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Section 115
CXV Yudhishthira said, Thou hast told it many times that abstention from injury is the highest religion.
In Sraddhas, however, that are performed in honour of the Pitris, persons for their own good should make offerings of diverse kinds of meat. Thou hast said so while discoursing formerly upon the ordinances in respect of Sraddhas. How can meat, however, be procured without slaying a living creature? Thy declarations, therefore, seem to me to be contradictory. A doubt has, therefore, arisen in our mind respecting the duty of abstaining from meat. What are the faults that one incurs by eating meat, and what are the merits that one wins? What are the demerits of him who eats meat by himself killing a living creature? What are the merits of him who eats the meat of animals killed by others? What the merits and demerits of him who kills a living creature for another? Or of him who eats meat buying it of others?
I desire, O sinless one, that thou shouldst discourse to me on this topic in detail. I desire to ascertain this eternal religion with certainty. How does one attain to longevity? How does one acquire strength? How does one attain to faultlessness of limbs? Indeed, how does one become endued with excellent indications? Bhishma said, Listen to me, O, scion of Kuru's race, what the merit is that attaches to abstention from meat. Listen to me as I declare to thee what the excellent ordinances, in truth, are on this head. Those high-souled persons who desire beauty, faultlessness of limbs, long life, understanding, mental and physical strength, and memory, should abstain from acts of injury. On this topic, O scion of Kuru's race, innumerable discourses took place between the Rishis.
Listen, O Yudhishthira, what their opinion was. The merit acquired by that person, O Yudhishthira, who, with the steadiness of a vow, adores the deities every month in horse-sacrifices, is equal to his who discards honey and meat. The seven celestial Rishis, the Valakhilyas, and those Rishis who drink the rays of the sun, endued with great wisdom, applaud abstention from meat. The Self-born Manu has said that that man who does not eat meat, or who does not slay living creatures, or who does not cause them to be slain, is a friend of all creatures. Such a man is incapable of being oppressed by any creature. He enjoys the confidence of all living beings. He always enjoys, besides, the approbation and commendation of the righteous. The righteous-souled Narada has said that that man who wishes to increase his own flesh by eating the flesh of other creatures, meets with calamity. Vrihaspati has said that that man who abstains from honey and meat acquires the merit of gifts and sacrifices and penances. In my estimation, these two persons are equal, viz, he who adores the deities every month in a horse-sacrifice for a space of hundred years and he who abstains from honey and meat.
For this reason, O monarch, know that the discarding of meat is the highest refuge of religion, of heaven, and of happiness. Abstention from injury is the highest religion. It is, again, the highest penance. It is also the highest truths from which all duty proceeds. Flesh cannot be had from grass or wood or stone. Unless a living creature is slain, it cannot be had. Hence is the fault in eating flesh. The deities who subsist upon Swaha, Swadha, and nectar, are devoted to truth and sincerity. Those persons, however, who are for gratifying the sensation of taste, should be known as Rakshasas wedded to the attribute of Passion. That man who abstains from meat, is never put in fear, O king, by any creature, wherever he may be, viz, in terrible wildernesses or inaccessible fastnesses, by day or by night, or at the two twilights, in the open squares of towns or in assemblies of men, from upraised weapons or in places where there is great fright from wild animals or snakes.
All creatures seek his protection. He is an object of confidence with all creatures. He never causes any anxiety in others, and himself has never to become anxious. If there were nobody who ate flesh there would then be nobody to kill living creatures. The man who kills living creatures kill them for the sake of the person who eats flesh. If flesh were regarded as inedible, there would then be no slaughter of living creatures. It is for the sake of the eater that the slaughter of living creatures goes on in the world. Since, O thou of great splendour, the period of life is shortened of persons who slaughter living creatures or cause them to be slaughtered, it is clear that the person who wishes his own good should give up meat entirely. Those fierce persons who are engaged in slaughter of living creatures, never find protectors when they are in need. Such persons should always be molested and persecuted even as beasts of prey.
Through cupidity or stupefaction of the understanding, for the sake of strength and energy, or through association with the sinful, the disposition manifests itself in men for sinning. That man who seeks to increase his own flesh by eating the flesh of others, has to live in this world in great anxiety and after death has to take birth in indifferent races and families. High Rishis devoted to the observance of vows and self-restraint have said that abstention from meat is worthy of every praise, productive of fame and Heaven, and a great propitiation by itself. This I heard in days of old, O son of Kunti, from Markandeya when that Rishi discoursed on the demerits of eating flesh. He who eats the flesh of animals that are desirous of living but that have been killed by either himself or others, incurs the sin that attaches to the slaughter for his this act of cruelty. He who purchases flesh slays living creatures through his wealth. He who eats flesh slays living creatures through such act of eating. He who binds or seizes and actually kills living creatures is the slaughterer. Those are the three kinds of slaughter, each of these three acts being so. He who does not himself eat flesh but approves of an act of slaughter becomes stained with the sin of slaughter.
By abstaining from meat and showing compassion to all creatures one becomes incapable of being molested by any creature, and acquires a long life, perfect health, and happiness. The merit that is acquired by a person by abstaining from meat, we have heard, is superior to that of one who makes presents of gold, of kine, and of land. One should never eat meat of animals not dedicated in sacrifices and that are, therefore, slain for nothing, and that has not been offered to the gods and Pitris with the aid of the ordinances. There is not the slightest doubt that a person by eating such meat goes to Hell. If one eats the meat that has been sanctified in consequence of its having been procured from animals dedicated in sacrifices and that have been slain for the purpose of feeding Brahmanas, one incurs a little fault. By behaving otherwise, one becomes stained with sin. That wretch among men who slays living creatures for the sake of those who would eat them, incurs great demerit. The eater's demerit is not so great. That wretch among men who, following the path of religious rites and sacrifices laid down in the Vedas, would kill a living creature from desire of eating its flesh, would certainly become a resident of hell. That man who having eaten flesh abstains from it afterwards, attains to great merit in consequence of such abstention from sin.
He who arranges for obtaining flesh, he who approves of those arrangements, he who slays, he who buys or sells, he who cooks, and he who eats, are all regarded as eaters of flesh. I shall now cite another authority, depending upon that was declared by the ordainer himself, and established in the Vedas. It has been said that that religion which has acts for its indications has been ordained for householders, O chief of kings, and not for those men who are desirous of emancipation. Mann himself has said that meat which is sanctified with mantras and properly dedicated, according to the ordinances of the Vedas, in rites performed in honour of the Pitris, is pure. All other meat falls under the class of what is obtained by useless slaughter, and is, therefore, uneatable, and leads to Hell and infamy. One should never eat, O chief of Bharata's race, like a Rakshasa, any meat that has been obtained by means not sanctioned by the ordinance. Indeed, one should never eat flesh obtained from useless slaughter and that has not been sanctified by the ordinance. That man who wishes to avoid calamity of every kind should abstain from the meat of every living creature. It is heard that in the ancient Kalpa, persons, desirous of attaining to regions of merit hereafter, performed sacrifices with seeds, regarding such animals as dedicated by them. Filled with doubts respecting the propriety of eating flesh, the Rishis asked Vasu the ruler of the Chedis for solving them.
King Vasu, knowing that flesh is inedible, answered that is was edible, O monarch. From that moment Vasu fell down from the firmament on the earth. After this he once more repeated his opinion, with the result that he had to sink below the earth for it. Desirous of benefiting all men, the high-souled Agastya, by the aid of his penances, dedicated, once for all, all wild animals of the deer species to the deities. Hence, there is no longer any necessity of sanctifying those animals for offering them to the deities and the Pitris. Served with flesh according to the ordinance, the Pitris become gratified. Listen to me, O king of kings, as I tell thee this, O sinless one. There is complete happiness in abstaining from meat, O monarch. He that undergoes severe austerities for a hundred years and he that abstains from meat, are both equal in point of merit. Even this is my opinion, In the lighted fortnight of the month of Karttika in especial, one should abstain from honey and meat.
In this, it has been ordained, there is great merit. He who abstains from meat for the four months of the rains acquires the four valued blessings of achievements, longevity, fame and might. He who abstains for the whole month of Karttika from meat of every kind, transcends all kinds of woe and lives in complete happiness. They who abstain from flesh by either months or fortnights at a stretch have the region of Brahma ordained for them in consequence of their abstention from cruelty. Many kings in ancient days, O son of Pritha, who had constituted themselves the souls of all creatures and who were conversant with the truths of all things, viz, Soul and Not-soul, had abstained from flesh either for the whole of the month of Karttika or for the whole of the lighted fortnight in that month. They were Nabhaga and Amvarisha and the high-souled Gaya and Ayu and Anaranya and Dilipa and Raghu and Puru and Kartavirya and Aniruddha and Nahusha and Yayati and Nrigas and Vishwaksena and Sasavindu and Yuvanaswa and Sivi, the son of Usinara, and Muchukunda and Mandhatri, and Harischandra. Do thou always speak the truth. Never speak an untruth. Truth is an eternal duty. It is by truth that Harischandra roves through heaven like a second Chandramas.
These other kings also, viz, Syenachitra, O monarch, and Somaka and Vrika and Raivata and Rantideva and Vasu and Srinjaya, and Dushmanta and Karushma and Rama and Alarka and Nala, and Virupaswa and Nimi and Janaka of great intelligence, and Aila and Prithu and Virasena, and Ikshvaku, and Sambhu, and Sweta, and Sagara, and Aja and Dhundhu and Suvahu, and Haryaswa and Kshupa and Bharata, O monarch, did not eat flesh for the month of Karttika and as the consequence thereof attained to heaven, and endued with prosperity, blazed forth with effulgence in the region of Brahman, adored by Gandharvas and surrounded by thousand damsels of great beauty. Those high-souled men who practise this excellent religion which is characterised by abstention from injury succeed in attaining to a residence in heaven. These righteous men who, from the time of birth, abstain from honey and meat and wine, are regarded as Munis. That man who practises this religion consisting of abstention from meat or who recites it for causing others to hear it, will never have to go to hell even if he be exceedingly wicked in conduct in other respects. He, O king, who often-times reads these ordinances about abstention from meat, that are sacred and adored by the Rishis, or hears it read, becomes cleansed of every sin and attains to great felicity in consequence of the fruition of every wish. Without doubt, he attains also to a position of eminence among kinsmen. When afflicted with calamity, he readily transcends it. When obstructed with impediments, he succeeds in freeing himself from them with the utmost ease. When ill with disease, he becomes cured speedily, and afflicted with sorrow he becomes liberated from it with greatest ease. Such a man has never to take birth in the intermediate order of animals or birds.
Born in the order of humanity, he attains to great beauty of person. Endued with great prosperity, O chief of Kuru's race, he acquires great fame as well. I have thus told thee, O king, all that should be said on the subject of abstention from meat, together with the ordinances respecting both the religion of Pravritti and Nivritti as framed by the Rishis
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Re-org'ing the forum - suggestion
Started by DoDraugen, September 25, 2003, 04:46:41 pm
Previous topic - Next topic
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
It seems that this forum is gonna be HOOOOT!!!!
So how about reorganising it?
This is how it might be:
Shadowlands Quests
-......and so on
Is it possible? becouse it would make it alot easier to navigate. And i think its gonna get alot more crowded in here as the gameing goes on.
And not to forget, does our esteemed forum host have time to do it?
Taken your suggestion to heart mate, I liked it :D Consider the forum re-org'd.
If anyone finds any posts missing please let me know
May i also suggest a tradeskill section, where you divide the catagories into Armour, Weapons, Pocketbosses etc.
And also maybe change the graphics of the forum, maybe abit darker, to give sort of a Shadowland feel to it?
Cracchus 200
Fixerus 200
Proud Veteran Of Apocalypse
and maybe put some flowers here and there, I really like flowers, and I want some cash for everytime i visit this forum :p
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/20961 | Infatuation and Imaginative Language
Author: | Posted in Critical Essays No comments
a painting of a woman looking at an unopened letter
The opening of Cynthia Ozick’s five-part essay on infatuation crackles with transgressive energy from its first line. “Lovesickness,” published in her 2000 collection Quarrel & Quandary, begins: “Once, when I had already been married for a time, I went to a friend’s wedding and fell in love with the bridegroom.” This isn’t what one is supposed to feel at a wedding, but the emotion Ozick goes on to describe—an obsessive desire for a person one doesn’t know, and will likely never have a relationship with—is familiar. The language of the essay is sensual, playful, funny, and confessional. The piece defines unrequited desire as having a purpose separate from married love. Lovesickness of the kind Ozick describes is intimately linked with language. The essay, both in content and form, suggests that the beauty and purpose of infatuation is in its generation of language, a purpose particularly fruitful for a writer.
The first part of Ozick’s essay tracks her infatuation with the bridegroom. The infatuation—which she describes as “an incursion, an invasion—a possession, like that of a dybbuk”—quickly focuses itself on the bridegroom’s hand. After the wedding, the bridegroom sends a perfunctory postcard from his honeymoon, and the essay’s narrator becomes obsessed with his handwriting. The language at this point becomes precise and specific. She “examined its loops and troughs, the blue turns of ink where they thickened and narrowed.” Though rationally she knows the card was likely dashed off at his wife’s urging, in the secret mental space of desire, the narrator looks at the card again and again. The language Ozick uses to describe it becomes feverish: “it was as if the letters of each word were burning, as if the air above and below the letters were shuddering in an invisible fire.” But the narrator’s obsession centers not on the content of the bridegroom’s words: it’s the shape of the letters, evidence of the bridegroom’s hand, that consumes the narrator. “They were the new husband’s nerves, they were vibrations of his pulse, his fingers’ pressure, their most intimate mark. . . . I wanted to get into that hand—to become it, to grow myself into its blood vessels, to steal its fire.” What the narrator ends up doing is, by her own description, “both meticulously focused and rapaciously mad.” She painstakingly traces over the postcard’s text with her own pencil, spending days on the project. The narrator humorously compares herself to “a Torah scribe.”
Although Ozick is describing romantic obsession, her description is also an apt metaphor for the process of writing. There is something that moves the narrator about the image of the bridegroom, about the character she’s constructed for him. The impression is so strong that she has to capture it in some way—and she captures it through a deliberate and painstaking act of transcription. What lovesickness generates, it seems, isn’t actual intimacy with the object of desire, but the drive to capture and represent the quality of that desire. In the second part of the essay, Ozick presents a second example of lovesickness: the narrator’s infatuation with a professor prompts her to send him love letters under a pseudonym. In the second and third parts of the essay, Ozick describes the experience of being the object of infatuation: the boys who court her do so with poems, novels, and records.
The language of the essay itself reinforces this link between infatuation and imaginative language. When writing about lovesickness, Ozick layers similes and metaphors, mixing the language of modern life and folktale: “Or it was like what diplomats call an ‘intervention,’ an intact sovereign tract subjected without warning to military fire. Or it was a kind of spell, the way the unearthly music of a fairy-tale pipe casts a helpless enchantment.” She links infatuation directly with creative recklessness: in a telling simile, Ozick describes lovesickness as “wily and reckless, thrusting itself into the world like a novelist on the loose.” Ozick describes the contradictions of lovesickness—at once “the way of exactitude and scrupulous discrimination” and “wildly undeliberate, zigzag, unpremeditated, driven, even loony.” She might as well be describing the balance that must be struck in good writing between precision and feeling.
Poems about lovesickness, with their formal constraints, often play with this balance. Lorna Dee Cervantes’ poem “A un Desconocido,” like Ozick’s essay, mixes dreamlike language with concrete, quotidian images in order to represent desire. The poem begins:
I was looking for your hair,
black as old lava on an island
of white coral. I dreamed it
deserted you and came for me,
wrapped me in its funeral ribbons
and tied me a bow of salt.
In the same way that Ozick’s narrator wants to “become” the hand of the bridegroom, Cervantes’ speaker fixates on a small, physical element of the poem’s addressee. That element then takes on almost mythical significance, and is represented in the language of myth. The object of the speaker’s desire isn’t specific: “My intelligent mammal, male / of my species, twin sun to a world / not of my making, you reduce me / to the syrup of the moon.” Again, infatuation isn’t about intimacy but about rapture and possession. The poem’s last lines are plainspoken and full of yearning: “if only you were a stone I could / throw, if only I could have you.” Here the object of desire is transmuted into a literal object, much in the way Ozick’s narrator transcribes her desire into an inanimate, written text.
The shortest section in Ozick’s essay is the fifth and final one. This section isn’t devoted to infatuation. It’s devoted instead to “a young man whose eyes were not green, who inspired nothing eccentric or adventurous, who never gave a thought to brooks and lilies or death and transfiguration.” Instead, this man begins, “with awful consistency, to bring presents of marzipan. So much marzipan was making me sick—though not lovesick.” In the course of two brief paragraphs, the narrator admits she never saw the professor or the bridegroom again. She also admits that she married “the marzipan provider.”
Tenderly, masterfully, and with subtle humor, in the essay’s brief last section Ozick contrasts infatuation with love. Neither is diminished; each emotion appears fruitful and exhilarating in its own way. If anything, the difference Ozick suggests is that one generates wildness, generates language—and that the other welcomes its occasional, peaceful absence. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/20970 | Wednesday, June 10, 2009
Oh! A Mystery of Mono no Aware - by Todd Shimoda
Todd Shimoda’s latest novel, Oh!: A Mystery of Mono no Aware, published by Chin Music Press, is a fascinating and compelling book that weaves themes of both traditional and modern Japanese culture. You’ll be drawn in by Shimoda’s spare but elegant prose, which reminds me of the writing style of Haruki Murakami.
The protagonist of Oh!, Zack Hara, is dead inside, devoid of passion, hate, love, any sustained emotion. The twenty-something technical writer trudges through each day in LA like a zombie, until he leaves his job, part-time lover, and antique Chevy pickup truck to travel to Japan. There, searching for an emotional life, Zack becomes entwined with a tragic poet, a sensual but disillusioned woman, and young people who form suicide clubs –- all propelling him down a dangerous path.
Todd Shimoda, a third-generation Japanese-American, lives in Hawaii. He has published two other novels that deal with Japan and Japanese themes: 365 Views of Mt. Fuji (Stone Bridge Press) and The Fourth Treasure (Nan Talese/Doubleday). The books have been translated into six languages with over one hundred thousand copies printed worldwide. The Fourth Treasure was listed as a 2002 Notable Book by the Kiriyama Prize.
Oh! is not only a beautifully written novel, but the book itself is beautifully produced and includes artwork created by Todd’s wife, Linda Shimoda, an accomplished artist, illustrator and book designer, who is also the curator of the Kauai Museum in Hawaii. Her illustrations and artwork have appeared in both of Todd’s first two novels. In Oh!, her artwork offers clues to the fate of Zack Hara.
Todd was kind enough to take some time to answer some questions.
What was the inspiration for the novel? When did you first become aware of the term mono no aware?
I came across the Japanese aesthetic and poetic ideal of intense emotional reaction to things (mono no aware) when I was working on my novel The Fourth Treasure. I tried to write a non-fiction monograph about it, but couldn't capture the real feeling of the concept. I toyed with a fictional character trying to find an emotional life and how/if mono no aware could help him. I wrote a short story and as it often happens, that turned into a novel.
What fueled your interest in Japan’s suicide clubs?
It's a very tragic phenomenon which I first read about in a news story. I couldn't understand the whole idea of people meeting online and coming together to commit suicide. All sorts of questions haunted me: What do they talk about? How do they plan it? Why do it as a group? I tied it to the other plot ideas in Oh! as a way of showing the extreme actions people take to emotions.
Do you feel that your protagonist, Zack Hara, has anything in common with the hikikomori and otaku youth in Japan?
Despite Zack's lack of an emotional life, he enjoys being with people in a social way. This makes him different from hikikomori and otaku who I believe prefer not to interact with people. Or at least limit their face-to-face interactions.
What character in the novel do you relate to the most?
I mostly relate to the main character. Zack is about 5% autobiographical: I was a technical writer, we taught English in Japan, both our grandfathers came from Japan and worked in farming then landscaping, we watch way too much TV. As Zack does, I sometimes feel a little numb about life but not chronically and not to Zack's extent. But I'm closer in age to Professor Imai and can sometimes feel the weight of memories and the past as he does.
Your wife, Linda Shimoda, often illustrates your books. Can you describe your collaboration process?
We work separately for the most part. I tell her the basic elements of the story and she uses that framework to work her magic. She tells me what kind of art she is working on so I can incorporate it into the story. When I've finished a draft and she has her pieces ready, we look at each other's work. It's always amazing how well it jibes!
Have you formally studied Japanese? Are you continuing to study?
My nisei Dad never spoke Japanese so I never learned it. I lived in Japan in the mid 80s and studied it informally then. I never got much beyond a few phrases, kana, and some kanji. And now it's mostly gone I'm afraid.
According to your Web site you are working on two novels-in-progress. Do you work on them simultaneously? Are either being close to finished/released?
Drafts of both Subduction and Why Ghosts Appear are finished and I'm revising them now. I worked on them at different times, a couple of years apart, but now am revising them and working on proposals simultaneously. I rarely do that (work on two novels at once) but I find it keeps me interested and fresher.
What is your favorite Japanese food and/or Japanese restaurant?
I'm mostly a veggie these days, so I'm a lover of tofu. Living in Hawaii (Kauai) I eat sashimi or fish maybe once a month, especially when I get a present of locally caught fish. Kintaro's is the best local Japanese restaurant. When I lived in San Francisco on Bush Street I loved Sushi Man, just down the block.
Visit Todd’s Web site here.
No comments: |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/20976 | 2019 Annual Members Picnic
At the 8th annual members and volunteers picnic, Ian McCusker possibly our youngest volunteer was recognized for his help with the 2019 2nd grade passbook program, Jim Bernetich was recognized for organizing the boy scouts to help with tavern day and other BHS needs over the past many years. Barbara Flaherty-Carchedi was recognized as the chief BHS docent ensuring that all visitors to the Tavern are met hospitably and provided with the best knowledge of the Elton Tavern and history of Burlington. A thank you to Carl Salsedo and our house band the the Yankee Blue Grass Jammers. Thank you to Nat Walker for making this event happen. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21001 | The “former head of the Massachusetts Republican party” has endorsed Rudy Giuliani, which shouldn’t be unusual, although it does nothing for me. What does the former Mass GOP chief think of the former Mass Governor? Most relevantly, Mitt Romney can’t be trusted.
• He “‘has a strong record of showmanship as opposed to actual performance.'”
• On his “relationship with the Massachusetts state legislature, Rappaport said of the former governor, ‘His word is no good…Mitt Romney would say one thing in a meeting and literally go out of the meeting to the press and tell the opposite story. There was no desire in the legislature to be accommodating to him because they couldn’t trust him.'”
• Romney “‘will be clear today on what he believes today, and he’ll be clear tomorrow on what he believes tomorrow, but they may be different things.'”
Mr. Rappaport’s endorsement is only relevant as it reveals possible bias, but I would be more willing to suggest that his bias is what part of what fed his endorsement. I’ve maintained that my biggest problem with Governor Romney is that he is the hardest candidate to trust on claims, promises, and positions, so why not highlight the testimony of the former leader of the Republicans in Massachusetts if it supports my fears and suspicions?
UPDATE (11/26 3:08 PM): Mitt Romney’s spokesman strikes back in the most generic fashion. It just isn’t a campaign’s standard operating procedure to respond to charges directly when they can simply claim that being negative is a bad thing, and despair for the “nastiness”; what a gaggle of putzes. Of course such a comeback wouldn’t be complete without self-serving promotion of values and vision, including a lie about grassroots and a rather truthful point about possible Republican contrasts with Senator Clinton. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21065 | Fri, 20 Oct 2000 11:55:55 -0400
Hello All,
I have a question to you all, were do you get your Gundam? other than
getting the officially released Bandi videos were do you get your info.
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.0b3 on Sat Oct 21 2000 - 00:48:17 JST |
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21135 | World Library
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Until Death Do US Part 56: Shi Ga Futari Wo Wakatsu Made, Uddup
By Takashige, Hiroshi
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Book Id: WPLBN0003482089
Format Type: PDF eBook :
File Size: 10 MB
Reproduction Date: 2015
Title: Until Death Do US Part 56: Shi Ga Futari Wo Wakatsu Made, Uddup
Author: Takashige, Hiroshi
Volume: Vol. 56
Language: English
Subject: Comics, Action, Drama
Collections: Graphic Novel Collections
Publication Date:
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Hiroshi, T. (n.d.). Until Death Do US Part 56. Retrieved from
Description: A girl named Haruka Tayama happens to be in the care of a certain company because she can see the future, but she wants to get away, so using her abilities she finds a blind though strong man and asks him to help her as a body guard 'til death do them part. The man, named Mamoru Hijikata, quickly dismiss her request as a joke from a small 12 year old kid, only to realize what shady business has beginning to unfold when people willing to do anything are desperately searching for the girl. As she predicted, Mamoru has vast experience in shady business himself, and will not be pushed around easily by any criminal. Is 'protection' the only reason that Haruka approached Mamoru? Or could it be something else?
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21153 | The Woman in Black
The Woman in Black
She held her hand to the flame. Watching as her flesh became a dripping candle of agony. She screamed with pain but gave no sign of stopping. I heard her screams as I was walking through the woods. Trying to find peace in my own head.
Hearing her screams I stopped, adjusted my focus toward the focal point of her voice. I ran to her, I could see her after a only a few moments of running. She was there, at a fire, wearing nothing but a black dress and a dark veil over face.
Bloodied misery fell from her lips like moonlight. I rushed to her, telling her to stop. But she gave me no sign of my existence. It was as if nothing else was around. Once I reached her she vanished into thin air.
I fell, stumbling over where she should have been. I fell through the air crashing onto the forest floor. I stood up with confusion. As I did, I heard her screams again. I rushed to her again. Finding her in the same position, screaming, watching her own flesh melt from her body.
Again she vanished but I proceeded over and over and until I could reach her. On the sixth attempt, I was able to grasp her hand and pull it from the flame. But when I did, I felt a strong burning sensation.
I let go and she slowly turned her head. Her screams stopped, and she lifted her veil. Her eyes shrouded in dark makeup. Her lips were black, and her skin pale. I held my own hand in pain as she looked at me with silence.
I then asked who she was. She gave no response. I asked why she was doing what she was doing to herself. She then spoke to me in soft whimpering voice.
"I do this for I want nothing to do with myself. My own skin crawls with regret and resentment. I am uncomfortable. Covered in scars of failure and mistakes like a soldier maddened by war."
Upon hearing her words my heart became overwhelmed with grief. I could see sadness billow from her eyes. Tears froze to her cheeks like crystals, eventually falling to the ground and shattering.
I then felt my burning hand become grasped by a feel of relief. I asked no questions but leaped to the opportunity to say a few words of my own.
"I know not of who you are or where you came from. Or why you haunt these woods with a sorrowed heart. But from my travels a human and the errors in my way; I found there is no way through life without mistakes. Without failure, but there is ways through it without regret. Even if regret has already strained your soul. Each day we have eyes upon our soul, is another day we can achieve who we are. We can create new words new stories. We are all blemished in scars and wicked things. We are all made of riddled choices and pain. But we also have the opportunity to continue. To love ourselves and as we wish. We are imperfectly perfect and only fall short of ourselves when we decide to quit. And you my dear, appear young, you have much youth on your side and more time than I to live. So take back your skin, stretch it if you must. Make it yours and learn to not be the designer of your pain, but the curator of your hope, of faith."
As I said my words, the girl slowly stood, she lifted herself with a smile and said,
"Thank you, may you find your way home."
And she vanished once again. But the days to come, the forest remained silent.
Do you ever feel uncomfortable in your own skin?
Do you ever feel it would be best to leave it all behind and run?
What are your thoughts on regret and mistakes?
Take a look at, A Man's Traveled Heart
Coming soon, The Bleeding Of Words
Check out my other daily posts on, TwitterFacebookInstagramYouTube
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21154 | Naviance Account Access
All students in grades 9-12 will access Naviance using the Clever app in your Office 365 account. Please log into Office 365 and follow these instructions to access Naviance.
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Simple Markov Model for Estimating the Growth of Nonreligion in the United States
Research Note
Special Issue: Atheism, Secularity, and Science
John Stinespring, Ryan T. Cragun*
The University of Tampa, 401 W Kennedy Blvd, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
Abstract | The authors develop a simple Markov model to forecast future rates of religious nonaffiliation. A two-period, two-variable Markov switching model is used which yields a tractable steady state solution and growth path for the share of the population that is nonreligious. The model setup and solution are shown to be both intuitive and determined by three parameter values. The authors illustrate its use by estimating these parameter values using biannual data from the 1973 to 2012 General Social Surveys (GSS). The parameter estimates from the first half of the GSS data series, 1973-1991, provide a good fit to the 1993-2012 data. Calibrating the model to the latter half of the data, 1993-2012, produces a forecast range of between 26% and 47% of the US population being nonreligious by the year 2042.
*Correspondence | Ryan T. Cragun, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; Email:
Citation | Stinespring, J., R. T. Cragun. 2015. Simple Markov Model for estimating the growth of nonreligion in the United States. Science, Religion and Culture, 2(3): 96-103.
Guest Editors | John R. Shook PhD, Ralph W. Hood Jr. PhD, and Thomas J. Coleman III
Religions in the US are now experiencing a dramatic loss of market share to the nonreligious. Recent decades have witnessed rapid growth of those who identify as nonreligious in the US. In 1990, just 7% of Americans reported no religious affiliation (Kosmin et al., 2009). By 2001, the number had doubled to 14%, and by 2012, 20% of Americans reported they had no religious affiliation (Hout, Fischer, and Chaves, 2013; Lugo et al., 2012).1 The result is a significant restructuring of the religious marketplace in the US, which has long been dominated by Protestants, who no longer make up the majority in the US (Lugo et al., 2012).
Will the rise of the nonreligious continue in the US? In the past several years, a number of scholars have projected religious trends into the future, using a variety of different models. Within the social sciences, the work of Kaufmann and colleagues has received the greatest attention. In 2008, Kaufmann proposed that the differences in birth rates between the religious and nonreligious were so substantial that simply through reproductive momentum, the religious would reverse secularization globally (a finding recently echoed by a report by Pew Research Center 2015). In 2010, Skirbekk et al. projected the religious composition of the US until 2043, taking into consideration fertility, migration, intergenerational transmission of religion, and switching within religions, and argued that the nonreligious would increase just 1%, from 16% of the US population to 17% by 2043. Kaufmann, Goujon, and Skirbekk argued in 2011 that the reproductive momentum of the religious in Europe could reverse secularization there as well, resulting in higher levels of religiosity by the end of the 21st century than at the beginning. While the inclusion of a number of factors that are related to religiosity in their models makes sense, it is apparent that the projections Kaufmann and colleagues have made in the US regarding the nonreligious were off target. Just two years after they published their projections, 2012, the nonreligious had gained another 4% of the religious market, rising to 20% of the US population. Given the further light and knowledge that we now have about the continued rise of the nonreligious in the US, the above models of religious growth and decline should be revisited.
Most similar to the model proposed herein, Abrams, Yaple, and Wiener (2010) proposed a mathematical model of competition between religion and nonreligion to project religious market share into the future. Key to their model was a somewhat arbitrarily assigned value reflecting how attractive religion or nonreligion is. They based this value on market share as well as the “perceived utility of the group”, which they argued reflects “many factors, including the social, economic, political, and security benefits derived from membership as well as spiritual or moral consonance with a group” (p. 1). They tested their model using census data from 85 regions of 9 countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Switzerland) and concluded that the nonreligious would continue to grow following a trajectory that approximated a logistic curve and ends at nearly 100 percent nonreligion. In the Netherlands, for instance, they projected that 78% of people would be nonreligious by 2050.
We propose a simple, yet robust, model that predicts a more balanced ratio of religion to nonreligion in the population. We model the religious and nonreligious as two groups competing for market share. Each group attempts to expand its market share by maintaining its current membership while converting members of the other group. This competition is modeled as a Markov switching process where membership changes over time based on the rates of religious conversion and leaving, which are the only inputs into the model. Data from the General Social Surveys (GSS) indicate that the growth in nonreligion is almost entirely explained by these switching rates. In fact, a regression analysis indicates that 89% of the variation of the ratio of religious to nonreligious is explained by the yearly conversion rate alone.2 Though birth rates, religion in which one is raised, immigration, and race/ethnicity all influence religious affiliation, past switching rates alone (which implicitly capture these other factors) are a stronger predictor of shifts in affiliation. The solution to the model provides easily-interpretable steady state market shares of nonreligion and religion and the time path to arrive at the steady state. The factors affecting final shares and the speed of convergence are tractable and intuitive. For these reasons, we recommend the model as a good first-cut or back-of-the-envelope model for social scientists to use.3
The Mathematical Model
Markov switching models are used in many social science fields. A common example from economics involves a duopoly (two-firm market) in which two firms produce a good and compete for market share from one another. The market share for each firm depends upon the particular time period. By specifying the per-period switching and retention rates along with the initial market shares, the Markov model can reveal the trend of market share over time and the eventual steady state market share for each firm. For religion, we define the population share of the nonreligious at time t as nrt and for the religious as rt. The proportion of nonreligious retained per period is s11. This is the percentage of nonreligious in t-1 who did not convert. The proportion of religious retention per period is s22. The leaving rate, the proportion of religious in t who left religion (i.e., were religious in the previous period), is s12 while the conversion rate, the proportion who converted in t after being nonreligious in t-1, is s21. Note that s11 + s21 = 1 and s12 + s22 = 1. As such, the switching rates are the only inputs required for the model and the solution is written in terms of those parameters. This period’s proportions of nonreligious and religious are given by
nrt = s11nrt-1 + s12rt-1 ....…… (1a)
rt = s21nrt-1 + s22rt-1 ……….(1b)
given nr0 and r0
where nr0 represents the initial nonreligion share and r0, the initial religion share.
The solution to the system of equations in (1a-b) consists of two time paths given as functions of time, the switching rates, and the initial percentage of nonreligious, given by
Each equation in (2a-b) takes the general form
sharet = final share –[share gap](gap adjustment)… (3)
The final share represents the market share to which a society converges. The final share for nonreligion (religion) is the leaving rate (conversion rate) over the total rate of switching (i.e., the conversion rate plus the leaving rate). Logically, then, the final share for nonreligion (religion) is positively related to the leaving rate (conversion rate) and negatively related to the conversion rate (leaving rate).4, 5 If the conversion and leaving rates were equal (s12 = s21) or, equivalently, the retention rates are equal (s11 = s22), the final shares would be equal at 50% for religion and nonreligion.
The share gap is the gap between one’s final share and initial market share. The negative sign in front of the gap indicates the gap between initial and final shares decreases over time. If the initial market share is equivalent to the steady state share, the share gap will be zero and no transition will occur. The speed at which the gap decreases is determined by the gap adjustment term, given as 1 minus the total switching that occurs. The higher the switching rates, the faster the convergence. The gap adjustment decreases over time, approaching zero because it is raised to the t power, implying religion and nonreligion monotonically converge to their final share values over time.6, 7
Table 1: Descriptive statistics for four religious/nonreligious switching/non-switching categories
Always Religious
Converted to Religion
Left Religion
Never Religious
Std. Dev.
Jarque- BeraProb
N = 53,589 from 1973-2012
Estimates of the switching parameters s12 and s21 for the U.S. are calculated from the 1973-2012 General Social Survey (GSS). The GSS asked respondents for both their current religious affiliation and their affiliation at age 16. Responses are separated into four categories: those who were religious at 16 and stayed religious (“always religious”), those who were religious at 16 but later left religion (“left religion”), those who were not religious at 16 but converted (“converted to religion”), and those who were not religious at 16 and remained non-religious when surveyed (“never religious”).8 The descriptive statistics for the categories are shown in Table 1.
The dynamics of conversion and leaving are shown in Figure 1 where the percentage of those who left religion grew from 5.35% of the population in 1973 to 14.85% in 2012. Those who had converted to religion grew a modest 1.47%, to 3.47% of the population over the same period.
To create the switching parameters, we must convert religious leavers and converters from percentages of the entire population to percentages of the previously religious and previously nonreligious. The conversion rate, s21, is derived using
and the leaving rate, s12, is calculated as
9 The data indicate that the switching parameters are converging over time with conversions declining as secularism is rising. Specifically, annual leaving rates, s12, rose from an average of 6% in the 1973-1991 period to 8% in 1993-2012, while annual conversion rates, s21, fell from 26% in the 1973-1991 period to 7% from 1993-2012.10
The factors that could influence the switching parameters are many. As mentioned, Abrams, Yaple, Weiner (2011) argue that the current size of share and perceived utility of membership determine switching rates. Hout and Fischer (2002) argue that political posturing, such as the aligning of the Republican Party with the Religious Right, which led liberals and progressives to disassociate from religion in symbolic protest, affects switching. Others suggest that this is, in fact, a reflection of the hotly debated secularization that has occurred in so many other developed countries around the world (Chaves, 2011; Norris and Inglehart, 2004; Bruce, 2002; 2013; Crockett and Voas, 2006; Cragun and Lawson, 2010; Gill and Lundsgaarde, 2004; Halman and Draulans, 2006; McAllister, 1988). Our model is agnostic with respect to reasons for switching and implicitly assumes many causes will cancel
Figure 1: Change in proportions of converts to religion, religious exiters, and the nonreligious, 1973-2012. (Source: GSS.)
Figure 2: Nonreligious share of US population, with predictions and calibrations
out one another. Our model assumes – perhaps problematically (see limitations section below) – that the factors that influence switching will be consistent over the period of prediction.
We can test the model with an in-sample forecast by calculating switching rates for the first half of the data set (1973-1991) to forecast the remainder of the sample (1993-2012) from the data. Figure 2 shows the calibrated fit to the data which compares favorably to the actual data (compare the Calibrated to Actual line). The calibrated model predicted that 19% of the US population would be nonreligious by 2010 given the average 1973-1991 switching values.
For the current forecasts, we consider a wide range of switching parameter values by calculating rates for both the full 40-year data period (from 1973-2012) and the most recent 20 years (1993-2012).11 The estimates of the conversion rate ranges from 0.175 in the overall 40-year period to 0.07 in the recent 20-year period, while the leaving rates range from 0.06 to 0.08, respectively.12, 13 Figure 2 also shows the projected growth of nonreligion over 30 years given these different switching regimes. The most rapid growth in nonreligion comes from the higher 20-year mean growth rate with the 7% conversion rate and 8% leaving rate (s11 = 0.92, s21 = 0.08, s22 = 0.93, s12 = 0.07) where nonreligion grows to approximately 47% of the population (the remaining 53% remain religious). Slower growth in nonreligion comes from the 40-year mean growth rate with a 17.5% conversion rate and 6% leaving rate (s11 = 0.825, s21 = 0.175, s22 = 0.94, s12 = 0.06) where nonreligion grows to approximately 26% of the population.
Just as prior models projecting the growth of the religious and nonreligious into the future have had some limitations, so, too, does our model. Because the model relies exclusively on past rates of switching, it fails to explicitly take into consideration factors that may contribute to the rise of the nones or nonreligious. A number of these factors warrant consideration. For instance, those who leave religions in the US are more likely to leave some religions than others. Kosmin et al. (2009) noted that many of the nonreligious are former Catholics. Others (c.f. Bruce 2002; Stark and Glock 1968) have noted that many of those who leave religion also come from Mainline Protestant religions. Anonymous reviewers of an earlier draft of this paper suggested that it is important to take into consideration which religions Americans are leaving as some religions may have already shrunk to the point that they will no longer be able to contribute substantially to the growing nonreligious population. This is an important point. However, recent research (Sherkat 2014) finds that Americans are leaving all religions, with the exception of Native American religions. Sherkat’s findings suggest that, while religious exiting may have been concentrated among some religions in prior decades, increasingly it is the case that Americans are leaving all religions. If the rise of the nones was solely due to the decline of a single religion due to a particular crisis or controversy, our model would need to reflect that fact. But the rise of the nonreligious over the last three decades cannot be attributed to a single controversy or crisis but rather to a broad level trend – secularization (Bruce 2002, 2013; Cragun and Lawson 2010; Sherkat 2014).
Another factor to consider in projecting the growth of the nonreligious is the racial/ethnic makeup of the US population. Kosmin et al. (2009) found that the nonreligious were disproportionately White, and that Blacks and Hispanics were under-represented among the nonreligious. However, more recent research has found that a growing percentage of Hispanics are leaving religion (Jones, Cox, Navarro-Rivera 2013). Additionally, Asian Americans are now the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the US and are also the least religious (Sherkat 2014). Taking into consideration the racial/ethnic makeup of the US would seem to be an important consideration when projecting the growth of the nonreligious.
These are important considerations. However, part of the utility of the Markov model we propose is that it relies on immediate past rates of switching. Those rates of switching will implicitly be reflective of both the religious and racial/ethnic makeup of the US in the immediate past. As a result, both the originating religions of those who leave and the racial/ethnic makeup of the population of interest are implicitly – rather than explicitly – included in the model. Relying on the immediate past growth allows for the refinement of switching projections in the future. In other words, while we projected the growth of the nonreligious into the future in this paper, we would strongly encourage readers and other scholars to update our projections using our model as new data become available. By continuously updating projections based on new data, not only will this allow future scholars to test the accuracy of our model and projections but will also help refine the model as every additional datum will improve the accuracy of the projections.
The growth of the nonreligious in the US over the last twenty years has received a fair amount of attention (Chaves, 2011; Hout and Fischer, 2002: Kosmin et al., 2009). While a number of explanations for the growth of the nonreligious have been proposed (Chaves, 2011; Hout and Fischer, 2002; Hout and Fischer, 2002), only a few attempts have been made to project this growth into the future. The most widely cited projection (Skirbekk et al., 2010) has already been shown to be off target as the nonreligious have outpaced that projection. The other projection (Abrams et. al., 2010), while more closely aligned with our own, includes specific assumptions about how attractive religion and nonreligion are that can be problematic.
In contrast to earlier projections, the forecasting model developed in this paper has a setup and solution that are simple, intuitive, and robust. Only two parameters, rates of leaving and conversion, are required. The parameter estimates from the first half of the GSS data series, 1973-1991, provide an excellent fit to the 1993-2012 data. Calibrating the model to the latter half of the data, 1993-2012, produces a forecast range of between 26% and 47% of the US population being nonreligious by the year 2042. As is the case with all forecasts of future shifts in population characteristics, these projections are based on past data and conditions which can change. Yet, this simple Markov model aligns with current data, provides a range of possible trajectories for the nonreligious, includes only the assumption that recent trends in religious switching can be used to predict future trends, and can easily be extended based on new data. In short, our model is simple, parsimonious, and an improvement over prior models.
• Abrams, Daniel M., Haley A. Yaple, and Richard J. Wiener. 2010. A Mathematical Model of Social Group Competition with Application to the Growth of Religious Non-Affiliation. 1012.1375. Retrieved March 26, 2011 (
• Bruce, Steve. 2002. God Is Dead: Secularization in the West. London: Blackwell Publishers.
• Bruce, Steve. 2013. Secularization: In Defence of an Unfashionable Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Chaves, Mark. 2011. American Religion: Contemporary Trends. Princeton University Press.
• Cragun, Ryan T., and Ronald Lawson. 2010. The Secular Transition: The Worldwide Growth of Mormons, Jehovah Witnesses, and Seventh-Day Adventists. Sociology of Religion 71(3):349-373.
• Crockett, Alasdair, and David Voas. 2006. Generations of Decline: Religious Change In Twentieth-Century Britain. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.
• Gill, Anthony, and Erik Lundsgaarde. 2004. State Welfare Spending and Religiosity: A Cross-National Analysis. Rationality and Society 16(4):399-436.
• Halman, Loek, and Veerle Draulans. 2006. How Secular Is Europe? The British Journal of Sociology 57(2):263-88.
• Hout, Michael, and Claude S. Fischer. 2002. Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Politics and Generations. American Sociological Review 67(2):165-90.
• Hout, Michael, Claude S. Fischer, and Mark A. Chaves. 2013. More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Key Finding from the 2012 General Social Survey. Berkeley, CA: Institute for the Study of Societal Issues. Retrieved (
• Jones, Robert P., Daniel Cox, and Juhem Navarro-Rivera. 2013. 2013 Hispanic Value Survey: How Shifting Religious Identities and Experiences are Influencing Hispanic Approaches to Politics. Washington DC. Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved (
• Kaufmann, Eric. 2008. Human Development and the Demography of Secularization in Global Perspective. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 4(1).
• Kaufmann, Eric, Anne Goujon, and Vegard Skirbekk. 2011. The End of Secularization in Europe?: A Socio-Demographic Perspective. Sociology of Religion.
• Kosmin, Barry A., Ariela Keysar, Ryan T. Cragun, and Juhem Navarro-Rivera. 2009. American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population. Hartford, CT: Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture.
• Lugo, Luis, Alan Cooperman, Cary Funk, and Gregory A. Smith. 2012. Nones on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation. Washington, D.C.: The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Retrieved June 3, 2013 (
• McAllister, Ian. 1988. Religious Change and Secularization: The Transmission of Religious Values in Australia. Sociological Analysis 49(3):249-63.
• Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. 2004. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge University Press.
• Pew Research Center. 2015. The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050: Why Muslims Are Rising Fastest and the Unaffiliated Are Shrinking as a Share of the World’s Population. Washington DC.
• Sherkat, Darren. 2014. Changing Faith: The Dynamics and Consequences of Americans’ Shifting Religious Identities. New York: NYU Press.
• Sherkat, Darren E. 2008. “Beyond Belief: Atheism, Agnosticism, and Theistic Certainty in the United States.” Sociological Spectrum 28(5):438–59.
• Skirbekk, Vegard, Eric Kaufmann, and Anne Goujon. 2010. Secularism, Fundamentalism, or Catholicism? The Religious Composition of the United States to 2043. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 49(2):293-310.
• Stark, Rodney and Charles Y. Glock. 1968. American Piety. Berkeley: University of California Press.
[1] These figures come from GSS data. The American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) data gives roughly the same figures with US nones comprising 8.2% of the population in 1990, 14.1% in 2001 and 15.0% in 2008.
[2] Regression results available upon request.
[3] The simple setup of our model is recommended for reasons beyond tractability and ease-of-use. Many of the factors included in more complicated models may cancel out one another. For example, our model does not include immigration measures or birth rates within different religions. Though these may be important determinants of religious affiliation on their own, it is interesting to note that the percentage of nonreligious legal immigrants in 2003 (and legal immigrants are more likely than illegals to respond to religion surveys) was 16.8%, similar to the resident percentage of 17% that year. In addition, birth rates typically decline for all groups as incomes rise and higher income is associated with lower levels of religiosity.
[4] The positive impact of the leaving rate (conversion rate) for nonreligion (religion) is proven through the partial derivative of the function with respect to s12 (s21),
The negative impact of the conversion rate (leaving rate) for nonreligion (religion) is proven in the same manner.
[5] Each final share can also be viewed as positively related to that group’s retention rate, shown for nonreligion (religion) by substituting s21 = 1 – s11 (s12 = 1 – s22) into final share for 2a (2b).
[6] This is shown mathematically by taking the limit of 2a and 2b as t goes to infinity:
[7] The gap adjustment is always less than one and positive for all reasonable parameter values; i.e., 0 < (1 – s12s21) < 1.
[8] These questions from the GSS form the standard survey data to project religious trends and affiliation as used in Hout, Greeley, and Wilde (2001), Sherkat (2008), and Skirbekk et al. (2010) among others.
[9] Variants of this equation include
and give similar values.
[10] These results are similar to those of Sherkat (2008), and Skirbekk et al. (2010). Sherkat shows nonreligious retention rising for both sample periods and cohorts. The retention rate of the nonreligious rose from 35.8% in the 1973-82 sample (a yearly loss of 9.8% over 10 years) to 43.8% in the 1983-1990 sample (a yearly loss of 9.8% over 8 years), and up to 54.5% in the 1991-98 sample (a yearly loss of 7.3% over 8 years). This comports with the 55.9% retention provided in Skirbekk et al. (2010) for 2000-2006 GSS data (a yearly loss of 8.0% over 7 years). Examining cohorts shows retention rates of 25.1% for those born between 1925-43 to 43.4% for the 1944-55 cohort, to 64.0% for the 1956-80 cohort (though the last cohort is younger and thus has had less time to switch) (Sherkat, Table 1, 2008). Those raised nonreligious rose from 3.2% of market share in the 1973-82 sample (switching raised it to 7.3% of the market) to 3.9% in the 1983-1990 sample (switching raised it to 7.7% of the market) to 5.0% in 1991-98 sample (switching raised it to 10% of the market).
[11] One cannot use (nonreligioust / nonreligoust-1) because this would often lead to proportions exceeding 1 because sample sizes change each year. To counter this, previous year converts are netted out. Variants of this ratio were also tried including [(nonreligoust - convertst)/ nonreligioust-1] and [(nonreligioust-1 - convertst-1)/ nonreligioust-1] and each gave a similar value.
[12] Aggregation conditions requiring s11 + s21 = 1 indicate the percentage of last period’s nonreligious that converted, s21, must be 1 – s11. These conditions imply s21 = 0.825 and 0.93 over the 40-year and 20-year periods, respectively.
[13] This is an arithmetic average, not geometric average.
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How to Write NetWare Loadable Modules (NLMs) as Dynamic Libraries
Articles and Tips: article
Russell Bateman
Senior Software Engineer
Server Library Development
Novell, Inc.
01 May 2003
This AppNote discusses how to write NetWare Loadable Modules (NLMs) that serve as dynamic libraries.
library development, NLM development, kernel and low-level code, DLLs
NetWare 5.x and 6.x
Prerequisite Skills
familiarity with NLM programming
Operating System
NetWare 5 and above
NDK-NLM and NetWare Libraries for C
Sample Code
There are three traditional veins of NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) writing: (1) low-level kernel extensions such as drivers, protocol stacks, namespaces, and so on; (2) applications; and (3) libraries. Of the three, libraries have been the most vague and contradicted topic of discussion over the 14-year history of NLM writing. This is the topic addressed by this AppNote.
What differentiates a library from another sort of code on NetWare? First and foremost, a library is any NLM that exports entry points for use by others. Second, a library is an NLM that has no active threads. Many NLM libraries on NetWare are actually a hybrid of an application or service and a library, because they have active threads in addition to exporting entry points. This "unfortunate" circumstance can arise due to necessity, bad architecture, or naivety on the part of the programmer. I can do nothing about the first reason, but I hope to help you do something about the second and overcome the third.
History of NLM Library Writing
NLMs have been around for about 14 years-long enough to have established a solid base of traditional practices regarding how to write them. Any discussion of NLM technology should be prefixed with a nod to history and tradition. This provides a basis for communicating any deviation from existing practice to make the discussion clearer.
How Libraries Were Written
In the early days of writing application NLMs, there were two approaches that were loosely determined by whether or not one wrote to CLib (and linked CLib's prelude object). Applications that wrote directly to the NetWare operating system could not practically have a main and therefore had to handle all their own start-up, shut-down, and other problems solved by linking CLib's prelude object.
Writing to CLib was easier and more closely resembled the coding process on other platforms, so it quickly became the officially-approved way of writing an application NLM. However, because developers and support personnel alike better understood writing to CLib, it also became the way to write NLM libraries-which, in retrospect, may not have been the best thing. As a result, today there are multitudes of CLib-based libraries that are obsolete in the modern world of mulithreading, multiprocessing, and LibC.
Writing a library outside of the CLib world was a fairly simple task-after all, CLib itself was not a CLib NLM. One might initially reject this as an absurd statement, but note that by contrast, LibC is a LibC NLM, for a number of reasons. Since all a basic library has to do is start itself up and get some initializations, resorting to CLib for help in doing that was a little like cracking a walnut with a sledgehammer when a simple nutcracker would have sufficed. True, if the NLM's command line was to be complicated, CLib simplified it into argc and argv. However, initialization of resources (including allocation of memory) could be easily done without CLib's help, for calling AllocSleepOK is scarcely more difficult than malloc.
It is not my intent here to criticize the use of CLib historically for writing libraries. It follows that these remarks must lead to something useful. So, let's see what a non-CLib library would look like.
A Simple Non-CLib Library. The sample library NLM code shown below, which makes use of memset, assumes that CLib is loaded. I could have chosen to use some of the functions available to driver writers (for drivers that loaded without ensuring that CLib was loaded) such as CMovW and CSetB, but I'm choosing to use standard functions so I don't have to explain the others. (It was a mistake not to support string.h interfaces at the lowest levels of the operating system in the first place.) I'm also choosing to use modern LibC headers, like netware.h, though equivalents existed or could have been easily manufactured back in those days.
#include <string.h>
#include <netware.h>
int this;
long that;
void *theotherthing;
} gLibGlobals;
void *gNLMHandle; // module handle
rtag_t gAllocRTag; // for calling AllocSleepOK later on
int _StartProcedure // called by NetWare Loader
void *handle,
const char *commandline,
gNLMHandle = handle
gAllocRTag = AllocateResourceTag(handle, "Foolib's own memory",
if (!gAllocRTag) // (very unlikely error)
return -1;
memset(gLibGlobals, 0, sizeof(gLibGlobals));
return 0;
By returning 0, this code tells the NetWare Loader that everything was successful and that it should remain loaded. Since no new thread is started, everything else in the NLM-whether it calls into CLib or just into the OS-is "dead" code.
And this is precisely my point. A library NLM is primarily "dead" code offered to other NLMs for their use, just as if that code were their own. Of course, this example is an extremely primitive library, but it helps illustrate the core of what a library is. It will also serve to demonstrate my next point about the excess initialization and code baggage that is introduced when one tries to write a CLib-based library.
A CLib Library. When using CLib to write a library, you end up creating a great deal of superfluous initializations and resource baggage incidental to linking CLib's prelude object just to set up the call to main. Most of what is done- creating screens, setting up standard consoles (such as stdin, stdout, and stderr) and much else-is entirely or mostly wasted effort in the case of a library. In addition, main runs on a new thread that will bring the library down as soon as it runs off main's right brace. Thus attention must be paid to keeping the library NLM up and running.
Here is the previous simple NLM code in CLib terms:
#include <string.h>
#include <nwadv.h>
#include <nwthread.h>
int this;
long that;
void *theotherthing;
} gLibGlobals;
rtag_t gAllocRTag; // for calling AllocSleepOK later on
int main
int argc,
char *argv[]
memset(gLibGlobals, 0, sizeof(gLibGlobals));
gAllocRTag = AllocateResourceTag(GetNLMHandle(),
"foolib's own memory", AllocSignature);
if (!gAllocRTag)
return -1;
ExitThread(TSR_THREAD, 0);
return 0;
While this code accomplishes the same thing as the previous example, there are problems with it. As already discussed, there is a lot of useless baggage set up for the library that it will never use and that may get it (or the developer) confused and/or into trouble. Second, the reason for using CLib in the first place was to gain access to "CLib-isms" that would help me write using standard functions in place of NetWare-isms. But in the end, I still have to use AllocSleepOK instead of malloc if I want the library to own that memory. So linking with CLib's prelude object doesn't really get me very far.
Even though this example is somewhat simplistic, it is nevertheless an accurate microcosm of the world of problems facing library NLMs which will be discussed at length in this AppNote.
The Problem of Resource Ownership. One of the most challenging phenomena in library writing is sorting out the problem of resource ownership. What a library developer must keep foremost in mind is that when the library references, for example, malloc in its code, it isn't the library calling it, but the library's client. The memory resource coming back is debited against the client and doesn't belong to the library itself. To make its own memory allocation (except from main when it is starting up), the library has no other recourse than to call AllocSleepOK (exactly what my non-CLib example has to do).
Probably the single most frequent mistake among library developers is failing to understand this distinction. When I discuss a problem with a library developer, I make a personal point of not saying that the library calls CLib for this or that, but insist on saying that the "calling thread" makes a call to this or that interface in CLib or LibC. That way, the developer gets a clearer idea of what is going on and often immediately understands the problem that led to the consultation in the first place. So, let's make this a sort of maxim:
It is not the library calling the interfaces referenced in its code, but the library's client. And it is that client, not the library itself, that owns any resources allocated as a result of calling into the library.
Modern Library Writing
Modern NLM library writing divides into three broad classes, including the first two already discussed:
• System library NLMs that don't link CLib's prelude
• Library NLMs that do link CLib's prelude
• A new type of library NLM that links LibC's prelude
As discussed in a previous AppNote (see "How to Write Start-up Code for NLMs" at, LibC's prelude isn't as primitive as CLib's. It supports a broad spectrum of NLM writing including all possible library types. And because LibC's prelude can load earlier even than system volume mount, it works well for almost all NLMs.
Linking LibC's prelude results in support for a new classification of three different approaches to library writing:
• Coding a main. LibC can discover at run-time whether an NLM has a main function and, if so, creates a new thread to run it. Like the CLib-based method already described, it is possible to perform initialization from main and then park the main thread on a semaphore so that it doesn't run off of main and drop the NLM. (LibC doesn't have an equivalent to ExitThread with its TSR_THREAD flag.) While this still isn't the right way to write a library NLM, it could be a backward-compatibility solution for a quick port to LibC of an existing CLib-based library.
• Coding a _NonAppStart. This is the preferable method (unless DllMain is coded). For primitive (simple) libraries, this is the easiest, most versatile, and most NetWare-like method and is thus perfect for auto-loaded libraries. However, it suffers from an inability to manage the phenomenon of thread attach and detach, and it falls down in the area of process detach. (These problems are discussed in more detail later.)
• Coding a DllMain. This most modern method is possible starting with the installation of or upgrade to NetWare 5 Service Pack 6, NetWare 6 Service Pack 3, or NetWare 6.5 (code-named Nakoma). The jury is still out on how well this method works, because few have used it beyond Novell's internal testing. It was created to help ports from Windows and solve certain problems whose solution, on other platforms, is arrived at through a more rigid library architecture-problems of process and thread attach/detach that _NonAppStart cannot solve.
How Libraries Are Consumed
Traditionally, auto-loading and linked-symbol dependence form the method by which application NLMs consume entry points (and, on rare occasion, data) from a library. An application NLM is linked with an auto-load dependency against a library, foolib.nlm, thus:
MODULE foolib.nlm # module to load to resolve symbols
IMPORT @foolib.imp # list of imported interfaces
This assumes the standard practice of a library developer publishing an import file containing a list of symbols exported by the library for use in other NLMs. Typically, the name is identical to the library's filename, but with the extension IMP for "import file" in place of NLM.
Upon loading the application, the NetWare Loader "auto-loads" the library NLM because of the MODULE directive to the linker. This means that, before the application's start-up code is executed (which may depend on symbols supplied by the library), the library NLM is loaded. If the library NLM isn't there or it fails to initialize successfully and cannot stay up, the Loader drops the application NLM with an appropriate error message on the system console-usually it says something about missing symbols.
An auto-load library can also be linked with the auto-unload flag such that, as soon as both the auto-loading application and any subsequent consumer NLMs are gone, it unloads quietly to save precious system resources. This flag is linked into a library NLM thus:
FLAG_ON 0x00000040 # unload me if I'm not needed
(For Watcom's wlink.exe, this directive is NLMFlags.)
This is also important for unloading protected address spaces with libraries in them: they won't come down all the way down unless the libraries and other NLMs are gone. It is the NetWare Loader that senses this optimization and enacts it as a policy without conscious effort on the part of the library other than the link flag.
Lately, LibC has offered new interfaces to aid in the porting of applications and libraries from other platforms. These are summed up by the header dlfcn.h and, more recently, windows.h. The functionality is simple:
• Call dlopen with the path to the desired library.
• Call dlsym for each symbol to be consumed.
• Call dlclose once finished.
While this is not optimal functionality, Open Source porting has imposed the existence of such interfaces on Novell, which ever seeks to make NetWare a better target for applications. The reason is simple and has to do with Pentium processor optimizations. Calling functions through pointers can have a devastating effect on the branch prediction table, causing at least a 40 clock loss in some cases. However, offering this mechanism greatly facilitates porting. (For more details, see "Scheme for Optimizing Calls to Functions through Pointers on Pentium Processors" at
The windows.h solution is similar, using LoadLibrary and FreeLibrary. In fact, these two functions are little more than calls to dlopen and dlclose in LibC. There is no equivalent to dlsym.
Note: Although it has little to do with library writing, it is useful to keep in mind that most interfaces offered by LibC discussed here (such as dlopen) are perfectly consumable by CLib applications.
Using the Watcom Compiler to Build a Library
Here's a quick section on using the Watcom 386 C/C++ 11.0x environment for building a library. There are still a few programmers inside Novell who use this environment. While it is impossible to write C++ code to LibC in this environment, it is possible to write C code as long as the statically linked library (libc3s.lib) isn't included. Note that these remarks apply only to Watcom 11. OpenWatcom does not suffer from these problems.
If you use the older Watcom, prefixing becomes a concern. LibC has solved the backward-compatibility problem by providing libc.wmp and libc.ali, which get around wlink.exe's inability to handle prefixing. wlink.exe's ability to alias symbols makes this possible. If you want to support Watcom-built clients (as LibC does), you must take care of this problem for your library by providing similar files. With the existence of OpenWatcom, there is scarely any need to do so.
If you are building a library yourself using old Watcom instead of CodeWarrior, you will not be able to prefix your symbols. Yet Novell recommends that everyone prefix their symbols, which leads to a problem of orthogonality. However, if your library is proprietary (in the sense that your symbols are consumed internally to your applications and not generally available to third parties), and you auto-load and consume these symbols via the linker rather than the dlfcn.h interfaces, then there is no problem here.
You should avoid exporting symbols from your library that clash with industry-standard names like strcpy, getopt, mmap, iconv_open, and so on, without prefixing them. LibC reserves the right to export these symbols either naked or prefixed with LIBC@). If you want to find out more about producing compatible .WMP and .ALI files for use in place of the normal import file by your Watcom down-streamers, contact Novell Developer Support by way of the LibC newsgroup.
The Elements of a Well-Written NLM Library
Outside its actual utility, the elements of a well-written NLM library are:
• Initialization
• Interface signatures and prefixing
• Insulation against cross-contamination of client instance data
• Data instancing
• Attach and detach mechanisms and safeguards
• Kernel and protected address space support
The last three are actually the same thing-ways of guarding data integrity in the rough and tumble world of multi-client and multithread support. The best safeguard against the challenge of data instancing and problems of cross-contamination is to code a library that makes no use of per-process or per-thread data such as a library full of interfaces like strcpy. However, the vast majority of NLM libraries must rely on per-process (application) data and many also need to distinguish between calls from different threads of a same client.
Initialization is simple enough as long as required data and other resources are not extensive. In _NonAppStart or DllMain, calls to zero out data, read in tables, and allocate and initialize blocks of memory can be done in an ordered fashion. Any necessary reversal of this process is done in _NonAppStop or DllMain. When such data is complicated, very extensive, or telescopic in that it isn't allocated, set up, or initialized except as needed, that presents a problem. Unless the library has its own threads (which it normally should avoid), you must take special care to ensure library ownership of the resource thus allocated, set up, or initialized.
A library cannot allow itself to be called by an application, realize that a table is needed that hasn't been allocated and initialized, allocate it, and then set it up if that table isn't to belong to the calling application-unless all resource allocation entailed by the operation is done using functions to which the library can pass its own resource tag. Since malloc doesn't have a resource tag argument, a call to it will result in the memory allocated belonging to the caller instead of the library. Remember, the client application is the caller, not the library itself.
There are no easy solutions to this problem. For memory allocations, you can use library_malloc instead or a call directly to AllocSleepOK. But for synchronization primitives, there are no calls that will ensure that a mutex, for instance, gets attributed to the library instead of the NLM of the calling thread.
The best solution can be found in library design. Make certain you know of all such resources. Allocate them up front (in _NonAppStart or DllMain) while you have context to do so. The term "context" refers to the fact that when a module calls into CLib or LibC, these runtime libraries know just who that module is, so, if at start-up it runs on its own context, as it does from _NonAppStart, anything it does will belong to your library. However, if the code later makes calls (to malloc or to NXMutexAlloc), then any resources consumed will belong to the NLM that owns the thread that makes the call (which is not your library).
Another way around this problem, when design cannot solve it, is to create wrappered call-backs for use by the library itself. Wrappering a call-back using NXWRAP_INTERFACE as part of the start-up sequence for later calling in the library itself (but executing on a client's thread) will ensure proper resource attribution.
An issue that goes hand-in-hand with initialization is clean-up. As all NetWare developers know, NetWare complains bitterly about missing resources, especially allocated memory.
Interface Signatures and Prefixing
When designing your library's exported consumables, whether functions or data, choose appropriate names that help make what your library offers an intact set of interfaces. Often, the names are imposed on you, such as the myriad standard calls in LibC. Whatever you choose to name them, ensure that you prefix them with the name of your library in uppercase. This is the only way to ensure against symbol collision in the flat NetWare symbol namespace and ensure that they can be found by consuming NLM applications calling dlsym.
The export list your library is linked with should look like this (incidentally, so should the import file you distribute to others who consume your symbols):
EXPORT (FOOLIB) foo, bar, foobar, morefoo
This results in symbols FOOLIB@foo, FOOLIB@bar, and so on. When other NLMs call foo (in their code, for example), of course they don't add the prefix to their C code. Linking with your import file will cause the linker to generate a call to FOOLIB@foo and so on, instead of merely foo. This means two libraries could export the same symbol without colliding in the flat NetWare symbol namespace.
If you dynamically export symbols at run-time, you should also prefix them as follows:
ExportPublicObject(gNLMHandle, "FOOLIB@foo");
The reason to do all of this exactly as described here-which may be different from how you have done it in the past-is that dlsym cannot magically find the string symbols it is looking for (that is, devoid of their prefix) unless it can calculate the prefix. This calculation is done by dlopen for symbols got on the handle it passes back.
Insulation Against Data Contamination
In your design, take care that resources obtained for one thread are not consumed by or made available to any other thread-at least any other thread that does not belong to the application owning the thread on which they were set up. Stack-sharing would be the most egregious example of this catastrophic practice. You should already understand why this is bad, even if you are new to NLM library writing.
Data Instancing
Data instancing is probably the most difficult aspect in NLM programming. It is in writing NLM libraries that all data instancing problems are encountered in their worst forms.
Application Data. LibC exports a number of interfaces specially set up to help you handle problems of data instancing at the NLM or process level. The most important of these interfaces are get_app_data and set_app_data. As will be shown in my examples, these functions permit you to do the following:
• Determine, in the context of any calling thread, whether that thread's application has ever called your module before (get_app_data)
• Get the block of allocated data for it if it has already been set up (ibid)
• Set up a block of data, initialize it and establish it (set_app_data) for the application
Once established, the data will be there the next time any thread from that NLM calls your library. The destructor for this data is established when you call register_library, or register_destructor from DllMain.
If what I've described were really that simple, the application level would be simply and effectively handled. The problem that arises on NetWare is that, by reason of registered call-backs, a calling thread doesn't always have enough contextual identification to ensure that get_app_data can accurately identify the caller. It may decide that the caller has never called before. The solution to this is for your clients to wrapper their call-backs, as discussed in NKS. This is a problem not only for third-party libraries, but for LibC as well. Correctly wrappering all call-backs using the interfaces in nks/netware.h solves the remaining problem of application data instancing.
While this is not something library code need concern itself with, it is useful to describe call-back wrappering because it occurs in application code. Call-back wrappering is accomplished using macros in nks/netware.h. Here is an example:
#include <nks/netware.h>
void *gCBFRef = (void *) NULL;
static int CallBackFunc( int arg1, double arg2 );
static int CallBackFunc( int arg1, double arg2 )
// do stuff here after getting called back by whatever service
// you've registered with including a library
// ...
return 0;
void InitializeFunction( void )
int err;
// wrap the call-back...
err = NX_WRAP_INTERFACE(CallBackFunc, 3, &gCBFRef);
// ...
void CleanUpFunction( void )
// free up the call-back wrapper
if (gCBFRef)
CallBackFunc is made static here to emphasize the fact that it isn't its address, but the wrapper's, that will be communicated to the service, library, etc. for the purpose of calling. Do not be confused by this example and discussion. Your library client does not need to do this in order to call your interfaces. It is only when the address of a function inside the application is going to be communicated to, say RegisterForEventNotification or other services, that this needs to be done. It must be done because the actual thread that will execute the call-back will not be one that belongs to the client application. In the course of the call-back, the executing thread makes use of LibC interfaces that need context like open which uses the application's open file descriptor table.
There is no way to find the application data without having put a context wrapper around the call-back. The wrapper contains code to save the application identity- a pointer to the NKS virtual machine (VM) structure-and set it as the thread's owner for the duration of call-back execution. After the call-back is through, the original VM identity is restored by the wrapper. (This is a different and slightly less intrustive way of doing what was done by CLib applications using SetThreadGroupID.)
Thread Data. Thread data takes a bit more work to handle because it cascades from application data. It is not possible to identify the thread-specific data without accurately knowing the application data. In combination with get_app_data, which gets the instance data for the application, your library can also discover whether per-thread data has been allocated, allocate it if it has not, or get a pointer to it if it has. This is done by creating a key with NXKeyCreate at the time that the application instance data is allocated and set (using set_app_data) for the calling application.
Thereafter, upon getting application data, you can use the stored-away key index to call NXKeyGetValue. At the time that the key is originally created, a destructor for the data associated with the key is registered if necessary. In my library sample code, I illustrate this point trivially by inventing a sort of errno in a structure that must be kept per-thread. Of course, what is kept per-thread by a library could be very much more complex, but in this example, only free is necessary as a destructor. There could also be no suballocation of per-thread data at all, only a scalar value kept for error reporting, but that would have been too simple for an adequate example.
Attach and Detach Mechanisms and Safeguards
In Windows, which has the most formal specification of dynamically loaded libraries (or DLLs), DllMain is a function coded by the library developer to handle several messages, including:
DllMain is called by client applications (a client application is one that calls LoadLibrary to connect to the dynamically linked library whose pathname is specified in the argument) at opportune times and asked to perform these essential tasks.
In process attach, the library has the opportunity to allocate a block of memory associated with the calling application. (I've already discussed doing this under "Application Data" above.) On Windows, this association is handled transparently because Windows libraries are not written in the kernel, but in a protected address space (also referred to as user address space). All memory allocated belongs transparently to the calling application because the Windows operating system instances the DLL for each of its clients. NetWare could do this too, if it were possible to force developers to accept to run only in the protected address space and only one NLM application in that address space. Unfortunately, this is not possible for many reasons. Consequently, writing libraries for use in a protected address space does not make the problem of managing data instancing disappear.
So, DllMain is called with DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH when LibC detects that a client application is attempting to connect with the library. LibC is able to do this if:
• The consumed library has registered itself as a library. This is done automatically for every library that codes a DllMain.
• The client explicitly requests the attachment, in the Windows way, by calling LoadLibrary or it may call dlopen which is identical.
Calling DllMain with DLL_PROCESS_DETACH is what happens when the consuming application calls FreeLibrary, dlclose, or unloads. It is an opportunity for the library to deallocate any process or NLM instance data created for its client. This may include memory, synchronization objects like mutexes, and per-thread keys.
DllMain is called with DLL_THREAD_ATTACH and DLL_THREAD_DETACH only under specific circumstances that can be easily gotten around. These messages are delivered if and only if the client application creates new threads and terminates them normally through either NKS mechanisms such as NXThreadCreate or the industry-standard thread packages built upon them, such as pthreads (pthread_create) or UNIX International (thr_create).
The ability to handle the thread and process messages in DllMain is a delicate one only recently made available by the creation of the DllMain mechanism. Libraries built around _NonAppStart, and consuming applications that auto-load libraries in the traditional way, cannot make use of these mechanisms. This is still the majority of NLMs; indeed, at the time this AppNote was written, there were no shipping libraries based on DllMain. Therefore, in addition to coding the DllMain messages, it is best to handle attach and detach in the old way rather than to rely purely on the Windows way. (This will be demonstrated later in this AppNote.) The reason is that you likely cannot force other NLMs to consume your entry points via dlopen (LoadLibrary), but if the library isn't going to be consumed by any applications outside your own, you could dispense with this complexity.
Kernel and Protected Address Space Support
If your library consumes kernel-only services, you cannot load it in a protected address space where it will not have access to those services. If the library is loaded in the kernel, then consuming applications cannot themselves be loaded into a protected address space without special modification of your library.
LibC overcomes this problem by loading both in the kernel and in a protected address space. In cases where the service being interfaced by LibC is a kernel-only one (such as managing System V semaphores and other IPC mechanisms like FIFOs that must be shared across all address spaces), it is the instance of LibC loaded in the kernel that handles all of these issues-either directly with the consuming applications, or indirectly by fronting interfaces to the instances of itself that are loaded in a protected address space.
The coding to do this is rather tricky and involved. To attempt to cover it here would greatly lengthen and confuse the subject at hand. A future AppNote will cover the issues of basic marshalling and illustrate how to write interfaces in kernel code that can be consumed from an application in the protected address space.
Tricks in Writing Dual-Mode NLMs
Dual-mode NLMs are those written to LibC that also support CLib-based clients thinking they are calling into a CLib-based library NLM. Depending on what services an NLM library wants to consume in its pursuit of purveying more sophisticated services to its down-streamers, it may be necessary to check to see what sort of NLM is calling using the get_app_type function. This function returns a bit field that contains information about what sort of NLM owns the calling thread.
Today, the possible types are:
• LIBRARY_CLIB - the calling thread was created by a CLib application via BeginThread or BeginThreadGroup
• LIBRARY_JAVA - the calling thread is obviously one created by the Java Virtual Machine
• LIBRARY_UNKNOWN - no obvious context can be identified
Using this information, it is possible to make calls into CLib instead of LibC. It is hoped that this undesirable phenomenon will not occur very often, especially since a CLib application can also consume interfaces from LibC.
As an illustration, imagine that due to inescapably poor library and client design (perhaps because a library is being ported from CLib dependence to LibC, but the application already running on it cannot be ported yet), a library must allocate a CLib semaphore and pass it back for consumption in its caller. The following code illustrates the decision to do this.
#include <library.h>
extern LONG OpenLocalSemaphore( LONG initialValue );
int dosomething( LONG *sema )
if (get_app_type() & LIBRARY_CLIB)
*sema = OpenLocalSemaphore(1);
return 0;
Writing a dual-mode library can be tricky when it comes to header file inclusion. It is best to use the LibC headers and, as I have done here for OpenLocalSema-phore, not include the CLib ones, in this case, nwsemaph.h. This is because many LibC and CLib headers have the same names, their types and data structures aren't compatible and, in the case of stdarg.h, they are totally incompatible. Functions such as vprintf in CLib cannot be consumed when LibC's stdarg.h is used to compile the call, and vice versa. Fortunately, the number of such functions is very small and the need to use them is smaller still.
The function foo in the sample code demonstrates coding a dual-mode situation and uses printf (and not vprintf!) from both libraries as its illustration.
Versioning-A Solution
It is conceivable that you could use prefixing to create a sort of interface "versioning." Versioning interfaces is desirable when their parameter lists, structure size, and so on change, creating a situation in which the version is being used cannot be divined from the call, or an inevitable page fault would result no matter how carefully the investigation is done.
One method is to use a different or numbered prefix for the new function. Existing callers are already using the basic prefix in their NLMs. If they recompile and relink, they would get new sizes, or at least compilation errors, forcing them to move up to the new version. Relinking using your import file gets them linked to the new version.
Assume a function, foobar, is getting a facelift for whatever reason in your library foolib. In your library code, when you create a new version of a function, use the old name, but export it as FOOLIB2@foobar.
Next, rename the old function in the code to foobar_old or whatever suits your fancy. When your library loads, you will use ExportPublicObject to export it dynamically under the old name which is remains FOOLIB@foobar.
ExportPublicObject(NLMHandle, "FOOLIB@foobar", foobar_old);
This is because (except for using aliasing in the Watcom linker) there is no way to export a symbol of one name (foobar_old, for example) under a different name, prefixed or not.
When your NLM loads, it will statically export the new function and, quickly upon start-up, begin exporting the old function, though renamed, under its expected name.
Your export/import file will appear thus:
EXPORT (FOOLIB) foo, bar, morefoo, (FOOLIB2) foobar
Note that this versioning solution removes the possibility of discovery via dlsym version even if the rest of your library follows the guidelines in this AppNote for conformance to dlfcn.h use.
Walk-Through of an NLM Library
This section will step you through the elements of a well-written NLM library. Then it will delve into the particular aspects of process and thread attach/detach, where the methods deviate from each other. I'll point out how a DllMain-based library can be coded in such a way as to prefer that method of consumption, but still be consumable by other, more traditional methods.
Startup and Initialization
To link my library, I need the following statements in a makefile.
START _LibCPrelude
EXIT _LibCPostlude
You see, creating a library isn't different with respect to start and exit functions from an application. It is the existence of a DllMain that makes the difference. Even if I use the _NonAppStart method of writing a library, I still use the same link statements to get LibC's help. Allowing LibC to start me up gives me full LibC context for the purposes of initialization. I can call printf or any other reasonable function from my DllMain code if I do this.
I'll show both types of start-up code to demonstrate how this is done.
_NonAppStart.The code for the _NonAppStart version of my library is listed after the DllMain sample code for purposes of comparison.
DllMain.The DllMain method is almost identical to how it would be done on Windows, but with a few differences in that there are three additional messages to handle beyond the usual ones:
• DLL_DLLMAIN_STUB. You must return TRUE for this message. This is called by LibC when it starts up your library (only if you link libcpre.o, of course) and is how LibC detects that the DllMain present is a real one and not the stub that applications or other NLMs that don't code a DllMain get from LibC itself. In other words, this is a crutch I've used to get around certain problems in the NetWare Loader. If you do not do this, your DllMain will never get called. You could use this as a trick to embed a dormant DllMain inside your library that is only used when you load it with a special switch which you would get using getcmdline, but that's left to your imagination.
• DLL_NLM_STARTUP. This is the rough equivalent to _NonAppStart. Anything you would do there, you can do here instead of coding that function separately, though it doesn't matter if you have both DllMain and _NonAppStart.
• DLL_NLM_SHUTDOWN. Similarly, this is the same thing as _NonAppStop.
DllMain Sample Code and Commentary
In this section I make specific comments on code segments and partial or incomplete code segments from the DllMain sample code. But for space reasons, I won't reproduce all of the code here.
Let's start by examining some definitions. First, here's the header that my library, foolib, will distribute to its down-stream clients.
#ifndef __foolib_h__
#define __foolib_h__
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
int foo ( const char * );
int foobar ( void );
int foobad ( void );
int morefoo( void );
int *__foo_errno( void );
#ifdef __cplusplus
#define foo_errno *foo_errno()
All the interfaces surfaced by foolib are prototyped here, plus a prototype for its errno. Reporting errors in this way is an outdated method, but here it serves to demonstrate how a library can support per-thread data.
Here are the private, internal definitions to remember.
#ifndef __private_h__
#define __private_h__
typedef struct // instance data for clients down-stream
NXKey_t appThrKey;
char appOtherdata[1];
} appdata_t;
typedef struct // thread-specific data managed for clients
int thrX; // (thrX: just so errno isn't the only...
int thrErrno; // ...per-thread data in this example)
} thrdata_t;
// library-private data...
extern int gLibId;
extern void *gModuleHandle;
extern NXMutex_t *gLibLock;
// internal library function prototypes...
int GetOrSetInstanceData ( int id, appdata_t **data, thrdata_t **thrdata );
int DisposeAppData ( appdata_t *data );
int DisposeThrData ( thrdata_t *data );
Using these, I'll be able to manage instance data no matter whether it is consumed in modern fashion, via LoadLibrary and DllMain, or in the traditional NetWare way.
Now, here is the DllMain. Ignoring the complexity of handling instance data, it looks like this.
#include <windows.h>
#include "private.h"
int DllMain
void *hinstDLL,
unsigned long fdwReason,
void *lvpReserved
switch (fdwReason)
case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH :
case DLL_THREAD_DETACH :
return TRUE;
case DLL_NLM_STARTUP :
gModuleHandle = lvpReserved;
gLibId = (int) hinstDLL;
register_destructor((int) hinstDLL, (int (*)(void *))
return TRUE;
case DLL_NLM_SHUTDOWN :
return TRUE;
return FALSE;
But this code has to do a lot more, including process and thread attach and detach-hence the code as it appeared in the _NonAppStart example presented earlier. Consumers of foolib that load/use it via LoadLibrary will get their thread attach and detach using DllMain. Those that consume it in the more traditional NetWare way will not. Support for the latter is provided by GetOrSetInstance-Data. This merits some comment, mostly to point out that this function is to be called from each exported function that needs to handle instance data. Otherwise, a thread calling in will fail to do what it is supposed to do.
The remaining detail to discuss was just alluded to. I'm not proposing to create an useful library here, but if I have a function that's going to consume instance data, I must, as I have already said, set up pointers to the data appropriate to the calling thread (which also implies an NLM or application). In this case, I'm going to use an errno-type, per-thread variable-even though hardly anyone creates interfaces in this way anymore, it's a good illustration of per-thread data use. Be sure to read the additional comments in the source code on how to protect yourself in case of failure to get instance data.
int foobar( void )
int err;
appdata_t *data;
if (err = GetOrSetInstanceData(gLibId, &data, (thrdata_t **) NULL))
foo_errno = err;
return -1;
// do stuff that foobar must do as a library function...
return 0;
int *__foo_errno( void )
thrdata_t *data;
static int MINUS_ONE = (-1);
** This library errno is implemented here only to show how a library might
** make use of one key in the calling application to use to store any thread-
** specific data that might be needed, like an errno.
return (GetOrSetInstanceData(gLibId, (appdata_t **) NULL, &data))
? &MINUS_ONE
: &data->thrErrno;
_NonAppStart Sample Code
Here is the _NonAppStart version of the above code. Note the comments about not managing instance data. If you want to have a check-unload procedure (one that is called by the NetWare Loader before your NLM is to be brought down-something you can prevent using this procedure), be sure to add the following line to your linker directives:
CHECK _LibCCheckUnload
and your check-unload function is called _NonAppCheckUnload.
For more information about check-unload procedures, refer to "How to Write Start-up Code for NLMs" in the August 2002 issue of AppNotes at The relevant section starts on page 89 in the hard copy.
** This is only an example of how to do library start-up and shut-down
** without DllMain().
#include <screen.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <library.h>
#include <netware.h>
#include <nks/synch.h>
#include "private.h"
** This lock protects me from attempting to allocate application data on
** more than one thread at once for the same NLM. I don't need it to govern
** per-thread allocations since they are only done for the calling thread
** by the calling thread. This lock will tend to convoy application instance
** data creation, so if performance takes a hit because of lots of client
** applications hitting it, I'll need to think up a better solution.
NXMutex_t *gLibLock = (NXMutex_t *) NULL;
int gLibId = -1;
void *gModuleHandle = (void *) NULL;
NX_LOCK_INFO_ALLOC(gLibLockInfo, "Per-application Data Lock", 0);
int _NonAppStart
void *NLMHandle,
void *errorScreen,
const char *commandLine,
const char *loadDirPath,
size_t uninitializedDataLength,
void *NLMFileHandle,
int (*readRoutineP)( int conn, void *fileHandle,
size_t offset, size_t nbytes,
size_t *bytesRead, void *buffer ),
size_t customDataOffset,
size_t customDataSize,
int messageCount,
const char **messages
int err;
#pragma unused(commandLine,loadDirPath,uninitializedDataLength)
#pragma unused(NLMFileHandle,readRoutineP)
#pragma unused(customDataOffset,customDataSize)
#pragma unused(messageCount,messages)
/* F R O M N L M S T A R T - U P . . .
** This is not the right environment to allocate application-specific instance
** data because the module is not being called by either the auto-loading
** consumer or by the one calling LoadLibrary() or dlopen(). Even if one of those
** two is the reason it's loading, this particular call is from the NetWare
** Loader putting it in memory and allowing it a chance to initialize.
gLibLock = NXMutexAlloc(0, 0, &gLibLockInfo);
if (!gLibLock) // this will rightly keep it from loading!
OutputToScreen(errorScreen, "Unable to allocate library data lock.\n");
return -1;
gLibId = register_library((int (*)(void *)) DisposeAppData);
gModuleHandle = NLMHandle;
return 0;
void _NonAppStop( void )
/* F R O M N L M S H U T - D O W N . . .
** This case occurs at extreme shut-down (under the control of the NetWare
** Loader) because the module is autounloading, is no longer needed, and has its
** autounload flag set either with the linker or by calling SetAutoUnloadFlag(),
** or being hard-unloaded.
** If this is a case of being unloaded after traditional NLM use, this module
** isn't able to clean up its consumer's instance data now because it doesn't
** have any relationship to it. That's not a problem: the consumer cleaned it up
** by reason of the module having registered its destructor in the first place.
int _NonAppCheckUnload( void )
// it's okay with being unloaded...
return 0;
This AppNote has provided some discussion and recommendations for writing NLMs as dynamic libraries. You are encouraged to download the source code and study it in its entirety. It is available to download from Feel free to consume this code in any way you see fit for writing your own NLM library.
The following links are to newsgroups where you can get suggestions and help for problems you encounter:
• LibC: news://
• CLib: news://
* Originally published in Novell AppNotes
© Copyright Micro Focus or one of its affiliates |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21217 | Automatic subs or lower impact of them
19/06/17 21:28
The effect of subs is outrageous and need to be looked at if a decent team is within 2 lvls of you it is an almost guaranteed loss if you are not online and they make subs. This has to be addressed. Best way would probably be automatic subs
20/06/17 11:24
I sort of agree. But as has been pointed out before there has to be some advantage to being online.
I would favour a preprogrammed 2-3 subs as a half way house. That way it still gives advantage to those who are online but doesn't mean you get completely battered if you can't be there for the game.
20/06/17 12:09
I totally disagree. If no "coaches" are at the game to inform the officials they want to make substitutions then substitutions can not be made as in the real game. If it is an important game, either make sure you are online at the time or at least put on a decent defensive strategy if the timing is not going to be convenient for you.
I don't mind if a team does that to me and catches me off guard. Kudos to them.
20/06/17 13:46
I agree with Allan, there needs to be benefits to be online. And remember, my championship matches are at 3-4 am for me so I am never online for them. But rewarding online players is critical for games.
22/06/17 12:55
I would also add as a final note that there is a fair bit of skill involved in making the "right" substitutions at the "right" time. For example, depending on the individual strategy settings of your sub, bring them on too early and they could get injured. Bring them on too late and they may make no difference. Identify a player with particular stats & strats that is not performing well and you can substitute for another. So I reiterate what I said before and concur with BM that being online should be rewarded.
22/06/17 13:08
I agree with Allan being online should be rewarded and I'm from nz so my games are generally at times that I'm not online so it comes down to do I have a good enough strategy
22/06/17 15:23
I think my favorite part of that issue is that the developers have been provided times that would work for three most common time areas, it would be an easy easy fix, and still it's not being done. This is definitely a euro centric game and I think they are missing out on some significant earning potential if they could maintain the ability of Europeans to be online and also the islands (big and small) and lastly the americas. (I'm an American so don't accuse me being against the Americas or some other absurd statement)
23/06/17 02:39
I like the idea of auto subs, the online team would still have a decent advantage with spacings and aggression settings. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21237 | Top Rails Quotes
Browse top 173 famous quotes and sayings about Rails by most favorite authors.
Favorite Rails Quotes
Author: Alexander Jablokov
Author: Anatole Broyard
3. "There are many trails up the mountain, but in time they all reach the top."
Author: Anya Seton
4. "I'd heard theories. Destruction of forests had altered pressure zones. Global warming made for stronger storms. Chemtrails indicated government manipulation of the weather. God punished the family and neighbors of idolaters."
Author: Carl John X. Veraja
Author: Catherynne M. Valente
6. "Coming from having absolutely nothing to having a few grand in the bank, it was a big culture leap. I think that's why I went off the rails a bit really, 'cause there was no training for it. They didn't do fame in schools."
Author: Craig Charles
7. "When my sons told me about what they'd found, I went to the priests of Belar and had them examine the auguries. This is the year to go. The ice up there won't be as thick again for years and years. Then they cast my own auguries, and from what they say, this could be the most fortunate year in my whole life.""Do you actually believe that superstitious nonsense?" I demanded. "Are you so gullible that you think that somebody can foretell the future by fondling a pile of sheep guts?"He looked a little injured. "This was important, Belgarath. I certainly wouldn't trust sheep's entrails for something like this.""I'm glad to hear that.""We used a horse instead. Horse guts never lie."
Author: David Eddings
8. "It's fun to be a little bit different in the world, to make a few new trails of your own."
Author: Dennis Weaver
9. "He remembered having said to his uncle (with a solemn dogmatism better befitting a much younger man): "Surely it is possible to love with the head as well as the heart." Mr. Delagardie had replied, somewhat drily: "No doubt; so long as you do not end by thinking with your entrails instead of your brain."
Author: Dorothy L. Sayers
Author: Edward Abbey
Author: Edward Abbey
Author: Edwin Way Teale
13. "I want you both." I said quietly, not caring that my cheeks had grown warmer. "I have for a while.""If we try this—" Tyler took a deep breath. "And it doesn't feel right—""We'll stop." Kacey promised as he slid his hand beneath my halter neck and began caressing my skin. "You say it baby, and we'll stop and forget all about it."My stomach flipped at the feel of his fingers circling my navel. "And if I don't want to stop?"An unreadable look crossed Tyler's face and my heart skipped as Kacey moved behind me. The warmth of his body seeped into my back, while his fingers painted trails of heat across my abdomen and along my ribs."Then what happens in Silver Creek, stays in Silver Creek. Unless you decide otherwise." Kacey pressed his lips to my ear. A shiver ran down my neck and spine. "Does that sound fair?"
Author: Elizabeth Morgan
14. "I'll flay Tigerstar! I'll scatter his entrails from here to Twolegplace!-Cloudtail"
Author: Erin Hunter
Author: Fernando Pessoa
16. "What is it that I especially find utterly unendurable? That I cannot cope with, that makes me choke and faint? Bad air! Bad air! The approach of some ill-constituted thing; that I have to smell the entrails of some ill-constituted soul!"
Author: Friedrich Nietzsche
17. "The unnatural beast plummeted to the ground, vainly attempting to keep his entrails in and put out the fire that covered him. Morfyd spewed another spell at the retreating form and Hefaidd-Hen burst into pieces.Fearghus glanced at his sister. "That was a bit much, don't you think?"She gave an innocent shrug. "I like to be certain."
Author: G.A. Aiken
18. "Dictators cause the world's worst problems: all the collapsed states, and all the devastated economies. All the vapid cases of corruption, grand theft, and naked plunder of the treasury are caused by dictators, leaving in their wake trails of wanton destruction, horrendous carnage and human debris."
Author: George Ayittey
Author: Haruki Murakami
20. "Death was a rodent that ate its way inch by inch through your entrails, chewed at your liver and stomach, severed tendon from organ, until finally, when you were along in the dark, it sat gorged and sleek next to your head, its eyes resting, its wet muzzle like a kiss, a promise whispered in your ear."
Author: James Lee Burke
21. "When I was 20, my mother died and I went off the rails a little bit. I kinda had my slightly dark period."
Author: James McCartney
22. "There exist concretely alarm clocks, signboards, tax forms, policemen, so many guard rails against anguish. But as soon as the enterprise is held at a distance from me, as soon as I am referred to myself because I must await myself in the future, then I discover myself suddenly as the one who gives its meaning to the alarm clock, the one who by a signboard forbids himself to walk on a flower bed or on the lawn, the one from whom the boss's order borrows its urgency, the one who decides the interest of the book which he is writing, the one who finally makes the values exist in order to determine his action by their demands. I emerge alone and in anguish confronting the unique and original project which constitutes my being; all the barriers, all the guard rails collapse, nihilated by the consciousness of my freedom."
Author: Jean Paul Sartre
23. "I sigh. "But if you'd talked to Jules—if she could hear you . . ." My voice trails off."Then you wouldn't feel quite so crazy?" Oliver asks gently. "Can't you believe in me, if I believe in you?"
Author: Jodi Picoult
24. "Once I blazed across the sky,Leaving trails of flame;I fell to earth, and here I lie -Who'll help me up again?-A Shooting Star"
Author: Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
25. "I don't want to crawl over the entrails of past disputes."
Author: John Bercow
26. "I loved her for so long. Our past trails behind us like a comet's tail, the future stretched out before us like the universe. Things happen. People get lost and love breaks."
Author: Jonathan Tropper
27. "It's a slow sultry song. She opens her mouth and what comes out can only be described as dripping with sex. The climax of the song comes and the college boys are cat calling her but she doesn't seem to notice at all. She's completely in the song, eyes half mast, a slight smile on her lips, and hips methodically rolling to the beat. She's pure sex and every male in the bar is thinking the same thing I am. What would she be like in my bed. She absent mindedly trails her hand from her collarbone down between her breasts to her belly. It's the hottest thing I've ever seen. My jeans instantly get too tight in the crotch and I adjust myself discreetly while everyone's eyes are still on her."
Author: K. Larsen
28. "Nal had begun to sense that his life had jumped the rails—and then right at his nadir, he'd agreed to an "avant" haircut performed by Cousin Steve."
Author: Karen Russell
29. "It just wasn't supposed to end like this." She looks at me with red-rimmed eyes and yellow skin. Colors should be a good thing, but now, they're marks, omens of bad tidings. "I was supposed to grow up, go to college, get a job," she continues in that gut-clenching croak. "Meet my dream guy, marry, have k-kids. You were going to live next door and we would grow old in the same nursing home. Chuck oatmeal at each other and watch soap operas all day in our rocking chairs. That was my daydream. My perfect life. I don't want to keep asking myself why until the end, but … " A lone tear trails down her sunken cheek. This time I don't reach out to wipe the water away; I let it go. Down, down, until it drips off the side of her jaw. This is humanity. This is life and death in one room."
Author: Kelsey Sutton
Author: Kim Cormack
Author: Louis L'Amour
32. "Toad must have been very accustomed to traveling this way, balanced on the back rails of a rushing buggy, but Melena was not. She gripped the sides and white-knuckled the rails with her knapsack sandwiched between her knees. Hazel was clamped onto the roof, grinning like an alligator in the sun. And Toad lounged like a cat."
Author: M.L. LeGette
33. "He had the same empty confusion in his eyes that I saw in my mirror every morning, that odd sort of denial that only seems to come when the world decides to jump the rails without warning you first."
Author: Mira Grant
34. "A hand in her hair, wrenching back her head. "What's my name?"She scratched trails down his back. He didn't even wince. "My name, kitty. Say my name.""Mr. Mud Stick, Muddie for short," she said, even as she rubbed herself against the hard thrust of his denim-covered erection, the roughness of the fabric an exquisite sensation. She would've liked naked skin even more, but he wasn't budging."Say it, or no cock for you today."Her mouth fell open. "Fuck you.""You'll be doing that shortly."
Author: Nalini Singh
35. "Roland glares at Connor and Connor glares back. Then he says what he always says at moments like this."Nice socks."Although Roland doesn't look down right away, it derails him just enough for him to back off. He doesn't check to see if his socks match until he thinks Connor isn't looking. And the moment he does, Connor snickers. Small victories are better than none."
Author: Neal Shusterman
Author: Per Petterson
37. "All those who are left legacies in my will…will obtain my bequests only on one condition, that they cut my body in pieces and eat it before the eyes of the citizens…You must merely shield your eyes, and imagine that what you have swallowed is not human entrails but ten million sesterces."
Author: Petronius
Author: Ray Bradbury
39. "... Mother Nature is punishing us, ..., for our greed and selfishness. We torture her at all hours by iron and wood, fire and stone. We dig her up and dump her in the sea. We sink mine shafts into her and drag out her entrails - and all for a jewel to wear on a pretty finer. Who can blame her if she occasionally quivers with anger?" - Pliny, Pg. 176"
Author: Robert Harris
40. "I do worry about young people in the business who have experienced a lot of success and are punted around doing those manic publicity trails, when you don't really know who you are yet."
Author: Sally Hawkins
41. "An Evening AirI go out in the grey eveningIn the air the odor of flowers and the sounds of lamentation.I go out into the hard loneliness of the barren field of grey eveningIn the air the odor of flowers and the sounds of lamentation.In the gathering darkness a long, swift train suddenly Passes me like a lighting.Hard and ponderous and loud are the wheels.As ponderous as the darkness, and as beautiful.I look on, enchanted, and listen to the sounds of lamentationIn the soft fragrant air.The long rails, grey-dark, smooth as a serpent, shiver, andA soft, low thing cries out in the distance,But the sounds are hard and heavy,In the air the odor of flowers and the sounds of lamentation."
Author: Samar Sen
42. "Yes ma'am," I said, "Anna Celeste's party is Saturday, but I don't need a ride.... No ma'am. It's because Anna Celeste is my Sworn Enemy for Life and I'd rather go face-down in a plate of raw chicken entrails than go to her party. Plus I'm not invited...."
Author: Sheila Turnage
43. "Joy, oh joy. He'd rather have his entrails pulled out through his nostrils.' (Fang)"
Author: Sherrilyn Kenyon
44. "Which is why you deal with demons. (Acheron)Who are even more pathetic than humans when you think about it. Personally, I'd rather play video games. Wouldn't it be great if we could suck the souls of the people we hated into the box, shoot them down and then dance on their entrails? (Jaden)"
Author: Sherrilyn Kenyon
45. "Bears?" Epaphroditus wrinkled his nose. "Everyone knows Prometheus was tormented by vultures. Every day they tore out his entrails, and every night he was miraculously healed, so that the ordeal was endlessly repeated."Martial laughed. "The trainer who can induce vultures to attack on command will be able to name any price! I suspect we'll see a lot of bears today."
Author: Steven Saylor
46. "Entrails. No hissing. This is the closest we will ever come to love."
Author: Suzanne Collins
47. "I held out my book. It was precious to me, as were all the things I'd written; even where I despised their inadequacy there was not one I would disown. Each tore its way from my entrails. Each had shortened my life, killed me with its own special little death."
Author: Tanith Lee
48. "Golbuchiks? Golbuchiks are ashes, entrails, dung, stove smoke, clay, and they'll all return to clay. They're full of dirt, candle oil, droppings, dust.You, O Book, my pure, shining precious, my golden singing promise, my dream, a distant call— O tender specter, happy chance, Again I heed the ancient lore, Again with beauty rare in stance, You beckon from the distant shore!"
Author: Tatyana Tolstaya
49. "You were chased here by darkness. Listen to the curve of the hills, the guttering voice. The way to anywhere leads through humiliation. There are only animal trails."
Author: Tim Lilburn
50. "Slept all night in the cedar grove,i was born to ramble, born to rove,some men are searchin' for the holy grail,but there ain't nothin' sweeterthan ridin' the rails"
Author: Tom Waits
Rails Quotes Pictures
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21245 | The Entry Of Tapered Button Bits Oil by drilling kaiqiu
Active 1 month ago 1 member
Basic Information:
• First, the thinning of the engine oil caused by digging and replacing the oil of the Tapered Button Bits. The main reasons for the entry of oil are as follows.
1. The oil radiator is damaged.
2. It is recommended that the machine block water.
3. The cylinder seal is damaged.
4. There are cracks in the cylinder liner.
5. The cylinder head gasket is damaged.
The anti-oxidation function of Tapered Button Bits oil will decrease when it enters water, and then the oil will become thinner and thinner, resulting in lower lubrication function. Second, the thinning of the engine oil caused by the entry of fuel into the buried Tapered Button Bits oil.
The fuel mixed in the oil will also make the oil thinner. The main reasons are as follows.
1. The fuel supply system has shortcomings and poor fuel atomization, resulting in fuel or a large excess of fuel mixture being mixed into the crankcase and engine oil, and then the oil becomes thinner.
2. Tapered Button Bits recommends that the engine be left idle for a long time, and repeated recommendations, etc., allow the fuel mixture to enter the crankcase and make the oil thin.
3. The oil forcibly lubricated by the oil pump or the forced lubrication oil pump becomes thinner.
4. Step on the accelerator. Accelerating when stepping on the accelerator will also make the fuel enter the oil and then make the oil thin.
5. Drilling Tools Manufacturer's cylinder wall wear leads to changes in cylinder diameter, damage to the piston ring, improper piston ring equipment, etc., resulting in thinning of the oil.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21251 | User Tools
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Practice/work here if other pages are temporarily locked by other editors
Equation Sheet Ch.28
28-1: Conditions for Bright Fringes (Constructive Interference) In a Two Slit Experiment:
• $d sin θ = m\lambda$. $d$ is the slit separation
• $m=0,±1,±2,±3.,..$
• $m=0$ occurs at $θ=0$, this is the central bright fringe.
• Positive values of $m$ are above the central bright fringe, negative values are below.
• Solving for $θ: θ = sin^{-1} (m\frac{\lambda}{d})$
28-2: Conditions for Dark Fringes (Destructive Interference) in a Two Slit Experiment:
• $d sin θ = (m-\frac{1}{2})\lambda.$ $m = 1,2,3...$ (above central bright fringe)
• $d sin θ = (m+\frac{1}{2})\lambda.$ $m = -1,-2,-3...$ (below central bright fringe)
• Solving for $θ: θ = sin^{-1} [(m ± \frac{1}{2})\frac{\lambda}{d}]$. $+ or -$ depending on location.
28-3 Linear Distance from Central Fringe:
• $y = L tan θ$. L is the distance to the screen.
• Solving for $θ$ of a bright fringe: $θ = tan^{-1} (m\frac{y}{L})$
• Solving for $\lambda: \lambda = \frac{d}{m}sinθ$
• Solving for $θ$ of a dark fringe: $θ = sin^{-1}[(m±\frac{1}{2})\lambda/d]$. $+ or -$ depending on location.
28-12 Conditions for Dark Fringes in Single-Slit Interference:
• $Wsin θ = m\lambda$. $m = ±1,±2,±3...$
• Solving for $\lambda: \lambda = \frac{Wsinθ}{m}$ \
• Solving for $θ: θ = sin^{-1}(\frac{m\lambda}{W})$
28-14 First Dark Fringe for the Diffraction Pattern of a Circular Opening:
• $sinθ = 1.22\frac{\lambda}{D}$
28-15 Rayleigh's Criterion:
• $θ_{min} = 1.22\frac{\lambda}{D}$
• Note: $\lambda$ is dependent on the diffraction of the material that the light is traveling through. If the diffraction is $n, \lambda$ becomes $\frac{\lambda}{n}$
28-16: Constructive Interference in a Diffraction Grating:
• $d sin θ = m\lambda$. $m = ±1,±2,±3...$
• Solving for $d: d = \frac{m\lambda}{sinθ}$
Two pendulums (or, pendula) are made of identical 1 kg masses suspended on two weightless strings, 40.0 and 40.5 cm in length. If these pendulums are deflected from vertical by 5 cm and released at the same time, how long will it take for them to get completely “out of step” with each other?
1. Convert relevant quantities to SI units:
• $l_1$ = 40.0 cm = 0.400 m
• $l_2$ = 40.5 cm = 0.405 m
• masses and (small) deflections are irrelevant for finding periods and timing of oscillations
2. Find each period:
• $T_1=2\pi\sqrt{\frac{l_1}{g}}$ $\approx 6.283\sqrt{\frac{0.400\,{\text m}}{9.8\,\frac{\text m}{ {\text s}^2}}}=1.269\,$s
• $T_2=2\pi\sqrt{\frac{l_2}{g}}$ $\approx 6.283\sqrt{\frac{0.405\,{\text m}}{9.8\,\frac{\text m}{ {\text s}^2}}}=1.277\,$s
3. By the time $t$ the two pendulums are “out of step”, one would have completed an extra 1/2 periods compared to the other:
• $t = \left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)T_1=nT_2$
4. Use this relationship to solve for $n$, then find $t$:
• first, open the parentheses: $t= nT_1+\frac{1}{2}T_1=nT_2$
• then, isolate $n$ by combining terms: $\frac{1}{2}T_1=nT_2-nT_1=n\,(T_2-T_1)$
• lastly, $n=\frac{T_1}{2(T_2-T_1)}$ $=\frac{1.269\,{\text s}}{2\,\cdot\,8\times 10^{-3}\,{\text s}}$ $=79$
• $t=nT_2$ $=79\cdot1.277\,{\text s}\approx 100\,$s
5. Make sense of the answer:
• This is much longer than the periods of oscillations, but short enough to observe the effect before the oscillations die down due to friction
Homework Questions Ch.13
Problem 54 part B
A 0.550-kg block slides on a frictionless horizontal surface with a speed of 1.10m/s . The block encounters an unstretched spring and compresses it 21.0cm before coming to rest. For what length of time is the block in contact with the spring before it comes to rest? (Your actual numbers may vary)
• I looked at the homework solutions posted in D2L and for the solution, I don't understand why it states that “the period corresponds to one-fourth of a period.” Where does the 1/4-th come from? I know that the spring was compressed 0.25 m so are we assuming that the period is originally 1 meter and that's where the 1/4 comes from?
• If you are trying to map the motion described in the problem onto an oscillation, then, at the beggining, when the encounter happens, the potential energy of the spring is zero (unstretched spring), that means you start at an equilibrium point. When the block comes to rest, its velocity (and so its kinetic energy) is zero, that means you end up at the $x_\text{max}$ (maximum distance from equilibrium) position. Since a typical oscillation cycle goes like this: $0 \rightarrow x_\text{max}\!\rightarrow 0 \rightarrow -x_\text{max}\!\rightarrow 0...$ etc, the time between successive zeros (passing the equilibrium point) is half the period, and the time between a zero (equilibrium point) and $x_\text{max}$ is half that, or 1/4 period. If you plot a $\sin(x)$ function, it will be obvious. So, this is how you get 1/4 period.
Sound Propagation Problem:
Peak Blood Velocity in a fetal aorta is about 20cm/s. If we image it at 9MHz, find the Doppler shift. V=1500m/s f=(1+(Vobserver/V))/(1-(Vsource/V) = f(1+2(Vobserver/V) = f(1+2(.02m/s)/(343m/s)) = 9,010,000 Hz or about 10kHz
draft_page_2.txt · Last modified: 2014/05/18 22:33 by tom_grass |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21254 | Genetic Factors Cause Low Sperm Counts in Some Otherwise Healthy Males
May 11, 1996
Tags: Page LabEvolution + DevelopmentGenetics + Genomics
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — Scientists have found that a specific defect in the male sex (Y) chromosome, known to cause azoospermia, or the inability to make sperm, can also cause the most common form of male infertility-low sperm production, or oligozoospermia. This study is the first to definitively show that genetic defects can cause low sperm counts in some males and suggests that intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)—the now popular technology of injecting a single sperm into an egg to circumvent low sperm counts—may cause the sons of these men to inherit infertility.
The scientists recommend that infertile couples who are contemplating ICSI should be offered genetic counseling and the option of a DNA test for the mutation before they begin assisted reproductive procedures. The study, published in the May 11 issue of the British journal Lancet, was conducted by Dr. David Page, Dr. Renee Reijo, and Ms. Raaji Alaggappan at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) using DNA samples from their collaborator, Dr. Pasquale Patrizio at the Fertility Center of San Antonio, TX.
In the study, the Whitehead/HHMI researchers examined the Y chromosomes of 35 men who had extremely low sperm counts and found that two of these men were missing a tiny fragment of the long arm of the Y chromosome. The Y chromosomes of their fathers (who obviously had no fertility problems) were intact in this region, proving that the mutation was in fact the cause of oligozoospermia. More, the scientists found this mutation was also present in the sperm of one oligozoospermic man they tested, confirming that the mutation is likely to be transmitted by ICSI.
Last year, the Whitehead/HHMI scientists had found similar mutations in 12 of 89 men who produced no sperm. The fathers of these men also had intact Y chromosomes as did 90 fertile men, who were studied for comparison. Based on these findings researchers believe that a gene or genes located in this fragment of the Y chromosome are involved in proper sperm production.
"Low sperm counts are much more common in men—1 in 30 men have low sperm counts—than the complete absence of sperm, which affects 1 in 1,000 men. Our finding of the Y chromosome defect in men with low sperm counts suggests that this defect is more common that we previously estimated," says Dr. Page.
About 1 in 6 American couples is infertile, and each year as many as 20,000 couples seek assisted reproductive technologies to help them conceive. In a fifth of the infertile couples, a key factor is a defect in sperm production, which could result from a variety of reasons, including infections and other illnesses. Scientists are only now beginning to understand the role of genetic factors in infertility. The Whitehead/HHMI studies provide the first clear cut indication that genetic defects are the underlying problems in some men with genetic defects in sperm production. They suggest that some "unexplained" cases of male infertility can be traced to genetic defects in the Y chromosome and that these genetic defects can be transmitted to male offspring.
"Normally, these men would not be able to have children, and people thought of genetically transmitted infertility as an oxymoron," says Dr. Page. "However, the explosion in assisted reproductive technologies is now making it possible for these men and their wives to have children and raises the possibility that they will pass on their infertility to their sons. It is for these cases that we recommend genetic counseling."
Physicians consider sperm counts of 50 million or more sperm per mL of semen as being in the normal range. In the most common form of male infertility, men have less than 10-15 million sperm per mL of semen. Some men produce even fewer sperm-a million or less per mL of semen. Men with such severely low sperm production were the subject of the Whitehead/HHMI study. The researchers say that further studies will be needed to ascertain the role, if any, of Y chromosome mutations in less severe cases of oligozoospermia.
This work was funded in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Damon Runyan/Walter Winchell Foundation.
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Phone: 617-258-6851
through its faculty, who hold joint MIT appointments.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21255 |
Olympic Chiropractors Deserving Bios
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21291 | The BCS Audio Fiction Podcasts are on hiatus for a few issues. In the meantime, peruse our episodes from last winter for audio fiction by E. Catherine Tobler, Tom Crosshill, Yoon Ha Lee, and more.
The Storms in Arisbat
Semira made her way to him, unsteady as if on a rocking deck. He took her outstretched hand, and the point of contact became an anchor, and axis; something steady to work around. The fear didn’t abate, but its quality changed: from dread to dizzy panic to the icy clutch of despair. Semira thought of rushing winds, coming and abating, and of sudden downpours of rain. Of storms.
The bit of his soul he’d used was old, then; just significant enough that its sacrifice fueled the spell.
For a frozen moment, I glanced between the murder-sharp blade of my athame and Bastien's stricken expression, trying to reconcile the two. Part of me wasn't sure why I hadn't slit his throat for everything he'd done and all the people he'd betrayed. Because he didn't do any of that, the rational part of me insisted. Trouble was, I remembered him stabbing Annie in the arm on the Day of Glass, and what Gretchen had become after he got to her in Gabbleford.
That had been a different life—a different world—and besides, that Jorge was dead. I'd killed him myself.
From the Archives:
Bread and Circuses
She and I made bread every day knowing that if the grain didn't ripen, we were next in line to be cut down. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21312 | Day: November 2, 2020
10 Web Development Tips to Better Your Website Success
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In this article I will uncover 10 hints to pick the correct improvement best web designing company in dehradun organization and how it will better your undertaking’s prosperity.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21333 | Charles Lindsay Evan-Thomas
From The Dreadnought Project
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Charles Lindsay Evan-Thomas ( – ) was an officer in the Royal Navy.
Life & Career
Evan-Thomas was appointed in command of the destroyer Llewellyn on 1 September, 1917.[1]
See Also
1. The Navy List. (February, 1919). p. 833.
Service Records |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21341 | If the legal papers referred to was just a letter …
Comment on False rumor by Bob Pickle.
If the legal papers referred to was just a letter from an attorney, I wouldn’t call that taking legal action, but that’s me.
It seemed like the attorney was threatening to take legal action but never did.
Recent Comments by Bob Pickle
Northern California Conference Votes to Act Independent of the General Conference
Sean, you above state: “… a lack of a specific statement in the GC’s Working Policy that explicitly forbids the ordination of women as pastors. As far as I’m aware, such a statement simply doesn’t exist.”
Try BA 60 10 which states: “The world Church supports nondiscrimination in employment practices and policies and upholds the principle that both men and women, without regard to race and color, shall be given full and equal opportunity within the Church to develop the knowledge and skills needed for the building up of the Church. Positions of service and responsibility (except those requiring ordination to the gospel ministry*) on all levels of church activity shall be open to all on the basis of the individual’s qualifications.”
The footnote makes clear that the exception regarding ordination to the gospel ministry is one of gender, not race or color.
Also, B 10 22: “All organizations and institutions throughout the world will recognize the authority of the General Conference Session as the highest authority of the Seventh-day Adventist Church under God.” Here we have part of the Working Policy saying that there is no higher authority under God in the Adventist Church than the sessions that voted down WO in 1990, 1995, and 2015.
Northern California Conference Votes to Act Independent of the General Conference
Sean, in your update you write:
Sean Pitman:
“On the other hand, it also seem clear that on the issue of ordination, in particular, that the “final authority” has been given to the Union level of governance within the church (not to the level of the General Conference) to act as a buffer against too much centralized power within the church. …
“In any case, since honest confusion remains between many honest and sincere members as well as leaders of the church, ….
There certainly is honest confusion regarding this, but I can’t see how everyone is honestly confused.
1. Local churches decide who will be members and who will not, but local churches do not have the authority to make tests of fellowship. Thus the criteria for membership is decided by the world church, while that criteria is applied to individual cases by the local church.
Similarly, though unions decide who will be ordained, they don’t unilaterally determine the criteria for ordination.
2. If unions could unilaterally determine the criteria for ordination, there would have been no reason to bring the matter to the GC Sessions of 1990 and 1995. Particularly in 1995, it seems clear that church leaders understood that without GC division authorization, unions could not approve women for ordination, and that without GC Session authorization, GC divisions could not so authorize.
3. The first I remember hearing that unions could act on their own was after Dan Jackson’s open letter of, I think, Jan. 2012. Maybe we can find this idea being promulgated prior to that date in left-wing journals, but maybe not. Since there certainly has been discussion in some circles about getting rid of unions, it seems difficult to have simultaneous promotion of the idea that we need unions so that women can be ordained.
How it comes across to me is that some want their way no matter what, and are grasping at anything they can to justify their position. For those some, I don’t think the label “honest confusion” fits. Now if they can come up with some sort of historical documentation that local churches can unilaterally determine the criteria for church membership, or that unions can unilaterally determine the criteria for ordination, OK. But I have yet to see any such documentation.
Northern California Conference Votes to Act Independent of the General Conference
Nic Samojluk: Some unions have slightly departed from the traditional manner in carrying the Gospel forward, and the church has reacted by producing a plethora of documents and wasted millions of dollars in order to forbid what is nowhere forbidden in Scripture. We would be wise, I believe, in stopping this nonsense.
Hi Nic.
Seems to me that disregarding a GC Session vote is essentially forbidden in Scripture. The issue Sean is highlighting here is not WO, but rather disregarding a GC Session vote.
Northern California Conference Votes to Act Independent of the General Conference
@Cindy Tutsch:
Cindy Tutsch:
I find the following citation thought provoking in light of current controversies:
“It has been a necessity to organize union conferences, that the General Conference shall not exercise dictation over all the separate conferences.” EGW in 4 MR 292
Hi Cindy.
Would not this statement be talking about the GC rather than a GC Session?
In some discussions I’ve seen, it seems like some are applying counsel regarding the GC to a GC Session, which is understandable given that the names for each are almost identical. But the GC and a GC Session are quite different.
If the above quote were to be applied to a GC Session, that would be like saying that the decision of the council of Acts 15 was optional, and local churches, James, Paul, and the Judaizers could take it or leave it. That just doesn’t sound like what Acts 15 is all about.
Northern California Conference Votes to Act Independent of the General Conference
We have repeatedly been taught not to send tithe to offshoots, for good reason. If an entity decides to go against a GC Session vote, at what point does that entity cross a line and become an offshoot?
And if, wherever that line is, that line is crossed, why would an officer of a local church within that conference have to resign, if that local church also believes the local conference should adhere to that GC Session vote?
The situation would be different if there was a plain and clear Thus saith the Lord as justification for disregarding the GC Session vote, since the Bible is a higher authority than a GC Session. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21349 | # Forban - a simple link-local opportunistic p2p free software # # For more information : http://www.foo.be/forban/ # # Copyright (C) 2009-2010 Alexandre Dulaunoy - http://www.foo.be/ # # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU Affero General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . import os try: from hashlib import sha1 except ImportError: from sha import sha as sha1 # # return a tuple with the original filename and the temporary reverse name # (should be unique but reversible per filename) # def get(filename=None, suff=None): if filename is None: return False (lpath, lfile) = os.path.split(filename) if suff is None: h = sha1() h.update(lfile) hv = h.hexdigest()[:8] lfile = "."+lfile+"-"+hv else : lfile = "."+lfile+"-"+str(suff) return (filename,os.path.join(lpath,lfile)) if __name__ == "__main__": print get("aest")[1] print get("/a/b/aestb") |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21355 | Sunday, July 8, 2012
Travel Day One
Gabriel and Xavier had a tae kwon do tournament in Dallas this year. The first day of our trip was certainly exciting. We spent all day in the car listening to The Return of the King by J.R.R. Tolkien. Ah, what bliss. Of course, it's a long book, and lasted us almost all week in Dallas driving to and from the tournament.
If you want to eat gluten free at Subway, get a salad with everything you want on your sandwich. Put it on a gluten free bun and there you go. Just remember that place is caked in gluten, so you'll probably get some cross contamination if that's a problem for you.
Caprese salad snack- Yes, I packed the ingredients for this in our cooler.
They do get up to some interesting things in Texas.
This is what happens when you leave the house at 04:00.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21392 | Tuesday, March 27, 2007
Don't Quit Your Day Job
My good buddy Mark over at Ephesus has a great post that every potential church planter should read. You can find it here. We must change how we define church, back to the biblical model. Buildings are great, but the church is the- ekkle'sia - the body of called out believers assembled together. Too many men who have been called by God as pastors, have chosen to sit this one out because they could not build a large enough congregation to do it vocationally. What would life be like if we applied that same principle to sports? No basketball hoops in the driveways, or parks, it was reserved for people who could gather crowds who pay to see them play. What if music could only be played by paid professionals. (that might not be a bad idea on second thought) Our thinking is warped. Thanks Mark for bringing it front and center. By the way... are you a full time, professional blogger?
Unknown said...
great analogy, Joel... I am enjoying your blog |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21404 | The Cruel Warning Signs of Abuse
I’ve written an essay for the Catholic News Agency, on abuse inside and outside the Catholic Church.
McCarrick, Han, and Ronnell all carried out parts of their abuse in the open. Their campaigns of control and cruelty may not have always created the trail of evidence needed to convict them of a crime, but there was enough for those around them to see that they were failing their respective callings of stewardship. The more they were left to act abusively, the more everyone around them signaled that abuse was acceptable. Why would someone come forward with an allegation of further, private predation when there had been no consequences for public wickedness?
For U.S.A. Gymnastics and NYU, the impulse to curb these abuses is meant to come from a fear of liability. They ought to have curbed these dishonest mentors, and fired them if necessary in order to avoid culpability. But the Church should be swifter to act than any other institution, because it fears more than civil penalties.
Bad employees can be fired, and the supervising organization can wash their hands of them. A bad priest or cardinal must be contained for the sake of his potential victims, but when it seems like his vices are constrained by his age or enfeeblement, the Church cannot say that there is no harm left in him. Unrepentant, he is still a danger to himself and his own soul.
Read the whole thing at CNA… |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21413 | Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is a fascinating field which provides equal opportunities and equal risks. The concept should be developed properly in order be an efficient tool for the man-kind. However, any improper or reckless development shall only affect the very course of man-kind. Many scholars today fear AI to an extent as they believe that it would create economic, global, political and moral destruction throughout the world. When we look into detail as to what destruction can this AI cause in the respective domains, it creates a lot of ambiguity in the futuristic world that we are trying to create. Physical destruction, as in wars can create a lot of human and money loss. When a war is fought based on a machine which is programmed to work in a particular way and on which a lot of lives depend on, it has to be fool proof. But AI is not something which can be fool proof completely, as a single wrong line of code, a small malfunction in the system or any negligence in the built quality of the machines using AI will result in a regrettable loss to the very humans who have developed it. A scientist named David Parnas has clearly mentioned that AI cannot be trusted in the war zone, as even one small failure can be disastrous. Having been associated with the military applications for most of his professional life, such remarks from Parnas have certainly raised doubts about the implementation of AI in the field of defence. Thus, physical destruction seems to be a possibility with the use of AI.
When viewed politically, Artificial Intelligence has a potential to disrupt the potential governments and make them run for their own money. When AI is used to understand the texts, codes and also interpreting the secretive images which are meant to be under strict confidentiality, there is a possibility of a breach in security, which can potentially bring own the biggest democracies in the world. When such a breach occurs, even the public suffer the most, as there is a definite chance of their personal information being hacked which will cause an economic break-down of the entire system.
Economic breakdown occurs when the Industries view AI as a replacement to the man power. With so much automation already happening in large business companies, it is already a potential threat to the job requirement. Companies view profits as their main criteria and though the initial cost of the automation set-up is considered costly, this automation is proving to save a lot of money for the companies over a period of time. For example, in the manufacturing companies of soft drinks, complete automation is applied right from the brewing of the drink to the end packaging. So, it hinders the chances of employment to the people who so desperately might require a job. Though some part of the handling is done under human supervision, most of the work is already completed by the machines with properly written codes, and if in case of malfunctioning after a time period; this manual supervision is needed to bring the automation on track. Many believe that, if AI had to take over man-kind, it will directly affect the Economic Standards of all the countries.
The moral impact of AI could be the worse of all. When humans turn in-human, just because AI has started de-humanizing the entire world around us, it can seriously affect the morality of the people around. The need of the hour is to make sure that AI cannot feel what a human can, and is only programmed to think in a particular direction without any moral implications. When this idea becomes clear, the de-humanizing factor can be eliminated.
As we throw light on the possible affects AI can have on the human life, let us also consider the three questions put forward by the science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov. His three laws are
1. A robot may not harm a human being, or allow a human being to get injured.
3. A robot must protect its own existence, as long as such protection does not conflict with First and Second Laws.
By this, Asimov talks that the robotic nature of all the robots should be under manual supervision. These three laws form the basis of the existing debate on the AI technology.
The most important thing that can be done under this scenario to regulate the applicability of AI by keeping it under the control of man-kind is to have proper regulatory committees. These regulatory committees should ensure proper usage of Artificial Intelligence and should be able to deal with the forth-coming problems related to AI. As it is still a field where there can be a lot of potential growth, it is also a field as we discussed earlier, where there is a lot of potential t risk. There should be three procedures to evaluate proper utilization of AI in the modern world. These three committees can create the discipline required and help in optimization of Artificial Intelligence. These three regulatory bodies include:
1. Legislatures: This regulatory body is filled with the elected officials who make laws and can change the laws according to the changes seen/made in the society. These Legislatures take into consideration the public interests and evaluate the importance of the applicability of AI in the domain necessary. If the Legislatures think the public doesn’t approve the idea of injection automation, it can withdraw the idea in the first place. However, this body is only entitled to make a decision and not go into specifics as the legislatures do not have a complete idea of the technicalities involved in the automation process. In order to look at the technical glitches, another regulatory committee should evolve which is granted the power to understand the subject and evaluate the possibility/impossibility of the application of AI in the domain. This committee should be autonomous and should not be influenced by any external sources.
2. Regulatory Agencies: These are nothing but specific bodies pertaining to the field in which the study has to be taken under consideration. When forming a regulatory committee four things have to be taken into consideration according to Scherer. Those are:
• Flexibility: The regulatory bodies are formed from the scratch and these bodies must be flexible to begin with. The flexibility covers various aspects like, creating of rules, collecting information, investigation of any possible loop holes and sanctioning the idea if they stick to the guidelines.
• Specialization: This area includes the experts of investigation, which means that any particular idea, if developed should be reviewed by the experts to understand the practical applicability and also if the idea is actually helpful to the society. By keeping focus on the subject with the help of the experts, all the possible problems can be noted down and a proper conclusion can be drawn.
• Independence: These regulatory bodies, as said above should be independent of any external influences and should work autonomously for a greater impact. In general these regulatory bodies will have political influence on them, but it is trivial that these agencies are alienated from outside pressures.
• Power of Ex Ante Action: These agencies create rules and standards that define the companies’ requirements which provide the goods and services.
3. Courts Competency: Courts usually have very less to deal with the outcome of the regulatory agencies, but any conflict of ideas should be dealt by the courts in general and understand the conflict and resolve the disputes. This should be done at a swift pace without any wastage of time and resources.
Though the usage of AI cannot be constrained because of the extensive use it can be to the man kind, these is a possible fear generated among the commoners as to how much of automation is agreeable and how can the whole idea be regulated. The idea is to apply this technology where humans feel constrained in a particular task and to move the idea forward. The regulatory committees can make sure the applicability and the genuineness of the ideas where this technology can be applicable. Safe development of AI should be the goal of all governmental organizations and the companies using this technology should also join hands to make it a successful endeavour. Yes, AI sounds a very interesting subject with a lot of potential usage, and it shall be used for the good, and doesn’t instil fear in the hearts of the humans. This should be the only ethical goal for all organizations working in this domain.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21442 | Hammer Films
Hammer Films
Hammer Films: An Exhaustive Filmography by Tom Johnson and Deborah Del Vecchio delivers what it promises. First published in 1996, this compendium details every film put out by Hammer studios–165 full length films over forty three years, as well as shorts and television shows. While there are a slew of related titles out there, Hammer Films: An Exhaustive Filmography stands out. The writing is workmanlike and occasionally repetitive as the authors strive to provide a thorough description of each film. But this is a labor of love, honest and earnest and more fun for it.
The House that Hammer Films Built
Following a foreword by the late, great Peter Cushing, and a brief overview of the studio’s history, the authors delve into the real story of Hammer Films. Hammer began turning out movies in 1935, and, except for a pause for World War II, did not stop until the studio folded in 1978. Over the decades they made comedies, dramas, war dramas, and thrillers. But in the fifties and sixties Hammer decided to focus its energies on monsters, space creatures, and supernatural threats to the point where, to this day, Hammer is synonymous with horror.
Hammer is probably best known for reviving the Universal monsters–Dracula, Frankenstein, the Mummy, and the Wolfman–and turning Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing into international stars. These films cemented the studio’s reputation for solid, well-made horror–which, unfortunately, Hammer took too far. Hammer also churned out an interminable number of questionable sequels to their blockbuster monster movies, losing quality and audience interest.
Along with its horror mainstays, Hammer produced a number of iconic entries in the science fiction field. The Quartermass Xperiment, X–The Unknown, and Five Million Years to Earth all stand as classics of fifties alien-invasion movies. Hammer also branched out with a few monsters of their own invention, like The Gorgon, and Doctor Jekyll and Sister Hyde. They dabbled in the occult with chillers like The Devil Rides Out, and To the Devil…a Daughter. And they went for jungle adventure and stop motion dinosaurs with She, and One Million Years BC (which is legendary for Raquel Welch’s fur bikini, not the special effects).
The Devil is in the Details
The authors present the films in chronological order, and include any posters, stills, or promotional shots they could get. Each entry contains the release date, length, filming location, producer, director, screenplay author, editor, photography director, and U.K. certificate rating, cast list, any other titles the film may have been released under, and a complete synopsis of the plot. Additional details and anecdotes are sprinkled in, such as the career arc of an actor, quirks with sets or props, or what the country’s mood was when a film was released. The authors also note how well a film was received, and where it fit in Hammer’s general business plan. Although the entries are formulaic, taken as a whole they provide a fascinating glimpse into both the personal and business workings of Hammer studios.
The good, the bad, the groundbreaking, and the ill-conceived are all here, researched with a fan’s affection. There are far slicker, more polished books on Hammer out there, but Hammer Films: An Exhaustive Filmography has so much affection for its subject it should be a staple of any collection. I understand the fondness; Hammer films are what I think of when I hear “old-school horror”, and I’m not alone in that.
So keep your Freddy, Chucky, and Jason. I’ll take The Horror of Dracula any time. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21449 | 29 July 2014
How to Make Curry and The Good Wife Test.
The other day my lovely friend Liza took me on a belated birthday treat to a Jamie Oliver afternoon cookery course and in the space of a few hours we'd knocked up a few dishes and devoured them.
Seeing as I'm crap at making curries but, being half Indian, absolutely adore them, indeed need them, from the vast array on offer I chose the one to make a North Indian Thali, thinking, that learning how to make a few dishes was better than just one. And it was!
There are only a few of these establishments, presently changing their name over from 'Recipease' to 'Jamie's Cafe,' so that they're more easily associated with the star chef and each of them runs a cookery school. We're lucky to have one in Brighton - the others are in London (Clapham Junction and Notting Hill).
Liza had already undertaken a sushi making lesson and has been raving about it. Having been delighted to be one of her guinea pigs shortly afterwards it would be fair to say that it's some of the best I've ever had because it was so fresh and for the £35 it cost to learn it's something certainly worth investing in if you're partial to it. I ate quite a bit of it when I worked in New York because it was easy to come by and relatively cheap there, but I'm not that bothered either way about it. Liza, on the other hand was so impressed she has now incorporated it into her new Asian catering business.
Most lessons are 1 1/2 - 2 hours and it's possible to perfect dishes from Mexico, Thailand and Vietnam as well as good old fashioned English dishes such as Beef Wellington, or Italian pastas, risottos and breads, plus there are some Summer Specials currently being run just for kids at just £10 per child. Check out the full menu of what's available (see what I did there?) HERE.
But this is the kind of food I can't live without, so here's what we were going to make -
A North Indian Thali.
And here's the chef showing us the way -
At the Recipease / Jamie Oliver's Cafe kitchen, Brighton.
We started with a Chickpea Masala.
75 ml Cooking Oil
1 teaspoon Mustard seeds
½ teaspoon Asafoetida (Hing)
2 medium White onions – finely diced
200 g Chopped tomatoes
1 teaspoon freshly grated ginger
1 teaspoon freshly grated garlic
½ teaspoon red chilli powder
1 whole Green chilli – finely diced
1 teaspoon Ground cumin
1 teaspoon ground coriander
Good pinch Sea salt
1 teaspoon Turmeric
1 tin (400g) Chick peas - drained
1 teaspoon castor sugar (optional)
Good handful of Fresh coriander leaves
Garam masala (garnish only)
Most things had been prepared for us but she taught us to plate up our spices individually - as it's easy to add to them but not to take away once they're in the pot!
The method and details for all the other dishes are HERE (with permission).
Always use a base of fresh garlic, ginger and chillis and the transforming ingredient Asafoetida, apparently, as this smoothes out the curry. My problem has always been that the spices still taste too rough, raw or powdery, so I will be investing in some of this. Bear in mind, also, that although some of the ingredients were repeated when she demonstrated how to make a traditional Dal (included in the link above) most are really quite pungent so whichever you add or leave out will make a difference. Adjust to personal taste, obviously.
Before very long at all we had one of these -
Chickpea Masala - try without and with sugar added.
Followed seriously swiftly by a dry Okra curry and a tasty cabbage dish that turned out to be served as a warm salad called Sambharo. (Again, all recipes and methods on the link above). Then we had to take The Good Wife Test.
Liza taking The Good Wife Test.
We had prepared some little breads called Puris and left them to rest:
300 g chapatti flour
Pinch sea salt
1 tsp of vegetable oil + extra for shallow
150-200 ml (approx.) water
(Optional extras on the link above).
In the parts of India where these are made - a mother will decide on whether a lady will become a good wife for her son judged on the height her Puris rise!
If you want to take the test, here's what you do.
- Put the flour and pinch of salt into a bowl (add optional ingredients now if
you want to - toasted sesame seeds, chopped dried chilli and chopped coriander) and
add the salt and mix
- Mix the water with 1 teaspoon of oil and mix together using your hands or in a
- Knead to soft dough
- Cover and allow to rest for about 20 minutes
- Rip small balls from the dough about 20 g each ball or as big as you like
- Roll up into neat balls then flatten out using a small rolling pin
- Heat the remaining oil in a wide shallow pan or deep fryer when the oil is hot
carefully place the small puri in the oil and cook till golden brown turn over and
ensure they are golden brown on both sides
- Drain on a little kitchen paper before eating with your North Indian dishes.
So what did ours turn out like?
Not too shabby at all! So we celebrated by eating everything we had made, together with the Dal we'd been taught how to do and the meal comes with a cold beer / glass of wine all included in the price of the lesson. Everything was delicious and having cooked the majority ourselves has given me the confidence to be more adventurous again.
If you don't want to be crap at making curries either and can't get to one of their cookery courses - here's the link again - http://www.jamieoliver.com/recipease/files/3013/6196/8392/North_Indian_Thali.pdf
Thank you to Recipease / Jamie's Cafe, Brighton and my lovely friend Liza for an all round good value, educational, entertaining and fun afternoon. We'll definitely see you again and the eldest will be choosing one of the kids' summer courses too.
Now I wonder if there's a test to see if a man will make a good husband....
This is not a collaborative post.
1. Ooh that looks fabulous, have always wanted to be able to make a good curry at home, will give the recipe a go!
2. Wish they'd open up a school in Montpellier! That looks fab!
1. Honestly? Are you not spoilt for choice already? X
3. I'm 1/4 Indian and I also love curry. It's that long list of ingredients that puts me off making it properly. I should go to some lessons to get over this silly fear.
1. I know what you mean Rachel, but it's much easier than it looks and once the ingredients are in, you use a lot of them quite quickly :)
4. Wow, those puris came out great! This is the sort of food that we eat most nights, but I must admit that mine is never as good as my mums!
1. Well thank you for the compliment. Some were a bit iffy and Liza was jealous mine were better than hers so she went home and practised them in front of her husband lol! I think she just worked hers harder than I did because she is more used to that type of cooking. I'm just a numpty but really want to be able to cook more Indian food well and wish I had someone to learn from more regularly! :)))
5. All looks fabulous to me! Well done Anya. How's the blog revamp going?
1. It was Izzie, thank you but haven't tried to recreate it at home yet! I forgot the Asafoetida so daren't yet! As for the revamp - still all in my head! x
6. Everything looks just delicious. The puris bread looks very similar to the pita bread I baked on the barbecue the other day.
1. I'm glad to have it all in writing tbh Catherine - and am going to print it all off to keep and refer to and practise from because once you're stocked up with spices and plate them up like that - it's quite straightforward. As for the breads, I can't see myself starting them from scratch like that again, although they are also simple, which I guess makes me a really crap wife too! ;)
7. Oh yum, that all looks sooooo goooood :)
8. I grew up with my parents ALWAYS cooking curries and as a result, I have NO IDEA how to make one! Resistance is futile though as my fiance LOVES a good curry ..... maybe this is a great "date night" idea for us :-)
9. Oh I always order a veggie thali when I order an Indian in a restaurant. I must take this course, it's a brilliant idea. Great post!
1. I think I will consider ordering one now Amanda and thank you :)
10. Oh wow they look amazing! I would love to be able to cook like that - defo need to book myself onto a course like that for a treat :) Do like a good chickpea masala xx
11. Now the question is when are you having a dinner party for us?
1. Wish I had as brilliant an answer to the question as it deserves!
12. I'm no part Indian but LOVE curry and this one looks gorgeous. I shall be coming to yours some time in the future xx
13. I hope I'd pass the curry test, the good wife test however, I'm not so sure about...
1. You're the only one who's even mentioned it Carolin!
14. I would LOVE to be able to make a decent curry. I'm bookmarking this, for when I need to pull one out of the bag!
Looks like you had a great day x
15. ooooo I love this, we're big fans here of making curries from scratch - the difference can be tasted instantly. I love how happy you look in that photo!
1. I can't blame you if you're any good at it and yes,I loved all the facets of the afternoon :)
16. What a fabulous time and I adore curry, not heard of that Asafoetida, so I'll check it out, thanks. Mich x
17. I would love this, I've not heard of asafoetida either. The chickpea masala sounds just what I'd love, I'd enjoy the cooking and the eating!
18. This looks like my idea of an afternoon well spent. I love making curries and eating them.
19. We all love Indian food and your post is making my mouth water! I will have to try these recipes when we are back from holiday. Great photos too and you have the most wonderful smile. :o)
Oh, and I did not know you worked in New York! xx
20. Anya despite it being past 1am thast food is making me so hungry! what a wonderful birthday gift and such a fun and unique night out.
i will add this to my carnival on the 12th x x
21. I feel like printing out the whole of this post (and probably will!) and making every recipe in it...yum yum! I make curry quite a lot (obv) but I'm always up for new ideas and I'm rubbish at Indian breads. Your Purislook just like the ones my mother in law makes, so you are clearly the expert! X
22. Oooo I have been wanting to do one of these courses. I got my brother in law and wife one at a different place and they made their own but then ate someone else's! He was a bit put out by that and I don't blame him. x
23. stop the clocks.... What??!?!? You're half Indian? HOW did I not know this? WOW! You learn something new everyday. I have been meaning to read this post for months but that stopped me in my tracks. Will try and read it properly tonight, missed you over the Summer and can't wait to connect again when the 3 boys are settled in school. Yep, a 3rd school boy here xxx |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21456 | Get Firefighter essential facts below. View Videos or join the Firefighter discussion. Add Firefighter to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Structural burn training facility at Dover Air Force Base.jpg
Pair of firefighters extingushing a blaze using an attack line
Activity sectors
A firefighter is a rescuer extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten life, property, and the environment as well as to rescue people and in some cases or jurisdictions also animals from dangerous situations. Male firefighters are sometimes referred to colloquially by the historical term fireman (and, less commonly, a female firefighter by the term firewoman) although the use of this terminology is officially discouraged.[1][2]
The complexity of modern, industrialized life has created an increase in the skills needed in firefighting technology. The fire service, also known in some countries as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the three main emergency services. From urban areas to aboard ships, firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world.
The skills required for safe operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighter's career. Initial firefighting skills are normally taught through local, regional or state-approved fire academies or training courses.[3] Depending on the requirements of a department, additional skills and certifications such as technical rescue and pre-hospital medicine may also be acquired at this time.
Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies such as the police and emergency medical service. A firefighter's role may overlap with both. Fire investigators or fire marshals investigate the cause of a fire. If the fire was caused by arson or negligence, their work will overlap with law enforcement. Firefighters also frequently provide some degree of emergency medical service, including certifying and working as full-time paramedics from engine, truck, and rescue companies in some systems to initiate advanced life support until ambulance transport arrives.
The basic tasks of firefighters include: fire suppression, rescue, fire prevention, basic first aid, and investigations. Firefighting is further broken down into skills which include: size-up, extinguishing, ventilation, search and rescue, salvage, containment, mop up and overhaul.
Fire suppression
Firefighter carrying out a ladder slide
A fire burns due to the presence of three elements: fuel, oxygen and heat. This is often referred to as the fire triangle. Sometimes it is known as the fire tetrahedron if a fourth element is added: a chemical chain reaction which can help sustain certain types of fire. The aim of firefighting is to deprive the fire of at least one of those elements. Most commonly this is done by dousing the fire with water, though some fires require other methods such as foam or dry agents. Firefighters are equipped with a wide variety of equipment for this purpose that include: ladder trucks, pumper trucks, tanker trucks, fire hose, and fire extinguishers.
Structural firefighting
See also Fire suppression for other techniques.
While sometimes fires can be limited to small areas of a structure, wider collateral damage due to smoke, water and burning embers is common. Utility shutoff (such as gas and electricity) is typically an early priority for arriving fire crews. In addition, forcible entry may be required in order to gain access into the structure. Specific procedures and equipment are needed at a property where hazardous materials are being used or stored.
Structure fires may be attacked with either "interior" or "exterior" resources, or both. Interior crews, using the "two in, two out" rule, may extend fire hose lines inside the building, find the fire and cool it with water. Exterior crews may direct water into windows and other openings, or against any nearby fuels exposed to the initial fire. Hose streams directed into the interior through exterior wall apertures may conflict and jeopardize interior fire attack crews.
Buildings that are made of flammable materials such as wood are different from building materials such as concrete. Generally, a "fire-resistant" building is designed to limit fire to a small area or floor. Other floors can be safe by preventing smoke inhalation and damage. All buildings suspected or on fire must be evacuated, regardless of fire rating.
Some fire fighting tactics may appear to be destructive, but often serve specific needs. For example, during ventilation, firefighters are forced to either open holes in the roof or floors of a structure (called vertical ventilation), or open windows and walls (called horizontal ventilation) to remove smoke and heated gases from the interior of the structure. Such ventilation methods are also used to improve interior visibility to locate victims more quickly. Ventilation helps to preserve the life of trapped or unconscious individuals as it releases the poisonous gases from inside the structure. Vertical ventilation is vital to firefighter safety in the event of a flashover or backdraft scenario. Releasing the flammable gases through the roof eliminates the possibility of a backdraft, and the removal of heat can reduce the possibility of a flashover. Flashovers, due to their intense heat (900-1200° Fahrenheit) and explosive temperaments, are commonly fatal to firefighter personnel. Precautionary methods, such as smashing a window, reveal backdraft situations before the firefighter enters the structure and is met with the circumstance head-on. Firefighter safety is the number one priority.
Whenever possible during a structure fire, property is moved into the middle of a room and covered with a salvage cover, a heavy cloth-like tarp. Various steps such as retrieving and protecting valuables found during suppression or overhaul, evacuating water, and boarding windows and roofs can divert or prevent post-fire runoff.
Wildland firefighting
Wildfires (known in Australia as bushfires) require a unique set of strategies and tactics. In many countries such as Australia and the United States, these duties are mostly carried out by local volunteer firefighters. Wildfires have some ecological role in allowing new plants to grow, therefore in some cases they will be left to burn.[4] Priorities in fighting wildfires include preventing the loss of life and property.
A demonstration of a vehicle extrication.
Firefighters rescue people (and animals) from dangerous situations such as crashed vehicles, structural collapses, trench collapses, cave and tunnel emergencies, water and ice emergencies, elevator emergencies, energized electrical line emergencies, and industrial accidents.[5] In less common circumstances, Firefighters rescue victims from hazardous materials emergencies as well as steep cliffs, embankment and high rises - The latter is referred to as High Angle Rescue, or Rope Rescue. Many fire departments, including most in the United Kingdom, refer to themselves as a fire and rescue service for this reason. Large fire departments, such as the New York City Fire Department and London Fire Brigade, have specialist teams for advanced technical rescue. As building fires have been in decline for many years in developed countries such as the United States, rescues other than fires make up an increasing proportion of their firefighters' work.[6]
Emergency medical services
Firefighters frequently provide some degree of emergency medical care. In some jurisdictions first aid is the only medical training that firefighters have, and medical-only calls are the sole responsibility of a separate emergency medical services (EMS) agency. Elsewhere, it is common for firefighters to respond to medical-only calls. The impetus for this is the growing demand for emergency medicine and the decline of fires and traditional firefighting call-outs[6]--though fire departments still have to be able to respond to them--and their existing ability to respond rapidly to emergencies. A rapid response is particularly necessary for cardiac arrests, as these will lead to death if not treated within minutes.[7]
The dispatch of firefighters to medical emergencies is particularly common in fire departments that run the EMS, including most large cities of the United States. In those departments, firefighters are often jointly trained as emergency medical technicians in order to deliver basic life support, and more rarely as paramedics to deliver advanced life support. In the United Kingdom, where fire services and EMS are run separately, fire service co-responding has been introduced more recently.[8] Another point of variation is whether the firefighters respond in a fire engine or a response car.[9] Either way, separate employees to crew ambulances are still needed, unless the firefighters can work shifts on the ambulances.
Specialized roles
Aircraft rescue & firefighting
Airports employ specialist firefighters to deal with potential ground emergencies. Due to the mass casualty potential of an aviation emergency, the speed with which emergency response equipment and personnel arrive at the scene of the emergency is of paramount importance. When dealing with an emergency, the airport firefighters are tasked with rapidly securing the aircraft, its crew and its passengers from all hazards, particularly fire. Airport firefighters have advanced training in the application of firefighting foams, dry chemical and clean agents used to extinguish burning aviation fuel.
Hazardous materials
Decontamination after a chemical spill
Fire departments are usually the primary agency that responds to an emergency involving hazardous materials. Specialized firefighters, known as hazardous materials technicians, have training and certification in chemical identification, leak control, decontamination, and clean-up procedures.
Fire prevention
Firefighters frequently give fire prevention talks at schools and community events
Fire departments frequently provide advice to the public on how to prevent fires in the home and work-place environments. Fire inspectors or fire marshals will directly inspect businesses to ensure they are up to the current building fire codes,[10][11] which are enforced so that a building can sufficiently resist fire spread, potential hazards are located, and to ensure that occupants can be safely evacuated, commensurate with the risks involved.
Fire suppression systems have a proven record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have fire sprinkler systems.[12] Correctly working sprinklers in a residence greatly reduce the risk of death from a fire.[13] With the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. In the United States, the housing industry trade groups have lobbied at the State level to prevent the requirement for Fire Sprinklers in 1 and 2 bedroom homes.[14][15]
Fire investigators, who are experienced firefighters trained in fire cause determinism, are dispatched to fire scenes, in order to investigate and determine whether the fire was a result of an accident or intentional. Some fire investigators have full law enforcement powers to investigate and arrest suspected arsonists.
Occupational health and safety
Direct risks
To allow protection from the inherent risks of fighting fires, firefighters wear and carry protective and self-rescue equipment at all times. A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) delivers air to the firefighter through a full face mask and is worn to protect against smoke inhalation, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. A special device called a Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) is commonly worn independently or as a part of the SCBA to alert others when a firefighter stops moving for a specified period of time or manually operates the device. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter (firefighter assist and search team (FAST), or rapid intervention team (RIT), in locating the firefighter in distress.
Heat injury is a major issue for firefighters as they wear insulated clothing and cannot shed the heat generated from physical exertion. Early detection of heat issues is critical to stop dehydration and heat stress becoming fatal. Early onset of heat stress affects cognitive function which combined with operating in dangerous environment makes heat stress and dehydration a critical issue to monitor. Firefighter physiological status monitoring is showing promise in alerting EMS and commanders to the status of their people on the fire ground. Devices such as PASS device alert 10-20 seconds after a firefighter has stopped moving in a structure. Physiological status monitors measure a firefighter's vital sign status, fatigue and exertion levels and transmit this information over their voice radio. This technology allows a degree of early warning to physiological stress. These devices[17] are similar to technology developed for Future Force Warrior and give a measure of exertion and fatigue. They also tell the people outside a building when they have stopped moving or fallen. This allows a supervisor to call in additional engines before the crew get exhausted and also gives an early warning to firefighters before they run out of air, as they may not be able to make voice calls over their radio. Current OSHA tables exist for heat injury and the allowable amount of work in a given environment based on temperature, humidity and solar loading.[18]
Firefighters are also at risk for developing rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle tissue and has many causes including heat exposure, high core body temperature, and prolonged, intense exertion. Routine firefighter tasks, such as carrying extra weight of equipment and working in hot environments, can increase firefighters' risk for rhabdomyolysis.[19][20]
Structural collapses
Another leading cause of death during firefighting is structural collapse of a burning building (e.g. a wall, floor, ceiling, roof, or truss system). Structural collapse, which often occurs without warning, may crush or trap firefighters inside the structure. To avoid loss of life, all on-duty firefighters should maintain two-way communication with the incident commander and be equipped with a personal alert safety system device on all fire scenes and maintain radio communication on all incidents(PASS).[21][22]Francis Brannigan was the founder and greatest contributor to this element of firefighter safety.
Traffic collisions
In the United States, 25% of fatalities of firefighters are caused by traffic collisions while responding to or returning from an incident. Other firefighters have been injured or killed by vehicles at the scene of a fire or emergency (Paulison 2005). A common measure fire departments have taken to prevent this is to require firefighters to wear a bright yellow reflective vest over their turnout coats if they have to work on a public road, to make them more visible to passing drivers.[23] In addition to the direct dangers of firefighting, cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 45% of on duty firefighter deaths.[24]
Firefighters have sometimes been assaulted by members of the public while responding to calls. These kinds of attacks can cause firefighters to fear for their safety and may cause them to not have full focus on the situation which could result in injury to their selves or the patient.[]
During debris cleanup
Once extinguished, fire debris cleanup poses several safety and health risks for workers.[25][26]
Many hazardous substances are commonly found in fire debris. Silica can be found in concrete, roofing tiles, or it may be a naturally occurring element. Occupational exposures to silica dust can cause silicosis, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, airway diseases, and some additional non-respiratory diseases.[27] Inhalation of asbestos can result in various diseases including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.[28] Sources of metals exposure include burnt or melted electronics, cars, refrigerators, stoves, etc. Fire debris cleanup workers may be exposed to these metals or their combustion products in the air or on their skin. These metals may include beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, and many more.[25]Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are carcinogenic, come from the incomplete combustion of organic materials and are often found as a result of structural and wildland fires.[29]
Safety hazards of fire cleanup include the risk of reignition of smoldering debris, electrocution from downed or exposed electrical lines or in instances where water has come into contact with electrical equipment. Structures that have been burned may be unstable and at risk of sudden collapse.[26][30]
Standard personal protective equipment for fire cleanup include hard hats, goggles or safety glasses, heavy work gloves, earplugs or other hearing protection, steel-toe boots, and fall protection devices.[30][31] Hazard controls for electrical injury include assuming all power lines are energized until confirmation they are de-energized, and grounding power lines to guard against electrical feedback, and using appropriate personal protective equipment.[30] Proper respiratory protection can protect against hazardous substances. Proper ventilation of an area is an engineering control that can be used to avoid or minimize exposure to hazardous substances. When ventilation is insufficient or dust cannot be avoided, personal protective equipment such as N95 respirators can be used.[30][32]
Long-term risks
Cardiovascular disease
During fire suppression activities a firefighter can reach peak or near peak heart rates which can act as a trigger for a cardiac event. For example, tachycardia can cause plaque buildup to break loose and lodge itself is a small part of the heart causing myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack. This along with unhealthy habits and lack of exercise can be very hazardous to firefighter health.[34]
Smoke can expose firefighters to a variety of carcinogens
Carcinogens present at fires[38]
Carcinogen Group (IARC) Cancer site (if known)
Acetaldehyde 2B n/a
Arsenic 1 angiosarcoma (liver), lung, skin
Asbestos 1 mesothelioma and other lung cancers, larynx, gastrointestinal
Benz(a)anthracene 2B n/a
Benzene 1 leukemia
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 2B n/a
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 2B n/a
Benzofuran 2B n/a
Benzo(a)pyrene 1 bladder, lung, skin
1,3-Butadiene 1 lymphohematopoietic
Cadmium 1 lung
Carbon black 2B n/a
Chrysene 2B n/a
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 2A n/a
Dichloromethane 2B n/a
Ethylbenzene 2B n/a
Formaldehyde 1 nasopharynx
Furan 2B n/a
Indeno-1,2,3-(cd)pyrene 2B n/a
Isoprene 2B n/a
Lead 3/2A n/a
Naphthalene 2B n/a
2-Nitroanisole 2B n/a
Polychlorophenols 2B n/a
Polychlorinated biphenyls 2A n/a
Crystalline silica 1 lung
Styrene 2B n/a
Sulfuric acid 1 n/a
Tetrachloroethylene 2A cervix, esophagus, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Toluene diisocyanate 2B n/a
Trichloromethane 2B n/a
Triphenylene 3 n/a
Mental stress
As with other emergency workers, firefighters may witness traumatic scenes during their careers. They are thus more vulnerable than most people to certain mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder[39][40] and suicidal thoughts and behaviors.[41][42] Among women in the US, the occupations with the highest suicide rates are police and firefighters, with a rate of 14.1 per 100 000, according to the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC.[43] Chronic stress over time attributes to symptoms that affect first responders, such as anxiousness, irritability, nervousness, memory and concentration problems can occur overtime which can lead to anxiety and depression. Mental stress can have long lasting affects on the brain.[44] A 2014 report from the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation found that a fire department is three times more likely to experience a suicide in a given year than a line-of-duty death.[45] Mental stress of the job can lead to substance abuse and alcohol abuse as ways of coping with the stress.[46] The mental stress of fire fighting has a lot of different causes. There are those they see on duty and also what they miss by being on duty. Firefighters schedules fluctuate by district. There are stations where fire fighters work 48 hours on and 48 hours off. Some allow 24 hours on and 72 hours off.[47] The mental impact of missing your child's first steps or a ballet recital can take a heavy impact on first responders. There is also the stress of being on opposite shifts as your spouse or being away from family.
Occupational hearing loss
Another long-term risk factor from firefighting is exposure to high levels of sound, which can cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus.[48][49] NIHL affects sound frequencies between 3,000 and 6,000 Hertz first, then with more frequent exposure, will spread to more frequencies.[49] Many consonants will be more difficult to hear or inaudible with NIHL because of the higher frequencies effected, which results in poorer communication.[49] NIHL is caused by exposure to sound levels at or above 85dBA according to NIOSH and at or above 90dBA according to OSHA.[49]dBA represents A-weighted decibels. dBA is used for measuring sound levels relating to occupational sound exposure since it attempts to mimic the sensitivity of the human ear to different frequencies of sound.[49] OSHA uses a 5-dBA exchange rate, which means that for every 5dBA increase in sound from 90dBA, the acceptable exposure time before a risk of permanent hearing loss occurs decreases by half (starting with 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 90dBA).[49][50] NIOSH uses a 3-dBA exchange rate starting at 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 85dBA.[49][51]
The time of exposure required to potentially cause damage depends on the level of sound exposed to.[51] The most common causes of excessive sound exposure are sirens, transportation to and from fires, fire alarms, and work tools.[48] Traveling in an emergency vehicle has shown to expose a person to between 103 and 114dBA of sound. According to OSHA, exposure at this level is acceptable for between 17 and 78 minutes[50] and according to NIOSH is acceptable for between 35 seconds and 7.5 minutes [51] over a 24-hour day before permanent hearing loss can occur. This time period considers that no other high level sound exposure occurs in that 24-hour time frame.[51] Sirens often output about 120 dBA, which according to OSHA, 7.5 minutes of exposure is needed[50] and according to NIOSH, 9 seconds of exposure is needed[51] in a 24-hour time period before permanent hearing loss can occur. In addition to high sound levels, another risk factor for hearing disorders is the co-exposure to chemicals that are ototoxic.[52]
The average day of work for a firefighter can often be under the sound exposure limit for both OSHA and NIOSH.[49] While the average day of sound exposure as a firefighter is often under the limit, firefighters can be exposed to impulse noise, which has a very low acceptable time exposure before permanent hearing damage can occur due to the high intensity and short duration.[48]
There are also high rates of hearing loss, often NIHL, in firefighters, which increases with age and number of years working as a firefighter.[48][53]Hearing loss prevention programs have been implemented in multiple stations and have shown to help lower the rate of firefighters with NIHL.[49] Other attempts have been made to lower sound exposures for firefighters, such as enclosing the cabs of the firetrucks to lower the siren exposure while driving.[49] NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) is responsible for occupational health programs and standards in firefighters which discusses what hearing sensitivity is required to work as a firefighter, but also enforces baseline (initial) and annual hearing tests (based on OSHA hearing maintenance regulations).[48] While NIHL can be a risk that occurs from working as a firefighter, NIHL can also be a safety concern for communicating while doing the job as communicating with coworkers and victims is essential for safety.[48]Hearing protection devices have been used by firefighters in the United States.[49] Earmuffs are the most commonly used hearing protection device (HPD) as they are the most easy to put on correctly in a quick manner.[49] Multiple fire departments have used HPDs that have communication devices built in, allowing firefighters to speak with each other at safe, but audible sound levels, while lowering the hazardous sound levels around them.[49]
Types of coverage and workload
In a country with a comprehensive fire service, fire departments must be able to send firefighters to emergencies at any hour of day or night, to arrive on the scene within minutes. In urban areas, this means that full-time paid firefighters usually have shift work, with some providing cover each night. On the other hand, it may not be practical to employ full-time firefighters in villages and isolated small towns, where their services may not be required for days at a time. For this reason, many fire departments have firefighters who spend long periods on call to respond to infrequent emergencies; they may have regular jobs outside of firefighting. Whether they are paid or not varies by country. In the United States and Germany, volunteer fire departments provide most of the cover in rural areas. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, by contrast, actual volunteers are rare. Instead, "retained firefighters" are paid for responding to incidents, along with a small salary for spending long periods of time on call.
Firefighting around the world
Firefighters tackling a blaze in Montreal, Canada
A key difference between many country's fire services is what the balance is between full-time and volunteer (or on-call) firefighters. In the United States and United Kingdom, large metropolitan fire departments are almost entirely made up of full-time firefighters. On the other hand, in Germany and Austria,[54] volunteers play a substantial role even in the largest fire departments, including Berlin's, which serves a population of 3.6 million. Regardless of how this balance works, a common feature is that smaller urban areas have a mix of full-time and volunteer/on-call firefighters. This is known in the United States as a combination fire department. In Chile and Peru, all firefighters are volunteers.[55]
Another point of variation is how the fire services are organized. Some countries like Israel and New Zealand have a single national fire service. Others like Australia, the United Kingdom and France organize fire services based on regions or sub-national states. In the United States, Germany and Canada, fire departments are run at a municipal level.
Atypically, Singapore and many parts of Switzerland have fire service conscription.[56][57] In Germany, conscription can also be used if a village does not have a functioning fire service. Other unusual arrangements are seen in Denmark, where most fire services are run by private companies,[58] and in France, where two of the country's fire services (the Paris Fire Brigade and the Marseille Naval Fire Battalion) are part of the armed forces; similarly, the national fire service of Monaco is part of the Military of Monaco and maintains an armoury of sidearms for use by firefighters during civil defence operations.
Another way in which a firefighter's work varies around the world is the nature of firefighting equipment and tactics. For example, American fire departments make heavier use of aerial appliances, and are often split between engine and ladder companies. In Europe, where the size and usefulness of aerial appliances are often limited by narrow streets, they are only used for rescues, and firefighters can rotate between working on an engine and an aerial appliance. [59][58] A final point in variation is how involved firefighters are in emergency medical services.
Communication and command structure
New South Wales Fire Brigade station officer (red helmet) and firefighters (yellow helmets), Australia
A telecommunicator (often referred to as a 000 Operator)[] has a role different from but just as important as other emergency personnel. The telecommunicator must process calls from unknown and unseen individuals, usually calling under stressful conditions. He/she must be able to obtain complete, reliable information from the caller and prioritize requests for assistance. It is the dispatcher's responsibility to bring order to chaos.
While some fire departments are large enough to utilize their own telecommunication dispatcher, most rural and small areas rely on a central dispatcher to provide handling of fire, rescue, and police services.
Firefighters are trained to use communications equipment to receive alarms, give and receive commands, request assistance, and report on conditions. Since firefighters from different agencies routinely provide mutual aid to each other, and routinely operate at incidents where other emergency services are present, it is essential to have structures in place to establish a unified chain of command, and share information between agencies. The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has established a National Incident Management System.[60] One component of this system is the Incident Command System.
Many firefighters are sworn members with command structures similar to the military and police. They do not have general police powers (some firefighters in the United States have limited police powers, like fire police departments, while certain fire marshals have full police powers, i.e. the ability to make warrantless arrests, and authority to carry a firearm on and off-duty), but have specific powers of enforcement and control in fire and emergency situations.
The basic unit of an American fire department is a "company", a group of firefighters who typically work on the same engine. A "crew" or "platoon" is a subdivision of a company who work on the same shift. Commonwealth fire services are more likely to be organized around a "watch", who work the same shift on multiple engines.[61]
New South Wales Rural Fire Service
Operational Rank Membership Type Insignia
Commissioner NSW Government Senior Executive Service Officer NSWRFS Insignia Commissioner.jpg
Assistant Commissioner NSW Government Senior Executive Service Officer NSWRFS Insignia AssistCommissioner.jpg
Chief Superintendent NSW Government Public Service Officer NSWRFS Insignia ChiefSuper.jpg
Superintendent NSW Government Public Service Officer NSWRFS Insignia Super.jpg
Inspector NSW Government Public Service Officer NSWRFS Insignia Inspector.jpg
Group Captain Volunteer NSWRFS Insignia GroupCapt.jpg
Deputy Group Captain Volunteer NSWRFS Insignia DeptGroupCapt.jpg
Captain Volunteer NSWRFS Insignia Captain.jpg
Senior Deputy Captain Volunteer NSWRFS Insignia SeniorDeptCapt.jpg
Deputy Captain Volunteer NSWRFS Insignia DeptCapt.jpg
Fire Fighter Volunteer NSWRFS Insignia Member.jpg
New rank structure of 2015.
Higher Cadre
Brandweerkolonel.jpg Colonel
Majoor.jpg Major
Kapitein.jpg Captain
Luitenant.jpg Lieutenant
Middle Cadre
Adjudant.jpg Adjudant
Sergeantbrandweer.jpg Sergeant
Basic Cadre
Korporaal.jpg Corporal
Brandweerman.jpg Firefighter
A chief and platoon chief coordinate activities on site of a house fire in Vaughan, Ontario
Rank Insignia
Probationary Firefighter no insignia
Second Class Firefighter no insignia
First Class Firefighter no insignia
Captain 2 silver epaulette stripes
District Chief 2 gold stripes
Platoon Chief 3 gold stripes
Division Commander 3 thick and 1 thin gold stripes
Deputy Fire Chief 4 gold stripes
Fire Chief 5 gold stripes
Rank Insignia
Firefighter/Firefighter Instructor no insignia
Interim Lieutenant 1 white stripes
Lieutenant/Lieutenant Instructor 2 white stripes
Captain 3 white stripes
Operations Chief 1 thick yellow stripes
Division Chief 1 thick and 1 thin yellow stripes
Assistant Chief 1 thick and 2 thin yellow stripes
Deputy Chief 1 thick and 3 thin yellow stripes
Fire Chief 1 thick and 4 thin yellow stripes plus star
Fire Chief Deputy Fire Chief Assistant Chief Battalion Chief Training Officer Captain Lieutenant Firefighter Probationary Firefighter
Rank Epaulettes
VFRS Fire Chief.png
VFRS Deputy Fire Chief.png
VFRS Assistant Chief.png
VFRS Battalion Chief.png
VFRS Training Officer.png
VFRS Captain.png
VFRS Lieutenant.png
No Insignia No Insignia
Rank Pins
FIRE BUGLES - 5.1 (GOLD).png
FIRE BUGLES - 4.3 (GOLD).png
FIRE BUGLES - 3.1 (GOLD).png
FIRE BUGLES - 2.4 (GOLD).png
No Insignia No Insignia
Ranks are divided between Company Officers and Fire Department Officers, which can be subdivided between Active Officers (Field Officers) and Administrative Officers each. The active officers are the captain, and three or four lieutenants, these four active officers are distinguished by red lines on their helmets.
Rank Epaulettes[62] Denmark-Firefighter-Direktør.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Vicedirektør.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Afdelingschef.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Områdeleder.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Beredskabsinspektør.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Viceberedskabsinspektør.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Beredskabsmester.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Viceberedskabsmester.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Deltidsholder m. instruktør.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Deltidsholder.svg Denmark-Firefighter-Beredskabsassistent.svg
Direct translation of Danish ranks Emergency Director/
Emergency Chief
Deputy Emergency Director/
Deputy Emergency Chief
Department Chief/
Area Chief
Area Manager Fire Inspector Deputy Fire Inspector/
Station Master
Emergency Master/
Fire Master
Deputy Emergency Master/
Deputy Fire Master
Part-time Team Leader with instructor skills Part-time Team Leader Fire Assistant/
Emergency Assistant
Equivalent in London Fire Brigade Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Deputy Assistant Commissioner Group Manager Station Manager Station Officer Sub-Officer no equivalent no equivalent Firefighter
French civilian fire services, which historically are derived from French army sapper units, use French Army ranks. The highest rank in many departments is full colonel. Only the NCO rank of major is used in both the Paris Fire Brigade and the Marseille Naval Fire Battalion; since 2013 it has been abolished in the other fire departments.
Ministry of Interior
• DGSCGC.png Director General of Civil Security and Crisis Management
• DGSP.png Director of Fire Protection
• SDIS CGL1.png Comptroller General
Civilian Fire Services (Professional Fire Fighters Class A+)
• SDIS CGL.png Comptroller General
• SP-COL.png Colonel senior class/Colonel
Civilian Fire Services (Professional Fire Fighters Class A)
• SP-LCL.png Lieutenant Colonel
• SP-CEN.png Commandant
• SP-CNE.png Captain
Civilian Fire Services (Professional Fire Fighters Class B)
• SP-LTN.png Lieutenant senior class/Lieutenant first class/Lieutenant second class
Civilian Fire Services (Professional Fire Fighters Class C)
• SP-ADC.png Adjutant with three years time-in-grade gets the insignia and title of Chief Adjutant
• SP-ADJ.png Adjutant
• SP-SGC.png Sergeant with three years time-in-grade gets the insignia and title of Chief Sergeant
• SP-SGT.png Sergeant
• SP-CPC.png Chief Corporal
• SP-CPL.png Corporal
• SP-SP1.png Sapper
In Germany every federal state has its own civil protection laws thus they have different rank systems. Additionally, in the volunteer fire departments, there is a difference between a rank and an official position. This is founded on the military traditions of the fire departments. Every firefighter can hold a high rank without having an official position. A firefighter can be promoted by years of service, training skills and qualifications. Official positions are partly elected or given by capabilities. These conditions allow that older ordinary firefighters have higher ranks than their leaders. But through this ranks are no authorities given (Brevet).
Professional Fire Fighters (Middle Technical Grades) of Rheinland-Pfalz
Completed vocational training in a technical occupation suitable for the fire service. Basic firefighter training.
Brandmeister/-in während der Laufbahnausbildung Brandmeister/-in Oberbrandmeister/-in Hauptbrandmeister/-in
während der Laufbahnausbildung
Brandmeister Oberbrandmeister Hauptbrandmeister
Professional Fire Fighters (Upper Technical Grades) of Rheinland-Pfalz
Bachelor of Engineering and two years departmental training.
Brandinspektorenanwärter/-in Brandinspektor/-in Brandoberinspektor/-in Brandamtmann/-frau Brandamtsrat/-rätin Brandoberamtsrat/-rätin
Brandinspektorenanwärter Brandinspektor Brandoberinspektor Brandamtmann Brandamtsrat Brandoberamtsrat
Professional Fire Fighters (Higher Technical Grades) of Rheinland-Pfalz
Master of Engineering and two years of departmental training.
Brandreferendar/-in Brandrat/-rätin Oberbrandrat/-rätin Branddirektor/-in Leitende/-r Branddirektor/-in und Ministerialrat/-rätin Leitende/-r Ministerialrat/-rätin Landesfeuerwehrinspekteur/-in
Brandreferendar Brandrat Oberbrandrat Branddirektor Leitender Branddirektor
Leitender Ministerialrat Landesfeuerwehrinspekteur
Helmet insignia of Rheinland-Pfalz
Zugführer Führer von Verbänden Kreisfeuerwehrinspekteur
Company Leaders Upper Technical Grades, Battalion Chiefs Higher Technical Grades, Fire Chiefs
Firefighters in Indonesia form part of the civil service of local governments and wear variant forms of uniforms worn by civil servants and employees.
Rank category Rank category number Rank in Indonesian Equivalent rank
(with US General Schedule and UK Civil Service paygrade)
Rank in English
(Regional Fire Service personnel only)
Commissioners General IV/e Pembina Utama Permanent Secretary
Senior Executive Service Level III
Commissioner General
IV/d Pembina Utama Madya Director General
Senior Executive Service Level III,
Pay Band 3 A7
Deputy Commissioner General
IV/c Pembina Utama Muda Director
Senior Executive Service Level IV,
Pay Band 2 A7
Superintendent General
IV/b Pembina Tingkat I Deputy Director
Senior Executive Service Level V,
Pay Band 1 A7
Fire Director
IV/a Pembina Assistant Director
GS-15, Grade 6 A6
Senior ranked officers III/d Penata Tingkat I Senior Executive Officer 1st class
GS-14, Grade 7 A5
Chief Superintendent
III/c Penata Senior Executive Officer
GS-13, Grade 7 A4
III/b Penata Muda Tingkat I Higher Executive Officer
GS-12, A3
Battalion Chief
Junior ranked officers III/a Penata Muda Executive Officer 1st class
GS-11, A2/B6
Fire Captain
II/d Pengatur Tingkat I Executive Officer 2nd class
GS-10, A2/B6
Fire Lieutenant
II/c Pengatur Executive Officer
GS-9, A1/B5
Divisional Inspector
Senior clerical officials II/b Pengatur Muda Tingkat I Administrative Officer Class 1
GS-8, B4
Station Sub-officer
II/a Pengatur Muda Administrative Officer Class 2
GS-7, B4
Sergeant Major
Junior clerical officials I/d Juru Tingkat I Higher Clerical Officer 1st class
GS-6/GS-5, B3
I/c Julu Higher Clerical Officer
GS-4/GS-3, B3
I/b Julu Muda Tingkat I Clerical Officer
GS-2, B2
Leading Firefighter
I/a Julu Muda Administrative Assistant
GS-1, B1
The Vigili del Fuoco, (literally the word "Vigili" comes from the Latin word "Vigiles", which means "who is part of certain guards") have the official name of Corpo nazionale dei vigili del fuoco (CNVVF, National Firefighters Corps).
The CNVVF is the Italian institutional agency for fire and rescue service. It is part of the Ministry of Interior's Department of Firefighters, Public Rescue and Public Protection. The CNVVF task is to provide safety for people, animals and property, and control the compliance of buildings and industries to fire safety rules. The Ministry of the Interior, through the CNVVF, adopts fire safety rules with ministerial decrees or other lower rank documents. The CNVVF also ensures public rescue in emergencies that involves the use of chemical weapons, bacteriological, radiological and materials. Since 2012 the Corps uses its own rank titles (dating from 2007) with matching military styled insignia in honor of its origins.
In 2016 the CNVVF has been committed in forest firefighting activities together with the regional forest agencies, following the suppression of the National Forest Guards, which were merged into the Carabinieri (firefighters were integrated into the CNVVF). .
Italian HAZMAT unit parading in Rome.
Directors general
Dirigente generale capo del corpo
Dirigente generale
Dirigente superiore
Primo dirigente
Direttore vice dirigente
Vice direttore
Substitute Fire Directors
Sostituto direttore antincendi capo
Sostituto direttore antincendi
Fire inspectors
Ispettore antincendi esperto
Ispettore antincendi
Vice ispettore antincendi
Non-commissioned officers
Capo reparto esperto
Capo reparto
Capo squadra esperto
Capo squadra
Enlisted firefighters
Vigile coordinatore
Vigile esperto
Vigile qualificato
Vigile del fuoco
Volunteer firefighters
Funzionario tecnico antincendi
Capo reparto volontario
Capo squadra volontario
Vigile volontario
In Iran, every city has its own fire department, but ranks are the same in the whole country, and are as follows:
Volunteer Firefighter I ? One yellow bar
Volunteer Firefighter II ? Two yellow bars
Volunteer Firefighter III ? Three yellow bars
Firefighter I ? One silver bar ?
Firefighter II ? Two silver bars ?
Firefighter III ? Three silver bars ?
Head Firefighter I ? One flame and one gold bar ? ?
Head Firefighter II ? One flame and Two gold bars ? ?
Head Firefighter III ? One flame and Three gold bars ? ?
Master Firefighter I One flame ?
Master Firefighter II Two flames ?
Master Firefighter III Three flames ?
Master Firefighter IV Four flames ? ?
Chief Firefighter I One empty gold wreath ? ?
Chief Firefighter II One gold wreath with a flame inside ? ?
Chief Firefighter III One gold wreath with a flame inside and a silver bar below them ? ? ? ? ?
Chief master Firefighter I One gold wreath with a flame inside and two silver bars below them ? ? ? ? ?
Chief master Firefighter II One gold wreath with a flame inside and three silver bars below them ? ? ? ? ?
Chief master Firefighter III One gold wreath with a flame inside and four silver bars below them ? ? ? ? ? ?
In Ireland, the traditional British and Commonwealth brigade rank structure is used, across the 26 counties.
Fire and rescue services are provided by 26 County Councils to the 26 counties of Ireland, and by three City Councils with unitary authority status (those of Dublin, Cork, and Galway) within their respective cities. By agreement, the Dublin Fire Brigade provides cover to both the city and the county. Similarly, Galway City Council and Galway County Council have an agreement for the provision of a single fire and rescue service. Only Cork has separate services - Cork City Fire Brigade in the City of Cork, and Cork County Fire Service in the wider County of Cork. In each of the other 23 counties of Ireland a single fire and rescue service covers the whole county, including all large towns and cities, as those 23 County Councils are unitary authorities for the entire county jurisdiction.
County Brigades Dublin City Brigade[63]
Rank Insignia Helmet Insignia Helmet
Firefighter Capture FF insignia.jpg Yellow Capture FF insignia.jpg Yellow
Leading Firefighter
or Driver Mechanic
Leading Firefighter.jpg Yellow, one 12mm horizontal black stripe This rank is not used in Dublin
Sub Officer Capture CM.JPG Yellow, two 12mm horizontal black stripes Capture CM.JPG Yellow, two 12mm horizontal black stripes
Station Officer Capture WM.JPG White, one 19mm horizontal black stripe Capture WM.JPG White, one 12mm horizontal black stripe
District Officer (operations)
or District FPO
These ranks are not used in Counties Capture gm.JPG White, one 19mm horizontal black stripe
Third Officer (operations)
or Executive FPO
These ranks are not used in Counties Capture aco.JPG White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19mm, one 12mm)
Second Officer (operations)
or Senior Executive FPO
These ranks are not used in Counties Capture DCO.JPG White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19mm, one 12mm)
Assistant Chief Fire Officer Capture aco.JPG White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19mm, one 12mm) Capture co.JPG White, two horizontal black stripes (one 19mm, one 12mm)
Senior Assistant Chief Fire Officer Capture DCO.JPG White, one 38mm horizontal broad black stripe This rank is not used in Dublin
Chief Fire Officer Capture co.JPG White, two 38mm horizontal broad black stripes Capture co.JPG White, one 38mm horizontal broad black stripe
FPO = Fire Prevention Officer
Firefighters at a community event in Tokyo, 2017
One Star with one stripe across
Assistant Fire Sergeant
Two Stars with one stripe across
Fire Sergeant
Three Stars with one stripe across
Fire Lieutenant
One Star with two stripes across
Fire Captain
Two Stars with two stripes across
Battalion Chief
Three Stars with two stripes across
Assistant Chief
One Star with solid background
1st Assistant Chief
Two Stars with solid background
Deputy Chief
Three Stars with solid background
Fire Chief
Four Stars with solid background
Grand-Ducal Fire and Rescue Corps of Luxembourg.
# Rank Abbreviation Rank (English) Grade Epaulet
Shoulder board Collar badge
Penguasa Bomba (Fire Superintendent)
1 Ketua Pesuruhjaya Bomba KPjB Chief Fire Commissioner JUSA A
2 Pesuruhjaya Bomba PjB Fire Commissioner JUSA B
3 Timbalan Pesuruhjaya Bomba TPjB Deputy Fire Commissioner JUSA C
4 Penolong Kanan Pesuruhjaya Bomba PKPjB Senior Assistant Fire Commissioner KB 54
5 Penolong Pesuruhjaya Bomba PPjB Assistant Fire Commissioner KB 52
6 Penguasa Kanan Bomba I PgKB I Senior Fire Superintendent I KB 48
7 Penguasa Kanan Bomba II PgKB II Senior Fire Superintendent II KB 44
8 Penguasa Bomba PgB Fire Superintendent KB 41
Penolong Penguasa Bomba (Assistant Fire Superintendent)
9 Timbalan Penguasa Bomba TPgB Deputy Fire Superintendent KB 38
10 Penolong Kanan Penguasa Bomba PKPgB Senior Assistant Fire Superintendent KB 32
11 Penolong Penguasa Bomba PPgB Assistant Fire Superintendent KB 29
Pegawai Bomba (Fire Officer)
12 Pegawai Bomba Tinggi PBT Leading Fire Officer KB 26
13 Pegawai Bomba Kanan I PBK I Senior Fire Officer I KB 24
14 Pegawai Bomba Kanan II PBK II Senior Fire Officer II KB 22
15 Pegawai Bomba PB Fire Officer KB 17 / 19 No Insignia
Hoofdcommandeur.svg Hoofdcommandeur Fire Chief
Adjunct hoofdcommandeur.svg Adjunct-Hoofdcommandeur Deputy Fire Chief
Commandeur.svg Commandeur Division Chief
Hoofdbrandmeester.svg Hoofdbrandmeester Battalion Chief
Brandmeester.svg Brandmeester Captain
Hoofdbrandwacht.svg Hoofdbrandwacht Engineer
Brandwacht 1e klas.svg Brandwacht Fire Fighter
Brandweer Aspirant Insigne.svg Algemene / Aspirantfuncties Trainee
New Zealand
In New Zealand, rank is shown on epaulettes on firefighters' station uniform, and through colors and stripes on firefighter helmets. As the nation only has a single fire department, the New Zealand Fire Service, ranks are consistent through the country.
Rank Epaulette[64] Helmet[64]
Trainee Firefighter (TFF) plain fluro-green
Firefighter (FF) one hollow bar yellow
Qualified Firefighter (QFF) one solid bar yellow, one red stripe
Senior Firefighter (SFF) two solid bars yellow, two red stripes
Station Officer (SO) one impeller red, one blue stripe
Assistant Area Commander (AAC) three impellers silver
Strazak m.svg Starszystrazak m.svg
Starszy stra?ak
Senior Firefighter
Sekcyjny m.svg
Starszysekcyjny m.svg
Mlodszyogniomistrz m.svg
Starszyogniomistrz m.svg
Section Leader
Private 1st Class
Starszy sekcyjny
Senior Section Leader
M?odszy ogniomistrz
Junior Firemaster
Starszy ogniomistrz
Senior Firemaster
Staff Sergeant
Mlodszyaspirant m.svg
Aspirant m.svg
Starszyaspirant m.svg
Aspirantsztabowy m.svg
M?odszy aspirant
Junior Aspirant
Sergeant 1st Class
Master Sergeant
Starszy aspirant
Senior Aspirant
Sergeant Major
Aspirant sztabowy
Staff Aspirant
Command Sergeant Major
Ml kapitan m.svg
Kapitan strazy m.svg
Stkapitan m.svg
Ml brygadier m.svg
M?odszy kapitan
Junior Captain
Second Lieutenant
First Lieutenant
Starszy kapitan
Senior Captain
M?odszy brygadier
Junior Brigadier
Brygadier m.svg
St brygadier m.svg
Nadbrygadier m.svg
Gen brygadier m.svg
Lieutenant Colonel
Starszy brygadier
Senior Brigadier
Chief Brigadier
Brigadier General
Genera? brygadier
General Brigadier
Major General
Russian Federation
Insignia of a helmet Federal Fire Service of EMERCOM
Rank Helmet colour/markings
Tunisian firefighter's ranks are actually the same as the army, police and national garde.
United Kingdom
London Fire Brigade
Rank title Rank markings
Firefighter Capture FF insignia.jpg
Leading Firefighter Leading Firefighter.jpg
Sub-Officer Capture CM.JPG
Station Officer Capture WM.JPG
Station Commander Capture SM.JPG
Group Commander
(or Borough Commander)
Capture gm.JPG
Deputy Assistant Commissioner Capture AM.JPG
Assistant Commissioner Capture aco.JPG
Deputy Commissioner Capture DCO.JPG
Commissioner Capture co.JPG
United States of America
An American firefighter with a lieutenant's helmet.
Typical rank insignia for an American fire department.
In the United States, helmet colors often denote a fire fighter's rank or position. In general, white helmets denote chief officers, while red helmets may denote company officers, but the specific meaning of a helmet's color or style varies from region to region and department to department. The rank of an officer in an American fire department is most commonly denoted by a number of speaking trumpets, a reference to a megaphone-like device used in the early days of the fire service, although typically called "bugle" in today's parlance. Ranks proceed from one (lieutenant) to five (fire chief) bugles. Traditional ranks in American fire departments that exist but may not always be utilized in all cities or towns include:
Rank Insignia
Firefighter No bugles
Engineer/Technician/Apparatus Operator 3 chevrons
Lieutenant 1 bugle
Captain 2 bugles, either traditionally side by side or less usually crossed
Battalion Chief/District Chief 2 bugles, either side by side or more traditionally crossed
Division Chief or Assistant/Deputy Asst. Chief/Commissioner 3 crossed bugles
Deputy Chief/Commissioner 4 crossed bugles
Chief/Commissioner 5 crossed bugles
In many fire departments in the U.S., the captain is commonly the commander of a company and a lieutenant is the supervisor of the company's firefighters on shift. There is no state or federal rank structure for firefighters and each municipality or volunteer fire department creates and uses their own unique structure.
Still, some other American fire departments such as the FDNY use military rank insignia in addition or instead of the traditional bugles. Additionally, officers on truck companies have been known to use rank insignias shaped like axes for Lieutenants (1) and Captains (2).
Firefighter equipment
A partial list of some equipment typically used by firefighters:
A picture of American firefighters in the 1770s
Vancouver firemen responding to a fire alarm, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Photograph taken by W.J. Carpenter in 1910.
Although people have fought fires since there have been valuable things to burn, the first instance of organized professionals combating structural fires occurred in ancient Egypt. Likewise, fire fighters of the Roman Republic existed solely as privately organized and funded groups that operated more similarly to a business than a public service; however, during the Principate period, Augustus revolutionized firefighting by calling for the creation of a fire guard that was trained, paid, and equipped by the state, thereby commissioning the first truly public and professional firefighting service. Known as the Vigiles, they were organised into cohorts, serving as a night watch and city police force.
The earliest American fire departments were volunteers, including the volunteer fire company in New Amsterdam, now known as New York.[65] Fire companies were composed of citizens who volunteered their time to help protect the community. As time progressed and new towns were established throughout the region, there was a sharp increase in the number of volunteer departments.
In 1853, the first career fire department in the United States was established in Cincinnati, Ohio, followed four years later by St. Louis Fire Department. Large cities began establishing paid, full-time staff in order to try facilitate greater call volume.
City fire departments draw their funding directly from city taxes and share the same budget as other public works like the police department and trash services. The primary difference between municipality departments and city departments is the funding source. Municipal fire departments do not share their budget with any other service and are considered to be private entities within a jurisdiction. This means that they have their own taxes that feed into their budgeting needs. City fire departments report to the mayor, whereas municipal departments are accountable to elected board officials who help maintain and run the department along with the chief officer staff.[]
Funds for firefighting equipment may be raised by the firefighters themselves, especially in the case of volunteer organizations. Events such as pancake breakfasts and chili feeds are common in the United States. Social events are used to raise money include dances, fairs, and car washes.
Notable firefighters
• James Braidwood (1800-1861), founder of the municipal fire brigade in Edinburgh, 1824
• John Decker (1823-1892), chief of the New York City department during the 1863 draft riots
• Raúl Gándara-Cartagena (1895-1989), first and longest-serving Puerto Rico commonwealth fire chief
• James J. Kenney (1869-1918), Berkeley, California, politician, the city's first fire chief
• Louis R. Nowell (1915-2009), Los Angeles, California, City Council member, a firefighter for 23 years
• Vladimir Pravik (1962-1986), Soviet firefighter who worked in the Chernobyl disaster, died on 11 May from acute radiation sickness
• Welles Remy Crowther, (May 17, 1977 - September 11, 2001) was an American equities trader and volunteer firefighter known for saving as many as 18 lives during the September 11 attacks in New York City, during which he lost his own life.
• Walter Thomas (1922-2017), Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, the longest serving firefighter in Canada[66]
• Gary Speakman (born 1983), former wholetime firefighter for GMFRS in the UK, two-time Guinness World Record holder for running marathons in full fire department uniform and breathing apparatus.[67][68]
See also
1. ^ https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/899938/BBC-sexism-cartoon-firefighter-fireman-hey-duggee-dany-cotton
2. ^ https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/london-fire-brigade-accuses-bbc-of-sexism-over-use-of-term-fireman-in-childrens-show-hey-duggee-a3730511.html
3. ^ "Fire Academy". Public Safety Elite. Retrieved .
4. ^ Forest Fire in Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 2008-06-05, archived from the original on 2009-05-30, retrieved
5. ^ "Firefighter job profile". Prospects.ac.uk.
6. ^ a b "Plenty of firefighters, but where are the fires?". The Boston Globe. 2013-09-07. Retrieved .
7. ^ "What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?". NHLBI. June 22, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 2016.
8. ^ "News". www.london-fire.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 2018.
9. ^ "Surrey firefighters called to almost 300 medical emergencies during co-responding trial". Surrey Advertiser. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 2018.
10. ^ "NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code". National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Retrieved 2018.
11. ^ "Overview of the International Fire Code". International Code Council (ICC). 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2018.
12. ^ "NFPA Fire Sprinkler Initiative". National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Retrieved 2018.
13. ^ Pollack, Keshia; Frattaroli, Shannon; Somers, Scott (August 24, 2015). "Research Shows Residential Sprinklers Save Lives" (Fire and Worker Health and Safety). SAGE Journal. Retrieved 2018.
14. ^ Faturechi, Robert (June 22, 2016). "The Fire Sprinkler War, State by State". Propublica. Retrieved 2018.
15. ^ "Anti-sprinkler legislation". National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Retrieved 2018.
16. ^ James Barron (January 24, 2005). "3 Firefighters Die in Blazes in Brooklyn and Bronx". The New York Times.
17. ^ Zephyr Technologies BioHarness BT Archived 2010-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ "OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) - Section III: Chapter IV: Heat Stress". Osha.gov. Retrieved .
19. ^ "What structural fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis" (PDF). 2018-05-01. doi:10.26616/nioshpub2018133. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
20. ^ "What wildland fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis" (PDF). 2018-05-01. doi:10.26616/nioshpub2018131. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
23. ^ Federal Highway Administration DOT 23CFR634 Worker Visibility
24. ^ Kales, Stefanos N.; Soteriades, Elpidoforos S.; Christophi, Costas A.; Christiani, David C. (2007). "The New England Journal of Medicine", March 22, 2007, Accessed:July 17, 2011". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (12): 1207-1215. CiteSeerX doi:10.1056/NEJMoa060357. PMID 17377158.
25. ^ a b Beaucham, Catherine; Eisenberg, Judith (August 2019). "Evaluation of fire debris cleanup employees' exposure to silica, asbestos, metals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons" (PDF). U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
26. ^ a b "Worker Safety and Health During Fire Cleanup". California Division of Occupational Safety and Health. April 2019. Retrieved 2020.
27. ^ "Health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2017-05-13. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2002129.
28. ^ 29 C.F.R. 1910.1001
29. ^ IARC 2002
30. ^ a b c d "Worker Safety During Fire Cleanup". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 2020.
31. ^ "Personal Protective Equipment During Fire Cleanup Operations". California Division of Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved .
32. ^ "Respiratory Protection During Fire Cleanup". California Division of Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved .
34. ^ [University of Illinois] https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents[permanent dead link] /research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf
35. ^ Daniels, Robert D. (17 December 2014). "Is There a Link Between Firefighting and Cancer? - Epidemiology in Action". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 2015.
37. ^ Daniels RD, Bertke S, Dahm MM, Yiin JH, Kubale TL, Hales TR, Baris D, Zahm SH, Beaumont JJ, Waters KM, Pinkerton LE (2015). "Exposure-response relationships for select cancer and non-cancer health outcomes in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009)". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 72 (10): 699-706. doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102671. PMC 4558385. PMID 25673342.
38. ^ a b IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010). "Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans / World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 98: 9-764. PMC 4781497. PMID 21381544.
39. ^ "Fire fighters' battle with PTSD: "Every day is an anxious day"". The Guardian. 23 August 2017. Retrieved 2017.
40. ^ Berger, William; Coutinho, Evandro Silva Freire; Figueira, Ivan; Marques-Portella, Carla; Luz, Mariana Pires; Neylan, Thomas C.; Marmar, Charles R.; Mendlowicz, Mauro Vitor (2012-06-01). "Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 47 (6): 1001-1011. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2. ISSN 0933-7954. PMC 3974968. PMID 21681455.
41. ^ Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2016). "A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs, and paramedics". Clinical Psychology Review. 44: 25-44. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002. PMID 26719976.
42. ^ Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Hagan, Christopher R.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2015). "Career prevalence and correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among firefighters". Journal of Affective Disorders. 187: 163-171. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.007. PMID 26339926.
43. ^ Lindahl, Björn. "Why are suicide rates higher for farmers and firefighters than for librarians?". Nordic Labour Journal.
44. ^ "Health & Wellness: How Firefighters Can Manage Stress". Firehouse. Retrieved .
45. ^ "Stress takes heavy toll on firefighters, experts say". USA TODAY. Retrieved .
46. ^ "Special report: Firefighter behavioral health - NFPA Journal". www.nfpa.org. Retrieved .
47. ^ "9 sources of firefighter stress". FireRescue1. Retrieved .
48. ^ a b c d e f Hong, O.; Samo, D.G. (1 August 2007). "Hazardous Decibels: Hearing Health of Firefighters". Workplace Health & Safety. 55 (8): 313-319. doi:10.1177/216507990705500803. PMID 17847625. S2CID 36850759.
49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tubbs, R.L. (1995). "Noise and Hearing Loss in Firefighting". Occupational Medicine. 10 (4): 843-885. PMID 8903753.
50. ^ a b c "Noise exposure computation - 1910.95 App A | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov.
51. ^ a b c d e "NIOSH/Criteria for a Recommended Standard--Occupational Noise Exposure, 1998". www.nonoise.org.
52. ^ Johnson, Ann-Christin and Morata, Thais (2010). "Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment. The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. 44 (4): 177" (PDF). Arbete och Hälsa. 44: 177.
53. ^ Taxini, Carla; Guida, Heraldo (6 January 2014). "Firefighters' noise exposure: A literature review". International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology. 17 (1): 080-084. doi:10.7162/S1809-97772013000100014. PMC 4423242. PMID 25991998.
54. ^ Österreichischer Bundesfeuerwehrverband: Statistik des ÖBFV Archived 2008-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
55. ^ "Chile's firefighters in spotlight after Valparaiso blaze". BBC News. 2014-04-29. Retrieved .
56. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-28. Retrieved .CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
57. ^ "SCDF Website - GENERAL: About Us". Archived from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved .
58. ^ a b "Fire Commentary: European Firefighting Operations". Fire Engineering. 2008-06-12. Retrieved .
59. ^ "United States vs. Europe". Fire Apparatus. 2016-06-07. Retrieved .
60. ^ [1]
61. ^ Humberside Fire and Rescue Service: Shift patterns
62. ^ "Distinktionsoversigt". Danske Beredskaber (in Danish). Retrieved 2019.
63. ^ "Dublin Fire Brigade: Who We Are" (PDF). Dublin Fire Brigade. 2015. p. 5. Retrieved 2020.
64. ^ a b "Uniform rank markings". New Zealand Fire Service. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 2015.
65. ^ Essentials of Firefighting
66. ^ Alberta Fire Chiefs Association (Spring-Summer 2012). "The Gazette". The Gazette: 6-7.
67. ^ Vine, Kathryn. "Firefighter runs into record books". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2020.
68. ^ Keeling, Neal. "Fireman regains record". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2020.
External links
Media related to Firefighter at Wikimedia Commons
Fact Sheet for Firefighters and EMS providers regarding risks for exposure to COVID-19, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21457 | Loading random prayer link...
So the women hurried away from the tomb, afraid yet filled with joy, and ran to tell his disciples. (Matthew 28:8)
Let us pray: Lord Jesus, today is the day that your light shined the brightest and filled the corners of the earth. Your resurrection is our comfort and hope that we can overcome everything through You. We are overjoyed Lord. Lead us into brighter days with the desire to make this world worthy to live in. Amen.
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If you're in the mood for a pre-formatted giggle, check out these translated sites:
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21503 | Wednesday, October 12, 2016
#Instanatural Vitamin C Serum
I find myself all of the sudden obsessed with serums. I know, they've been a thing for a while, but I'm only now starting to really use them consistently and really seeing results. Maybe it's specifically the Vitamin C ones I'm so taken with as they truly do brighten the skin. Either way, I seem to be getting quite a collection going as far as these serums are concerned. My latest addition is the instanatural Vitamin C serum that contains hyaluronic acid (one of my personal favorite ingredients), ferulic acid, which is an antioxidant said to really help with anti-aging, sea buckthorn oil, and plant stem cells. You guys know I'm a major fan of instanatural products and this is no exception. Aside from the fact that it brightens and smooths my skin, it smells of oranges, kind of tangy and sweet, which is incredible. The consistency is thin and sinks in fairly quick and really seems to moisturize the skin.
Have you guys tried any serums? What're some of your favorites?
This serum goes for $17.97 for 1 oz which lasts quite a long time as you only need a small drop or two for your entire face. You can purchase it here if you're interested.
*This post contains products that were sent to me free of charge for my consideration.
I am not obligated to like the product.
1. I have a serum from Bath and Body works that I really like to apply to my face after the shower - it smells so good!! xo, Biana -BlovedBoston
2. I absolutely love vitiman c in skincare products. This one sounds lovely!
Rae | Love from Berlin
3. The fact that it smells like oranges makes me happy! Love good scented products!
4. Thanks for the review Kim! This seems like a really reasonable price for a serum, which is always a plus!
5. I'm not really a serum girl but this looks really nice :)
6. Looking after your skin is so important and vitamin c is a great way to help your skin out :) I try to look after my skin as regularly as possible but I always forget ... I think it might have to be a new years resolution !
lots of love, Marianne xxx |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21522 | Tag: Pumpkin
Roasted Spiced Pumpkin Soup
Pumpkin soup is such a wintery preparation but fits in perfectly when its raining outside and the aroma of the wet earth warms your soul. I have come to realise that most soups are quite easy and wholesome to make. Surprisingly the kids seem to like them too. This series of soups are dedicated to …
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21534 | World Library
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Seriation (archaeology)
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Title: Seriation (archaeology)
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Subject: Chronology, Merdjefare, Chronicle, Timothy Pauketat, Artifact (archaeology)
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Seriation (archaeology)
In archaeology, seriation is a relative dating method in which assemblages or artifacts from numerous sites, in the same culture, are placed in chronological order. Where absolute dating methods, such as carbon dating, cannot be applied, archaeologists have to use relative dating methods to date archaeological finds and features. Seriation is a standard method of dating in archaeology. It can be used to date stone tools, pottery fragments, and other artifacts. In Europe, it has been used frequently to reconstruct the chronological sequence of graves in a cemetery (e.g. Jørgensen 1992;[1] Müssemeier, Nieveler et al. 2003[2]).
Contextual and frequency seriation
Two different variants of seriation have been applied: contextual seriation and frequency seriation (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, pp. 116–117). Whereas contextual seriation is based on the presence or absence of a design style, frequency seriation relies on measuring the proportional abundance or frequency of a design style. Contextual seriation is often used for reconstructing the chronological sequence of graves as only the presence or absence of a design style or type is important. Frequency seriation is applied in case of large quantities of objects belonging to the same style. An example are assemblages of pottery sherds each including roughly the same range of types though in different proportions.
Flinders Petrie excavated at Diospolis Parva in Egypt in the late nineteenth century. He found that the graves he was uncovering contained no evidence of their dates and their discrete nature meant that a sequence could not be constructed through their stratigraphy. Petrie listed the contents of each grave on a strip of cardboard and swapped the papers around until he arrived at a sequence he was satisfied with.[3] He reasoned that the most accurate sequence would be the one where concentrations of certain design styles had the shortest duration across the sequence of papers (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, p. 116; Kendall 1971, p. 215; Shennan 1997, p. 341)[4]). Whereas Petrie is considered the inventor of contextual seriation, Bainerd (1951)[5] and Robinson (1951)[6] were the first to address the problem of frequency seriation (Shennan 1997, p. 342)[4]).
The model
Description of the model
The assumption that design styles follow a bell curve of popularity – starting slowly, growing to a peak and then dying away as another style becomes popular – provides the basis for frequency seriation. It also assumes that design popularity will be broadly similar from site to site within the same culture. In addition, it is vital that the lifespans of the different design styles overlap. Following these rules, an assemblage of objects can be placed into sequence so that sites with the most similar proportions of certain styles are always together (Lock 2003, p. 125).
The task of identifying design styles i.e. to form groups of objects belonging to the same design style is by no means trivial. Creating a typology frequently is the basis of a seriation. Errors in typology result in errors in seriation: For example, if a certain design style had two peaks in popularity (bimodal distribution), this design style is not appropriate for seriation and its inclusion in the analysis may result in strange results. Some design styles were used for a very long time as the shape constructed was handy and no improvement or ornament was added. Of course, these design styles are not eligible for chronological seriation. For example, knives in early medieval times in Europe are said to show no chronological variation.
In addition to temporal organization, seriation results may reflect assemblage differences in social status, age, sex or those resulting from regional variation (or a combination of two or more of these factors). Shennan (1997, p. 343)[4] presents a seriation result of Danish hoards based on artefact types like daggers, axes, and swords. The result is not a chronological sequence due to the selection of types, the ordering seems to start with extremely male hoards and ends with extremely female ones.
Three conditions for chronological seriation
Doran and Hodson (1975, p. 269)[7] list three conditions that must be satisfied to obtain a chronological seriation result:
• Regional variation must be kept to a minimum, i.e. assemblages must best be drawn from one locality.
• The objects analyzed must all come from a single cultural tradition.
• The traits or attributes included in the seriation must depend on cultural aspects (rather than on function).
Statistical methods for seriation
Development of seriation methods
Nowadays, seriation results are no longer produced manually as in Petrie's times but by appropriate algorithms. Though according to [6] is the first entry. Robinson based his frequency seriation method on a similarity matrix. In 1971, Kendall proposed the use of multidimensional scaling techniques for seriation problems, and this approach has also been used by some other scientists (see Baxter 2003, pp. 202–203). Baxter also presents a review of statistical methods for seriation and a description of these approaches (pp. 202–207). In 1975, Doran and Hodson (pp. 269–281)[7] summarized the state of the art of seriation methods thoroughly, giving detailed descriptions of Kendall's and Robinson's approaches.
Correspondence analysis for seriation purposes
Today, the most popular seriation method both for contextual and frequency problems is based on correspondence analysis. The sequence of the first axis of a correspondence analysis is considered the best seriation order (Shennan 1997,[4] p. 342; Lock 2003, p. 127; Jensen & Høilund Nielsen 1997). Using this technique, not only the sequence of the objects but also those of the design styles is established. Note that external evidence is needed to establish the direction of the sequence calculated, i.e. the method does not tell whether the first object in the sequence is the oldest or the youngest object.
Kendall (1971) applied multidimensional scaling to the cemetery data of Münsingen. The resulting scatterplot showed the form of a horse-shoe where the graves were arranged on the curve according to their chronological order. Similarly, a mapping of the component scores for the first two axes of the correspondence analysis result will display a parabola if the design styles considered are controlled by one factor only (like chronology). This is called the arch effect by Hill and Gauch (1980).[8] Both Kendall and Jensen & Høilund Nielsen (1997) created artificial data sets to show that the parabola results in ideal circumstances. Therefore, it is recommended inspecting the scatterplot of the first two axes of correspondence analysis to find out if other factors play a role as well (see Examples 2 and 3).
If more than one factor is important, the arch effect may distort the results. Hill and Gauch (1980) presented a method to remove this effect.
In 2003, Groenen and Poblome adapted the correspondence analysis algorithm to combine seriation with absolute dates and stratigraphic relationships.[9][10]
Example 1: Small contextual seriation
The small example below was inspired by Flinders Petrie's serial ordering of Egyptian pottery as published by Renfrew and Bahn (1996, p. 117).
Raw data for contextual seriation
Result of contextual seriation
Another way of presenting the raw data for contextual seriation:
1=context contains the type
0=context does not contain the type
The raw data are stored in an unsorted binary contingency table indicating which design style can be found in which context by a star symbol. For example, consider the first column: context 3 contains the design styles blackrim, bottle, and handle. A beaker is contained in contexts 1 and 2. Contextual seriation sorts the design styles and the contexts in such a way that the star symbols are found as close as possible to the diagonal of the table. Of course, for a small examples like this, no computer programs are needed to find the best ordering, but for larger data sets like the 900 graves studied by Petrie they are extremely helpful.
Example 2: Simulated data, seriation and correspondence analysis
The data presented in this example was simulated by WinBasp. Initially 60 contexts (called units in WinBasp) were created along with 50 types. The contexts were labeled in chronological order by numbers 01 to 60, the types are labeled in the form T00001 to T00050. If a type is represented by one object only this object is not relevant for the chronological sequence as it does not provide a link to another context. Similarly, contexts containing one object only are irrelevant for seriation. Therefore, the contexts with one or no object and types represented by one object or not at all were eliminated. The resulting raw simulated data consisting of 43 contexts and 34 types are shown on the left. As expected, the dots indicating the occurrence of a type in a context are close to the diagonal of the table.
Raw simulated data for contextual seriation
Result of seriation
The image on the right hand side shows the result of the seriation for this data set. Note that the dots are even more compact along the diagonal of the table compared to the raw data. This shows a minor problem of seriation: In fact, the intervals of production may be somewhat longer than those calculated by the algorithm. In general, the sequences of contexts and types calculated by a seriation algorithm are not the correct chronological sequences but they are fairly close.
Result of correspondence analysis
The image above shows the scatterplot with the typical parabola shape of the first two axes of a correspondence analysis for the contexts of the simulated data set.
Example 3: Ideal data, seriation and correspondence analysis
Ideal seriation data
The contingency table shows 29 contexts with ideal seriation data as created by Kendall and Jensen & Høilund Nielsen (see above). With each new context a new type appears and another type disappears. For this regular data, it seems reasonable to assume constant time intervals for contexts adjacent in time.
The correspondence analysis results shown in the figures below were calculated on the basis of 49 contexts with ideal seriation data. The scatterplot of the first two correspondence analysis axes shows the typical parabola shape. The display of the scores on the first and the third axes exhibits points lying on a third degree polynomial curve. Similarly, the plot of the scores on the first and the fourth axes will show a fourth degree polynomial for ideal data – and so on.
Note that the distances of the scores for adjacent contexts on the first axis vary: At the beginning and the end, the distances are extremely small, the largest distances in the centre is about 30 times as large as the smallest distance. Hill and Gauch (1979)[8] created a similar contingency table with a regular structure with each context containing six types. They note, too, that the within-context distances are smaller at the ends than in the middle. This was one of the reasons why they proposed an adjustment which is called detrended correspondence analysis.
Nevertheless, some archaeologists think that a linear transformation of the scores on the first axis on the basis of some known absolute dates will create good estimates for the unknown absolute dates, and this approach is the basis of the method presented by Groenen and Poblome (see above) to combine relative and absolute dates. This ideal example shows that a linear transformation might not be appropriate in all cases, though a simulation study by van de Velden, Groenen and Poblome comes to the conclusion that the predictions of the approach are quite good.[11]
Result of correspondence analysis: axes 1 and 2
Result of correspondence analysis: axes 1 and 3
See also
1. ^ Jørgensen, L. (ed.) (1992). Chronological Studies of Anglo-Saxon England, Lombard Italy and Vendel Period Sweden. Arkæologiske Skrifter 5. Copenhagen: Institute of Prehistoric and Classical Archaeology, University of Copenhagen. ISBN 87895000024 .
2. ^ Müssemeier, U., Nieveler, E., Plum, R., Pöppelmann, H. (2003). Chronologie der merowingerzeitlichen Grabfunde vom linken Niederrhein bis zur nördlichen Eifel. Materialien zur Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland, Heft 15. Köln: Rheinland-Verlag GmbH. ISBN 3-7927-1894-4.
3. ^ Petrie, F. W. M. (1899). Sequences in prehistoric remains. Journal of the Anthropological Institute 29:295–301
4. ^ a b c d Shennan, St. (1997). Quantifying Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0791-9.
5. ^ Brainerd, G.W. (1951). The place of chronological ordering in archaeological analysis. American Antiquity 16, pp.301–313
6. ^ a b Robinson, W.S. (1951). A method for chronologically ordering archaeological deposits. American Antiquity 16, pp.293–301
7. ^ a b Doran, J.E. and F.R. Hodson (1975). Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-250-6.
8. ^ a b Hill, M.O. and Gauch, H.G. (1980). Detrended Correspondence Analysis: An Improved Ordination Technique. Vegetatio 42, 47–58.
9. ^ Groenen, P. J. F. and J. Poblome (2003). Constrained correspondence analysis for seriation in archaeology applied to Sagalassos ceramic tablewares. In: Schwaiger, M. and O. Opitz (eds.), Exploratory Data Analysis in Empirical Research. Springer, Berlin: 90–97.
10. ^ Poblome, J. and P. J . F. Groenen (2003). Constrained correspondence analysis for seriation of Sagalassos tablewares. In M. Doerr and A. Sarris (eds.), Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Hellinic Ministry of Culture, 301–306.
11. ^ [1] van de Velden, M., Groenen, P. J. F., Poblome, J. (2007). Seriation by constrained correspondence analysis: a simulation study. Econometric Institute Report EI 2007-40.
• Baxter, M. (2003). Statistics in Archaeology. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-76299-3.
• Fagan, B. (2005). Ancient North America. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
• Janssen, U.: Die frühbronzezeitlichen Gräberfelder von Halawa, Shamseddin, Djerniye, Tawi und Wreide am Mittleren Euphrat. Versuch einer Datierung und Deutung sozialer Strukturen anhand multivariater statistischer Verfahren (Korrespondenzanalyse und Seriation). Ugarit Forschungen 34, Münster 2002.
• Jensen, C.K. and K. Høilund Nielsen (1997). Burial Data and Correspondence Analysis. In Jensen, C.K. and K. Høilund Nielsen (eds.) Burial and Society: The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data. Aarhus University Press, pp. 29–61. ISBN 87-7288-686-2.
• Kendall, D.G. (1971). "Seriation from abundance matrices". In Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences. Edited by F. R. Hodson, D. G. Kendall, and P. Tautu, pp. 215–252. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-213-1.
• Lock, G. (2003). Using Computers in Archaeology: towards virtual pasts. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16770-1.
• O'Brien, Michael J. and R. Lee Lyman (1999). Seriation, Stratigraphy, and Index Fossils: The Backbone of Archaeological Dating. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-46152-8.
• Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. (1996). Archaeology. Theories, Methods, and Practice. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-27867-9.
External links
• WINBASP – Seriation program (Windows)
• CAPCA – Excel based seriation program (Windows)
• R-package seriation (Windows/Linux/OS X)
• Step by step introduction to frequency seriation
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21547 | Z.M.D Diagnostics Ltd
Systems for very early diagnosis of cancer:
Cancerous condition – is a condition of a patient’s immune system, in which the patient is required to develop cancer, regardless of whether carried out any treatment or not. The diagnosis system is able to detect cancer long before the tumor appears by measuring the strength of certain bacteria in the gut. In addition, if during a treatment of a cancerous state the cancer disappears, the system has the ability to predict the recurrence of cancer by measuring the strength of the immune system. The system allows to diagnose the presence of cancer patients (cancerous condition), but does not allow to determine the localization of the tumor and its views.
System for Hospital Use:
The Principles of the system for diagnosis of cancerous conditions are based on the measurement of onco-lytic activity of bacteria of the intestinal microflora of a patient. The procedure is as follows: a stool sample is taken from a patient and specific bacteria are selected. Once the bacteria are completely selected, a contact between cancer cells grown in vitro is done. Thereafter, the number of surviving cancer cells is measured. If the remaining cancer cells are below 40%, the bacteria are to be with high onco-lytic activity and the patient is not in cancerous condition. If the remaining cancer cells are above 40%, the bacteria are to be with low onco-lytic activity and the patient is in cancerous condition. This system is protected by patent which belongs to the company and Sheba Medical Center- Tel Hashomer, Israel. The company has built a diagnostic laboratory for measuring the onco-lytic activity of bacteria. The laboratory is using ordinary medical devices which are already in clinical practice. The system is undergoing validating and preliminary clinical trials.
System for Home Use:
Based on the method for early diagnosis of cancerous condition, the company developed an indicative examination for home use. The examination is divided into two parts: Permanent device and disposable. As a patient undergoes a treatment, the system examines the effectiveness of the treatment by examining the status of the immune system.
Z.M.D Medical Ltd
Probiotic preparation for the effective and complete recovery of the immune system
Probiotic is designed to eliminate cancerous conditions in patients. This project is also based on the onco-lytic activity of bacterial flora of human intestines. When a patient suffers from low onco-lytic activity, the bacteria must be replaced with the same bacteria with high onco-lytic activity taken from a healthy donor. This idea was tested in animal experiments and is currently being prepared for clinical trials on patients. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21561 | Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
Since 1991, diesel oxidation catalysts have been used in passenger cars in Europe, and for a certain time with commercial vehicles in the USA. They reduce the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) in the exhaust gas by oxidizing them to carbon dioxide and water at high temperature (>100°C).
2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2
CxHy + (x+y/4) O2 → x CO2 + (y/2) H2O
In addition, they contribute to the reduction of the particulate mass, by the oxidation of long-chain hydrocarbons which are adsorbed on these particles. These long-chain hydrocarbons result from unburned fuel and lubricating oil and are generally considered as soluble organic fraction - SOF. DOCs have little effect on the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, they are able to oxidize NO to NO2. The oxidation of NO to NO2 is helpful in aftertreatment systems of DOC and SCR in enabling fast reduction of NOx by NH3 on SCR technologies.
2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21562 | What are recommended ulimits for JBoss or Tomcat?
Solution Verified - Updated -
• JBoss Enterprise Application Platform (EAP)
• Tomcat
• What are recommended ulimits for JBoss or Tomcat?
• The ulimits primarily of concern are process and file limits. The limits you need depends ultimately upon your load and config.
• The main source of processes within Tomcat are typically the web connector processing threads. You'd want to ensure your process limit is at least greater than your configured max thread pool sizes. If you run multiple instances under a single user, then you'd need to account for threadpools * #ofInstances in your process ulimit.
• The file limit again would heavily depend on thread/connection limits. Each socket is a file as well and each web thread would have a socket so file limits would again need to be at least greater than your thread pool. You'd also need to consider any other common socket/file sources. For instance, does your application utilize a lot of external connections to a database or any other external resources? Does the application do any heavy file access? Be sure to account for any such activity in the file limit as well.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21582 | AP Eazy Downloads
FliteTest Thread
Build Plan for Flite Test Water-Resistant Foam Board by Adams or other Foam Boards with a thickness of 3/16 (5 mm – Ross, …)
Trading Card
6″ Propeller modification
If you want to use a 6″ propeller, use this part:
EDF modification
If you only want to build the EDF version, download the complete plan of the Eazy Ducted Fan!
If you want to retrofit your Eazy with an EDF unit, then use these parts:
Decal Templates
… for cutting adhesive film!
Have fun building the Eazy.
If you like the Eazy please consider donating a few bucks so we can buy some supplies to make new planes.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21594 | Reformation Preaching
Romans 10:13-17
The Reformers not only taught that salvation was by grace alone, they also taught it was through a gracious means. The Heidelberg Catechism speaks of this gracious means in Q65 which states that “the Holy Spirit works faith in the heart by the preaching of the holy gospel.” According to Scripture, the ordinary means God uses to save His people is preaching! This message expounds the Biblical basis of preaching as a means of grace. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21621 | Skip to main contentSkip to main content
Your pregnancy and baby guide
How to take your baby's temperature
Open all pages about Your pregnancy and baby guide
Your baby may have a high temperature if they:
• feel hotter than usual to touch on their forehead, back or stomach
• feel sweaty or clammy
• have flushed cheeks
If you think your baby has a high temperature, it's best to check their temperature with a thermometer. This can help you work out whether you need to get medical advice.
How do I take my child's temperature?
To take your child's temperature:
1. Hold them comfortably on your knee and put the thermometer in their armpit – always use the thermometer in the armpit with children under 5 years.
2. Gently, but firmly, hold their arm against their body to keep the thermometer in place for however long it says in the manufacturer's instructions – usually about 15 seconds. Some digital thermometers beep when they're ready.
3. The display on the thermometer will then show your child's temperature.
How can I make sure the reading is accurate?
If you use a digital thermometer in your child's armpit and follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully, you should get an accurate reading.
• wrapped up tightly in a blanket
• in a very warm room
• very active
• cuddling a hot water bottle
• wearing a lot of clothes
• having a bath
If this is the case, allow them to cool down for a few minutes, but do not let them get cold or shivery, then take their temperature again to see if there's any change.
Other types of thermometer
You can buy other types of thermometer, but they may not be as accurate as a digital thermometer for taking a baby or young child's temperature:
• ear (tympanic) thermometers – these allow you to take a temperature reading from the ear and are quick but expensive; they can give misleading readings if you do not put them in the ear correctly, which is more likely to happen with babies because their ear holes are so small
• strip-type thermometers – these are held against the forehead and are not an accurate way of taking a temperature. They show the temperature of the skin, rather than the body
You should never use an old-fashioned glass thermometer containing mercury. These can break, releasing small splinters of glass and highly poisonous mercury. They're no longer used in hospitals and you cannot buy them in shops.
What causes a high temperature in children?
A high temperature is usually a sign that your child's body is trying to fight an infection.
Some babies and young children get a high temperature after having their vaccinations. This should go away quite quickly by itself. If you're concerned, speak to a health visitor or GP.
What should I do if my baby has a high temperature?
You can usually look after your baby or child at home when they have a high temperature. Make sure you give them plenty of drinks, to avoid dehydration. If you're breastfeeding, offer your baby plenty of feeds.
Always contact a GP or call 111 if:
• your baby's temperature is 38C or higher if they're under 3 months old
• your baby's temperature is 39C or higher if they're 3 to 6 months old
Read more about what to do if your child has a high temperature.
Page last reviewed: 04/10/2019
Next review due: 04/10/2022 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21630 | Related Projects: Belgrade Design Week Festival 2011
Belgrade truly touched and moved me. It is difficult to describe feelings that overow me. Your desire to bring people together, your dedication and commitment to an idea, the need to look the people in the eye, the inner beauty I have encountered here, all is so sincere and real. There are not many such places on the planet. Please, invite me again! |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21637 | Notes from the Electronic Cottage 6/2/11
Producer/Host: Jim Campbell
It’s no secret that the FBI is gathering information about the phone calls and emails of Americans. What has been a secret until now is why the FBI does not want to reveal the names of the the phone and internet companies that have been allowing widespread surveillance of Americans talking with people overseas. The reasons may surprise you, or make you laugh, or make
you cry. If you’d like to hear them from the horse’s mouth, listen up. If you’d like your own copy of the FBI’s reasoning, go to |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21641 | Criticality sdg5 Gender equality
Maintain a critical stance while reflecting on gender differences being aware that the problems are not the differences that should be
appreciated and respected, but the unequal power relations and the cultural stereotypes.
For example:
Students are given various case studies from different countries representing data, assumptions and opinions relating to gender issues. Students analyse and identify examples of each. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21658 | Ask Your Question
Hide unhide multiple sheets
asked 2020-01-22 04:46:19 +0100
Mauriciogfj gravatar image
updated 2020-08-03 12:37:21 +0100
Alex Kemp gravatar image
I have a workbook with a sheet named "Index" listing all 30 shees on the workbook . On this sheet, each Row, starting on Row 6, Column B (entitled "Sheet Name") has the sheet names, Column D (entitled "Hide ?") has "No" for the sheets I want displayed and "Yes" for the ones I want hidden. I have 2 requests: 1. A macro code which would hide the selected sheets 2. A macro code to unhide all sheets Thanks Muricio PS: I have browsed for any previous response to a similar request and could not find a suitable answer
edit retag flag offensive close merge delete
Appears this post does what you want -> Dynamic hide/unhide sheets based on cell value
As for a reveal of all, it is a simple loop through the sheets to set all to visible.
What code have you tried already?
Ratslinger gravatar imageRatslinger ( 2020-01-23 03:50:03 +0100 )edit
Many thanks, Ratslinger
Mauriciogfj gravatar imageMauriciogfj ( 2020-01-28 01:06:10 +0100 )edit
1 Answer
Sort by » oldest newest most voted
answered 2020-01-23 06:13:52 +0100
Ratslinger gravatar image
updated 2020-01-23 06:15:17 +0100
Using the code from the link in my comment ( +1 there to @mauricio ) produced the following:
Option Explicit
Sub sheets
Dim oDoc As Object
Dim oHomeSheet As Object
Dim oSheetResult As Object
Dim oCellD As Object
Dim oCellB As Object
Dim sSheetView As String
Dim sSheetName As String
Dim iRow As Integer
Dim v
oDoc = ThisComponent
For iRow = 5 to 34
oHomeSheet = oDoc.Sheets.getByName("Index")
oCellD = oHomeSheet.getCellByPosition(3, iRow)
oCellB = oHomeSheet.getCellByPosition(1, iRow)
sSheetView = LCase(oCellD.String)
If sSheetView = "yes" Then
v = False
ElseIf sSheetView = "no" then
v = True
Exit Sub
End If
oSheetResult = oDoc.Sheets.getByName(oCellB.String)
oSheetResult.isVisible = v
End Sub
Sub ShowAll
Dim oDoc As Object
Dim iCount As Integer
Dim x As Integer
oDoc = ThisComponent.Sheets
iCount = oDoc.Count
For x = 0 to iCount -1
oDoc.getByIndex(x).isVisible = True
End Sub
The sub sheets hides/reveals base upon your Column D - rows 6 to 35. If an entry is not 'yes' or 'no' the process stops.
The sub ShowAll reveals all sheets.
edit flag offensive delete link more
Thanks, excatly what I needed.
Mauriciogfj gravatar imageMauriciogfj ( 2020-01-28 01:07:05 +0100 )edit
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Asked: 2020-01-22 04:46:19 +0100
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Last updated: Jan 23 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21661 | php -v shows me this
PHP 5.5.9-1ubuntu4.19 (cli) (built: Jul 28 2016 19:31:33)
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 The PHP Group
I want to upgrade it to php 5.6.4
I am not sure for the solutions i found who had php 5.5.9deb versions.
• what makes you not sure about the solutions you found ? Please give more details to give you a better answer to your question. – 0x0C4 Aug 24 '16 at 6:16
• I just wanted to be sure that what i am doing is not just copy and paste but understanding the reason for it. – Samvedna Aug 24 '16 at 6:24
Found the answer here:
sudo apt-get -y update
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
sudo apt-get -y update
sudo apt-get -y install php5.6 php5.6-mcrypt php5.6-mbstring php5.6-curl php5.6-cli php5.6-mysql php5.6-gd php5.6-intl php5.6-xsl php5.6-zip
php -v
| improve this answer | |
• 1
verified working as of star date: 2016 december 12 – Patoshi パトシ Dec 12 '16 at 7:05
• I did this and the final command output: PHP 5.6.30-5+deb.sury.org~trusty+2 (cli) not 5.6.4 – NineCattoRules Feb 23 '17 at 12:06
• Verified today: Ubuntu 14.04, php 5.5.4 > 5.6.30-7 – Jacksonkr Mar 7 '17 at 18:20
Your Answer
|
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21665 | Let’s figure this shit out…
The image below came up when I typed ‘I will not be terrorised’ into Google this morning. And, it couldn’t be more perfect.
I don’t have a solution to any of the world’s problems or crises or ills or pains. Most days, just sorting out my own to-do lists is an exercise in futility. But, I believe in humanity as much as I believe in anything. I believe in the goodness each individual possesses. Whether they choose to do good or bad with it is another issue. I believe fundamentally, we as individuals have more in common. Before we choose to highlight our difference. I believe collectively we are far, far better than we are alone.
Can we please stop killing one another? Can we please stop demonising one another? Can we please stop terrorising one another?
Portland. Kabul. Baghdad. London.
Different places; one species; same pain. Can we please figure this shit out and stop?
later that night
i held an atlas in my lap
ran my fingers across the whole world
and whispered
where does it hurt?
it answered
Warsan Shire |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21684 | links | contact us
25 Ways to Cut Government Spending
By: Joe Messerli
Some of these cuts may seem tough, but remember that every dollar spent with these and other government programs must come from other areas. Monday is a finite resource; in a perfect world, we can fund everything. In a world of reality, we have to make choices.
1. Eliminate all or almost all of the Department of Education. This organization is nothing but a giant bureaucracy that wastes billions of dollars that should go to schools & kids. It sets rules and guidelines that can and should be handled at the state and local level.
2. Convert all pensions of government employees to 401Ks. A pension promises a built-in guaranteed rate of return which is often based on some historical rate that is nearly impossible to match in today's volatile investment environment. Thus, losses and shortfalls from an underperforming market or poorly management pension portfolio must be absorbed by the taxpayers. Pensions are becoming obsolete in private industry for this very reason.
3. Eliminate all pensions and benefits for Senators, Congresspeople, and Presidents after they leave office. Taxpayers shouldn't have to foot the bill for a lifetime of pension costs for someone who serves a few years in office.
4. Cut the growth rate of government spending to zero for all discretionary items. Most people don't realize that in politician-speak, a "cut" is a cut in the growth rate of spending, not in absolute terms. For example, if the government spends $200 billion in 2010, $220 billion in 2011, and $231 billion in 2012, it would be considered a "cut in education spending," since the growth rate fell from 10 percent to 5 percent from the previous year.
5. Make all government benefit programs time-capped. Things like unemployment can be beneficial when someone is down on his luck, but government benefits shouldn't go on long-term.
6. Repeal or dramatically scale back HIPAA While protecting the privacy of health care patients is a noble goal, this overbloated, far-reaching law is the classic example of government overkill. The unnecessary oversight and ridiculous requirements balloon the cost of health care information processing, all while trying to enforce what most health care providers were already doing before the law went into effect.
7. Raise the age for social security eligibility for those under 50. Social security came into existence when life spans were around 66. It's dramatically higher now with people routinely living 80, 90, or 100 years. Also, with the majority of modern jobs not being manually labor-intensive, people can work much longer.
8. Eliminate all earmarks completely. If the expense isn't part of a regular budget, it shouldn't be included in any new bills. Earmarks allow money to enter decision-making, as politicians will horse-trade earmarks for votes, rather than voting on the merits of bills. The result is that new bills are laden with unrelated pork that use up precious taxpayer money.
9. Pass a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Nothing would be more powerful in getting both parties to compromise and cut spending than making all spending dependent on having a balanced budget.
10. Cut pay and benefits for military & Pentagon personnel that never serve outside the country or near a combat zone. Out military personnel who serve in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other hot spots around the world deserve by far the highest pay in public service--no question! However, a bureaucrat who puts on a uniform and spends his entire career sitting on his ass at the Pentagon should not be in the same category, and should not be eligible for all the special extra benefits that are rightly given to our true soldiers.
11. Eliminate Saturday delivery of mail. Most businesses that rely on snail mail operate Monday-Friday anyway. Also, most business & personal communication is done electronically nowadays.
12. Make Congressional pay incentive-based, with reductions for a budget deficit. Any incentive to cut costs will help.
13. Reduce federal funding to states dollar-for-dollar by any earmark or new spending project in that state. This cuts out all incentive for politicians to try to add in spending projects for their districts. If total federal funding to the state is reduced for any spending project there, the net effect is that no spending is increased.
14. Make a portion of every government worker's pay incentive-based. One of the reasons government is so overbloated and inefficient is that workers have no incentive to improve productivity. Pay & promotions are usually time & seniority dependent. Incentives should be introduced at every level--number of applications processed, dollars reduced from annual budget, construction repairs completed--every department can find something to reward. This would help make government closer to the efficiency level of private businesses.
15. Create objective performance metrics for every new government program. If metrics don't improve after a certain amount of time, discontinue the program or department. Only in government can such abject failures such as the War on Poverty, Stop Smoking campaigns, and Anti-Obesity education continue to get funding indefinitely. Every new program should record some objective base number, and then measure improvements (if any) at certain time intervals. In private industry, poorly-run companies go out of business. The same should be true in government.
16. Reduce conventional military manpower & weapon construction, replacing the capacity with more special forces capacity. Wars of today are not fought on a battlefield between nations like they were in World World II. Nowadays, small, lean & mean, highly-trained units like the Navy Seal Team Six are needed to fight the main enemy we face--terrorism. Tanks, million-man armies, etc. are good for show, but they're too expensive to maintain when they largely sit on the sideline.
17. Publicize every cent of government spending, including the senator/congressman's district that headquarters a program. Transparency will subject any wasted spending to the wrath of voters.
18. Grant the president line-item veto rights to slash any spending project (subject to 2/3rd override by Congress). Governors often have this power at the state level, why not allow the same for the president. Budget horse-trading leads to a ton of wasted spending projects that have nothing to do with Constitution-granted objectives of government. Congressmen often think of nothing more than their own districts and re-election. The president can take the needs of the nation as a whole into account.
19. Limit all new federal laws to 100 pages in length. Legislation such as Obamacare is clouded in thousands of pages of legalese specifically to hide various provisions and spending from the public. A 100-page limit would make it easier for journalists and watchdog groups to spot any underhanded tricks that add to our deficit and take away more freedoms.
20. Eliminate subsidies of all private business. Subsidies produce a number of undesirable side effects in addition to wasting taxpayer money. They essentially give politicians a tool to buy votes; also, it can keep failing or outdated companies in business, at the expense of more efficient & modern businesses. Lastly, it limits the prosperity that comes from free trade, as governments from other companies may subsidize local businesses from their own countries or charge tariffs in retaliation.
21. Build a U.S.-Mexico border fence. Costs are not only incurred for finding & deporting illegal aliens, more importantly, valuable taxpayer benefits are dispensed (for example, to treat illegals who don't have insurance).
22. Legalize marijuana. Think of all the resources that would be freed up--police, FBI, court resources, government attorneys, etc. In addition, taxes can be levied, which raises revenue without adding spending to the deficit.
23. Establish a flat tax rate and eliminate the complexity of the tax system. Our impossibly complex tax system is not only difficult to handle on the private side of things, it's also difficult to handle by the government. The IRS has grown massive in size. Employees must deal with processing returns, auditing, fixing errors, cross-checking for cheats, analyzing the legality of deductions, and so on. The cost of the IRS could be a small fraction of the current amount if the tax code was simplified.
24. Cut funding to the United Nations. While intentions for this organization were once good, it has become a joke of an organization filled with corruption, where dictators & terrorists receive equal representation as legitimate democracies. China and Russia hold absolute veto power to security council resolutions. A vocal, powerful part of the UN uses all its power to thwart Israel in support of terrorist organizations such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Until the UN restricts memberships to only legitimate democracies with 1st amendment freedoms and free, fair elections, the U.S. should not give a dime to it.
25. Cut funding to FEMA. The federal emergency organization is terribly slow, bureaucratic, and poorly set up to handle true emergencies like hurricanes. This is much better handled at the state level or through private organizations such as the Red Cross.
Under Construction -- More Ideas to Come
Citizens Against Government Waste
50 Examples of Government Waste
Top 100 Examples of Government Waste of Taxpayer Monday
Ways to Lower Health Care Costs
100 Taxes You Pay
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21708 | Laneige - Glowy Makeup Serum 30Ml
USD 23.66
In stock
4.7 stars, based on 63 reviews
Glowy Makeup Serum moisturizes your skin to improve skin radiance and prep skin for ideal cosmetics. Light Fit Prep Technology which helps you reinforce the adherence along with consistency of beauty products like using hydrating, glorious platform and primer. Natural mineral stone ingredient enhances skin radiance, making your skin smooth and healthy. Light-weight, water gel texture which often moisturizes your skin and alters the oil water balance of skin with ceramide. The way to use: After putting on sun cream, use one - two drops of serum uniformly with the experience. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21759 | Pyongyang and the Wide Orbit of Truth
Image: Dreamstime
On April 13th, North Korea carried out its most recent act of defiance against the West, all of which past similar acts have been met not even with a slap on the wrist but with a stern finger-wag, by launching a ballistic missile, which subsequently exploded and fell apart in the Yellow Sea. This act, however, is quite different: for one, it “shot down” President Obama’s engagement policy with Pyongyang (as Chris McGreal cleverly quipped in The Guardian), and secondly it affirmed the West’s fears that Kim Jong-Un would proceed in the role his father and grandfather had laid out in the totalitarian state.
At least this is the story presented by Western media; the narrative presented by the North Korean government, particularly to its citizens, is quite different. This wasn’t a ballistic missile, they say, but a satellite launch vehicle designed to place a third North Korean satellite into orbit. According to the international (read: Western neoliberal) community, no North Korean satellite has ever made it into orbit: the first launch in 1998 and the second in 2009 both failed similarly to this one. This most recent failure, however, is a major source of embarrassment to North Korea: a small horde of international journalists was invited just for the occasion.
But was it a failure? If one follows the “international community’s” logic, and it was a ballistic missile, then it could potentially follow that North Korea was simply testing the first-phase thrusters of a ballistic missile, and it was successful in doing so and in breaking UN sanctions forbidding it from developing ballistic missile technology in order to further act out its inflammatory role. Given the near-farcical hysteria surrounding the incident, Pyongyang’s goal was achieved. If, however, it was “an earth observation satellite that will present the world with a spatial chorus of The Song of Marshal Kim Il-sung and Happy Birthday to You” as Pepe Escobar quoted Kim Myong-chol, propaganda minister, stating in an official press release, then it could only possibly be considered a failure. It seems that the story’s orbit must be reversed mid-flight in order to affirm either of these stories.
But lift your solar sails! Some veracity seems to be shining through, as North Korean State media soberly acknowledged the failed launch and stated that “scientists, technicians, and experts are now looking into the source of the failure.”
Upon closer examination, however, this presents even more problems, which a certain level of paranoid acuity may be necessary to uncover: North Korea has done little else in the past few decades besides provoke the West and step back just in time. Indeed, it has become very good at holding the attention of the world using precisely the methods it demonstrated here: defying sanctions upon which foreign aid depends, carrying out its threats, and cutting it’s inflammatory thrusters halfway. The cynic might cite ineptitude, but nay I say here! Clever machtpolitik practices are at play!
As Sung-Yoon Lee wrote in her excellent New York Times Op-Ed, North Korea’s survival depends on continuing its “profitable cycle [of] dangling before America the possibility of denuclearization, even as it conducts missile and nuclear tests.” This necessarily includes raising the stakes and creating the precise sort of candid optimism that predicted something of a coup d’état lead by rogue North Korean generals following this failure.
Manifold questions arise: was it a failure or a success? Are these designations even absolute? Was it a satellite or a ballistic missile? Did it fail or was it shot down perhaps or sabotaged, or perhaps even sabotaged by the North Korean government itself in order to achieve their perennial goal and to avoid real action taken by the West?
So long as Western neoliberal hegemony is challenged by this singular bubble of counterpropaganda, important only by virtue of it’s perpetrating (what in the West is considered) blatant lies to its citizens, the orbit of truth will remain elliptical at least. All truth claims might remain fluid, but claims of doubt (of the propaganda to which we are most blind) lie outside the true/false duality.
Perhaps analyzing our own media’s reactions, and our reactions to our media, is a better means of understanding North Korea than direct analysis itself, which by any means short of bunker-busters seems incapable of even really piercing the ideological fortress in Pyongyang.
Pepe Escobar joked that Pyongyang has yet to blame the CIA for the failed rocket launch, if and when they do let’s at least entertain the prospect that they might have a point: if at all, it is the West’s actions and reactions that make belligerent defiance necessary. Let’s start with that.
1. […] together? Based on the continued willingness of the war mongers among us to want to engage in international disputes while overlooking domestic concerns, it’s hard to assess. But the good thing is that we can […] |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21765 | Missions Panel Discussion With Bro. Nicholas J. Rafael and Bro. Brandon Bramlett
Following Bro. Nicholas’ message on missions emphasis, we had a panel discussion on missions. Several questions were submitted to us that we attempted to answer on this panel, that you can listen to below:
1. What is/are missions?
2. Does God call all Christians to missions?
3. How do I know if I’m called to missions?
4. Why are missions so expensive?
5. How can I be mission-minded?
I invite you to listen to his message that was preached that night also. You can hear it by clicking here: Missions Emphasis Message.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21783 | nose breathing
safe & simple
Designed by
patrick mckeown
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Online Certificate in the
Buteyko Clinic Method (CertBBM)
Become a certified instructor.
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Before you commence breathing retraining, it is important for you to have a basic understanding of the roles played by the respiratory system and carbon dioxide in your body. Your respiratory system consists of the parts of your body used for the delivery of oxygen from the atmosphere to your cells and tissues, and for transporting the carbon dioxide produced in your tissues back into the atmosphere. If cells and tissues are to function properly – if you are to live – your body needs the atmosphere’s oxygen. Your nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are all part of your respiratory system.
Part of your airways is your nose and mouth. Through them, air enters your body and flows down a flexible tube called the trachea. This tube eventually divides into two branches called bronchi: one branch enters the left lung and the other branch enters the right. Within your lungs, the bronchi further subdivide into an estimated twenty-five smaller branches called bronchioles. The bronchioles run into alveolar ducts and at the end are small air sacs called alveoli.
Look at it another way. Imagine an upside-down tree. The trachea is the trunk; at the top of the trunk are the two large branches of the bronchi. From each of these large branches grow the smaller branches of the bronchioles. At the end of each smaller branch are the ‘leaves’, the round balloon-shaped sacs called alveoli.
When you breathe in, air enters through your nose or mouth and flows into the trachea, the bronchi, bronchioles and eventually alveoli. The grape-like alveoli – after which they are named – are surrounded by tiny blood channels called capillaries. Oxygen enters the blood by passing through a very thin barrier between the capillaries and air sacs. It is then carried by what is called haemoglobin within the blood to tissues and cells. There are approximately three hundred million alveoli in the lungs, each of which is surrounded by tiny blood vessels.
To put this huge number in context, think of Wimbledon and imagine a tennis court. The area of contact between your alveoli and blood capillaries is equivalent to the size of a tennis court; as you can imagine, this massive area provides scope for an efficient transfer of oxygen from the air to your blood. Carbon dioxide is produced as an end product of the process of breaking down the fats and carbohydrates that you eat, and this gas is brought by your venous blood vessels to your lungs where the excess is exhaled. Crucially, part of your body’s quotient of carbon dioxide is retained when you exhale, and correct breathing results in the required amount of carbon dioxide being retained in your lungs.
There are two main aspects to the way you breathe. Your rate is the number of breaths you take in one minute and your volume is the amount of air drawn into your lungs. Although the two are separate, one generally influences the other. The volume of air we inhale and exhale is measured in litres, and measurements are usually taken over one minute. In conventional medicine, the accepted number of breaths a healthy person takes in one minute is ten to twelve, with each breath drawing in a volume of 500 millilitres. In a full minute, this provides the body with a total volume of five to six litres. If a person is breathing at a higher rate of twenty breaths, for example, then the volume will also be higher, and vice-versa. To visualise this amount of air, imagine how much air would be contained in a two-litre soft drink bottle.
So, now you know how the respiratory system works, and you or someone close to you has been diagnosed with asthma. Where to now? A lifetime of drug therapy? Or a proven, natural, physiology-based way of reversing what can be a debilitating condition? A new beginning is emerging in the treatment of asthma, aimed at getting to the root cause of the problem. By addressing the cause rather than the symptoms that are the effect, sufferers finally have the ability to be able to take control of their own condition, naturally and permanently. This new beginning is based on the life’s work of Russian scientist, Professor Konstantin Buteyko.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21788 | Get Rid Of Acne Once And For All
Acne breakouts can affect your self-esteem and worthless. Stop allowing zits make your life. Using the advice this article will help your skin and healthy.
Tea Tree Oil
Tea tree oil applied to pimples prone spots can be an effective treatment to apply to trouble areas to get a clearer complexion. Tea tree oil can reduce the oil buildup responsible for your pores.
People are often have the urge to pop their oil-filled acne. If it the pimple gets too big and you must pop it, make sure you first thoroughly wash and clean your hands and fingernails to avoid re-infecting your pores.
Resist the temptation to pick at your pimples and pop them. Try a natural pimples cream to treat them as an alternative. Picking at pimples increases your pimples makes it more likely that infection and skin infections. The uneven discolorations that often result from picking at the skin can take years to fade away.
Avoid pimples by using clean pillowcase every night.Just think about rolling all over this every night.
Extreme changes in temperature will cause your acne breakouts you have. You tend to sweat more when it gets really warm. Sweating may clog pores and irritate skin. This could result in pimples. Cold weather can easily cause dry the skin. Both of these situations are detrimental to your skin.
Avoiding stressful situations can help you combat zits. Stress won’t give you acne, but it can make it worse.
You may have fewer breakouts if you eliminate some or all of caffeine in your diet.
Do not mix together different kinds of pimples cream. Many people panic and use many different products at once hoping something will have more effect then one individually. Zits creams contain harsh ingredients that can greatly damage your skin if they are mixed together.
Try using natural skin products to help you get rid of zits problem. Many store-bought products are too abrasive and can actually exacerbate your pimples problems. This causes blocked pores and making you breakout even more. Natural products with antibacterial properties that can help you heal your skin in healing.
Did you know that talking on your pimples can be caused from your phone? Cell phones pick up the oils from your hair to your face. You can avoid this by wiping your phone with a cotton ball dipped in alcohol to remove these oils.
Use the tips that apply to your specific skin type and take control of your pimples. You can decide what your skin needs for a healthy glow. Your self-esteem will improve as your pimples clears. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21795 |
Microsoft Azure
Microsoft's cloud computing platform. Barracuda Networks was the first Microsoft Azure Certified Security Solution Provider, with a product line that includes the Barracuda Web Application Firewall, CloudGen Firewall, Message Archiver, and Email Security Gateway. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21797 | You are here
Two Australian MPs with guts & conscience visit Julian Assange in prison, argue against extradition
See also: Protest Melbourne Friday 6:30pm to stop extradition of Julian Assange by outlaw U.S. regime (19/2/20)
Courageous Australian MPs, Andrew Wilkie and George Christensen, visit Julian Assange in jail and call on the UK government to stop his extradition to the US, warning about the WikiLeaks founder's deteriorating condition. Below is a link to the excellent Australian ABC interview with Christensen (LNP) and Andrew Wilkie (Independent), who defend Assange extremely well.
Interview with George Christensen in this news-video from RT.
Image icon ABC-julian-assange.jpg4.01 KB
Congratulations to Andrew Wilkie and George Christensen for supporting and highlighting Juliane Assange who has been treated so inhumanely. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21825 | « first day (1803 days earlier) last day (1794 days later) »
9:00 PM
hahaha I had to go to maximum zoom to be able to read that
@AlexA. Eat more carrots.
What do you think I am, a rabbit? No, I'm a bird.
9:02 PM
^ there
(╯ ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°）╯︵ ┻━┻
I don't really have a good idea for an image.
@PhiNotPi I first read it as "Free Monkeys". :p
9:06 PM
+500 for that
^ another one
@Dennis ^
What is it with you guys and your pixelation fetish? :P
( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
At this point it just needs to match the others
It is time for this one to be posted again:
9:07 PM
@PhiNotPi +560?
Anyone here good with golfing python?
We're all pretty good at golfing in general.
@AlexA. Sure, we wouldn't want one of them to accidentally look like an image from the 21st century. :P (Sorry, @Phi.)
I guess I probably could have figured that out
9:09 PM
I'm okay at Python
I'm really struggling on how to multiply all the entries of a list, right now reduce(lambda a,b:round(a*b,6),l) is the best I can do, but it just feels like I should be able to do better
@PhiNotPi You must be using some software, right? OR do you just like using uneven 0s?
@PhiNotPi This is my favorite so far. The fact that a +600 bounty isn't even a thing makes this all the more amazing IMO.
@grc and @xnor are better
9:10 PM
@wnnmaw You can use import itertools or something, but it'd be longer.
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ Does MS Paint count as software?
I already have itertools imported, what would you use?
@AlexA. I gave a bounty of 600 once.
It was divided into 200 and 400.
@PhiNotPi Only kind of
@wnnmaw .Oops. Yeah, I'm not your python person :P
9:10 PM
@ThomasKwa Then that doesn't count :P
@wnnmaw I think the trick is reduce(int.__mul__,l)
No wait, you want it over floats
Stack Over Floats
@ThomasKwa, yeah definitely need floats
9:13 PM
@Dennis Farewell, little buddy.
reduce(float.__mul__,L,1.) works but seems a bit tacky
@PhiNotPi hahahaha
@PhiNotPi 420 bounty it
@Dennis Whatever happens, just know that he loves you.
@Dennis Just noticed that the +500 is transparent, not white.
9:16 PM
Yeah, it wouldn't have actually worked as an icon.
It wouldn't? Making it transparent was the hardest part...
f=lambda l,a=1:a and f(l[1:],a*l[0])or l is longer
Wait no
I can't recurse
@Dennis *{background:blue}
f=lambda l,a=1:l and f(l[1:],a*l[0])or a
I started a bounty a few minutes ago, and it hasn't been advertised here.
Is there a bounty bot now?
9:20 PM
Whats the fuss about bounties?
1 hour ago, by Thomas Kwa
Can there be a "New Bounties" chatbot?
20 mins ago, by Alex A.
36 mins ago, by StackExchange
Dennis has made a change to the feeds posted into this room
@wnnmaw ^
@ThomasKwa Well, bots are always slow...
Except when they aren't.
9:25 PM
Where's the snippet that finds the most popular languages on PPCG?
@ThomasKwa You mean CJam?
Q: High-rep hammers hamper high-rep humans
Digital TraumaSorry about the silly title - it just sort of happened that way and then I couldn't resist the alliteration. Tag badges are awarded when you earn at least 1000 total score for at least 200 non-community wiki answers with a specific tag. A "privilege" gained due to this is the ability to use a...
@flawr Pyth, more like.
Any mods around? I'm wondering what this message means. It's from when I was fairly new to SO.
But that's probably not the most popular language.
9:34 PM
Here it is
Q: What are my code golf languages?
w0lfI was curious to find out the answer count for each of the languages I golf in. Using the Stack Exchange Data Explorer, I just wrote a query to answer just that and thought other people might find it interesting. Here are my languages. Query with your user id to find out yours. While we're at ...
@Rainbolt There's literally a "primarily opinion based" flag option. Don't use an "other" flag for that.
@Rainbolt Looks to me like the decliner gave custom feedback, and I would guess they wanted you to use one of the close reasons already available.
The former goes through the close queue; the latter can only be handled by moderators.
@Doorknob So you're saying I probably typed out "Primarily opinion-based"?
I'm thinking now though that Rainbolt probably didn't have enough rep to cast a close vote?
9:36 PM
I don't, and never have. That's why I am confused
@Rainbolt I'm saying you did. If you used the flag reason, it would be in all lowercase without a dash or period.
@Rainbolt Oh yeah, I'll bet that's what happened.
Can someone code up a query to find the most frequently used languages in 2015? I don't know the language.
@Doorknob Ah, good to know. I couldn't remember back that far.
I'm planning to give 50 points to the best overall code in each of a few languages last year.
9:36 PM
I can't believe I've never looked at my declined flags on SO before.
@ThomasKwa Hasn't this been done? A search of chat might be useful. Was it @Doorknob that did the stats on that?
Yes, but the data dump hasn't been updated since August last I checked
checks again
@El'endiaStarman For 2015 answers?
Ooooh! New data dump on January 1! downloads
All time, probably.
Finally Minkolang will be on the list! :P
9:38 PM
Is there any way to filter by date, to count only the 2015 answers?
Of course; I'll just modify my script
@El'endiaStarman And Jolf, and Vitsy, and any other language lovingly used by their maker. :P
@PhiNotPi can the avatar be a dynamic URL that reads the total available bounty rep from the SE API :P
This one only looks at the latest 50 code golf challenges: codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/61955/18487
@Rainbolt The language-name-detecting criteria on that are horrible and don't work, though.
9:40 PM
@MartinBüttner I though all avatars had to be uploaded to SE, in which case they would be imgur URLs.
The one in your profile is imgur. The ones here in chat next to each message are gravatar.
python: 1946
javascript: 1285
cjam: 1164
pyth: 1037
ruby: 648
perl: 618
haskell: 535
c: 497
mathematica: 483
java: 462
task: 451
matlab: 354
php: 333
r: 296
julia: 279
c#: 264
j: 230
bash: 217
apl: 198
c++: 191
powershell: 179
>&lt;>: 161
k: 141
ti-basic: 136
lua: 130
golfscript: 125
retina: 121
octave: 105
brainfuck: 96
japt: 85
sed: 85
scala: 82
seriously: 72
pip: 70
common lisp: 70
prolog: 68
befunge: 67
groovy: 66
minkolang: 65
idea: 63
teascript: 62
coffeescript: 59
original output: 58
Filtered to 2015 only.
Thank you
wait, "task"?
>&lt;> has 161 posts?
@Doorknob is that all of them?
original output and changed output?
9:46 PM
@ThomasKwa Probably comes from "## Task 5" or such. You can ignore that one.
@Rainbolt That's ><>. Still too lazy to fix HTML entities. :P
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ No idea where those come from
I'll put up 100 for Python, and 50 for each of the other top 10.
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ Beefing up the junk-filtering-out algorithm gets rid of those. (It used to be "filter out anything that appears only on one question"; now it's "one or two questions")
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ That's the top ~50
@Doorknob Ohh
Where's the code?
@Doorknob Ach, PowerShell didn't crack the top 20 ... :-/
9:47 PM
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ Somewhere on my Github Gist profile, maybe
I'll upload the updated version in a second
I'm want to run it with everything.
Is that possible?
None of my esolangs made the list. :(
I want to see all the languages used
@PhiNotPi Don't feel too bad. None of mine did either :P
@PhiNotPi That reminds me... the oculus rift pre-orders opened up today
9:51 PM
@Doorknob I'm a bit surprised that I posted almost as many Minkolang answers in ~3 months as there were Befunge answers over the whole year.
@El'endiaStarman I'm not XD I saw Minkolang all over the place :D
@PhiNotPi 121 seems a bit unlikely for Retina
@Rainbolt Cool! Lemme check my empty pockets for the money!
I got google cardboard for christmas.
Nov 12 '15 at 22:26, by Doorknob
okay seriously stop abusing stars
9:53 PM
@MartinBüttner 186 answers containing "Retina.". Doesn't seem too unlikely.
> I got google cardboard for christmas.
@TimmyD huh?
@TimmyD what
I am going to take over the world this chatroom:
🎆 New Year Esolang Design (and puppi
A place where nobody comes to talk about building the first es...
@MartinBüttner Not counting answers to "Retina or Trash" (of which there are 37), it's 150 (there's one real Retina answer on Retina or Trash, yours)
9:54 PM
Apparently --- doesn't work in a multi-line comment. Silly markdown.
Q: Output the next kana
Sp3000Japanese kana characters correspond to a single sound in the Japanese language. With the exception of ん (n), every other kana consists of a consonant part and a vowel part. There is a natural ordering to Japanese kana, a sort of "alphabetical order", which is typically arranged in a 10 by 5 table...
Thank you @NewMainPosts.
Wooooow I didn't know that --- was strikethrough
> test
> ---test2---
> ---test3---
9:56 PM
@TimmyD You mean chat message? Markdown doesn't happen in multiline chat messages.
s/comment/chat message/g
@El'endiaStarman Wow.
@Doorknob I wasn't aware that it was all markdown.
@AlexA. Witness your brethren!!!!
10:00 PM
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ count of answers in all languages ever
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ check out the next pinned message
python javascript ruby perl c cjam haskell mathematica java pyth php golfscript c# bash j apl r c++ matlab task powershell scala julia k brainfuck lua befunge ti-basic groovy >&lt;> common lisp sed clojure coffeescript tcl batch retina q octave dc t-sql vba html sh prolog awk f# d japt rebol go cobra ecmascript seriously postscript fortran pip marbelous idea processing delphi teascript minkolang smalltalk qbasic swift matl o applescript pari/gp description gs mouse bbc basic hassium
(In order, as many as could fit in a single chat message)
@Doorknob Gah-dang, PowerShell #21 in that list, too
Apparently, I need to step it up
Wait ... what's task?
Jolf is #111. That is unnacceptable.
where is Seriously?
10:02 PM
Seriously, where is it?
line 54
what number?
Ninja'd. Seriously?!
16 mins ago, by Doorknob
Seriously beats Jolf!
Seriously #54
@Mego be proud!
10:03 PM
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ Seriously ninja'd right there.
@TanMath Well, duh.
@PhiNotPi Seriously? Are we seriously seriously-ing seriously?
Okay, jelly beats Jolf?
That's it.
I'm hacking SE :P
I would learn jolf if you had better docs.
Really, I tried too.
@RikerW oh sh*t sorry
Once I update the docs, I'll be happy.
Jolf is really my utility tool.
I use it all the time whilst programming as a computational device.
I will await you...
For example, ~TpZ"Phi" gives you the hexadecimal characode of the greek letter Phi.
I'll update docs if someone asks me how to do x in Jolf :P
10:08 PM
How to do x in Jolf?? hlp plz
@ETHproductions XD
@quintopia It isn't correct. I've tested it, and it gives the wrong result for 17.
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ roflol
10:10 PM
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ Ooh, Japt is #49 :D
He asked a stupid question and you actually answered him.
@RikerW Well, he did set himself up for it...
10:10 PM
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ You could just answer more questions in Jolf. :P
@ETHproductions shakes your hand, goes to cry in a corner.
> >&lt;>
@Dennis It's too late... MY LEIF EES OVER
what's that?
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ At least it beats Seriously.
10:11 PM
Your leaf est ofer?
@ETHproductions I don't think it does.
It doesn't.
Yeah, it doesn't.
10:11 PM
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ And it doesn't even take my latest Jelly answer into account.
@Dennis ಠ_ಠ
Jolf stops working FML
@Dennis Don't be mean, but the truth does hurt...
@Dennis Your face died.
10:13 PM
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ Are you talking about this?
@ETHproductions Oh, I thought you were talking about Jolf
Yeah, gj on beating seriously XD
Japt beats Seriously? How?
49 to 54.
Seriously was made later.
10:14 PM
I think 80% of all Japt answers are mine xD
Hey, @Zizouz212 made the hat showcase. :P
@Dennis I'm rolling in the deep!
then 17% goes to @nicael, and the other 3% to @ՊՓԼՃՐՊՃՈԲՍԼ
@flawr somebody likes Adele!
TODO: make a language called note
TODO: make a language called TODO
TOTE: make a language called NODO
10:21 PM
Make a language called # to confuse the parser
NODO: make a language called TOTE
## - 240 bytes
-240 bytes! Impressive!
@ETHproductions Yeah, I fixed these by only taking into account the first header
I'll push the new stuff soon
@CᴏɴᴏʀO'Bʀɪᴇɴ I am stil waiting for the negative space \! to be implemented in unicode.
10:22 PM
@flawr :D me too
It will be a glorious day.
@flawr Wait, that's going to be a thing?
Let's hope not^^
Let's hope so!
It won't be -1 bytes for sure ;)
Well, that too=)
Are you familiar with LaTeX?
10:23 PM
Me too
Overleaf, to be specific.
@El'endiaStarman I watched your video.
I mean @ETHproductions =)
10:24 PM
Just because of the \! reference.
@flawr Nope :(
mini-challenge: given n, output the first n Fibonacci words joined by newlines
Isn't that a full challenge already?
Well, with 0 and 1 at least.
@ETHproductions Well you'd be surprised how many times \! is used to hack some cryptic symbols, as it is often quicker than looking for the corresponding symbol in some package...
10:29 PM
We dropped to 6.9 questions per day. ;c
Let's flood the SE servers! Everyone pull all your old questions out of the sandbox at once!
Somebody lock that ^ :D
10:31 PM
@ETHproductions We've done that once already...
so.. this thing is debatable...
I think there's a max of 3 questions on the HNQ at once...
@ETHproductions And everyone elses!
@El'endiaStarman Yeah, it was called 1P5.
Q: Announcing the CodeGolf.SE First Periodic Premier Programming Puzzle Push
dmckee This Programming Push has ended ::sigh:: But we may do another in a few weeks or months, and your high quality contributions are always welcome. Whereas The site has suffered from low traffic for weeks We've been in beta for 86 days and our numbers are marginal Too many recent question h...
> We've been in beta for 86 days and our numbers are marginal
@CSᵠ Problem - your answer there can only have 1-10 in reverse order, with the bonus 5, it's invalid.
10:33 PM
@PhiNotPi s/86 days/4 years/
s/4 years/5 years/
@FlagAsSpam true
just noticed specs
Unrelated: How do I rollback to a specific commit on GitHub?
There are a couple StackOverflow questions on that.
10:42 PM
Oh, duh
The method you probably want depends on what sort of rollback you want to do.
seems slow now...
BTW, I am tired of waiting for an upvote...
Just tell me if the following question is good:
Begging for an upvote probably won't get you one.
A: Sandbox for Proposed Challenges
TanMathStart a word with the end of a word When I was younger, I use to play a word game. It was very simple. It is called Word chain. The first player chooses a word, the next player says another word that starts with the same letter the previous word ended with. This goes on forever until somebody gi...
I just want to post this question
Then why don't you?
10:45 PM
i want to make sure the community likes it
@El'endiaStarman The suggested methods look dangerous. I'll just copy-paste the version of the file I want.
^ that's what I do
@ETHproductions haha, yeah
no opinion? if you guys do not want to upvote it, just tell me your opinion!
dude calm down
10:48 PM
Listen, you already asked for the entire room's opinion, and I haven't even had time to finish reading the post.
stop smashing cakes in our faces
No, we're all lying and you should spam requests for opinions.
@flawr EAT THEM! ;)
@Rainbolt ok, i don't need sarcasm here...
One major problem I see is that you have "Once this post reaches three upvotes, it will be posted onto the main site", and the post is at three upvotes but has not been posted on main. That basically makes you a liar.
10:51 PM
^ The score is +3|-1.
Also a true statement
@Rainbolt that's not nice :(
Thanks!!! you know who you are! please reveal yourself...:)
10:53 PM
Rainbolt is lovely to people when they aren't being pushy
@TanMath there has been quite a lot of feedback - I'd focus on resolving that rather than measuring an exact number of votes or amount of time
@trichoplax what feedback?
should I delete my main post now?
the testcases were added
@TanMath The 7 comments on your sandbox post
If you're happy that all of them have been addressed and there are no more coming in, then you're ready to post
It might be worth waiting to see if any further feedback follows the 3 downvotes though
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21827 | Monthly Archives
January 2020
What You Need To Know About Geothermal and Sustainability
By blog, news, Uncategorized No Comments
Over the past few decades, people have shown a stronger interest in green energy. At first, people waited for governments to take the lead. When they failed to do so quickly enough, private enterprises stepped in to provide infrastructure and push green technology, such as solar.
This then allowed more consumers to step into the green energy market and take initiative themselves. Still, one type of green energy many people don’t discuss often enough is geothermal. Here’s what you need to know about it.
What Is Geothermal Energy?
Geothermal may sound like new technology, but it’s actually been around for several years. The process behind it is also fairly simple. There is natural heat beneath the earth’s surface. Geothermal technology allows homeowners to access this to regulate temperatures in their houses. Most people believe geothermal heat pumps only provide heat, but it can cool your home as well.
What Are the Benefits?
For people who are concerned about reducing their carbon footprint, this is an excellent way to achieve that goal. It provides clean and renewable energy with little effect on the natural environment beyond the initial drilling process. Geothermal energy creates less carbon dioxide emissions than natural gas plants — roughly one-sixth.
Geothermal also helps to fill the gaps left by solar energy. The cost of installation for a solar energy system that can heat and cool a home can be expensive. Air conditioning units use a lot of energy. Now, you can use a smaller solar installation for the rest of your needs while relying on geothermal for heating and cooling.
How Long Does It Take?
One of the biggest concerns homeowners often have is how long it will take to install the system. After all, drilling into the earth sounds like a fair bit of work. It takes roughly two days, depending on weather conditions and soil type.
Contact Chesapeake Geosystems
Chesapeake Geosystems provides geothermal HVAC systems for residences in the Maryland and D.C. area. Call 410-489-1712 or email us today for more information. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21833 | Walking in Mommy’s Shoes
I looked on in amusement as my daughter slid her cute little right foot into my black ballet flats, and after countless attempts, had her first success! Her foot slid to the front of my shoe and she clack-thudded the width of our master bedroom with surprising grace. How her one foot managed to stay in my shoe I would never know. But this is one of many examples of how my 19 month old loves to copy everything she sees her favorite humans doing.
Although walking in someone else’s shoe is a saying to encourage empathy and understanding, I want to highlight the sheer joy and pride our toddlers take in imitating everything they see daddy or mommy doing.
From a simple involuntary action of stretching and yawning, to mommy bending down to capture one of countless moments of our daughter, her almost instantaneous attempts to mimic our actions are so comical and heartwarming.
In the Footsteps of Jesus
Are we at the stage of intimacy in our relationship with Christ and learning who Christ is? Do we automatically find ourselves imitating Christ in our love for others, in thoughts, words and actions? Paul challenges us in 1 Corinthians 11:1 to imitate him just as he imitates the life of Christ.
For those of us who have grown up in Christian homes, attend church every Sunday like clockwork and read our Bible religiously, we may want to be quick to defend our exemplary Christian lives. The Word of God challenges us to do more, to walk like Christ.
Do we genuinely get along with others? Are we kind, tenderhearted, and easy going? Do we find it easy to forgive? Do we delight in walking in Jesus shoes? Do we take pleasure in asking ourselves: What would jesus do (WWJD) and actually follow through?
Photo credit: YouVersion Bible App
I challenge you my friends to walk in the footsteps of Jesus each and everyday. We must ensure every aspect of our lives are patterned after Jesus Christ.
Thank you ♥️
1. Thanks for reading and reflecting on this post. I’m still asking myself what would Jesus do in present challenges I’m facing. May the Lord continue to give us grace, strength, wisdom and self control to follow His example
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21844 | What Is a Conditional Statement in Math?
Library building.jpg
1 Example
An example of a conditional statement is, "If it rains, then the grass will grow."
2 Features
The "if" part of a conditional statement is called the hypothesis, and the "then" part is called the conclusion. In the example presented earlier, the hypothesis is "it rains" and the conclusion is "the grass will grow."
3 Identification
The general form of a conditional statement is written as "if p, then q" where p represents the hypothesis and q represents the conclusion.
4 Misconceptions
A conditional statement doesn't necessarily have to contain the words "if" and "then." The previous example can be written as, "The grass will grow when it rains."
5 Considerations
Some conditional statements are true, and some are false. Sometimes it isn't known whether a conditional is true or false.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21845 | The Effects of Romantic Rejection
No one wants to get a rejection letter from a romantic partner.
... Jupiterimages/Stockbyte/Getty Images
The effects of romantic rejection and the loss of a relationship can have you going through the five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and finally acceptance. It's important for you to know that even though it may not feel like it at the time, most people do recover from romantic rejection, do regain their sense of worth and do start to feel happy again, so there's no reason why you can't do the same.
1 Rejection, the Brain and Pain
Studies involving a functional neuroimaging procedure called functional magnetic resonance imaging or "fMRI" show that the same areas of the brain become activated when you experience rejection as when you experience physical pain explains psychologist Guy Winch in his article, "Ten Surprising Facts About Rejection." This is why rejection "hurts" so much, because it appears to mimic physical pain. Winch further connects this theory by sharing information gathered from a test conducted by scientists. Participants of the test group took acetaminophen before the scientists asked them to recall a memory of rejection, and they reported that they felt less emotional pain than participants who took the placebo.
2 Self-Esteem and Rejection
Rejection can cause you to re-evaluate yourself, questioning everything you do in a relationship explains Julie Martin, a graduate student of social psychology and Dr. Laura Richman, an assistant professor of psychology at Duke University. In their "Science of Relationships" article, "Does Rejection Lower Self-Esteem," Martin and Richman explain that self-esteem represents an internal monitor of your acceptance level in your social world. When your acceptance is high, you feel good about yourself, but when you experience rejection, you're much more critical of yourself. Martin and Richman claim that self-esteem is adaptive and although you might defend yourself at the moment of rejection, you might be dwelling on the pain of rejection later. Then again, you could take the rejection as constructive criticism and work on bettering that aspect of yourself.
3 Regression After Rejection
Setbacks after rejection are real, and John Grohol, Psy.D., talks about these setbacks in his "Psychcentral" article, "Reeling From Rejection." He discusses the idea that some people seem to socially isolate themselves to avoid future rejection, instead of reaching out to others after being rejected. In fact, Grohol says that nowhere is this clearer than when that rejection is of a romantic nature. Men and women both swear off romantic involvements for weeks, months and in some cases -- for years.
4 How to Overcome Rejection
In her "Relationship Matters" website article, "How to Overcome Rejection in Romantic Love," psychologist Offra Gerstein offers some practical steps for overcoming rejection. Gerstein says you should respect and admire yourself by focusing on your previous successes. Get out of the victim role and take responsibility for your part in the break-up. Seek self-knowledge from your experience. For example, if your partner says you weren't very affectionate, admit to it; then, take that information and use it as an opportunity to work on that aspect of yourself. Also, surround yourself with friends and family for support.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21878 | Mediation of the week: Last Root Chakra Meditation
The root chakra is associated with earth and the physical. This can be bad if you’re filled with fear and lead to avarice and a lot of other unpleasant expressions of imbalance. One of the good ways reestablish a balanced connection with the world, and by extension the universe, is to spend some time in nature.
Ideally I would suggest walking around barefoot on grass for five to ten minutes every day. While you do envision a light going up from the earth into your body, clearing the spinning chakra at the base of your spine and then continuing up your spine. As you walk around try to repeat to yourself that you’re balanced and in harmony with the material world, that you have everything you want, and that you have no fears about receiving the abundance in your life.
If grass isn’t an option, stand by a tree and hold onto it. Find some form of nature. If you have to buy a houseplant, that can work as an option if no other avenue presents itself.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21879 | There are many like it but this one is mine
This is my personal collection of recipes that I'm developing for my own tastes and diet requirements. If you match those tastes and diet requirements, you may find some useful stuff in here.
If, on the other hand, your default amount of butter is an entire stick, or your "pinch" of salt uses all five fingers, then this probably isn't the place for you.
Most of the recipes here will have lower salt and sugar content than traditional recipes of the same type, with adjustments made to accommodate for that.
Fats aren't given the same consideration, but because I think butter tastes too much like a cow and using a lot of margarine is gross, you probably won't find a ton of fat in these recipes either.
I say recipes, but they're not always standard step-by-step recipes. Some of them are bases with multiple variants. Some of them are ratio-based (in which you'll find them for a single portion and can multiply as needed). And some quantities will be absent, particularly with spices, so you're expected to add them by instinct and taste. (Hint: a cup of nutmeg is always too much.)
And for quantities, you'll find imperial volume mixed with metric weights. Because that's how I do. Weights are better for powder accuracy but annoying to work with, so if I use a weight that means the accuracy is worth the pain in the ass to use the scale and so there's no volumetric equivalent.
The techniques aren't well documented either, because it's more of a reference than a learning tool. So if you really don't know how to cook, it might be better to start somewhere with step-by-step pictures.
The recipes on this site may also change over time as I adjust them. I tend to re-visit them often. So if you use one and like it you might wanna save it to your own collection somewhere, rather than just bookmark it. If I do make changes though, I'll try to remember to add the changes made to the notes so you can work backwards.
No promises though. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21880 | Pear & Cinnamon Pasta
This is for one serving. Multiply for each person:
Toss together and roast @ 350 for ~20 mins:
• 1 pear, cut up however you want
• Some nuts, I use walnuts
• Olive oil
• Pinch of salt
Toss together so the pears are nicely covered in oil and roast
Make pasta
• 100 grams of noodles (penne, bowties, fusilli or something similar) Cook in boiling salted water, strain, retain a little water
Combine everything above with:
• 2 teaspoons butter
• Sprinkle of cinnamon
• Smashed mush of 1 garlic clove (small)
Add a bit of leftover pasta water, if needed.
Then put on top when you serve it:
• 1/4 cup feta
• This is way more delicious than it should be
• If you don't want the face punch of raw garlic, you can chop it up and throw it into the roasting pan with the pears - but do it about 1/2 way through the cooking time so the garlic doesn't burn
Last updated 2020-10-14 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21895 | Somebody was friendly enough to post the 8 laws of Bitcoin into the bitcoin subreddit. So we translated it into a blogpost for you:
1. Never Discuss Your Bitcoin – Don’t ever disclose the amount of Bitcoin you have with anyone. Ever.
2. Not Your Keys, Not Your Bitcoin – If your Bitcoin is not stored safely in your wallet, you do not own it. If you leave Bitcoin on an exchange, you do not own it.
3. If It’s Too Good To Be True – Nobody in this world wants to give you free Bitcoin. Nobody wants to double your Bitcoin. Nobody wants to offer you a business opportunity. It’s a scam. It’s a scam. It’s a scam.
4. Your Seed Is Your Key – Your 24 word seed gives access to your Bitcoin. Back up your seed and store this in a secret place offline. Anyone that has this seed can take your Bitcoin.
5. Double, Triple, Quadruple Check – When sending or receiving Bitcoin, double, triple, and quadruple check that the addresses are correct. One incorrect character can cause you to lose your Bitcoin.
6. Check Those Links – Anytime you buy, send, or receive Bitcoin, make sure you have a verified legitimate link, url, or website. There are a lot of scamming websites aimed at taking your Bitcoin.
7. Everyone Has An Opinion – Everyone has an opinion on Bitcoin. Take it with a grain of salt. Never listen to one single individual and do your own research.
8. Investing – Never invest more than you can stand to lose. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21896 | Reading/Making begins by declaring the obvious. There are a lot of words on things (and not just on the pages or the screens where we most expect to find them). If you stop right now and look around you, how many things have words on them? I bet the answer is: a lot. Stone tablets, papyrus scrolls, ink-splattered pages, cherished books, and glitchy monitors remind us that reading and writing always entail encounters with three-dimensional objects, but what about all of those other things with words on them that surround us?
In Reading/Making, I show that words have been leaping off of pages and onto three-dimensional objects since the seventeenth century, when literacy rates started to soar. By the 1700s, readers were thumbing their way through more poems, periodicals, and books than they ever had before—and they were also embroidering verses onto needlework samplers, etching moral bon mots on tea pots, cutting out paper-doll versions of their favorite characters, turning plots into board games, and paying for the pleasures of experiencing bestsellers as extravagant, theatrical performances.
Reading/Making curates representative as well as extraordinary examples of these “literary crafts”: the textiles, household goods, paper-works, toys and games, and popular entertainments that quoted from or referred to the poetry, fiction, and nonfiction that was published in Britain and American between 1650 and 1850.
As a social history of print and media cultures, Reading/Making will interest literary critics and readers specializing in eighteenth-century studies. Reading/Making is also an interdisciplinary study; the writings of art historians and anthropologists inform my interpretations of literary crafts, and I draw extensively on scientific studies of reading in order to examine the specific insights that historical forms of reading-as-making can give us into literacy acquisition. Reading/Making concludes by curating modern-day counterparts to the historical objects that have been the focus of previous chapters. In contemporary art galleries and museums (not to mention on sites like Etsy or Pinterest), literary crafts abound, and the tradition of reading-as-making that they preserve will be critical, I suggest, for the future of literary studies. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21914 | Golden SAML: Forging Authentication to Cloud Apps
In this blog post, we introduce a new attack vector discovered by CyberArk Labs and dubbed “golden SAML.” The vector enables an attacker to create a golden SAML, which is basically a forged SAML “authentication object,” and authenticate across every service that uses SAML 2.0 protocol as an SSO mechanism.
In a golden SAML attack, attackers can gain access to any application that supports SAML authentication (e.g. Azure, AWS, vSphere, etc.) with any privileges they desire and be any user on the targeted application (even one that is non-existent in the application in some cases).
We are releasing a new tool that implements this attack – shimit.
In a time when more and more enterprise infrastructure is ported to the cloud, the Active Directory (AD) is no longer the highest authority for authenticating and authorizing users. AD can now be part of something bigger – a federation.
A federation enables trust between different environments otherwise not related, like Microsoft AD, Azure, AWS and many others. This trust allows a user in an AD, for example, to be able to enjoy SSO benefits to all the trusted environments in such federation. Talking about a federation, an attacker will no longer suffice in dominating the domain controller of his victim.
The golden SAML name may remind you of another notorious attack known as golden ticket, which was introduced by Benjamin Delpy who is known for his famous attack tool called Mimikatz. The name resemblance is intended, since the attack nature is rather similar. Golden SAML introduces to a federation the advantages that golden ticket offers in a Kerberos environment – from gaining any type of access to stealthily maintaining persistency.
SAML Explained
For those of you who aren’t familiar with the SAML 2.0 protocol, we’ll take a minute to explain how it works.
The SAML protocol, or Security Assertion Markup Language, is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider. Beyond what its name suggests, SAML is each of the following:
• An XML-based markup language (for assertions, etc.)
• A set of XML-based protocol messages
• A set of protocol message bindings
• A set of profiles (utilizing all of the above)
The single most important use case that SAML addresses is web browser single sign-on (SSO). [Wikipedia]
Let’s take a look at figure 1 in order to understand how this protocol works.
Figure 1- SAML Authentication
1. First the user tries to access an application (also known as the SP i.e. Service Provider), that might be an AWS console, vSphere web client, etc. Depending on the implementation, the client may go directly to the IdP first, and skip the first step in this diagram.
2. The application then detects the IdP (i.e. Identity Provider, could be AD FS, Okta, etc.) to authenticate the user, generates a SAML AuthnRequest and redirects the client to the IdP.
3. The IdP authenticates the user, creates a SAMLResponse and posts it to the SP via the user.
4. SP checks the SAMLResponse and logs the user in. The SP must have a trust relationship with the IdP. The user can now use the service.
SAML Response Structure
Talking about a golden SAML attack, the part that interests us the most is #3, since this is the part we are going to replicate as an attacker performing this kind of attack. To be able to perform this correctly, let’s have a look at the request that is sent in this part – SAMLResponse. The SAMLResponse object is what the IdP sends to the SP, and this is actually the data that makes the SP identify and authenticate the user (similar to a TGT generated by a KDC in Kerberos). The general structure of a SAMLResponse in SAML 2.0 is as follows (written in purple are all the dynamic parameters of the structure):
Depending on the specific IdP implementation, the response assertion may be either signed or encrypted by the private key of the IdP. This way, the SP can verify that the SAMLResponse was indeed created by the trusted IdP.
Similar to a golden ticket attack, if we have the key that signs the object which holds the user’s identity and permissions (KRBTGT for golden ticket and token-signing private key for golden SAML), we can then forge such an “authentication object” (TGT or SAMLResponse) and impersonate any user to gain unauthorized access to the SP. Roger Grimes defined a golden ticket attack back in 2014 not as a Kerberos tickets forging attack, but as a Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) forging attack. Likewise, a golden SAML attack can also be defined as an IdP forging attack.
In this attack, an attacker can control every aspect of the SAMLResponse object (e.g. username, permission set, validity period and more). In addition, golden SAMLs have the following advantages:
• They can be generated from practically anywhere. You don’t need to be a part of a domain, federation of any other environment you’re dealing with
• They are effective even when 2FA is enabled
• The token-signing private key is not renewed automatically
• Changing a user’s password won’t affect the generated SAML
AWS + AD FS + Golden SAML = ♥ (case study)
Let’s say you are an attacker. You have compromised your target’s domain, and you are now trying to figure out how to continue your hunt for the final goal. What’s next? One option that is now available for you is using a golden SAML to further compromise assets of your target.
Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) is a Microsoft standards-based domain service that allows the secure sharing of identity information between trusted business partners (federation). It is basically a service in a domain that provides domain user identities to other service providers within a federation.
Assuming AWS trusts the domain which you’ve compromised (in a federation), you can then take advantage of this attack and practically gain any permissions in the cloud environment. To perform this attack, you’ll need the private key that signs the SAML objects (similarly to the need for the KRBTGT in a golden ticket). For this private key, you don’t need a domain admin access, you’ll only need the AD FS user account.
Here’s a list of the requirements for performing a golden SAML attack:
• Token-signing private key
• IdP public certificate
• IdP name
• Role name (role to assume)
• Domain\username
• Role session name in AWS
• Amazon account ID
The mandatory requirements are highlighted in purple. For the other non-mandatory fields, you can enter whatever you like.
How do you get these requirements? For the private key you’ll need access to the AD FS account, and from its personal store you’ll need to export the private key (export can be done with tools like mimikatz). For the other requirements you can import the powershell snapin Microsoft.Adfs.Powershell and use it as follows (you have to be running as the ADFS user):
ADFS Public Certificate
IdP Name
Role Name
Once we have what we need, we can jump straight into the attack. First, let’s check if we have any valid AWS credentials on our machine.
Unsurprisingly, we have no credentials, but that’s about to change. Now, let’s use shimit to generate and sign a SAMLResponse.
The operation of the tool is as follows:
Figure 2– Golden SAML with
1. Generate an assertion matching the parameters provided by the user. In this example, we provided the username, Amazon account ID and the desired roles (the first one will be assumed).
2. Sign the assertion with the private key file, also specified by the user.
3. Open a connection to the SP, then calling a specific AWS API AssumeRoleWithSAML.
1. Get an access key and a session token from AWS STS (the service that supplies temporary credentials for federated users).
2. Apply this session to the command line environment (using aws-cli environment variables) for the user to use with AWS cli.
Performing a golden SAML attack in this environment has a limitation. Even though we can generate a SAMLResponse that will be valid for any time period we choose (using the –SamlValidity flag), AWS specifically checks whether the response was generated more than five minutes ago, and if so, it won’t authenticate the user. This check is performed in the server on top of a normal test that verifies that the response is not expired.
This attack doesn’t rely on a vulnerability in SAML 2.0. It’s not a vulnerability in AWS/ADFS, nor in any other service or identity provider.
Golden ticket is not treated as a vulnerability because an attacker has to have domain admin access in order to perform it. That’s why it’s not being addressed by the appropriate vendors. The fact of the matter is, attackers are still able to gain this type of access (domain admin), and they are still using golden tickets to maintain stealthily persistent for even years in their target’s domain.
Golden SAML is rather similar. It’s not a vulnerability per se, but it gives attackers the ability to gain unauthorized access to any service in a federation (assuming it uses SAML, of course) with any privileges and to stay persistent in this environment in a stealthy manner.
As for the defenders, we know that if this attack is performed correctly, it will be extremely difficult to detect in your network. Moreover, according to the ‘assume breach’ paradigm, attackers will probably target the most valuable assets in the organization (DC, AD FS or any other IdP). That’s why we recommend better monitoring and managing access for the AD FS account (for the environment mentioned here), and if possible, auto-rollover the signing private key periodically, making it difficult for the attackers.
In addition, implementing an endpoint security solution, focused around privilege management, like CyberArk’s Endpoint Privilege Manager, will be extremely beneficial in blocking attackers from getting their hands on important assets like the token-signing certificate in the first place.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21921 | Hypnotic, Programmatic, Keep it Fresh.
A problem that I see with working with such large companies is how many resources and time are invested into online advertising. As someone that is passionate about digital design, I illustrated the problem and the solution by presenting the option of using dynamic creative. The feedback I always receive is that "the cost per click is too high" but I never get a value. If you're reading this and currently work at an agency: take a banner project, think of the designer and AD's assigned to the creative, the copy writers and maybe proofreaders, the account, media and adOps people involved in just getting those banners out the door. When added up, it becomes a value that can be assigned to your CPC instead of production.
For this project, I created a template for Robert Half's Summer Hiring program, developed the animation and assigned the dynamic bindings to the elements in the banner. The look and feel is also 1 of the 3 concepts I submitted for the program.
The result is the video below where I show where i show an html5 template cycle through a few different messages.
Enjoy (no sound):
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21922 | Getting control of your data integration solution
Every organization uses data integration tools to take data from different sources for standard business processes and analysis. Many organizations use the most popular tool on the planet – Microsoft Excel. At some point, they need to operationalize the process using tools included in their database engine like SQL Server Integration Services or dedicated solutions such as Talend and Informatica. Organizations may extend their tools with Master Data Management and Data Quality Services as part of an Enterprise Information System.
Our database and application modernization experience make DB Best unique, because we have experience using most of the commercially available and open source data integration platforms.
Here are our featured platforms for data integration solutions:
Why data integration services matter?
Our team has developed experience with a wide variety of data integration tools through our database migration services. Often our customers have asked our team to migrate their services to a different platform. Other times, we update integration solutions to use the new destination. With new scenarios of moving data from on-premises to cloud platforms, integration is rapidly becoming a core competency for our customers.
Here are the key services where data integration plays a critical role in making sure that data is accurate and available for all forms of data analytics without disrupting the performance of the operational data stores.
Other supported data integration platforms
In addition to the tools available from Microsoft, Amazon, and Google, we have experts supporting the following specialized tools.
Unlocking your data with DB Best
Across all of these solutions, we consider two design principles to help make our technology choices.
1. Put the processing as close to the data as possible. Disk and Network latency will always exist, so we tailor our designs to take latency into account.
2. Parallelize tasks where it makes sense. For large data transfers, it’s always better to use parallel tasks for extracting and loading data. Features like SQL Server Polybase are a great step forward, but can’t connect to traditional database engines for parallel execution. So, we always look for off-the-shelf solutions and our in-house tools and products to manage parallel task execution.
Check out what we can do to improve your solution.
Let's get together to talk about Data Integration
Contact us today
Contact us today to help you with Data Integration
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Learn more
Please check out the other resources we have to see how we can help you optimize your solutions.
Blog posts
Data warehouse integration to embrace data analytics
27 June 2017 Stanislav Andrenko
3 November 2016 Bill Ramos
Remote migration from Oracle to SQL Server using SSIS
4 May 2017 Stanislav Andrenko
Improving the web app performance while migrating from DB2 to SQL Server
4 May 2017 Stanislav Andrenko
Loading Amazon Redshift Data Utilizing AWS Glue ETL service
27 December 2017 Bill Ramos
12 July 2017 Stanislav Andrenko
Reference white paper
Deploying SQL Server Integration Services Packages For Continuous Integration And Deployment Using Visual Studio Team Foundation Server Using PowerShell
1 December 2017 Bill Ramos
This whitepaper describes an automatic solution to deploying SQL Server Integration Services packages and projects with Visual Studio Team Foundation Server using PowerShell and T-SQL ...
Deciding Between Merge and Peer-to-Peer Replication with SQL Server
1 October 2015 Bill Ramos
Robert Davis (aka @SQLSoldier) provides clear guidance on the differences between Merge and Peer-to-Peer replication and how to decide which method is the right one to use for your pa...
eBook: Database Migration
9 August 2018 Bill Ramos
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21936 | Fall 2011
Classic Bookshelf
Continuing our celebration of the Guild's 75th anniversary for the years 1990 - 2011, we've collected some of the most interesting books about directors and the era.
The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood
By Kristin Thompson
DGA Quarterly Fall 2011 BooksUp until about 15 years ago, movie franchises had been largely limited to the James Bond pictures and horror movie series. Now, of course, they are one of the tentpoles of Hollywood moviemaking and moneymaking. Many directors therefore are faced with the prospect of initiating a franchise or stepping into one initiated by others. For some idea of what lies ahead on such projects, one could do worse than consulting Kristin Thompson’s epic, multi-angle saga of the “once in a lifetime” making of Peter Jackson’s magisterial The Lord of the Rings trilogy. At the center of her account stands the bearded wizard Jackson, who turned his temporary possession of the rights to J.R.R. Tolkien’s books into the basis for not merely a franchise but a complete overhaul of the way such movies are made (i.e., filming all three movies in one lengthy burst of activity), to say nothing of building almost from scratch a brand-new film industry capital in Wellington, New Zealand. But it wasn’t easy going. Thompson explains how Jackson fended off doubts from skeptics at New Line while making what he called “an oddball New Zealand movie with an English sensibility” using American money. In part, it was this “fluid, improvisatory, let’s-try-it-this-way approach” that in no small measure contributed to the success of the franchise. Thompson, an academic film historian and a fan of the novels, got in on the project early and was afforded invaluable access to almost everyone involved—actors, writers, digital effects crews, and creature shops, and also the many fan websites that received official help from the filmmakers and producers. The book offers a fascinating insider’s view of the step-by-step mechanics of creating and selling a three-part epic. It will either thoroughly educate potential franchise-helmers or put them off the idea forever, so intimidating and complex is the task and accomplishment chronicled here.
Review by John Patterson
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21940 | Why is Google Form Not Sending Notification Emails
The Google Forms addon lets you set up automatic email notifications after someone submits your form. Internally, when a form is submitted, an onSubmit trigger is invoked that uses the Gmail API to send email messages on your behalf. The trigger works in real-time and the notifications are sent instantly.
If you are not receiving email notifications, here are some troubleshooting tips.
1. Check your Gmail Sent Folder
Open your Google Form, submit a test response and then go to the Sent Items folder of your Gmail account. A copy of notification email is automatically saved in your Gmail folder. Also, check the Spam folder of the recipient's mailbox. Sometimes an email may get marked as junk due to the message content.
2. Check your Email Sending Quota
Free users can send up to 20 form responses per day while premium users can email up to 1500 recipients per 24 hours.
The daily email limit is email recipients per day and not email messages per day. Thus if you are emailing a single form response to 2 people, it will reduce your daily quota by 2. Gmail counts every email in the To, CC or BCC field as a separate email (even if they are part of the same message) and thus counts towards your quota.
3. Gmail Not Enabled for your Google Account
If you are sending emails through an alias that uses Outlook or a non-Gmail address, your sending quota may be reduced by Gmail.
If you are a Google Workspace user, your domain admin needs to enable the Gmail service for you to have the higher email limit. Click here for steps on how to enable the Gmail service for users in your organization.
4. Getting Multiple Email Notifications
Please see solution here.
5. Google Forms add-on Crashes at Launch
Google Forms add-on may not work if you are logged into multiple Google accounts in the same browser. See solution.
6. Cookies are Blocked in your Browser
The Google Forms add-on requires you to ensure that third-party cookies) are not blocked in your browser. See solution.
7. Google Forms Menu is empty
Are you only getting the Help menu and not see the option to create email notifications in the Google Forms menu? See solution.
8. Restart Google Form Notifications
If you have recently changed your Google account password, or if you have revoked access to the addon under your Google Account settings, or if your Google Workspace admin has changed any security settings, you may have to re-authorize the addon to get it working again.
Open your Google Form that is not sending notification emails and launch the forms add-on. Choose Forms Troubleshooting from the menu and click the Restart button from the troubleshooting window.
If the issue is not resolved, please contact technical support. |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21948 | Christopher Makos is a preeminent American photographer. Makos’ mentor was Man Ray an American visual artist living in France, who made significant contributions to the Dada and Surrealist movements. Makos is also associated with Andy Warhol with whom he collaborated. With an instinct for the razor’s edge of pop culture, Makos developed a portfolio overflowing with attitude. David Leonardis Galleries is proud to offer these fine examples of the art of Chris Makos.
“Christoper Makos is the most modern photographer in America”
-Andy Warhol
Silver Gelatin Prints, Posters, and Serigraphs |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21952 | Stub Walsh Lake, Deerskin River Watershed (UW46)
Stub Walsh Lake, Deerskin River Watershed (UW46)
Stub Walsh Lake (1020360)
1.69 Acres
Natural Community
Year Last Monitored
Trout Water
Outstanding or Exceptional
Impaired Water
Fish and Aquatic Life
Current Use
Attainable Use
Designated Use
Default FAL
Stub Walsh Lake, in the Deerskin River Watershed, is a 1.69 acre lake that falls in Vilas County. This lake is managed for fishing and swimming and is currently not considered impaired.
Date 2011
Author Aquatic Biologist
Historical Description
Stub Walsh Lake is a seepage lake of very low fertility, having acid, light brown water of low transparency. Bottom materials consist of muck with a very small amount of sand present. Largemouth bass and pan fish constitute the principal fish species present. Public access is of the wilderness type over Forest Service land. There are no private or commercial developments on the shore line which gives this lake aesthetic value. Source: 1963, Surface Water Resources of Vilas County Stub Walsh Lake, T-41-N, R-11-E, Section 13, Area = 2 Surface Acres Maximum Depth = 37 feet
Date 1963
Author Surface Water Inventory Of Wisconsin
Stub Walsh Lake, Deerskin River Watershed (UW46) Fish and Aquatic LifeStub Walsh Lake, Deerskin River Watershed (UW46) RecreationStub Walsh Lake, Deerskin River Watershed (UW46) Fish Consumption
Management Goals
Grants and Management Projects
Monitoring Projects
Watershed Characteristics
Stub Walsh Lake is located in the Deerskin River watershed which is 56.88 mi². Land use in the watershed is primarily forest (77.10%), wetland (12.70%) and a mix of open (7.90%) and other uses (2.20%). This watershed has 63.93 stream miles, 3,047.79 lake acres and 4,928.98 wetland acres.
Nonpoint Source Characteristics
Natural Community
Stub Walsh Lake is considered a Small under the state's Natural Community Determinations.
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This topic explains how to configure external dependencies when custom extensions depend on Java libraries other than com.parasoft.api.jar.
Custom extensions can depend on Java libraries other than com.parasoft.api.jar. For example, assume that you want your extension to use an open source Java library. In order for SOAtest or Virtualize to successfully load such an extension, it must also locate the dependencies. To enable loading of that extension, you must list any jars used by your extension (excluding com.parasoft.api.jar) in a "ClassPath" header in your extension jar's MANIFEST.MF file. The Java tutorial provides details about how to set up a jar to depend on other jars (see
Alternatively, you may package your extension and its dependencies into a single combined jar file. This is useful if you want to distribute your extension as a single jar instead of a collection of jars. If you are building your custom extension with Apache Maven, then you can automate this task with the maven-shade-plugin (see
Custom extensions should not depend on internal, non-public jars. This includes any jar that is installed by SOAtest or Virtualize, but is not in com.parasoft.api.jar. Any extensions that depend on such jars are unsupported and may not function in a later release.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21956 | Splunk® Enterprise
Managing Indexers and Clusters of Indexers
Acrobat logo Download manual as PDF
Acrobat logo Download topic as PDF
Bucket replication issues
Network issues impede bucket replication
If there are problems with the connection between peer nodes such that a source peer is unable to replicate a hot bucket to a target peer, the source peer rolls the hot bucket and start a new hot bucket. If it still has problems connecting with the target peer, it rolls the new hot bucket, and so on.
To prevent a situation from arising where a prolonged failure causes the source peer to generate a large quantity of small hot buckets, the source peer, after a configurable number of replication errors to a single target peer, stops rolling hot buckets in response to the connection problem with that target peer. The default is three replication errors. The following banner message then appears one or more times in the master node's dashboard, depending on the number of source peers encountering errors:
Search peer <search peer> has the following message: Too many streaming errors to target=<target
peer>. Not rolling hot buckets on further errors to this target. (This condition might exist with
other targets too. Please check the logs.)
While the network problem persists, there might not be replication factor number of copies available for the most recent hot buckets.
Configure the allowable number of replication errors
To adjust the allowable number of replication errors, you can configure the max_replication_errors attribute in server.conf on the source peer. However, it is unlikely that you will need to change the attribute from its default of 3, because replication errors that can be attributed to a single network problem are bunched together and only count as one error. The "Too many streaming errors" banner message might still appear, but it can be ignored.
Note: The bunching of replication errors is a change introduced in release 6.0. With this change, the number of errors will be unlikely to exceed the default value of 3, except in unusual conditions.
Evidence of replication failure on the source peer
Evidence of replication failure appears in the source peer's splunkd.log, with a reference to the failed target peer(s). You can locate the relevant lines in the log by searching on "CMStreamingErrorJob". For example, this grep command finds that there have been 15 streaming errors to the peer with the GUID "B3D35EF4-4BC8-4D69-89F9-3FACEDC3F46E":
grep CMStreamingErrorJob ../var/log/splunk/splunkd.log* | cut -d' ' -f10 | sort |uniq -c | sort -nr
15 failingGuid=B3D35EF4-4BC8-4D69-89F9-3FACEDC3F46E
Unable to disable and re-enable a peer
When you disable an indexer as a peer, any hot buckets that were on the peer at the time it was disabled are rolled to warm and named using the standalone bucket convention. If you later re-enable the peer, a problem arises because the master remembers those buckets as clustered and expects them to be named according to the clustered bucket convention, but instead they are named using the convention for standalone buckets. Because of this naming discrepancy, the peer cannot rejoin the cluster.
To work around this issue, you must clean the buckets or otherwise remove the standalone buckets on the peer before re-enabling it.
Multisite cluster does not meet its replication or search factors
The symptom is a message that the multisite cluster does not meet its replication or search factors. This message can appear, for example, on the master dashboard. This condition occurs immediately after bringing up a multisite cluster.
Compare the values for the single-site replication_factor and search_factor attributes to the number of peers that you have on each site. (If you did not explicitly set the single-site replication and search factors, then they default to 3 and 2, respectively.) These attribute values cannot exceed the number of peers on any site. If either exceeds the number of peers on the smallest site, change it to the number of peers on the smallest site. For example, if the number peers on the smallest site is 2, and you are using the default values of replication_factor=3 and search_factor=2, you must explicitly change the replication_factor to 2.
Last modified on 22 July, 2016
Non-clustered bucket issues
Configuration bundle issues
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21957 | NZ Topo - object class siphon_poly
This page describe the siphon_poly object class used to represent objects in the NZTopo topographic database.
A pipe system comprising a rising leg and a falling leg, typically in the shape of an inverted U. Works on atmospheric pressure
Topo50 description
Only those significant by their size or location are held in the data and shown on the printed maps. Small but significant siphons are captured as point features
Representation specification
Representation specification showing siphon_poly
Click to enlarge image
See also: canal_poly
Class attributes
Object classsiphon_poly
Entity classSIPHON
Additional entity classNot applicable
Object inheritancesimple_area
Entity sourceProposed NZ Std Entity
Map series Topo50
LSLIFF object class345
Object attributes
AttributeLSLIFF code
Shapefile field
Data type
Attribute descriptionAttribute values*
Change log
Feature versionRevisedDescription
52012-08-28Added scale-specific definitions
42009-02-01added attribute
32008-04-10removed reference to seed and void objects
22001-11-23unspecified update
11999-03-01intial status |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21975 | - Fossil Fuel Free (
- - Steorn E-Orbo Brushless Pulse Motor - Over 100% Efficient? (
toothpaste 01-03-2010 04:33 AM
Hello Everyone,
What do you think about the claimed overunity efficiency of Steorn's E-Orbo pulse motor?
Basically, it is a brushless DC pulse motor that is claimed to be over 100% efficient and does not experience back EMF. Back EMF is what limits the efficiency of all motors to under 100%. Steorn is launching the E-Orbo technology as we speak. They will be having a public demo this month at the Waterways Center in Dublin Ireland. Also, they have posted a talk about their technology. In the following video they perform a couple experiments on an E-Orbo.
Introduction to an Orbo Electromagnetic Interaction - Part 1
In the video they show that the voltage/current of the motor does not change if the system is loaded or accelerates.
Do you think this motor could be over 100% efficient?
Later in the month they are supposed to have live experiments where they measure the energy going into and out of an E-Orbo.
Also, they are supposed to be inviting anyone who wants to do so to come in and take measurements themselves.
What do all of you think?
If this technology turns out to be legitimate it could be used to power electric vehicles.
Tweety 01-03-2010 07:13 AM
Nothing is over 100% efficient... Not happening unless you bend a few of the laws of physics...
However you look at it there will still be mechanical losses in the bearings of the axle, there will also be small electrical losses unless they built the whole thing with superconductors, which I find highly unlikely...
That's not to say however it can't be very, very efficient in electrical terms with low back EMF... But to claim over 100% means you are either a moron or expext your audience and buyers are... (And I'm not talking about you, I'm talking about them...) I don't buy their claim of "producing" energy in the motor... If it where that simple we would all be using EV's long ago...
Piwoslaw 01-03-2010 07:35 AM
Originally Posted by toothpaste (Post 151638)
If this technology turns out to be legit, then they've got a perpetual motion machine.
How do you get more than 100% efficiency? How do you get more out than you put in? Only if there is already energy in the system that you can take out, like out of the magnets.
RobertSmalls 01-03-2010 10:12 AM
Originally Posted by Tweety (Post 151652)
I have a window air conditioner that you could call 1050% efficient. It takes a kW of electricity to move 10.5kW of heat from inside to outside. But that's a stupid way to define efficiency, so we say it has a Coefficient of Performance of 10.5.
Yeah, any claims of efficiency of > 100% are either marketing shenanigans or outright falsehoods.
I don't expect to see revolutionary developments in electric motor efficiency. But if there were a breakthrough, I'd expect to hear about it from the New York Times or a journal, not YouTube. :p
cfg83 01-03-2010 03:05 PM
toothpaste -
My friend asked me about this a few weeks ago. The website has a very polished video ... their marketing department is very slick. They are claiming overunity and being "in your face" about it. I can't find out anything about these guys. They don't seem to have any track record on anything to me.
It looks like part of their plan is to sell "developer kits" in the 100s of Euros and test hardware in the 1000s of Euros.
smokeyj 01-03-2010 06:52 PM
I didn't hear a claim of 100% efficiency. He is talking about losses.
Orbo can produce energy, so can a starter motor.
I don't get what is so great about this. It is very difficult to measure efficiency once the efficiency is high. As efficiency is the difference between input power and output power.
If your meters are 1% accurate, the efficiency calculation can be off as much as 10%.
I too have by judicious swapping of meters have seen efficiency of greater than 100%, but somehow I knew this not to be so.
Big Dave 01-03-2010 09:31 PM
Efficiency over 100%? I don't believe it. There's this Second Law of Thermdynamics thing.
Christ 01-04-2010 03:35 AM
This is my Ray-Gun. It's over nine thousand.
I could say it's like... 400% efficient, but I prefer to say over nine thousand. If you want to buy one, I'll sell you a developer kit for less than $500 US. I'll then sell you the equipment to "properly test" the developed developer kit for some $3000 US. Your substandard (possibly "top of the line") Test equipment still won't be able to accurately measure anything past seven thousand. This is over nine thousand. Nine Thousand.
I promise, even though your friends will say they don't see anything happening, it's really happening.
You can send paypal to for one of my over nine thousand ray guns.
And remember. It's over nine thousand. Nine Thousand.
:rolleyes: I'd actually look at the information provided, but I'm afraid I'd just see something like all the crap I typed above. Since I have this particular reply saved as a txt file, and can copy/paste it, I wasted far less time than I would have watching the video and reading any accompanying information. :thumbup:
vtec-e 01-04-2010 07:12 AM
Well, whatever they made, they are at this address: Waterways Centre
2 Grand Canal Quay, DUBLIN 2, Co. Dublin City, Ireland
I found it on google maps.
Re: the motor they are making, well, it may very well not be a perpetual motion machine. But it may be VERY efficient and we should keep an open mind at all times. Full testing will reveal all.
ps: here's the web address, if anyones interested:
smokeyj 01-04-2010 12:13 PM
If they claimed very efficient, then I think very few people would have a problem.
You just get in there are measure the efficiency and compare and contrast with existing solutions.
These guys are claiming that they have invented something that to my understanding is scientifically impossible. So of course there will need to be more and better proofs peer review and so on and so forth.
If it really is true (which it isn't) then science will begin to attempt to understand it and will be modified.
What I want to know is how can I make money by betting against these guys?
The cool thing about science is that it will modify its beliefs in the face of new evidence, might be ugly and might take 20 years but it will happen and in the meantime nobody gets burnt at the stake.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/21978 | 9 thoughts on “Wednesday
1. This is part of Glen Coe (Glencoe). There is an archaeological investigation taking place at the moment to try to discover (uncover) the truth behind what happened at Glen Coe : Was it as the song says or is there more to the story that we do not know?
O Cruel is the snow that sweeps Glencoe
and covers the grave of Ronald
And cruel was the foe that raped Glencoe
And murdered the House of MacDonald
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Does the amount of editing see in the Template or in some special pages? Yes, I know how to see the amount of editing, but only myself. How I can see my friend amount of editing? --Papparainen 11:54, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
Side bar edit
Can you edit the sidebar? thanks. Also papperainen your english is pretty good.
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• File uploads are impossible. Sorry. Adiblol 15:17, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
How can I access wiki's API, like? Adiblol 15:17, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
How to delete my wiki
as title, because I don't need it anymore. mron
My wiki wasn't popular
I made a wiki called "Go To This Site" and it isn't popular so it doesn't show up. I want to see it again. --O24-181-82-171 15:56, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
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How do I get Semantic MediaWiki on Sidebar this?
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Is anyone still here? --Hydraton31 05:38, 21 December 2014 (UTC)
Importing mysql archive
It's been a while since I've visited my wiki, and when I do, I get "No db present. Perhaps we need to import from mysql archive for the previous version of the system. If this is in error, please report a Bug." How do I re-enable my site? -- -- Calion | Talk 20:49, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
Deletion of wiki
Hello, could one of the administrators delete my old althistory wiki. It's no longer in use and I see no reason to keep it up there.
Thank you,
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Deletion of Kyle_Mercadante Wiki
How do I get the Kyle_Mercadante Wiki deleted?
--Schwasniak 20:43, 1 September 2018 (UTC)
Changing the 'Admin' account
When I started my wiki, I got an account called 'Admin'. I wanted to know if I can change the name of this account. I changed the password and wondered if I could change the account.
I would be very happy! --TheFreddyFazbear54 11:03, 6th August 2020 (UTC)
You can't
I'm not kidding you literally can't, what you can do however is make a second account with the name you want to have and log into the Admin account to give the account you just created admin. --Nutshinou Talk! 16:57, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22001 | A monster and a retard?
Fucks sake America. Obama has put you on the path towards becoming more civilised and you want to go back to being a religious nation?
Fucking yanks. (talk)14:51, 19 February 2010
First, I do believe all participants in this conversation were saying that that was a "bad thing". Secondarily, that was uncalled for.
ShakataGaNai ^_^18:26, 19 February 2010 |
global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22025 | Skip to content
Your Kingdom Reigns
VERSE 1 G C/G G Though we walk through the shadow of death D/G C/G G You will not forsake us G C/G G Though we fall, in Your arms we'd find rest D/G C/G G You will never fail us CHORUS C You go before us, behind us G Yes You are the one who saves C You are our portion, our promise G Forever Your kingdom reigns VERSE 2 G C/G G By Your blood, You have paid every debt D/G C/G G You are strong to save us G C/G G And by Your word, You will guide every step D/G C/G G You are ever faithful D/G C/G G Jesus, You are ever faithful BRIDGE Em C G You will not be shaken, D Em God of our salvation, C G D You are, You are the rock we stand on Chords and lyrics provided by
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22028 | Reading Time: 3 minutes
I once accompanied a nine year-old boy on a search for his lost glasses. I did it out of duty. And I held no real hope of finding them. I went only to quell my guilt for not searching when we would inevitably go purchase another pair. Plus this particular nine year-old is a delight and even searching for a needle in a haystack with him could be fun.
We parked my truck near the place he remembered last having his glasses—a walking path snaking through our small community and landscaped with large river rocks. He had been at the new skateboard park and I reckoned we had about three quarters of a mile of path to search from here to there. I knew the path well and was naively picturing the most likely places to search. The boy had followed no such direct route, however, instead following the more fun and loopy nine year-old course.
First, we searched the bushes around every rock he had climbed and launched himself off. Next we veered off the path and hunted around a statue of a flying horse he had investigated. Then we left the path altogether and cut diagonally through a parking lot. But even that was not direct. He showed me the sidewalk railing he had climbed over, climbed over it again, and then cut behind the dumpster and finally sauntered through the restaurant, again. It was truly random! Back on the path we peered under every weed in the spot he had stopped to chase a garter snake. He had bent over there and thought that might be the point his glasses slid off, though he couldn’t really remember. Here I engaged in the search earnestly agreeing it was the most likely place. But we came up empty and continued by scouring every dink and dodge he took off the path until we finally reached the skate park.
All the while, we had a fun conversation about snakes and any other stuff that came up. This was definitely not a mathematically precise power walk or even a systematic search. I observed he didn’t so much walk as bounce, light and airy with his feet only touching the ground for the fun of it. I learned the names of various skateboard moves and saw the familiar, I thought, walking path for the first time. We spooked another garter snake and marveled at how fast they are. We talked about likely fishing holes as we walked near the river. We wondered what fun things we could do with the $70 to $100 his new glasses would cost to replace, if we found his old ones. Reversing the Apostle Paul’s meaning “I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child” and I enjoyed every moment of it. Being a nine year-old ain’t so bad.
Maybe that’s what Jesus meant when he called the children onto his lap and told his adult followers to have a child-like faith. Maybe the “kingdom of heaven,” as Jesus talked about it and lived it, is more than a “straight and narrow path” defined by rules and time lines and well defined adult perceptions and ideas. What if the freedom Jesus promised his followers is better illustrated (and lived!) by a young boy turning his search for his glasses into another adventure? What if our pursuit of meaning—and Jesus himself—sometimes became a fun and loopy path? These things I pondered on the way back home.
But I had pretty much given up the search. After all, I had begun the search thinking I would not find what I was looking for (to paraphrase Bono). I would look down at the ground occasionally just because I should. Nearing my truck, I guiltily glanced down again and to my utter disbelief spied my nine year-old companion’s glasses sitting in the landscaping bark neatly folded as if someone had purposefully placed them there.
The nine year-old squealed; his face beamed; we high fived. We danced around as if we had found Jesus’ “pearl of great price.”
“I was just praying we’d find ‘em,” he said. “Jesus dropped ‘em right where you were lookin’.” Immediately my adult mind found a more plausible explanation for how the glasses ended up neatly folded where we had already searched. I wish it hadn’t.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22044 | The Difference Between A Really Bad Headache and A Migraine?
Q: What’s the difference between a really bad headache and a migraine?
A: A migraine headache is a headache that tends to recur in an individual and is moderate to severe if left untreated. It can be one sided, throbbing and aggravated by routine physical activity. It can be associated with light, sound and smell sensitivity and many patients will become nauseated with it. In a minority of patients there can be visual or sensory changes before, during or after the headache, known as auras. Each migraine typically lasts from four hours to three days, but can last more than a week.
The National Headache Foundation estimates that nearly 30 million Americans, or approximately 12 percent of the population, suffer from migraines. Migraines occur about three times more frequently in women than in men.
The exact causes of migraines are unknown, although they are related to changes in the brain as well as to genetic causes. People with migraines may inherit the tendency to be affected by certain migraine triggers such as fatigue, skipping meals, certain foods, bright lights and weather changes.
For many years, scientists believed that migraines were linked to the expanding (dilation) and constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels on the brain’s surface. However, it is now believed that a migraine is caused by inherited abnormalities in certain areas of the brain. There is a migraine “pain center” or generator in the mid-brain area. A migraine begins when hyperactive nerve cells send out impulses to the blood vessels leading to the dilation of these vessels and the release of prostaglandins and other inflammatory substances that cause the pulsation to be painful.
Katharina Truelove
Katharina Truelove, M.D., is a Marshall Medical Center Provider
Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate a migraine from other serious causes of headaches. Red flags (reasons to get evaluated urgently) are a headache subsequent to head trauma, a headache with a sudden onset (“thunderclap” headache), a headache with signs of systemic illness (fever, stiff neck and/or rash), a headache beginning after 50 years of age (because migraines will typically start under age 50, and over age 50 is more likely to be temporal arteritis—which needs urgent treatment to prevent vision loss—or a mass lesion/brain cancer), headaches increasing in frequency and severity, a headache with focal neurologic signs or symptoms of disease (other than one’s typical aura), or a new-onset headache in a patient with risk factors for HIV infection or cancer.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22060 | What is CBD?
CBD is a cannabinoid found in certain strains of hemp. It works with your Endocannabinoid System (ECS) to help alleviate a wide array of ailments. We are not allowed to make any claims that it works for sleep, pain or anxiety, so we suggest you do a little research and come back as excited as we are about it! See more info on our blog page.
Our CBD Strain: Lifter
What is CBG?
CBG is known as the "Mother of all Cannabinoids" and is the precursor to famous cannabinoids such as CBD and THC. It is found in hemp just like CBD and has similar effects as CBD but we find it a little bit more relaxing.
Our CBG Strain: The White
Is it Legal?
Yes, CBD that contains less than 0.3% THC is legal per the 2018 Farm Bill. There are some states that have not updated their laws, and we can't ship to Idaho, South Dakota, Louisiana, Wyoming and Nebraska.
You can smoke Hemp?
Yes, you can smoke hemp. Hemp is just another name for Cannabis that contains less than 0.3% THC. While there are varieties that are for rope, textiles, etc, that is not the kind we grow. Our hemp genetics are made for smoking and have high cannabinoid profiles. Check our Blog for more info on this.
What is Full Spectrum?
Full-Spectrum is CBD oil that contains a wide array of cannabinoids including CBD and THC as well as other phytonutrients. Full-Spectrum is know to be more bioavailable because of the entourage effect.
What is Broad Spectrum?
Broad Spectrum also contains a wide array of cannabinoids, however it has the THC removed. So there is no THC in Broad Spectrum oil.
What is CBD Isolate?
CBD isolate is the isolated CBD molecule. There are no other cannabinoids, plant matter or phytonutrients. This means no THC as well.
Can I pass a drug test?
THC is the trigger for most tests that we are aware of, but it still depends. If you are using Isolate or Broad Spectrum you are more likely to pass a drug test because it contains no THC. If you are using a full spectrum product with less than 0.3% THC such as our Gel Caps you would be more likely to fail. This also depends on multiple factors such as your body composition, metabolic rate, frequency of use, and sensitivity of the test.
Can you ship to my state?
We can ship our Broad Spectrum Gummies and Outdoor Rub to all 50 states. However we can't ship our Gel caps or Pre-rolls to Idaho, South Dakota, Louisiana, Wyoming and Nebraska because of local state laws.
How much CBD Oil should I take?
That varies person to person - we recommend starting slow and working your way up. If you are taking any medications, make sure consult your physician before trying.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22065 | YOU ARE WATCHING: Fool Britannia: Season 2
Have a nice day! All The Best
Fool Britannia: Season 2
Armed with a truckload of hidden cameras and devious disguises, no one is safe as comedian Dom Joly unleashes a host of brand new characters and pranks across the UK.
Genres: Comedy
Actor: Dom Joly, Matt Brady, Rob Hunt
Country: UK
Movie: Fool Britannia: Season 2
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22068 | frozen tears
frozen tears
like crystal drops
on bloodied rivers
calls of injustice
and the world watches…
…in wonder
at the dignity of a nation
as He too bides His time
in answering our prayers
humanity must evolve
it’s now or never
~ Gaza ~
7 thoughts on “frozen tears
1. The worst part of the injustices is that they keep putting a positive spin on their actions through their controlled media. Most disdainful… Feeling frustration, anger and helplessness… Please continue to speak up!
2. Dear Sonya,
Thank you very much for this poem. I actually just responded to a post by Ranu. I was thinking of Gaza as I wrote that response.
I like this poem, particularly how it ends, as it states, “humanity must evolve.” And that is exactly the case.
All good wishes,
1. Thanks Robert, yes indeed we need to evolve. Though it is heartening to see a lot of outrage over Gaza…still there needs to be more pressure. Every prayer I try to find words for the Gazans…it’s very difficult.
Robert, you have supported and encouraged my writing immensely .. and your visit to my blog today is so timely…you have given me my 1000th “like” :-) Further, my stats for today after your visit are incredible…the number of visitors is 9 and number of views is 22…my birthday is 22nd September! Some things cannot be explained :-)
Ever grateful..
1. Dear Sonya,
Some things are indeed unexplainable :-)
You are very gifted with enabling potent song to come through you.
All good wishes,
I would love to have your thoughts
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22076 | Showing results 1 to 5 of 5
Thread: WarCraft III version 1.05
1. #1
Default WarCraft III version 1.05
releases a new Cd protection program of some sort??
did they put in a new program like StarForce or something
2. #2
The new Warcraft 3 seems to be using secrurom v 4 or something like that.. all I can figure out so far is it has a similar protection as unreal 2003.
3. #3
i've no problems starting it with a normal ccd-image
->not very similar to ut2003
4. #4
Original WCIII cds weren't recorded on special media used for new games with securom 4.8x so update of protection can't use same protection techniques as new games with that version #. WCIII original cds wouldn't run if it did.
What's used on WCIII update is a weakened version so back-up copies will still work after update.
5. #5
i JUST got a rude awakening today when i connected to :shock: virtual cd which i'd been using stopped working on War3, which i Virtual CD'd after the umpteenth time of leaving the CD at home... thankfully i found that virtual crack pretty quickly... but this shit pisses me off about copy protection... and this is the first time i've really gotten angry about this kind of thing (usually i just shrug and whip out the crack, but this time i didn't have it and wasn't sure i could find it)
BTW, i use Virtual CD.. and just this once on this ONE game War3 cuz i have little space, not to mention my CDRW sucks at copying copy protections (yammy) and Daemon Tools BSODs WinXP faster than a geek to an electronic toy =(
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22077 | Results 1 to 4 of 4
Thread: Create a shared voicemail box
1. #1
Question Create a shared voicemail box
Hi I have a QX50 with the following setup
SIP line sent to virtual "user extension" 40 which has "multi extension ringing" enabled for ext 103, 104, 105, 106 etc. I need the voicemail though to end up in ext 104 voicemail box.
I have the same scenario working on a 2x successfully
On the QX50 as on the 2x I have added 104 to the "shared mailbox" edit "voicemail access list", however voicemails are still ending up in the virtual extension 40 mailbox?
Am I missing a step or something? is there something hidden I must set? It works on the 2x they go to the nominated mailbox not the virtual extension.
Thanks in advance for any assistance
2. #2
Set up forward of the virtual extension - supplemental services to the vm of the extension.
3. #3
Have DDI to extension, have call fwd to operator extn, however would like it to kick back to orig extn VM on no ans, currently goes to operators VM, using Fanvil X5S, on QX50 phones also wanting call to show on operators phone which DDI its coming from
4. #4
Thanks KSComs for taking the time to reply. Yes I had already resolved the problem and found as you suggested I had missed this step.
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global_05_local_5_shard_00002591_processed.jsonl/22079 | Passive Speakers and Amp <$500
Looking for first upgrade to vinyl setup. Currently rocking some low end active Edifiers. With Black Friday nearly thought why not upgrade. Was looking at the PA3 to allow more funds for speakers. Also looking at q150.
Or in this budget would it be more beneficial to lean more towards the amp for future growth?
1 Like
Funny enough I am looking at something very similar
Does the amp need to have a DAC built-in? (digital inputs) I would assume it doesn’t matter since its for vinyl :stuck_out_tongue:
I used a Onkyo A9110 for some time, was a nice amp for the money. Was around ~225 euros and it has MM phono stage
Would be a long shot, but maybe that Onkyo + Klipsch RP600Ms would be around 500 during Black Friday. One can dream.
Another good amp to check out would be the SMSL SA300.
1 Like
One can dream indeed… I may be able to do the rp600m w/ a pa30 within my budget. Would the pa30 be sufficient though… or would amp>speaker strat be better?
Im thinking going heavier on the amp side to prep for an upgrade later. Suggestions?
Maybe something used? Its hard to fit a good amp and decent speakers under 500 :stuck_out_tongue:
Where are you shopping from? I guess seeing what deals are on black friday would be great :stuck_out_tongue:
Pretty good price:
amp makes less difference then speakers in 99 out of 100 cases. modern amps are mostly all fairly clean. going from a 100$ amp to a 300$ amp is not going to be very noticeable in most cases. however, going from 100$ - 200$ speakers is very noticeable, let alone spending more. i would not spend above 200$ on an amp unless you plan on spending a chunk more. you will end up micro upgrading and sidegrading and spending a lot of money doing it.
i would skip the topping and go even cheaper chifi brand like FX or Nobosound. you wont notice a difference and will save you 50+$ to spend on speakers or beer or a steak dinner.
edit: unless your willing to go used. used 300$ market can net you some very great amps.
Thanks for the feedback! Any beefy nobosound recs?
600 not worth the extra $100? Filling a larger space
something like that. theres like 6 or 7 “brands” that are all identical minus the logo and price. i have a few fosi amps i have purchsed for myself and others. they are solid and work well.
edit: i got my mom a 50wpc fosi amp to go with klipsch r-51m’s and the combo works very well and gets very loud. the 100wpc version will do even better.
If you got the money the 600 should definitely be worth it.
Rp600m hard to beat around the $400 mark?
If new then for 400 they are a steal.
Only problem with cheap Chinese amps can be is that sometimes they sound bit dry, at least from my experience (Loxije wedge amp :stuck_out_tongue: ) because mostly they are class D.
This was completely fine with the RP600Ms but I cannot lie that even a Onkyo A9110 or a used Marantz 6006 were huge upgrades. Things just sound better. But a Loxije amp like that is a good start, but you might wanna check if your turntable needs a phono stage, because these cheap amps don’t have those.
(Currently using Iotavx SA3 + PA3 with my RP600ms and could not be happier)
snagged me one of the guys below. opt for the sub out for potential future use. also grabbed some rp500m and rp600m to test. thanks!
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About JadeOfMaar
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1. @BobTheKerbalTrying to get around in GU (or any real interstellar environment) with stock engines and Hohmann transfers is -not- how things work. There are mods for appropriate fuels and engines, including GU itself.
2. As a spaceplane guy I didn't like that @damonvv's KSC Extended only cares about rockets so I made my own major space center expansion! With Blackjack and h#$%^&s! But they're totally meant to be a pair!
3. @InfamousAsHell Uninstall Buffalo and then try to install Pathfinder. The Pathfinder download contains Buffalo so maybe CKAN is confused by this.
4. Basically, should ResearchBodies be stock in KSP2? The answer is obviously yes.
5. @Clamp-o-Tron Yes it is. Ninja'd by Bob. But particularly, it doesn't add or subtract moons from the stock planets. Doing so may be outside of Galileo's vision. Other things concerning the planets (not their numbers and positions) do wait to be done, like biomes and anomalies.
6. Ahh. Well you can try this patch and lower its value, and let me know how things go. @PART:HAS[~gTolerance[*]] { gTolerance = 50 // default value }
7. Go into Difficulty Settings -> Advanced at any time and turn on part G-force limits (right next to kerbal G-force limits and part pressure limits). You'll be a happy camper. These are off by default because they're meant for use by players who like extra realism and extra hard mode like users of KCT, failure mods, RSS & RO...
8. The 2.5m probe core is actually super powerful but you won't easily notice in the stock system. If you put this, 2 kerbals (preferably pilots, I think) and a few RA-100 dishes together, you get a DSN hub/outpost and can control drones and probes over several comm hops without needing a comms link back to Kerbin. If you like mods then you can add Science Relay, and setup this hub craft to be a science depot which can receive all transmittable science, which can then be transmitted or shipped in bulk back to Kerbin.
9. @Svish CLS compatible hollow parts would need to be made separate from these (with only one option: structural, to spare this mod's maker from basically remaking his parts. Making a part that has many variants is not an easy task). It is unknown if B9 Part Switch naturally agrees with CLS and can control when a part is passable. This is the easiest of 3 possible solutions to this problem.
10. If you can indeed make a KSPedia, ask any modder whose own still works, such as DMagic or SuicidialInsanity, maybe JPLRepo, and hopefully they'll show you what to do differently. But you may have the added challenge (if it applies) of acquiring or producing source files.
11. @FrancoisH The Unity updates (from what I've seen) are what break KSPedia, so KSP 1.4 and 1.8 are where this happens.
12. Change the top line in the config to this/ Add this NEEDS to it: @PART[sspx-cargo-container*]:AFTER[StationPartsExpansionRedux]:NEEDS[!ClassicStock]
13. @stephm Material: Extremely important. Do not use additive/emissive/glow shaders for smoke. Those are used for fire/energy/plasma. For smoke and vapor plumes, use a shader that is not emissive. Unity is not working for me so I can't open it and list the exact ones for you to use. They probably have "Alpha" in them so look for non-emissive alpha shaders to use for your material. Simulate World Space: This makes particles respect their position in the world. This is how trailing plumes work but trailing plumes only look good at low speeds (under Mach 1). Only use this for custom smok
14. @Bombaatu Oh. I didn't anticipate that but yes, these are incompatible (and meant to be so). I'll fix the SSPXr patch to not try to run when Classic Stock is present.
15. You're welcome. But I don't think there is any actual concept for an electric pulse jet. I highly doubt it would be possible or worthwhile to attempt this. The electric jet engine concepts that I've seen and I can remember easily are a form of super powered Hall Effect ion thruster, and the microwave air plasma thruster which is effectively an air-breathing rocket.
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