his former high school, the English High School, and had a long career there as a military drill instructor. During World War II Meanix returned to active Army service, now with the rank of major, and commanded an Army Specialized Training Unit at Northwestern University. He retired from the Army in 1946 as a lieutenant colonel.
Legacy
Meanix was inducted in the English High School's Hall of Fame in 1987.
Notes
References
1892 births
1957 deaths
Track and field athletes from Boston
American male hurdlers
Harvard Crimson men's track and field athletes
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
College track and field coaches in the United States
United States Army colonels
English High School of Boston alumni |
6903818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20J.%20Scollay | Fred J. Scollay | Fred J. Scollay (March 19, 1923 – November 3, 2015) was an American character actor with dozens of credits in daytime and primetime television, as well as film and stage work
Early years and military service
Scollay was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and was "one of four orphaned Scollays." He was raised by Mr. and Mrs. James Murphy of Boston, Massachusetts. He studied acting at Emerson College and at Bishop-Lee Dramatic School.
Scollay was in the United States Navy during World War II, serving as an aviator machinist mate.
Television, film and stage
On daytime TV, Scollay was an original cast member of The Doctors, playing hospital chaplain Rev. Sam Shafer (1963-1964). From 1970-71, he appeared on Somerset (TV series) as Harry Wilson (aka Ike Harding). On Another World (1977-1980), he played Charley Hobson, the last husband of Ada Hobson (Constance Ford). He also had smaller roles on several other soap operas.
In primetime, Scollay had roles dating back to the earliest days of television. He made numerous appearances in such programs as Studio One, Kraft Television Theatre, Armstrong Circle Theatre, Naked City, The Defenders, Dr. Kildare, and Gunsmoke, among many others. His last part was a recurring role as a judge on several episodes of Law & Order (1991-1996).
Scollay's work in motion pictures included A View from the Bridge, Odds Against Tomorrow, and Stage Struck.
Scollay's Broadway credits include The Devil's Advocate.
Death
Fred J. Scollay died on November 3, 2015, in Hobe Sound, Florida. His wife, Ann, predeceased him.
Filmography
References
External links
1923 births
2015 deaths
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
People from Boston
People from Hobe Sound, Florida
United States Navy personnel of World War II |
44497131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvin | Dvin | Dvin may refer to:
Dvin (ancient city), an ancient city and one of the historic capitals of Armenia
Dvin, Armenia, a modern village in Armenia named after the nearby ancient city of Dvin
Verin Dvin, a village in the Ararat Province of Armenia
FC Dvin Artashat, a dissolved Armenian football club from Artashat (1982–1999) |
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