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Earlier this week, I offered a lengthy list of places to check out while in the City of Brotherly Love — Vegan In Philadelphia. As promised, here’s a more detailed report on one amazing meal at Vedge, complete with pictures of many of the fantastic tapas-style plates we enjoyed while there. This upscale, lively vegan tapas place on Locus Street features an open kitchen and three separate dining rooms that keep this atmosphere balanced between “happening” and intimate. We were highly impressed with the exquisite tastes on our plates; and our non-veg friend was equally enthusiastic about the various dishes, including some superb desserts. Here’s a look at some of the delectables:
In addition to the small plates and entree plates we selected, Vedge offers a “Dirt List” — a half dozen vegetable specials of the day featuring whatever is available at the moment from the local farms. During our visit, we tried the Wood Grilled Broccolini cooked in smoky shitake dashi with crushed white sesame and the Brussels Sprouts served in a light mustard sauce that was out of this world (my fave of the night).
In other dessert news, there were several vegan ice creams and sorbets to choose from: at our table, spoonfuls of coconut and pecan pie sorbets and habanero (!) ice cream.
Vedge also has an impressive wine list and selection of cocktails. Celebrating my roots, I indulged in a wonderful glass of bianco from Sicily.
Tip: even during the week, this place is bustling — be sure to make a reservation.
Related posts: |
The linkage of corneal keratan sulfate to protein. The linkage of corneal keratan sulfate to protein has been investigated. After exhaustive digestion of bovine corneas with papain and pronase, a product was obtained in which aspartic acid was the predominant amino acid and constituted 59% of the total amino acids. A carbohydrate-protein linkage fragment was isolated from this preparation by a relatively simple procedure involving the following steps: partial acid hydrolysis, adsorption of glycopeptides and other cationic material on Dowex 50-X2 (H+) and elution with 0.25 M HCl: paper electrophoresis of the eluted fraction at pH 6.5 and pH 1.9; paper chromatography; and final purification by column chromatography on Aminex A"-5 resin. The structure of the linkage fragment was established as 2-acetamido-1-(L-beta-aspartamido)-1,2-dideoxy-beta-D-glucose (Asn-GlcNAc). Evidence for this structure was obtained from qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as from the migration characteristics in several chromatographic anc electrophoretic systems. Further support for the identity of the isolated compound was provided by treatment with beta-aspartyl N-acetylglucosyl-amine amidohydrolase which specifically cleaves Asn-GlcNAc or asparaginyl-oligosaccharides. It is concluded that corneal keratan sulfate is bound to protein via a N-glycosylamine linkage between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine: this type of linkage is common to many glycoproteins. |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman metrology of phonons powered by photonic-crystal fibers. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is used to measure the amplitude, the dephasing lifetime, and parameters of optical nonlinearities of optical phonons in a synthetic diamond film. A compact CARS apparatus demonstrated in this work relies on the use of an unamplified 70 fs 340 mW Cr:forsterite laser output and photonic-crystal fibers optimized for the generation of wavelength-tunable Stokes field and the spectral compression of the probe pulse. |
<reponame>epicfarmer/keyboard_light_effects
import time
import utils
import math
class DictionaryEffect():
def __init__(self,velocity,pixels,n_pixels,args):
self.off_color = (0,0,0)
self.delay = 0.001
self.num_states = 32
self.isOn = False
self.isClosed = False
self.pixels = pixels
self.n_pixels = n_pixels
self.on_color = (155,155,155)
if "on_color" in args:
self.on_color = args["on_color"]
if "state" in args:
self.state = args["state"]
for i in range(32):
if self.state[i] == '1':
# print(i)
self.segment(i)
self.pixels.show()
def segment(self,idx):
idx_lower = idx
idx_upper = idx + 1
light_lower = math.floor(idx_lower / self.num_states * self.n_pixels)
light_upper = math.floor(idx_upper / self.num_states * self.n_pixels)
for i in range(light_lower,light_upper):
self.pixels[i] = self.on_color
def beat(self):
if self.isClosed:
return
# self.state = self.state+1
time.sleep(self.delay)
def close(self):
self.isOn = False
self.isClosed = True
self.pixels.fill(self.off_color)
self.pixels.show()
|
Shopping for groceries at a store is often conducted by a shopper who pushes a shopping cart through the store. Oftentimes, the shopper also carries a grocery list, coupons, a writing utensil, and the like while pushing the cart through the store, and may have a child in a child seat area of the cart. To keep track of items that are written on the grocery list and that have been placed inside the cart or receptacle, shoppers typically cross out items on their shopping list as they are placed on the cart. However, shopping carts typically are not equipped with a suitable writing surface on which items may be added to or crossed off of a grocery list. Further, typical shopping carts do not have a location suitable for securing coupons, a grocery list, or a writing instrument.
Although various list holders have been developed for mounting to shopping carts, previous devices typically protrude undesirably into the child's seating area of the cart, do not provide a comfortable and convenient writing location and orientation for the shopper, have a high parts count, interfere with the nesting of multiple carts, block or interfere with a shopper's access to the child area of the cart, are prone to breakage, or have some combination of these drawbacks. |
<reponame>AhmedMagdyHendawy/Dragon-Ball-Game
package dragonball.model.battle;
public interface BattleOpponent {
void onAttackerTurn();
void onDefenderTurn();
}
|
/**
* @author Christopher Cotton
* @author Bill Shannon
*/
public class FolderViewer extends JPanel {
FolderModel model = new FolderModel();
JScrollPane scrollpane;
JTable table;
public FolderViewer() {
this(null);
}
public FolderViewer(Folder what) {
super(new GridLayout(1,1));
table = new JTable(model);
table.setShowGrid(false);
scrollpane = new JScrollPane(table);
// setup the folder we were given
setFolder(what);
// find out what is pressed
table.getSelectionModel().addListSelectionListener(
new FolderPressed());
scrollpane.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(700, 300));
add(scrollpane);
}
/**
* Change the current Folder for the Viewer
*
* @param what the folder to be viewed
*/
public void setFolder(Folder what) {
try {
table.getSelectionModel().clearSelection();
if (SimpleClient.mv != null)
SimpleClient.mv.setMessage(null);
model.setFolder(what);
scrollpane.invalidate();
scrollpane.validate();
} catch (MessagingException me) {
me.printStackTrace();
}
}
class FolderPressed implements ListSelectionListener {
public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent e) {
if (model != null && !e.getValueIsAdjusting()) {
ListSelectionModel lm = (ListSelectionModel) e.getSource();
int which = lm.getMaxSelectionIndex();
if (which != -1) {
// get the message and display it
Message msg = model.getMessage(which);
SimpleClient.mv.setMessage(msg);
}
}
}
}
} |
Spending, Contacting, and Voting: The 2010 British General Election in the Constituencies A substantial body of recent research has uncovered the impact of constituency campaigns on British general election outcomes, using the published returns of candidates' spending as a proxy measure for their campaigns' intensitythe more spent, the greater the intensity of the local campaign, and the greater the intensity of campaigning, the better their performance in the constituency, and the poorer their opponents' performance. These data refer only to the last few weeks before the election, however, and cannot identify how spending affects behaviour. For the latter, it is argued that spending is a proxy measure for the amount of contact between candidates and voters; the greater the amount spent the greater the probability that an elector contacted will vote for the relevant party. It has been difficult to evaluate this argument until the 2010 general election, however, for which the availability of a large panel survey that includes information on those contacts allows a full assessment of the hypothesis. The results show that the more spent in a constituency the greater the volume and range of contacts there, which in turn increases the probability of individuals voting for the party concerned. |
def _filter_clusters(cluster_summaries, emr_client, exclude_strings):
exclude_as_dicts = []
for exclude_string in exclude_strings:
exclude_key, exclude_value = exclude_string.split(',')
exclude_as_dicts.append({'Key': exclude_key, 'Value': exclude_value})
for cs in cluster_summaries:
cluster_id = cs['Id']
cluster_tags = emr_client.describe_cluster(
ClusterId=cluster_id)['Cluster']['Tags']
for cluster_tag in cluster_tags:
if cluster_tag in exclude_as_dicts:
break
else:
yield cs |
package com.testgame.game.desktop;
import com.badlogic.gdx.backends.lwjgl.LwjglApplication;
import com.badlogic.gdx.backends.lwjgl.LwjglApplicationConfiguration;
import com.testgame.game.TestGame;
public class DesktopLauncher {
public static void main (String[] arg) {
LwjglApplicationConfiguration config = new LwjglApplicationConfiguration();
config.resizable = false;
config.width=600;
config.height=600;
config.title="dumbsnakegame";
config.vSyncEnabled = false; // Setting to false disables vertical sync
config.foregroundFPS = 60; // Setting to 0 disables foreground fps throttling
config.backgroundFPS = 60;
new LwjglApplication(new TestGame(), config);
}
}
|
<gh_stars>10-100
/*
* Copyright 2011 Google Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.google.ipc.invalidation.common;
import com.google.protos.ipc.invalidation.ClientProtocol.InvalidationP;
/**
* Enumeration describing whether an invalidation restarts its trickle.
*
*/
public enum TrickleState {
/** The trickle is restarting; that is, past versions may have been dropped. */
RESTART,
/** The trickle is not restarting. */
CONTINUE;
/** Returns RESTART if {@code isTrickleRestart} is true, CONTINUE otherwise. */
public static TrickleState fromBoolean(boolean isTrickleRestart) {
return isTrickleRestart ? RESTART : CONTINUE;
}
/** Returns a TrickleState based on the value of {@code invalidation.is_trickle_restart}. */
public static TrickleState fromInvalidation(InvalidationP invalidation) {
return TrickleState.fromBoolean(invalidation.getIsTrickleRestart());
}
}
|
<gh_stars>1-10
import numpy as np
def dist(p1, p2):
np1 = np.array(p1)
np2 = np.array(p2)
return np.linalg.norm(np1-np2) |
VIDEO Sister Wives returns January 7 – watch the first preview trailer!
It has been a loooooooooong time since Sister Wives fans have been able to get their polygamy drama fix with a new episode, but that is all about to change come January 7 when the Brown family returns for a brand new season! Keep reading to watch the dramatic teaser clip, which includes a wedding, a birth, a medical crisis (or two), more relationship issues between Kody and Meri, and a brand new Browntrepreneurial endeavor that I don't think anyone saw coming!
TLC may need to change the title of their super popular polygamist reality show from Sister Wives to Sister Grandmas as the Brown family welcomed their first grandchild this weekend! Jenelle's oldest daughter Maddie Brown Brush gave birth to her son Axel James Brush on Saturday, her first child with husband Caleb Brush.
This week's Sister Wives revealed a major Brown family bombshell: Mariah is gay. Read on for all the details from the episode! |
<filename>pytools/modules/hubbleseeonbirthday/__init__.py
'''初始化'''
from .hubbleseeonbirthday import HubbleSeeOnBirthday |
Peter Berck, one of the world's foremost forestry economists and a professor in UC Berkeley's Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, or ARE, died of cancer Aug. 10 at age 68.
Berck earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics from UC Berkeley and a doctorate in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He returned to campus as an assistant professor in 1976, where he remained for the duration of his career. Berck never retired, continuing to advise students and conduct research even as his illness worsened, according to his wife, Cyndi Berck.
"Peter was probably the most beloved professor in any field," Cyndi Berck said. "He had an open door policy in his office — he always had tea and coffee and loved hearing his students' life stories."
Cyndi Berck said her husband had a love of the outdoors that began after he joined the Boy Scouts of America while growing up in New York. He became involved in leadership positions with the Boy Scouts as a district chair and assistant scoutmaster of Berkeley Troop 6 when his youngest son joined the organization.
"He wanted to expand ethnic diversity in the sense that scouting is for everyone," Cyndi Berck said. "He was supportive of progress in the last several years of opening the scouts up regardless of sexual orientation or gender and he was in a position to be part of that process."
Once-in-a-generation singer, Aretha Franklin, reportedly died Thursday at 76. She was the Queen of Soul, but she also ventured into — and mastered — virtually every style of music, from jazz and classical to rhythm and blues.
Peter Berck's love for the outdoors translated into his academic pursuits — he wrote more than 100 research papers on a variety of topics, including forestry economics, management of natural resources and agricultural adaptation to climate change, according to Cyndi Berck.
Peter Berck recently developed a computer model to simulate impacts of environmental regulation on the California economy, which is now widely used by the California government to inform the state's fiscal policy, according to the ARE website. Cyndi Berck said her husband used this model to analyze the impacts of California greenhouse gas regulation, which determined that moving toward renewable energy would reduce the price of energy in California.
Though a prominent researcher, Peter Berck was also well-known for his dedication to his students, according to ARE professor Jeffrey Perloff. Upon hearing of Peter Berck's illness, some of his former graduate students created a Facebook page dedicated to him that received more than 900 comments, according to Perloff. He added that "not many people can generate that kind of love."
ARE professor Sofia Villas-Boas said some people on the Facebook page created the term "BERCKonomics" — the capitalized letters stand for bonding over environment, resources, coffee and kindness — to summarize Peter Berck's legacy. Villas-Boas said that although there were many qualities repeated in the comments to describe Peter Berck, the quality most often noted was that "he brought us all together."
"We had a connecting open door between our offices and we became really good friends," Villas-Boas said. "Later we realized that I was like his sister and he was my brother. It was really a blessing."
Peter Berck is survived by his wife, three children — David, Michelle and Joseph — his brother, Alan, and four grandchildren.
Contact Amanda Bradford at abradford@dailycal.org and follow her on Twitter at @amandabrad_uc. |
from django.shortcuts import render, reverse, redirect
from django.utils.decorators import method_decorator
from iamheadless_publisher_site import utils as iamheadless_publisher_site_utils
from iamheadless_publisher_site.conf import settings as iamheadless_publisher_site_settings
from iamheadless_publisher_site import decorators as iamheadless_publisher_site_decorators
from iamheadless_publisher_site.viewsets.item import ItemViewSet
from .conf import settings
class HomepageViewSet(ItemViewSet):
template = settings.TEMPLATE
@method_decorator(iamheadless_publisher_site_decorators.has_allowed_language(allow_none=True), name='dispatch')
def get(self, request, language=None):
if language is None:
url = reverse(
settings.URLNAME_HOMEPAGE,
kwargs={
'language': iamheadless_publisher_site_settings.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE[0]
}
)
return redirect(url)
return render(request, self.get_template(), context=self.get_context())
def get_context(self):
context = super().get_context()
language = iamheadless_publisher_site_utils.get_request_language(self.request)
languages = iamheadless_publisher_site_settings.LANGUAGES
language_links = []
for x in languages:
language = x[0]
language_links.append({
'display_name': x[1],
'url': reverse(settings.URLNAME_HOMEPAGE, kwargs={'language': language}),
'language': language
})
context['language_links'] = language_links
return context
def get_item(self):
items = self.client.retrieve_items(
iamheadless_publisher_site_settings.PROJECT_ID,
item_type=settings.ITEM_TYPE,
)
return items['results'][0]
|
/**
* The meta domain will load the meta server from System environment first, if not exist, will load
* from apollo-env.properties. If neither exists, will load the default meta url.
* <p>
* Currently, apollo supports local/dev/fat/uat/lpt/pro environments.
*/
public class MetaDomainConsts {
public static final String DEFAULT_META_URL = "http://config.local";
private static final String CONFIG_SERVER_URL = "config.server.url";
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MetaDomainConsts.class);
private static Map<Env, Object> domains = new HashMap<>();
static {
Properties prop = new Properties();
Properties env = System.getProperties();
prop = ResourceUtils.readConfigFile(ConfigConsts.CONFIG_FILE_NAME, prop);
domains.put(Env.LOCAL, env.getProperty("local_meta", prop.getProperty(CONFIG_SERVER_URL, DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.DEV, env.getProperty("dev_meta", prop.getProperty(CONFIG_SERVER_URL, DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.FAT, env.getProperty("fat_meta", prop.getProperty(CONFIG_SERVER_URL, DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.UAT, env.getProperty("uat_meta", prop.getProperty(CONFIG_SERVER_URL, DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.LPT, env.getProperty("lpt_meta", prop.getProperty(CONFIG_SERVER_URL, DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.PRO, env.getProperty("pro_meta", prop.getProperty(CONFIG_SERVER_URL, DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.DEFAULT, env.getProperty("default_meta", prop.getProperty(CONFIG_SERVER_URL, DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.DEV_A, env.getProperty("dev_a_meta", prop.getProperty("dev_a.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.DEV_B, env.getProperty("dev_b_meta", prop.getProperty("dev_b.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.TEST_A, env.getProperty("test_a_meta", prop.getProperty("test_a.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.TEST_B, env.getProperty("test_b_meta", prop.getProperty("test_b.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.TEST_C, env.getProperty("test_c_meta", prop.getProperty("test_c.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.STAGING, env.getProperty("staging_meta", prop.getProperty("staging.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.STAGING_MIRROR, env.getProperty("staging_mirror_meta", prop.getProperty("staging_mirror.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.PERFORMANCE_A, env.getProperty("performance_a_meta", prop.getProperty("performance_a.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.PERFORMANCE_B, env.getProperty("performance_b_meta", prop.getProperty("performance_b.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
domains.put(Env.PROD, env.getProperty("prod_meta", prop.getProperty("prod.meta", DEFAULT_META_URL)));
}
public static String getDomain(Env env) {
return String.valueOf(domains.get(env));
}
} |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2012 The WebRTC project authors. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
* that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
* tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
* in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may
* be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
*/
#include <algorithm> // Access to min.
#include "modules/audio_coding/neteq/sync_buffer.h"
#include "rtc_base/checks.h"
namespace webrtc {
size_t SyncBuffer::FutureLength() const {
return Size() - next_index_;
}
void SyncBuffer::PushBack(const AudioMultiVector& append_this) {
size_t samples_added = append_this.Size();
AudioMultiVector::PushBack(append_this);
AudioMultiVector::PopFront(samples_added);
if (samples_added <= next_index_) {
next_index_ -= samples_added;
} else {
// This means that we are pushing out future data that was never used.
// assert(false);
// TODO(hlundin): This assert must be disabled to support 60 ms frames.
// This should not happen even for 60 ms frames, but it does. Investigate
// why.
next_index_ = 0;
}
dtmf_index_ -= std::min(dtmf_index_, samples_added);
}
void SyncBuffer::PushFrontZeros(size_t length) {
InsertZerosAtIndex(length, 0);
}
void SyncBuffer::InsertZerosAtIndex(size_t length, size_t position) {
position = std::min(position, Size());
length = std::min(length, Size() - position);
AudioMultiVector::PopBack(length);
for (size_t channel = 0; channel < Channels(); ++channel) {
channels_[channel]->InsertZerosAt(length, position);
}
if (next_index_ >= position) {
// We are moving the |next_index_| sample.
set_next_index(next_index_ + length); // Overflow handled by subfunction.
}
if (dtmf_index_ > 0 && dtmf_index_ >= position) {
// We are moving the |dtmf_index_| sample.
set_dtmf_index(dtmf_index_ + length); // Overflow handled by subfunction.
}
}
void SyncBuffer::ReplaceAtIndex(const AudioMultiVector& insert_this,
size_t length,
size_t position) {
position = std::min(position, Size()); // Cap |position| in the valid range.
length = std::min(length, Size() - position);
AudioMultiVector::OverwriteAt(insert_this, length, position);
}
void SyncBuffer::ReplaceAtIndex(const AudioMultiVector& insert_this,
size_t position) {
ReplaceAtIndex(insert_this, insert_this.Size(), position);
}
void SyncBuffer::GetNextAudioInterleaved(size_t requested_len,
AudioFrame* output) {
RTC_DCHECK(output);
const size_t samples_to_read = std::min(FutureLength(), requested_len);
output->ResetWithoutMuting();
const size_t tot_samples_read =
ReadInterleavedFromIndex(next_index_, samples_to_read,
output->mutable_data());
const size_t samples_read_per_channel = tot_samples_read / Channels();
next_index_ += samples_read_per_channel;
output->num_channels_ = Channels();
output->samples_per_channel_ = samples_read_per_channel;
}
void SyncBuffer::IncreaseEndTimestamp(uint32_t increment) {
end_timestamp_ += increment;
}
void SyncBuffer::Flush() {
Zeros(Size());
next_index_ = Size();
end_timestamp_ = 0;
dtmf_index_ = 0;
}
void SyncBuffer::set_next_index(size_t value) {
// Cannot set |next_index_| larger than the size of the buffer.
next_index_ = std::min(value, Size());
}
void SyncBuffer::set_dtmf_index(size_t value) {
// Cannot set |dtmf_index_| larger than the size of the buffer.
dtmf_index_ = std::min(value, Size());
}
} // namespace webrtc
|
Okey is a board game which is played by many nations in Europe, especially in Turkey. Game itself is very addictive. It is rummy variant, played with a set of 106 tiles. Tiles are numbered from 1 to 13, with the numbers printed in four different colours. There are eight tiles of each number: two red, two yellow, two green and two black. In addition there are two special, tiles without numbers. |
The affordability and portability of the latest breed of professional equipment and devices have ironically resulted in making us carry more things with us all the time. That, in turn, has often resulted in the purchase of specialized bags and packs that, unfortunately, can’t be used for other purposes or situations. That’s what Boundary’s new Errant Pack tries to solve. Not only does its modular design mean there’s a space for everything, it also means that it can be a bag for everyone and for every use case as well.
Whether you’re a creative, a photographer, or a commuter, the Errant Pack sleek and discrete design won’t look out of place in whatever scenario. And while it is primarily a backpack, it also has a brief style side carry mode for more formal appearances. It’s clamshell style opening also means you can get quick access to the most important and most used items inside quickly and conveniently without spilling everything else out.
The 22-liter bag has compartments and pockets for a wide variety of things, from a 17-inch laptop to a 13-inch tablet to a water bottle to a camera tripod to shoes that you want to keep away from the rest of your things. The Errant Pack makes use of a lot of magnetic and auto-locking buckles that offer both security and convenience at the same time.
Of course, a modular bag can’t exactly be considered modular if there are no modules. That’s where the CB-1 and MK-2 come in. While these inserts do have photographers primarily in mind, they are just as flexible and general-purpose as the Errant Pack itself. But even without those, the backpack has plenty of room for anything and everything you can stick inside.
The Boundary Errant Pack is currently on Kickstarter but as far as its funding goal is concerned, the idea definitely has a lot of fans. A single Errant Pack will cost your $100 now ($150 retail price) and a combo with both the MK-2 and CB-1 goes up to $199. |
Diagnosing and Understanding Angiostrongyliasis, A Zoonotic Cause of Meningitis. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis is spreading worldwide, and it can manifest as a severe neurological disease. Angiostrongyliasis is a food- and water-borne parasitosis that usually exhibits a seasonal and circumscribed geographical distribution. To improve control and treatment of these infections, further studies of transmission dynamics under natural conditions and the development of better diagnostic tools and treatment options are needed. |
<filename>src/oidcrp/provider/linkedin.py
from oidcmsg import oauth2
from oidcmsg.message import Message
from oidcmsg.message import SINGLE_OPTIONAL_JSON
from oidcmsg.message import SINGLE_OPTIONAL_STRING
from oidcmsg.message import SINGLE_REQUIRED_INT
from oidcmsg.message import SINGLE_REQUIRED_STRING
from oidcservice.oauth2 import access_token
from oidcservice.oidc import userinfo
class AccessTokenResponse(Message):
"""
Access token response
"""
c_param = {
"access_token": SINGLE_REQUIRED_STRING,
"expires_in": SINGLE_REQUIRED_INT
}
class UserSchema(Message):
c_param = {
"firstName": SINGLE_OPTIONAL_STRING,
"headline": SINGLE_OPTIONAL_STRING,
"id": SINGLE_REQUIRED_STRING,
"lastName": SINGLE_OPTIONAL_STRING,
"siteStandardProfileRequest": SINGLE_OPTIONAL_JSON
}
class AccessToken(access_token.AccessToken):
msg_type = oauth2.AccessTokenRequest
response_cls = AccessTokenResponse
error_msg = oauth2.TokenErrorResponse
class UserInfo(userinfo.UserInfo):
response_cls = UserSchema
|
package com.apress.spring.config;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.RowMapper;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.builders.AuthenticationManagerBuilder;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configuration.EnableGlobalAuthentication;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.configurers.GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.security.core.authority.AuthorityUtils;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
@Configuration
@EnableGlobalAuthentication
public class JdbcSecurityConfiguration extends GlobalAuthenticationConfigurerAdapter{
@Bean
public UserDetailsService userDetailsService(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
RowMapper<User> userRowMapper = (ResultSet rs, int i) ->
new User(
rs.getString("ACCOUNT_NAME"),
rs.getString("PASSWORD"),
rs.getBoolean("ENABLED"),
rs.getBoolean("ENABLED"),
rs.getBoolean("ENABLED"),
rs.getBoolean("ENABLED"),
AuthorityUtils.createAuthorityList("ROLE_USER", "ROLE_ADMIN"));
return username ->
jdbcTemplate.queryForObject("SELECT * from ACCOUNT where ACCOUNT_NAME = ?",
userRowMapper, username);
}
@Autowired
private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
@Override
public void init(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
auth.userDetailsService(this.userDetailsService);
}
}
|
Story highlights Trump's Milwaukee trip is canceled
He was to visit a Harley-Davidson factory
Washington (CNN) President Donald Trump will not head to Milwaukee for a previously scheduled visit of a Harley-Davidson factory after the company decided it wasn't comfortable hosting him amid planned protests, an administration official said Tuesday.
Trump had been scheduled to tour the factory Thursday where he also planned to sign executive orders related to American manufacturing.
The visit had not been publicly announced, but White House staffers were already on the ground in Milwaukee setting up for Trump's planned visit to the factory on Thursday.
White House spokeswoman Stephanie Grisham confirmed Trump is not expected to go to Milwaukee on Thursday.
Harley-Davidson issued a statement Tuesday night saying they "don't have, nor did we have, a scheduled visit from the President this week at any of our facilities."
Read More |
Quaternization of Poly(2-diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) Brush-Grafted Magnetic Mesoporous Nanoparticles Using 2-Iodoethanol for Removing Anionic Dyes : Magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 -MSNs) were successfully synthesized with a relatively high surface area of 568 m 2 g − 1. Fe 3 O 4 -MSNs were then modified with poly(2-diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) brushes using surface-initiated ARGET atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) (Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA). Since the charge of PDEAEMA is externally regulated by solution pH, tertiary amines in the polymer chains were quaternized using 2-iodoethanol to obtain cationic polymer chains with a permanent positive charge (Fe 3 O 4 @MSN- Q PDMAEMA). The intensity of the C − O peak in the C1s X-ray photoelectron spectrum increased after reaction with 2-iodoethanol, suggesting that the quaternization process was successful. The applicability of the synthesized materials on the removal of methyl orange (MO), and sunset yellow (E110) dyes from an aqueous solution was examined. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial dyes concentrations on the removal performance were investigated by batch experiments. The results showed that the Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA sample exhibited a weak adsorption performance toward both MO and E110, compared with Fe 3 O 4 @MSN- Q PDMAEMA at a pH level above 5. The maximum adsorption capacities of MO and E110 using Fe 3 O 4 @MSN- Q PDMAEMA were 294 mg g − 1 and 194.8 mg g − 1, respectively. Introduction According to recent United Nations projections, the world's population will increase by more than a third by 2050. Currently, many countries worldwide suffer from a shortage of water, and therefore, achieving sustainable water management is a major challenge for such countries. Sustainable water management contains industrial wastewater treatment. In recent decades, industrial wastewater treatment has become increasingly complex. Increased population growth has led to an increase in industrialization and, consequently, an increase in the release of pollutants into wastewater, which threatens health and the environment. In the past few decades, great attention has been paid to the adsorption process due to its ease of application on a large scale and its efficiency. Recently, several conventional adsorbents (e.g., activated carbons, ordered mesoporous carbons, metal-organic frameworks, carbon nanotubes, graphenebased nanocomposites, activated carbons and natural clay have been used for the removal of dyes from contaminated water solutions. However, most of these solid adsorbents are not widely practiced due to poor selectivity, high cost, difficult disposal, and complex preparation processes. Therefore, it is of great importance to find an adsorbent that is highly efficient, economic, and selective toward organic dyes. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are one of the most widely used adsorbent materials in water purification due to their non-toxicity, high adsorption capacity, tunable pore structures, pore size, shorter equilibrium time, and abundant surface functional groups. To increase the adsorption efficiency of the porous silica particles, their surfaces have been modified with different functional groups such as amine, carboxyl, thiol, and epoxy. The contaminants are often removed through electrostatic interactions between the target analytes and the functional groups present on the surface of the nanoparticles. To bind these functional groups on the surface of the silica, the self-assembly technique has been widely applied. The density of these functional groups on the surface is the crucial factor to increase the efficiency of adsorption. Furthermore, in order to improve the active sites available on the surface of the nanoparticles, surface modification with polymer brushes has been proposed. Polymer brushes (surface-confined macromolecular architectures) are being increasingly used for a variety of applications and consist of a linear backbone densely grafted with polymeric side chains. The confined and compact structure of the polymer brushes can provide the nanoparticle surface with remarkable properties such as stimuli responsiveness, in which the polymer can change its conformation structure by changing the surrounding environment, such as pH and temperature. A variety of polymer brushes were applied to the surface of silica nanoparticles such as poly(2-(tert-butylamino) ethyl methacrylate) and poly(2-diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) to study their responsive behaviors. The results show that in the acidic medium, the polymer chains expand, while in the basic medium, the polymer chain collapse. The novelty of this work is to synthesize new materials using the quaternization process for potential applications. To the best of our knowledge, there is very little work in the literature on the use of pH-responsive polymer brushes in water remediation. In this paper, we developed effective materials based on silica nanoparticles and pH-sensitive poly(2diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) brush for removing dyes from water. The objectives are divided into two parts. First, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared, then their surface was grafted with pH-sensitive poly(2-diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) brush. Next, the tertiary amines were quaternized with 2-iodoethanol to eliminate the influence of pH on the adsorption performance of the material. The prepared materials were characterized by several techniques, including FTIR, XPS, SEM, and TEM. Finally, the performance of the prepared materials in removing methyl orange (MO) and sunset yellow (E110) dyes from an aqueous solution was investigated. A variety of sorption isotherms, including Langmuir and Freundlich models, as well as kinetic models, were applied to the experimental data to predict the adsorption capabilities of the synthesized adsorbents. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) Iron (II) chloride (3.12 g) and iron (III) chloride (4.80 g) were dissolved in DI-water (30 mL) and stirred at 90 C under N 2 gas. Then, ammonium hydroxide (20 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and kept under stirring for 150 min. Finally, the solid was separated and washed with water and ethanol. Iron Oxide Covered with Mesoporous Silica (Fe 3 O 4 @MSNs) Iron oxide coated with mesoporous silica (Fe 3 O 4 @ MSNs) was synthesized according to previously reported studies by Beagan et al.. To this end, 0.5 g of Fe 3 O 4 was suspended in 150 mL of DI-water, followed by the addition of CTAB (1.0 g) at 38 C. Then, ammonium hydroxide (7 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. A solution containing 5 mL of TEOS and 20 mL of n-hexane was slowly added to the reaction mixture with stirring. After 15 h, the solid was separated and washed with DI-water and ethanol. Measurement and Characterization Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were acquired using the JEOL instrument, model JSM-7610F at 15Kv. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were acquired using the JEOL instrument, model JEM-1400 at 100 Kv. PerkinElmer Spectrum BX instrument was used to obtain infrared spectra in the region of 400-4400 cm −1 with a resolution of 4 cm −1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were obtained using the JEOL instrument, model JPS-9030. The UV spectrum was obtained using SpectraMax 384 Plus UV/Vis spectrophotometer with a microplate reader. The surface zeta potential of the polymer-modified MSNs was measured using Zetasizer Nano ZS, Malvern. The specific surface area, pore size distribution, and pore volume of the synthesized materials were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) (Gemini VII, 2390 Surface Area, and Porosity USA). Prior to analysis, samples were degassed at 150 C under nitrogen flow for 2 h to remove moisture and gasses. The crystalline phase of the fabricated magnetite nanoparticles was determined using powder X-ray diffraction technique, with Mini Flex II X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu K radiation ( = 1.5405 ) at 5 /min. Adsorption Experiments The adsorption behavior of the anionic dyes (MO and FCF) on the surface of Fe 3 O 4 @ MSN-PDMAEMA and Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA was explored as a function of changing the initial concentrations, exposure time, and the solution's pHs. Generally, 10 mg of the sorbent was suspended in 15 mL of a solution containing a specific amount of the selected dye at 25 C and a shaking rate of 150 rpm. The sorbent material was separated by centrifuge at a specific time. The amount of the chosen dye adsorbed on the surface was estimated using UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The adsorption capacity (q e ) at equilibrium (mgg −1 ) was calculated using Equation. where C 0 is the dyes' initial concentration (mgL −1 ), and C e is the concentration of dyes at equilibrium (mgL −1 ). V and m are the volume (L) and the mass of adsorbents (g), respectively. Adsorption Isotherms The adsorption data of the selected dyes on the sorbents were fitted using different isotherm models. Equation presents a linear form of the Langmuir isotherm model. where q m represents the maximum capacity (mg/g) of the anionic dyes adsorbed on the sorbents. k l is the Langmuir constant (Lmg −1 ). Equation presents a linear form of the Freundlich isotherm model. log q e = 1 n log C e + log K F where 1/n is the measure of intensity, and K F is the Freundlich constant ((mg/g)/(mg/L) 1/n ). Adsorption Kinetics The adsorption data of the selected dyes on the sorbents were assessed using pseudofirst-and second-order equations. Equation presents the pseudo-first-order equation. where q t is the adsorption capacity at time t (mgg −1 ), and K 1 is the rate coefficient of pseudo-first-order adsorption (Lmin −1 ). Equation presents the pseudo-second-order equation. where K 2 is the rate constant of adsorption in the pseudo-second-order model (g/mgmin). Characterization The co-precipitation protocol was used to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ) by mixing two types of iron salts. As shown in Figure 1A, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles are nearly spherical with an average particle size of ca. 21 nm. However, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles have shown agglomeration as a result of their paramagnetic property. After coating Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with mesoporous silica shell using TEOS as silica source and CTAB as directing agent in a basic solution, there was an increase in the particle size from 21 nm to ca. 230 nm, with the shape of semi-sphere-like nanoparticle, as shown in Figure 1B. The presence of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in the core of mesoporous nanomaterials is clearly seen in the TEM image ( Figure 1C), indicating successful coating. The average core size was estimated to be 19 nm, which is in agreement with the SEM image of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. Figure The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of Fe3O4-NPs and Fe3O4@MSNs are shown in Figure 3, and the related parameter results are listed in Table 1. It was observed that Fe3O4-NPs and Fe3O4@MSNs exhibited type-IV isotherm, which reveals the material's mesoporous characteristics. However, a variation in the hysteresis Loops was observed for both materials, as Fe3O4@MSNs showed a typical H1 hysteresis loop, indicating the presence of a narrow range of uniform mesopores where networking effects are minimal, whereas H3 hysteresis loop was obtained for Fe3O4-NPs indicates the existence of complex pore structure and networking effects are significant. A specific surface area of 568.3 m/g and 61.8 m/g were obtained for Fe3O4@MSNs and Fe3O4-NPs, respectively. Fe3O4@MSNs had well-defined narrow pores size ca.5 nm, whereas Fe3O4-NPs had a broader pore size distribution of ca 20-50 nm, which could be related to the agglomeration of the magnetite NPs. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of Fe3O4-NPs and Fe3O4@MSNs are shown in Figure 3, and the related parameter results are listed in Table 1. It was observed that Fe3O4-NPs and Fe3O4@MSNs exhibited type-IV isotherm, which reveals the material's mesoporous characteristics. However, a variation in the hysteresis Loops was observed for both materials, as Fe3O4@MSNs showed a typical H1 hysteresis loop, indicating the presence of a narrow range of uniform mesopores where networking effects are minimal, whereas H3 hysteresis loop was obtained for Fe3O4-NPs indicates the existence of complex pore structure and networking effects are significant. A specific surface area of 568.3 m/g and 61.8 m/g were obtained for Fe3O4@MSNs and Fe3O4-NPs, respectively. Fe3O4@MSNs had well-defined narrow pores size ca.5 nm, whereas Fe3O4-NPs had a broader pore size distribution of ca 20-50 nm, which could be related to the agglomeration of the magnetite NPs. CTAB), Fe3O4@MSN-Br, and Fe3O4@MSN-PDEAEMA. The absorption peaks of Si-O-Si bonds were observed at ~1090 and ~1240 cm −1 for all samples. The stretching absorption vibration of Si-OH was allocated at ~3460 and ~970 cm −1. The absorption peaks of C-H stretching bands were assigned at ~2940 cm −1 and ~2840 cm −1 for as made Fe3O4@MSNs, where were disappeared after the CTAB extraction process. Compared with Fe3O4@MSN-Br, a new peak was observed at ~1730 cm −1 after the polymerization process, referred to as C = O groups. The surface charges of Fe3O4@MSN-PDMAEMA and Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA were also investigated using a zeta potential analyzer, and the results are shown in Figure 6. Both materials had similar zeta potential at pH below 7. However, above pH 7 the Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA potential remained almost constant, whereas a significant drop in the potential of Fe3O4@MSN-PDMAEMA material was observed. The surface charges of Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA and Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA were also investigated using a zeta potential analyzer, and the results are shown in Figure 6. Both materials had similar zeta potential at pH below 7. However, above pH 7 the Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA potential remained almost constant, whereas a significant drop in the potential of Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA material was observed. The surface charges of Fe3O4@MSN-PDMAEMA and Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA were also investigated using a zeta potential analyzer, and the results are shown in Figure 6. Both materials had similar zeta potential at pH below 7. However, above pH 7 the Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA potential remained almost constant, whereas a significant drop in the potential of Fe3O4@MSN-PDMAEMA material was observed. Effect of pH on Adsorption The influence of pH on the removal of two sulfonic acid-based dyes, MO and E110 by Fe3O4@MSN-PDMAEMA and Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA were examined, (Figure 7). Each sample (10 mg) was mixed with 200 mg/cm −3 of the targeted analytes at pH ranging from 4 to 9. Fe3O4@MSN-PDMAEMA sample exhibited a weak adsorption performance toward MO with 40% extraction efficiency at pH < 6, whereas 100% extraction efficiency was achieved using Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA. The observed behavior can be explained Effect of pH on Adsorption The influence of pH on the removal of two sulfonic acid-based dyes, MO and E110 by Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA and Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA were examined, (Figure 7). Each sample (10 mg) was mixed with 200 mg/cm −3 of the targeted analytes at pH ranging from 4 to 9. Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA sample exhibited a weak adsorption performance toward MO with 40% extraction efficiency at pH < 6, whereas 100% extraction efficiency was achieved using Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA. The observed behavior can be explained by knowing the actual pKa value of PDMAEMA (pKa = 6.8). As the pH increased above pKa, the polymer brush became deprotonated and collapsed. When the pH was below the pKa, the polymer was positively charged and swollen due to the protonation of the tertiary amine groups. However, previous investigations confirmed that the pKa value of PDMAEMA can be shifted to below 5 depending upon the polymer's grafting density and thickness. Therefore, it is possible that the grafting density of the sample was high, causing a significant pKa shift, especially when silane as initiator was used. Hence, it should not be surprising that Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA was less efficient in removing the negatively charged dyes, due to the deprotonation of polymer chains. E110 dye exhibited a better adsorption performance which might be attributed to the presence of two sulfonic acid moieties compared with the one in MO. Equilibrium Isotherms Detailed knowledge of the equilibrium adsorption isotherm is essential in examining the interactive behavior between the adsorbent and the adsorbate in any adsorption system. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed, as shown in Figure 8. In order to study the isotherms, the concentration of the analytes was adjusted in the range of 50-250 mgL −1 and 300-1000 mgL −1 for MO and E110, respectively. The experimental parameters were performed using the optimum conditions. Langmuir isotherm assumes that a homogeneous interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate at the material's adsorption sites with the formation of a monolayer of the adsorbate on the material's surface. In contrast, the Freundlich isotherm model assumes the possibility of the existence of the multilayer sorption mechanism at the surface of absorbents with a heterogeneous energy distribution of active sites. The correlation coefficient (R 2 ) is the criterion used to assess how well the data are fit with each model. The model with a higher R 2 value will be utilized to describe the adsorption mechanism. The equilibrium data of the adsorption of MO (Figure 8b) fitted well with the Langmuir model with R 2 of more than 0.99, indicating the formation of a monolayer of MO molecules on the surface of the adsorbent (homogeneous interaction) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 294 mg g −1. On the other hand, the equilibrium data of the E110 adsorption fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating the formation of multilayers of E110 molecules on the surface of the adsorbent (heterogeneous interaction) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 194.8 mg g −1. The difference between the two dyes in terms of the interaction can be attributed to the presence of two sulfonic moieties in both sides of E110 molecules, making them more electronegative compared with MO molecules, and consequently, more attraction with the positively charged adsorbent surface. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 16 by knowing the actual pKa value of PDMAEMA (pKa = 6.8). As the pH increased above pKa, the polymer brush became deprotonated and collapsed. When the pH was below the pKa, the polymer was positively charged and swollen due to the protonation of the tertiary amine groups. However, previous investigations confirmed that the pKa value of PDMAEMA can be shifted to below 5 depending upon the polymer's grafting density and thickness. Therefore, it is possible that the grafting density of the sample was high, causing a significant pKa shift, especially when silane as initiator was used. Hence, it should not be surprising that Fe3O4@MSN-PDMAEMA was less efficient in removing the negatively charged dyes, due to the deprotonation of polymer chains. E110 dye exhibited a better adsorption performance which might be attributed to the presence of two sulfonic acid moieties compared with the one in MO. Equilibrium Isotherms Detailed knowledge of the equilibrium adsorption isotherm is essential in examining the interactive behavior between the adsorbent and the adsorbate in any adsorption system. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were employed, as shown in Figure 8. In order to study the isotherms, the concentration of the analytes was adjusted in the range of 50-250 mgL −1 and 300-1000 mgL −1 for MO and E110, respectively. The experimental parameters were performed using the optimum conditions. Langmuir isotherm assumes that a homogeneous interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate at the material's adsorption sites with the formation of a monolayer of the adsorbate on the material's surface. In contrast, the Freundlich isotherm model assumes the possibility of the existence of the multilayer sorption mechanism at the surface of absorbents with a heterogeneous energy distribution of active sites. The correlation coefficient (R 2 ) is the criterion used to assess how well the data are fit with each model. The model with a higher R 2 value will be utilized to describe the adsorption mechanism. The equilibrium data of the adsorption of MO (Figure 8b) The extraction of methyl orange and sunset yellow dyes using a variety of adsorbents has been extensively studied. Table 2 demonstrates a comparative study of the maximum adsorption capacities of some adsorbents for MO and E110 along with the current work. It is obvious that the adsorption capacities of our novel material are higher than other competitive adsorbents, indicating that Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA can be considered a promising adsorbent for the removal of both dyes from aqueous solutions. isotherm model, indicating the formation of multilayers of E110 molecules on the surface of the adsorbent (heterogeneous interaction) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 194.8 mgg −1. The difference between the two dyes in terms of the interaction can be attributed to the presence of two sulfonic moieties in both sides of E110 molecules, making them more electronegative compared with MO molecules, and consequently, more attraction with the positively charged adsorbent surface. The extraction of methyl orange and sunset yellow dyes using a variety of adsorbents has been extensively studied. Table 2 demonstrates a comparative study of the maximum adsorption capacities of some adsorbents for MO and E110 along with the current work. It is obvious that the adsorption capacities of our novel material are higher than other competitive adsorbents, indicating that Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA can be considered a promising adsorbent for the removal of both dyes from aqueous solutions. Effect of Adsorption Time and Adsorption Kinetics A kinetic study of the removal of studied analytes is crucial to understand and describe the kinetic mechanism of Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA. Each dye (14 mL) was placed in a 15 mL centrifuge tube of fixed initial concentrations, followed by the addition of 10 mg of Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA, and the mixture was shaken at 25 C for different time intervals. The data were then fitted with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-secondorder kinetic models (Figure 9a-d). Along with these two models, the intraparticle diffusion model was also studied to investigate the process of the sequestration of analytes from aqueous solution onto SNPs, (Figure 9e,f). It can be shown that the uptake data of both dyes by the adsorbent fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model, indicating an inclination toward chemisorption. This implies that the rate of the analyte's uptake depends upon the adsorption capacity and not the concentration of adsorbate. The results obtained by the intraparticle diffusion model showed that rapid removal of the MO dye at the initial stage was caused by the presence of a considerable number of free active sites on the surface of Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA that analyte molecules could bind to (boundary layer diffusion effects). A reduction in the removal rate at the second stage was observed due to a significant drop in the number of the available active sites on the sorbent's surface. This resulted in the diffusion of the MO molecule through the pores (pore diffusion). In the case of E110 dye, a different behavior was observed, as the dye was adsorbed by the sorbent in one kinetic stage, which could be attributed to the multilayer adsorption of E110 dye on the adsorbent surface. The values of the intraparticle diffusion rate constants K id of both dyes are summarized in Table 3. Higher K id value indicates higher intraparticle mass transfer, which means that the kinetics of E110 uptake by Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA may be controlled by film diffusion mechanism, whereas pore diffusion was more active in the adsorption of MO. scribe the kinetic mechanism of Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA. Each dye (14 mL) was placed in a 15 mL centrifuge tube of fixed initial concentrations, followed by the addition of 10 mg of Fe3O4@MSN-QPDMAEMA, and the mixture was shaken at 25 °C for different time intervals. The data were then fitted with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-secondorder kinetic models (Figure 9a-d). Along with these two models, the intraparticle diffusion model was also studied to investigate the process of the sequestration of analytes from aqueous solution onto SNPs, (Figure 9e,f). It can be shown that the uptake data of both dyes by the adsorbent fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model, indicating an inclination toward chemisorption. This implies that the rate of the analyte's uptake depends upon the adsorption capacity and not the concentration of adsorbate. Conclusions In summary, we reported the synthesis of magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles, followed by the modification with 2-diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) using surface-initiated ARGET atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Furthermore, the polymer chains were quaternized using 2-iodoethanol to obtain a cationic polymer that would not be affected by the solution's pH. The synthesized materials were characterized using a variety of advanced techniques. The characterization results showed that Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particles sized ca. 29 nm. When the Fe 3 O 4 were coated with a mesoporous silica shell, the particle size was increased to 230 nm, confirming the successful loading of the silica shell. Finally, the materials were evaluated for the removal of methyl orange (MO) and sunset yellow (E110) dyes from an aqueous solution. The results showed that the Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-PDMAEMA sample exhibited a weak adsorption performance toward both MO and E110, compared with Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA. The maximum adsorption capacities of MO and E110 using Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA were 294 mg g −1 and 194.8 mg g −1, respectively. Thus, the high sorption ability, ease of applicability, abundance of the raw materials, and low price make Fe 3 O 4 @MSN-QPDMAEMA a promising adsorbent for the removal of both dyes from aqueous solutions. |
// NewTokenSenderTransactor creates a new write-only instance of TokenSender, bound to a specific deployed contract.
func NewTokenSenderTransactor(address common.Address, transactor bind.ContractTransactor) (*TokenSenderTransactor, error) {
contract, err := bindTokenSender(address, nil, transactor, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &TokenSenderTransactor{contract: contract}, nil
} |
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
FOUNDATION_EXPORT double Pods_PaperSwitchAppVersionNumber;
FOUNDATION_EXPORT const unsigned char Pods_PaperSwitchAppVersionString[];
|
<filename>python/python-algorithm-intervew/7-array/12-best-buy-sell-stock-1.py
"""
* 주식을 사고팔기 가장 좋은 시점
한번의 거래로 낼 수 있는 최대 이익을 산출하라.
- 입력
[7, 1, 5, 3, 6, 4]
- 출력
5
"""
from typing import List
class Solution:
# 브루트 포스 방식 풀이
def maxProfit(self, prices: List[int]) -> int:
max_price = 0
for i in range(len(prices)):
for j in range(i + 1, len(prices)):
max_price = max(max_price,
prices[j] - prices[i])
return max_price
if __name__ == '__main__':
solution = Solution()
param = [7, 1, 5, 3, 6, 4]
print(solution.maxProfit(param)) |
Guy Watson on how Riverford Farm is living with climate change By rob hopkins 16th March 2014
Perhaps those for whom the notion of ‘living with climate change’ is most acutely felt are farmers. Their business models depend on the weather obliging them with good growing conditions, something it is increasingly failing to do. We talked to Guy Watson, the founder of Riverford Organic Vegetables to hear his thoughts and experiences. His main suggestions? We need perennial cereals. And to develop a love for kale.
We’ve had a few weeks of very extreme weather over the last little while. How has that manifested at Riverford?
It has rained pretty relentlessly since early December. We’ve had 10 weeks of rain which seems to have come to an end now. We’ve actually been very lucky in that it’s happened at the dormant time of year where we’ve finished harvesting roots and we would be planting a few things by now and preparing the ground for planting in an ideal year, but hopefully we’ll be able to start doing something next week. A delay of a month in planting sometimes means absolutely nothing when it comes to harvest, because growing conditions in that month can be so variable, what you plant in late March can come earlier than what you plant in late February.
So we’ve been very lucky, but I suppose. We’ve got livestock that we overwinter on some pretty light draining land and it’s all been poached up, meaning that the grass has all been turned to mud. But actually, that was land that we were going to plough and grass up this spring anyway and it won’t damage the soil significantly because it’s quite resilient ground.
We have been lucky. I can see on neighbours’ land, people who sowed autumn cereals late, they just haven’t grown. The ground’s been waterlogged and there’s been a fair amount of soil erosion, and it’s been a pretty sad sight. I think our ground has stood up. I’m quite encouraged actually, walking around. Over the last 5 years I suppose we’ve adopted a more extensive rotation, by which I mean there’s more grass and less cultivation, which has meant that the structure of the ground is better.
There are probably more earthworms, more organic matter. The ground is more open, meaning that water can enter the soil and percolate through it faster so you get less run-off, better drainage and more air in the soil. Where we haven’t driven over it with a tractor – sometimes you have to drive into fields to get vegetables out – or poached it up with livestock, it’s in a pretty good state. I think it will drain and recover quite quickly.
Our winter crops, yes we’ve had to go in there and harvest leeks and cauliflowers and so on. You have to get them out of the field with a tractor and that has made a mess, but it’s in fairly small areas and the crops have been OK. It’s been miserable for our staff but actually it’s been OK.
One of the most striking images of the recent floods was a picture of the UK from space where you could see this brown stain around the South, these plumes of soil being washed out. Can organic farming be seen as a solution to that?
I think organic is probably less likely to result in soil loss when we do get these extreme weather events. The reason for that is I think the soil is in better structure, and more open so you get more percolation and less run-off. I think if you go to the Environment Agency, that’s what they’ll be wanting to encourage farmers, the farming practices that lead to those sorts of things. I can look around at neighbours’ ground where there’s been intensive cereals and you can see the run-off is appalling.
You can see the water just does not soak into the ground, and I think the adoption of autumn sown cereals rather than spring sown cereals, some of the cultivation techniques that are used now – people using power harrows rather than traditional harrows. You can plough and plant cereals in borderline conditions but probably damaging the soil quite a lot. I think I can see the effect of that. Good agricultural practice would be to bring sowing dates forward to ensure you’ve got a good ground cover before winter. People are still sowing well into November. I seem to remember we did have a very dampish autumn and then it dried up in late October- November and I think that’s when most of the cereals were sown this year, and it was too late for a lot of them.
I think organic practice, by virtue of having better soil structure, is likely to result in less erosion. You get virtually no erosion off grass fields. We tend to have a lot more grass in our rotation. Of course, you might argue that that’s not going to feed a population that’s hungry for grain and hungry for animals that eat the grain, chickens and pigs and increasingly dairy cows now, but I suppose one might argue that we shouldn’t be eating so many of those foods. I feel very strongly that it would take more than a shift to organic agriculture to solve the looming problems that we have.
I think we need to look very carefully at the balance. Most of our food crops are annual crops. Wheat, barley; if you look around the world, wheat, barley, maize, rice, potatoes to some extent. So they’re annual crops which require intensive cultivation, which inevitably means damage to the soil. Some cultivations are worse than others and you can grow with less cultivation, but annual crops are bad for the soil there’s absolutely no question about it. If you have any sensitivity to it, if you go and look at a permanent grass field you’ll see it’s absolutely teeming with life, earthworms and invertebrates. It will have ten times the population of earthworms if not a hundred and that’s probably reflected in all the other soil species as well.
You then compare that to somewhere which is growing intensive cereals and there’s land in the South West which has probably been in barley and wheat virtually continually for 30 years, and you’ll struggle to find an earthworm. The soil is in a pretty desperate state with very low organic matter. It’s bad for the soil.
But how can we feed ourselves when we’re so dependent on it? We need to develop perennial growing crops. It’s a bit of a bugbear of mine, but wheat, barley, maize, maybe rice, originally they’re all derived from progenitors which would have been perennial plants. Maize certainly comes from perennial ancestry. We’ve bred them to be annuals and to produce big seeds that are easily harvested, which will all ripen at the same time, which is great for farmers and great for seed companies because we go to seed companies and buy the seed every year. What we need is a grain crop that you can harvest and let it recover without cultivation, and go back and harvest it again the next year. If we were harvesting grass seed, when you are harvesting grass seed that’s what you do.
I’m sure if a fraction of the money that’s gone into developing GM crops had gone into perennialising some of our major crops, we would have perennial crops now. You’d be sequestering carbon in the soil because you wouldn’t be cultivating it. You wouldn’t be using fossil fuels to cultivate the soil. We wouldn’t have the run-off problems. The benefits would be just huge, and I’m sure it would be much better for wildlife and I think even potentially it could be more productive. If you think that the soil in this country, from July, August, September, October, so a third of the year, even into October, November, December, there’s no ground cover so for half the year the ground is not photosynthesising, not producing anything. If you can have a crop that is photosynthesising all the year, I’d have thought there’d be the potential for it to be a lot more productive.
But there’s no incentive in our current capitalist system for anyone to develop a perennial seed for anything, because you’d only sell it once. I would like to see some. Maybe Bill Gates would do it, put some money, not looking for a return, into perennialising some of those crops?
That’s my current bugbear. It’s quite interesting in Uganda where I’ve just been. Their main starch source in bananas, which is a perennial crop. It just keeps coming back over and over again and you see them growing mixed up with other fruit crops; mangos, papayas, jackfruits, all major food sources. They tend to be grown in a mixture with the bananas, sometimes with coffee underneath. All perennials. It’s a very healthy system. You get very few pest problems because it is all mixed up.
At Riverford over the last 10 years or so, as the pattern of more changing weather and extreme weather has become more pronounced, how have you adapted? From outside Riverford one of the things you notice is the number of polytunnels that you have has increased exponentially. How else have you adapted?
The overall policy is to mitigate and avoid risk. One way that we’ve done that is to put up polytunnels, which have been very successful financially and in terms of our customers, they like the products that come out of them. It means we have to import less and have interesting salads throughout the year. Another thing is that I spent 15 years pushing into what we call the shoulders of the season. It’s easy to produce a lettuce from the end of May to mid-September. With the use of fleeces and early planting you can be producing them the first week in May and can carry on producing them into November and even up to Christmas by using different varieties and going into growing escaroles and radicchios and whatever.
We’re just retreating from all that because those are the ones that tend to fail more often. Indeed all the growers we work with are doing the same. We’re not growing strawberries at all any more. I used to be very dogmatic that I wanted to grow my strawberries outside, that it was unjustifiable to put up polytunnels to grow a crop which historically had been grown perfectly successfully outside and I carried on for 10 years being dogmatic about it and consistently losing money, letting our customers down, frustrating them saying they were going to get strawberries this week, then it rained and we couldn’t pick them. Then we just had to pick them all off because they had botrytis by then, throw them away and hope they’d be better next year.
We were losing money and pissing our customers off. In the cropping year of 2012 we lost half a million pounds growing vegetables, which I would have thought was hardly possible. It was an absolutely staggering sum of money. It was absolutely diabolical, we lost all the strawberries, all the onions, lettuce. All the early crops failed, spinach etc. It did get a little bit better towards the end of the season, but then I think the winter was pretty ghastly as well. We just can’t afford to lose that amount of money, so we just drew back from anything that carried risk, so strawberries have gone and quite a few other crops.
Is there any way, as a farm business, that one can build in resilience to a summer like that?
(laughs) You’re not going to like what I say! Polytunnels, just growing what grows comfortably at this time, and importing, actually. Economically and environmentally I would like to have some research done on this. Is it better to grow something in the South of France and get a full yield fairly reliably, and possibly use lower inputs because wherever you’re trying to grow a crop outside it’s a climatically suitable range. You inevitably end up using higher inputs. For a conventional farmer that would be pesticides to try and fight off disease, because crops that aren’t comfortable are vulnerable to disease. For us it might be finding ground covers or spending more on weed control.
The biggest risk is just not getting the yield at the end. Crop failure or having a reduced crop, or having reduced quality. I suspect there are quite a few instances where it would certainly be economically better and quite conceivably environmentally better just to grow it 200 miles further south or 500 miles further south. It would be quite interesting to do a carbon footprinting exercise on that. Perhaps we need an environmental studies student to do that for us.
Cultivating land is an environmentally expensive. Anything that goes with cultivation is actually bad for the environment, the energy used in doing it, the CO2 that’s given out as a result of cultivating the land. If you square the equation with what it costs to import it, I don’t know. Of course, one might argue that people should eat just what grows in season…
I saw you were in that local food roots film that came out, and said the main thing we need to do towards a local economy is learn to love eating cabbage.
Well that is true. I have been at it for nearly 30 years now. I was having an argument with one of my managers yesterday about the virtues of kale compared to spinach. We can be producing kale, even now going into March and April, and just have it there for when we’re short of greens. We’re desperately short of greens this year because it was so warm earlier in the winter, and now we have very little left. We’re even using Spanish cabbage which is embarrassing and a lot of Spanish spinach. You can’t grow spinach in this country at this time of year.
People, on the whole, would much rather eat spinach than cabbage. It takes a lot of persuasion. Personally, I would rather eat cabbage and kale, but that does require quite a lot of cajoling. Geetie Singh’s pub in London is absolutely hard line UK only produce, most of that local to London and they do produce bloody good food consistently, but it does require a skilled chef and quite a committed team to do that. It is about skills, largely. I think we could eat a 90%, maybe even 95% UK diet without any significant loss of utility in the kitchen, as an economist might call it, but we could still eat bloody well and have varied, good food. But to do that does require quite a lot of skill and commitment.
I can say after 30 years of trying to persuade people to eat seasonally, you can only go so far. If we put out boxes with just cauliflowers, cabbage, onions, swedes, potatoes, parsnips, throughout the winter, especially when you get into February, March, April where you get this first whiff of spring and certainly go off those vegetables, I wouldn’t be in business.
What’s your sense of the impacts, psychologically, of living with climate change? Of that added degree of uncertainty it has brought to our lives. How does it impact on you and the team around you, trying to design a business into the future when it’s so uncertain?
If I go back to 2012-13, you were going into February and March with an expectation that the Spring is going to arrive and the sun is going to come out and the birds are going to start singing, just like if you’re lying in bed and wake up before dawn, there’s an expectation that dawn will arrive. I’d start losing confidence that that would ever happen. It’s just so much part of our culture, the seasons. I suppose there was a good deal of anxiety and depression that went on with that. I guess we’ve had similar this winter although it hasn’t gone on for anything like as long. We’ve had 10 weeks at what is normally a pretty bleak time of year anyway, so I don’t think it’s been anything like as bad.
But it is psychologically pretty disturbing. Farming is part of culture. All our agriculture is based on an assumption of weather patterns. That’s what it’s all based around. My whole experience of growing vegetables has changed. I used to log planting dates and harvesting dates and record temperatures and so on, and I had a whole spreadsheet developed on the assumed harvest. A day in June was worth 14 days in December, and I worked out various things, but it’s all just gone completely out the window.
Trying to plan things has become very, very difficult. It’s made it bloody difficult to run a sensible business, and it has made it particularly difficult to source locally actually. If we agree with a farmer that he’s going to plant a crop and we’re going to sell it, everything is very carefully planned that it will be sold in those weeks. Then when it comes earlier or later or doesn’t come at all, that does throw our plans onto total disarray.
As I mentioned earlier, all the greens, it was a very mild autumn this year. Prior to it starting raining in early December, it was actually a fantastic autumn. We had plenty of sunshine, it was warm. All the crops romped away and came very early. Then we had an absolute deluge of green crops through the early winter and now we have virtually none. That’s been quite difficult to cope with.
If you look forward 10, 15, 20 years, what’s your sense of where you’ll be as a business, where farming will need to be?
I’d be very surprised if fossil fuels weren’t a damn sight more expensive. They might possibly quadruple in price. It would take something like that sort of increase in price to radically change transport patterns. Were they to double in price, I think you’d see air freighting of food drop out fairly quickly. You’d see heating of greenhouses drop out fairly quickly. Neither of which we do anyway because they’re complete insanity.
I think probably if you go up to something like 4 times, trucking and shipping would start to become prohibitively expensive. At that point you will see … I have become rather cynical I’m afraid. Most people are pretty damn selfish and what they eat and how they behave is largely dictated by their own selfish thinking. Maybe they just feel powerless, but when things become more expensive people consume less of them. There’s no doubt about that. If we want people to consume environmentally less damaging food and support their local economies we want imported food to be more expensive and hothouse food to be more expensive. An increase in fuel prices is what will bring that about, and I see very little doubt that that’s going to happen.
Owen Paterson, the Environment Secretary recently said that climate change “is something we can adapt to over time and we are very good as a race at adapting”. There’s this sense with climate change that we can just adapt. For yourself and smaller farmers, to what extent can farming adapt?
To some degree I do absolutely loathe Paterson with a passion, but he does have a point. I do think capitalism does unleash a creativity that planned economies just cannot access. I’m very reluctant to admit to that, but it does seem to be true. People will adapt, and they will adapt surprisingly quickly. They will find different ways of doing things.
But there is a whole infrastructure which I think will take quite a lot of time to change. We’re relying on a capitalist, Adam Smith model, a laissez-faire market based approach to agriculture. So many of the costs of agriculture are actually externalised. You mentioned the wash of the run-off and the flooding. The flooding we’ve just experienced, I’m sure a good part of it could have been avoided with different agricultural practice.
If you go and look at a grass field, a field of permanent pasture this winter, there would have been virtually no run-off this winter, and any run-off would have had virtually no soil in it. If you compare that to a field of late-sown barley, sown in November. It’s the field of barley that’s caused the flooding. Most run-off, a bit of it has come off roads and so on, but most of it’s come off land. That’s where it’s come from. So there’s the effect of growing those crops which has an impact further down the line but which farmers aren’t paying for. You might say that those who are growing the grasses aren’t being rewarded either.
That’s the problem with the Owen Paterson approach, and I think you could apply the same thing to wildlife, landscape, pollution of water. There is no reward for the value of good agricultural practice and virtually no penalty – under Owen Paterson’s regime they had talked about giving penalties, people not getting single farm payments if they didn’t follow good agricultural practice, but I think that’s been largely abandoned. So that’s the problem with leaving things to the open market.
Things like perennialising crops will require a government or an NGO to take the lead, because you’re not going to get that from the free market, and I do see that as very important. I’ve argued for 20 years that if you want to nudge people in the right direction, just put a bloody great tax on fossil fuels. Forget about all your carbon trading and everything which has just been totally ineffective.
But it’s just politically unacceptable isn’t it? Every government that’s tried to do that has even backed down from the relatively modest attempts to. What it would do is nudge you towards a state that we’re going to have to get to anyway, and probably develop technologies which we would possibly be leading in. Technologies which are going to be needed in 5 or 10 years’ time. Oil price has just stabilised at just over 100 dollars a barrel, but I would be very surprised if the world economy picked up a little bit if that didn’t shoot up to 150 fairly quickly
Or if Russia turns the taps off?
Well that would be interesting, wouldn’t it… |
#ifndef SUPPLICANT_H
#define SUPPLICANT_H
#include "config.h"
int start_wpa_supplicant(char *if_name, pid_t supplicant_pid, int flag);
int config_wpa_supplicant(char *if_name, struct config_ssid * match, int toggle);
#endif
|
def data_received(self, data):
if self.state == STATE_STARTING:
self.state = STATE_RUNNING
_LOGGER.debug('Websocket handshake: %s', data.decode())
return
_LOGGER.debug('Websocket data: %s', data)
while len(data) > 0:
payload, extra_data = self.get_payload(data)
self.async_callback(payload)
data = extra_data |
Neutrophils from patients with secondary haemosiderosis contain excessive amounts of autotoxic iron Abstract: Secondary haemosiderosis may be accompanied by a decrease in the phagocytic function of neutrophils (PMNs). This dysfunction has been attributed to an exaggerated generation of oxidants induced by intracellular iron. However, an accumulation of iron has so far not been reliably demonstrated in neutrophils harvested from ironoverloaded patients. Six polytransfused haemodialysed patients, with a serum ferritin level higher than 1000 g/l, and 10 healthy controls were investigated. The iron status of PMNs was evaluated by iron determination using atomic absorption spectrometry and by ferritin measurement using radioimmunoassay. The phagocytic performance was measured by cytofluorometry. The results confirm that PMNs from the haemosiderosis patients have a decreased phagocytosis. Moreover, they demonstrate for the first time that these PMNs have an increased cellular iron and ferritin content. Both latter concentrations were 4 to 5 times more elevated in secondary haemosiderosis than in healthy controls. This iron accumulation may be toxic for the PMNs and may, at least partially, explain the threefold higher risk of bacteraemia which has been reported in those patients. |
<reponame>amarpreetsingha/Magistro
package com.example.honey.magistro;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;
/**
* Created by honey on 7/12/16.
*/
public class AddStaff extends Activity {
EditText name, address, qual;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.addstaff);
name = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.name);
address = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.add);
qual = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.qual);
}
public void addStaff(View view) {
try {
new Database().addStaff(Dashboard.sqLiteDatabase, name.getText().toString(), address.getText().toString(), qual.getText().toString());
Toast.makeText(this, "Added", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}catch (Exception e) {
Toast.makeText(this, ""+e, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
}
|
<reponame>zheng-zy/spring-cloud-example<filename>tools/src/main/java/com/example/controller/ApiController.java
package com.example.controller;
import com.example.dto.R;
import com.example.service.TextService;
import com.example.util.JsonValidator;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* <p></p>
* Created by <EMAIL> on 2018/2/28.
*/
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class ApiController {
@Resource
private TextService textService;
@PostMapping("/utf82gbk")
@ResponseBody
public R utf82gbk(@RequestBody Map<String, String> map) {
String text = map.getOrDefault("data", "");
String result = textService.utf8ToGbk(text);
System.out.println("utf82gbk" + Util.getEncoding(text));
return R.ok().put("data", result);
}
@PostMapping("/gbk2utf8")
@ResponseBody
public R gbk2utf8(@RequestBody Map<String, String> map) {
String text = map.getOrDefault("data", "");
String result = textService.gbkToUtf8(text);
System.out.println("gbk2utf8" + Util.getEncoding(text));
return R.ok().put("data", result);
}
@PostMapping("/checkFormat")
@ResponseBody
public R checkFormat(@RequestBody Map<String, String> map) {
String jsonStr = map.getOrDefault("data", "");
boolean isOk = new JsonValidator().validate(jsonStr);
return isOk ? R.ok("格式正确") : R.error("格式不正确");
}
}
|
Acute morphological effects of cocaine on rat cardiomyocytes. The cardiovascular actions of cocaine in vivo are varied and often antagonistic. Cocaine produces excitatory sympathomimetic effects by interfering with re-uptake of norepinephrine at adrenergic nerve terminals. However, the local anaesthetic properties of cocaine exert depressant effects on the myocardium. In an attempt to differentiate the direct effects of cocaine from the indirect sympathomimetic effects on the myocardium, primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were established under serum-free conditions and exposed to cocaine and/or norepinephrine. After 36-48 h in culture, spontaneously contracting cells were treated with cocaine (10-1,000 micrograms/ml) and contractile rate (beats/min) quantitated, after which the cells were processed for ultrastructural examination. The contractile rate was reduced at all dosages with nearly 80% reduction at the highest concentration studied. Recovery of beating rate was observed 24 h after removal of cocaine. Pronounced cytoplasmic vacuolation of the cells occurred at concentrations > or = 100 micrograms/ml. Ultrastructural examination revealed extensive myofibrillar disruption, membrane damage, and a near complete loss of organized sarcomeres. Nuclear morphology remained unaffected. Within 24 h after removal of cocaine from the medium, myocytes recovered their characteristic cytoplasmic architecture, indicative of sarcomere reassembly. The results observed in response to cocaine were distinctly different from the response to norepinephrine. In these myocytes, the contractile rate was enhanced twofold and morphological damage was not observed. These findings suggest that cocaine can directly alter myocardial morphology independent of its sympathomimetic effects. |
def contained_resource_cls(self) -> Type[message.Message]:
raise NotImplementedError(
'Subclasses *must* implement contained_resource_cls.') |
Characterization of Histone H2A.X Expression in Testis and Specific Labeling of Germ Cells at the Commitment Stage of Meiosis with Histone H2A.X Promoter-Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein Transgene1 Abstract To study the complex molecular mechanisms of mammalian spermatogenesis, it would be useful to be able to isolate cells at each stage of differentiation, especially at the stage in which the cells switch from mitosis to meiosis. Currently, no useful marker proteins or gene promoters specific to this important stage are known. We report here a transgenic mouse line that under the control of the promoter for a histone variant, H2A.X, expressed an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in cells at the stage of the mitosis-meiosis switch. Endogenous H2A.X is expressed in type A spermatogonia through meiotic prophase spermatocytes in testis and in some somatic cells. However, despite the fact that its expression was driven by the H2A.X promoter, the EGFP expressed in the transgenic mice specifically labeled only the intermediate spermatogonia stage through the meiotic prophase spermatocyte stage in transgenic mice containing the −600-base pair H2A.X promoter/EGFP construct. Type A spermatogonia and somatic cells of other organs were not labeled. This expression pattern made it possible to isolate living cells from the testis of the transgenic mice at the stage of the mitosis-meiosis switch in spermatogenesis using EGFP fluorescence. |
package hr.fer.oop.midterm_2018_19.task4.p3;
import hr.fer.oop.midterm_2018_19.task4.p2.B;
public class C extends B {
private int rotationNumber;
public C(int a, int rotationNumber) {
this(a, 2*a, 3*a, rotationNumber);
}
}
|
<gh_stars>10-100
import numpy as np
import os
from taglets.modules import FineTuneModule
from taglets.pipeline.taglet_executer import TagletExecutor
from taglets.task import Task
import torch
from torch.utils.data import Dataset, Subset
from torchvision import transforms
from torchvision.datasets import MNIST
from torchvision.models.resnet import ResNet, BasicBlock
import unittest
MNIST.resources = [
('https://ossci-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz', 'f68b3c2dcbeaaa9fbdd348bbdeb94873'),
('https://ossci-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz', 'd53e105ee54ea40749a09fcbcd1e9432'),
('https://ossci-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz', '9fb629c4189551a2d022fa330f9573f3'),
('https://ossci-datasets.s3.amazonaws.com/mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz', 'ec29112dd5afa0611ce80d1b7f02629c')
]
TEST_DATA = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)), "test_data/scads")
DB_PATH = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "test_scads.db")
CONCEPTNET_PATH = os.path.join(TEST_DATA, "conceptnet")
MNIST_PATH = "mnist"
class HiddenLabelDataset(Dataset):
"""
Wraps a labeled dataset so that it appears unlabeled
"""
def __init__(self, dataset):
self.dataset = dataset
def __getitem__(self, idx):
img, _ = self.dataset[idx]
return img
def __len__(self):
return len(self.dataset)
class MnistResNet(ResNet):
"""
A small ResNet for MNIST.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""
Create a new MnistResNet model.
"""
super(MnistResNet, self).__init__(BasicBlock, [2, 2, 2, 2], num_classes=10)
self.conv1 = torch.nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(7, 7), stride=(2, 2), padding=(3, 3), bias=False)
self.fc = torch.nn.Identity()
class TestTagletExecuter(unittest.TestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
# Creates task
classes = ['/c/en/zero',
'/c/en/one',
'/c/en/two',
'/c/en/three',
'/c/en/four',
'/c/en/five',
'/c/en/six',
'/c/en/seven',
'/c/en/eight',
'/c/en/nine']
preprocess = transforms.Compose(
[transforms.Grayscale(num_output_channels=3),
transforms.ToTensor()])
mnist = MNIST('.', train=True, transform=preprocess, download=True)
size = 5
labeled = Subset(mnist, [i for i in range(size)])
cls.unlabeled = HiddenLabelDataset(Subset(mnist, [i for i in range(size, 2 * size)]))
val = Subset(mnist, [i for i in range(2 * size, 3 * size)])
task = Task("mnist-test", classes, (28, 28), labeled, cls.unlabeled, val)
task.set_initial_model(MnistResNet())
# Train and get Taglets
module = FineTuneModule(task)
module.train_taglets(labeled, val)
cls.taglets = module.get_taglets()
# Execute Taglets
executor = TagletExecutor()
executor.set_taglets(cls.taglets)
cls.label_matrix = executor.execute(cls.unlabeled)
def test_weak_label_shape(self):
self.assertTrue(self.label_matrix.shape[1] == len(self.unlabeled))
self.assertTrue(self.label_matrix.shape[0] == len(self.taglets))
def test_weak_label_correctness(self):
taglet_output = self.taglets[0].execute(self.unlabeled)
self.assertTrue(np.array_equal(taglet_output, self.label_matrix[0]))
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
|
Posted 11:03 am, December 13, 2018, by Vernon Freeman Jr.
RICHMOND, Va. – Richmond Public Schools seniors can now apply to Historically Black Colleges and Universities across the country for free.
All applications fees have been waived thanks to a partnership between RVA Future, RPS Education Foundation and Common Black College Application (CBCA).
The CBCA program allows students to apply to more than 50 HBCU’s for a one-time service fee. That fee has been waived for all Richmond seniors as a part of the partnership.
The goal of the partnership is to help students overcome the financial barriers that prevent some students from applying to colleges and universities.
Student applications are being accepted from now until April 2019.
Interested students are asked to see their Future Centers Director or school counselor for the CBCA waiver code.
For more information about the CBCA, click here. |
Blended Learning and Remote Laboratories Blended learning is the combination of traditional local teaching and web-based techniques. Remote Laboratories is a concept that allows students to work on practical projects remotely connected to the laboratory setting. Both concepts have been explored in undergraduate and graduate engineering courses at the University of Iceland. With the ubiquitous connectivity and computing power now available, it is likely that these concepts will enjoy increasing popularity because they add a new dimension to traditional teaching and learning and can be utilized to alleviate many of the shortcomings that have emerged in recent years, including reduced time for studies during work hours and ever-increasing cost for laboratories. Furthermore, the utilization of these concepts enables universities to offer more specialized and/or bespoke courses for the benefit of their students and professors. |
Top musicians, actors show up for 'America: A Tribute to Heroes' on 31 broadcast and cable networks.
families and to strengthen America's resolve to transcend the tragedy.
and celebrated the human spirit.
strength through the repeated line, "Come on, rise up."
saying, "When you kill in the name of God or Allah, you are cursing God,"
conveying hope through Bob Marley's "Redemption Song."
Walking" with the late Pakistani singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan.
upcoming movie, and spoke up for the Islamic faith.
"I wouldn't be here representing Islam if it were terrorist," Ali said.
"I think all people should know the truth, come to recognize the truth.
stand my ground" and "There ain't no easy way out."
a cast of musicians and actors singing "America the Beautiful."
actors called for something money can't buy.
other. Peace be with you. God is great." |
If you’re like most Badgers, the words “George L. Mosse Humanities Building” likely don’t inspire immediate joy in your heart.
The concrete colossus frequently falls under fire for its aesthetic and interior inaccessibility, and understandably so. The severe cement facade strikes many as overly imposing, looking less like a hub of arts and history and more like a munitions plant from some bleak dystopian fiction. The interior can be equally off-putting for new visitors, who often critique the layout of corridors, rooms, and stairwells as segmented and counterintuitive.
The Humanities building was originally designed in the 1960s by American architect Harry Weese, the same man who was responsible for designing Washington, D.C.’s iconic metro stations. Many now consider it to be a representative example of the Brutalist architectural movement, a design trend that the Humanities building best exemplifies through its minimalist geometric patterns, large scale and heavy reliance on concrete. Architects and passersby alike often criticize the building for appearing uninviting and visually oppressive, but this isn’t to say that Humanities lacks supporters — notable among them is UW alumnus and fashion designer Virgil Abloh.
where I used to spend most my time.
According to this story, the architect designed the entire structure to prevent students involved in violent protests from congregating. The structure would both impede rioter movement within the building and facilitate law enforcement entrance in the case of a siege.
It’s somewhat easy to imagine — the labyrinthian, narrow hallways might prevent the mass movement of a large group of demonstrators throughout the building, and one could envision police easily scaling the inward-slanting exterior walls.
Brown speculates that Humanities’ status as “riot proof” may be due to the building’s origins during a time of notable student unrest. Construction on the project began in 1966 and was completed in 1969, at the height of Vietnam War protests taking place on college campuses across the nation. It’s possible that some students assumed the university purposely constructed this new, imposing structure as a deterrent for future demonstrations.
A composite photo from 1968 shows student demonstrators facing off against police in riot gear at the intersection of State and Lake Street.
Despite the prevalence of these tall tales surrounding the George L. Mosse Humanities building, Brown said that these rumors are “all very much urban legend.” The restrictive properties of this striking mass of repressive concrete are purely coincidental, stemming from Brutalist design principles rather than a desire to contain and control UW’s student body.
Next time you find yourself passing through Humanities, take a moment to try and view it through the eyes of the architect. Maybe it’s not a dominating concrete monolith or a maddening maze of stretched hallways and elusive stairwells. Maybe it’s just misunderstood. |
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright 2016 Jalian Systems Pvt. Ltd.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*******************************************************************************/
package net.sourceforge.marathon.javadriver.recorder;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import net.sourceforge.marathon.runtime.api.IRecorder;
import net.sourceforge.marathon.runtime.api.IScriptElement;
import net.sourceforge.marathon.runtime.api.WindowId;
import net.sourceforge.marathon.runtime.http.HTTPRecordingServer;
public class RecordingTest {
protected HTTPRecordingServer recordingServer;
protected List<IScriptElement> scriptElements = new ArrayList<IScriptElement>();
protected int startRecordingServer() {
int port = findPort();
recordingServer = new HTTPRecordingServer(port);
recordingServer.start();
recordingServer.startRecording(new IRecorder() {
@Override public void record(IScriptElement element) {
scriptElements.add(element);
}
@Override public void abortRecording() {
}
@Override public void insertChecklist(String name) {
}
@Override public String recordInsertScriptElement(WindowId windowId, String script) {
return null;
}
@Override public void recordInsertChecklistElement(WindowId windowId, String fileName) {
}
@Override public void recordShowChecklistElement(WindowId windowId, String fileName) {
}
@Override public boolean isCreatingObjectMap() {
return false;
}
@Override public void updateScript() {
}
});
return port;
}
private int findPort() {
ServerSocket socket = null;
try {
socket = new ServerSocket(0);
return socket.getLocalPort();
} catch (IOException e1) {
throw new RuntimeException("Could not allocate a port: " + e1.getMessage());
} finally {
if (socket != null)
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
}
}
}
}
|
def public(self, public):
self._public = public |
The tremendous growth of opto-electronic device manufacturing has raised the need for high performance micro and nanopositioners, which are used in assembly and alignment. The static and dynamic performance of micro and nanopositioners depends in part on the quality of operation of their controllers, which in turn depends to a significant degree on the accuracy of the kinematic and dynamic mathematical models upon which they are based.
The utilization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for nanotechnology research and nanomanufacturing has a number of critical applications. The combination of MEMS and nanotechnology, however, presents a number of new challenges not experienced in more common MEMS applications in sensors and telecommunications. Most importantly, precision motion control of MEMS actuators is critical as resolution, accuracy, and repeatability are expected to be on the order of nanometers.
Nanopositioners equipped with nanoprobes are devices that can precisely manipulate nano-scale objects. The sizes of the nanopositioners used for this work are a few hundreds of micrometers. Motion range is 25 μm to 50 μm and desired step resolution is a few nm. The nm resolution opens the possibility to control nano-objects, such as nano wires and biological or chemical building blocks. These requirements constrain motion control law specifications in terms of the system precision and dynamic performance. A displacement sensor is a critical component in controlling the motion of a nanopositioner.
Displacement sensors, which are known in the art, can be embedded into the devices along the axes of the actuators, eliminating Abbe sine displacement measurement error and improving the accuracy capability of the nanopositioner. Designing a displacement sensor that can be embedded in an MEMS device is extremely difficult due to the small size of the devices, which typically have an external dimension of 1 mm to 3 mm and are made of a single crystal of silicon.
One example of a displacement sensor is disclosed by Osami Sasaki and Takamasa Suzuki in Interferometric Displacement Sensors Using Sinusoidal Phase-Modulation and Optical Fibers (Advanced Materials and Devices for Sensing and Imaging II, Proceeding of SPIE, Vol. 5633 (2005)) (hereinafter Sasaki et al.). The displacement sensor disclosed by Sasaki et al. generates coherent electromagnetic radiation using a laser diode coupled to an optical fiber through an optical isolator and lens. The injection current to the diode is modulated with a sinusoidal signal of controlled amplitude. The electromagnetic radiation is distributed to two optical fibers using a coupler. A portion of the electromagnetic radiation traveling through the first optical fiber is reflected by the end face of that fiber and forms the interferometer reference signal, which travels back through the optical fiber and falls on a photodetector. Another portion of the electromagnetic radiation traveling through the first optical fiber is reflected by the object (target) surface and propagates back through the optical fiber and falls on the photodetector. The photodetector detects the interference signal of the two waveforms.
The electromagnetic radiation traveling through the second optical fiber is directed to a photodiode that detects the intensity of the laser diode signal.
In addition, the Sasaki et al. technique requires that a feedback controller be used in order to maintain the amplitude of the laser diode current α=(λ02/4βP), where P is the distance between the end face of the first optical fiber and the object (target) reflecting surface, λ0 is the mean value of the modulated electromagnetic radiation wavelength, β is the modulation efficiency of the electromagnetic radiation source. If that condition is satisfied, the distance P is given by P=α(λ0/4π), where α is an angle determined by data obtained from the interferometric signal.
The amplitude of the laser diode current makes the Sasaki et al. technique impractical for use in MEMS devices. Due to the size of the MEMS devices, the interferometric sensor distance P ranges from a few micrometers to 150 μm. For a typical value of β=0.0171 nm/mA, the required current amplitude for a λ0=1550 nm is α=234.16 mA, which is a high power requirement that is impractical.
It is desirable to have a displacement sensor that requires a low voltage and power supply.
It is desirable to have a displacement sensor which is on a micro/nano scale size and is capable of being embedded in a microchip device to integrate the electromagnetic radiation source and the controller electronics in the device.
It is desirable to have a displacement sensor that can be interfaced with macro scale components.
It is desirable to have a displacement sensor that has range of up to a few millimeters, target proximity from a few micrometers to 0 micrometers, and accuracy, repeatability and resolution of a few nanometers.
It is desirable to have a displacement sensor that is non contact and has no moving components.
It is desirable to have a displacement sensor that is inexpensive to manufacture. |
Proto-Human language
The Proto-Human language (also Proto-Sapiens, Proto-World) is the hypothetical direct genetic predecessor of the world's languages.
The concept is purely speculative and not amenable to analysis in historical linguistics. It presupposes a monogenetic origin of language, i.e. the derivation of all natural languages from a single origin, presumably at some point of the Middle Paleolithic. As the predecessor of all extant languages, it would not necessarily be ancestral to a hypothetical Neanderthal language.
Terminology
There is no generally accepted term for this concept. Most treatments of the subject do not include a name for the language under consideration (e.g. Bengtson and Ruhlen 1994). The terms Proto-World and Proto-Human are in occasional use. Merritt Ruhlen has been using the term Proto-Sapiens.
History of the idea
The first serious scientific attempt to establish the reality of monogenesis was that of Alfredo Trombetti, in his book L'unità d'origine del linguaggio, published in 1905 (cf. Ruhlen 1994:263). Trombetti estimated that the common ancestor of existing languages had been spoken between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago (1922:315).
Monogenesis was dismissed by many linguists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the doctrine of the polygenesis of the human races and their languages was widely popular (e.g. Saussure 1986/1916:190).
The best-known supporter of monogenesis in America in the mid-20th century was Morris Swadesh (cf. Ruhlen 1994:215). He pioneered two important methods for investigating deep relationships between languages, lexicostatistics and glottochronology.
In the second half of the 20th century, Joseph Greenberg produced a series of large-scale classifications of the world's languages. These were and are controversial but widely discussed. Although Greenberg did not produce an explicit argument for monogenesis, all of his classification work was geared toward this end. As he stated (1987:337): "The ultimate goal is a comprehensive classification of what is very likely a single language family."
Notable American advocates of linguistic monogenesis include Merritt Ruhlen, John Bengtson, and Harold Fleming.
Date and location
The first concrete attempt to estimate the date of the hypothetical ancestor language was that of Alfredo Trombetti (1922:315), who concluded it was spoken between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, or close to the first emergence of Homo sapiens.
It is uncertain or disputed whether the earliest members of Homo sapiens had fully developed language. Some scholars link the emergence of language proper (out of a proto-linguistic stage that may have lasted considerably longer) to the development of behavioral modernity towards the end of the Middle Paleolithic or at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, roughly 50,000 years ago.
Thus, in the opinion of Richard Klein, the ability to produce complex speech only developed some 50,000 years ago (with the appearance of modern humans or Cro-Magnons).
Johanna Nichols (1998) argued that vocal languages must have begun diversifying in our species at least 100,000 years ago.
In a 2012 study, an estimate on the time of the first emergence of human language was based on
phonemic diversity. This is based on the assumption that phonemic diversity evolves much more slowly than grammar or vocabulary, slowly increasing over time (but reduced among small founding populations).
The largest phoneme inventories are found among African languages, while the smallest inventories are found in South America and Oceania, some of the last regions of the globe to be colonized.
The authors used data from the colonization of Southeast Asia to estimate the rate of increase in phonemic diversity.
Applying this rate to African languages, they arrived at an estimated age of 150,000 to 350,000 years, compatible with the emergence and early dispersal of H. sapiens.
The validity of this approach has been criticized as flawed.
Characteristics
Speculation as to "characteristics" of Proto-World is limited to linguistic typology, i.e. the identification of universal features shared by all human languages, such as grammar (in the sense of "fixed or preferred sequences of linguistic elements"), and recursion ("clauses [or phrases] embedded in other clauses [or phrases]"), but that beyond this nothing can be known of it (Campbell and Poser 2008:391).
Christopher Ehret has hypothesized that Proto-Human had a very complex consonant system, including clicks.
A few linguists, such as Merritt Ruhlen, have suggested the application of mass comparison and internal reconstruction (cf. Babaev 2008). A number of linguists have attempted to reconstruct the language, while many others reject this as fringe science.
According to Murray Gell-Mann and Merritt Ruhlen (2011), the ancestral language would have had a basic order of Subject (S) - Object (O) - Verb (V) or SOV.
Criticism
Many linguists reject the methods used to determine these forms. Several areas of criticism are raised with the methods Ruhlen and Gell-Mann employ. The essential basis of these criticisms is that the words being compared do not show common ancestry; the reasons for this vary. One is onomatopoeia: for example, the suggested root for 'smell' listed above, *čuna, may simply be a result of many languages employing an onomatopoeic word that sounds like sniffing, snuffling, or smelling. Another is the taboo quality of certain words. Lyle Campbell points out that many established proto-languages do not contain an equivalent word for *putV 'vulva' because of how often such taboo words are replaced in the lexicon, and notes that it "strains credibility to imagine" that a proto-World form of such a word would survive in many languages.
Using the criteria that Bengtson and Ruhlen employ to find cognates to their proposed roots, Lyle Campbell finds seven possible matches to their root for woman *kuna in Spanish, including cónyuge 'wife, spouse', chica 'girl', and cana 'old woman (adjective)'. He then goes on to show how what Bengtson and Ruhlen would identify as reflexes of *kuna cannot possibly be related to a proto-World word for woman. Cónyuge, for example, comes from the Latin root meaning 'to join', so its origin had nothing to do with the word 'woman'; chica is a feminine adjective coming from a Latin noun meaning 'worthless object'; cana comes from the Latin word for 'white', and again shows a history unrelated to the word 'woman' (Campbell and Poser 2008:370–372). Campbell's assertion is that these types of problems are endemic to the methods used by Ruhlen and others.
There are some linguists who question the very possibility of tracing language elements so far back into the past. Campbell notes that given the time elapsed since the origin of human language, every word from that time would have been replaced or changed beyond recognition in all languages today. Campbell harshly criticizes efforts to reconstruct a Proto-human language, saying "the search for global etymologies is at best a hopeless waste of time, at worst an embarrassment to linguistics as a discipline, unfortunately confusing and misleading to those who might look to linguistics for understanding in this area." (Campbell and Poser 2008:393) |
On codimension two flats in Fermat-type arrangements In the present note we study certain arrangements of codimension $2$ flats in projective spaces, we call them"Fermat arrangements". We describe algebraic properties of their defining ideals. In particular, we show that they provide counterexamples to an expected containment relation between ordinary and symbolic powers of homogeneous ideals. Introduction A Fermat-type arrangement of degree n 1 of hyperplanes in projective space P N is given by linear factors of the polynomial These arrangements sometimes appear under the name of Ceva arrangements in the literature, see e.g. . The name Fermat arrangement has been used for lines in P 2 e.g. by Urzua, see . Fermat arrangements of lines have attracted recently considerable attention, see e.g., because of their appearance on the border line of the following fundamental problem. between the symbolic and ordinary powers of the ideal I holds. We recall that for m 0 the m-th symbolic power of I is defined as where Ass(I) is the set of associated primes of I. A ground breaking result of Ein, Lazarsfeld and Smith (rendered by Hochster and Huneke in positive characteristic ) asserts that there is always the containment in for m and r subject to the inequality m hr, where h is the maximum of heights of all associated primes of I. The natural question: To which extend the bound in is sharp has fueled a lot of research in the last 15 years. Considerable attention has been given to the following question of Huneke. Question 1.2 (Huneke). Let Z be a finite set of points in P 2 and let I be the homogeneous ideal defining Z. Is then Note that the containment I ⊂ I 2 follows in this situation directly from. On the other hand it is very easy to find sets of points in P 2 for which the containment I ⊂ I 2 fails. Question 1.2 remained open for quite a long time. It is by now known that there are sets of points in P 2 for which the containment in fails. The first counterexample has been given by Dumnicki, Szemberg and Tutaj-Gasiska in. This counterexample is provided by the set of all 12 intersection points of the Fermat arrangement of 9 lines in P 2 (i.e. n = 3 in this arrangement). The paper suggested that arrangements with arbitrary n 3 should provide further counterexamples. This has been worked out and verified to hold by Harbourne and Seceleanu, see . Whereas Fermat configurations of lines allow no deformations, a series of counterexamples allowing parameters has been presented recently in. Apart of those series there are some sporadic counterexamples to Question 1.2 available. The nature of all these examples has not been yet fully understood. The statement of does not restrict to ideals supported on points. In particular, Huneke's question can be reformulated for codimension 2 subvarieties in the projective space of arbitrary dimension N. Question 1.3 (Huneke-type). Let V be codimension 2 subvariety in P N and let I be the homogeneous ideal defining V. Is then This question has been answered to the negative in. More precisely, we showed that the containment fails for V consisting of all lines in P 3 contained in at least 3 hyperplanes among those defined by linear factors of F 3,n for all n 3. In the present note, we investigate the ideals defining codimension 2 linear flats of multiplicity at least 3 cut out by the Fermat-type arrangement given by F N,n with n 3, as well as ordinary and symbolic powers of these ideals. Notation and basic properties The bookkeeping of all data is quite essential for what follows. In the present section we establish the notation and prove some basics facts. By x 0, x 1,..., x N we denote the coordinates in the projective space P N. We fix an integer n 3. This integer is not present in the short hand notation introduced below. We hope that it will not lead to any confusion since we work always with n fixed. We introduce the following bracket symbol. For an integer 1 k N let i 0,..., i k be (k + 1) mutually distinct elements in the set {0,..., N }. [ Thus, in particular, The notation in fulfills the antisymmetry condition. More precisely, we have for any pair p, q such that 1 p < q k: Proof. This follows straightforward from the definition in. We have also the following Laplace-type rule. Lemma 2.2 (Laplace expansion). We have As usual a means that the term a is omitted. Proof. In order to alleviate notation, we drop the double index notation. It's sufficient to show Both sides are polynomials of degree k(k+1) 2 n. It is enough to show that the right hand side vanishes along all hyperplanes of the form x i = x j, where is some root of 1 of degree n. By symmetry it is enough to check this for x 0 = x 1. Then the right hand side in is In order to establish, we evaluate at x 0 = 0, which gives Also the next fact is very useful. For example = + + . Proof. In order to alleviate notation we drop the double index notation. It is clear that the statement is invariant under the symmetry group on the (N + 1) variables. Also it convenient to use and write the assertion in the following form The argumentation is similar to that in proof of Lemma 2.2. Both sides in are polynomials of degree k(k+1) 2 n. We substitute x 0 = x 1. Then the right hand side is for some ∈ C. In order to determine, we substitute x u = x 0. Then which implies = 1. We conclude these preparations by another useful rule. Lemma 2.4 (Useful rule). For k 2 and auxiliary variables y 1,..., y k we have Proof. The proof parrots that of Lemma 2.2 and Lemma 2.3 and is left to the reader. In order to determine the constant one might substitute y i = x i for i = 1,..., k. Fermat arrangements of codimension two flats In this section we study, for n 3, the union V N,n of codimension 2 flats W in P N such that there are at least 3 hyperplanes among those defined by the linear factors of F N,n vanishing along W. Let The geometry of the arrangement implies the following relation between the defined ideals. Lemma 3.1. Keeping the notation above, we have for all N 3 For the proof of the main Theorem 4.1 we need a more direct description of ideals I N,n in terms of generators. Proof. The proof goes by induction on N. The first step, N = 2 has been shown in . Using the presentation in Lemma 3.1, we will show that generators g A are contained in each of the intersecting ideals. To this end we study first the case N is even with N = 2M. Since everything is invariant under the permutation group, it suffices to work with the set A = {0, 1,..., M − 1}. Then We have the following two cases. Assume that M i 2M. Then the ideal I N −1,n (i) contains as a generator It is easy to see that g A is divisible by h A, indeed Then To see this we will alter the right hand side of the above equality. First note that by Lemma 2.1 we have Again by the Expansion rule it reduces to: By Lemma 2.4 with y 1 = x 1,..., y M−1 = x M−1, y M = 0 this expression reduces to Now we pass to the case N is odd with N = 2M + 1. Let A = {0,..., M } and There are again two subcases. Assume that 0 i M. Then the ideal I N −1,n (i) contains the generator For M + 1 i 2M + 1 it suffices, up to renumbering the variables to consider i = 2M + 1. In the ideal I N −1,n (i) there are generators for A j = 0, 1,... j..., M. Then Again, we reduce the right hand side of this equality. To begin with we have Combining this with Lemma 2.1 and Lemma 2.2 we get Thus we have shown that in both cases every generator It remains to check that the ideal generated by all g A is indeed the whole ideal I N,n. We leave this to a motivated reader. The non-containment result In this section we prove our main result. The proof that it is not contained in I 2 depends on the parity of the dimension N of the ambient space. We handle first the case N = 2M. Assume to the contrary that f ∈ I 2. Then there are polynomials h g,g such that Taking where q denotes the residue class of q ∈ C modulo (x 0 ). Then We focus now on the coefficient at the monomial on both sides of equation. This coefficient is 1 on the left hand side of. It is easy to see that there is exactly one way to get this monomial expanding the product defining f. Let g ∈ G be a generator of I. By Proposition 3.2 g has the form with all indices i 1,..., i M, j 0,..., j M mutually distinct. If 0 ∈ {i 1,..., i M }, then the residue class of g is zero. If it is in the second group of indices, then the residue class, after possible renumbering of indices, has the form Note that we suppress the notation and write x i rather than x i. We will now analyze how the monomial m appears on the right hand side of. To this end we run the following procedure starting with the variables with least powers in m. The variable x 2M has to be among the variables appearing with power 1 in the product defining g and g (variables indexed by the letter i) because its total power in m is restricted by n and this is the only possibility to fulfill this condition. The variable x 2M−1 cannot then appear with power 1 neither in g nor in g. If it would, then it would appear with the variable x 2M in the first bracket in the product defining g and g, hence there would be a factor x 2 2M−1 (x n 2M−1 − x n 2M ) 2 in the product g g and then the power of x 2M−1 would exceed 2n allowed in m. Hence the variable x 2M−1 appears in the second bracket in. Thus we have now The variable x 2M−2 in turn has to appear in the first brackets in. The argument is slightly more involved. In any case there is the factor (x n 2M−2 − x n L ) in g and g with L either equal to 2M or 2M − 1. From these brackets it has to be x n 2M−2 which contributes to m (otherwise the power at x L would be too large). So, in any case x 2M−2 appears with power at least 2n in g g. Since the total power is restricted by 3n, the only possibility is that this variable appears with power 1 in the products in front of the brackets appearing in. Hence we have Working down, variable by variable, in the same manner, we conclude finally that and the only way to get the monomial m from the product g 2 h gg comes in fact from the product x with coefficient 1. But this implies that the coefficient of this monomial in h gg is also 1 (taking modulo (x 0 ) has no influence on this coefficient). The next step is to take modulo (x 2M−1 ). We will denote now the residue class of a polynomial q by q. Thus becomes Now we are interested in the monomial and obviously the monomial m comes up in a unique way in the above product, its coefficient in f is −1. Running through an analogous procedure as in the reduction modulo (x 0 ) step, we conclude that the monomial m appears on the right hand side of only in the square of the generator multiplied by h gg. This shows that the coefficient of the monomial p defined in in h gg is now −1. This contradiction shows the assertion Now, we study the case N = 2M + 1. Assume to the contrary that f ∈ I 2. Then there are polynomials h g,g such that Taking modulo (x 0 ) we have Once again we focus on the coefficient at the monomial on both sides of equation. This coefficient is −1 on the left hand side of. It is easy to see that there is exactly one way to get this monomial expanding the product defining f. By Proposition 3.2 a generator g ∈ G has the form with all indices i 0,..., i M, j 1,..., j M+1 mutually distinct. If 0 ∈ {i 0,..., i M }, then the residue class of g is zero. If 0 ∈ {j 1,..., j M+1 }, then the residue class, after possible renumbering of indices g, has the form Similarly as in the case of N = 2M one can show that there is only one possibility to get the monomial m in the right side of the equation. This shows that the coefficient of in h g,g (and hence in h g,g ) is −1, where Finally, we take equation modulo (x 2M ) and look for the coefficient of.. x 2n 0 x n 2M+1. Looking at the exponents in m, we see that there is only one way to obtain this monomial in f. We present here a brief explanation how to produce such a monomial from f. We multiply the following factors x 2M+1 ] and take the first element from every bracket except one bracket of the form , for which we take the second element. In other words, we proceed as follows.., and so on. We do it for all possible i ∈ {1,..., 2M − 1} and multiply the results by each other. Finally we multiply all by −x n 0 . More precisely we multiply the first element in the bracket and we obtain the monomial m. Now we calculate the coefficient, which is (−1) 2M−1 from all brackets and one (−1) from −x n 0. Summing up we obtain that the coefficient of the monomial in h g,g (and hence in h g,g ) where g is as in is 1, which gives a contradiction. Concluding remarks During preparations of this manuscript we were informed that Ben Drabkin found another proof of the non-containment Theorem 4.1. Since his methods are completely different from ours we have decided to include a full proof of Theorem 4.1 also because it reveals particular symmetries of the ideals we handle here. We hope to expand this path of thoughts in our forthcoming paper. |
#include "pxt.h"
#include "RefRefLocal.h"
namespace pxt
{
PXT_VTABLE_CTOR(RefRefLocal)
{
v = 0;
}
} |
Analysis of the DNase I-hypersensitive site of a developmentally regulated 25-kDa protein gene of Sarcophaga peregrina. Change in chromatin structure of a developmentally regulated gene of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) during development was investigated. This gene (25-kDa protein gene) was specifically activated in the fat body, but not the hemocytes of larvae in the middle of the third instar. The mRNA level in the fat body decreased thereafter, reaching one-fifth of the maximum level in the late third instar to early pupal stage. In the chromatin of fat body nuclei, a DNase I-hypersensitive site was found about 300 base pairs upstream from the transcription initiation site of the 25-kDa protein gene. This DNase I-hypersensitive site appeared before activation of the 25-kDa protein gene, and it was conserved until the late third instar, but disappeared in the early pupal stage. Since activity of the 25-kDa protein gene decreases significantly in the early pupal stage, it is likely that disappearance of this DNase I-hypersensitive site coincides with inactivation of the 25-kDa protein gene. |
Scheduling with conflicts, and applications to traffic signal control In this paper, we consider the scheduling of jobs that may be competing for mutually exclusive resources. We model the conflicts between jobs with a conflict graph, so that all concurrently running jobs must form an independent set in the graph. We believe that this model is natural and general enough to have applications in a variety of settings; however, we are motivated by the following two specific applications: traffic intersection control and session scheduling in high speed local area networks with spatial reuse. In both of these applications, guaranteeing the best turnaround time to any job entering the system is important. Our results focus on two special classes of graphs motivated by our applications: bipartite graphs and interval graphs. Although the algorithms for bipartite and intervals graphs are quite different, the bounds they achieve are the same: we prove that for any sequence of jobs in which the maximum completion time of a job in the optimal schedule is bounded by A, the algorithm can complete every job in time O(n{sup 3} A{sup 2}). n is the number of nodes in the conflict graph. We also show that the best competitive ratio achievable by any online algorithm for themore maximum completion time on interval or bipartite graphs is {Omega}(n).« less |
Egypt’s headline inflation continued to climb year-on-year in October, rising to 17.7 percent from 16 percent in September, official statistics agency CAPMAS said on Saturday.
The rise in annual urban consumer price inflation was greater than expected and increases the chance that the central bank could raise interest rates next week, analysts said.
Egypt has hiked fuel, electricity and transport prices over the past few months to help meet the terms of a $12 billion International Monetary Fund loan programme it signed in late 2016 that includes deep cuts to energy subsidies and tax hikes.
On a monthly basis, inflation accelerated to 2.6 percent from 2.5 percent in September. Food and beverage inflation eased to 3.5 percent in October compared to 4.8 percent the previous month.
“The numbers are much higher than expected ... the price of fruit and vegetables are the main cause,” said Radwa El-Swaify, head of research at Pharos.
“Interest rates were expected to be held steady at the central bank meeting next Thursday, but after the unexpected rise we cannot rule out an interest rate increase between 1 and 2 percent,” Swaify said.
Egypt also floated its pound currency in November 2016, with inflation hitting a high of 33 percent in July last year before falling back.
After easing to 13.5 percent in July, annual inflation has risen for the past three months.
Tens of millions of people in Egypt, the Arab world’s most populous country, are struggling to meet basic needs after successive increases in the prices of vegetables, fruit, fuel, and medicine.
The price of potatoes rose sharply in recent weeks, prompting the state to intervene to ensure supply. |
Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3A inhibits the interferon- signaling pathway Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD, which affects cloven-hoofed animals. The pathophysiology of FMDV has not been fully understood and the evasion of host innate immune system is still unclear. Here, the FMDV non-structural protein 3A was identified as a negative regulator of virus-triggered IFN- signaling pathway. Overexpression of the FMDV 3A inhibited Sendai virus-triggered activation of IRF3 and the expressions of RIG-I/MDA5. Transient transfection and co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that FMDV 3A interacts with RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA, which is dependent on the N-terminal 51 amino acids of 3A. Furthermore, 3A also inhibited the expressions of RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA by disrupting their mRNA levels. These results demonstrated that 3A inhibits the RLR-mediated IFN- induction and uncovered a novel mechanism by which the FMDV 3A protein evades the host innate immune system. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that is highly contagious for affect domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. There are seven known serotypes of FMDV (A, O, Asia1, C, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3), which consists of numerous subtypes 1,2. The FMDV genome is an 8.5 kb, positive sense, single-stranded RNA molecule containing one open reading frame (ORF). The ORF encodes a single polyprotein that is post-translationally processed into four structural proteins (VP1-4) and eight non-structural proteins (L pro, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C pro, and 3D) 3. Similar to most viruses, FMDV has evolved to inhibit or evade the innate immune system. Innate immunity plays an important role in defending the host from invading pathogens. Type I interferons (IFNs), such as IFN- and IFN-, are recognized as an essential component of the innate immune response, especially against viral infections. The recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is conducted by a series of pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptor (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). TLRs are mostly expressed by macrophages, dendritic cells, and other immune cells, where they detect PAMPs at the cell surface or within endosomes 7. In contrast, RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5) are localized in the cytosol and mainly function in detecting RNA virus. RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) compose two copies of a caspase recruitment domains (CARD) at the N terminus, a regulatory/repression domain at the C terminus, and a central DExD/H box ATPase/helicase. Following activation after viral infection, the CARDs of RIG-I or MDA-5 are released and interact with the CARD motif of VISA, which subsequently lead to the activations of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor- B (NF- B). Upon activation, IRF3 and NF- B translocate to the nucleus and collaborate in inducing expression of a series of genes, such as type I IFNs, interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) and inflammatory cytokines 11,12. In order to replicate and spread in the hosts, many pathogens subvert the host cellular defense machinery to combat innate immune system, such as FMDV has evolved to actively suppress the production of host interferon in vitro. Furthermore, FMDV or some proteins of FMDV could antagonize the host innate response in mammalian cells by preventing the translational 16 or transcriptional level of host proteins 17. Such as, the FMDV leader proteinase (L pro) plays a key role in preventing IFN- / protein synthesis, by reducing the level of immediate-early induction of IFN- mRNA and IFN stimulated gene products 16, degrading p65/RelA 18 or IRF3/7 19, cleaving ubiquitin moieties from critical signaling proteins of the type I IFN signaling pathway, and/or abrogating the deubiquitinating activity of enzymes 20. In addition, FMDV 3C pro inhibits the virus-triggered expression of IFN- and - expression by cleaving NEMO (NF- B essential modulator) 21. It was recently reported that 3C pro antagonizes the IFN signaling pathway by blocking the nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2 17. FMDV VP1 suppresses type I IFN induction by interacting with sorcin, which appears to regulate the cellular response to viral infections 22. It remains unclear whether other FMDV nonstructural proteins are involved in inhibition of type I IFN signaling. In the present study, the results demonstrated that FMDV 3A inhibited virus-triggered the IFN- signaling pathway. It also inhibited the expression of RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA proteins by disrupting their mRNA levels. It uncovered the complicated mechanisms underlying the evasion of the host immune response by FMDV. Results FMDV 3A is a negative regulator of virus-triggered IFN- expression. To address the potential roles of FMDV nonstructural proteins in regulating cellular antiviral response, the effects of FMDV nonstructural proteins on virus-triggered activation of IFN- were examined by reporter assays. The data showed that 3A could markedly inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-triggered activations of the IFN- promoters (Fig. 1a) and ISRE (an IRF3binding motif) (Fig. 1b), but not affect IFN -induced activation of IRF1 promoter (Fig. 1c). Overexpression of FMDV 3A significantly inhibited SeV-triggered activation of the IFN- promoter and ISRE in a dose-dependent manner in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells (Fig. 1d,e), while IFN -induced activation of IRF1 promoter was not affected (Fig. 1f). In real-time PCR experiments, it was observed that SeV-triggered transcriptions of the Ifnb1, Cxcl-10, Isg56 and Rantes genes were decreased in FMDV 3A-transfected cells in comparison with the control transfected cells (Fig. 1g). To investigate the relevance of the activation of the IFN- signaling pathway in FMDV replication, the infectious progeny virus of the type O FMDV in 3A-transfected PK-15 cells was examined. The transcriptional level of IFN- was reduced in the 3A-transfected PK-15 cells (Fig. 1h), indicating that the activation of the IFN- signaling pathway was inhibited by FMDV 3A. Consistent with the decrease of IFN- mRNA level, the FMDV genome copies were increased in the 3A-transfected PK-15 cells when compared with non-transfected cells (Fig. 1i). Furthermore, it was found that overexpression of the FMDV 3A inhibited IRF3 phosphorylation and dimerization, which are hallmarks for IRF3 activation (Fig. 1j), in addition, overexpression of FMDV 3A decreased the expressions of RIG-I/MDA5 after SeV infection (Fig. 1k). Collectively, these results suggest that FMDV 3A is a negatively regulator of virus-triggered IFN- induction. FMDV 3A negatively regulates virus-triggered signaling at or upstream of the VISA level. There are various components involved in IFN- signaling pathways. In order to determine the molecular mechanisms of FMDV 3A in regulating RLR-mediated antiviral pathways, we co-transfected FMDV 3A with RIG-I (CARD)/MDA5 or their downstream signaling proteins and examined the activations by dual-luciferase assays. Overexpression of FMDV 3A inhibited activation of the IFN- promoter induced by VISA as well as its upstream components RIG-I (CARD) and MDA5, but did not affect IFN- promoter activation induced by VISA downstream components TBK1, IRF3-5D and IRF7 (Fig. 2a). Consistently, overexpression of FMDV 3A inhibited activation of the ISRE induced by RIG-I (CARD), MDA5, and VISA, but not TBK1, IRF3-5D and IRF7 (Fig. 2b). These data suggest that FMDV 3A targets at or upstream of VISA to regulate RLR-mediated signaling pathway. FMDV 3A interacts with RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA. To further evaluate the complicated regulatory mechanisms of FMDV 3A in virus-triggered signaling pathway, we examined the ability of FMDV 3A to associate with RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA which were shown to be inhibited in report assays. In transient transfection and co-immunoprecipitations experiments, FMDV 3A was found to specifically interacts with VISA and its upstream sensor RIG-I and MDA5, but not with TRAF3, TRAF6, TBK1, IRF3, IRF7, IKK, IKK or P65 (Fig. 3a). Furthermore, to determine whether FMDV 3A interacts with RIG-I/MDA5/VISA in physiological conditions, we did co-immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies recognizing endogenous RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA. The results showed FDMV 3A could interact with endogenous RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA ( Fig. 3b-d). Taken together, these results suggest that FMDV 3A interacts with RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA. Domain mapping of the FMDV 3A interaction. To further determine the structure domains of FMDV 3A that responsible for the interactions with RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA, a series of truncated mutants of FMDV 3A, RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA were generated (Fig. 4a-c). The results suggested that the N-terminal 51 amino acids of 3A was required for its interaction with RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA ( Fig. 4d-f). We next examined which domains of RIG-I/MDA5/VISA are required for its interaction with FMDV 3A. The results also showed that CARD and helicase domains of RIG-I/MDA5, and C-terminal amino acids of VISA interacted with FMDV 3A (Fig. 4g,h). In reporter assays, it was found that the full-length and N-terminal 102 aminol acids of FMDV 3A inhibited SeV-, RIG-I-, MDA5-, and VISA-triggered IFN- and ISRE activations (Fig. 5a,b), while C-terminal 51 aminol acids of the protein had minor effects (Fig. 5c,d). These results suggest that the N-terminal 51 amino acids of FMDV 3A interacted with the VISA/RIG-I/MDA5 and the N-terminal 102 amino acids of FMDV 3A inhibited the IFN- signaling pathway. is intriguing to find out if FMDV 3A inhibits the expressions of RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA at translational levels. Treatment with a proteasome inhibitor MG-132, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, and lysosome inhibitor NH4Cl were not significantly blocked the protein reduction (Fig. 7a-c). In real time PCR experiments, it was found that FMDV 3A inhibited the mRNA abundance of RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA, but not TBK1, TRAF3 and IRF3 (Fig. 7d). These data demonstrate that that FMDV 3A reduced the expression of the RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA by inhibiting their mRNA level, not at translational levels. Discussion Activation of the innate immune system in mammals upon in response to viral infections, leads to the expression of hundreds of antiviral genes that control the spread of infections 23. The IFN signaling pathway is a crucial component of the innate antiviral response. FMDV is a member of the Aphthovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. Its pathophysiology is likely related to its ability to evade the innate immune system of the host. Some studies have shown that FMDV proteins inhibit the IFN pathway, and therefore evade host innate immunity 18,21,24. The mechanisms that FMDV use to manipulate the host for its replication and to evade the host immune response, are not fully understood. Although there are known FMDV-mediated inhibitory mechanisms that affect the initiation and effector phases of the innate immune response, little is known about the effects of FMDV on the signaling transductions. This pathway involves RIG-I-, MDA5-, and VISA-mediated type I IFN production, and is regulated by a sophisticated interplay between host and viral proteins. In the current study, we revealed that the expressions of RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA are reduced by FMDV 3A, which results in inhibition of type I IFN production. The findings could help to explain the influence of FMDV on RIG-I-and MDA-5 signaling transduction pathways, and further improve our understandings of the mechanisms by which FMDV evades the host innate immune system of the host. RIG-I and MDA-5 play important roles in innate immunity. Recently, several viruses have been reported to use various strategies to disrupt the functions of RIG-I and MDA-5. The influenza virus NS1 protein can antagonize the RIG-1-VISA pathway by interacting with RIG-1 and VISA 25. The V proteins of the Paramyxoviruses, including simian virus 5, human parainfluenza virus 2, mumps virus, SeV, and Hendra virus, were shown to disrupt the MDA5-IFN- pathway via direct interactions with MDA5 26,27. Other studies showed that several viruses disrupt the function of VISA to evade host innate immunity. The NS3-4A protease of hepatitis C virus inhibits the IFN signaling pathway by cleaving the C-terminal end of VISA to disrupt its interaction with the outer mitochondrial membrane. The HBx protein of hepatitis B virus binds with VISA and promotes its degradation to inhibit IFN- production 31,32. Viruses of the Picornaviridae family disrupt the function of VISA through various mechanisms. The 3ABC protein of Hepatitis A virus co-localizes with VISA at the mitochondria and degrades VISA 33. The rhinovirus 2A pro and 3C pro proteases, and 3C pro of coxsackievirus B3 inhibit the IFN signaling pathway by cleaving VISA 34. The 2A pro of enterovirus 71 inhibits type I IFN production by cleaving VISA at Gly209, Gly251, and Gly265 35. All of the above studies were focused on the degradations of the proteins of the IFN signaling pathway by virus-encoded proteases. Therefore, our finding that FMDV 3A inhibited the expression of the RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA provides a new insight into how non-protease FMDV-derived proteins can affect the IFN signaling pathway. FMDV 3A has no sequence homology to any other known proteases. We postulated that other proteins mediates the inhibition of the expressions of RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA proteins by FMDV 3A. Many viruses have developed mechanisms to subvert the IFN pathway. The nonstructural proteins of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) block the induction of genes encoding IFN- /, which results in the increased virulence of BRSV 36. The replication and virulence of West Nile virus is enhanced via resistance to IFN- / 37. The PB2 subunit of influenza virus RNA polymerase inhibits the expression of IFN-, thereby affecting its virulence 38. Previous studies have suggested that there is a correlation between IFN expression and the virulence of a virus, but some studies have focused on FMDV pathogenicity and virulence. FMDV 3A consists of 153 amino acids that are partially conserved. The first half of the 3A coding region, which is highly conserved among all FMDVs, encodes an N-terminal hydrophilic domain and a hydrophobic domain capable of binding to membranes 39. The 3A protein is multifunctional and plays important roles in virus replication, virulence, and determination of host-range 40,41. Previous studies have shown that deletion of amino acids 93-102 of 3A protein in a Taiwanese strain (O/TAW/97) of FMDV is associated with an inability to cause disease in cows. Further research suggested that this deletion does not affect FMDV replication efficiency in BHK-21 (hamster), PK-15 (porcine), and FPK (fetal porcine) cell lines. However, virus replication efficiency was reduced in the FBK (fetal bovine) cell line, although this alone cannot account for the inability of FMDV to replicate in bovine cells. Another Asian strain of FMDV with a second deletion within 3A (amino acids 133-143) or a series of substitutions, revealed that changes in the genome in addition to the original deletion are responsible for the porcinophilic properties of current Asian viruses in this lineage 39. In FMDV, deletions of 19 to 20 amino acids between 3A residues 87-106 (32,28,24,20,16,8 and 0 g) for 24 h. A small volume of the protein lysate was collected to detected VISA, TBK1, TRAF3, and IRF3 by western blotting. Other protein lysate was used for immunoprecipitation with protein G-beads coupled to polyclonal antibodies directed against RIG-I or MDA5. The immunoprecipitation was analyzed by immunoblots with the polyclonal antibodies against RIG-I and MDA5. Scientific RepoRts | 6:21888 | DOI: 10.1038/srep21888 results in reduced virulence in cattle 42. A recombinant O1 Campos virus harboring a 20 amino acid deletion in 3A exhibited reduced virulence in cattle 43. It remain unclear that there is a relationship between the amino acid composition of 3A and the IFN signaling pathway, which affects the virulence of FMDV. We demonstrated that amino acids 1-102 of FMDV 3A inhibits the IFN- signaling pathway, which provides new information regarding the influence of IFN signaling on FMDV virulence. Further studies are required to determine whether the roles of the IFN response reported here culminate in FMDV pathophysiology and which key amino acids of FMDV 3A inhibit the IFN- signaling pathway. In summary, FMDV 3A adversely affects RIG-I, MDA5, and VISA-mediated type I IFN production by inhibiting the mRNA levels of these genes. Furthermore, we have identified a key domain (amino acids 1-102) of FMDV 3A that inhibits the IFN- signaling pathway. Taken together, the findings reveal a novel mechanism of FMDV 3A-mediated evasion of host innate immunity. was purchased from Amersham Biosciences and M-MLV reverse transcriptase was from Invitrogen. The Sendai virus (SeV) used in the experiments and rabbit antibodies against VISA, MDA5, TRAF3, and RIG-I were previously described. The type O FMDV was propagated in PK-15 cells, and the supernatants of infected cells were clarified and stored at − 80 °C. The generation of luciferase reporter plasmids encoding the promoters for ISRE, IRF1, and IFN-, along with mammalian expression plasmids for RIG-I (CARD), RIG-I (helicase), RIG-I, MDA5, VISA, TBK1, TRAF3, TRAF6, IRF3, IKK, IKK, P65 and VISA mutants have been described previously 7,44,. The genes of FMDV proteins were amplified from cDNA of the type O FMDV, strain Tibet/CHA/99 (GenBank accession no. AJ539138). FMDV proteins cDNA were cloned into the pCAGGS vector using EcoRI and XhoI restriction enzymes. A series of FMDV 3A mutants were cloned into the pRK-GFP or pMSCV vectors using EcoRI and XbaI restriction enzymes generated from pCAGGS-3A by conventional PCR techniques with the mutagenesis primers listed in Table 1. All plasmids were verified by sequencing. Plasmids. Transfection and reporter assays. HEK293T cells (5 10 4 ) in 48-well plates were transfected with 100 ng of reporter plasmid, 10 ng of pRL-TK (Promega) (as an internal control), and 100 ng indicate plasmids. At 24 hours post transfection, the cells were treated with SeV (moi: 1.0) or IFN (100 ng/ml) or left untreated for 12 h, and the whole-cell extracts were prepared for the analysis of dual-luciferase activities. The activities of the reporter genes, including firefly luciferase and renilla luciferase, were determined using a dual-luciferase reporter 1000 assay system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The data represented the firefly luciferase activity normalized to the renilla luciferase activity. Three independent experiments were carried out in duplicate. Table 1. Relative fold changes in gene expression were determined by the threshold cycle (2 −Ct ) method. The viral genome copies in FMDV-infected PK-15 cells were quantified by a quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Total RNA of the FMDV-infected cells was extracted using TRIzol as described above. Quantification of genome copies of FMDV was performed as described previously 50. Real-time RT-PCR. Co-immunoprecipitation and western immunoblotting. Transfected HEK293T cells from 10-cm dishes were lysed in l ml of lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4-7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Nonidet P-40, 10 g/mL aprotinin, 10 g/mL leupeptin, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride). For each sample, 0.8 mL of cell lysate was incubated with 0.5 g of appropriate antibody and 25 l of 50% (v/v) slurry of protein G agarose beads (Amersham Biosciences) at 4 °C for 2 h. Agarose beads were washed three times with 1 mL of lysis buffer containing 500 mM NaCl. Precipitates were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then western immunoblotting analysis. Virus infection and treatment. PK-15 cells were transfected with plasmids for 12 h then treated with puromycin (1 mg/ml) for 24 h followed by infection with the type O FMDV (MOI: 0.1). After 2 h, the viral inoculum was removed and the infected cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) and re-fed with DMEM containing 2% FBS. IFN- mRNA abundance or FMDV genome copies in PK-15 cells were assessed using a relative quantitative RT-PCR assay or using a quantitative RT-PCR assay. To examine effect of FMDV 3A on the expressions of RIG-I, MDA5 and VISA, HEK293T cells co-transfected with RIG-I, MDA5 or VISA and 3A or empty vector for 18 h followed by treatment with DMSO, MG132 (20 M), 3-MA (0.5 mg/ml), NH4Cl (20 mM) for 6 h. The samples were harvested and analyzed using western immunoblotting. Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS17.0 software. The student's t test was used for a comparison of three independent treatments. For the test, a P value < 0.05 was considered significant ( * ) while P value < 0.01, very significant ( ** ). |
. BACKGROUND Simultaneous arthrodesis of the ankle and subtalar joints and correction of axial malalignment of the hindfoot in cases of bony defects and/or circulatory disturbances of the talus after multiple previous interventions. Internal stabilization with a short distal femur nail. Restoration of pain-free weight bearing. Failure of arthrodesis of the ankle and subtalar joint in patients with severely altered bone structure particularly at the level of the talar dome. Malalignment of hind- and/or forefoot after previous arthrodesis of the ankle and subtalar joint. Poor skin or soft-tissue condition. Acute osteitis/osteomyelitis. METHODS Posterolateral approach. Resection of the articular cartilage and the areas of sclerosis of the ankle and posterior facet of the subtalar joint. Interposition of bone grafts harvested from the posterior iliac crest. Correction of malalignment of the hind- and forefoot. Locked nailing with a short distal femur nail. RESULTS All 21 prospectively enrolled patients were followed-up clinically and radiographically at an average of 1.2 years (0.6-2.1 years) postoperatively. The average age of the 4 women and 17 men at the time of surgery was 53.4 years (38.9-73.7 years). The goal of the surgery was achieved in all patients. Subjective assessment was good in 14 patients and satisfactory in 3 patients. Complications occurred in 5 patients; these included loss of nail purchase, dislocation of locking screw, breakage of locking screw, and nonunion. |
<gh_stars>10-100
// Demo showing Group listing, creation, updating, and deletion.
package main
import (
"encoding/json"
"flag"
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"net/url"
"os"
"time"
aio "github.com/adafruit/io-client-go"
)
var (
useURL string
key string
)
func prepare() {
rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
flag.StringVar(&useURL, "url", "", "Adafruit IO URL. Defaults to https://io.adafruit.com.")
flag.StringVar(&key, "key", "", "your Adafruit IO key")
if useURL == "" {
// no arg given, try ENV
useURL = os.Getenv("ADAFRUIT_IO_URL")
}
if key == "" {
key = os.Getenv("ADAFRUIT_IO_KEY")
}
flag.Parse()
}
func render(label string, f *aio.Group) {
sfeed, _ := json.MarshalIndent(f, "", " ")
fmt.Printf("--- %v\n", label)
fmt.Println(string(sfeed))
}
func title(label string) {
fmt.Printf("\n\n%v\n\n", label)
}
func ShowAll(client *aio.Client) {
title("All")
groups, _, err := client.Group.All()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
for _, g := range groups {
render(g.Name, g)
}
}
func pause() {
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
func main() {
prepare()
client := aio.NewClient(key)
client.BaseURL, _ = url.Parse(useURL)
ShowAll(client)
pause()
// CREATE
name := fmt.Sprintf("a_new_group_%d", rand.Int())
fmt.Printf("CREATING %v\n", name)
g, resp, err := client.Group.Create(&aio.Group{Name: name})
if err != nil {
// resp.Debug()
fmt.Printf("failed to create group")
panic(err)
} else if resp.StatusCode > 299 {
fmt.Printf("Unexpected status: %v", resp.Status)
panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to create group"))
} else {
fmt.Println("ok")
}
pause()
// GET
newg, _, err := client.Group.Get(g.ID)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
render("new group", newg)
pause()
// UPDATE (only Name and Description can be modified)
g.Name = fmt.Sprintf("name_changed_to_%d", rand.Int())
g.Description = "Now this group has a description."
fmt.Printf("changing name to %v\n", g.Name)
newg, _, err = client.Group.Update(g.ID, g)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
render("updated group", newg)
pause()
// DELETE
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
title("deleting group")
_, err = client.Group.Delete(newg.ID)
if err == nil {
fmt.Println("ok")
}
pause()
// SHOW ALL
ShowAll(client)
}
|
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): What is in a name and what isn't? Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging is a relatively new magnetic resonance imaging contrast approach in which exogenous or endogenous compounds containing either exchangeable protons or exchangeable molecules are selectively saturated and after transfer of this saturation, detected indirectly through the water signal with enhanced sensitivity. The focus of this review is on basic magnetic resonance principles underlying CEST and similarities to and differences with conventional magnetization transfer contrast. In CEST magnetic resonance imaging, transfer of magnetization is studied in mobile compounds instead of semisolids. Similar to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST has contributions of both chemical exchange and dipolar crossrelaxation, but the latter can often be neglected if exchange is fast. Contrary to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST imaging requires sufficiently slow exchange on the magnetic resonance time scale to allow selective irradiation of the protons of interest. As a consequence, magnetic labeling is not limited to radiofrequency saturation but can be expanded with slower frequencyselective approaches such as inversion, gradient dephasing and frequency labeling. The basic theory, design criteria, and experimental issues for exchange transfer imaging are discussed. A new classification for CEST agents based on exchange type is proposed. The potential of this young field is discussed, especially with respect to in vivo application and translation to humans. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 WileyLiss, Inc. |
package org.openecomp.sdcrests.vsp.rest.mapping;
import org.openecomp.sdc.vendorsoftwareproduct.types.composition.ComputeData;
import org.openecomp.sdcrests.mapping.MappingBase;
import org.openecomp.sdcrests.vendorsoftwareproducts.types.ComputeDetailsDto;
public class MapComputeDataToComputeDetailsDto extends MappingBase<ComputeData, ComputeDetailsDto> {
@Override
public void doMapping(ComputeData source, ComputeDetailsDto target) {
target.setName(source.getName());
target.setDescription(source.getDescription());
}
}
|
Variation in Onset of Leaf Unfolding and Wood Formation in a Central African Tropical Tree Species A diversity of phenological strategies has been reported for tropical tree species. Defoliation and seasonal dormancy of cambial activity inform us on how trees cope with water stress during the dry season, or maximize the use of resources during the rainy season. Here, we study the matching between leaf phenology (unfolding and shedding) and cambial activity for Prioria balsamifera, a key timber species in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In particular, we (i) evaluated the seasonality of cambial activity and synchrony of phenology among trees in response to climate and (ii) identified the seasonality of leaf phenology and its relation with cambial phenology. The study was conducted in the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve, located in the Mayombe forest at the southern margin of the Congo Basin. Historic defoliation data were collected every ten days using weekly crown observations whereas recent observations involved time-lapse cameras. Cambial pinning was performed on ten trees during 20 months and radius dendrometers were installed on three trees during 13 months. Tree rings were measured on cores from 13 trees and growth synchrony was evaluated. We found that P. balsamifera defoliates annually with a peak observed at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The new leaves unfolded shortly after shedding of the old leaves. The peak defoliation dates varied across years from September 12 to November 14 and the fraction of number of trees that defoliated at a given time was found to be negatively correlated with annual rainfall and temperature; during the dry season, when precipitation and temperatures are the lowest. Wood formation (radial growth), was found to be highly seasonal, with cambial dormancy occurring during the dry season and growth starting at the beginning of the rainy season. Individual ring-width series did not cross date well. The within species variability of leaf phenology and cambial rhythms provides indication about resistance of the population against climatic changes. A diversity of phenological strategies has been reported for tropical tree species. Defoliation and seasonal dormancy of cambial activity inform us on how trees cope with water stress during the dry season, or maximize the use of resources during the rainy season. Here, we study the matching between leaf phenology (unfolding and shedding) and cambial activity for Prioria balsamifera, a key timber species in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In particular, we (i) evaluated the seasonality of cambial activity and synchrony of phenology among trees in response to climate and (ii) identified the seasonality of leaf phenology and its relation with cambial phenology. The study was conducted in the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve, located in the Mayombe forest at the southern margin of the Congo Basin. Historic defoliation data were collected every ten days using weekly crown observations whereas recent observations involved timelapse cameras. Cambial pinning was performed on ten trees during 20 months and radius dendrometers were installed on three trees during 13 months. Tree rings were measured on cores from 13 trees and growth synchrony was evaluated. We found that P. balsamifera defoliates annually with a peak observed at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The new leaves unfolded shortly after shedding of the old leaves. The peak defoliation dates varied across years from September 12 to November 14 and the fraction of number of trees that defoliated at a given time was found to be negatively correlated with annual rainfall and temperature; during the dry season, when precipitation and temperatures are the lowest. Wood formation (radial growth), was found to be highly seasonal, with cambial dormancy occurring during the dry season and growth starting at the beginning of the rainy season. Individual ringwidth series did not cross date well. The within species variability of leaf phenology and cambial rhythms provides indication about resistance of the population against climatic changes. INTRODUCTION The effects of global change are already impacting forest ecosystems in terms of vegetation structure and floristic composition. Understanding the sensitivity of tropical forests and species to climate change is becoming increasingly important. Phenology is a key variable herein, specifically to understand how trees cope with the dry season, and how they will respond to increased future droughts. The phases of leaf unfolding and defoliation of trees affect photosynthetic activity by drought response and the trade-off between the risks of carbon starvation (if there is no photosynthetic activity because of leaf shedding) and hydraulic failure (if stomata are maintained opened), which on their turn affect primary and secondary growth, survival and productivity of trees (). Tree mortality is an important component of forest dynamics. It is one of the vital rates of a forest community, next to regeneration and tree growth. Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms that cause tree mortality due to drought is important for documenting tree responses to environmental changes. Two different physiological mechanisms can cause tree mortality: hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. Plant death by hydraulic failure is observed when increased tension causes air bubbles in the sap flow resulting in cavitation and embolism. Carbon starvation occurs when plants close their stomata to minimize water losses, thereby also reducing carbon uptake and photosynthesis. A carbon deficit arises, maintenance of metabolism is not possible anymore, leading eventually to the death of the tree (). A diversity of leaf phenology strategies has been reported for tropical tree species (). Two major leaf habits are, however, generally distinguished, i.e., the evergreen habit, defined by the retention of functional leaves in the canopy throughout the year versus the deciduous habit for which a tree is leafless for some part of the annual cycle (Kikuzawa and Lechowicz, 2011). Tropical trees can reduce the impact of seasonal drought by adaptive mechanisms such as defoliation or stem succulence and by using soil water reserves, which enables an evergreen canopy during periods of low rainfall. In addition, the cambial activity decreased during the dormant period (). Seasonal drought often leads to defoliation of trees (;;;) and subsequent reductions in tree-ring growth (). Depending on the impact of the drought, subsequent rains may allow canopy greenness and carbon uptake to recover, with a corresponding increase in tree-ring growth. The leaf phenology helps to enhance the resilience to drought by reducing Leaf Area Index (LAI) at the end of the wet season, thus saving soil water for the upcoming dry months (). Growth cessation during the dry season also demonstrates the tree's resilience to climatic variations. Radial growth is often monitored through repeated measurements in permanent sample plots (;Angoboy ;) but dendrochronological analysis can complement successive growth measurements in permanent sample plots with added precision (;Angoboy ). A sound interpretation of growth patterns of tropical trees depends on understanding phenological rhythms (Enquist and Leffler, 2001) at the primary (apex growth, leaf unfolding) and secondary meristem level (cambium, wood formation). Most research on seasonality of cambial activity in the tropics has been performed in South America and in South-East Asia. In the tropical rainforest of French Guiana, the cambial activity of two dominant tree species was significantly reduced during the leafless period, irrespective of rainfall (). In contrast, in Colombia, Herrera-Ramirez et al. observed a successfully crossdated tree-ring series in Prioria copaifera Griseb. However, the ring series did not show a signal for mean annual rainfall and temperature. In Thailand, cambial activity varied significantly between species, ranging from being active right on the transition from the dry season to the wet season, to peak activity in the midst of the wet season (Pumijumnong and Buajan, 2013). Studies on seasonality of cambial activity in species from the Congo Basin are, however, limited. In addition to the response to seasonal drought, radial growth has been found to vary according to light requirements (;). A detailed study on three commercial species showed that growth rings were anatomically distinct, annual and closely modeled by cambial seasonality in Cameroon (). Couralet et al. andDe Mil et al. used cambial pinnings for monitoring cambial activity of understory species in the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve, in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Both studies showed that growth is related to variations in the environment and mainly to variations in precipitation. The existence of annual growth rings that are associated to climate seasonality, primarily to rainfall is mostly limited to deciduous species growing in the canopy with their crowns fully exposed to external environmental factors (Pumijumnong and Park, 1999;Worbes, 1999). Successful crossdating of ring-width series denotes consistent and synchronous patterns of variation and indicates that a common external factor controls ring formation in different trees (Singh and Venugopal, 2011). In most tropical regions (and especially DRC) exactly dated reference chronologies are not available, so crossdating consists of comparing growth curves of different trees visually and statistically to synchronize ring-width series. A lack of growth synchrony of trees from the same species is an important aspect of diversity and adds to the resilience capacity of a population. The lack of crossdating indicates that individuals of the same species in the same environment would react differently to a disturbance. In extreme cases where many individuals are killed by stressful growth conditions, the population can potentially recover thanks to individuals that survived because they are less susceptible to the environmental stressors. Camarero et al. considered increases in synchronicity among trees as an early warning signal for increased sensitivity to drought and augmented vulnerability of populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis). Tree-to-tree growth synchronicity indeed often increases with drought stress or other unfavorable conditions. Hence, a population with diverse growth patterns can be assumed to be more resilient. In this work, we contribute to understand the resilience of Prioria balsamifera (Vermoesen) Breteler (Fabaceae-Caesalpiniodeae) in the Mayombe forest based on an analysis of synchrony of defoliation and cambial activity by: (i) evaluating the seasonality of cambial activity and synchronicity in response to climate and (ii) identifying the seasonality of leaf phenology. To do so, we used series of growth rings from cambial marks from 1947 to 2014, intra-annual cambial marks from the season of 2006-2007, and dendrometer data from 2017 to 2018, observations of inter-annual defoliation from 1947 to 1957, time-lapse camera observations of defoliation from 2015 to 2016, and measured tree-ring width series. We studied P. balsamifera, a commercial tree species under strong pressure from logging to supply local artisanal markets. P. balsamifera is one of the main species of the timber industry in the DRC. It is a brevi-deciduous species, reaching 55 m in height and 1.5 m in diameter, with a spherical crown and open foliage (Arno, 2001;). Study Site The Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve is located in the southwest of the DRC (latitude between 05 35 and 05 43 S, longitude between 13 10 and 13 15 E), in the Kongo Central province at 120 km from the Atlantic coast. It belongs to the Mayombe forest which constitutes the southern margin of the Guineo-Congolese forests. It is considered representative of the Mayombe flora and classified as "Central African moist forest" (). Soils are ferralitic, acidic with a low cation content (). The climate is moist tropical and corresponds to type Aw 4 of the Kppen classification (). It is influenced by the cold oceanic current of Benguela and the southeast winds, also due to its proximity to the Atlantic coast (Lubini, 1997;). In the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve, rainfall and temperature are being recorded since 1948 (;Angoboy ). The daily data collected onsite show a strong inter-annual variation of rainfall with an average of 1,201 mmyear −1 and a standard deviation of 323 mm from 1947 to 1958. This is very low for dense forest sites, so cloud cover in the morning during the dry season is probably a key factor to maintain forest cover there. The seasonality of rainfall is bimodal, with two rainy seasons interspersed with a large and very marked dry season (June-September), and to a much lesser extent during December-January (Figure 1), where rainfall is less pronounced in amplitude and intensity (Angoboy. Tree-Ring Measurements and Wood Formation A total of 194 trees of P. balsamifera nail tagged with metal plates by the Institut National pour l'tude Agronomique du Congo Belge (INEAC), later renamed Institut National pour Wood samples were collected from the nail area in 2014 for 13 trees that showed a clear nail trace. A selection of increment cores or stem fragments was made, based on whether clear wood markings were visible after sanding. For every core, growth-ring series were visualized using imaging methods as previously described in De Mil et al.. Core surfaces were smoothed with a core microtome (Grtner and Nievergelt, 2010) and scanned using a flatbed scanner at 2400 dpi (EPSON Perfection 4990 PHOTO). Rings formed between 1948 and 2014 were measured on the stem fragments and cores using a LINTAB measuring stage in combination with TSAP-Win TM software (Rinntech, Germany), as well as with the DHXCT graphical user interface (De ), available on www.dendrochronomics.ugent.be. Every first week of the month between April 2006 and August 2007, cambial pinning was performed on the stem, each new mark was made 5 cm to the right in a spiral arrangement to avoid interference of nearby wound tissue. When a circumference was fully occupied, the next pinnings were made on a new circumference 20 cm higher. The diameter of these trees varied between 15.4 and 40.8 cm. After 20 months, we obtained the proper authorization to cut the trees that were monitored. Stem sections were sawn at the level of the markings visible on the bark and all pinning positions were indicated with paint. Samples were air-dried and then cut into small pieces, each containing one wound. The surface was sanded with gradually increasing grid from 50 to 600 or 1200 and the different wood tissues were observed macro-and microscopically (). Finally, from 2016 to 2017, electronic radius dendrometers (EcoMatik) were mounted on three trees of P. balsamifera to account for daily variations in stem diameter, and as an additional verification for cambial growth. The dendrometers were installed at 1.30 m height and stem diameter variations (SDVs) were logged every 30 min using ONSETComp HOBOloggers (Onset; De ). Defoliation Data A total of 194 trees of P. balsamifera were monitored for phenology every 10 days from 1947 to 1958, and phenological observations, i.e., the presence of flowers, fruits, dissemination and defoliation in the crown, were reported in notebooks. These historical phenology data have been previously analyzed (;Angoboy ). More recently, leaf unfolding was daily monitored for two trees using Wingscapes time-lapse cameras (), the pictures were taken from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. at an interval of 1 h. The time-lapse cameras were operational from December the 14th, 2015 to September the 16th, 2016, thus covering one entire dry season. The images were visually analyzed and four defined leaf unfolding stages were identified: buds swelling, buds break, buds open and leaf unfolding adapted from Malaisse. The occurrence of each leaf unfolding stages is compared with the corresponding season. Data Analysis All analyses were performed in R Studio (R Core Team, 2016). Tree rings series were analyzed with the R package "dplR" (Bunn, 2008(Bunn,, 2010, defoliation with the R package "Circular" () and the cambial pinning data by fitting a Gompertz function. Relative growth rate (RGR) (%) within the growing season was calculated to obtain growth curves of seasonal wood formation, given that variability of absolute growth along the circumference can be too high to construct a growth curve that is typical of the individual (;De ). The Gompertz equation defined as follows was fitted to the data for each tree separately (n = 10 for cambial pinning and n = 3 for radius dendrometers). RGR = ae −e −kt RGR is the relative growth rate (in %), a is the upper asymptote, is the x-axis placement for the location of the origin, k stands for the rate of change parameter and t is the time, expressed in number of days since the first cambial pinning. Tree-Ring Analysis We attempted to crossdate 13 cores from 13 trees, but of these, only 3 had 66 rings between 1948 and 2014, so all the others could not have been crossdated since there are too many missing rings. The function "interseries.cor" of the R package "dplR" has been used (Bunn, 2008(Bunn,, 2010. The three trees were located at the same slope and altitude. The signal strength and confidence of these series is assessed by calculating inter-series correlation (Rbar; ). Successful crossdating of ring-width series denotes consistent and synchronous patterns of variation (Cook and Kairiukstis, 1990). Crossdating was performed visually in combination with a correlation analysis using Cofecha software. Seasonality of Defoliation Using the crown observation data from 1947 to 1957, circular statistics allowed to detect and to test the synchrony of defoliation at the population level (all trees) and separately for individual trees between years. This also allowed quantifying the degree of temporal aggregation of defoliation (Davies and Ashton, 1999). The length of the vector rho (ranging from 0 to 1) indicates the duration and the concentration of phenological events. This vector was calculated for the species. In both cases, a lower rho value indicates a phenological activity occurring several times per year. A rho value close to 1 indicates a phenological event occurring once a year. Rayleigh uniformity test was performed to test the significant aggregation of defoliation events (Davies and Ashton, 1999). We then tested the correlation between the percentage of trees showing defoliation with the rainfall and temperature of the same period using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. This makes it possible to define the potential influence of the variation in precipitation and temperature on the defoliation. Wood Formation and Timing of Leafing Recorded by Time-Lapse Cameras The cambium of P. balsamifera is dormant from the end of the dry season and growth starts at the beginning of the rainy season in October (Figure 2). This was also detected by the cambial pinning and by the dendrometer measurements that follow the tree growth with higher resolution and accuracy. Growth rings are not always annual and are generally formed during the rainy season as illustrated by the Gompertz fit to show relative growth for all trees (Figure 2). The maximum time between the development stages of leaf buds ( Figure 2C) is about 7 days. Time-lapse camera photos, taken between December 14, 2015 to September 16, 2016, have indicated that the leaf unfolding is often short and all phenological stages of the leaves of one tree occur in only 1 week and confirmed the short defoliation episodes detected by circular statistics using the data of 1947-1957 (Figure 4). Analysis of camera's pictures has shown that the leaf unfolding follows shortly after the defoliation. Analysis of the camera's pictures has shown the leaf unfolding starts before the rainy season (July, August, and September) and continues until October. Leaf unfolding and defoliation are overlapping (Figure 2). The gray zone indicates the dry season ( Figure 2C) Tree-Ring Crossdating Core images and ring-width data for P. balsamifera were extracted from Hubau et al.. Cambial marks due to tree tagging indicated the year 1948 and thus serve as an absolute dating point. From these 13 trees (showing on average 111 rings from the pith onward), only the 3 trees for which we counted 66 rings between 1948 and 2014 (Figure 3) were retained. For these three trees (Figure 3B), the peak of defoliation was observed on October 10 (Tw77843), September 7 (Tw77847) and October 20 (Tw77877). Seasonality and Asynchrony in Leaf Phenology In addition to the 1 year leaf phenology monitoring campaign with time-lapse cameras, we used historical phenological observation data and we found that, every year a peak of defoliation was observed at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The peak dates varied across years from September 12 to November 14. Over the 11 years of phenology observations, peaks of defoliation were obtained in November for 5 years (1952( -1955( ) and 1957(, in September for 4 years (1947(, 1949( -1951 and in October for 2 years (1947 and 1956). The defoliation of P. balsamifera at the population level can thus be characterized as annual and irregular and of short duration (rho generally close to 1, Figure 4). Globally, the rho values of defoliation (rho >0.5) indicate the high degree of synchronization for the studied P. balsamifera population each year. The trees begin to lose their leaves mainly in the dry season and achieve a complete loss at the beginning of the rainy season. However, in 1955, the defoliation was not synchronous and was relatively spread out (rho = 0.47) in contrast to the year 1952 FIGURE 3 | (A) Distribution with number of rings formed in P. balsamifera between 1948 and 2014 (data from ) where (B) cores with annual rings were retained and ring series were plotted with the crossdating parameters showing the lack of inter-series correlation. Rings before 1960 were removed to avoid effects of wound tissue. which corresponds to a synchronous and very brief defoliation (rho = 0.94). The lower number of defoliated trees is observed between 1952 and 1954. Negative correlation were observed between the maximum number of defoliated trees and both annual rainfall and mean temperature (P > 0.05). Cambial Phenology and Lack of Crossdating Our results show that cambial phenology of P. balsamifera is dormant during the dry season and growth starts at the beginning of the rainy season (Figure 2). The first rains often trigger radial growth as already shown for other species using cambial pinning in the Mayombe forest: Aidia ochroleuca (K.Schum.) () & Diels begins unfolding its leaves well before the rainy season, whereas dendrometer data complemented with cambial pinning showed that the wood is being formed after the first rains. Likewise, pre-rain green-up has been found to be ubiquitous across (sub) tropical savannas and woodlands of southern Africa (;). The lack of crossdating (Figure 3, RBAR = 0.005) indicates that climate response of P. balsamifera is not obvious. Nevertheless, the sensitivity values of individual series are above 0.2, which is generally accepted as a series that might be sensitive enough for climate reconstruction (). Leaf Phenology Related to Environmental Factors The defoliation of P. balsamifera is annual, but quite irregular from year to year (Figure 4), which has also been shown for other populations of trees (). Defoliation occurs during the dry season (July and August) but the new leaves appear rapidly after defoliation. The impact of the dry season on the seasonal functioning of tropical trees has already been studied for Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels, in DRC (De ) and across the tropics (). During seasonal drought, many trees renew their leaves and suspend their radial growth. In our study area, this phenomenon does not seem to be as important because the air humidity always remains high, even during the dry season because of the Benguela current (Lubini, 1997;;Angoboy ;). Therefore, the cambial dormancy period might be less strict than in other tropical regions with a more seasonal climate. In the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve there are at least 3 months with less than 50 mm of rainfall each year, but the dense cloud cover as a result from the proximity of the ocean and the hilly landscape provides a constant high level of air humidity. It has been reported earlier that the tropical rainforests characterized by a strong annual dry season show an adjustment in leaf production and defoliation. Our results show a consistent yearly defoliation: trees leafing early in 1 year also do so in other years (Figure 4). However, the results indicate that there is a considerable variation between trees in a single year. The use of time-lapse cameras allowed a detailed monitoring of the leafing process (from the first buds to the complete new leaves) that occurs on a relatively short period of time, one single week, possible due to the high humidity. Such quick processes are not detected using crown observations, classically used for phenology monitoring, and done every 10 days (Angoboy but more generally only once a month (). The lower number of defoliated trees between 1952 and 1954 was observed by Couralet et al. in the Luki Biosphere Reserve for flowering, fruiting and dissemination. This would be due to the very low rainfall in 1953 and 1954 caused by an El Nio event. They indicated that annual rainfall sums were slightly above average in 1948 and 1949 (1268 and 1260 mm, respectively) and extremely high in 1950 (1845 mm). Asynchrony in Buffering Climate Change and Population Resilience Asynchronous leaf and cambial phenology has been earlier observed for the same site for Terminalia superba, which confirms what is shown here for P. balsamifera. The dendrometers showed that the wood growth of T. superba starts after budburst between November and January. Cambial pinnings confirmed that P. balsamifera growth starts at the beginning of the rainy season in October ( Figure 2) and the leaf unfolding occurs before the start of the rainy season (July, August, and September) and continues until October. Causes for asynchrony have not been thoroughly explored but differences in genetics, life history traits and habitat conditions encountered by individual trees may influence the way that populations as a whole experience environmental conditions, potentially leading to a diversity of responses among trees to the same environmental conditions (). Consistent lags in phenology are known to be genetic (te ). Indeed, given the diverse and consistent growing period, the environmental responses of P. balsamifera trees are variable and create diversity within the species. This lack of synchrony adds to the resilience of P. balsamifera populations. This way, as suggested by Fritts and Camarero et al., the concept of resilience is being addressed, not at the individual level of the organism, but rather at the population level and is similar to the general biological strategy of "bet hedging". The data we analyzed suggest that the P. balsamifera population is resilient (Figure 3). The lack of crossdating indicates that individuals of the same species in the same environment would react differently to a disturbance. This will increase the resilience of the stand against unfavorable environmental fluctuations. Many of the trees have less than 66 rings between 1948 and 2014, which shows that missing rings are common for the species. For the three trees that formed 66 rings between 1948 and 2014 (Figure 3), there was hardly any synchrony. This means that shifts (thus not synchronous) in leaf unfolding and defoliation and certainly different periods of cambial activity do have far-reaching consequences. This would be an advantage for the species in the face of the various changes that could occur in its environment, because the trees would react differently. Whether this is due to local site conditions, or genetics, is unclear. Although at the individual level, tree rings provide a useful tool to analyze the resilience, this approach has seldom been used to evaluate resilience at the population level (). Crossdating of ring-width series allows for the detection of synchrony between trees. The successful crossdating of ringwidth series denotes consistent and synchronous patterns of variation (Cook and Kairiukstis, 1990;) and indicates that the radial growth of different trees is controlled by a common external factor, e.g., rainfall and temperature (). CONCLUSION The studied population of P. balsamifera showed a synchronous phenology with a distinct defoliation period. Defoliation starts during the dry season in June-July with peaks during the rainy season in October-November, but the defoliation date varied across years and is consistent (annual ranks of trees according to leaf development and start of cambial activity do not change). Chronological series were built from wood samples collected from trees that were phenologically monitored. Xylem formation is seasonal, with cambial dormancy occurring during the dry season. The absence of crossdating between the chronological series of different trees suggests a varying response of P. balsamifera trees to environment. Based on the analyses carried out and the results obtained, P. balsamifera populations are likely resilient. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. |
Outside of the debate, Jeb Bush's campaign is still going after Marco Rubio. | AP Photo Leaked Bush document trashes Rubio, details Iowa battle plan
Despite a debate performance where he struggled to get speaking time, Jeb Bush's campaign has high hopes for their candidate in early states, according to a 112-page presentation document obtained by U.S. News that also includes details related to his internal polling as well as pointed shots at the campaign of Florida rival Marco Rubio.
The campaign had initially released 45 pages to select reporters, but the additional documents published by U.S. News on Thursday revealed the extent to which the Bush campaign is pushing its talking points against the Florida senator, while showing its frustration with a lack of discipline among supporters.
Story Continued Below
In one slide meant for donors, titled "Marco Is A Risky Bet," bullet points include: "Misuse of state party credit cards, taxpayer funds and ties to scandal-tarred former Congressman David Rivera takes away line of attack on Hillary Clinton."
Rubio and Rivera faced foreclosure on a home they jointly purchased 10 years ago, which the Florida senator recently sold for a loss of $18,000, according to The New York Times. As a state lawmaker, Rubio used the state party's credit card for personal expenses, which he later acknowledged as a mistake.
"Those who have looked into the Marco’s background in the past have been concerned with what they have found," the final bullet point reads. The next slide notes that Rubio has not gotten as many endorsements in their home state of Florida.
In one slide titled "Discipline Matters," an excerpt from a recent Washington Post article quoting an anonymous donor citing a "death spiral" is splayed across the screen.
In another slide, the campaign cautions, "Early Polls Are Volatile," displaying a chart of the rise and fall of presidential hopefuls in the last two cycles.
As far as the Bush campaign's media plan, the campaign has reserved $10.8 million in advertising beginning Jan. 5, the with the lion's share ($5.6 million) going to New Hampshire, where voters head to the polls on Feb. 9. In South Carolina, the campaign has set aside $2.7 million, while it has $1.36 million set for Iowa and $191,000 for Nevada, according to the document. As the U.S. News report notes, those numbers could change with resource availability.
Other slides indicate that Bush is pushing for 18 percent in the Iowa caucus, which is higher than he is currently polling in recent surveys. Of more than 70,000 calls made, the campaign identified just 1,281 supporters in the state. |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2013 by <NAME>.
//
//#import "NSObject.h"
//#import "NSTabViewDelegate-Protocol.h"
//#import "NSWindowDelegate-Protocol.h"
@class AccountSummary, IMAPMailboxes, MFMailAccount, NSMutableSet, NSPopUpButton, NSString, NSTabView, NSTabViewItem, NSView, NSWindow, OofPanelController, Quota;
@interface AccountInfo : NSObject <NSTabViewDelegate, NSWindowDelegate>
{
NSMutableSet *_tabViewItemsThatHaveBeenSetup;
NSWindow *_window;
NSView *_topView;
NSTabView *_tabView;
NSPopUpButton *_accountPopup;
NSTabViewItem *_mailboxListTab;
NSTabViewItem *_outOfOfficeTab;
AccountSummary *_summary;
Quota *_quota;
OofPanelController *_oofController;
IMAPMailboxes *_mailboxes;
MFMailAccount *_account;
struct CGRect _oldFrame;
struct CGRect _newFrame;
}
+ (void)showForAccount:(id)arg1 withTab:(id)arg2;
@property(nonatomic) struct CGRect newFrame; // @synthesize newFrame=_newFrame;
@property(nonatomic) struct CGRect oldFrame; // @synthesize oldFrame=_oldFrame;
@property(retain, nonatomic) MFMailAccount *account; // @synthesize account=_account;
@property(retain, nonatomic) IMAPMailboxes *mailboxes; // @synthesize mailboxes=_mailboxes;
@property(retain, nonatomic) OofPanelController *oofController; // @synthesize oofController=_oofController;
@property(retain, nonatomic) Quota *quota; // @synthesize quota=_quota;
@property(retain, nonatomic) AccountSummary *summary; // @synthesize summary=_summary;
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSTabViewItem *outOfOfficeTab; // @synthesize outOfOfficeTab=_outOfOfficeTab;
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSTabViewItem *mailboxListTab; // @synthesize mailboxListTab=_mailboxListTab;
@property(nonatomic) __weak NSPopUpButton *accountPopup; // @synthesize accountPopup=_accountPopup;
@property(nonatomic) __weak NSTabView *tabView; // @synthesize tabView=_tabView;
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSView *topView; // @synthesize topView=_topView;
@property(retain, nonatomic) NSWindow *window; // @synthesize window=_window;
//- (void).cxx_destruct;
- (void)windowWillClose:(id)arg1;
- (void)tabView:(id)arg1 didSelectTabViewItem:(id)arg2;
- (void)tabView:(id)arg1 willSelectTabViewItem:(id)arg2;
- (void)_handleOofError:(id)arg1;
- (void)accountPopupChanged:(id)arg1;
- (void)_showWithTab:(id)arg1;
- (void)_accountsDidChange:(id)arg1;
- (void)_setupTabViewItem:(id)arg1 oldTabViewItem:(id)arg2;
- (id)_getOwnerFromIdentifier:(id)arg1;
- (void)_setAccount:(id)arg1 setupSelectedTab:(BOOL)arg2;
- (id)_selectedAccount;
- (void)_configureAccountPopupSelectingAccount:(id)arg1;
- (void)dealloc;
- (id)init;
- (id)initWithMailAccount:(id)arg1;
// Remaining properties
@property(readonly, copy) NSString *debugDescription;
@property(readonly, copy) NSString *description;
@property(readonly) unsigned long long hash;
@property(readonly) Class superclass;
@end
|
<filename>bids_stats_model_builder/__init__.py
"""Top-level package for Bids Stats Model Builder."""
__author__ = """<NAME>"""
__email__ = '<EMAIL>'
__version__ = '0.1.0'
|
<gh_stars>0
import React, { FunctionComponent, ReactElement } from 'react';
import BEMHelper from '../../utils/bem';
import { Sidetittel } from 'nav-frontend-typografi';
import './banner.less';
interface Props {
classname: string;
center?: boolean;
}
const Banner: FunctionComponent<Props> = (props) => {
const cls = BEMHelper(props.classname);
const className = props.center
? cls.className.concat(' ').concat(cls.modifier('center'))
: cls.className;
return (
<div
className={className}
role="banner"
aria-roledescription="site banner"
>
<div className={cls.element('tekst')}>
<Sidetittel>{props.children}</Sidetittel>
</div>
<div className={cls.element('bunnlinje')} />
</div>
);
};
export default Banner;
|
Learning to Labour: An Evaluation of Internships and Employability in the ICT Sector The employability of graduates is often reduced to lists of de-contextualised skills that graduates may or may not have and which may or may not translate to prized graduate positions. Recently, internships have become the way in which graduates acquire and demonstrate work-readiness to potential employers. This article examines a particular type of internship in the ICT sector, namely placements incorporated in degree education. The findings suggest that while internships can enhance employability and indeed be a mechanism for accessing permanent jobs, more often, instead of learning to labour, interns are expected to be productive workers. A mini labour market operates at the undergraduate level that advantages those already possessed of the required soft skills. The emphasis on soft skills signals a shift in the nature of ICT work with attendant implications for education of workers in this sector, revealed by anchoring employability to particular labour process(es). |
<reponame>emundo/joynr<gh_stars>100-1000
/*
* #%L
* %%
* Copyright (C) 2018 BMW Car IT GmbH
* %%
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
* #L%
*/
package io.joynr.examples.statelessasync;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.ws.rs.GET;
import javax.ws.rs.PUT;
import javax.ws.rs.Path;
import javax.ws.rs.PathParam;
import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
import javax.ws.rs.container.AsyncResponse;
import javax.ws.rs.container.Suspended;
import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import joynr.examples.statelessasync.KeyValue;
import joynr.examples.statelessasync.VehicleConfiguration;
@Path("/control")
@Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public class RestEndpoint {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RestEndpoint.class);
@Inject
private DataAccess dataAccess;
@Inject
private WaitForGetResultBean waitForGetResultBean;
@Inject
private VehicleStateClientBean vehicleStateClientBean;
@GET
@Path("/ping")
public String ping() {
return "pong";
}
@PUT
@Path("/vehicleconfig")
public void addConfiguration(VehicleConfigurationTO data) {
VehicleConfiguration vehicleConfiguration = new VehicleConfiguration();
vehicleConfiguration.setId(data.getId());
vehicleConfiguration.setEntries(data.getEntries()
.entrySet()
.stream()
.map(dataEntry -> new KeyValue(dataEntry.getKey(), dataEntry.getValue()))
.toArray(KeyValue[]::new));
vehicleStateClientBean.getService()
.addConfiguration(vehicleConfiguration,
messageId -> dataAccess.addKnownConfiguration(messageId,
vehicleConfiguration.getId()));
}
@GET
@Path("/vehicleconfig")
public List<KnownConfigurationTO> getAllKnownVehicleConfigIds() {
return dataAccess.getAllKnownVehicleConfigurations()
.stream()
.map(this::entityToTransport)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
@GET
@Path("/numberOfConfigs")
public void triggerGetNumberOfConfigs() {
vehicleStateClientBean.getService()
.getNumberOfConfigs(messageId -> logger.info("Triggered get number of configs with message ID: {}",
messageId));
}
@GET
@Path("/getresult")
public List<GetResultTO> getAllGetResults() {
return dataAccess.getAllGetResults().stream().map(this::entityToTransport).collect(Collectors.toList());
}
@GET
@Path("/vehicleconfig/{id}")
public void getById(@Suspended AsyncResponse asyncResponse, @PathParam("id") String id) {
vehicleStateClientBean.getService().getCurrentConfig(id, messageId -> {
dataAccess.addGetResult(messageId);
waitForGetResultBean.waitForGetResult(messageId, vehicleConfiguration -> {
asyncResponse.resume(vehicleConfiguration);
}, throwable -> {
asyncResponse.resume(throwable);
});
});
}
@GET
@Path("/callWithException/{message}")
public void triggerCallWithException(@PathParam("message") String message) {
vehicleStateClientBean.getService()
.callWithExceptionTest(message,
messageId -> logger.info("Triggered callWithException for {}",
messageId));
}
@GET
@Path("/callFireAndForget/{message}")
public void triggerCallFireAndForget(@PathParam("message") String message) {
vehicleStateClientBean.getService().callFireAndForgetTest(message);
}
private KnownConfigurationTO entityToTransport(KnownVehicleConfiguration entity) {
return new KnownConfigurationTO(entity.getMessageId(),
entity.getVehicleConfigurationId(),
entity.isSuccessfullyAdded());
}
private GetResultTO entityToTransport(GetResult entity) {
return new GetResultTO(entity.getMessageId(), entity.isFulfilled(), entity.getPayload());
}
}
|
Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species in PM2.5 in Wanzhou in the Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior of Northeast Chongqing, China Daily PM2.5 samples were collected in the four consecutive seasons in 2013 in Wanzhou, the second largest city in Chongqing Municipality of China and in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservior on Yangtze River and analyzed for the mass concentrations and carbonaceous species of PM2.5 to investigate the abundance and seasonal characteristics of PM2.5, and organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 125.3 gm−3, while OC and EC were 23.6 gm−3 and 8.7 gm−3, respectively. The total carbonaceous aerosol (TCA) accounted for 32.6% of the PM2.5 mass. On seasonal average, the OC and EC concentrations ranked in the order of winter > fall > spring > summer, which could be attributed to the combined effects of changes in local emissions and seasonal meteorological conditions. Strong OC-EC correlations were found in the winter and fall, suggesting the contributions of similar sources. The lowest OC-EC correlation occurred in the summer, probably due to the increases in biogenic emission and formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through photochemical activity. Average secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentration was 9.0 gm−3, accounting for 32.3% of the total OC. The average ratios of SOA/PM2.5 of 3.8%~15.7% indicated that SOA was a minor fraction in fine particles of Wanzhou. |
package p.q;
public class Example2 {}
|
<reponame>sudoelvis/slate-plugins
export * from './search-highlight';
|
<reponame>celli33/cfdiutils-elements
import { AbstractElement } from '../common/abstract_element';
import { CNodeInterface } from '@nodecfdi/cfdiutils-common';
import { DoctoRelacionado } from './docto_relacionado';
import { Impuestos } from './impuestos';
export class Pago extends AbstractElement {
constructor(attributes: Record<string, unknown> = {}, children: CNodeInterface[] = []) {
super('pago10:Pago', attributes, children);
}
public addDoctoRelacionado(attributes: Record<string, unknown> = {}): DoctoRelacionado {
const doctoRelacionado = new DoctoRelacionado(attributes);
this.addChild(doctoRelacionado);
return doctoRelacionado;
}
public multiDoctoRelacionado(...elementAttributes: Record<string, unknown>[]): Pago {
elementAttributes.forEach((attributes) => {
this.addDoctoRelacionado(attributes);
});
return this;
}
public addImpuestos(attributes: Record<string, unknown> = {}): Impuestos {
const impuestos = new Impuestos(attributes);
this.addChild(impuestos);
return impuestos;
}
public getChildrenOrder(): string[] {
return ['pago10:DoctoRelacionado', 'pago10:Impuestos'];
}
}
|
// Code generated by msgraph.go/gen DO NOT EDIT.
package msgraph
// InkAccessSetting undocumented
type InkAccessSetting string
const (
// InkAccessSettingVNotConfigured undocumented
InkAccessSettingVNotConfigured InkAccessSetting = "notConfigured"
// InkAccessSettingVEnabled undocumented
InkAccessSettingVEnabled InkAccessSetting = "enabled"
// InkAccessSettingVDisabled undocumented
InkAccessSettingVDisabled InkAccessSetting = "disabled"
)
var (
// InkAccessSettingPNotConfigured is a pointer to InkAccessSettingVNotConfigured
InkAccessSettingPNotConfigured = &_InkAccessSettingPNotConfigured
// InkAccessSettingPEnabled is a pointer to InkAccessSettingVEnabled
InkAccessSettingPEnabled = &_InkAccessSettingPEnabled
// InkAccessSettingPDisabled is a pointer to InkAccessSettingVDisabled
InkAccessSettingPDisabled = &_InkAccessSettingPDisabled
)
var (
_InkAccessSettingPNotConfigured = InkAccessSettingVNotConfigured
_InkAccessSettingPEnabled = InkAccessSettingVEnabled
_InkAccessSettingPDisabled = InkAccessSettingVDisabled
)
|
Net neutrality supporters will get their day in court this week as they challenge the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) repeal of the popular Obama-era internet rules.
A panel of federal appeals court judges will hear oral arguments Friday in a lawsuit challenging the FCC’s deregulation of the broadband industry. The court date comes more than a year after the agency voted to roll back the rules requiring internet service providers to treat all web traffic equally.
Approved by the FCC under the Obama administration in 2015, net neutrality regulations prohibited companies like Verizon and Comcast from blocking or throttling content and from charging websites for faster speeds.
Shortly after the commission voted to roll back the rules in December 2017, a coalition of consumer advocacy groups, internet companies and Democratic state attorneys general sued the agency, asking the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals to vacate the repeal and reinstate the 2015 rules.
They argued that the rules ensured a free and open internet and prevented broadband companies from discriminating against certain content or giving certain websites preferential treatment.
FCC Chairman Ajit Pai, a Republican, has argued that the rules were overly cumbersome and that existing consumer protections and antitrust laws are sufficient to deter internet providers from abusing their power.
Republicans on the commission have also taken issue with the way the 2015 order classified internet providers as telecommunications services, a move that opened them up to further regulations.
The agency is confident it will succeed in court.
In a statement to The Hill, Pai’s chief of staff, Matthew Berry, said legal precedence has given the agency ample discretion to repeal the rules.
“The U.S. Supreme Court has already affirmed the FCC’s authority to classify broadband as a Title I information service, and we have every reason to believe that the judiciary will uphold the FCC’s decision to return to that regulatory framework under which the internet flourished prior to 2015 and is continuing to thrive today,” Berry said.
The courts have taken up net neutrality multiple times since the mid-2000s. Most recently, the D.C. Circuit in 2016 upheld the FCC’s decision to implement the rules in the face of a legal challenge from the industry. Last year, the Supreme Court chose not to review the decision, largely because two conservative justices — John Roberts Jr. and Brett Kavanaugh Brett Michael KavanaughJuan Williams: Buttigieg already making history Dems plot next move in Trump tax-return battle Fight over census citizenship question hits Supreme Court MORE — recused themselves from the vote.
The case that will be heard before the D.C. Circuit on Friday is not the only legal battle over net neutrality that has sprung up since the repeal.
In the absence of federal rules governing internet providers’ conduct, a wave of states across the country rushed to implement their own laws and executive orders codifying net neutrality principles. Those actions came despite the FCC preempting state regulations in its repeal order.
After California passed what many supporters saw as the gold standard for state net neutrality laws, the Department of Justice sued, arguing that it was in defiance of the FCC’s rules. The two sides called a truce in the legal battle over the FCC’s preemption authority, with California agreeing not to enforce the new law until the D.C. Circuit reached a decision in the main challenge to the repeal.
On Friday, each side will make their case before a panel of three judges: former President Obama appointees Patricia Millet and Robert Wilkins as well as Stephen Williams, who was nominated by former President Reagan.
Andrew Schwartzman, a law professor at Georgetown University, said it is difficult to predict how oral arguments and appellate cases will unfold, but Williams has generally been suspicious of what he sees as regulatory overreach while Millet is well-steeped in administrative law and has generally been more favorable to agencies in her rulings. Wilkins, Schwartzman said, is harder to gauge.
“I would be watching Judge Wilkins in particular to see how friendly or aggressive he is with each side” during oral arguments, he said.
The panel could reach a decision by the summer, and the range of potential outcomes include reversing the FCC’s order, upholding it or myriad other possible remedies. Those could range from asking the FCC to revisit its decision to the court undertaking an extended judicial review of the evidence.
The case could also eventually make its way before the Supreme Court.
The stakes are high for both sides, with both supporters and opponents eagerly anticipating Friday’s arguments.
So far, there has been little to indicate which way the circuit court judges are leaning. |
//
// ABI15_0_0AIRGMSMarker.h
// AirMaps
//
// Created by <NAME> on 9/5/16.
//
#import <GoogleMaps/GoogleMaps.h>
#import <ReactABI15_0_0/UIView+ReactABI15_0_0.h>
@class ABI15_0_0AIRGoogleMapMarker;
@interface ABI15_0_0AIRGMSMarker : GMSMarker
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *identifier;
@property (nonatomic, weak) ABI15_0_0AIRGoogleMapMarker *fakeMarker;
@property (nonatomic, copy) ABI15_0_0RCTBubblingEventBlock onPress;
@end
@protocol ABI15_0_0AIRGMSMarkerDelegate <NSObject>
@required
-(void)didTapMarker;
@end
|
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of aviation display systems. The present disclosure more specifically relates to the field controlling an aviation display.
As technology improves, aviation displays are becoming more interactive. Interaction with aviation displays typically includes controlling a cursor through the use of buttons and/or knobs. Buttons, knobs, and the accompanying control panels consume valuable real estate on a crowded flight deck. Furthermore, cursor interaction with the displayed information is an indirect interaction with the displayed information. That is, the user performs a tracking exercise to move the cursor to the desired information as opposed to directly interacting with the information displayed. Typical current aviation display systems have limited ability to rapidly customize information displayed according to the task at hand, which restricts a user's ability to process the large quantities of real-time data provided by state of the art avionics systems. There exists a need for improved aviation display controls systems. |
Vision Thing (album)
Recording
Soon after the release of the band's previous album, Floodland, Eldritch approached guitarist John Perry to join them on writing a new album. After Perry turned down the offer to become a full-time member, the band began to search for a new guitarist through their record label. Eventually, Eldritch was forwarded a demo tape by young and unknown Andreas Bruhn. Bruhn was called to audition a week after turning in his tape.
As the band—now composed of Eldritch, Bruhn and bassist Patricia Morrison—was about to enter the studio, Morrison was abruptly replaced by the former Sigue Sigue Sputnik member Tony James. As Perry recalls, "When I first heard the Vision Thing material, Patricia was there; when I did the album, she wasn't." While details on Morrison parting ways with the band have never been fully disclosed, she herself was allegedly hired by Eldritch on the day her predecessor, Craig Adams, resigned.
Morrison later confirmed to have worked with Eldritch up until December 1989. She would go on to say her resignation was linked to her monthly salary of £300, and that she had her doubts on the band's musical direction. "I wasn't too thrilled with the direction the record was going in. There were elements I didn't like that could have gone either way, and now that Tony James is in I want nothing to do with it. It seems obvious what's going on – it's scam time..."
While Morrison's recording input on the band's previous album, Floodland, has been contested, Perry raised doubts whether either she or James play on Vision Thing. "By the time of the recording, Tony James was in, but I'm not sure either [he or Patricia] actually played any bass on the record – sounds sequenced to me." James has later admitted his parts took some twenty minutes in total to record.
Ultimately, the band spent nine months in the Danish recording facilities, with guitarist Tim Bricheno recruited during the final two weeks. Then-manager Boyd Steemson followed suit at one point to observe the progress. "I remember flying out to the [Puk] studio when they were making Vision Thing, and Tony [James] spoke to me and said: 'Well, I guess it's going to be a five-song album.' And I said, 'No, it will not be a five-song album.' Two days later they had seven-and-a-half songs. It was a very painful process."
According to the official website of the band, the final mixes were not the ones worked on the most. "'Vision Thing' is a stripped-down affair. Half of the finished mixes for the album are shelved in favour of rough mixes from earlier stages of the recording session, 'monitor mixes' which retain the immediate feel of the songs."
Content
The album was designed by songwriter and singer Andrew Eldritch as an attack on the policies of the George H. W. Bush administration (the title comes from an oft-cited quote by Bush).
Legacy
Described by Andrew Eldritch as "a fine album", it was included by Q magazine in their "Fifty Best Albums of 1990" list. In 1999, Ned Raggett ranked the album at number 69 on his list of "The Top 136 or So Albums of the Nineties". |
Burn ResuscitationHourly Urine Output Versus Alternative Endpoints: A Systematic Review ABSTRACT Controversy remains over appropriate endpoints of resuscitation during fluid resuscitation in early burns management. We reviewed the evidence as to whether utilizing alternative endpoints to hourly urine output produces improved outcomes. MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and full-text clinicians health journals at OVID, from 1990 to January 2014, were searched with no language restrictions. The keywords burns AND fluid resuscitation AND monitoring and related synonyms were used. Outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, organ dysfunction, length of stay (hospital, intensive care), time on mechanical ventilation, and complications such as incidence of pulmonary edema, compartment syndromes, and infection. From 482 screened, eight empirical articles, 11 descriptive studies, and one systematic review met the criteria. Utilization of hemodynamic monitoring compared with hourly urine output as an endpoint to guide resuscitation found an increased survival (risk ratio , 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.420.85; P < 0.004), with no effect on renal failure (RR, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.391.43; P = 0.38). However, inclusion of the randomized controlled trials only found no survival advantage of hemodynamic monitoring over hourly urine output (RR, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.431.19; P = 0.19) for mortality. There were conflicting findings between studies for the volume of resuscitation fluid, incidence of sepsis, and length of stay. There is limited evidence of increased benefit with utilization of hemodynamic monitoring, however, all studies lacked assessor blinding. A large multicenter study with a prioridetermined subgroup analysis investigating alternative endpoints of resuscitation is warranted. |
<filename>app/db/tables/phrase/queries/delete-phrase.ts
import { getConnection } from '../../../connection';
export const deletePhrase = async (id: number): Promise<void> => {
await getConnection().query(
`DELETE FROM phrase
WHERE phrase_id = $1`,
[id]
);
};
|
/**
* <pre>
* An attribution method that redistributes Integrated Gradients
* attribution to segmented regions, taking advantage of the model's fully
* differentiable structure. Refer to this paper for
* more details: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02825
* XRAI currently performs better on natural images, like a picture of a
* house or an animal. If the images are taken in artificial environments,
* like a lab or manufacturing line, or from diagnostic equipment, like
* x-rays or quality-control cameras, use Integrated Gradients instead.
* </pre>
*
* <code>.google.cloud.aiplatform.v1beta1.XraiAttribution xrai_attribution = 3;</code>
*/
public Builder clearXraiAttribution() {
if (xraiAttributionBuilder_ == null) {
if (methodCase_ == 3) {
methodCase_ = 0;
method_ = null;
onChanged();
}
} else {
if (methodCase_ == 3) {
methodCase_ = 0;
method_ = null;
}
xraiAttributionBuilder_.clear();
}
return this;
} |
Statin Therapy Is Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with Non-Serous-Papillary Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis Aim To determine whether statin use is associated with improved epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) survival. Methods This is a single-institution retrospective cohort review of patients treated for OvCa between 1992 and 2013. Inclusion criteria were International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIV OvCa. The primary exposures analyzed were hyperlipidemia and statin use. The primary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Results 442 patients met inclusion criteria. The cohort was divided into three groups: patients with hyperlipidemia who used statins (n=68), patients with hyperlipidemia who did not use statins (n=28), and patients without hyperlipidemia (n=346). OvCa outcomes were evaluated. When we analyzed the entire cohort, we found no significant differences in PFS or DSS among the groups. The median PFS for hyperlipidemics using statins, hyperlipidemics not using statins, and non-hyperlipidemics was 21.7, 13.6, and 14.7 months, respectively (p=0.69). Median DSS for hyperlipidemics using statins, hyperlipidemics not using statins, and non-hyperlipidemics was 44.2, 75.7, and 41.5 months, respectively (p=0.43). These findings did not change after controlling for confounders. However, a secondary analysis revealed that, among patients with non-serous-papillary subtypes of OvCa, statin use was associated with a decrease in hazards of both disease recurrence (adjusted HR=0.23, p=0.02) and disease-specific death (adjusted HR=0.23, p=0.04). To augment the findings in the retrospective cohort, the histology-specific effects of statins were also evaluated in vitro using proliferation assays. Here, statin treatment of cell lines resulted in a variable level of cytotoxicity. Conclusion Statin use among patients with non-serous-papillary OvCa was associated with improvement in both PFS and DSS. Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death of both men and women in the United States. One of the primary means to prevent cardiovascular disease is to lower serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels using statin drugs (statins). In November 2013, the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association released guidelines recommending statin therapy for all individuals with LDL.190 mg/dL and individuals age 40-75 years with type II diabetes or a 10-year risk of CVD.7.5%. Due to these new guidelines, up to 31% of Americans aged 40-75 without CVD may eventually be using statins. Interestingly, statins may safeguard against cancer, as well as provide cardio-protective effects. In epidemiologic studies, a decrease in cancer incidence has been reported among statin users, with hazard ratios (HR) of cancer for statin users compared to individuals not taking a statin ranging from 0.75 to 0.80. Statin use is also associated with improved cancer survival. A large study of the Danish population reported that statin users had a HR of cancer death of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.83-0.87) compared to patients who had never used statins. With site-specific cancers, statin use is associated with decreased incidence and increased survival in colorectal, breast and prostate cancers. A protective effect of statins in cancer is biologically plausible. Statins lower cholesterol by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, which catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. Decreased intracellular cholesterol causes an increase in LDL receptor expression and a consequent decrease in serum LDL levels, both of which provide the cardio-protective effects of statins. This reduction in intracellular cholesterol may also convey anticancer effects, since rapidly dividing cancer cells require cholesterol for synthesis of cell membranes. A second mechanism through which statins may interfere with carcinogenesis involves reduced synthesis of the mevalonic acid pathway intermediates, isoprenoids. Isoprenoids are important in the prenylation and activation of several small GTP-ase cancer signaling pathways, including Ras, Rac and Rho. In vitro studies have shown that the inhibition of isoprenoids is one of the mechanisms mediating the effect of statins in cancer. If commonly used medications, like statins, are found to have anti-cancer effects, it would be particularly relevant for diseases such as ovarian cancer (OvCa), which has a very poor prognosis. Despite years of research, there have been few new effective OvCa treatments and up to 76% of patients have recurrence of disease after first line therapy. However, there is little data on the effects of statins in OvCa. In 2008, Elmore et al. analyzed 128 patients and found that median progression-free survival for statin users (n = 17) was 24 months, compared to 16 months for statin non-users, and that median overall survival for statin users was 62 months, compared to 46 months for statin non-users. A small number of preclinical studies have also suggested a protective effect of statins in OvCa. Specifically, there have been two reports indicating that statins induce apoptosis in OvCa cells and one report of decreased spread of cancer in a mouse model treated with statins. While these initial reports are promising, it remains unknown whether use of statins improves OvCa survival. Given the increasing epidemiologic evidence of a protective effect of statins in various cancers and a sound biological mechanism supported by published preclinical data, we hypothesized that, in patients with OvCa, use of statins would be associated with increased cancer survival. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed a single institution retrospective cohort of OvCa patients, and compared survival between patients who used statins and those who did not use statins. Patient Database This is a retrospective cohort study of patients consecutively treated for epithelial OvCa at the University of Chicago between 1992 and 2013. All women who had treatment for Fdration Internationale de Gyncologie et d'Obsttrique (FIGO) stage I-IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian, or peritoneal cancer were selected for the study. Exclusion criteria included noninvasive pathology or non-epithelial malignancies. Gynecologic oncologists cared for all the patients and a sub-specialty trained gynecologic pathologist confirmed all pathologic diagnoses. For each patient, OvCa clinico-pathologic parameters, treatment, and outcomes were recorded and stored in a Microsoft Access database as previously reported. Clinical information in the database was updated every three months through February 2013. Follow-up data was obtained from the patients' charts at the University of Chicago hospital and outpatient clinic, the Illinois Cancer Registry, the United States Social Security Index, and by communicating with the physicians involved in the patient's care. The race recorded was the self-reported race listed in the patient's medical record. A data manager and an attending gynecologic oncologist (EL) reviewed all patient information. In addition to the OvCa variables, data concerning diagnoses of hyperlipidemia and hyperlipidemia medications was abstracted (MH) from outpatient and inpatient records. The person abstracting this data was unaware of the subject's OvCa survival status and one third of the records were re-reviewed by a second blinded investigator (IR). Ethics Statement The Institutional Review Board at the University of Chicago (IRB #13248A) approved the study. Written informed consent was obtained from patients allowing the use of data from their clinical records to analyze OvCa survival. This study did not use any unpublished de novo cell lines. All cell lines reported here have a previously published reference included. Statistical Analysis The primary exposures of interest for this study were a history of hyperlipidemia and use of a statin. To avoid a potential immortal time bias, statin use was defined as taking a statin at the time of, or up to one year after, the diagnosis of OvCa, and continued use at the time of death or end of the study. The outcome measures included both progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Recurrence was defined using previously published clinical criteria and included any evidence of the reappearance of cancer by clinical exam (e.g. tumor, ascites), new tumor findings on CT scan or ultrasound, or an increase in CA-125 greater than or equal to two times the upper limit of normal. PFS was calculated from the date of the start of treatment to the date of recurrence or death. Patients without recurrence or death were censored at last follow-up. DSS was calculated from the date of the start of treatment to the date of death from OvCa. Those still alive at their last follow-up were censored at that time. The 23 patients who died from causes other than OvCa or had an unknown cause of death were censored at the time of death. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 13 (StataCorp., College Station, TX). For comparison, the cohort was stratified into three groups: hyperlipidemics using statins, hyperlipidemics not using statins, and non-hyperlipidemics. Demographic and clinico-pathologic variables were compared among the groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for the three groups and compared with logrank tests. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios for PFS and DSS while adjusting for potential confounders such as age, race, BMI, smoking status, comorbidities, ASA class, surgery characteristics, histologic subtype, FIGO stage, tumor site and grade. Metformin use was also adjusted for in the models, since it has been associated with improved OvCa survival. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the HR were calculated. For model selection, univariate Cox regression was run with each of the potential confounders and those found to be significant in predicting PFS or DSS were included in the final model. For the Cox regression models comparing the three groups, patients without hyperlipidemia were the reference group. We also examined hyperlipidemics using statins relative to hyperlipidemics not using statins. Statistical significance was defined as p,0.05. In Vitro Proliferation Assays Lovastatin was chemically modified from the pro-drug to the active form of the drug as previously described. Briefly, 50 mg of lovastatin was solubilized in 970 mL of 100% ethanol, diluted with 782 mL of 1 M NaOH and incubated at 50uC for 30 minutes. The solution was brought up to a final volume of 13 mL to make a 10 mM stock solution. The effects of lovastatin on cancer cell proliferation were tested using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) proliferation assays. OvCa cells were treated with varying concentrations of lovastatin (10 mM, 20 mM and 40 mM) for 24 hours, and the rate of cellular proliferation was measured as previously described. Lovastatin was purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). The cell lines used included: SKOV3ip1 (obtained from Gordon B. Mills at MD Anderson Cancer Center), OVCAR-5 (purchased from American Type Culture Collection), ES-2 (obtained from University of California-San Francisco), EG (obtained from Anil Sood at MD Anderson Cancer Center), RMUG-S and TYK-nu (obtained from Kenjiro Sawada at Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine). The histologic subtype of the cells was assumed based on a published summary of OvCa cell lines and the original publication, except for the TYK-nu cell line. Recent genetic profiling indicates a high likelihood that the TYKnu cell line is serous-papillary subtype. Cell lines were validated by short tandem repeat (STR) DNA fingerprinting using the AMPF'STR Identifier kit (Applied Biosystems) and compared with ATCC and University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center fingerprints. Results Of the 442 women with OvCa included in the analysis, 68 (15%) had hyperlipidemia and used statins, 28 (6%) had hyperlipidemia and did not use statins, and 346 (78%) did not have hyperlipidemia. The three groups were similar with respect to race, BMI and smoking status (Table 1). On average, women with hyperlipidemia using statins were older, had worse general health at the time of OvCa diagnosis (i.e. higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status scores) and had a higher prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Since patients with worse general health may receive less aggressive treatment for OvCa, we first determined whether those with hyperlipidemia received similar treatment for OvCa as those without hyperlipidemia. OvCa treatment was similar among the groups (Table 1). Specifically, the rate of residual tumor,1 cm after cytoreductive surgery, type of chemotherapy and the number of chemotherapy cycles received were not significantly different between the three groups. The non-hyperlipidemic group was somewhat more likely to have primary cytoreductive surgery rather than neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.07). Evaluation of pathological characteristics revealed similar tumor stage, grade, and histologic subtypes among the groups. However, the patients with hyperlipidemia using statins were more likely to have fallopian tube as the tumor site (Table 2). PFS was similar among the groups. Median PFS was 21.7 months (95% CI: 12.8-29.9 months) for hyperlipidemics using statins, 13.6 months (95% CI: 9.9-19.5) for hyperlipidemics not using statins, and 14.7 months (95% CI: 13.2-18.6 months) for non-hyperlipidemics (log-rank test comparing the three groups p = 0.69; Fig 1A). For DSS, we found that those patients with hyperlipidemia not using statins had a longer OvCa survival, but this was not statistically significant. The median DSS was 44.2 months (95% CI: 27.8-104.9 months) for patients with hyperlipidemia using statins, 75.7 months (95% CI: 20.2-non estimable) for patients with hyperlipidemia not using statins, and 41.5 months (95% CI: 35.3-48.5 months) for patients without hyperlipidemia (log-rank test comparing the three groups p = 0.43; Fig 1B). To adjust for potential confounders in the survival analysis, Cox proportional hazards models were fit. In the adjusted analysis, the hazards for disease recurrence (PFS) or disease-specific death (DSS) were not significantly lower in patients with hyperlipidemia taking statins when compared to patients without hyperlipidemia or to those hyperlipidemics who did not use statins (Table 3). In a two group direct comparison of hyperlipidemics using statins vs. hyperlipidemics not using statins, the hazards for PFS and DSS were similar (Table 3). Clinically, OvCa is a heterogeneous disease with four different histologic subtypes, each with a unique clinical, genetic and molecular profile. Based on this, we hypothesized that response to statin use may vary by histologic subtype. Therefore, the cohort was divided into two groups: papillary serous (n = 334, 76%) and non-papillary serous (n = 106, 24%). A trend toward increased PFS and DSS was noted among statin users with nonpapillary serous histologic subtypes (Fig 2A), but not among those with papillary serous histologic subtypes (Fig 2B). After controlling for confounders using Cox proportional hazards models, statin users with non-papillary serous OvCa, versus non-hyperlipidemics, had significantly improved PFS (HR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07-0.79, p = 0.02) and DSS (HR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.05-0.96, p = 0.04) ( Table 4; histologic subtype by hyperlipidemia cohort interaction p = 0.06 for PFS and p = 0.09 for DSS). To assure that changes in ovarian cancer treatment or statin use over time were not influencing the findings, two additional analyses were performed. First, the cohort was limited to a timeframe when statin use was more prevalent, patients treated from 2000-2013. Here the findings were the same as those from the analysis using the entire cohort. Specifically, improved PFS and DSS were noted among statin users with non-papillary serous histologic subtypes, but not among those with papillary serous histologic subtypes. In a second analysis, we tested whether there was a difference in DSS or PFS based on treatment year and found no association (p.0.80 for both DSS and PFS). To explore, in vitro, the finding of a differential effect of statins based on histologic subtype cell lines of various histologic subtypes were treated with lovastatin and cellular proliferation was measured. Lovastatin had a variable effect in the different cell lines. In two cell lines (SKOV3ip1 and RMUG-S), lovastatin inhibited growth, and in the remaining cell lines the drug induced cell death (Fig 3). However, in vitro, the papillary serous cell line (TYK-nu) showed the greatest growth inhibition with statin treatment, a result inconsistent with the findings from the patient data set. For a more detailed interrogation of statins' effect in OvCa, two additional areas were investigated. First, since the primary tumor site was different in the three groups (Table 2), we asked if statin use was more likely to be associated with improved survival in patients with a particular tumor site. We found that, in an analysis stratified by tumor site (ovary vs. non-ovary), statin use was not associated with improved OvCa survival in either tumor site group. In a second area of investigation, we evaluated statin formulation. Preclinical studies indicate that lipophilic (simvastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin), but not hydrophilic statins (rosuvastatin and pravastatin), have anti-cancer properties. Therefore, we repeated the analysis comparing patients using lipophilic statins (n = 59) to patients using hydrophilic statins (n = 37) and patients without hyperlipidemia (n = 346). Contrary to the findings published in pre-clinical studies, lipophilic statin use was not associated with improved PFS or DSS. The median PFS for patients using a lipophilic statin was 21. Discussion There is increasing epidemiologic and laboratory based evidence suggesting that statins, a class of medications widely used to treat elevated cholesterol, may have anti-cancer effects. In this study, we show that, in a single institution retrospective cohort, statin use is associated with improved OvCa survival with hazard ratios equal to 0.23 for both progression-free survival and disease specific survival (PFS, p = 0.02; DSS, p = 0.04). Of note, the protective effect of statins was limited to patients with non-serouspapillary subtypes of OvCa (Table 4). This study adds to our knowledge of statin use and OvCa in two new and important ways. First, our analysis was OvCa histologic subtype-specific and indicates that the protective effect of statins may be limited to patients with non-serous-papillary subtypes of OvCa. Second, the study took into account the possibility that the effect of statins in cancer is primarily attributable to the presence of hyperlipidemia by dividing the cohort into three groups: patients without hyperlipidemia, patients with hyperlipidemia not using statins, and patients with hyperlipidemia using statins. Prior publications have only compared statin users to non-users. Overall, the findings reported here indicating a protective effect of statins in OvCa add to those from Elmore et. al. in 2008 and a more recent report of an association between statin use and improved outcomes in multiple gynecologic malignancies, including ovarian. However, one apparent discrepancy exists between our findings and those of Elmore et. al.. We found no significant association between statin use and improved survival among patients with papillary serous subtype of OvCa. In contrast, 90% of the cohort in the Elmore et. al. study had papillary serous subtype and statin use was associated with improved survival. These incongruent findings may be due to the fact that our cohort had a higher rate of stage IV disease (22% vs. 12%) and a higher percent of patients with.1 cm of residual disease after cytoreductive surgery (31% vs. 17%). Perhaps, in the setting of the highly aggressive serous-papillary histologic subtype, advanced stage, and residual disease.1 cm, the protective effect of statins was lost. In the analysis reported here, it would have been informative to know the specific histologic subtypes for which statins were most protective. Unfortunately, due to sample size limitations we were not able to perform survival analysis for the individual histologic subtypes and had to limit our analysis to papillary serous versus non-papillary serous cancers. While there is increasing epidemiologic evidence of a protective effect of statins in cancer in general, and this report adds to the findings in OvCa, the anti-cancer mechanism(s) of action of statins remain largely unknown. At least two possibilities exist. The first, and most well studied possibility, is that statins protect against OvCa by decreasing isoprenoid production and subsequently inhibiting cancer signaling pathways. The second possibility is that statins may protect against OvCa by reducing serum LDL. This is biologically plausible since it has been reported that patients with elevated LDL have worse OvCa survival. The molecular mechanism of action of statins in OvCa is an ongoing area of investigation in our laboratory and others. In conclusion, tapping into the anti-cancer effects of drugs used for non-cancer indications could represent a provocative new approach to cancer drug development. A precedent for this paradigm has already been set with the diabetic medication, metformin. Currently, the body of literature supporting anticancer effects of metformin is larger than those supporting anticancer effects of statins. Numerous studies have indicated that metformin has an anti-cancer effect in several cancers, including ovarian, and, as of April 2014, the diabetes drug is being tested prospectively in 17 randomized clinical trials as a cancer treatment in patients without diabetes. Whether a similar trajectory can be set for statins remains to be determined. Our results, showing improved OvCa survival among statin users, support a growing body of evidence of an anti-cancer effect of statins. However, larger epidemiologic studies and further preclinical testing are required to identify the molecular mechanisms of action mediating the anti-cancer effects of statins before a prospective study can be contemplated. |
<gh_stars>1-10
/*
* Copyright (C) 2015 - present by OpenGamma Inc. and the OpenGamma group of companies
*
* Please see distribution for license.
*/
package com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.type;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.currency.Currency.GBP;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.currency.Currency.USD;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.date.BusinessDayConventions.FOLLOWING;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.date.BusinessDayConventions.MODIFIED_FOLLOWING;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.date.DayCounts.ACT_360;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.date.DayCounts.ACT_365F;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.date.HolidayCalendarIds.GBLO;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.index.IborIndices.GBP_LIBOR_3M;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.schedule.Frequency.P3M;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.schedule.Frequency.P6M;
import static com.opengamma.strata.basics.schedule.StubConvention.LONG_INITIAL;
import static com.opengamma.strata.collect.TestHelper.assertSerialization;
import static com.opengamma.strata.collect.TestHelper.assertThrowsIllegalArg;
import static com.opengamma.strata.collect.TestHelper.coverBeanEquals;
import static com.opengamma.strata.collect.TestHelper.coverImmutableBean;
import static com.opengamma.strata.product.common.PayReceive.PAY;
import static com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.FixingRelativeTo.PERIOD_END;
import static com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.FixingRelativeTo.PERIOD_START;
import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import com.opengamma.strata.basics.date.BusinessDayAdjustment;
import com.opengamma.strata.basics.date.DaysAdjustment;
import com.opengamma.strata.basics.schedule.PeriodicSchedule;
import com.opengamma.strata.basics.schedule.RollConventions;
import com.opengamma.strata.basics.schedule.StubConvention;
import com.opengamma.strata.basics.value.ValueSchedule;
import com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.CompoundingMethod;
import com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.IborRateCalculation;
import com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.NotionalSchedule;
import com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.PaymentSchedule;
import com.opengamma.strata.product.swap.RateCalculationSwapLeg;
/**
* Test {@link IborRateSwapLegConvention}.
*/
@Test
public class IborRateSwapLegConventionTest {
private static final double NOTIONAL_2M = 2_000_000d;
private static final BusinessDayAdjustment BDA_FOLLOW = BusinessDayAdjustment.of(FOLLOWING, GBLO);
private static final BusinessDayAdjustment BDA_MOD_FOLLOW = BusinessDayAdjustment.of(MODIFIED_FOLLOWING, GBLO);
private static final DaysAdjustment PLUS_TWO_DAYS = DaysAdjustment.ofBusinessDays(2, GBLO);
private static final DaysAdjustment MINUS_FIVE_DAYS = DaysAdjustment.ofBusinessDays(-5, GBLO);
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
public void test_of() {
IborRateSwapLegConvention test = IborRateSwapLegConvention.of(GBP_LIBOR_3M);
assertEquals(test.getIndex(), GBP_LIBOR_3M);
assertEquals(test.getCurrency(), GBP);
assertEquals(test.getDayCount(), ACT_365F);
assertEquals(test.getAccrualFrequency(), P3M);
assertEquals(test.getAccrualBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_MOD_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getStartDateBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_MOD_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getEndDateBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_MOD_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getStubConvention(), StubConvention.SMART_INITIAL);
assertEquals(test.getRollConvention(), RollConventions.EOM);
assertEquals(test.getFixingRelativeTo(), PERIOD_START);
assertEquals(test.getFixingDateOffset(), GBP_LIBOR_3M.getFixingDateOffset());
assertEquals(test.getPaymentFrequency(), P3M);
assertEquals(test.getPaymentDateOffset(), DaysAdjustment.NONE);
assertEquals(test.getCompoundingMethod(), CompoundingMethod.NONE);
assertEquals(test.isNotionalExchange(), false);
}
public void test_builder() {
IborRateSwapLegConvention test = IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder().index(GBP_LIBOR_3M).build();
assertEquals(test.getIndex(), GBP_LIBOR_3M);
assertEquals(test.getCurrency(), GBP);
assertEquals(test.getDayCount(), ACT_365F);
assertEquals(test.getAccrualFrequency(), P3M);
assertEquals(test.getAccrualBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_MOD_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getStartDateBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_MOD_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getEndDateBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_MOD_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getStubConvention(), StubConvention.SMART_INITIAL);
assertEquals(test.getRollConvention(), RollConventions.EOM);
assertEquals(test.getFixingRelativeTo(), PERIOD_START);
assertEquals(test.getFixingDateOffset(), GBP_LIBOR_3M.getFixingDateOffset());
assertEquals(test.getPaymentFrequency(), P3M);
assertEquals(test.getPaymentDateOffset(), DaysAdjustment.NONE);
assertEquals(test.getCompoundingMethod(), CompoundingMethod.NONE);
assertEquals(test.isNotionalExchange(), false);
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
public void test_builder_notEnoughData() {
assertThrowsIllegalArg(() -> IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder().build());
}
public void test_builderAllSpecified() {
IborRateSwapLegConvention test = IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder()
.index(GBP_LIBOR_3M)
.currency(USD)
.dayCount(ACT_360)
.accrualFrequency(P6M)
.accrualBusinessDayAdjustment(BDA_FOLLOW)
.startDateBusinessDayAdjustment(BDA_FOLLOW)
.endDateBusinessDayAdjustment(BDA_FOLLOW)
.stubConvention(LONG_INITIAL)
.rollConvention(RollConventions.DAY_1)
.fixingRelativeTo(PERIOD_END)
.fixingDateOffset(MINUS_FIVE_DAYS)
.paymentFrequency(P6M)
.paymentDateOffset(PLUS_TWO_DAYS)
.compoundingMethod(CompoundingMethod.FLAT)
.notionalExchange(true)
.build();
assertEquals(test.getIndex(), GBP_LIBOR_3M);
assertEquals(test.getCurrency(), USD);
assertEquals(test.getDayCount(), ACT_360);
assertEquals(test.getAccrualFrequency(), P6M);
assertEquals(test.getAccrualBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getStartDateBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getEndDateBusinessDayAdjustment(), BDA_FOLLOW);
assertEquals(test.getStubConvention(), StubConvention.LONG_INITIAL);
assertEquals(test.getRollConvention(), RollConventions.DAY_1);
assertEquals(test.getFixingRelativeTo(), PERIOD_END);
assertEquals(test.getFixingDateOffset(), MINUS_FIVE_DAYS);
assertEquals(test.getPaymentFrequency(), P6M);
assertEquals(test.getPaymentDateOffset(), PLUS_TWO_DAYS);
assertEquals(test.getCompoundingMethod(), CompoundingMethod.FLAT);
assertEquals(test.isNotionalExchange(), true);
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
public void test_toLeg() {
IborRateSwapLegConvention base = IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder()
.index(GBP_LIBOR_3M)
.build();
LocalDate startDate = LocalDate.of(2015, 5, 5);
LocalDate endDate = LocalDate.of(2020, 5, 5);
RateCalculationSwapLeg test = base.toLeg(startDate, endDate, PAY, NOTIONAL_2M);
RateCalculationSwapLeg expected = RateCalculationSwapLeg.builder()
.payReceive(PAY)
.accrualSchedule(PeriodicSchedule.builder()
.frequency(P3M)
.startDate(startDate)
.endDate(endDate)
.businessDayAdjustment(BDA_MOD_FOLLOW)
.build())
.paymentSchedule(PaymentSchedule.builder()
.paymentFrequency(P3M)
.paymentDateOffset(DaysAdjustment.NONE)
.build())
.notionalSchedule(NotionalSchedule.of(GBP, NOTIONAL_2M))
.calculation(IborRateCalculation.of(GBP_LIBOR_3M))
.build();
assertEquals(test, expected);
}
public void test_toLeg_withSpread() {
IborRateSwapLegConvention base = IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder()
.index(GBP_LIBOR_3M)
.build();
LocalDate startDate = LocalDate.of(2015, 5, 5);
LocalDate endDate = LocalDate.of(2020, 5, 5);
RateCalculationSwapLeg test = base.toLeg(startDate, endDate, PAY, NOTIONAL_2M, 0.25d);
RateCalculationSwapLeg expected = RateCalculationSwapLeg.builder()
.payReceive(PAY)
.accrualSchedule(PeriodicSchedule.builder()
.frequency(P3M)
.startDate(startDate)
.endDate(endDate)
.businessDayAdjustment(BDA_MOD_FOLLOW)
.build())
.paymentSchedule(PaymentSchedule.builder()
.paymentFrequency(P3M)
.paymentDateOffset(DaysAdjustment.NONE)
.build())
.notionalSchedule(NotionalSchedule.of(GBP, NOTIONAL_2M))
.calculation(IborRateCalculation.builder()
.index(GBP_LIBOR_3M)
.spread(ValueSchedule.of(0.25d))
.build())
.build();
assertEquals(test, expected);
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
public void coverage() {
IborRateSwapLegConvention test = IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder()
.index(GBP_LIBOR_3M)
.build();
coverImmutableBean(test);
IborRateSwapLegConvention test2 = IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder()
.index(GBP_LIBOR_3M)
.currency(USD)
.dayCount(ACT_360)
.accrualFrequency(P6M)
.accrualBusinessDayAdjustment(BDA_FOLLOW)
.startDateBusinessDayAdjustment(BDA_FOLLOW)
.endDateBusinessDayAdjustment(BDA_FOLLOW)
.stubConvention(LONG_INITIAL)
.rollConvention(RollConventions.EOM)
.fixingRelativeTo(PERIOD_END)
.fixingDateOffset(MINUS_FIVE_DAYS)
.paymentFrequency(P6M)
.paymentDateOffset(PLUS_TWO_DAYS)
.notionalExchange(true)
.build();
coverBeanEquals(test, test2);
}
public void test_serialization() {
IborRateSwapLegConvention test = IborRateSwapLegConvention.builder()
.index(GBP_LIBOR_3M)
.build();
assertSerialization(test);
}
}
|
<gh_stars>1-10
//
// UISegmentButton.hpp
// DigMMMac
//
// Created by <NAME> on 7/4/18.
// Copyright © 2018 Darkswarm LLC. All rights reserved.
//
#ifndef UISegmentButton_hpp
#define UISegmentButton_hpp
#include "UIRoundedRect.hpp"
#include "UIButton.hpp"
class UISegmentButton : public UIButton {
public:
UISegmentButton();
virtual ~UISegmentButton();
virtual void Layout();
void SetSelected(bool pState);
bool mSelected;
void StyleSetLeft();
void StyleSetMiddle();
void StyleSetRight();
};
#endif /* UISegmentButton_hpp */
|
LONDON, Feb 12 (Reuters) - The British currency fell against the dollar on Tuesday to a new three-week low, as doubts grow about whether Prime Minister Theresa May can convince the European Union to accept changes to her Brexit divorce deal.
Time is running out for May to get the EU to amend the Brexit deal, and then get British lawmakers to back the agreement, before Britain is scheduled to leave the EU on March 29.
That has heightened fears among financial investors of a no-deal and disorderly Brexit even if the majority of British lawmakers want to avoid one, reversing a recent recovery in sterling.
May is expected to tell British lawmakers on Tuesday to hold their nerve over Brexit to force the EU to accept changes to the divorce deal.
She is expected to seek parliamentary backing again for her withdrawal arrangement with Brussels by the end of February after losing an earlier bid badly.
Investors want certainty, with the political turmoil weighing on consumer and business sentiment.
“Further delay is unlikely to be welcomed by business, however the Prime Minister appears determined to push her deal to the wire, given the lack of a parliamentary majority for any other options,” said Michael Hewson, analyst at CMC Markets.
The pound fell 0.2 percent to $1.2833, its weakest since Jan. 21.
Versus a broadly weaker euro, sterling held its own and was unchanged on the day at 87.695 pence per euro.
Britain’s economy is also suffering from Brexit-related uncertainty - the UK economy last year grew at its slowest since 2012 with momentum sharply worsening in the final three months, data showed.
“It is difficult to determine exactly how much of this is related to UK politics and how much is a function of the slowdown elsewhere,” Rabobank analysts said in a note. |
/**
* A set containing the keys of a property.
*
* @param <K> the type of the keys.
*/
final class PropertyKeys<K> extends AbstractList<K> {
/**
* The field this property-key-set is for.
*/
private final Field field;
/**
* The recipes to construct the keys of the field of this key-set.
*/
private final Recipe[] recipes;
/**
* Construct a new property-key-set for the given {@code field}.
*
* @param field the field the constructed set is for.
* @throws NullPointerException if the given {@code field} is null.
*/
private PropertyKeys(Field field) {
Objects.requireNonNull(field, "field");
this.field = field;
this.recipes = field.getAnnotation(Property.class).keys();
}
@Override
public K get(int index) {
if (this.recipes.length == 0) {
if (index == 0)
return (K) this.field.getName();
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("size=1, index=" + index);
}
if (index < this.recipes.length)
return Recipe.Util.get(this.recipes[index]);
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("size=" + this.recipes.length + ", index=" + index);
}
@Override
public int size() {
return Math.max(1, this.recipes.length);
}
} |
A note on nonlinear isometries between vector-valued function spaces ABSTRACT Let X and Y be compact Hausdorff spaces, E and F be Banach spaces over or and let A and B be subspaces of and, respectively. In this paper, we investigate the general form of isometries (not necessarily linear) T from A onto B. If F is strictly convex, then there exist a subset of Y, a continuous function onto the set of strong boundary points of A and a family of real-linear operators from E to F with such that In particular, we get some generalizations of the vector-valued BanachStone theorem and a generalization of a result of Cambern. We also give a similar result when F lacks the strict convexity and its unit sphere contains a singleton as a maximal convex subset. |
def embedding(self, dimensions, method, **kwargs):
errors.optioncheck(method, ['cmds', 'kpca', 'mmds', 'nmmds', 'spectral', 'tsne'])
if method == 'cmds':
array = _embedding_classical_mds(self.to_array(), dimensions, **kwargs)
elif method == 'kpca':
array = _embedding_kernel_pca(self.to_array(), dimensions, **kwargs)
elif method == 'mmds':
array = _embedding_metric_mds(self.to_array(), dimensions)
elif method == 'nmmds':
array = _embedding_nonmetric_mds(self.to_array(), dimensions, **kwargs)
elif method == 'spectral':
array = _embedding_spectral(self.to_array(), dimensions, **kwargs)
elif method == 'tsne':
array = _embedding_tsne(self.to_array(), dimensions, **kwargs)
return CoordinateMatrix(array, names=self.df.index) |
Property Oriented Verification Via Iterative Abstract Interpretation Static analysis by abstract interpretation is one of the widely used automatic approaches to program verification, due to its soundness guarantee and scalability. A key challenge for abstract interpretation with convex and linear abstract domain is verifying complex programs with disjunctive or non-linear behaviors. Our approach is conducting abstract interpretation in an iterative forward and backward manner. It utilizes dynamic input space partitioning to split the input space into sub-spaces. Thus each sub-space involves fewer disjunctive and non-linear program behaviors and is easier to be verified. We have implemented our approach. The experimental results are promising. |
Nitric Oxide, cGMP and cAMP Modulate NitrobenzylthioinosineSensitive Adenosine Transport in Human Umbilical Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Subjects with Gestational Diabetes Adenosine transport was characterized in human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells isolated from nondiabetic and diabetic pregnant subjects. Transport of adenosine was mediated by a Na+independent transport system inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) in both cell types. Diabetes increased adenosine transport, an effect that was associated with a higher maximal velocity (Vmax) for NBMPRsensitive (es) saturable nucleoside transport (18 ± 2 vs. 61 ± 3 pmol (g protein)1 min1, P < 0.05) and the maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) for specific NBMPR binding (74 ± 4 vs. 156 ± 10 pmol (g protein)1, P < 0.05), with no significant changes in the MichaelisMenten (Km) and dissociation (Kd) constants, respectively. Adenosine transport was unaltered by inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (with 100 M NGnitroLarginine methyl ester, LNAME) or protein synthesis (with 1 M cycloheximide), but was increased by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity (with 100 M, SQ22536) in nondiabetic cells. Diabetesinduced adenosine transport was blocked by LNAME and associated with an increase in Lcitrulline formation from Larginine and intracellular cGMP, but with a decrease in intracellular cAMP compared with nondiabetic cells. Expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was unaltered by diabetes. Dibutyryl cGMP (dbcGMP) increased, but dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) decreased, adenosine transport in nondiabetic cells. dbcGMP or the NO donor Snitrosoacetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 100 M) did not alter the diabeteselevated adenosine transport. However, activation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin (1 M), directly or after incubation of cells with dbcAMP, inhibited adenosine transport in both cell types. Our findings provide the first evidence that adenosine transport in human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells is mediated by the NBMPRsensitive transport system es, and that its activity is upregulated by gestational diabetes. |
FORMATION OF ROCK SLOPES DURING WORK TO REDUCE THE EROSION ACTIVITY The formation of anti-erosion procedures is based primarily on achieving an equilibrium state that affects the state of the soil or constituent rocks of the slope. In this regard, the formation of a model that can demonstrate the processes of slope destruction, which can be represented not only by soil, but also by rocks or other formations, becomes relevant. In particular, it should be relevant for urban soils and technologically transformed landscapes. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that all possible materials that form both slopes of natural origin and technological origin are considered as objects of potential erosion activity. The authors of the article are considering the possibility of applying reclamation measures that will reduce the maximum erosion activity within not only natural, but also urban landscapes. The article developed a model for analyzing the potential of erosion activity in combination with the physical parameters of the slopes and their mechanical composition. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the proposed measures and the developed model for countering erosion activity can reduce technological costs for reclamation activities and thus increase the economic and technological efficiency of the project. |
The invention concerns 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine derivatives and a process for preparing them and their uses. The invention also concerns a process for preparing xcex1-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide derivatives from unsaturated 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine derivatives.
Particularly the invention concerns novel intermediates and their use in methods for the preparation of (S)-(xe2x88x92)-xcex1-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide, which is referred under the International Nonproprietary Name of Levetiracetam, its dextrorotatory enantiomer and related compounds. Levetiracetam is shown as having the following structure:
Levetiracetam, a laevorotary compound is disclosed as a protective agent for the treatment and the prevention of hypoxic and ischemic type aggressions of the central nervous system in the European patent No. 162036. This compound is also effective in the treatment of epilepsy, a therapeutic indication for which it has been demonstrated that its dextrorotatory enantiomer (R)-(+)-xcex1-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide completely lacks activity (A. J. GOWER et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol., 222, (1992), 193-203). Finally, in the European patent application No. 0 645 139 this compound has been disclosed for its axiolytic activity.
The asymmetric carbon atom carries a hydrogen atom (not shown) positioned above the plane of the paper. The preparation of Levetiracetam has been described in the European patent No. 0162 036 and in the British patent No. 2 225 322, both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The preparation of the dextrorotatory enantiomer (R)-(+)-xcex1-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide has been described in the European patent No. 0165 919. Nevertheless, these approaches do not fully satisfy the requirements for an industrial process. Therefore, a new approach has been developed via the asymmetric hydrogenation of new precursors.
In one aspect, the invention provides a compound having the general formula (A) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,
wherein X is xe2x80x94CONR5R6 or xe2x80x94COOR7 or xe2x80x94COR8 or CN;
R1 is hydrogen or alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano;
R2, R3, R4, are the same or different and each is independently hydrogen or halogen, hydroxy, amino, nitro, cyano, acyl, acyloxy, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, alkylamino, carboxy, ester, ether, amido, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfmyl, alkylthio, arylthio, alkyl, alkoxy, oxyester, oxyamido, aryl, arylamino, axyloxy, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, vinyl;
R5, R6, R7 are the same or different and each is independently hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy; and
R8 is hydrogen, hydroxy, thiol, halogen, alkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkylthio, arylthio.
The term alkyl as used herein, includes saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals having straight, branched or cyclic moieties or combinations thereof and contains 1-20 carbon atoms, preferably 1-5 carbon atoms. The alkyl group may optionally be substituted by 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting halogen, hydroxy, thiol, amino, nitro, cyano, acyl, acyloxy, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, alkylamino, carboxy, ester, ether, amido, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, alkylthio, arylthio, oxyester, oxyamido, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, vinyl, (C1-C5)alkoxy, (C6-C10)aryloxy, (C6-C10)aryl. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a group selected from halogen, hydroxy, thiol, amino, nitro, cyano, such as trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl.
The term xe2x80x9cheterocycloalkylxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents an xe2x80x9c(C1-C6)cycloalkylxe2x80x9d as defined above, having at least one O, S and/or N atom interrupting the carbocyclic ring structure such as tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholino and pyrrolidinyl groups or the same substituted by at least a group selected from halogen, hydroxy, thiol, amino, nitro, cyano.
The term xe2x80x9calkoxyxe2x80x9d, as used herein includes xe2x80x94O-alkyl groups wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d is defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group such as trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl.
The term xe2x80x9calkylthioxe2x80x9d as used herein, includes Bakyl groups wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d is defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group, such as trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1, 1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl.
The term xe2x80x9calkylaminoxe2x80x9d as used herein, includes xe2x80x94NHalkyl or xe2x80x94N(alkyl)2 groups wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d is defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group.
The term xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d as used herein, includes an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen, such as phenyl, phenoxy, naphthyl, arylalkyl, benzyl, optionally substituted by 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group halogen, hydroxy, thiol, amino, nitro, cyano, acyl, acyloxy, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, alkylamino, carboxy, ester, ether, amido, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylthio, oxyester, oxyamido, aryl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C6-C10)aryloxy and (C1-C6)alkyl. The aryl radical consists of 1-3 rings preferably one ring and contains 2-30 carbon atoms preferably 6-10 carbon atoms. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, naphthyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9carylaninoxe2x80x9d as used herein, includes xe2x80x94NHaryl or xe2x80x94N(aryl)2 groups wherein xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d is defined above. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9caryloxyxe2x80x9d, as used herein, includes xe2x80x94O-aryl groups wherein xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d is defined as above. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9carylthioxe2x80x9d, as used herein, includes aryl groups wherein xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d is defined as above. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9chalogenxe2x80x9d, as used herein, includes an atom of Cl, Br, F, I.
The term xe2x80x9chydroxyxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94OH.
The term xe2x80x9cthiolxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94SH.
The teem xe2x80x9ccyanoxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94CN.
The term xe2x80x9critroxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94NO2.
The term xe2x80x9caminoxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94NH2.
The term xe2x80x9ccarboxyxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94COOH.
The term xe2x80x9csulfonic acidxe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94SO3H.
The term xe2x80x9csulfonamidexe2x80x9d, as used herein, represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94SO2NH2.
The term xe2x80x9cheteroarylxe2x80x9d, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, represents an xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d as defined above, having at least one O, S and/or N interrupting the carbocyclic ring structure, such as pyridyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyiimidyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, isobenzofuryl, benzothienyl, pyrazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, or benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted by 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from the group consisting hydroxy, halogen, thiol, amino, nitro, cyano, acyl, acyloxy, sulfonyl, sulfmyl, alkylamino, carboxy, ester, ether, amido, sulfonic acid, sulfonamide, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, oxyester, oxyamido, alkoxycarbonyl, (C1-C5)alkoxy, and (C1-C5)alkyl.
The term xe2x80x9carylalkylxe2x80x9d as used herein represents a group of the formula aryl-(C1-C4 alkyl)-. Preferred arylalkyl groups are, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl, diphenylmethyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl.
The term xe2x80x9cacylxe2x80x9d as used herein, represents a radical of carboxylic acid and thus includes groups of the formula alky-COxe2x80x94, aryl-COxe2x80x94, heteroaryl-COxe2x80x94, arylalkyl xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94, wherein the various hydrocarbon radicals are as defined in this section. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9coxyacylxe2x80x9d as used herein, represents a radical of carboxylic acid and thus includes groups of the formula alky-COxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, aryl-COxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, heteroaryl-COxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, arylalkyl-COxe2x80x94O, wherein the various hydrocarbon radicals are as defined in this section. Preferred alky and aryl groups are the same as those defined for the acyl group.
The term xe2x80x9csulfonylxe2x80x9d represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94SO2-alkyl or xe2x80x94SO2-aryl wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d are defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9csulfmylxe2x80x9d represents a group of the formula xe2x80x94SO-alkyl or xe2x80x94SO-aryl wherein xe2x80x9callylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d are defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl. benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9cesterxe2x80x9d means a group of formula xe2x80x94COO-alkyl, or xe2x80x94COO-aryl wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d are defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9coxyesterxe2x80x9d means a group of formula xe2x80x94COO-alkyl, or xe2x80x94COO-aryl wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d are defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9cetherxe2x80x9d means a group of formula alkyl-O-alkyl or alkyl-O-aryl or aryl-O-aryl wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d are defined above. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9camidoxe2x80x9d means a group of formula xe2x80x94CONH2 or xe2x80x94CONHalkyl or xe2x80x94CON(alkyl)2 or xe2x80x94CONHaryl or xe2x80x94CON(aryl)2 wherein xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d are defined above. Preferably alkyl has 1-4 carbon atoms and aryl has 6-10 carbon atoms. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
The term xe2x80x9coxyamidoxe2x80x9d xe2x80x9cmeans a group of formula xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94CONH2 or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94CONHalkyl or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94CON(alkyl)2 or xe2x80x94O-CONHaryl or xe2x80x94CON(aryl)2 wherein alkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d are defined above. Preferably alkyl has 1-5 carbon atoms and aryl has 6-8 carbon atoms. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group. Preferred aryl groups are, phenyl, halophenyl, cyanophenyl, nitrophenyl, methoxyphenyl, benzyl, halobenzyl, cyanobenzyl, methoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, 2-phenylethyl.
Preferably R1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halogen group such as trifluoromethyl trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl.
Preferably R2, R3 and R4 are independently hydrogen or halogen or methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group such as trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl.
Preferably R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl.
Preferably R7 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or tert-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, phenyl, benzyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group such as trifluoromethyl, chlorophenyl.
Preferably R8 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso or ter-butyl, 2,2,2-trimethylethyl, phenyl, benzyl or the same substituted by at least a halo group such as trifluoromethyl, chlorobenzyl or where X is xe2x80x94CN.
Unless otherwise stated, references herein to the compounds of general formula (A) either individually or collectively are intended to include geometrical isomers i.e. both Z (Zusammen) and E (Entgegen) isomers and mixtures thereof (racemates).
With respect to the asymmetric hydrogenation process described below, the best results have been obtained for the Z (Zusammen) and E (Entgegen) isomers of the compounds of formula (A) where R1 is methyl, R2 and R4 are H and X is xe2x80x94CONH2 or xe2x80x94COOMe or xe2x80x94COOEt or xe2x80x94COOH. Within this group, compounds wherein R3 is hydrogen, alkyl (especially propyl) or haloalkenyl (especially difluorovinyl) are particularly well suited.
An aspect of the invention concerns a process for preparing the compound having a general formula (A). This process includes the following reactions:
Compounds having a general formula (A), where X is xe2x80x94CONR5R6 or xe2x80x94COOR7 or xe2x80x94COR8 or CN, may conveniently be made by reaction of an xcex1-ketocarboxylic acid derivative of general formula (C) where R1 and X are described above, with a pyrrolidinone of general formula (D) where R2, R3, R4 are described above, according to the following scheme (1).
Compounds having a general formula (A) where X is xe2x80x94COOR7 may conveniently be made by reaction of an xcex1-ketocarboxylic acid derivative of general formula (Cxe2x80x2) where X is xe2x80x94COOR7 with a pyrrolidinone of general formula (D) according to the following scheme (2).
Suitable reaction conditions involve use of toluene under reflux. In the resulting compound (A), R7 may readily be converted from H to alkyl or from alkyl to H.
Derivatives of general formula (C) or (Cxe2x80x2) and pyrrolidones of general formula (D) are well known by the man of the art and can be prepared according to syntheses referred to in the literature, such as in xe2x80x9cHandbook of Heterocyclic Chemistryxe2x80x9d by A. Katrisky, Pergamon, 1985 (Chapter 4.) and in xe2x80x9cComprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistryxe2x80x9d by A. Katrisky and C. W. Rees, Pergamon, 1984 (Volume 4, Chapters 3.03 and 3.06).
Compounds of general formula (A) where X is xe2x80x94CONH2 or xe2x80x94CONR5R6 may conveniently be prepared by conversion of the corresponding acid (compound of formula (A) where X is CO2H) to the acid chloride with subsequent ammonolysis or reaction with a primary or secondary amine of the general formula HNR5R6. The following two schemes (3 and 4) describe such a process.
These reactions are preferably performed using PCl5 to give an acid chloride followed by anhydrous ammonia or primary or secondary amine of the formula HNR5R6 to give the desired enamide amide.
Compounds of general formula (A) where X is xe2x80x94COOR7 may conveniently be made by conversion of the corresponding acid (compound (A) where X is COOH) obtained by Scheme (2) to the acid chloride with subsequent alcoholysis with the compound of formula R7xe2x80x94OH (alcohol) where R7 is defined above. (see Scheme 5)
These reactions are preferably performed using PCl5 to give an acid chloride followed by alcoholysis with R7xe2x80x94OH to give the desired ester.
The conditions of the above reactions are well known by the man skilled in the art.
In another aspect the invention concerns the use of compounds of formula (A) as synthesis intermediates.
The compound of formula (A) where X is xe2x80x94CONH2 is of particular interest, as catalytic hydrogenation of this compound leads directly to Levetiracetam. Both the Z (Zusammen) and E (Entgegen) isomers of these compounds have been shown to undergo rapid and selective asymmetric hydrogenation to either enantiomer of the desired product. The representation of the bond joining the group R1 to the molecule denotes either a Z isomer or an E isomer As a particular example, the use of compounds (A) for the synthesis of compounds (B) may be illustrated according to the following scheme (6).
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and X are as noted above.
Preferably, R1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, or isobutyl; most preferably methyl, ethyl or n-propyl.
Preferably, R2 and R4 are independently hydrogen or halogen or methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl; and, most preferably, are each hydrogen.
Preferably, R3 is C1-5 alkyl, C2-5 alkenyl, C2-C5 alkynyl, cyclopropyl, azido, each optionally substituded by one or more halogen, cyano, thiocyano, azido, allylthio, cyclopropyl, acyl and/or phenyl; phenyl: phenylsulfonyl; phenylsulfonyloxy, tetrazole, thiazole, thienyl furryl, pyrrole, pyridine, whereby any phenyl moiety may be substituted by one or more halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, nitro, amino, and/or phenyl; most preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, or isobutyl.
Preferably, X is xe2x80x94COOH or xe2x80x94COOMe or xe2x80x94COOEt or xe2x80x94CONH2; most preferably xe2x80x94CONH2.
The compounds of formula (B) may be isolated in free form or converted into their pharmaceuticaly acceptable salts, or vice versa, in conventional manner.
Preferred individual compounds among the compounds having the general formula (B) have the formulas (Bxe2x80x2),(Bxe2x80x3) and (Bxe2x80x2xe2x80x3).
The compounds of formula (B) are suitable for use in the treatment of epilepsy and related ailments. According to another embodiment, the invention therefore concerns a process for preparing a compound having a formula (B)
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and X are as noted above, via catalytic assymetric hydrogenation of the corresponding compound having the formula (A) as illustrated and defined above. Catalytic hydrogenation is described in many publications or books such as xe2x80x9cSynthxc3xa8se et catalyse asymxc3xa8triquesxe2x80x94auxiliaires et ligands chirauxxe2x80x9d Jacqueline Seyden-Penne (1994)xe2x80x94Savoirs actuel, interEdition/CNRS Editionxe2x80x94CH 7.1 xe2x80x9chydrogenation catalytiquexe2x80x9d page 287-300.
Unless otherwise stated, references herein to the compounds of general formula (B) either individually or collectively are intended to include geometrical isomers i.e. both Z (Zusammen) and E (Entgegen) isomers as well as enantiomers, diastereoisomers and mixtures of each of these (racemates).
Preferably, the process of the invention concerns the preparation of compounds of formula (B) in which R2 and R4 are hydrogen and X is xe2x80x94COOE or xe2x80x94COOMe or xe2x80x94COOEt or xe2x80x94CONH2 and R1 is methyl particularly those wherein R3 is hydrogen, alkyl (especially propyl) or haloalkenyl (especially difluorovinyl). Best results have been obtained with the process for preparing levetiracetam, compound of formula (B) in which R1 is methyl, R2 and R4 are hydrogen, R3 hydrogen, propyl or difluorovinyl and X is xe2x80x94CONH2.
Generally, this process comprises subjecting to catalytic hydrogenation a compound of formula (A) as described above. Preferably the compound of formula (A) is subjected to asymmetric hydrogenation using a chiral catalyst based on a rhodium (Rh) or ruthenium (Ru) chelate. Asymmetric hydrogenation methods are described in many publications or books such as xe2x80x9cAsymmetric Synthesisxe2x80x9d R. A. Aitken and S. N. Kilxc3xa9nyi (1992)xe2x80x94Blackie Academic and Professional or xe2x80x9cSynthesis of Optically active-Amino Acidsxe2x80x9d Robert M. Willimas (1989)xe2x80x94Pergamon Press.
Rh(I)-, and Ru(ti)-, complexes of chiral chelating ligands, generally diphosphines, have great success in the asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins. Many chiral bidentate ligands, such as diphosphinites, bis(aminophosphine) and aminophosphine phosphinites, or chiral catalyst complexes, are described in the literature or are commercially available. The chiral catalyst may also be associated to a counterion and/or an olefin.
Although much information on the catalytic activity and stereoselectivity of the chiral catalysts has been accumulated, the choice of the ligands, the chiral catalysts and reaction conditions still has to be made empirically for each individual substrate. Generally the Rh(I) based systems are mostly used for the preparation of amino acid derivatives, while the Ru(II) catalysts give good to excellent results with a much broader group of olefinic substrates. Chiral catalyst chelators which may be used in the present invention, are DUPHOS, BPPM, BICP, BINAP, DIPAMP, SKEWPHOS, BPPFA, DIOP, NORPHOS, PROPHOS, PENNPHOS, QUPHOS, BPPMC, BPPFA. In addition to this, supported or otherwise immobilised catalysts prepared from the above chelators may also be used in the present invention in order to give either improved conversion or selectivity, in addition to improved catalyst recovery and recycling. Preferred chiral catalyst chelators for use in the method of this invention are selected from DUPHOS or Methyl, Diethyl, Diisopropyl-DUPHOS (1,2-bis-(2,5-dimethylphospholano)benzenexe2x80x94U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,892), DIPAMP (Phosphine, 1,2-ethanediylbis ((2-methoxyphenyl)phenylxe2x80x94U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,008,281 and No 4,142,992), BPPM (1-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, 4-(diphenylphosphino)-2-((diphenylphosphino)methyl)-, 1,1-dimethylethyl esterxe2x80x94Japanese patent No 87045238) and BINAP (Phosphine, (1,1xe2x80x2-binaphthalene)-2,2xe2x80x2-diylbis(diphenylxe2x80x94European patent No. 0 366 390).
The structures of these chelators are shown below.
Preferred solvents for use in the method of this invention are selected from, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane (DCM), isopropanol (IPA), toluene, ethyl acetate (AcOEt).
The counterion is selected from halide (halogen(xe2x88x92)), BPh4(xe2x88x92) ClO4(xe2x88x92), BF4(xe2x88x92). PF6(xe2x88x92), PCl6(xe2x88x92), OAc(xe2x88x92), triflate (OTf(xe2x88x92)), mesylate or tosylate. Preferred counterions for use with these chiral catalysts are selected from OTf(xe2x88x92), BF4(xe2x88x92) or OAc(xe2x88x92).
The olefin is selected from ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, cyclohexadiene, norbomadiene or cycloocta-1,5-diene (COD).
Using these chiral catalysts, in combination with a range of counter-ions and at catalyst-substrate ratios ranging from 1:20 to 1:20,000 in a range of commercially available solvents it is possible to convert compounds of formula (A) into laevorotary or dextrorotary enantiomers of compounds of formula (B) having high % of enantiomeric excess (e.e.) and in excellent yield, and high purity. Moreover, this approach will use standard industrial plant and equipment and have cost advantages.
This asymmetric synthesis process will also be lower cost due to the avoidance of recycling or discarding the unwanted enantiomer obtained by a conventional synthesis process.
Best results have been obtained with the process for preparing (S)-xcex1-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide or (R)-xcex1-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide, wherein it comprises subjecting a compound of formula Axe2x80x2 in the form of a Z isomer or an E isomer to asynmmetric hydrogenation using a chiral catalyst according to the following scheme.
In what follows, reference is made particularly to four compounds of formula (A) in which R1 is methyl, R2, R3 and R4 are hydrogen and,
for the compound hereinafter identified as precursor Al, X is xe2x80x94COOH;
for the compound hereinafter identified as precursor A2, X is xe2x80x94COOMe;
for the compound hereinafter identified as precursor A2xe2x80x2, X is xe2x80x94COOEt; and
for the compound hereinafter identified as precursor A3, X is xe2x80x94CONH2.
As will be appreciated by the skilled person, depending on the substitution pattern, not all compounds of general formula (A) and (B) will be capable of forming salts so that reference to xe2x80x9cpharmaceutically acceptable saltsxe2x80x9d applies only to such compounds of general formulae (A) or (B) having this capability.
The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended, nor should they be construed, as limiting the invention in any manner. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that routine variations and modifications of the following examples can be made without exceeding the spirit or scope of the invention. |
. The transplantation of organs from one species to another introduces a question of compatibility not seen in allotransplantation, the ability of a kidney to perform its physiological function in the new host environment. It has been assumed that an allotransplanted organ will function normally if is not rejected; ample experience supports this assumption. This luxury will not exist in the field of xenotransplantation, where the issues of comparative physiology will assume great importance. From many standpoints, the pig kidney seems an ideal donor for xenotransplantation. They are of similar size and have remarkably similar internal anatomy. Even if the immunological problems could be overcome, there is almost no direct experimental evidence to answer the question of whether or not a pig kidney can function in a human body. |
Urban Governance and Industrial Decline There has been a marked increase in comparative research examining the dynamics of regime formation in the United Kingdom and the United States. These authors consider regime formation processes in three deindustrializing cities: Detroit, Michigan, and Birmingham and Sheffield, England. The article identifies two cross-cutting themes: the effects of national/international political and economic forces on local governance and the role of public and private interactions in regime formation. Finally, in an attempt to enlarge the scope of regime theory, the authors develop a comparative perspective on urban governance based on the concepts of governing structures and policy agendas. |
<reponame>adambirse/innovation-funding-service
package org.innovateuk.ifs.competition.mapper;
import org.innovateuk.ifs.commons.mapper.BaseMapper;
import org.innovateuk.ifs.commons.mapper.GlobalMapperConfig;
import org.innovateuk.ifs.competition.domain.CompetitionResearchCategoryLink;
import org.innovateuk.ifs.competition.resource.CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource;
import org.mapstruct.Mapper;
import java.util.List;
@Mapper(config = GlobalMapperConfig.class)
public abstract class CompetitionResearchCategoryMapper extends BaseMapper<CompetitionResearchCategoryLink, CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource, Long> {
@Override
public abstract CompetitionResearchCategoryLink mapToDomain(CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource resource);
@Override
public abstract CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource mapToResource(CompetitionResearchCategoryLink researchCategory);
public abstract List<CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource> mapToDomain(List<CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource> researchCategoryResources);
public abstract List<CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource> mapToResource(List<CompetitionResearchCategoryLink> researchCategories);
public Long mapResearchCategoryToId(CompetitionResearchCategoryLinkResource object) {
if (object == null) {
return null;
}
return object.getId();
}
}
|
/*
* Copyright 2020 The Compass Authors
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package env
import (
"context"
"errors"
"fmt"
"os"
"reflect"
"strings"
"github.com/kyma-incubator/compass/components/director/pkg/log"
"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
"github.com/spf13/cast"
"github.com/spf13/pflag"
"github.com/spf13/viper"
)
// File describes the name, path and the format of the file to be used to load the configuration in the env
type File struct {
Name string `description:"name of the configuration file"`
Location string `description:"location of the configuration file"`
Format string `description:"extension of the configuration file"`
}
// DefaultConfigFile holds the default System Broker config file properties
func DefaultConfigFile() File {
return File{
Name: "application",
Location: ".",
Format: "yml",
}
}
// CreatePFlagsForConfigFile creates pflags for setting the configuration file
func CreatePFlagsForConfigFile(set *pflag.FlagSet) {
CreatePFlags(set, struct{ File File }{File: DefaultConfigFile()})
}
// Environment represents an abstraction over the env from which System Broker configuration will be loaded
//go:generate go run github.com/maxbrunsfeld/counterfeiter/v6 . Environment
type Environment interface {
Get(key string) interface{}
Set(key string, value interface{})
Unmarshal(value interface{}) error
BindPFlag(key string, flag *pflag.Flag) error
AllSettings() map[string]interface{}
}
// ViperEnv represents an implementation of the Environment interface that uses viper
type ViperEnv struct {
*viper.Viper
}
// EmptyFlagSet creates an empty flag set and adds the default set of flags to it
func EmptyFlagSet() *pflag.FlagSet {
set := pflag.NewFlagSet("Configuration Flags", pflag.ExitOnError)
set.AddFlagSet(pflag.CommandLine)
return set
}
// CreatePFlags Creates pflags for the value structure and adds them in the provided set
func CreatePFlags(set *pflag.FlagSet, value interface{}) {
parameters, descriptions := buildParametersAndDescriptions(value)
for i, parameter := range parameters {
if set.Lookup(parameter.Name) == nil {
switch val := parameter.DefaultValue.(type) {
case []string:
set.StringSlice(parameter.Name, val, descriptions[i])
default:
set.Var(&flag{value: val}, parameter.Name, descriptions[i])
}
}
}
}
// New creates a new environment. It accepts a flag set that should contain all the flags that the
// environment should be aware of.
func New(ctx context.Context, set *pflag.FlagSet, onConfigChangeHandlers ...func(env Environment) func(event fsnotify.Event)) (*ViperEnv, error) {
v := &ViperEnv{
Viper: viper.New(),
}
v.SetEnvKeyReplacer(strings.NewReplacer(".", "_"))
v.AutomaticEnv()
if err := set.Parse(os.Args[1:]); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
set.VisitAll(func(flag *pflag.Flag) {
if err := v.BindPFlag(flag.Name, flag); err != nil {
log.D().Panic(err)
}
})
if err := v.setupConfigFile(ctx, onConfigChangeHandlers...); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return v, nil
}
func (v *ViperEnv) AllSettings() map[string]interface{} {
return v.Viper.AllSettings()
}
// Unmarshal exposes viper's Unmarshal. Prior to unmarshaling it creates the necessary env var bindings
// so that env var values are also used during the unmarshaling in case the keys are not specified as pflags or in config file.
func (v *ViperEnv) Unmarshal(value interface{}) error {
parameters := buildParameters(value)
for _, parameter := range parameters {
// These bindings are required in case the value for a particular configuration property that is a field of the specified value struct
// is only set via env variables (if we do not explicitly do a binding, viper.AllKeys() will not return a key for this configuration
// property and unmarshal will not even try to find a value for this property key when filling up the config struct)
if err := v.Viper.BindEnv(parameter.Name); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return v.Viper.Unmarshal(value)
}
func (v *ViperEnv) setupConfigFile(ctx context.Context, onConfigChangeHandlers ...func(env Environment) func(op fsnotify.Event)) error {
cfg := struct{ File File }{File: File{}}
if err := v.Unmarshal(&cfg); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("could not find configuration cfg: %s", err)
}
v.Viper.AddConfigPath(cfg.File.Location)
v.Viper.SetConfigName(cfg.File.Name)
v.Viper.SetConfigType(cfg.File.Format)
if err := v.Viper.ReadInConfig(); err != nil {
if err, ok := err.(viper.ConfigFileNotFoundError); ok {
log.D().Info("Config File was not found: ", err)
return nil
}
return fmt.Errorf("could not read configuration cfg: %s", err)
}
v.Viper.WatchConfig()
dynamicLogHandler := func(env Environment) func(event fsnotify.Event) {
return func(event fsnotify.Event) {
if strings.Contains(event.String(), "WRITE") || strings.Contains(event.String(), "CREATE") {
logLevel, lok := env.Get("log.level").(string)
logFormat, fok := env.Get("log.format").(string)
logOutput, ook := env.Get("log.output").(string)
if lok || fok || ook {
log.C(ctx).WithError(errors.New("conversion failed")).Errorf("Failed to convert environment variables")
}
bootstrapCorrelationID := log.Configuration().BootstrapCorrelationID
log.C(ctx).Warnf("Reconfiguring logrus logging using level %s and format %s", logLevel, logFormat)
newCtx, err := log.Configure(ctx, &log.Config{
Level: logLevel,
Format: logFormat,
Output: logOutput,
BootstrapCorrelationID: bootstrapCorrelationID,
})
if err != nil {
log.C(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("Could not set log level to %s and log format to %s after config file modification event of type %s", logLevel, logFormat, event.String())
}
ctx = newCtx
}
}
}
onConfigChangeHandlers = append(onConfigChangeHandlers, dynamicLogHandler)
v.Viper.OnConfigChange(func(event fsnotify.Event) {
log.C(ctx).Warnf("Configuration file was changed by event %s. Triggering on config changed handlers...", event.String())
for _, handler := range onConfigChangeHandlers {
handler(v)(event)
}
})
return nil
}
// Default creates a default environment that can be used to boot up a System Broker
func Default(ctx context.Context, additionalPFlags ...func(set *pflag.FlagSet)) (Environment, error) {
set := EmptyFlagSet()
for _, addFlags := range additionalPFlags {
addFlags(set)
}
environment, err := New(ctx, set)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("error loading environment: %s", err)
}
return environment, nil
}
type flag struct {
value interface{}
}
func (f *flag) String() string {
return cast.ToString(f.value)
}
func (f *flag) Set(s string) error {
f.value = s
return nil
}
func (f *flag) Type() string {
return reflect.TypeOf(f.value).Name()
}
|
Power and area reduction using carbon nanotube bundle interconnect in global clock tree distribution network The gigahertz frequency regime together with the rising delay of on-chip interconnect and increased device densities, has resulted in aggravating clock skew problem. Skew and power dissipation of clock distribution networks are key factors in determining the maximum attainable clock frequency as well as the chip power consumption. The traditional skew balancing schemes incur additional cost of increased area and power. In this paper, we propose a novel skew reduction mechanism using dissimilar interconnect materials for balancing the non-uniform loads in a clock network. Single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles have been shown to have high electrical conductivity for future process technology nodes. We design a H-tree clock network made up of both SWCNT bundles and copper interconnect at 22nm technology node. Our experiments show that such a network saves an average of 65% in area and 22% of power over a pure copper distribution network. |
Facebook on Friday released its Android launcher called Home. The company also updated its Facebook app, adding in new permissions to allow it to collect data about the apps you are running, as pointed out on Hacker News.
Updated below with statement from Facebook
The changelog for the new version of the Facebook app doesn’t mention this explicitly:
Bug fixes.
New permissions for Facebook Home [http://bit.ly/fbhomeapp].
Install the Facebook Home app to get these additional features: Glance at your phone for the latest photos and posts from your friends. Use chat heads to keep chatting with your friends while using other apps (requires Facebook Messenger [http://bit.ly/fbandroidmessenger]). See news as it happens with bigger, bolder notifications.
Yet that second point is worth digging into. For reference, here’s the permissions screen for an older version of the Facebook app:
Here’s the latest version of the Facebook app:
The description on Google Play offers a bit more detail:
RETRIEVE RUNNING APPS
Allows the app to retrieve information about currently and recently running tasks. This may allow the app to discover information about which applications are used on the device.
Facebook has set up Home to interface with the main Facebook app on Android to do all the work. In fact, the main Facebook app features all the required permissions letting the Home app meekly state “THIS APPLICATION REQUIRES NO SPECIAL PERMISSIONS TO RUN.”
As such, it’s the Facebook app that’s doing all the information collecting. It’s unclear, however, if it will do so even if Facebook Home is not installed. Facebook may simply be declaring all the permissions the Home launcher requires, meaning the app only starts collecting data if Home asks it to.
Android app developers have long complained that the platform doesn’t offer much granularity when specifying permissions. Indeed, many times very basic apps ask for permissions they don’t really need. In this case, Facebook may be asking for permissions it only needs when Home is installed and turned on.
Still, given Facebook’s reputation surrounding privacy issues, this is something the company will want to clarify. We have contacted Facebook about this change and will update this article if we hear back.
Update on April 14 – “To offer the Home app launcher and to improve the way it works over time, users give permission for Facebook to retrieve a list of apps installed on your phone,” a Facebook spokesperson told TNW. “We do this to make the launcher work properly and to improve it. If you are not a Home user, the Facebook for Android app does not collect a list of the apps you have on your phone.”
See also – This hack lets you run Facebook Home on any Android device and Hours in, Facebook Home suffering from poor Google Play reviews as 48% of users award it 1 star
Top Image Credit: Chris Chidsey
Read next: Having a hard time logging onto Xbox Live? You're not alone, and Microsoft is working on the problem |
from cement import Controller, ex
class AdminController(Controller):
class Meta:
label = 'admin'
stacked_type = 'nested'
stacked_on = 'base'
help = 'manage administrator accounts'
# @property
# def _client(self) -> RoleAPI:
# return self.app.client.roles
# TODO: implement
@ex(help='list administrators')
def list(self):
pass
# TODO: implement /admin/add_user
@ex(help='create an administrator')
def create(self):
pass
# TODO: implement /admin/delete_user
@ex(help='delete an administrator')
def delete(self):
pass
# TODO: implement /admin/update_user
@ex(help='update settings for an existing administrator')
def update(self):
pass
# TODO: implement /admin/saml
@ex(help='get SAML SSO configuration for administrator login')
def saml(self):
pass
# TODO: implement /admin/setup_saml
@ex(help='set SAML SSO configuration for administrator login')
def setup_saml(self):
pass
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a process for producing semiconductor devices and also to semiconductor devices produced according to the process. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for producing a Spin-on-Glass (SOG) film and also to an interlayer insulation film employing the SOG film.
2. Description of the Related Art
In order to realize higher integration of semiconductor integrated circuits, wiring must be much finer and multilayered. Interlayer insulation films are interposed between wiring layers so as to obtain multilayered wiring or interconnections. If the interlayer insulation films do not have flat surfaces, wiring layers formed on the insulation films are stepped, which leads to problems such as disconnection of wiring. Accordingly, the surfaces of the interlayer insulation films (i.e. the surfaces of the devices) must be as flat as possible. The technique of flattening the surface of a device is called planarization, which becomes more important as the wiring becomes finer and the number of layers increases.
SOG film is the type of interlayer insulation film which is most frequently employed in planarization. The use of SOG film has been researched and developed particularly with respect to planarization techniques utilizing flow characteristics of material for interlayer insulation films. In general, SOG means solutions of silicon-containing compounds in organic solvents as well as films that are formed from such solutions and that contain silicon dioxide as a major component. In forming an SOG film, a solution of a silicon-containing compound in an organic solvent is first dropped onto a substrate, which is in turn rotated. Then, the surface of the substrate is covered by the solution with recesses on the substrate filled by the solution. A wet silicon-containing film is thus formed such that the steps inherently formed on the substrate by wiring or interconnections may be compensated for. Thus, the surface of the substrate is planarized. Subsequently, the thus treated substrate is subjected to heat treatment to completely evaporate the organic solvent and promote polymerization reaction resulting in an SOG film having a flat surface.
SOG films include inorganic SOG films, in which the silicon-containing compounds contain no organic component, as represented by the following chemical formula (1): EQU [SiO.sub.2 ].sub.n (1), and
organic SOG films, in which the silicon-containing compounds contain organic components, as represented by the following chemical formula (2): EQU [R.sub.x SiO.sub.y ].sub.n (2)
wherein n, X and Y are integers; and R represents an alkyl group or an aryl group.
In general, inorganic SOG films involve disadvantages in that they are likely to contain water and hydroxyl groups in large amounts and that they are brittle compared with silicon oxide films formed by a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method and readily crack during heat treatment when the films have a thickness of 0.5 .mu.m or more. In contrast, organic SOG films have a molecular structure in which the linkages are partly blocked by alkyl or aryl groups. For this reason, cracking, which is liable to occur during heat treatment, can be controlled so that an organic SOG film having a thickness of about 0.5 .mu.m to 1.0 .mu.m is allowed to form. Accordingly, the use of organic SOG film permits not only the formation of a thick interlayer insulation film but also permits the planarization of the surface of a substrate having steps present thereon.
However, since organic SOG film contains organic components (i.e., hydrocarbon components), the rate of etching in defining via-contact holes is low where a mixed gas of carbon tetrafluoride and hydrogen (CF.sub.4 +H.sub.2) is used. To increase the etching rate, therefore, it is preferable to use a mixed gaseous system of carbon tetrafluoride and oxygen (CF.sub.4 +O.sub.2) in the etching treatment for forming via-contact holes in an organic SOG film. When such mixed gas of carbon tetraf luoride and oxygen is used as etching gas, however, a photoresist as an etching mask is unfortunately etched by the gas. As a result, the organic SOG film masked with the photoresist is also etched leading to the failure of accurate fine via-contact hole formation.
Organic SOG films also contain some water and hydroxyl groups, although the amounts are small compared with the case of inorganic SOG films. In general, the insulating properties and the mechanical strength of the SOG films are lower than those of the silicon oxide film formed by CVD method. Accordingly, when an SOG film is employed as an interlayer insulation film, a sandwich structure is often used where insulating films having high insulating property and high mechanical strength, in addition to the property of blocking water, are formed on upper and lower surfaces of the SOG film. Silicon oxide films formed by CVD process are usually employed as such additional insulating films.
However, since organic SOG film contains organic components, the organic SOG film is etched more than the upper and lower silicon oxide films are in the etching treatment for defining via-contact holes due to the water contained in the organic SOG film and the oxygen fed from the lower silicon oxide film. Further, in an ashing process, where the photoresist used as an etching mask is removed, the organic components contained in the organic SOG film are decomposed so that the organic SOG film is likely to shrink. Consequently, the organic SOG film cracks or retracts to form recesses therein. This is referred to as retrogression. If such recesses are formed, the via-contact holes cannot be fully filled with a wiring material, when wiring is to be formed by means of sputtering, resulting in the failure in securing excellent electric contact between two interconnections. Furthermore, when the organic components contained in the organic SOG film decompose, hygroscopicity of the organic SOG film is increased. These issues or topics are discussed in detail by C. K. Wang, L. M. Liu, H. C. Cheng, H. C. Huang and M. S. Lin in Proc. of IEEE VMIC, p.101 (1994).
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-307247 discloses a method in which an organic SOG film is subjected to O.sub.2 plasma treatment to convert the C--Si bond in the film to Si--O--Si bond, decomposing organic components contained in the organic SOG film. FIG. 1 shows IR absorption spectra of the organic SOG film before and after O.sub.2 plasma treatment. Incidentally, the organic SOG film has a film thickness of 3000 .ANG.. Referring to the method of forming the organic SOG film, a solution of the silicon-containing compound (CH.sub.3 Si(OH).sub.3) in ethanol is dropped onto a substrate, and the substrate is then rotated at 4800 rpm for 20 seconds to form a wet film of the solution on the substrate. Subsequently, the thus treated substrate is heat-treated successively at 100.degree. C. for one minute, at 200.degree. C. for one minute, at 300.degree. C. for one minute, at 22.degree. C. for one minute and at 300.degree. C. for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to form an organic SOG film on the substrate. Next, the organic SOG film is subjected to an O.sub.2 plasma treatment for 60 seconds under the following conditions: RF power=500 W; preset temperature=360.degree. C.; oxygen flow rate=600 sccm.
In the IR absorption spectra of the organic SOG film shown in FIG. 1, the graphs 44-1, 44-2, 44-3 and 44-4 are spectra at the times: immediately after the formation of the SOG film (before the O.sub.2 plasma treatment); immediately after the O.sub.2 plasma treatment; after 3-day exposure under atmospheric condition in a clean room from the O.sub.2 plasma treatment; and after 7-day exposure under atmospheric condition in a clean room after the O.sub.2 plasma treatment, respectively.
As the graph 44-1 shows, absorption peaks attributed to organic components are observed around the wave numbers of about 3000 cm.sup.-1 and 1250 cm.sup.-1 before the O.sub.2 plasma treatment. The absorption peak around 3000 cm.sup.-1 is caused by the C--H bond stretching; whereas the absorption peak around 1250 cm.sup.-1 is caused by the C--H bond deformation or bending vibration. However, as the graphs 44-2 to 44-4 show, no absorption peak is observed around 3000 cm.sup.-1 and 1250 cm.sup.-1 after the O.sub.2 plasma treatment. Accordingly, it can be understood that the organic components contained in the organic SOG film are decomposed by the O.sub.2 plasma treatment.
However, as the graph 44-2 shows, absorption peaks attributed to hydroxyl groups are observed around 3600 cm.sup.-1 and 930 cm.sup.-1 immediately after the O.sub.2 plasma treatment. Generally, the absorption peak around 3600 cm.sup.-1 is caused by the O--H bond stretching in H--OH and Si--OH; whereas the absorption peak around 930 cm.sup.-1 is caused by the Si--O bond stretching in Si--OH. As the graphs 44-2 to 44-4 show, the absorption peaks around 3600 cm.sup.-1 and 930 cm.sup.-1 increase with time after the O.sub.2 plasma treatment. This is because the organic SOG film subjected to the O.sub.2 plasma treatment absorbs water in the atmosphere. Even if the organic SOG film is not subjected to the O.sub.2 plasma treatment, the film also absorbs water in the atmosphere, and the absorption peaks around 3600 cm.sup.-1 and 930 cm.sup.-1 increase with time. However, in the case of the organic SOG film subjected to the O.sub.2 plasma treatment, the increase in the absorption peaks is much more notable. As described above, the technique of applying an O.sub.2 plasma treatment to the organic SOG film involves the disadvantage that water and hydroxyl groups in the film increase, although it enjoys the advantage that organic components are decomposed.
Increase of the water and hydroxyl groups contained in the SOG film brings about defects such as "poisoned via phenomenon". The "poisoned via phenomenon" is a phenomenon where, when a metal is used for wiring, the wiring present in the via-contact holes is corroded by the water contained in the SOG film exposed to the via-contact holes. Further, it also happens that the water contained in the SOG film exposed to the via-contact holes reacts with the wiring filled in the via-contact holes to disadvantageously increase contact resistance. These issues or topics are discussed in detail by C. Chiang, N. V. Lam, J. K. Chu, N. Cox, D. Fraser, J. Bozarth and B. Mumford in Proc. of IEEE VMIC, p.404 (1987).
In order to overcome these problems, the above-described sandwich structure (where an SOG film is sandwiched by two silicon oxide films formed by CVD process) may be employed, and the SOG film may be etched back before the formation of the upper silicon oxide film. Thus, an inner wall of each via-contact hole can be composed of the upper and lower silicon oxide films only, with no exposed SOG film. However, the necessity of the step of etching back the SOG film complicates the production process, and thus lowers throughput.
Under such circumstances, one method has been proposed in which an organic SOG film is doped with fluorine by means of ion implantation to decompose organic components and also to reduce the water and hydroxyl groups contained in the SOG film (see L. J. Chen, S. T. Hsia and J. L. Leu, Proc. of IEEE VMIC, p.81 (1994)). This article describes that when fluorine ions were implanted at a dose of 3.times.10.sup.15 cm.sup.-2 to an organic SOG film having a film thickness of 4000 .ANG. with an acceleration energy of 40 keV or 80 keV, and the resulting SOG film was subjected to heat treatment at 425.degree. C. for 30 minutes, the water contained in the organic SOG film was reduced.
It has also been proposed to dope an organic SOG film with silicon or phosphorus by means of ion implantation so as to decompose organic components (see N. Moriya, Y. Shacham-Diamond and R. Kalish, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 140, No. 5, p.1442 (1993)). Furthermore, a method has also been proposed in which organic components in an organic SOG film are decomposed by applying, for example, argon (Ar), nitrogen (N.sub.2) or nitrogen oxide (N.sub.2 O) plasma treatment to the SOG film (see C. K. Wang, L. M. Liu, H. C. Cheng, H. C. Huang and M. S. Lin, Proc. of IEEE VMIC, p.101 (1994); M. Matsuura, Y. Ii, K. Shibata, Y. Hayashide and H. Kotani, Proc. of IEEE VMIC, p.113 (1993)).
However, the method of doping an organic SOG film with fluorine by means of ion implantation involves the following disadvantages.
(1) When aluminum is used for wiring, the aluminum wiring may be corroded by the fluorine contained in the SOG film (see Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 31, pp.2045-2048 Part 1, No.6B, June 1992).
(2) When a fluorine-doped SOG film is formed on a MOS transistor, the dielectric constant of a gate insulation film is lowered by the fluorine contained in the SOG film so that the effective thickness of the gate insulation film should be increased. Consequently, the designed characteristic values of the MOS transistor, e.g., threshold voltage, are changed.
(3) If a fluorine-doped SOG film is formed on a MOS transistor and subsequently source-drain regions of the transistor should be formed by diffusion of an impurity such as phosphorus or boron, the diffusion of the impurity may be inhibited by the fluorine-doped SOG film. Consequently, the designed characteristic values of the MOS transistor are changed.
(4) The method of doping an organic SOG film with a phosphorus or a phosphorus-containing compound by means of ion implantation involves the disadvantage, provided that aluminum is used for wiring, that the phosphorus reacts with the water contained in the SOG film to produce phosphoric acid (H.sub.3 PO.sub.4) which corrodes the aluminum wiring. Further, the method of doping an organic SOG film with silicon or a silicon-containing compound by means of ion implantation involves the disadvantage that conductivity of the SOG film is increased to exhibit deteriorated performance as interlayer insulation film. |
GRANDVIEW, Mo. – Police arrested a suspect Thursday in a string of random vehicle shootings on Kansas City-area highways over the past few weeks that have wounded three motorists and frightened many more.
Police Chief Darryl Forte said at a news conference that the suspect is male and lives in Grandview, a suburb south of the city that is home to the Grandview Triangle, where several highways intersect and where at least six of the reported shootings happened.
Forte didn't release the name or age of the suspect, saying he hoped to be able to discuss the case in further detail at a news conference Friday.
"We're here now to basically let people know someone has been apprehended," an upbeat Forte told reporters at an impromptu news conference about 50 yards from a house where the suspect was taken into custody earlier in the day. "I wanted to make sure the residents and those who travel through Kansas City know they're safe. They've been safe the whole time."
Investigators could be seen searching the single-story four-plex Thursday night, and a tow truck hauled away a green Dodge Neon that was parked behind house, which is about two blocks from U.S. 49 and south of the Grandview Triangle.
Forte said the Jackson County prosecutor's office would determine if there is enough evidence to warrant pressing formal charges.
Detectives and analysts started noticing a pattern two weeks ago after reports of random shootings started coming in. Earlier this week, investigators were looking into about 20 reports of shootings, but that number has fluctuated as some reports were cleared and others came in.
Late last week, police said they had connected a dozen shootings to the same person. Forte has said little to this point about how the shootings were linked or what kind of vehicle the suspect drove.
Two of the wounded drivers were shot in the leg and the third was shot in the arm. None of their wounds were considered life-threatening. |
<reponame>juimonen/SmartXbar
/*
* Copyright (C) 2018 Intel Corporation.All rights reserved.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
*/
/**
* @file IasPipeline.cpp
* @date 2016
* @brief Pipeline for hosting a cascade of processing modules.
*/
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
#include "avbaudiomodules/internal/audio/common/audiobuffer/IasAudioRingBuffer.hpp"
#include "avbaudiomodules/internal/audio/common/helper/IasCopyAudioAreaBuffers.hpp"
#include "audio/smartx/rtprocessingfwx/IasIGenericAudioCompConfig.hpp"
#include "rtprocessingfwx/IasAudioChain.hpp"
#include "rtprocessingfwx/IasPluginEngine.hpp"
#include "model/IasAudioPort.hpp"
#include "model/IasAudioPin.hpp"
#include "model/IasProcessingModule.hpp"
#include "model/IasPipeline.hpp"
#include "model/IasAudioPortOwner.hpp"
#include "model/IasAudioSinkDevice.hpp"
#include "smartx/IasConfiguration.hpp"
namespace IasAudio {
static const std::string cClassName = "IasPipeline::";
#define LOG_PREFIX cClassName + __func__ + "(" + std::to_string(__LINE__) + "):"
#define LOG_PIPELINE "pipeline=" + mParams->name + ":"
IasPipeline::IasPipeline(IasPipelineParamsPtr params, IasPluginEnginePtr pluginEngine, IasConfigurationPtr configuration)
:mLog(IasAudioLogging::registerDltContext("MDL", "SmartX Model"))
,mParams(params)
,mPluginEngine(pluginEngine)
,mConfiguration(configuration)
{
IAS_ASSERT(params != nullptr);
IAS_ASSERT(pluginEngine != nullptr);
mProcessingModuleSchedulingList.clear();
}
IasPipeline::~IasPipeline()
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_VERBOSE, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE);
IAS_ASSERT(mPluginEngine != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasPipeline
// Call the destroy method of all audio components that are hosted by the pipeline.
for (IasProcessingModulePtr module :mProcessingModuleSchedulingList)
{
IasGenericAudioComp *audioComponent = module->getGenericAudioComponent();
mPluginEngine->destroyModule(audioComponent);
}
// Erase the audio channel buffers that belong to the audio pins.
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(pinConnectionParams);
}
mAudioChain.reset();
mSinkPinMap.clear();
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::init()
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Initialization of Pipeline.");
return eIasOk;
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::addAudioInputPin(IasAudioPinPtr pipelineInputPin)
{
IAS_ASSERT(pipelineInputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addAudioInputPin
IAS_ASSERT(pipelineInputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = pipelineInputPin->getParameters();
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Adding input pin", pinParams->name, "to pipeline");
IasAudioPin::IasResult result = pipelineInputPin->setDirection(IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineInput);
if (result != IasAudioPin::eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error: input pin", pinParams->name,
"has been already configured with direction", toString(pipelineInputPin->getDirection()));
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPinMap::const_iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(pipelineInputPin);
if (mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding input pin", pinParams->name,
"Pin has already been added");
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = std::make_shared<IasAudioPinConnectionParams>();
pinConnectionParams->thisPin = pipelineInputPin;
createAudioChannelBuffers(pinConnectionParams, pinParams->numChannels, mParams->periodSize);
IasAudioPinPair tmp = std::make_pair(pipelineInputPin, pinConnectionParams);
mAudioPinMap.insert(tmp);
mPipelineInputPins.push_back(pipelineInputPin);
return eIasOk;
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::addAudioOutputPin(IasAudioPinPtr pipelineOutputPin)
{
IAS_ASSERT(pipelineOutputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addAudioOutputPin
IAS_ASSERT(pipelineOutputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = pipelineOutputPin->getParameters();
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Adding output pin", pinParams->name, "to pipeline");
IasAudioPin::IasResult result = pipelineOutputPin->setDirection(IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineOutput);
if (result != IasAudioPin::eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error: output pin", pinParams->name,
"has been already configured with direction", toString(pipelineOutputPin->getDirection()));
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPinMap::const_iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(pipelineOutputPin);
if (mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding input pin", pinParams->name,
"Pin has already been added");
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = std::make_shared<IasAudioPinConnectionParams>();
pinConnectionParams->thisPin = pipelineOutputPin;
createAudioChannelBuffers(pinConnectionParams, pinParams->numChannels, mParams->periodSize);
IasAudioPinPair tmp = std::make_pair(pipelineOutputPin, pinConnectionParams);
mAudioPinMap.insert(tmp);
mPipelineOutputPins.push_back(pipelineOutputPin);
return eIasOk;
}
void IasPipeline::deleteAudioPin(IasAudioPinPtr pipelinePin)
{
if ((pipelinePin == nullptr) || (pipelinePin->getParameters() == nullptr))
{
return;
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Deleting pipeline pin", pipelinePin->getParameters()->name, "from pipeline");
// Erase the audio channel buffers that belong to this pipeline output pin.
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(pipelinePin);
// Erase the output pin from the map of audio pins.
mAudioPinMap.erase(pipelinePin);
// Set the direction of the audio pin to eIasPinDirectionUndef, since it does not belong to a pipeline anymore.
pipelinePin->setDirection(IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionUndef);
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::addAudioInOutPin(IasProcessingModulePtr module, IasAudioPinPtr inOutPin)
{
IAS_ASSERT(module != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addAudioInOutPin
IAS_ASSERT(inOutPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addAudioInOutPin
IAS_ASSERT(module->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasProcessingModule
IAS_ASSERT(inOutPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = inOutPin->getParameters();
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Adding input/output pin", pinParams->name,
"to module", module->getParameters()->instanceName);
// Find the module in the map of processing modules.
IasProcessingModuleMap::iterator mapItProcessingModule = mProcessingModuleMap.find(module);
if (mapItProcessingModule == mProcessingModuleMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Processing module has not been added to pipeline yet:", module->getParameters()->instanceName);
return eIasFailed;
}
// Declare the inOutPin to the module.
IasProcessingModule::IasResult result = module->addAudioInOutPin(inOutPin);
if (result != IasProcessingModule::eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding input/output pin", pinParams->name,
"to module", module->getParameters()->instanceName,
"The pin has probably already been added");
return eIasFailed;
}
// Add the audio pin to the map of audio pins that belong to this pipeline.
IasPipeline::IasResult pipelineResult = addAudioPinToMap(inOutPin, module);
if (pipelineResult != eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding input/output pin", pinParams->name,
"Pin has already been added to pipeline (with different connection parameters).");
return eIasFailed;
}
return eIasOk;
}
void IasPipeline::deleteAudioInOutPin(IasProcessingModulePtr module, IasAudioPinPtr inOutPin)
{
if ((module == nullptr) || (inOutPin == nullptr) || // already checked in IasSetupImpl::deleteAudioInOutPin
(module->getParameters() == nullptr) || // already checked in constructor of IasProcessingModule
(inOutPin->getParameters() == nullptr)) // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
{
return;
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Deleting input/output pin", inOutPin->getParameters()->name,
"from module", module->getParameters()->instanceName);
module->deleteAudioInOutPin(inOutPin);
// Erase the audio channel buffers that belong to this audio pin.
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(inOutPin);
// Erase the inOutPin pin from the map of audio pins.
mAudioPinMap.erase(inOutPin);
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::addAudioPinMapping(IasProcessingModulePtr module, IasAudioPinPtr inputPin, IasAudioPinPtr outputPin)
{
IAS_ASSERT(module != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addAudioPinMapping
IAS_ASSERT(inputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addAudioPinMapping
IAS_ASSERT(outputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addAudioPinMapping
IAS_ASSERT(module->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasProcessingModule
IAS_ASSERT(inputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
IAS_ASSERT(outputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
IasAudioPinParamsPtr inputPinParams = inputPin->getParameters();
IasAudioPinParamsPtr outputPinParams = outputPin->getParameters();
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Adding mapping of input pin", inputPinParams->name,
"to ouput pin", outputPinParams->name);
// Find the module in the map of processing modules.
IasProcessingModuleMap::iterator mapItProcessingModule = mProcessingModuleMap.find(module);
if (mapItProcessingModule == mProcessingModuleMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Processing module has not been added to pipeline yet:", module->getParameters()->instanceName);
return eIasFailed;
}
// Declare the new pinMapping to the module.
IasProcessingModule::IasResult moduleResult = module->addAudioPinMapping(inputPin, outputPin);
if (moduleResult != IasProcessingModule::eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding mapping of input pin", inputPinParams->name,
"to output pin", outputPinParams->name,
"to module", module->getParameters()->instanceName);
return eIasFailed;
}
// Add the audio pins to the map of audio pins that belong to this pipeline.
IasPipeline::IasResult pipelineResult = addAudioPinToMap(inputPin, module);
if (pipelineResult != eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding module input pin", inputPinParams->name,
"Pin has already been added to pipeline (with different connection parameters).");
return eIasFailed;
}
pipelineResult = addAudioPinToMap(outputPin, module);
if (pipelineResult != eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding module output pin", outputPinParams->name,
"Pin has already been added to pipeline (with different connection parameters).");
return eIasFailed;
}
return eIasOk;
}
void IasPipeline::deleteAudioPinMapping(IasProcessingModulePtr module, IasAudioPinPtr inputPin, IasAudioPinPtr outputPin)
{
if ((module == nullptr) ||
(inputPin == nullptr) || (outputPin == nullptr) || // already checked in IasSetupImpl::deleteAudioPinMapping
(module->getParameters() == nullptr) || // already checked in constructor of IasProcessingModule
(inputPin->getParameters() == nullptr) || // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
(outputPin->getParameters() == nullptr)) // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
{
return;
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Deleting mapping of input pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to ouput pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name);
module->deleteAudioPinMapping(inputPin, outputPin);
// If the inputPin does not belong to any mappings anymore, i.e., if its direction
// is eIasPinDirectionUndef, we can erase the inputPin pin from the map of audio pins.
if (inputPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionUndef)
{
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(inputPin);
mAudioPinMap.erase(inputPin);
}
// If the outputPin does not belong to any mappings anymore, i.e., if its direction
// is eIasPinDirectionUndef, we can erase the outputPin pin from the map of audio pins.
if (outputPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionUndef)
{
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(outputPin);
mAudioPinMap.erase(outputPin);
}
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::addProcessingModule(IasProcessingModulePtr module)
{
IAS_ASSERT(module != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::addProcessingModule
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Adding processing module", module->getParameters()->instanceName, "to pipeline");
IasProcessingModuleMap::const_iterator mapIt = mProcessingModuleMap.find(module);
if (mapIt != mProcessingModuleMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error while adding processing module; module has already been added to this pipeline:",
module->getParameters()->instanceName);
return eIasFailed;
}
// Create a pair (consisting of the module pointer and the module connection parameters,
// and add the pair to the map of processing modules.
IasProcessingModuleConnectionParams moduleConnectionParams;
IasProcessingModulePair modulePair = std::make_pair(module, moduleConnectionParams);
mProcessingModuleMap.insert(modulePair);
return eIasOk;
}
void IasPipeline::deleteProcessingModule(IasProcessingModulePtr module)
{
if (module == nullptr)
{
return;
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Deleting processing module", module->getParameters()->instanceName, "from pipeline");
// Find the module in the map of processing modules.
IasProcessingModuleMap::iterator mapItProcessingModule = mProcessingModuleMap.find(module);
if (mapItProcessingModule == mProcessingModuleMap.end())
{
return;
}
// Unlink all pins that are members of the set of audio pins that belong to this module.
IasAudioPinSetPtr audioPinSet = module->getAudioPinSet();
for (IasAudioPinPtr audioPin :(*audioPinSet))
{
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(audioPin);
if (mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
const IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
IasAudioPinPtr sinkPin = pinConnectionParams->sinkPin;
IasAudioPinPtr sourcePin = pinConnectionParams->sourcePin;
if (sinkPin != nullptr)
{
unlink(audioPin, sinkPin);
}
if (sourcePin != nullptr)
{
unlink(sourcePin, audioPin);
}
// Erase the audio channel buffers that belong to this audio pin.
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(audioPin);
// Delete the pin from the map of pins that belong to this pipeline.
mAudioPinMap.erase(mapIt);
}
}
// Erase the module from the map of processing modules
mProcessingModuleMap.erase(module);
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::link(IasAudioPinPtr outputPin, IasAudioPinPtr inputPin, IasAudioPinLinkType linkType)
{
IAS_ASSERT(outputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link
IAS_ASSERT(inputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link
IAS_ASSERT(outputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
IAS_ASSERT(inputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Linking pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name);
if (inputPin->getParameters()->numChannels != outputPin->getParameters()->numChannels)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"because number of channels are different:", outputPin->getParameters()->numChannels,
"vs.", inputPin->getParameters()->numChannels);
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapItOutputPin = mAudioPinMap.find(outputPin);
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapItInputPin = mAudioPinMap.find(inputPin);
if (mapItOutputPin == mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link output pin (has not been added to pipeline before):", outputPin->getParameters()->name);
return eIasFailed;
}
if (mapItInputPin == mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link input pin (has not been added to pipeline before):", inputPin->getParameters()->name);
return eIasFailed;
}
IAS_ASSERT(outputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
IAS_ASSERT( inputPin->getParameters() != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
if ((outputPin->getDirection() != IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineInput) &&
(outputPin->getDirection() != IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleOutput) &&
(outputPin->getDirection() != IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInputOutput))
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"because pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"is of direction", toString(outputPin->getDirection()));
return eIasFailed;
}
if ((inputPin->getDirection() != IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineOutput) &&
(inputPin->getDirection() != IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInput) &&
(inputPin->getDirection() != IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInputOutput))
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"because pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"is of direction", toString(outputPin->getDirection()));
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr outputPinConnectionParams = mapItOutputPin->second;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr inputPinConnectionParams = mapItInputPin->second;
if (outputPinConnectionParams->sinkPin != nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"because", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"is already linked to", outputPinConnectionParams->sinkPin->getParameters()->name);
return eIasFailed;
}
if (inputPinConnectionParams->sourcePin != nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"because", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"is already linked to", inputPinConnectionParams->sourcePin->getParameters()->name);
return eIasFailed;
}
outputPinConnectionParams->sinkPin = inputPin;
inputPinConnectionParams->sourcePin = outputPin;
inputPinConnectionParams->isInputDataDelayed = (linkType == IasAudioPinLinkType::eIasAudioPinLinkTypeDelayed);
// if this is a link via a delay element, create audio channel buffers for the input pin.
if (linkType == IasAudioPinLinkType::eIasAudioPinLinkTypeDelayed)
{
createAudioChannelBuffers(inputPinConnectionParams, inputPin->getParameters()->numChannels, mParams->periodSize);
}
return eIasOk;
}
void IasPipeline::getAudioPinMap(IasAudioPinPtr audioPin, std::vector<std::string>& audioPinMap)
{
getPinConnectionInfo(audioPin, audioPinMap);
}
void IasPipeline::getPinConnectionInfo(IasAudioPinPtr audioPin, std::vector<std::string>& audioPinMap)
{
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapItPin = mAudioPinMap.find(audioPin);
if (mapItPin == mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot find audioPin", audioPin->getParameters()->name,
"in audio pin map.");
return;
}
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr audioPinConnectionParams = mapItPin->second;
if (audioPinConnectionParams->sinkPin != nullptr)
{
audioPinMap.push_back("sink:" + audioPinConnectionParams->sinkPin->getParameters()->name);
}
if (audioPinConnectionParams->sourcePin != nullptr)
{
audioPinMap.push_back("source:" + audioPinConnectionParams->sourcePin->getParameters()->name);
}
if (audioPinConnectionParams->isInputDataDelayed == true)
{
audioPinMap.push_back("Delayed");
}
else
{
audioPinMap.push_back("Immediate");
}
}
void IasPipeline::unlink(IasAudioPinPtr outputPin, IasAudioPinPtr inputPin)
{
IAS_ASSERT(inputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link
IAS_ASSERT(outputPin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapItInputPin = mAudioPinMap.find(inputPin);
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapItOutputPin = mAudioPinMap.find(outputPin);
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Unlinking pin", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"from pin", inputPin->getParameters()->name);
if (mapItInputPin != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
mapItInputPin->second->sourcePin = nullptr;
}
if (mapItOutputPin != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
mapItOutputPin->second->sinkPin = nullptr;
}
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::link(IasAudioPortPtr inputPort, IasAudioPinPtr pipelinePin)
{
IAS_ASSERT(inputPort != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link()
IAS_ASSERT(pipelinePin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link()
const IasAudioPortParamsPtr inputPortParams = inputPort->getParameters();
IAS_ASSERT(inputPortParams != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPort
const IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = pipelinePin->getParameters();
IAS_ASSERT(pinParams != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Linking input port", inputPortParams->name,
"to pipeline pin", pinParams->name);
IAS_ASSERT(inputPortParams->numChannels == pinParams->numChannels); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link
// Check whether the audioPin actually belongs to the pipeline.
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(pipelinePin);
if (mapIt == mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot link pipeline pin", pinParams->name,
"with audio port", inputPortParams->name,
"since pipeline does not know this pin.");
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
IasAudioPort::IasResult audioPortResult = inputPort->getRingBuffer(&pinConnectionParams->audioPortRingBuffer);
if (audioPortResult != IasAudioPort::eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error during IasAudioPort::getRingBuffer");
return eIasFailed;
}
pinConnectionParams->audioPort = inputPort;
pinConnectionParams->audioPortChannelIdx = inputPortParams->index;
IasAudioPin::IasPinDirection direction = pipelinePin->getDirection();
if (direction == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineOutput)
{
// If the pin is a pipeline output pin, we know that the destination port
// is a sink device input port.
// If the pin would be a pipeline input pin, then the port would be an input port
// of a routing zone, which is not what we are interested in here.
// Make an additional entry into the sink to pin mapping
// Multiple different pins maybe assigned to one owning sink device
IasAudioPortOwnerPtr owner = nullptr;
inputPort->getOwner(&owner);
IAS_ASSERT(owner != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::link
mSinkPinMap[owner->getName()].insert(pinConnectionParams);
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, "Successfully added mapping for pinConnectionParams of pin", pinParams->name, "to", owner->getName(), "sink");
}
return eIasOk;
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::getPipelinePinConnectionLink(IasAudioPinPtr pipelinePin, IasAudioPortPtr& inputPort)
{
// Check whether the audioPin actually belongs to the pipeline.
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(pipelinePin);
if (mapIt == mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,"The audio pin doesn't belong to the pipeline");
return eIasFailed;
}
inputPort = nullptr;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
inputPort = pinConnectionParams->audioPort;
return eIasOk;
}
void IasPipeline::unlink(IasAudioPortPtr inputPort, IasAudioPinPtr pipelinePin)
{
IAS_ASSERT(inputPort != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::unlink()
IAS_ASSERT(pipelinePin != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::unlink()
const IasAudioPortParamsPtr inputPortParams = inputPort->getParameters();
IAS_ASSERT(inputPortParams != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPort
const IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = pipelinePin->getParameters();
IAS_ASSERT(pinParams != nullptr); // already checked in constructor of IasAudioPin
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Unlinking input port", inputPortParams->name,
"from pipeline pin", pinParams->name);
IAS_ASSERT(inputPortParams->numChannels == pinParams->numChannels); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::unlink
// Check whether the audioPin actually belongs to the pipeline.
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(pipelinePin);
if (mapIt == mAudioPinMap.end())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Cannot unlink pipeline pin", pinParams->name,
"from audio port", inputPortParams->name,
"since pipeline does not know this pin.");
return;
}
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
IasAudioPort::IasResult audioPortResult = inputPort->getRingBuffer(&pinConnectionParams->audioPortRingBuffer);
if (audioPortResult != IasAudioPort::eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Error during IasAudioPort::getRingBuffer");
return;
}
IasAudioPin::IasPinDirection direction = pipelinePin->getDirection();
if (direction == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineOutput)
{
// If the pin is a pipeline output pin, we know that the destination port
// is a sink device input port.
// If the pin would be a pipeline input pin, then the port would be an input port
// of a routing zone, which is not what we are interested in here.
// Delete the entry from the sink to pin mapping
// Multiple different pins maybe assigned to one owning sink device
IasAudioPortOwnerPtr owner = nullptr;
inputPort->getOwner(&owner);
IAS_ASSERT(owner != nullptr); // already checked in IasSetupImpl::unlink
auto entryIt = mSinkPinMap[owner->getName()].find(pinConnectionParams);
if (entryIt != mSinkPinMap[owner->getName()].end())
{
mSinkPinMap[owner->getName()].erase(entryIt);
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Successfully removed mapping for pinConnectionParams of pin", pinParams->name, "from", owner->getName(), "sink");
}
else
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Mapping for pinConnectionParams of pin", pinParams->name, "from", owner->getName(), "sink could not be found in sink pin mapping");
}
}
}
void IasPipeline::dumpConnectionParameters() const
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "----------------------------------");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Connection parameters of all pins:");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "----------------------------------");
for (IasAudioPinMap::const_iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = mapIt->first->getParameters();
const IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Connection parameters of pin:", pinParams->name);
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " pinDirection :", toString(mapIt->first->getDirection()));
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " isInputDataDelayed :", pinConnectionParams->isInputDataDelayed);
if (pinConnectionParams->sourcePin != nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " sourcePin :", pinConnectionParams->sourcePin->getParameters()->name);
}
else
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " sourcePin : n/c");
}
if (pinConnectionParams->sinkPin != nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " sinkPin :", pinConnectionParams->sinkPin->getParameters()->name);
}
else
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " sinkPin : n/c");
}
if (pinConnectionParams->processingModule != nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " connected to module:", pinConnectionParams->processingModule->getParameters()->instanceName);
}
else
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " connected to module: n/c");
}
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "-------------------------------------");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Connection parameters of all modules:");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "-------------------------------------");
for (IasProcessingModuleMap::const_iterator mapIt = mProcessingModuleMap.begin(); mapIt != mProcessingModuleMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasProcessingModulePtr& module = mapIt->first;
const IasAudioPinSetPtr audioPinSet = module->getAudioPinSet();
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Pins that have been added to module:", module->getParameters()->instanceName);
for (const IasAudioPinPtr audioPin :(*audioPinSet))
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " ", audioPin->getParameters()->name);
}
}
}
void IasPipeline::dumpProcessingSequence() const
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "----------------------------------------");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Modules will be processed in this order:");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "----------------------------------------");
for (const IasProcessingModulePtr module :mProcessingModuleSchedulingList)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, module->getParameters()->instanceName);
IasAudioPinSetPtr audioInputOutputPins = module->getAudioInputOutputPinSet();
for (const IasAudioPinPtr audioPin :(*audioInputOutputPins))
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " Input/output pin: ", audioPin->getParameters()->name);
}
IasAudioPinMappingSetPtr audioPinMappingSet = module->getAudioPinMappingSet();
for (const IasAudioPinMapping pinMapping :(*audioPinMappingSet))
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, " Pin mappings: from", pinMapping.inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to", pinMapping.outputPin->getParameters()->name);
}
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "----------------------------------------");
}
/*
* @brief Initialize the pipeline's audio chain of processing modules.
*/
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::initAudioChain()
{
IAS_ASSERT(mParams != nullptr);
// Create and initialize the audio chain that belongs to this pipeline.
mAudioChain = std::make_shared<IasAudioChain>();
IasAudioChain::IasInitParams audioChainInitParams(mParams->periodSize, mParams->samplerate);
IasAudioChain::IasResult audioChainResult = mAudioChain->init(audioChainInitParams);
if (audioChainResult != IasAudioChain::eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Error during IasAudioChain::init:", toString(audioChainResult));
return eIasFailed;
}
identifyProcessingSequence();
IasPipeline::IasResult pipelineResult = initAudioStreams();
if (pipelineResult != eIasOk)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Error during IasPipeline::initAudioStreams:", toString(pipelineResult));
return eIasFailed;
}
return eIasOk;
}
/*
* @brief Provide input data for the pipeline.
*/
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::provideInputData(const IasAudioPortPtr routingZoneInputPort,
uint32_t inputBufferOffset,
uint32_t numFramesToRead,
uint32_t numFramesToWrite,
uint32_t* numFramesRemaining)
{
*numFramesRemaining = 0;
// Iterate over all pipeline input pins.
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPinPtr currentPin = mapIt->first;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
// If we have found the pin that is connected to the specified routingZoneInputPort,
// copy the PCM frames from the routingZoneInputPort to the audio stream that belongs to the audio pin.
if (pinConnectionParams->audioPort == routingZoneInputPort)
{
if (currentPin->getDirection() != IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineInput)
{
IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = currentPin->getParameters();
IAS_ASSERT(pinParams != nullptr);
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Invalid direction of pipeline input pin",
pinParams->name);
return eIasFailed;
}
// Get information from pipeline input pin and its audio input frame.
uint32_t audioStreamId = pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
IAS_ASSERT(audioStreamId < mAudioStreams.size());
IasAudioStream* audioStream = mAudioStreams[audioStreamId].audioStream;
IasAudioFrame* audioFrame = audioStream->getInputAudioFrame();
const uint32_t audioFrameNumChannels = static_cast<uint32_t>(audioFrame->size());
// Get information from routing zone input port and its ring buffer.
const IasAudioRingBuffer* audioPortRingBuffer = pinConnectionParams->audioPortRingBuffer;
IAS_ASSERT(audioPortRingBuffer != nullptr);
IasAudioCommonDataFormat audioPortDataFormat;
const uint32_t audioPortNumChannels = audioPortRingBuffer->getNumChannels();
IasAudioRingBufferResult ringBufferResult = audioPortRingBuffer->getDataFormat(&audioPortDataFormat);
const uint32_t audioPortChanIdx = 0; // always starts with channel 0, since each routing zone input port has its own ring buffer
IAS_ASSERT(audioPortNumChannels >= 1);
IAS_ASSERT(audioPortNumChannels == audioFrameNumChannels);
IAS_ASSERT(ringBufferResult == eIasRingBuffOk);
IAS_ASSERT(audioPortDataFormat != IasAudioCommonDataFormat::eIasFormatUndef);
(void)ringBufferResult;
IasAudioArea* audioPortAreas;
ringBufferResult = audioPortRingBuffer->getAreas(&audioPortAreas);
IAS_ASSERT(ringBufferResult == eIasRingBuffOk);
if (numFramesToWrite + pinConnectionParams->numBufferedFramesInput > mParams->periodSize)
{
numFramesToWrite = mParams->periodSize - pinConnectionParams->numBufferedFramesInput;
}
// Determine whether the data from AudioPort is non-interleaved.
bool isNonInterleaved = audioPortAreas[0].step == 8u * static_cast<uint32_t>(toSize(audioPortDataFormat));
if (isNonInterleaved &&
(numFramesToRead == mParams->periodSize) && (numFramesToWrite == mParams->periodSize) &&
(pinConnectionParams->numBufferedFramesInput == 0))
{
// If we have received a full period of PCM frames in non-interleaved layout
// from the routing zone input port, let the audioStream directly read from
// the ring buffer of the routing zone input port.
for (uint32_t cntChannels = 0; cntChannels < audioFrameNumChannels; cntChannels++)
{
// Let the pointers within audioFrame point to the conversion buffers.
uint32_t firstIndex = audioPortAreas[cntChannels].first >> 5; // divide by word length (32 bit for Float32)
(*audioFrame)[cntChannels] = ((float*)(audioPortAreas[cntChannels].start)) + firstIndex + inputBufferOffset;
}
}
else
{
// If we have received only a part of a period from the routing zone input port or if the
// data is not non-interleaved, we have to copy the data into an intermediate buffer.
// The intermediate buffer is the buffer that belongs to the pipeline input pin.
// Later, we'll let the audioStream read from the intermediate buffer.
std::vector<IasAudioArea> audioFrameAreas{audioFrameNumChannels};
for (uint32_t cntChannels = 0; cntChannels < audioFrameNumChannels; cntChannels++)
{
float* channelBuffer = pinConnectionParams->audioChannelBuffers[cntChannels];
(*audioFrame)[cntChannels] = channelBuffer;
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].start = channelBuffer;
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].first = 0;
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].step = static_cast<uint32_t>(8 * sizeof(float)); // expressed in bits
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].index = 0;
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].maxIndex = audioFrameNumChannels-1;
}
// Copy from the ring buffer of the routing zone input port to the intermediate buffer.
copyAudioAreaBuffers(audioFrameAreas.data(), eIasFormatFloat32, pinConnectionParams->numBufferedFramesInput,
audioFrameNumChannels, 0,
numFramesToWrite,
audioPortAreas, audioPortDataFormat, inputBufferOffset,
audioPortNumChannels, audioPortChanIdx,
numFramesToRead);
}
pinConnectionParams->numBufferedFramesInput += numFramesToWrite;
*numFramesRemaining = mParams->periodSize - pinConnectionParams->numBufferedFramesInput;
}
}
return eIasOk;
}
/*
* @brief Execute the audio chain of processing modules.
*/
void IasPipeline::process()
{
IAS_ASSERT(mAudioChain != nullptr);
// Iterate over all pipeline pins.
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPinPtr currentPin = mapIt->first;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
// For all pins at the input of the pipeline: copy the data that has been provided
// via the audioFrames (in function IasPipeline::provideInputData) to the audio streams.
if (currentPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineInput)
{
pinConnectionParams->numBufferedFramesInput = 0;
uint32_t audioStreamId = pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
IAS_ASSERT(audioStreamId < mAudioStreams.size());
IasAudioStream* audioStream = mAudioStreams[audioStreamId].audioStream;
audioStream->copyFromInputAudioChannels();
}
}
mAudioChain->clearOutputBundleBuffers();
mAudioChain->process();
// Now we transfer the PCM frames between all audio pins that are linked via delay elements.
//
// Iterate over all pipeline pins.
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPinPtr currentPin = mapIt->first;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
// Check whether this pin gets its PCM frames via a delay element.
if (pinConnectionParams->isInputDataDelayed)
{
const IasAudioPinPtr& sourcePin = pinConnectionParams->sourcePin;
const uint32_t sourceStreamId = mAudioPinMap[sourcePin]->audioStreamId;
const uint32_t destinStreamId = pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
IasAudioStream* sourceAudioStream = mAudioStreams[sourceStreamId].audioStream;
IasAudioStream* destinAudioStream = mAudioStreams[destinStreamId].audioStream;
IasAudioFrame* sourceAudioFrame = sourceAudioStream->getOutputAudioFrame();
IasAudioFrame* destinAudioFrame = destinAudioStream->getInputAudioFrame();
IAS_ASSERT(sourceAudioFrame->size() == destinAudioFrame->size());
IAS_ASSERT(sourceAudioFrame->size() == pinConnectionParams->audioChannelBuffers.size());
const uint32_t numChannels = static_cast<uint32_t>(sourceAudioFrame->size());
// Let the audioFrame pointers of the source stream and of the
// destination stream point to the audioChannelBuffers.
for (uint32_t cntChannels = 0; cntChannels < numChannels; cntChannels++)
{
float* channelBuffer = pinConnectionParams->audioChannelBuffers[cntChannels];
(*sourceAudioFrame)[cntChannels] = channelBuffer;
(*destinAudioFrame)[cntChannels] = channelBuffer;
}
// Copy from sourceAudioStream into audioChannelBuffers.
sourceAudioStream->copyToOutputAudioChannels();
// Copy from audioChannelBuffers to destinAudioStream
destinAudioStream->copyFromInputAudioChannels();
}
}
}
/*
* @brief Retrieve output data from the pipeline.
*/
void IasPipeline::retrieveOutputData(IasAudioSinkDevicePtr sinkDevice,
IasAudioArea const *destinAreas,
IasAudioCommonDataFormat destinFormat,
uint32_t destinNumFrames,
uint32_t destinOffset)
{
// Iterate over all pipeline pins of this sink device.
auto result = mSinkPinMap.find(sinkDevice->getName());
if (result != mSinkPinMap.end())
{
auto &pinSet = result->second;
for (auto &entry : pinSet)
{
retrieveOutputData(entry, destinAreas, destinFormat, destinNumFrames, destinOffset);
}
}
}
void IasPipeline::retrieveOutputData(const IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams,
IasAudioArea const *destinAreas,
IasAudioCommonDataFormat destinFormat,
uint32_t destinNumFrames,
uint32_t destinOffset)
{
IAS_ASSERT(pinConnectionParams != nullptr);
IAS_ASSERT(destinAreas != nullptr); // already checked in IasRoutingZoneWorkerThread::transferPeriod
const IasAudioPinPtr currentPin = pinConnectionParams->thisPin;
// For all pins at the output of the pipeline: copy the data from the audio streams
// to the audioFrame. Finally, we can copy from the audioFrame into the buffer of
// the sink device including format conversion.
if (currentPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineOutput)
{
const IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = currentPin->getParameters();
IAS_ASSERT(pinParams != nullptr);
const uint32_t audioStreamId = pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
const uint32_t channelIndex = pinConnectionParams->audioPortChannelIdx;
const uint32_t numChannels = pinParams->numChannels;
IAS_ASSERT(audioStreamId < mAudioStreams.size());
IasAudioStream* audioStream = mAudioStreams[audioStreamId].audioStream;
// Get a frame with pointers to the internal channel buffers of the audio stream. Get also the stride,
// because the internal buffers can be based on interleaved, non-interleaved, or bundled layout.
IasAudioFrame* audioFrame = nullptr;
uint32_t stride = 0;
audioStream->getAudioDataPointers(&audioFrame, &stride);
if (audioFrame == nullptr)
{
// Log already done inside method getAudioDataPointers
return;
}
// Prepare the areas describing the internal channel buffers of the audio stream.
IAS_ASSERT(static_cast<uint32_t>(audioFrame->size()) == numChannels);
std::vector<IasAudioArea> audioFrameAreas{numChannels};
for (uint32_t cntChannels = 0; cntChannels < numChannels; cntChannels++)
{
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].start = (*audioFrame)[cntChannels];
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].first = 0;
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].step = static_cast<uint32_t>(8u * sizeof(float) * stride); // expressed in bits
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].index = 0;
audioFrameAreas[cntChannels].maxIndex = numChannels-1;
}
// Copy from the internal channel buffers of the audioStream into the buffer of the sink device.
copyAudioAreaBuffers(destinAreas, destinFormat, destinOffset,
numChannels, channelIndex,
destinNumFrames,
audioFrameAreas.data(), eIasFormatFloat32, 0,
numChannels, 0,
mParams->periodSize);
}
}
void IasPipeline::getProcessingModules(IasPipeline::IasProcessingModuleVector* processingModules)
{
IAS_ASSERT(processingModules != nullptr);
processingModules->clear();
for (IasProcessingModuleMap::iterator mapIt = mProcessingModuleMap.begin(); mapIt != mProcessingModuleMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasProcessingModulePtr& modulePtr = mapIt->first;
processingModules->push_back(modulePtr);
}
}
void IasPipeline::getAudioPins(IasPipeline::IasAudioPinVector* audioPins)
{
IAS_ASSERT(audioPins != nullptr);
audioPins->clear();
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPinPtr& audioPinPtr = mapIt->first;
audioPins->push_back(audioPinPtr);
}
}
IasAudioPinVector IasPipeline::getPipelineInputPins()
{
if (mPipelineInputPins.empty())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "No input pins defined for pipeline");
}
return mPipelineInputPins;
}
IasAudioPinVector IasPipeline::getPipelineOutputPins()
{
if (mPipelineOutputPins.empty())
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "No output pins defined for pipeline");
}
return mPipelineOutputPins;
}
/*
* @brief Private method: identify in which order the processing modules have to be scheduled.
*/
void IasPipeline::identifyProcessingSequence()
{
// Setup Sequencer: set the outputDataAvailable flag for all input pins to true.
// For all other pins, the flag is set to false.
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPin::IasPinDirection pinDirection = mapIt->first->getDirection();
const IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = mapIt->first->getParameters();
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
// Set inputDataAvailable to true for all audio pins that receive their data from the source pin via a delayed link.
pinConnectionParams->inputDataAvailable = (pinConnectionParams->isInputDataDelayed);
// Set outputDataAvailable to true for all pipeline input pins.
pinConnectionParams->outputDataAvailable = (pinDirection == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineInput);
}
// Setup Sequencer: clear the isAlsreadyProcessed flag of all processing modules.
for (IasProcessingModuleMap::iterator mapIt = mProcessingModuleMap.begin(); mapIt != mProcessingModuleMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
IasProcessingModuleConnectionParams& moduleConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
moduleConnectionParams.isAlsreadyProcessed = false;
}
mProcessingModuleSchedulingList.clear();
bool isOutputDataAvailablePipelineOutput = false;
bool isModuleScheduledDuringThisIteration = true;
uint32_t cntIterations = 0;
// Execute the loop of the scheduler until all output pins of the pipeline provide PCM data.
// Break the loop if the previous interation of the loop was completed without scheduling
// any of the processing modules, since this indicates an incorrect topology.
while ((!isOutputDataAvailablePipelineOutput) && isModuleScheduledDuringThisIteration)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "---------------------------------------------------------------------------");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Pipeline Sequencer, starting iteration", cntIterations);
cntIterations++;
isOutputDataAvailablePipelineOutput = true;
isModuleScheduledDuringThisIteration = false;
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPinParamsPtr pinParams = mapIt->first->getParameters();
const IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
// If the pin is connected to a sink pin, update the sink pin's inputDataAvailable flag.
if (pinConnectionParams->sinkPin != nullptr)
{
mAudioPinMap[pinConnectionParams->sinkPin]->inputDataAvailable |= pinConnectionParams->outputDataAvailable;
}
}
// Print the status of all audio pins and dDecide whether all output pins of the pipeline have data available.
for (IasAudioPinMap::const_iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
const IasAudioPin::IasPinDirection pinDirection = mapIt->first->getDirection();
const IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Audio pin:", mapIt->first->getParameters()->name,
", inputDataAvailable:", pinConnectionParams->inputDataAvailable,
", outputDataAvailable:", pinConnectionParams->outputDataAvailable);
if (pinDirection == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineOutput)
{
isOutputDataAvailablePipelineOutput = isOutputDataAvailablePipelineOutput && pinConnectionParams->inputDataAvailable;
}
}
// Check for each module in the ProcessingModuleMap, whether all input pins
// and all and input/output pins have input data available.
// If this is fulfilled, mark the the module as "already processed".
for (IasProcessingModuleMap::iterator mapIt = mProcessingModuleMap.begin(); mapIt != mProcessingModuleMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
IasProcessingModuleConnectionParams& moduleConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
if (!moduleConnectionParams.isAlsreadyProcessed)
{
IasAudioPinSetPtr audioPinSet = mapIt->first->getAudioPinSet();
bool isDataAvailableAllInputPins = true;
for (const IasAudioPinPtr audioPin :(*audioPinSet))
{
bool isInputPin = ((audioPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInput) ||
(audioPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInputOutput));
if (isInputPin && !(mAudioPinMap[audioPin]->inputDataAvailable))
{
isDataAvailableAllInputPins = false;
}
}
if (isDataAvailableAllInputPins)
{
moduleConnectionParams.isAlsreadyProcessed = true;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Processing module", mapIt->first->getParameters()->instanceName, "can be processed now");
mProcessingModuleSchedulingList.push_back(mapIt->first);
isModuleScheduledDuringThisIteration = true;
}
for (const IasAudioPinPtr audioPin :(*audioPinSet))
{
bool isOutputPin = ((audioPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleOutput) ||
(audioPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInputOutput));
if (isOutputPin)
{
mAudioPinMap[audioPin]->outputDataAvailable = isDataAvailableAllInputPins;
}
}
}
}
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "---------------------------------------------------------------------------");
if (isOutputDataAvailablePipelineOutput)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Pipeline sequencer has been completed successfully.");
}
else
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Incorrect topology of the pipeline: last iteration of the sequencer");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "was completed without scheduling any of the processing modules!");
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "---------------------------------------------------------------------------");
}
/*
* @brief Private method: identify all required audio streams and initialize them.
*/
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::initAudioStreams()
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "---------------------------------------------------------");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Associated streams:");
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "---------------------------------------------------------");
uint32_t streamIdCounter = 0;
// Iterate over all audio pins that belong to the pipeline.
for (IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.begin(); mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end(); mapIt++)
{
// Find all audio pins that are on the same stream in front of the current audio pin and collect
// them in the vector connectedPins. Starting from the current audio pin, we recursively follow
// the path via the sourcePin of the current audio pin. The path ends, if we reach an audio pin
// whose direction is not ModuleInput, ModuleInputOutput, or PipelineOutput. Additionally, the
// path ends if we reach an audio pin whose sourcePin is linked with a delay element, because
// a delay element requires that we have separate streams at its input and output.
std::vector<IasAudioPinPtr> connectedPins;
IasAudioPinPtr currentPin = mapIt->first;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
connectedPins.push_back(currentPin);
while (((currentPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInputOutput) ||
(currentPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInput) ||
(currentPin->getDirection() == IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionPipelineOutput)) &&
(pinConnectionParams->sourcePin != nullptr) &&
(!pinConnectionParams->isInputDataDelayed))
{
currentPin = pinConnectionParams->sourcePin;
pinConnectionParams = mAudioPinMap[currentPin];
connectedPins.push_back(currentPin);
}
// Iterate over all audio pins that are collected in the vector connectedPins
// and check whether any of the pins is already assigned to an audio stream
// (this means that its audioStreamId != cAudioStreamIdUndefined).
uint32_t audioStreamId = cAudioStreamIdUndefined;
for (const IasAudioPinPtr audioPin :connectedPins)
{
pinConnectionParams = mAudioPinMap[audioPin];
if (pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId != cAudioStreamIdUndefined)
{
audioStreamId = pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
}
}
// If none of the audio pins is already assigned to an audio stream,
// create a new audio stream (initialize it later).
if (audioStreamId == cAudioStreamIdUndefined)
{
audioStreamId = streamIdCounter;
streamIdCounter++;
IasAudioStreamConnectionParams audioStreamConnectionParams;
audioStreamConnectionParams.audioStream = nullptr;
audioStreamConnectionParams.numChannels = currentPin->getParameters()->numChannels;
mAudioStreams.push_back(audioStreamConnectionParams);
}
// Assign this audio stream to all pins that are collected in the vector connectedPins.
for (const IasAudioPinPtr audioPin :connectedPins)
{
pinConnectionParams = mAudioPinMap[audioPin];
pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId = audioStreamId;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "audioPin:", audioPin->getParameters()->name,
"streamId:", pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId);
}
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "--------------------------------------------");
}
// Create all audio streams (and add them to the Audio Chain).
for (uint32_t audioStreamId = 0; audioStreamId < mAudioStreams.size(); audioStreamId++)
{
std::stringstream streamName;
streamName << mParams->name << "_stream_" << std::setfill ('0') << std::setw (2) << audioStreamId;
IasAudioStreamConnectionParams& streamConnectionParams = mAudioStreams[audioStreamId];
IasAudioStream* audioStream = nullptr;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Creating audio stream for streamId", audioStreamId);
audioStream = mAudioChain->createInputAudioStream(streamName.str(),
static_cast<int32_t>(audioStreamId),
streamConnectionParams.numChannels,
false);
streamConnectionParams.audioStream = audioStream;
}
// Iterate over all modules, create the associated GenericAudioComponentConfigurations,
// and add all audio streams and audio stream mappings to the configurations.
// Finally, create the GenericAudioComponents based on the GenericAudioComponentConfigurations.
for (IasProcessingModulePtr module :mProcessingModuleSchedulingList)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Creating actual audio component for processing module", module->getParameters()->instanceName);
IasAudioProcessingResult res;
IasIGenericAudioCompConfig *config = nullptr;
res = mPluginEngine->createModuleConfig(&config);
IAS_ASSERT(res == eIasAudioProcOK);
// Iterate over all input/output pins of this module, identify the assoicated streams, and add them to the configuration.
IasAudioPinSetPtr audioInputOutputPins = module->getAudioInputOutputPinSet();
for (const IasAudioPinPtr currentPin :(*audioInputOutputPins))
{
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mAudioPinMap[currentPin];
uint32_t audioStreamId = pinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
IasAudioStreamConnectionParams& streamConnectionParams = mAudioStreams[audioStreamId];
IasAudioStream* audioStream = streamConnectionParams.audioStream;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Input/output pin", currentPin->getParameters()->name,
"is implemented by streamId", audioStreamId);
config->addStreamToProcess(audioStream, currentPin->getParameters()->name);
}
// Iterate over all pin mappings of this module, identify the assoicated stream mappings, and add them to the configuration.
IasAudioPinMappingSetPtr audioPinMappings = module->getAudioPinMappingSet();
for (const IasAudioPinMapping pinMapping :(*audioPinMappings))
{
IasAudioPinPtr inputPin = pinMapping.inputPin;
IasAudioPinPtr outputPin = pinMapping.outputPin;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr inputPinConnectionParams = mAudioPinMap[inputPin];
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr outputPinConnectionParams = mAudioPinMap[outputPin];
uint32_t inputStreamId = inputPinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
uint32_t outputStreamId = outputPinConnectionParams->audioStreamId;
IasAudioStreamConnectionParams& inputStreamConnectionParams = mAudioStreams[inputStreamId];
IasAudioStreamConnectionParams& outputStreamConnectionParams = mAudioStreams[outputStreamId];
IasAudioStream* inputStream = inputStreamConnectionParams.audioStream;
IasAudioStream* outputStream = outputStreamConnectionParams.audioStream;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_INFO, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Pin mapping from", inputPin->getParameters()->name,
"to", outputPin->getParameters()->name,
"is implemented by stream mapping", inputStreamId, "->", outputStreamId);
config->addStreamMapping(inputStream, inputPin->getParameters()->name, outputStream, outputPin->getParameters()->name);
}
// Finally, create the GenericAudioComponent based on the configuration and add it to the audio chain.
// But don't forget to fetch the custom properties of the module from the configuration and set them in the module config
// The properties for the audio module have to be set before calling this method, else they are empty and the audio module
// can't be initialized properly
IasPropertiesPtr properties = mConfiguration->getPropertiesForModule(module);
config->setProperties(*properties);
IasGenericAudioComp *audioComponent = nullptr;
res = mPluginEngine->createModule(config, module->getParameters()->typeName, module->getParameters()->instanceName, &audioComponent);
if (res != eIasAudioProcOK)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE, "Error while calling IasPluginEngine::createModule");
return eIasFailed;
}
IAS_ASSERT(audioComponent != nullptr);
module->setGenericAudioComponent(audioComponent);
mAudioChain->addAudioComponent(audioComponent);
}
return eIasOk;
}
/*
* @brief Private method: addAudioPinToMap
*/
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::addAudioPinToMap(IasAudioPinPtr audioPin,
IasProcessingModulePtr module)
{
// Check whether the audioPin has already been added to the pipeline.
IasAudioPinMap::const_iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(audioPin);
if (mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
const IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
if (pinConnectionParams->processingModule != module)
{
// Return with error code, if it has already been added with different connection parameters.
return eIasFailed;
}
return eIasOk;
}
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = std::make_shared<IasAudioPinConnectionParams>();
pinConnectionParams->thisPin = audioPin;
pinConnectionParams->processingModule = module;
IasAudioPinPair tmp = std::make_pair(audioPin, pinConnectionParams);
mAudioPinMap.insert(tmp);
return eIasOk;
}
/**
* @brief Private method: createAudioChannelBuffers
*
* Create the audioChannelBuffers an audio pin and add them to the pinConnectionParams.
*/
void IasPipeline::createAudioChannelBuffers(IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams,
uint32_t numChannels,
uint32_t periodSize)
{
// Check whether the audioChannelBuffers already exist
if (pinConnectionParams->audioChannelBuffers.size() == numChannels)
{
return;
}
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(pinConnectionParams);
for (uint32_t channel = 0; channel < numChannels; channel++)
{
float* channelBuffer = new float[periodSize];
pinConnectionParams->audioChannelBuffers.push_back(channelBuffer);
}
}
/**
* @brief Private method: eraseAudioChannelBuffers
*
* Erase the audio channel buffers that belong to the audio pin that is specified by the given pinConnectionParams.
*
* @param[in] pinConnectionParams Pin connection parameters of the audio pin whose audio channel buffers shall be erased.
*/
void IasPipeline::eraseAudioChannelBuffers(IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams)
{
IAS_ASSERT(pinConnectionParams != nullptr);
IAS_ASSERT(pinConnectionParams->thisPin != nullptr);
IAS_ASSERT(pinConnectionParams->thisPin->getParameters() != nullptr);
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_VERBOSE, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,
"Erasing audioChannelBuffers for audio pin", pinConnectionParams->thisPin->getParameters()->name);
std::vector<float*>& audioChannelBuffers = pinConnectionParams->audioChannelBuffers;
for (float* channelBuffer :audioChannelBuffers)
{
delete[] channelBuffer;
}
pinConnectionParams->audioChannelBuffers.clear();
}
/**
* @brief Private method: eraseAudioChannelBuffers
*
* Erase the audio channel buffers that belong to the specified audio pin.
*
* @param[in] audioPin Audio pin whose audio channel buffers shall be erased.
*/
void IasPipeline::eraseAudioChannelBuffers(IasAudioPinPtr audioPin)
{
IasAudioPinMap::iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(audioPin);
if (mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr pinConnectionParams = mapIt->second;
eraseAudioChannelBuffers(pinConnectionParams);
}
}
const IasPipeline::IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr IasPipeline::getPinConnectionParams(IasAudioPinPtr pin) const
{
IasAudioPinMap::const_iterator mapIt = mAudioPinMap.find(pin);
if (mapIt != mAudioPinMap.end())
{
return mapIt->second;
}
else
{
return nullptr;
}
}
void IasPipeline::stopPinProbing(IasAudioPinPtr pin)
{
IasResult res = eIasOk;
IasGenericAudioCompCore* core = nullptr;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr params = getPinConnectionParams(pin);
if (params != nullptr)
{
IasProcessingModulePtr module = params->processingModule;
if(module != nullptr)
{
IasGenericAudioComp* genericComp = module->getGenericAudioComponent();
if(genericComp != nullptr)
{
core = genericComp->getCore();
if(core != nullptr)
{
IasAudioPin::IasPinDirection pinDir = pin->getDirection();
bool doInputProbing = false;
bool doOutputProbing = false;
switch(pinDir)
{
case IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInputOutput:
doInputProbing = true;
doOutputProbing = true;
break;
case IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInput:
doInputProbing = true;
doOutputProbing = false;
break;
case IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleOutput:
doInputProbing = false;
doOutputProbing = true;
break;
default:
res = eIasFailed;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,"Pin direction",toString(pinDir)," not ok for probing, only pins attached to modules can be probed");
break;
}
if(res == eIasOk)
{
core->stopProbe(params->audioStreamId,doInputProbing,doOutputProbing);
}
}
}
}
}
return;
}
IasPipeline::IasResult IasPipeline::startPinProbing(IasAudioPinPtr pin,
std::string fileName,
uint32_t numSeconds,
bool inject)
{
IasResult res = eIasOk;
IasAudioPinConnectionParamsPtr params = getPinConnectionParams(pin);
if (params == nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,"could not get pin connection params");
return eIasFailed;
}
IasProcessingModulePtr module = params->processingModule;
if(module == nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,"got module nullptr");
return eIasFailed;
}
IasGenericAudioComp* genericComp = module->getGenericAudioComponent();
if(genericComp == nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,"got generic component nullptr");
return eIasFailed;
}
IasGenericAudioCompCore* core = genericComp->getCore();
if(core == nullptr)
{
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,"got comp core nullptr");
return eIasFailed;
}
IasAudioPin::IasPinDirection pinDir = pin->getDirection();
bool doInputProbing = false;
bool doOutputProbing = false;
switch(pinDir)
{
case IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInputOutput:
doInputProbing = true;
doOutputProbing = true;
break;
case IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleInput:
doInputProbing = true;
doOutputProbing = false;
break;
case IasAudioPin::eIasPinDirectionModuleOutput:
doInputProbing = false;
doOutputProbing = true;
break;
default:
res = eIasFailed;
DLT_LOG_CXX(*mLog, DLT_LOG_ERROR, LOG_PREFIX, LOG_PIPELINE,"Pin direction",toString(pinDir)," not ok for probing, only pins attached to modules can be probed");
break;
}
if (res != eIasOk)
{
return res;
}
if(inject == false)
{
fileName.append("_");
fileName.append(pin->getParameters()->name);
}
core->startProbe(fileName,inject,numSeconds,params->audioStreamId,doInputProbing,doOutputProbing);
return res;
}
/*
* Function to get a IasPipeline::IasResult as string.
*/
#define STRING_RETURN_CASE(name) case name: return std::string(#name); break
#define DEFAULT_STRING(name) default: return std::string(name)
std::string toString(const IasPipeline::IasResult& type)
{
switch(type)
{
STRING_RETURN_CASE(IasPipeline::eIasOk);
STRING_RETURN_CASE(IasPipeline::eIasFailed);
DEFAULT_STRING("Invalid IasPipeline::IasResult => " + std::to_string(type));
}
}
} // namespace IasAudio
|
Modulation of neural networks for behavior. All animals need to shape their behavior to the demands posed by their internal and external environments. Our goal is to understand how modu lation of the neural networks that generate behavior occurs, so that animals can change their behavior when necessary. We discuss recent work showing that anatomical networks in the nervous system provide a physical back bone upon which a large library of modulatory inputs can operate. These allow the networks to produce multiple variations in output under different conditions. In the scope of this review, it is impossible to discuss all the neural circuits in which modulatory processes are now known to shape behavior (for reviews, see Selverston 1985, Harris-Warrick 1988, Kravitz 1988, Getting 1989, Bicker & Menzel 1989, Marder & Altman 1989). Instead, we have chosen examples from the literature to highlight general principles and new findings that have arisen from recent work in this field. We emphasize simple rhythmic behaviors, because more is known concerning their neural circuitry than for complex, nonrepetitive actions. As research continues, we anticipate that ideas first developed in simpler invertebrate nervous systems will be found to apply to more complex vertebrate preparations. |
Automatic target recognition
Automatic target recognition (ATR) is the ability for an algorithm or device to recognize targets or other objects based on data obtained from sensors.
Target recognition was initially done by using an audible representation of the received signal, where a trained operator who would decipher that sound to classify the target illuminated by the radar. While these trained operators had success, automated methods have been developed and continue to be developed that allow for more accuracy and speed in classification. ATR can be used to identify man made objects such as ground and air vehicles as well as for biological targets such as animals, humans, and vegetative clutter. This can be useful for everything from recognizing an object on a battlefield to filtering out interference caused by large flocks of birds on Doppler weather radar.
Possible military applications include a simple identification system such as an IFF transponder, and is used in other applications such as unmanned aerial vehicles and cruise missiles. There has been more and more interest shown in using ATR for domestic applications as well. Research has been done into using ATR for border security, safety systems to identify objects or people on a subway track, automated vehicles, and many others.
History
Target recognition has existed almost as long as radar. Radar operators would identify enemy bombers and fighters through the audio representation that was received by the reflected signal (see Radar in World War II).
Target recognition was done for years by playing the baseband signal to the operator. Listening to this signal, trained radar operators can identify various pieces of information about the illuminated target, such as the type of vehicle it is, the size of the target, and can potentially even distinguish biological targets. However, there are many limitations to this approach. The operator must be trained for what each target will sound like, if the target is traveling at a high speed it may no longer be audible, and the human decision component makes the probability of error high. However, this idea of audibly representing the signal did provide a basis for automated classification of targets. Several classifications schemes that have been developed use features of the baseband signal that have been used in other audio applications such as speech recognition.
Micro-Doppler Effect
Radar determines the distance an object is away by timing how long it takes the transmitted signal to return from the target that is illuminated by this signal. When this object is not stationary, it causes a shift in frequency known as the Doppler effect. In addition to the translational motion of the entire object, an additional shift in frequency can be caused by the object vibrating or spinning. When this happens the Doppler shifted signal will become modulated. This additional Doppler effect causing the modulation of the signal is known as the micro-Doppler effect . This modulation can have a certain pattern, or signature, that will allow for algorithms to be developed for ATR. The micro-Doppler effect will change over time depending on the motion of the target, causing a time and frequency varying signal.
Time-frequency analysis
Fourier transform analysis of this signal is not sufficient since the Fourier transform cannot account for the time varying component. The simplest method to obtain a function of frequency and time is to use the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). However, more robust methods such as the Gabor transform or the Wigner distribution function (WVD) can be used to provide a simultaneous representation of the frequency and time domain. In all these methods, however, there will be a trade off between frequency resolution and time resolution.
Detection
Once this spectral information is extracted, it can be compared to an existing database containing information about the targets that the system will identify and a decision can be made as to what the illuminated target is. This is done by modeling the received signal then using a statistical estimation method such as maximum likelihood (ML), majority voting (MV) or maximum a posteriori (MAP) to make a decision about which target in the library best fits the model built using the received signal.
Detection algorithms
In order for detection of targets to be automated, a training database needs to be created. This is usually done using experimental data collected when the target is known, and is then stored for use by the ATR algorithm.
An example of a detection algorithm is shown in the flowchart. This method uses M blocks of data, extracts the desired features from each (i.e. LPC coefficients, MFCC) then models them using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). After a model is obtained using the data collected, conditional probability is formed for each target contained in the training database. In this example, there are M blocks of data. This will result in a collection of M probabilities for each target in the database. These probabilities are used to determine what the target is using a maximum likelihood decision. This method has been shown to be able to distinguish between vehicle types (wheeled vs tracked vehicles for example), and even decide how many people are present up to three people with a high probability of success. |
def launch_into_orbit(
conn: Client,
target_alt: float,
target_inc: float,
turn_start_alt: float = 250,
turn_end_alt: float = 45000,
auto_launch: bool = True,
auto_stage: bool = True,
stop_stage: int = 0,
exit_atm_stage: int = None,
pre_circulization_stage: int = None,
post_circulization_stage: int = None,
skip_circulization: bool = False,
use_rcs_on_ascent: bool = False,
use_rcs_on_circulization: bool = False,
deploy_panel_atm_exit: bool = True,
deploy_panel_stage: int = None,
) -> None:
vessel = conn.space_center.active_vessel
body = vessel.orbit.body
dialog = StatusDialog(conn)
ut = conn.add_stream(getattr, conn.space_center, "ut")
atomosphere_depth = body.atmosphere_depth
altitude = conn.add_stream(getattr, vessel.flight(), "mean_altitude")
apoapsis = conn.add_stream(getattr, vessel.orbit, "apoapsis_altitude")
vessel.control.sas = True
vessel.control.rcs = use_rcs_on_ascent
vessel.control.throttle = 1.0
if vessel.situation.name == "pre_launch":
if auto_launch:
for i in range(-5, 0):
dialog.status_update(f"T={i} ...")
time.sleep(1)
dialog.status_update("T=0; Lift off!!")
vessel.control.activate_next_stage()
else:
dialog.status_update("Ready to launch")
set_ascent_autostaging(
conn,
auto_stage=auto_stage,
stop_stage=stop_stage,
exit_atm_stage=exit_atm_stage,
pre_circulization_stage=pre_circulization_stage,
post_circulization_stage=post_circulization_stage,
skip_circulization=skip_circulization,
)
ascent_heading = (90 - target_inc) % 360
vessel.auto_pilot.engage()
vessel.auto_pilot.target_pitch_and_heading(90, ascent_heading)
turn_angle = 0
raise_apoapsis_last_throttle = vessel.control.throttle
raise_apoapsis_last_apoapsis = apoapsis()
raise_apoapsis_last_ut = ut()
state_gravity_turn = False
state_approach_target_ap = False
state_coasting_out_of_atm = False
while True:
if apoapsis() <= target_alt * 0.9:
vessel.control.throttle = 1
if altitude() > turn_start_alt and altitude() < turn_end_alt:
if not state_gravity_turn:
dialog.status_update("Gravity turn")
state_gravity_turn = True
frac = (altitude() - turn_start_alt) / (
turn_end_alt - turn_start_alt
)
new_turn_angle = frac * 90
if abs(new_turn_angle - turn_angle) > 0.5:
turn_angle = new_turn_angle
vessel.auto_pilot.target_pitch_and_heading(
90 - turn_angle, ascent_heading
)
elif apoapsis() < target_alt:
if not state_approach_target_ap:
dialog.status_update("Approaching target apoapsis")
state_approach_target_ap = True
vessel.auto_pilot.target_pitch_and_heading(0, ascent_heading)
try:
instant_rate_per_throttle = (
apoapsis() - raise_apoapsis_last_apoapsis
) / (
(ut() - raise_apoapsis_last_ut)
* raise_apoapsis_last_throttle
)
instant_rate_per_throttle = max(1.0, instant_rate_per_throttle)
required_appoapsis_height = target_alt - apoapsis()
vessel.control.throttle = min(
1,
max(
0.05,
required_appoapsis_height / instant_rate_per_throttle,
),
)
except Exception:
vessel.control.throttle = 0.05
else:
vessel.control.throttle = 0
if altitude() < atomosphere_depth:
if not state_coasting_out_of_atm:
dialog.status_update("Coasting out of atmosphere")
state_coasting_out_of_atm = True
else:
break
current_stage = vessel.control.current_stage
if exit_atm_stage is not None:
if (
exit_atm_stage < current_stage
and altitude() >= atomosphere_depth
):
dialog.status_update(f"Staging: stage {current_stage - 1}")
vessel.control.activate_next_stage()
if exit_atm_stage == current_stage - 1:
set_ascent_autostaging(
conn,
auto_stage=auto_stage,
stop_stage=stop_stage,
pre_circulization_stage=pre_circulization_stage,
post_circulization_stage=post_circulization_stage,
skip_circulization=skip_circulization,
)
raise_apoapsis_last_throttle = vessel.control.throttle
raise_apoapsis_last_apoapsis = apoapsis()
raise_apoapsis_last_ut = ut()
vessel.control.throttle = 0
if auto_stage:
unset_autostaging()
if deploy_panel_atm_exit:
deploy_panels(conn)
if skip_circulization:
return
vessel.control.rcs = use_rcs_on_circulization
dialog.status_update("Planning circularization burn")
mu = vessel.orbit.body.gravitational_parameter
r = vessel.orbit.apoapsis
a1 = vessel.orbit.semi_major_axis
a2 = r
v1 = math.sqrt(mu * ((2.0 / r) - (1.0 / a1)))
v2 = math.sqrt(mu * ((2.0 / r) - (1.0 / a2)))
delta_v = v2 - v1
vessel.control.add_node(
ut() + vessel.orbit.time_to_apoapsis, prograde=delta_v
)
vessel.auto_pilot.disengage()
if pre_circulization_stage:
while vessel.control.current_stage <= pre_circulization_stage:
vessel.control.activate_next_stage()
execute_next_node(conn, auto_stage=auto_stage)
if post_circulization_stage:
while vessel.control.current_stage <= post_circulization_stage:
vessel.control.activate_next_stage()
dialog.status_update("Launch complete")
return |
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