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They were a Huguenot (French Protestant) family who fled to New York about 1687 to avoid the religious persecutions of King Louis XIV.
Mary Catherine Williams and Elias Boudinot, Sr. were married on August 8, 1729.
Over the next twenty years, they had nine children.
The first, John, was born in the British West Indies-Antigua.
Of the others, only the younger Elias and his siblings Annis, Mary, and Elisha reached adulthood.
Annis became one of the first published women poets in the Thirteen Colonies, and her work appeared in leading newspapers and magazines.
Elisha Boudinot became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey.
After studying and being tutored at home, Elias Boudinot went to Princeton, New Jersey to read the law as a legal apprentice to Richard Stockton.
An attorney, he had married Elias' older sister Annis Boudinot.
Richard Stockton was later a signatory of the Declaration of Independence.
========,2,Career.
In 1760, Boudinot was admitted to the bar, and began his practice in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
He owned land adjacent to the road from Elizabethtown to Woodbridge Township, New Jersey.
========,2,Marriage and family.
After getting established, on April 21, 1762, Boudinot married Hannah Stockton (1736–1808), Richard's younger sister.
They had two children, Maria Boudinot, who died at age two, and Susan Vergereau Boudinot.
Susan married William Bradford, who became Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and Attorney General under George Washington.
After her husband's death in 1795, Susan Boudinot Bradford returned to her parents' home to live.
The young widow edited her father's papers.
Now held by Princeton University, these provide significant insight into the events of the Revolutionary era.
In 1805, Elias, Hannah and Susan moved to a new home in Burlington, New Jersey.
Hannah died a few years after their move, and Elias lived there for the remainder of his years.
========,2,Later career.
In his later years, Boudinot invested and speculated in land.
He owned large tracts in Ohio including most of Green Township in what is now the western suburbs of Cincinnati, where there is a street bearing his surname.
At his death, he willed to the city of Philadelphia for parks and city needs.
He was buried in the churchyard of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, New Jersey.
========,2,Political career.
Boudinot became a prominent lawyer and his practice prospered.
As the revolution drew near, he aligned with the Whigs, and was elected to the New Jersey provincial assembly in 1775.
In the early stages of the Revolutionary War, he was active in promoting enlistment; several times he loaned money to field commanders to purchase supplies.
Boudinot helped support the activities of rebel spies.
After the British occupation of New York City, spies were sent to Staten Island and Long Island, New York to observe and report on movements of specific British garrisons and regiments.
On May 5, 1777, General George Washington asked Boudinot to be appointed as commissary general for prisoners.
Congress through the board of war concurred.
Boudinot was commissioned as a colonel in the Continental Army for this work.
He served until July 1778, when competing responsibilities forced him to resign.
The commissary managed enemy prisoners, and also was responsible for supplying American prisoners who were held by the British.
In November 1777, the New Jersey legislature named Boudinot as one of their delegates to the Second Continental Congress.
His duties as Commissary prevented his attendance, so in May 1778 he resigned.
By early July he had been replaced and attended his first meeting of the Congress on July 7, 1778.
As a delegate, he still continued his concerns for the welfare of prisoners of war.
His first term ended that year.
In 1781, Boudinot returned to the Congress, for a term lasting through 1783.
In November 1782, he was elected as President of the Continental Congress for a one-year term.
The President of Congress was a mostly ceremonial position with no real authority, but the office did require him to handle a good deal of correspondence and sign official documents.
On April 15, 1783 he signed the Preliminary Articles of Peace.
When the United States (US) government was formed in 1789, Boudinot was elected from New Jersey to the US House of Representatives.
He was elected to the second and third congresses as well, where he generally supported the administration.
He refused to join the expansion of affiliated groups that formed formal political parties.
In 1794, he declined to serve another term, and left Congress in early 1795.
In October 1795, President George Washington appointed him as Director of the United States Mint, a position he held through succeeding administrations until he retired in 1805.
========,2,Later public service.
In addition to serving in political office, Elias supported many civic, religious, and educational causes during his life.
Boudinot served as one of the trustees of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) for nearly half a century, from 1772 until 1821.
When the Continental Congress was forced to leave Philadelphia in 1783 while he was president, he moved the meetings to Princeton, where they met in the College's Nassau Hall.
On September 24, 1789, the House of Representatives voted to recommend the First Amendment of the newly drafted Constitution to the states for ratification.
The next day, Congressman Boudinot proposed that the House and Senate jointly request of President Washington to proclaim a day of thanksgiving for “the many signal favors of Almighty God.” Boudinot said that he
could not think of letting the session pass over without offering an opportunity to all the citizens of the United States of joining, with one voice, in returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings he had poured down upon them.
Boudinot was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.
A devout Presbyterian, Boudinot supported missions and missionary work.
He wrote "The Age of Revelation" in response to Thomas Paine's "The Age of Reason."
He was one of the founders of the American Bible Society, and after 1816 served as its President.
He argued for the rights of black and American Indian citizens, and sponsored students to the Board School for Indians in Connecticut.
One of these, a young Cherokee named "Gallegina Uwatie", also known as "Buck Watie", stayed with him in Burlington on his way to the school.
The two so impressed each other that "Gallegina" asked for and was given permission to adopt the statesman's name.
Later known as Elias Boudinot, he was an editor of the "Cherokee Phoenix", the nation's first newspaper, which was published in Cherokee and English.
========,2,Archival collections.
The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia has a collection of incoming correspondence and several legal agreements pertaining to land ownership related to Boudinot from 1777–1821 in its holdings.
The correspondence dating from 1777–1778 almost exclusively deals with the trading and releasing of prisoners.
========,1,preface.
The electromagnetic spectrum is a collective term; referring to the entire range and scope of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective, associated photon wavelengths.
The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end, thereby covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atom.
Visible light lies toward the shorter end, with wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometres.
The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length.
Until the middle of the 20th century it was believed by most physicists that this spectrum was infinite and continuous.
Nearly all types of electromagnetic radiation can be used for spectroscopy, to study and characterize matter.
Other technological uses are described under electromagnetic radiation.
========,2,History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery.
For most of history, visible light was the only known part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The ancient Greeks recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including reflection and refraction.
The study of light continued, and during the 16th and 17th centuries conflicting theories regarded light as either a wave or a particle.
The first discovery of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light came in 1800, when William Herschel discovered infrared radiation.
He was studying the temperature of different colors by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism.
He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red.
He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays" that were a type of light ray that could not be seen.
The next year, Johann Ritter, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions).
These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum.
They were later renamed ultraviolet radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when Michael Faraday noticed that the polarization of light traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see Faraday effect).
During the 1860s James Maxwell developed four partial differential equations for the electromagnetic field.
Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field.
Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known speed of light.
This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves, all traveling at the speed of light.
This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary electrical circuit of a certain type.
Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886 the physicist Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called radio waves.
Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light.
Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various dielectric media, in the same manner as light.

They were a Huguenot (French Protestant) family who fled to New York about 1687 to avoid the religious persecutions of King Louis XIV.

Mary Catherine Williams and Elias Boudinot, Sr. were married on August 8, 1729.

Over the next twenty years, they had nine children.

The first, John, was born in the British West Indies-Antigua.

Of the others, only the younger Elias and his siblings Annis, Mary, and Elisha reached adulthood.

Annis became one of the first published women poets in the Thirteen Colonies, and her work appeared in leading newspapers and magazines.

Elisha Boudinot became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey.

After studying and being tutored at home, Elias Boudinot went to Princeton, New Jersey to read the law as a legal apprentice to Richard Stockton.

An attorney, he had married Elias' older sister Annis Boudinot.

Richard Stockton was later a signatory of the Declaration of Independence.

========,2,Career.

In 1760, Boudinot was admitted to the bar, and began his practice in Elizabeth, New Jersey.

He owned land adjacent to the road from Elizabethtown to Woodbridge Township, New Jersey.

========,2,Marriage and family.

After getting established, on April 21, 1762, Boudinot married Hannah Stockton (1736–1808), Richard's younger sister.

They had two children, Maria Boudinot, who died at age two, and Susan Vergereau Boudinot.

Susan married William Bradford, who became Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and Attorney General under George Washington.

After her husband's death in 1795, Susan Boudinot Bradford returned to her parents' home to live.

The young widow edited her father's papers.

Now held by Princeton University, these provide significant insight into the events of the Revolutionary era.

In 1805, Elias, Hannah and Susan moved to a new home in Burlington, New Jersey.

Hannah died a few years after their move, and Elias lived there for the remainder of his years.

========,2,Later career.

In his later years, Boudinot invested and speculated in land.

He owned large tracts in Ohio including most of Green Township in what is now the western suburbs of Cincinnati, where there is a street bearing his surname.

At his death, he willed to the city of Philadelphia for parks and city needs.

He was buried in the churchyard of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, New Jersey.

========,2,Political career.

Boudinot became a prominent lawyer and his practice prospered.

As the revolution drew near, he aligned with the Whigs, and was elected to the New Jersey provincial assembly in 1775.

In the early stages of the Revolutionary War, he was active in promoting enlistment; several times he loaned money to field commanders to purchase supplies.

Boudinot helped support the activities of rebel spies.

After the British occupation of New York City, spies were sent to Staten Island and Long Island, New York to observe and report on movements of specific British garrisons and regiments.

On May 5, 1777, General George Washington asked Boudinot to be appointed as commissary general for prisoners.

Congress through the board of war concurred.

Boudinot was commissioned as a colonel in the Continental Army for this work.

He served until July 1778, when competing responsibilities forced him to resign.

The commissary managed enemy prisoners, and also was responsible for supplying American prisoners who were held by the British.

In November 1777, the New Jersey legislature named Boudinot as one of their delegates to the Second Continental Congress.

His duties as Commissary prevented his attendance, so in May 1778 he resigned.

By early July he had been replaced and attended his first meeting of the Congress on July 7, 1778.

As a delegate, he still continued his concerns for the welfare of prisoners of war.

His first term ended that year.

In 1781, Boudinot returned to the Congress, for a term lasting through 1783.

In November 1782, he was elected as President of the Continental Congress for a one-year term.

The President of Congress was a mostly ceremonial position with no real authority, but the office did require him to handle a good deal of correspondence and sign official documents.

On April 15, 1783 he signed the Preliminary Articles of Peace.

When the United States (US) government was formed in 1789, Boudinot was elected from New Jersey to the US House of Representatives.

He was elected to the second and third congresses as well, where he generally supported the administration.

He refused to join the expansion of affiliated groups that formed formal political parties.

In 1794, he declined to serve another term, and left Congress in early 1795.

In October 1795, President George Washington appointed him as Director of the United States Mint, a position he held through succeeding administrations until he retired in 1805.

========,2,Later public service.

In addition to serving in political office, Elias supported many civic, religious, and educational causes during his life.

Boudinot served as one of the trustees of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) for nearly half a century, from 1772 until 1821.

When the Continental Congress was forced to leave Philadelphia in 1783 while he was president, he moved the meetings to Princeton, where they met in the College's Nassau Hall.

On September 24, 1789, the House of Representatives voted to recommend the First Amendment of the newly drafted Constitution to the states for ratification.

The next day, Congressman Boudinot proposed that the House and Senate jointly request of President Washington to proclaim a day of thanksgiving for “the many signal favors of Almighty God.” Boudinot said that he

could not think of letting the session pass over without offering an opportunity to all the citizens of the United States of joining, with one voice, in returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings he had poured down upon them.

Boudinot was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.

A devout Presbyterian, Boudinot supported missions and missionary work.

He wrote "The Age of Revelation" in response to Thomas Paine's "The Age of Reason."

He was one of the founders of the American Bible Society, and after 1816 served as its President.

He argued for the rights of black and American Indian citizens, and sponsored students to the Board School for Indians in Connecticut.

One of these, a young Cherokee named "Gallegina Uwatie", also known as "Buck Watie", stayed with him in Burlington on his way to the school.

The two so impressed each other that "Gallegina" asked for and was given permission to adopt the statesman's name.

Later known as Elias Boudinot, he was an editor of the "Cherokee Phoenix", the nation's first newspaper, which was published in Cherokee and English.

========,2,Archival collections.

The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia has a collection of incoming correspondence and several legal agreements pertaining to land ownership related to Boudinot from 1777–1821 in its holdings.

The correspondence dating from 1777–1778 almost exclusively deals with the trading and releasing of prisoners.

========,1,preface.

The electromagnetic spectrum is a collective term; referring to the entire range and scope of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective, associated photon wavelengths.

The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end, thereby covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atom.

Visible light lies toward the shorter end, with wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometres.

The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length.

Until the middle of the 20th century it was believed by most physicists that this spectrum was infinite and continuous.

Nearly all types of electromagnetic radiation can be used for spectroscopy, to study and characterize matter.

Other technological uses are described under electromagnetic radiation.

========,2,History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery.

For most of history, visible light was the only known part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The ancient Greeks recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including reflection and refraction.

The study of light continued, and during the 16th and 17th centuries conflicting theories regarded light as either a wave or a particle.

The first discovery of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light came in 1800, when William Herschel discovered infrared radiation.

He was studying the temperature of different colors by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism.

He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red.

He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays" that were a type of light ray that could not be seen.

The next year, Johann Ritter, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions).

These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum.

They were later renamed ultraviolet radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when Michael Faraday noticed that the polarization of light traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see Faraday effect).

During the 1860s James Maxwell developed four partial differential equations for the electromagnetic field.

Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field.

Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known speed of light.

This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave.

Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves, all traveling at the speed of light.

This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary electrical circuit of a certain type.

Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886 the physicist Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called radio waves.

Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light.

Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various dielectric media, in the same manner as light.