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Athena declares Orestes acquitted because of the rules she established for the trial.
Despite the verdict, the Erinyes threaten to torment all inhabitants of Athens and to poison the surrounding countryside.
Athena, however, offers the ancient goddesses a new role, as protectors of justice, rather than vengeance, and of the city.
She persuades them to break the cycle of blood for blood (except in the case of war, which is fought for glory, not vengeance).
While promising that the goddesses will receive due honor from the Athenians and Athena, she also reminds them that she possesses the key to the storehouse where Zeus keeps the thunderbolts that defeated the other older deities.
This mixture of bribes and veiled threats satisfies the Erinyes, who are then led by Athena in a procession to their new abode.
In the play, the "Furies" are thereafter addressed as "Semnai" (Venerable Ones), as they will now be honored by the citizens of Athens and ensure the city's prosperity.
========,3,Euripides.
In Euripides' "Orestes" the Erinyes are for the first time "equated" with the Eumenides (Εὐμενίδες, pl.
of Εὐμενίς; literally "the gracious ones", but also translated as "Kindly Ones").
This is because it was considered unwise to mention them by name (for fear of attracting their attention), the ironic name is similar to how Hades, god of the dead is styled Pluton, or Pluto, "the Rich One'.
Using euphemisms for the names of deities served many purposes throughout ancient religions.
========,3,Sophocles.
In Sophocles's play, "Oedipus at Colonus", it is significant that he comes to his final resting place in the grove dedicated to the Erinyes.
It shows that he has paid his penance for his blood crime, as well as come to integrate the balancing powers to his early over-reliance upon Apollo, the god of the individual, the sun, and reason.
He is asked to make an offering to the Erinyes and complies, having made his peace.
========,2,Modern references and literature.
The Erinyes persist as a theme that appears in modern literature as well as the subject of scholarly pursuits of mythology and ancient Greek culture.
The Orestes theme becomes an important subject to scholars such as James George Frazer and Robert Graves.
In "The Greek Myths", Graves translates and interprets the legends and myth fragments about Clytemnestra, Agamemnon, and Orestes, as suggesting a ritual killing of a "king" (Agamemnon) in very early religious ceremonies that were suppressed when patriarchy replaced the matriarchies of very ancient Greece.
Graves asserts that the sacrilege for which the Erinyes pursued Orestes was the killing of his mother, who represented matriarchy.
He explains that worship of Athena was retained as a cult because it was too strong to be suppressed, but she was "recast" as a child of Zeus in new myths, even given the previously incomprehensible role of justifying what would have been a horrific crime against the old religious customs.
Graves, and many other mythographers, were influenced by "The Golden Bough" of Frazer, and since it was published many myths have been reinterpreted to reveal clues to ancient religious practices that were kept as secret rituals.
They are mentioned in the poem To Brooklyn Bridge by Hart Crane.
The Eumenides are also featured in T. S. Eliot's play, "The Family Reunion".
========,1,preface.
Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, in the County of Aberdeen, in the County of Meath and in the County of Argyll, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
It was created on 4 January 1916 for John Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl of Aberdeen.
========,2,Family history.
========,3,Baronetcy of Haddo.
The Gordon family descends from John Gordon, who fought as a Royalist against the Covenanters in the Civil War.
In 1642 he was created a baronet, of Haddo in the County of Aberdeen, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia.
In 1644 he was found guilty of treason and beheaded, with the baronetcy forfeited.
The title was restored after the Restoration for his son John, the second Baronet.
========,3,Earldom of Aberdeen.
The second Baronet died without male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baronet.
He was a noted advocate and served as Lord President of the Court of Session and as Lord Chancellor of Scotland.
On 30 November 1682 he was raised to the Peerage of Scotland as Lord Haddo, Methlick, Tarves and Kellie, Viscount of Formartine and Earl of Aberdeen.
He was succeeded by his only surviving son, the second Earl.
He sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1721 to 1727.
On his death the titles passed to his eldest son from his second marriage, the third Earl.
He was a Scottish Representative Peer from 1747 to 1761 and from 1774 to 1790.
========,3,Lord Aberdeen, Prime Minister.
The third earl was succeeded by his grandson, the fourth Earl, who was the eldest son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo.
Lord Aberdeen was a distinguished diplomat and statesman and served as Foreign Secretary from 1828 to 1830 and from 1841 to 1846 and as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 to 1855.
In 1815 he was created Viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen in the County of Aberdeen, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which entitled him to an automatic seat in the House of Lords.
Aberdeen married firstly Lady Catherine Elizabeth (1784–1812), daughter of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn, and assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Hamilton in 1818.
When he died the titles passed to his eldest son from his second marriage to Harriet Douglas, the fifth Earl.
He sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Aberdeenshire.
His eldest son, the sixth Earl, was a sailor and adventurer.
He was accidentally drowned off the coast of America in 1870, and had not married or had children.
========,3,Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair.
The sixth earl of Aberdeen was succeeded by his younger brother, the seventh Earl.
John Hamilton-Gordon, was a Liberal politician and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 and from 1905 to 1915 and as Governor General of Canada from 1893 to 1898.
In 1916 he was created Earl of Haddo, in the County of Aberdeen, and Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, in the County of Aberdeen, in the County of Meath and in the County of Argyll.
Both titles are in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Marquess, who was a member of the London County Council and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire.
He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Marquess.
He was notably President of the Federation of British Industries.
When he died the titles passed to his eldest son, the fourth Marquess.
He was a member of the Aberdeenshire County Council and Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire.
He had four adopted children but no biological issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifth Marquess.
He was a broadcaster working for the BBC.
He never married and on his death in 1984 the titles passed to his fourth and youngest brother, the sixth Marquess.
He was Chairman of The Arts Club.
the titles are held by his only son, the seventh Marquess, who succeeded in 2002.
========,3,Other family members.
Numerous other members of the Gordon family have also gained distinction.
The Hon.
William Gordon (d. 1816), eldest son from the third marriage of the second Earl, was a general in the Army.
The Hon.
Cosmo Gordon, second son from the third marriage of the second Earl, was a colonel in the Army.
The Hon.
Alexander Gordon (1739–1792), third son from the third marriage of the second Earl, was a Lord of Session from 1788 to 1792 under the judicial title of Lord Rockville.
His son William Duff-Gordon was Member of Parliament for Worcester.
In 1815 he succeeded his uncle as second Baron of Halkin according to a special remainder and assumed the additional surname of Duff (see Duff-Gordon baronets for further history of this branch of the family).
The Hon.
William Gordon, younger brother of the fourth Earl, was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and sat as Member of Parliament for Aberdeenshire.
The Hon.
Alexander Gordon (1786–1815), younger brother of the fourth Earl, was a soldier and was killed at the Battle of Waterloo.
The Hon.
Sir Robert Gordon, younger brother of the fourth Earl, was a diplomat and served as British Ambassador to Austria.
The Hon.
John Gordon (1792–1869), younger brother of the fourth Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy.
The Hon.
Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (1817–1890), eldest son of the second marriage of the fourth Earl, was a general in the Army and sat as Member of Parliament for Aberdeenshire East.
His eldest son, Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon was also a general in the Army.
Reverend the Hon.
Douglas Hamilton-Gordon (1824–1901), third son of the second marriage of the fourth Earl, was Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria and Canon of Salisbury.
The Hon.
Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, fourth son of the second marriage of the fourth Earl, was a Liberal politician and was created Baron Stanmore in 1893 (see this title for more information on him and this branch of the family).
Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, daughter of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth, and wife of the first Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, was an author, philanthropist and an advocate of woman's interests.
The family seat is Haddo House, Aberdeenshire.
The title Earl of Haddo is the courtesy title for the Marquess's eldest son and heir, the eldest son of whom uses the courtesy title Viscount of Formartine.
The Marquesses of Aberdeen and Temair are related to the Marquesses of Huntly.
Sir John Gordon (d. c. 1395) of Strathbogie, ancestor of Sir John Gordon, 1st Baronet, was the brother of Elizabeth Gordon.
She married Sir Alexander Seton (d. 1438) and was the mother of Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly (ancestor of the Marquesses of Huntly).
========,2,Marquesses of Aberdeen and Temair (1916).
*LIST*.
The heir apparent is the present holder's son George Ian Alastair Gordon, Earl of Haddo (b.

Athena declares Orestes acquitted because of the rules she established for the trial.

Despite the verdict, the Erinyes threaten to torment all inhabitants of Athens and to poison the surrounding countryside.

Athena, however, offers the ancient goddesses a new role, as protectors of justice, rather than vengeance, and of the city.

She persuades them to break the cycle of blood for blood (except in the case of war, which is fought for glory, not vengeance).

While promising that the goddesses will receive due honor from the Athenians and Athena, she also reminds them that she possesses the key to the storehouse where Zeus keeps the thunderbolts that defeated the other older deities.

This mixture of bribes and veiled threats satisfies the Erinyes, who are then led by Athena in a procession to their new abode.

In the play, the "Furies" are thereafter addressed as "Semnai" (Venerable Ones), as they will now be honored by the citizens of Athens and ensure the city's prosperity.

========,3,Euripides.

In Euripides' "Orestes" the Erinyes are for the first time "equated" with the Eumenides (Εὐμενίδες, pl.

of Εὐμενίς; literally "the gracious ones", but also translated as "Kindly Ones").

This is because it was considered unwise to mention them by name (for fear of attracting their attention), the ironic name is similar to how Hades, god of the dead is styled Pluton, or Pluto, "the Rich One'.

Using euphemisms for the names of deities served many purposes throughout ancient religions.

========,3,Sophocles.

In Sophocles's play, "Oedipus at Colonus", it is significant that he comes to his final resting place in the grove dedicated to the Erinyes.

It shows that he has paid his penance for his blood crime, as well as come to integrate the balancing powers to his early over-reliance upon Apollo, the god of the individual, the sun, and reason.

He is asked to make an offering to the Erinyes and complies, having made his peace.

========,2,Modern references and literature.

The Erinyes persist as a theme that appears in modern literature as well as the subject of scholarly pursuits of mythology and ancient Greek culture.

The Orestes theme becomes an important subject to scholars such as James George Frazer and Robert Graves.

In "The Greek Myths", Graves translates and interprets the legends and myth fragments about Clytemnestra, Agamemnon, and Orestes, as suggesting a ritual killing of a "king" (Agamemnon) in very early religious ceremonies that were suppressed when patriarchy replaced the matriarchies of very ancient Greece.

Graves asserts that the sacrilege for which the Erinyes pursued Orestes was the killing of his mother, who represented matriarchy.

He explains that worship of Athena was retained as a cult because it was too strong to be suppressed, but she was "recast" as a child of Zeus in new myths, even given the previously incomprehensible role of justifying what would have been a horrific crime against the old religious customs.

Graves, and many other mythographers, were influenced by "The Golden Bough" of Frazer, and since it was published many myths have been reinterpreted to reveal clues to ancient religious practices that were kept as secret rituals.

They are mentioned in the poem To Brooklyn Bridge by Hart Crane.

The Eumenides are also featured in T. S. Eliot's play, "The Family Reunion".

========,1,preface.

Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, in the County of Aberdeen, in the County of Meath and in the County of Argyll, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

It was created on 4 January 1916 for John Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl of Aberdeen.

========,2,Family history.

========,3,Baronetcy of Haddo.

The Gordon family descends from John Gordon, who fought as a Royalist against the Covenanters in the Civil War.

In 1642 he was created a baronet, of Haddo in the County of Aberdeen, in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia.

In 1644 he was found guilty of treason and beheaded, with the baronetcy forfeited.

The title was restored after the Restoration for his son John, the second Baronet.

========,3,Earldom of Aberdeen.

The second Baronet died without male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Baronet.

He was a noted advocate and served as Lord President of the Court of Session and as Lord Chancellor of Scotland.

On 30 November 1682 he was raised to the Peerage of Scotland as Lord Haddo, Methlick, Tarves and Kellie, Viscount of Formartine and Earl of Aberdeen.

He was succeeded by his only surviving son, the second Earl.

He sat in the House of Lords as a Scottish Representative Peer from 1721 to 1727.

On his death the titles passed to his eldest son from his second marriage, the third Earl.

He was a Scottish Representative Peer from 1747 to 1761 and from 1774 to 1790.

========,3,Lord Aberdeen, Prime Minister.

The third earl was succeeded by his grandson, the fourth Earl, who was the eldest son of George Gordon, Lord Haddo.

Lord Aberdeen was a distinguished diplomat and statesman and served as Foreign Secretary from 1828 to 1830 and from 1841 to 1846 and as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 to 1855.

In 1815 he was created Viscount Gordon, of Aberdeen in the County of Aberdeen, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which entitled him to an automatic seat in the House of Lords.

Aberdeen married firstly Lady Catherine Elizabeth (1784–1812), daughter of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn, and assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Hamilton in 1818.

When he died the titles passed to his eldest son from his second marriage to Harriet Douglas, the fifth Earl.

He sat as Liberal Member of Parliament for Aberdeenshire.

His eldest son, the sixth Earl, was a sailor and adventurer.

He was accidentally drowned off the coast of America in 1870, and had not married or had children.

========,3,Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair.

The sixth earl of Aberdeen was succeeded by his younger brother, the seventh Earl.

John Hamilton-Gordon, was a Liberal politician and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1886 and from 1905 to 1915 and as Governor General of Canada from 1893 to 1898.

In 1916 he was created Earl of Haddo, in the County of Aberdeen, and Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, in the County of Aberdeen, in the County of Meath and in the County of Argyll.

Both titles are in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Marquess, who was a member of the London County Council and served as Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire.

He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Marquess.

He was notably President of the Federation of British Industries.

When he died the titles passed to his eldest son, the fourth Marquess.

He was a member of the Aberdeenshire County Council and Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire.

He had four adopted children but no biological issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fifth Marquess.

He was a broadcaster working for the BBC.

He never married and on his death in 1984 the titles passed to his fourth and youngest brother, the sixth Marquess.

He was Chairman of The Arts Club.

the titles are held by his only son, the seventh Marquess, who succeeded in 2002.

========,3,Other family members.

Numerous other members of the Gordon family have also gained distinction.

The Hon.

William Gordon (d. 1816), eldest son from the third marriage of the second Earl, was a general in the Army.

The Hon.

Cosmo Gordon, second son from the third marriage of the second Earl, was a colonel in the Army.

The Hon.

Alexander Gordon (1739–1792), third son from the third marriage of the second Earl, was a Lord of Session from 1788 to 1792 under the judicial title of Lord Rockville.

His son William Duff-Gordon was Member of Parliament for Worcester.

In 1815 he succeeded his uncle as second Baron of Halkin according to a special remainder and assumed the additional surname of Duff (see Duff-Gordon baronets for further history of this branch of the family).

The Hon.

William Gordon, younger brother of the fourth Earl, was a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy and sat as Member of Parliament for Aberdeenshire.

The Hon.

Alexander Gordon (1786–1815), younger brother of the fourth Earl, was a soldier and was killed at the Battle of Waterloo.

The Hon.

Sir Robert Gordon, younger brother of the fourth Earl, was a diplomat and served as British Ambassador to Austria.

The Hon.

John Gordon (1792–1869), younger brother of the fourth Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy.

The Hon.

Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (1817–1890), eldest son of the second marriage of the fourth Earl, was a general in the Army and sat as Member of Parliament for Aberdeenshire East.

His eldest son, Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon was also a general in the Army.

Reverend the Hon.

Douglas Hamilton-Gordon (1824–1901), third son of the second marriage of the fourth Earl, was Chaplain-in-Ordinary to Queen Victoria and Canon of Salisbury.

The Hon.

Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, fourth son of the second marriage of the fourth Earl, was a Liberal politician and was created Baron Stanmore in 1893 (see this title for more information on him and this branch of the family).

Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, daughter of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth, and wife of the first Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, was an author, philanthropist and an advocate of woman's interests.

The family seat is Haddo House, Aberdeenshire.

The title Earl of Haddo is the courtesy title for the Marquess's eldest son and heir, the eldest son of whom uses the courtesy title Viscount of Formartine.

The Marquesses of Aberdeen and Temair are related to the Marquesses of Huntly.

Sir John Gordon (d. c. 1395) of Strathbogie, ancestor of Sir John Gordon, 1st Baronet, was the brother of Elizabeth Gordon.

She married Sir Alexander Seton (d. 1438) and was the mother of Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly (ancestor of the Marquesses of Huntly).

========,2,Marquesses of Aberdeen and Temair (1916).

***LIST***.

The heir apparent is the present holder's son George Ian Alastair Gordon, Earl of Haddo (b.