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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5028846#1_7319457 | http://168x136.extensionfile.net/ | Open 168X136 File | Open 168X136 File
Open 168X136 File
How to Open 168X136 file
What is 168X136 File?
168X136 File Applications
| If there is no application on your computer which can open 168X136 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 168X136 files. What is 168X136 File? File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 168X136 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix). These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! | 579 | 1,587 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5028846#2_7320771 | http://168x136.extensionfile.net/ | Open 168X136 File | Open 168X136 File
Open 168X136 File
How to Open 168X136 file
What is 168X136 File?
168X136 File Applications
| Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix). These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files. 168X136 File Applications
If you know which application opens file extension 168X136 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form. For more information on how to open 168X136 files read other articles on this website. | 1,116 | 2,038 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5031154#0_7322002 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/macro-parasites.html | Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Macro-parasite Quiz
MACRO-PARASITES
Macro-parasite Quiz
| Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES
MACRO-PARASITES
What are macro-parasites? Macro-parasites are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Macro-parasites, like other parasites are metabolically dependent on other living organisms, referred to as the host organism. Most parasites grow inside the host but generally reproduce by infective stages outside of the host. Type of macro-parasites. There are many species of macro-parasites. The most common of these include nematodes, ticks, mites and flatworms. Macro-parasites can be either classed as endoparasites; parasites that live inside the host, or ectoparasites; parasites that live on the host. | 0 | 705 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5031154#1_7323014 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/macro-parasites.html | Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Macro-parasite Quiz
MACRO-PARASITES
Macro-parasite Quiz
| There are many species of macro-parasites. The most common of these include nematodes, ticks, mites and flatworms. Macro-parasites can be either classed as endoparasites; parasites that live inside the host, or ectoparasites; parasites that live on the host. Examples of endoparasites include flukes and tapeworms, while examples of ectoparasites include mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, leeches and lice. Examples of diseases caused by macro-parasites. There are many diseases and ailments caused by macro-parasites as well as micro-parasites that affect plants, animals and humans. Examples of diseases in humans that are caused by macro-parasites include: Fleas
Ticks
Tapeworm
Bilharzia worms
Hydatid worms
Liver fluke
Macro-parasite Quiz
Macro-parasite Quiz
Q1: | 446 | 1,205 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5031154#2_7324086 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/macro-parasites.html | Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Macro-parasite Quiz
MACRO-PARASITES
Macro-parasite Quiz
| Examples of endoparasites include flukes and tapeworms, while examples of ectoparasites include mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, leeches and lice. Examples of diseases caused by macro-parasites. There are many diseases and ailments caused by macro-parasites as well as micro-parasites that affect plants, animals and humans. Examples of diseases in humans that are caused by macro-parasites include: Fleas
Ticks
Tapeworm
Bilharzia worms
Hydatid worms
Liver fluke
Macro-parasite Quiz
Macro-parasite Quiz
Q1: Macro-parasites are metabolically dependent on other living organisms. What are these organisms referred to as? George
The host
The victim
Q2: What is an endoparasite? A parasite that lives inside the host
A parasite that lives on the host
A parasite that lives with the host
Q3: | 706 | 1,485 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5031154#3_7325185 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/macro-parasites.html | Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Macro-parasite Quiz
MACRO-PARASITES
Macro-parasite Quiz
| Macro-parasites are metabolically dependent on other living organisms. What are these organisms referred to as? George
The host
The victim
Q2: What is an endoparasite? A parasite that lives inside the host
A parasite that lives on the host
A parasite that lives with the host
Q3: What is an ectoparasite? A parasite that lives inside the host
A parasite that lives on the host
A parasite that lives with the host
Q4: Which of the following is NOT an example of a macro-parasite? Flatworms
Ticks
Candida
Q5: Which of the following is an example of disease caused by a macro-parasite? | 1,206 | 1,788 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5031154#4_7326086 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/macro-parasites.html | Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Macro-parasite Quiz
MACRO-PARASITES
Macro-parasite Quiz
| What is an ectoparasite? A parasite that lives inside the host
A parasite that lives on the host
A parasite that lives with the host
Q4: Which of the following is NOT an example of a macro-parasite? Flatworms
Ticks
Candida
Q5: Which of the following is an example of disease caused by a macro-parasite? Liver Fluke
Influenza
Cholera | 1,486 | 1,818 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5033265#0_7326733 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/prions.html | Prions - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | PRIONS
PRIONS
Prion Quiz
| Prions - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES
PRIONS
What is a prion? A prion is an infectious agent (pathogen) that is composed of a protein that has been misfolded. A prion is different to other pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and parasites as it does not contain nucleic acid, which other pathogens must contain. However, prions and viruses are similar due to the fact that they are both not alive and that they both reproduce via high-jacking functions of living cells. What diseases do prions cause? Prions are responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mammals, such as scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows; which is more commonly known as 'mad cow disease'. In humans, diseases caused by prions include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), and kuru. Prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or neural tissue. There are currently no methods to treat prion diseases and all are considered fatal. | 0 | 1,004 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5033265#1_7327996 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/prions.html | Prions - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | PRIONS
PRIONS
Prion Quiz
| Prions are responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mammals, such as scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows; which is more commonly known as 'mad cow disease'. In humans, diseases caused by prions include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), and kuru. Prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or neural tissue. There are currently no methods to treat prion diseases and all are considered fatal. How are prion diseases caused? Prion diseases are caused by proteins that have been misfolded, forming the prion. Upon entering a healthy organism, these prions induce surrounding proteins, converting them into prions. The prion acts as a template to guide the misfolding of more proteins, which in turn act as templates converting other proteins into prions, producing large amounts of prions. The prions then arrange themselves into groups called 'aggregates' which then disrupt the structure of tissue within the central nervous system. | 515 | 1,544 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5033265#2_7329281 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/prions.html | Prions - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | PRIONS
PRIONS
Prion Quiz
| How are prion diseases caused? Prion diseases are caused by proteins that have been misfolded, forming the prion. Upon entering a healthy organism, these prions induce surrounding proteins, converting them into prions. The prion acts as a template to guide the misfolding of more proteins, which in turn act as templates converting other proteins into prions, producing large amounts of prions. The prions then arrange themselves into groups called 'aggregates' which then disrupt the structure of tissue within the central nervous system. This disruption is characterised by holes in the tissue, making the tissue resemble a sponge. Prion Quiz
Prion Quiz
Q1: A prion is composed of a protein that has been....
Broken
Misfolded
Destroyed
Q2: Why are prions are different to ALL other types of pathogens? Because they do not contain nucleic acid
Because they contain nucleic acid
Because prions are non living
Q3: | 1,004 | 1,917 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5033265#3_7330460 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/prions.html | Prions - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | PRIONS
PRIONS
Prion Quiz
| This disruption is characterised by holes in the tissue, making the tissue resemble a sponge. Prion Quiz
Prion Quiz
Q1: A prion is composed of a protein that has been....
Broken
Misfolded
Destroyed
Q2: Why are prions are different to ALL other types of pathogens? Because they do not contain nucleic acid
Because they contain nucleic acid
Because prions are non living
Q3: Which of the following are both diseases which are caused by prions? Malaria and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Influenza and Kuru
Kuru and Scrapie
Q4: What is the best treatment for prion diseases? Antibiotics
Chemotherapy
There is currently no treatment for prion diseases
Q5: The disruption of tissue within the central nervous system caused by prion disease is characterised by....
Holes
Discolouration
Smell | 1,545 | 2,325 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5035828#0_7331516 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/protozoans.html | Protozoans - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Protozoan Quiz
PROTOZOANS
Protozoan Quiz
| Protozoans - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES
PROTOZOANS
What are protozoans? A protozoan is a microscopic, motile, unicellular euakayotic (contains a nucleus) organism, which include organisms such as amoebas. Protozoa may be found around water, but can also be found in soil. However, not all protozoa are pathogens. What are pathogenic protozoa? As previously stated, not all protozoa are pathogens. The pathogenic protozoa cause protozoan infections in humans and animals. Examples of protozoa that can cause disease are Cryptosporidium which causes Crystosporidiosis, and Giardia lamblia which is responsible for Giardiasis. What diseases do protozoa cause? Examples of human diseases caused by protozoa include Malaria, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis (Giardia), Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Chagas disease and Dysentery. | 0 | 815 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5035828#1_7332613 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/protozoans.html | Protozoans - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Protozoan Quiz
PROTOZOANS
Protozoan Quiz
| As previously stated, not all protozoa are pathogens. The pathogenic protozoa cause protozoan infections in humans and animals. Examples of protozoa that can cause disease are Cryptosporidium which causes Crystosporidiosis, and Giardia lamblia which is responsible for Giardiasis. What diseases do protozoa cause? Examples of human diseases caused by protozoa include Malaria, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis (Giardia), Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Chagas disease and Dysentery. Protozoan diseases can be treated with antiprotozoal agents, and recent studies have shown that viruses could potentially be used to treat infections caused by protozoa. Protozoan Quiz
Protozoan Quiz
Q1: A protozoan is a unicellular eukaryotic organism. This means that protozoans contain...
No nucleus
One nucleus
Two nuclei
Q2: Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoa. | 340 | 1,187 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5035828#2_7333746 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/protozoans.html | Protozoans - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Protozoan Quiz
PROTOZOANS
Protozoan Quiz
| Protozoan diseases can be treated with antiprotozoal agents, and recent studies have shown that viruses could potentially be used to treat infections caused by protozoa. Protozoan Quiz
Protozoan Quiz
Q1: A protozoan is a unicellular eukaryotic organism. This means that protozoans contain...
No nucleus
One nucleus
Two nuclei
Q2: Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoa. What disease is it responsible for in humans? Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardia
Q3: Giardia lamblia is a pathogenic protozoa. What disease is it responsible for in humans? Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardia
Q4: | 816 | 1,409 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5035828#3_7334632 | http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/protozoans.html | Protozoans - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES | Protozoan Quiz
PROTOZOANS
Protozoan Quiz
| What disease is it responsible for in humans? Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardia
Q3: Giardia lamblia is a pathogenic protozoa. What disease is it responsible for in humans? Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardia
Q4: Out of the following, which is NOT a disease caused by pathogenic protozoa? Dysentery
Malaria
Kuru
Q5: There have been recent studies on the use of a certain other pathogen in the treatment of protozoan disease. What group of pathogen is this? Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi | 1,188 | 1,676 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5037766#0_7335413 | http://16quotes.com/7-rules-of-life/ | 7 Rules of Life | 7 Rules of Life
« Previous Random quote Next »
7 Rules of Life
1) Make peace with your past so it won't screw up the present. 2) What others think of you is none of your business. 3) Time heals almost everything, give it time. 4) Don't compare your life to others and don't judge them. You have no idea what their journey is all about. 5) Stop thinking too much, it's alright not to know the answers. They will come to you when you least expect it. 6) No one is in charge of your happiness, except you. 7) Smile. You don't own all the problems in the world. | 0 | 557 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5037766#1_7336176 | http://16quotes.com/7-rules-of-life/ | 7 Rules of Life | 5) Stop thinking too much, it's alright not to know the answers. They will come to you when you least expect it. 6) No one is in charge of your happiness, except you. 7) Smile. You don't own all the problems in the world. Unknown | 335 | 565 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5038497#0_7336600 | http://16quotes.com/meaning-of-true-love/ | « Previous Random quote Next »
Some people think love is just talking kind, warm and cute words to each other, love is just telling “I love you”, is just being together and having fun. But reality is a bit different and love is hard. So what the true love meant to be? It's caring of someone you love, being with him when he needs your help, doing everything to protect and look after him. Unknown | 0 | 397 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5039052#0_7337201 | http://17-76.com/truesecond.html | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment
The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment
The True Meaning of the Second Amendment
"A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Anti-gun propaganda falsely insists that the Second Amendment only guarantees the "right" of States to have a National Guard. An examination of the language used in the eighteenth century by the Framers of the Constitution clearly shows our Founding Fathers intended to protect a birthright that properly belongs to every individual citizen of the United States. Well-Regulated This term has nothing to do with regulation by government officials. In the eighteenth century, "well regulated" meant an efficient or properly running mechanism. In a military context, it referred to a standard of training and preparedness which we now call "combat readiness." Militia In Colonial times, the Militia consisted of local units made up of every male citizen of military age capable of bearing arms to defend his home, family and community. Special units not composed of all citizens, like the modern National Guard, were referred to as a "select corps" or a "select militia." An early draft of the Second Amendment defined the Militia as being "composed of the body of the People, trained to Arms." Today, whether they are aware of it or not, all citizens capable of bearing arms that do not belong to the regular armed forces or the National Guard are members of the Militia. | 0 | 1,553 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5039052#1_7339066 | http://17-76.com/truesecond.html | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment
The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | In a military context, it referred to a standard of training and preparedness which we now call "combat readiness." Militia In Colonial times, the Militia consisted of local units made up of every male citizen of military age capable of bearing arms to defend his home, family and community. Special units not composed of all citizens, like the modern National Guard, were referred to as a "select corps" or a "select militia." An early draft of the Second Amendment defined the Militia as being "composed of the body of the People, trained to Arms." Today, whether they are aware of it or not, all citizens capable of bearing arms that do not belong to the regular armed forces or the National Guard are members of the Militia. Right The Second Amendment does not protect the right of States to have a National Guard. The Declaration of Independence says governments are formed to secure the unalienable rights of all men and that governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed. States don't have rights; people do. Keep Colonial Militia members were required to own military type muskets with bayonets and a supply of ammunition. | 825 | 1,974 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5039052#2_7340520 | http://17-76.com/truesecond.html | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment
The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | Right The Second Amendment does not protect the right of States to have a National Guard. The Declaration of Independence says governments are formed to secure the unalienable rights of all men and that governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed. States don't have rights; people do. Keep Colonial Militia members were required to own military type muskets with bayonets and a supply of ammunition. They kept these weapons in readiness in their homes, not in public armories. The American Revolution started when the Royal Governor of Massachusetts marched his Redcoats out of Boston and tried to confiscate the private arms belonging to Militia members at Lexington and Concord. Arms Arms are weapons kept for private self defense or to fulfill the civic duty of every able bodied citizen to be a part of the Militia. The Second Amendment was not written to only protect the right to own hunting guns. It was written to protect the right of the entire body of the people to own military type firearms. | 1,553 | 2,578 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5039052#3_7341842 | http://17-76.com/truesecond.html | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | The True Meaning of the Second Amendment
The True Meaning of the Second Amendment | They kept these weapons in readiness in their homes, not in public armories. The American Revolution started when the Royal Governor of Massachusetts marched his Redcoats out of Boston and tried to confiscate the private arms belonging to Militia members at Lexington and Concord. Arms Arms are weapons kept for private self defense or to fulfill the civic duty of every able bodied citizen to be a part of the Militia. The Second Amendment was not written to only protect the right to own hunting guns. It was written to protect the right of the entire body of the people to own military type firearms. So-called "assault weapons," which were banned by the Congress and President Clinton, are the very type of guns our Founding Fathers intended to protect from Government restrictions. Write or call your elected representatives and demand your rights be restored. Demand Repeal of the "Assault Weapons" Ban. "Since a well trained combat ready Militia, composed of all citizens capable of bearing their private arms in concert for their common defense, is necessary to the security of a free State, Congress shall make no law restricting the right of the individual citizen to acquire, possess and carry military small arms." ~ The Second Amendment Translated Into 20th Century Language | 1,975 | 3,262 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#0_7343433 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Lifeways - French
French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
"Landscape with Peasants," Louis Le Nain, circa 1640, oil on canvas. Courtesy of National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Samuel H. Kress Collection. The French
France in 1600 was a crossroads for the peoples and cultures of western Europe, including the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and Italy. France's geography and climate varied widely, from the woodland heaths of the northwestern region to the rocky coasts of Normandy to the sultry climate of the Mediterranean region. As elsewhere in Europe, French population levels were still recovering from the devastating effects of the Black Death and other plagues of the 1400s. Geographic mobility was an ever-present feature of French society in this period. Refugees from pestilence, famine and religious upheaval moved ceaselessly across the landscape from region to region, and from rural to urban centers. The Scene
This painting is attributed to Louis Le Nain, one of three brothers who depicted scenes of French peasant life in the 1600s. Although rather idealized (the pigs and poultry outside the cottage suggest that this family is relatively well off, for example), the painting effectively communicates the agrarian setting in which most French people lived in this period. The average French peasant farmed small amounts of land. | 0 | 1,348 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#1_7345052 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Geographic mobility was an ever-present feature of French society in this period. Refugees from pestilence, famine and religious upheaval moved ceaselessly across the landscape from region to region, and from rural to urban centers. The Scene
This painting is attributed to Louis Le Nain, one of three brothers who depicted scenes of French peasant life in the 1600s. Although rather idealized (the pigs and poultry outside the cottage suggest that this family is relatively well off, for example), the painting effectively communicates the agrarian setting in which most French people lived in this period. The average French peasant farmed small amounts of land. Unlike the serfs of the medieval period, these French peasants were not tied to the land; many owned the small plots they tilled. Heavy taxes and tithes to support the Crown, aristocracy and Church burdened tenant farmers and freeholders alike. Although children of wealthy families might marry at very young ages, the children in this painting would likely marry later. Economic circumstances typically delayed the age of marriage among French peasants. | 684 | 1,803 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#2_7346438 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Unlike the serfs of the medieval period, these French peasants were not tied to the land; many owned the small plots they tilled. Heavy taxes and tithes to support the Crown, aristocracy and Church burdened tenant farmers and freeholders alike. Although children of wealthy families might marry at very young ages, the children in this painting would likely marry later. Economic circumstances typically delayed the age of marriage among French peasants. Many men did not marry until their early thirties; women might marry somewhat earlier. Birth control was virtually unknown and unpracticed. Women generally had several children, but high infant mortality rates depressed population growth. This woman is fortunate that so many of her children are living and healthy. | 1,349 | 2,119 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#3_7347475 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Many men did not marry until their early thirties; women might marry somewhat earlier. Birth control was virtually unknown and unpracticed. Women generally had several children, but high infant mortality rates depressed population growth. This woman is fortunate that so many of her children are living and healthy. Foodways
Although certain regions specialized in various foods and other agricultural products, grain was the main staple in the diet of every French person. Yields barely kept pace with demand; this triggered great and immediate suffering when periodic drought, excessive rains or extreme heat or cold destroyed crop yields. Global cooling in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries triggered a "Little Ice Age," in which glaciers advanced, crop yields fell and many people starved. The least prosperous ate coarse black bread. | 1,804 | 2,660 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#4_7348601 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Foodways
Although certain regions specialized in various foods and other agricultural products, grain was the main staple in the diet of every French person. Yields barely kept pace with demand; this triggered great and immediate suffering when periodic drought, excessive rains or extreme heat or cold destroyed crop yields. Global cooling in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries triggered a "Little Ice Age," in which glaciers advanced, crop yields fell and many people starved. The least prosperous ate coarse black bread. The poorest virtually never ate meat; others ate it only rarely. A shortage of salt raised its cost and made preserving meat impossible for the poorer elements. Dairy products such as butter and cheese were prized but similarly unavailable to most. Diseases caused by dietary imbalances were common. | 2,119 | 2,960 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#5_7349711 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| The poorest virtually never ate meat; others ate it only rarely. A shortage of salt raised its cost and made preserving meat impossible for the poorer elements. Dairy products such as butter and cheese were prized but similarly unavailable to most. Diseases caused by dietary imbalances were common. Cooks used grease to flavor thick pottages made from bread cooked together with cabbages and root vegetables. Poor as well as rich ate wild fruits such as berries and sour apples. The better-off ate a variety of fruits, vegetables and meats, although food choices varied by season. Menus were monotonous by modern standards, even among the wealthy. Among the more prosperous, joints of meat and pastries stuffed with fruit were the most common methods for preparing food. | 2,661 | 3,432 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#6_7350749 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Cooks used grease to flavor thick pottages made from bread cooked together with cabbages and root vegetables. Poor as well as rich ate wild fruits such as berries and sour apples. The better-off ate a variety of fruits, vegetables and meats, although food choices varied by season. Menus were monotonous by modern standards, even among the wealthy. Among the more prosperous, joints of meat and pastries stuffed with fruit were the most common methods for preparing food. The cost of sugar limited its availability to the wealthy. Rich and poor drank fermented beverages as water was thought to be an unhealthy choice. Already by this time various regions were known for different sorts of wine. A drinking song popular in Amiens in 1600 suggests that most people preferred wine to beer or cider when they could get it: "Gaudeamus [goodmen], let's make good cheer, Let's drink down the wine and leave the beer." | 2,961 | 3,872 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#7_7351929 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| The cost of sugar limited its availability to the wealthy. Rich and poor drank fermented beverages as water was thought to be an unhealthy choice. Already by this time various regions were known for different sorts of wine. A drinking song popular in Amiens in 1600 suggests that most people preferred wine to beer or cider when they could get it: "Gaudeamus [goodmen], let's make good cheer, Let's drink down the wine and leave the beer." Clothing
Clothing at this time was primarily designed to protect the wearer from the cold that was a feature of everyday life in most seasons, both indoors and out. Rich and poor wore clothes of wool and linen; lighter-weight clothing made for warmer weather was virtually non-existent. The cut and quality of garments varied according to the means of the wearer. Those who had them layered on additional garments in winter. | 3,433 | 4,297 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#8_7353063 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Clothing
Clothing at this time was primarily designed to protect the wearer from the cold that was a feature of everyday life in most seasons, both indoors and out. Rich and poor wore clothes of wool and linen; lighter-weight clothing made for warmer weather was virtually non-existent. The cut and quality of garments varied according to the means of the wearer. Those who had them layered on additional garments in winter. Clothing conveyed status; the wealthy wore more elaborate clothing and used more costly materials. The clothing the people wear in Le Nain's painting is typical of that worn by relatively well-off French peasants. Older girls and women covered their hair with caps and, if they owned one, a hat. They wore against their skin a long, shirt-like garment known as a shift or chemise. | 3,872 | 4,678 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#9_7354136 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Clothing conveyed status; the wealthy wore more elaborate clothing and used more costly materials. The clothing the people wear in Le Nain's painting is typical of that worn by relatively well-off French peasants. Older girls and women covered their hair with caps and, if they owned one, a hat. They wore against their skin a long, shirt-like garment known as a shift or chemise. A short, closefitting jacket covered the shift above and a skirt-like garment called a petticoat went to the ankles. Boys wore a long shirt that doubled as a nightshirt and an undergarment. A waistcoat and knee-length breeches covered the shirt. Long stockings covered the legs. We can not identify by dress whether the young child sleeping on the woman's lap is a boy or a girl. | 4,298 | 5,058 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#10_7355163 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| A short, closefitting jacket covered the shift above and a skirt-like garment called a petticoat went to the ankles. Boys wore a long shirt that doubled as a nightshirt and an undergarment. A waistcoat and knee-length breeches covered the shirt. Long stockings covered the legs. We can not identify by dress whether the young child sleeping on the woman's lap is a boy or a girl. Parents dressed young children alike for the first several years of life, until boys received their first pair of breeches and girls began dressing like their mothers. Community
French life in 1600 was intensely communal. Communities enforced age-old customs and standards by policing individual behavior. Lines between public and private life were blurred or virtually non-existent. A man who beat his wife, a scolding woman, or an argumentative couple might be paraded through the street or handled roughly in public rituals known as charivaris, or rough music. | 4,679 | 5,622 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#11_7356375 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Parents dressed young children alike for the first several years of life, until boys received their first pair of breeches and girls began dressing like their mothers. Community
French life in 1600 was intensely communal. Communities enforced age-old customs and standards by policing individual behavior. Lines between public and private life were blurred or virtually non-existent. A man who beat his wife, a scolding woman, or an argumentative couple might be paraded through the street or handled roughly in public rituals known as charivaris, or rough music. These rituals simultaneously affirmed common standards and regulated the behavior of individuals that threatened the community. Ancient rituals and celebrations also reinforced community bonds and standards. The liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church and pre-Christian celebrations such as the solstice, the coming of spring, and the harvest reinforced the rhythms of daily life and the endless cycle of death and renewal. Unlike England, the French monarchy remained staunchly Catholic following the Protestant Reformation of the previous century. The Reformation, however, ushered in years of conflict and political turmoil as French Huguenots and French Catholics clashed in the Wars of Religion. | 5,059 | 6,326 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#12_7357911 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| These rituals simultaneously affirmed common standards and regulated the behavior of individuals that threatened the community. Ancient rituals and celebrations also reinforced community bonds and standards. The liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church and pre-Christian celebrations such as the solstice, the coming of spring, and the harvest reinforced the rhythms of daily life and the endless cycle of death and renewal. Unlike England, the French monarchy remained staunchly Catholic following the Protestant Reformation of the previous century. The Reformation, however, ushered in years of conflict and political turmoil as French Huguenots and French Catholics clashed in the Wars of Religion. Struggling to maintain royal authority and keep religious factions from tearing apart the country, the Crown officially tolerated dissenting Protestant sects through legislation such as the Edict of Nantes. Violence nevertheless repeatedly erupted between Catholics and Protestants throughout the seventeenth century. Although approximately 85% of the population lived in the countryside in 1600, many people inhabited larger towns and cities. These cities played a key role in shaping French society and government. They were centers for law courts and government officials as well as culture and fashion for France's elite. | 5,623 | 6,952 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#13_7359508 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Struggling to maintain royal authority and keep religious factions from tearing apart the country, the Crown officially tolerated dissenting Protestant sects through legislation such as the Edict of Nantes. Violence nevertheless repeatedly erupted between Catholics and Protestants throughout the seventeenth century. Although approximately 85% of the population lived in the countryside in 1600, many people inhabited larger towns and cities. These cities played a key role in shaping French society and government. They were centers for law courts and government officials as well as culture and fashion for France's elite. Paris contained over 400,000 souls by 1600, making it the largest city west of Istanbul. Lyons, the second-largest city contained about 100,000 people; other large towns numbered as many as 10,000 people. Nobles, clerics, shopkeepers, tradesmen, thieves and transients lived in crowded enclaves that swelled still larger when social upheaval and natural disasters such as drought drove desperate men, women and children from the countryside to walled cities in search of food and safety. Crowded and unsanitary conditions produced an extremely high death rate, especially during the epidemics and plagues that periodically ravaged urban centers. | 6,327 | 7,598 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#14_7361047 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Paris contained over 400,000 souls by 1600, making it the largest city west of Istanbul. Lyons, the second-largest city contained about 100,000 people; other large towns numbered as many as 10,000 people. Nobles, clerics, shopkeepers, tradesmen, thieves and transients lived in crowded enclaves that swelled still larger when social upheaval and natural disasters such as drought drove desperate men, women and children from the countryside to walled cities in search of food and safety. Crowded and unsanitary conditions produced an extremely high death rate, especially during the epidemics and plagues that periodically ravaged urban centers. Society
French society in 1600 was hierarchical and patriarchal. Although some women, especially widows or those in religious orders, wielded a degree of authority, women in general enjoyed few rights. The status of the family into which a person was born determined his or her place in society. That society was organized around the "Three Estates" of the Middle Ages: those who prayed (the Church,) those who fought for the king (the nobility) and those who labored (peasants, artisans and tradespeople). | 6,953 | 8,105 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#15_7362470 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Society
French society in 1600 was hierarchical and patriarchal. Although some women, especially widows or those in religious orders, wielded a degree of authority, women in general enjoyed few rights. The status of the family into which a person was born determined his or her place in society. That society was organized around the "Three Estates" of the Middle Ages: those who prayed (the Church,) those who fought for the king (the nobility) and those who labored (peasants, artisans and tradespeople). Those who worked the land paid heavy taxes as well as giving over large portions of their crops to landlords and to the Church. Towns and cities also were expected to pay heavy levies to support the government and the Church. Their status exempted all nobles from taxes. Nobles were expected, however, to aid the king and serve him in time of war. Serving as an officer in the king's army in the frequent wars between France and her enemies provided opportunities for advancement and royal preferment. | 7,598 | 8,607 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#16_7363749 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Those who worked the land paid heavy taxes as well as giving over large portions of their crops to landlords and to the Church. Towns and cities also were expected to pay heavy levies to support the government and the Church. Their status exempted all nobles from taxes. Nobles were expected, however, to aid the king and serve him in time of war. Serving as an officer in the king's army in the frequent wars between France and her enemies provided opportunities for advancement and royal preferment. Would-be nobles might also support the Crown by purchasing prestigious offices and appointments, a practice that would become still more common through the 1600s into the 1700s. Government
France in 1600 was still a country of diverse and semi-autonomous regions, but the monarchy was on its way to becoming the social and political center. During the religious turmoil of the Wars of Religion, the Crown gained power and centralized authority at the expense of the nobility. The highest-ranking aristocrats spent much of their time at court to ensure their continued favor in the eyes of the king. Day laborers, peasants, and tradespeople endured crippling taxes and levies that supported the lavish lifestyle of the royal court and raised the money for nobles to buy lucrative government offices. | 8,106 | 9,406 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5042591#17_7365318 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/groups/lifeways.do?title=French | Lifeways - French | French Lifeways - France, circa 1600
| Would-be nobles might also support the Crown by purchasing prestigious offices and appointments, a practice that would become still more common through the 1600s into the 1700s. Government
France in 1600 was still a country of diverse and semi-autonomous regions, but the monarchy was on its way to becoming the social and political center. During the religious turmoil of the Wars of Religion, the Crown gained power and centralized authority at the expense of the nobility. The highest-ranking aristocrats spent much of their time at court to ensure their continued favor in the eyes of the king. Day laborers, peasants, and tradespeople endured crippling taxes and levies that supported the lavish lifestyle of the royal court and raised the money for nobles to buy lucrative government offices. Members of the minor nobility struggled both to gain royal favor and maintain their titles even as their numbers grew. The desire among members of the French nobility to provide for their heirs and the ambitions of well-to-do merchants to elevate themselves and their families into the ranks of the nobility would play an important role in the settlement of New France. Meanwhile, political, economic and religious turmoil placed Le Nain's idealized version of rustic life increasingly beyond the reach of most French peasants. | 8,608 | 9,934 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#0_7366913 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| The People - Brief Bios
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People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
The following people were all involved in the raid. Some were attackers who were either killed, or survived to march the captives northward. Others were Deerfield inhabitants who were killed, or survived to escape or be taken captive. While not everyone has his or her full story told on this website, they are all briefly mentioned here. David Alexander
David Alexander arrived in Deerfield from Northampton, MA, around 1700. He had married Elizabeth Copley Turner, the widow of Praisever Turner, sometime after 1683. She died around 1701and David then married Mary Weld on July 31, 1701. David was killed during the 1704 attack and Mary was taken captive and later redeemed. Joseph Alexander
Joseph was born in 1681. | 0 | 819 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#1_7368010 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| David Alexander
David Alexander arrived in Deerfield from Northampton, MA, around 1700. He had married Elizabeth Copley Turner, the widow of Praisever Turner, sometime after 1683. She died around 1701and David then married Mary Weld on July 31, 1701. David was killed during the 1704 attack and Mary was taken captive and later redeemed. Joseph Alexander
Joseph was born in 1681. He was captured during the 1704 attack but escaped the first night. He married in 1705, moved away from Deerfield around 1716 and died Sept. 30, 1761. Mary Weld Alexander
Mary was the daughter of Daniel and Mary Hinsdale Weld. She was born on Mar. 30, 1667. She married David Alexander on July 31, 1701, and together they had a daughter named Mary, born on April 11, 1702. | 439 | 1,192 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#2_7369041 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| He was captured during the 1704 attack but escaped the first night. He married in 1705, moved away from Deerfield around 1716 and died Sept. 30, 1761. Mary Weld Alexander
Mary was the daughter of Daniel and Mary Hinsdale Weld. She was born on Mar. 30, 1667. She married David Alexander on July 31, 1701, and together they had a daughter named Mary, born on April 11, 1702. Mrs. Alexander was captured during the 1704 attack and was redeemed. Her daughter was killed during the attack. On April 18, 1707, Mrs. Alexander married Samuel Smead, with whom she had four living children. She then married Joseph Younglove on Nov. 28, 1734. Mary Alexander (Jr.)
Mary was born on April 11,1702, to Mary and David Alexander. | 820 | 1,534 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#3_7370033 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| Mrs. Alexander was captured during the 1704 attack and was redeemed. Her daughter was killed during the attack. On April 18, 1707, Mrs. Alexander married Samuel Smead, with whom she had four living children. She then married Joseph Younglove on Nov. 28, 1734. Mary Alexander (Jr.)
Mary was born on April 11,1702, to Mary and David Alexander. She was killed in 1704 during the march to Canada. Sarah Allen
Sarah Allen was born on May 1, 1692, to Edward and Mercy Painter Allen. She was captured during the 1704 attack and was married in Canada in 1710. She never returned. John Allen
John was born in 1659. | 1,193 | 1,798 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#4_7370918 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| She was killed in 1704 during the march to Canada. Sarah Allen
Sarah Allen was born on May 1, 1692, to Edward and Mercy Painter Allen. She was captured during the 1704 attack and was married in Canada in 1710. She never returned. John Allen
John was born in 1659. On Feb. 22, 1682, he married Elizabeth Prichard and they had 6 children who lived to adulthood. They moved to Deerfield around 1685. During the 1704 attack their daughter, Sarah, was captured but the rest of the family escaped harm. Both John and his wife were killed on May 11 of 1704, during an attack on the Bars section of Deerfield. Elizabeth Prichard Allen
Elizabeth was the daughter of William Prichard. | 1,535 | 2,209 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#5_7371872 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| On Feb. 22, 1682, he married Elizabeth Prichard and they had 6 children who lived to adulthood. They moved to Deerfield around 1685. During the 1704 attack their daughter, Sarah, was captured but the rest of the family escaped harm. Both John and his wife were killed on May 11 of 1704, during an attack on the Bars section of Deerfield. Elizabeth Prichard Allen
Elizabeth was the daughter of William Prichard. She married John Allen on Feb. 22, 1682, and around 1685, they moved to Deerfield. Elizabeth, John and five of their six children escaped harm during the 1704 attack, but her daughter, Sarah, was captured. Elizabeth died on May 11, 1704, during an attack on the Bars section of Deerfield. Mary Allis
Mary Allis was the daughter of Samuel and Alice Allis. She was born July 6, 1682. | 1,799 | 2,591 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#6_7372943 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| She married John Allen on Feb. 22, 1682, and around 1685, they moved to Deerfield. Elizabeth, John and five of their six children escaped harm during the 1704 attack, but her daughter, Sarah, was captured. Elizabeth died on May 11, 1704, during an attack on the Bars section of Deerfield. Mary Allis
Mary Allis was the daughter of Samuel and Alice Allis. She was born July 6, 1682. She was taken captive in the 1704 raid on Deerfield and was redeemed. On Feb. 3, 1710, Mary married Nathaniel Brooks, himself a redeemed captive from the same raid. Together they had six children. Samuel Allis (Jr.)
Samuel was the son of Samuel and Alice Allis. He was born on Feb. 20, 1679, and killed on Feb. 29, 1704. | 2,210 | 2,912 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#7_7373924 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| She was taken captive in the 1704 raid on Deerfield and was redeemed. On Feb. 3, 1710, Mary married Nathaniel Brooks, himself a redeemed captive from the same raid. Together they had six children. Samuel Allis (Jr.)
Samuel was the son of Samuel and Alice Allis. He was born on Feb. 20, 1679, and killed on Feb. 29, 1704. Thomas Baker
Thomas Baker was a soldier from Northampton who was stationed in Deerfield. He was captured during the 1704 attack and after several attempts he managed to escape in 1705. Ensign Francois-Marie Margane de Batilly, 1672-1704
Thirty-two-year-old Francois-Marie Margane de Batilly was an ensign in the French troupes de la marine. He was mortally wounded during the 1704 raid on Deerfield while leading one of several coordinated assaults on Benoni Stebbins' house. Simon Beamon
Simon was born in 1656. | 2,592 | 3,425 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#8_7375038 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| Thomas Baker
Thomas Baker was a soldier from Northampton who was stationed in Deerfield. He was captured during the 1704 attack and after several attempts he managed to escape in 1705. Ensign Francois-Marie Margane de Batilly, 1672-1704
Thirty-two-year-old Francois-Marie Margane de Batilly was an ensign in the French troupes de la marine. He was mortally wounded during the 1704 raid on Deerfield while leading one of several coordinated assaults on Benoni Stebbins' house. Simon Beamon
Simon was born in 1656. He married Hannah Barnard on Oct. 9, 1680. During the 1704 attack his home was burned and he, his wife and servant were captured. Both Beamons were redeemed. Simon died in Feb. or Mar. of 1712. Hannah Barnard Beamon
Hannah Beamon was the daughter of Francis and Hannah Marvin Barnard. | 2,912 | 3,710 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#9_7376116 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| He married Hannah Barnard on Oct. 9, 1680. During the 1704 attack his home was burned and he, his wife and servant were captured. Both Beamons were redeemed. Simon died in Feb. or Mar. of 1712. Hannah Barnard Beamon
Hannah Beamon was the daughter of Francis and Hannah Marvin Barnard. She was born around 1646 and her parents were among the first settlers of Deerfield in 1673. She taught dame school and was a widow when she married Simon Beamon on Oct. 9, 1680. The Beamons lost their home and were both captured during the 1704 attack. Both were redeemed and Hannah died on May 13, 1739. Hepzibah Buel Belding
Hepzibah Buel married Daniel Belding on Feb. 17, 1699. | 3,426 | 4,093 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#10_7377062 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| She was born around 1646 and her parents were among the first settlers of Deerfield in 1673. She taught dame school and was a widow when she married Simon Beamon on Oct. 9, 1680. The Beamons lost their home and were both captured during the 1704 attack. Both were redeemed and Hannah died on May 13, 1739. Hepzibah Buel Belding
Hepzibah Buel married Daniel Belding on Feb. 17, 1699. He was a widower with nine living children. Two of these children were already captives from a 1696 raid on Deerfield. Hepzibah was captured during the 1704 raid and killed on the journey to Canada. Daniel Belding
Daniel Belding was born in 1648 in Hartford, CT, and came to Deerfield in 1686. With his first wife he had 12 living children. | 3,711 | 4,434 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#11_7378065 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| He was a widower with nine living children. Two of these children were already captives from a 1696 raid on Deerfield. Hepzibah was captured during the 1704 raid and killed on the journey to Canada. Daniel Belding
Daniel Belding was born in 1648 in Hartford, CT, and came to Deerfield in 1686. With his first wife he had 12 living children. On Sept. 16, 1696, Deerfield was attacked and three of his children and his wife were killed, 2 children were wounded and two were taken captive. On Feb. 17, 1699, he married Hepzibah Buel. She was captured and killed during the 1704 raid. His third wife was Sarah Hawks Mattoon. Daniel Belding died on Aug. 14, 1731. | 4,094 | 4,752 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#12_7379002 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| On Sept. 16, 1696, Deerfield was attacked and three of his children and his wife were killed, 2 children were wounded and two were taken captive. On Feb. 17, 1699, he married Hepzibah Buel. She was captured and killed during the 1704 raid. His third wife was Sarah Hawks Mattoon. Daniel Belding died on Aug. 14, 1731. Robert Boltwood
Robert Boltwood of Hadley, MA, was one of the militia garrisoned in Deerfield. He was the son of Samuel and Sarah Lewis Boltwood of Farmington, CT. Both he and his father, Samuel, were killed in the attack. Samuel Boltwood
Sergeant Samuel Boltwood, fifty-three years old, was one of five garrison soldiers who died in the Deerfield attack and one of two killed in the Meadows Fight north of the village. His son Robert was also killed in the Deerfield raid. | 4,435 | 5,226 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#13_7380073 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| Robert Boltwood
Robert Boltwood of Hadley, MA, was one of the militia garrisoned in Deerfield. He was the son of Samuel and Sarah Lewis Boltwood of Farmington, CT. Both he and his father, Samuel, were killed in the attack. Samuel Boltwood
Sergeant Samuel Boltwood, fifty-three years old, was one of five garrison soldiers who died in the Deerfield attack and one of two killed in the Meadows Fight north of the village. His son Robert was also killed in the Deerfield raid. John Bridgman
John, or Jonathan, Bridgman was from Sunderland. He married John Sheldon's sister, Mary, on Jan. 11, 1670. He was captured during the 1704 attack but escaped in the meadows. He died on July 21, 1747. Nathaniel Brooks
Nathaniel Brooks was born in 1664. | 4,752 | 5,492 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#14_7381094 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| John Bridgman
John, or Jonathan, Bridgman was from Sunderland. He married John Sheldon's sister, Mary, on Jan. 11, 1670. He was captured during the 1704 attack but escaped in the meadows. He died on July 21, 1747. Nathaniel Brooks
Nathaniel Brooks was born in 1664. His death date is unknown. He was married to Mary Williams and by 1704, had 2 children. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. His wife was killed on the trek north. His daughter stayed with the French and nothing is known of his son beyond his capture. | 5,226 | 5,799 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#15_7381946 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| His death date is unknown. He was married to Mary Williams and by 1704, had 2 children. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. His wife was killed on the trek north. His daughter stayed with the French and nothing is known of his son beyond his capture. In 1706, Nathaniel returned to Deerfield, thanks to the efforts of John Sheldon. Although Nathaniel traveled to Canada in 1707 seeking the return of his children, he was unsuccessful. On Feb. 3, 1710, he married Mary Allis, herself a redeemed captive from the Deerfield raid. Together they had six more children. Mary Williams Brooks
Mary was the daughter of Zebediah and Mary Miller Williams. | 5,493 | 6,193 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#16_7382925 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| In 1706, Nathaniel returned to Deerfield, thanks to the efforts of John Sheldon. Although Nathaniel traveled to Canada in 1707 seeking the return of his children, he was unsuccessful. On Feb. 3, 1710, he married Mary Allis, herself a redeemed captive from the Deerfield raid. Together they had six more children. Mary Williams Brooks
Mary was the daughter of Zebediah and Mary Miller Williams. She was born on Dec. 24, 1673, and married Nathaniel Brooks. By 1704, she had a son and a daughter. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. On the eighth day of the trek north Mrs. Brooks suffered a miscarriage from a fall on the ice and was slain the following day by her captor. Her daughter stayed with the French. | 5,799 | 6,563 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#17_7383967 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| She was born on Dec. 24, 1673, and married Nathaniel Brooks. By 1704, she had a son and a daughter. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. On the eighth day of the trek north Mrs. Brooks suffered a miscarriage from a fall on the ice and was slain the following day by her captor. Her daughter stayed with the French. Her son's fate following his capture remains unknown. Mary Brooks (Jr.)
Mary was the oldest child of Nathaniel and Mary Williams Brooks. She was born on Aug. 16, 1696. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. Her mother was slain on the ninth day of the march. | 6,194 | 6,875 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#18_7384927 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| Her son's fate following his capture remains unknown. Mary Brooks (Jr.)
Mary was the oldest child of Nathaniel and Mary Williams Brooks. She was born on Aug. 16, 1696. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. Her mother was slain on the ninth day of the march. Mary stayed with Monsieur de Fleury in Canada. She was baptized into the Catholic faith on July 19, 1705, and her name was changed to Marie Claire. In 1710 she was granted Canadian citizenship and she spent the rest of her life in Canada. William Brooks
William was the second child of Nathaniel and Mary Williams Brooks, born on Dec. 12, 1698. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. | 6,564 | 7,312 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#19_7385955 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| Mary stayed with Monsieur de Fleury in Canada. She was baptized into the Catholic faith on July 19, 1705, and her name was changed to Marie Claire. In 1710 she was granted Canadian citizenship and she spent the rest of her life in Canada. William Brooks
William was the second child of Nathaniel and Mary Williams Brooks, born on Dec. 12, 1698. During the 1704 attack, the Brooks home was burned and the entire family was taken captive. His mother was killed on the journey north. William's sister remained with the French for the rest of her life. Nothing further is known of William beyond his capture. His father returned to Deerfield in 1706, remarried and fathered six more children. Abigail Brown
Abigail was the daughter of James and Remembrance Brooks Brown. | 6,876 | 7,642 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#20_7387001 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| His mother was killed on the journey north. William's sister remained with the French for the rest of her life. Nothing further is known of William beyond his capture. His father returned to Deerfield in 1706, remarried and fathered six more children. Abigail Brown
Abigail was the daughter of James and Remembrance Brooks Brown. She was born on Sept. 23, 1678. She was captured and redeemed in 1704 and on Dec. 31, 1714, Abigail married John Smead. Benjamin Burt
Benjamin Burt was a blacksmith. He was born in 1680 and married Sarah Belding in 1702. He and his pregnant wife were taken captive in the 1704 raid, along with his brother, John. | 7,313 | 7,955 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#21_7387923 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| She was born on Sept. 23, 1678. She was captured and redeemed in 1704 and on Dec. 31, 1714, Abigail married John Smead. Benjamin Burt
Benjamin Burt was a blacksmith. He was born in 1680 and married Sarah Belding in 1702. He and his pregnant wife were taken captive in the 1704 raid, along with his brother, John. His son, Christopher, was born on Apr. 14, 1704, on the march to Canada. The Burt family was redeemed and Seaborn was born on July 4, 1706, on the ship that brought them home. The family eventually moved to CT and Benjamin Burt died on May 20, 1759. Sarah Belding Burt
Sarah Belding was born on Mar. 15, 1682, to Daniel and Elizabeth Foote Belding. When Deerfield was attacked on Sept. 16, 1696, she was unharmed, but her mother and 3 siblings were killed, two were wounded and two were taken captive. | 7,643 | 8,457 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#22_7389017 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| His son, Christopher, was born on Apr. 14, 1704, on the march to Canada. The Burt family was redeemed and Seaborn was born on July 4, 1706, on the ship that brought them home. The family eventually moved to CT and Benjamin Burt died on May 20, 1759. Sarah Belding Burt
Sarah Belding was born on Mar. 15, 1682, to Daniel and Elizabeth Foote Belding. When Deerfield was attacked on Sept. 16, 1696, she was unharmed, but her mother and 3 siblings were killed, two were wounded and two were taken captive. Sarah married Benjamin Burt in 1702. Both were taken captive during the 1704 raid and she gave birth to her first child on the journey to Canada. In 1706, the Burts were redeemed and her second child was born on the return voyage. Sarah's death date is unknown. John Burt
John was the youngest child of David and Mary Holton Burt. | 7,956 | 8,788 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#23_7390129 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| Sarah married Benjamin Burt in 1702. Both were taken captive during the 1704 raid and she gave birth to her first child on the journey to Canada. In 1706, the Burts were redeemed and her second child was born on the return voyage. Sarah's death date is unknown. John Burt
John was the youngest child of David and Mary Holton Burt. He was born on Apr. 29, 1682, and was captured during the 1704 raid. John Sheldon redeemed him in Aug. of 1706. He was killed by Native American warriors while scouting along the Connecticut River In May of 1709. Samuel Carter
Samuel Carter was born in London, England, around 1665. He was among the first to settle in Deerfield. | 8,458 | 9,118 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#24_7391069 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| He was born on Apr. 29, 1682, and was captured during the 1704 raid. John Sheldon redeemed him in Aug. of 1706. He was killed by Native American warriors while scouting along the Connecticut River In May of 1709. Samuel Carter
Samuel Carter was born in London, England, around 1665. He was among the first to settle in Deerfield. On Dec. 4, 1690, he married Mercy Brooks and they had six children before she died on Jan. 22, 1700. He then married Hannah Weller On July 1, 1701, and by 1704 had added one more child to the family. Carter was absent during the 1704 attack on Deerfield. He returned to find his wife and three children killed and four children carried captive to Canada. In 1705 he moved to Norwalk, CT, and in 1706 he married Lois Stenton. | 8,789 | 9,543 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#25_7392102 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| On Dec. 4, 1690, he married Mercy Brooks and they had six children before she died on Jan. 22, 1700. He then married Hannah Weller On July 1, 1701, and by 1704 had added one more child to the family. Carter was absent during the 1704 attack on Deerfield. He returned to find his wife and three children killed and four children carried captive to Canada. In 1705 he moved to Norwalk, CT, and in 1706 he married Lois Stenton. In 1708 his last child was born. Hannah Weller Carter
Hannah was the daughter of John and Mary Weller. She was born on May 14, 1674, and married Samuel Carter on July 1, 1701, when she also took on the care of Samuel's six children from his first marriage. She and Samuel had one living child together, named Hannah. Mrs. Carter was killed on the 5th day of the march to Canada. | 9,119 | 9,922 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5052771#26_7393184 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/people/short_bios.jsp | The People - Brief Bios | People at the Raid on Deerfield: Brief Biographies
| In 1708 his last child was born. Hannah Weller Carter
Hannah was the daughter of John and Mary Weller. She was born on May 14, 1674, and married Samuel Carter on July 1, 1701, when she also took on the care of Samuel's six children from his first marriage. She and Samuel had one living child together, named Hannah. Mrs. Carter was killed on the 5th day of the march to Canada. Samuel Carter (Jr.)
Samuel was the son of Samuel and Mercy Brooks Carter. He | 9,544 | 9,999 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#0_7393919 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| Background - Slavery in New England
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Less than two decades after their first settlement on the coast of what would become New England, English colonists had begun to use unfree labor—not only English indentured servants but also Native American Indian war captives and enslaved Africans—to help them clear their land, plant and harvest their crops, care for their animals, and perform household tasks. Soon many of these colonists also entered the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans. Thus the New England colonies, like Virginia, South Carolina, and other colonies to the south that are more commonly associated with the practice of slavery, became slave holding and slave trading societies early in their development. Whites, blacks, and Indians lived in New England in a variety of shifting conditions of freedom and servitude. From the outset of English settlement, most whites and Indians, and a few Africans, were free. Some whites, however, were indentured or apprenticed for specific terms of service as payment for their passage to New England. Other whites, as well as some blacks and Indians, were indentured for terms of service when they became orphaned, widowed, indebted, convicted of a crime, or dependent in some other way and unable to support themselves. Some Native peoples and most blacks were enslaved for life. Native Enslavement
Native American Indians became servants and slaves in English colonial households in a variety of ways. Before 1700, most Indians entered servitude as prisoners of war. | 0 | 1,620 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#1_7396319 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| Some whites, however, were indentured or apprenticed for specific terms of service as payment for their passage to New England. Other whites, as well as some blacks and Indians, were indentured for terms of service when they became orphaned, widowed, indebted, convicted of a crime, or dependent in some other way and unable to support themselves. Some Native peoples and most blacks were enslaved for life. Native Enslavement
Native American Indians became servants and slaves in English colonial households in a variety of ways. Before 1700, most Indians entered servitude as prisoners of war. In 1637, at the end of the war waged by the New England colonies against the Pequot Indians of south-eastern Connecticut, about 250 Pequot captives were sent to authorities in Massachusetts and Connecticut to be distributed among the towns as household servants. While some of these people served in English colonial households for specific terms and then were released, many served for life. The onset of King Philip's War in 1675 led to a second wave of Native enslavement, as Massachusetts and Rhode Island authorities held mass auctions of Narragansett and Wampanoag captives and also awarded captives to individuals as compensation for service or loss during the war. Indian non-combatants, of friendly tribes as well as foes, were also kidnapped and enslaved or sold. A third route to servitude for New England Indians was conviction for debt or crime; | 1,025 | 2,479 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#2_7398543 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| In 1637, at the end of the war waged by the New England colonies against the Pequot Indians of south-eastern Connecticut, about 250 Pequot captives were sent to authorities in Massachusetts and Connecticut to be distributed among the towns as household servants. While some of these people served in English colonial households for specific terms and then were released, many served for life. The onset of King Philip's War in 1675 led to a second wave of Native enslavement, as Massachusetts and Rhode Island authorities held mass auctions of Narragansett and Wampanoag captives and also awarded captives to individuals as compensation for service or loss during the war. Indian non-combatants, of friendly tribes as well as foes, were also kidnapped and enslaved or sold. A third route to servitude for New England Indians was conviction for debt or crime; unable to pay fines and claims, Indians were frequently sentenced to long terms of service. By 1700, the enslavement of Indians had become so widespread that several New England colonies and towns passed statutes and ordinances that attempted to regulate and, in at least one colony, Rhode Island, to prohibit it. But these measures were ineffective, and by that time Indians were serving in English colonial households throughout New England. Captive New England Indians, especially young men, were also exported from New England to the West Indies to work as enslaved laborers on the huge and profitable sugar plantations that were becoming England's greatest source of colonial revenue by the late sixteenth century. In 1638, several such Pequot captives were exchanged in the West Indies for enslaved Africans, who then were brought back to New England and sold as laborers. ( | 1,621 | 3,360 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#3_7401051 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| unable to pay fines and claims, Indians were frequently sentenced to long terms of service. By 1700, the enslavement of Indians had become so widespread that several New England colonies and towns passed statutes and ordinances that attempted to regulate and, in at least one colony, Rhode Island, to prohibit it. But these measures were ineffective, and by that time Indians were serving in English colonial households throughout New England. Captive New England Indians, especially young men, were also exported from New England to the West Indies to work as enslaved laborers on the huge and profitable sugar plantations that were becoming England's greatest source of colonial revenue by the late sixteenth century. In 1638, several such Pequot captives were exchanged in the West Indies for enslaved Africans, who then were brought back to New England and sold as laborers. ( 1)
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
The exchange of Africans for Pequots was one transaction in an extensive Atlantic trade in natural resources, manufactured goods, and unwilling laborers that European trading companies and their agents had been developing since the early sixteenth century. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the New England colonies became small outposts in an expanding Atlantic world economy that closely connected Europe with Africa, the Americas, and the islands off their coasts. Europeans initially established ports and outposts on the coast of Africa to trade guns, iron, textiles, and other manufactured products to Africans for gold, ivory, dyewoods and natural products of other kinds, not slaves. In the Americas, the Spanish and Portuguese used Native peoples as their labor force, primarily for mining silver. But disease and mistreatment had decimated the Native population by the time advances in transportation technology had made the export of agricultural products economically feasible. | 2,480 | 4,412 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#4_7403755 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| 1)
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
The exchange of Africans for Pequots was one transaction in an extensive Atlantic trade in natural resources, manufactured goods, and unwilling laborers that European trading companies and their agents had been developing since the early sixteenth century. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the New England colonies became small outposts in an expanding Atlantic world economy that closely connected Europe with Africa, the Americas, and the islands off their coasts. Europeans initially established ports and outposts on the coast of Africa to trade guns, iron, textiles, and other manufactured products to Africans for gold, ivory, dyewoods and natural products of other kinds, not slaves. In the Americas, the Spanish and Portuguese used Native peoples as their labor force, primarily for mining silver. But disease and mistreatment had decimated the Native population by the time advances in transportation technology had made the export of agricultural products economically feasible. Successful experiments with the use of enslaved African labor on early plantations by the Portuguese on Madeira and other islands off the African coast provided a model for later Portuguese, Dutch, and English plantations in the Americas and the Caribbean. The Europeans on the coast of Africa expanded their commercial activities to include trading for slaves. Diagram of the hold of a slave ship, from an Abstract of the Evidence given to a committee of the British House of Commons in 1790-91 by anti-slavery groups. Courtesy of the Lilly Library of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana University. The growing demand in Europe for sugar and, to a lesser extent, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, and indigo, in the seventeenth century sparked an explosive growth in plantations in the Americas and a rapidly rising demand for enslaved African laborers throughout the eighteenth century. | 3,360 | 5,295 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#5_7406458 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| Successful experiments with the use of enslaved African labor on early plantations by the Portuguese on Madeira and other islands off the African coast provided a model for later Portuguese, Dutch, and English plantations in the Americas and the Caribbean. The Europeans on the coast of Africa expanded their commercial activities to include trading for slaves. Diagram of the hold of a slave ship, from an Abstract of the Evidence given to a committee of the British House of Commons in 1790-91 by anti-slavery groups. Courtesy of the Lilly Library of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana University. The growing demand in Europe for sugar and, to a lesser extent, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, and indigo, in the seventeenth century sparked an explosive growth in plantations in the Americas and a rapidly rising demand for enslaved African laborers throughout the eighteenth century. By the end of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1870s, about 12 million Africans had been herded onto boats on the Atlantic coast of Africa, of whom about 10 million reached the Americas alive. Of those, about 28%, or 2.8 million, made port in the British colonies in the Caribbean or mainland North America and worked as enslaved laborers there, the majority on sugar plantations. ( 2)
New England and the Triangular Trade
Not all the sugar went to Europe. The product most in demand on the coast of Africa in exchange for slaves was liquor, and the northern British colonies became major manufacturers of rum, for domestic consumption as well as for the slave trade. By the mid-1700s, there were more than sixty distilleries producing rum in Massachusetts alone. | 4,413 | 6,057 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#6_7408871 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| By the end of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1870s, about 12 million Africans had been herded onto boats on the Atlantic coast of Africa, of whom about 10 million reached the Americas alive. Of those, about 28%, or 2.8 million, made port in the British colonies in the Caribbean or mainland North America and worked as enslaved laborers there, the majority on sugar plantations. ( 2)
New England and the Triangular Trade
Not all the sugar went to Europe. The product most in demand on the coast of Africa in exchange for slaves was liquor, and the northern British colonies became major manufacturers of rum, for domestic consumption as well as for the slave trade. By the mid-1700s, there were more than sixty distilleries producing rum in Massachusetts alone. New England rum would be exchanged for slaves on the coast of Africa; the slaves would be transported to the British Caribbean, where they would work to produce molasses and sugar; sugar products would be transported to New England to be manufactured into rum. This three-legged trade network was called the triangular trade. The production of rum was not New England's only involvement in the triangular trade. | 5,296 | 6,469 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#7_7410816 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| New England rum would be exchanged for slaves on the coast of Africa; the slaves would be transported to the British Caribbean, where they would work to produce molasses and sugar; sugar products would be transported to New England to be manufactured into rum. This three-legged trade network was called the triangular trade. The production of rum was not New England's only involvement in the triangular trade. Beginning in 1644, Massachusetts began to outfit slave ships to engage directly in the trade of rum and other products for enslaved laborers on the coast of Africa and to transport them to Caribbean sugar plantations. Massachusetts remained the principal American slave trading colony until 1700, after which Rhode Island became the center of the American slave trade. By the end of the legal trade in 1808, North American vessels, over half of them New England owned, had accounted for 2,000 slave trading voyages that had transported about 220,600 African slaves to the Americas. Close to 10,000 of them had been brought, either directly or by way of the Caribbean, to labor in New England. ( 3)
The Origins of New England Slaves
Transatlantic traders obtained slaves on the coast of Africa at European trading factories or castles from who purchased them from African merchants. | 6,058 | 7,350 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#8_7412880 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| Beginning in 1644, Massachusetts began to outfit slave ships to engage directly in the trade of rum and other products for enslaved laborers on the coast of Africa and to transport them to Caribbean sugar plantations. Massachusetts remained the principal American slave trading colony until 1700, after which Rhode Island became the center of the American slave trade. By the end of the legal trade in 1808, North American vessels, over half of them New England owned, had accounted for 2,000 slave trading voyages that had transported about 220,600 African slaves to the Americas. Close to 10,000 of them had been brought, either directly or by way of the Caribbean, to labor in New England. ( 3)
The Origins of New England Slaves
Transatlantic traders obtained slaves on the coast of Africa at European trading factories or castles from who purchased them from African merchants. African societies had had slaves and an internal trade in slaves before European contact. However, slave status in Africa and in the Creole communities of mixed European-African culture and often ancestry that developed around the European slave trading "castles" on the African coast was more fluid than the permanent, heritable, and depersonalized status Europeans ultimately imposed on Africans in the Americas. In Africa, men and women became slaves by capture in war, in exchange for goods, through indebtedness and other forms of dependency, and as legal punishment. In African societies and Creole enclaves on the coast, slaves' descendants could become assimilated into the communities in which they were enslaved, and could even rise in status to become dignitaries and rulers; just as easily, free persons could be reduced to servitude by a reversal of fortune. | 6,470 | 8,222 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#9_7415406 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| African societies had had slaves and an internal trade in slaves before European contact. However, slave status in Africa and in the Creole communities of mixed European-African culture and often ancestry that developed around the European slave trading "castles" on the African coast was more fluid than the permanent, heritable, and depersonalized status Europeans ultimately imposed on Africans in the Americas. In Africa, men and women became slaves by capture in war, in exchange for goods, through indebtedness and other forms of dependency, and as legal punishment. In African societies and Creole enclaves on the coast, slaves' descendants could become assimilated into the communities in which they were enslaved, and could even rise in status to become dignitaries and rulers; just as easily, free persons could be reduced to servitude by a reversal of fortune. The first generation of Creole and African slaves was able to maintain a measure of fluidity in their status in the Americas until rigid slave codes were introduced in the face of greatly increasing numbers and the consolidation of plantation culture. The special experience and skills of Creoles, and often their age, made them less useful and more dangerous as laborers on volatile sugar plantations than slaves from the interior of Africa; thus Creoles brought to the Caribbean islands often were sold again and transported, with other "refuse" slaves too old or otherwise unsuitable for plantation labor, to more marginal societies on mainland North America. In this way, Creoles may have been some of the first slaves brought to New England. When a few of them began to gain their freedom through manumission or by running away, they formed the first communities of free people of color in New England, communities that slowly grew on the margins of white communities with slaves. ( | 7,351 | 9,210 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#10_7418038 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| The first generation of Creole and African slaves was able to maintain a measure of fluidity in their status in the Americas until rigid slave codes were introduced in the face of greatly increasing numbers and the consolidation of plantation culture. The special experience and skills of Creoles, and often their age, made them less useful and more dangerous as laborers on volatile sugar plantations than slaves from the interior of Africa; thus Creoles brought to the Caribbean islands often were sold again and transported, with other "refuse" slaves too old or otherwise unsuitable for plantation labor, to more marginal societies on mainland North America. In this way, Creoles may have been some of the first slaves brought to New England. When a few of them began to gain their freedom through manumission or by running away, they formed the first communities of free people of color in New England, communities that slowly grew on the margins of white communities with slaves. ( 4)
Escaped New England slaves often found refuge in free black communities in larger towns, like Boston. The master of this runaway is from Deerfield, but is advertising for his slave's return in Boston, 90 miles away. To read this advertisement, click here. Copyright Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield, MA. New England Slavery in North American Context
New England, like the Middle Atlantic colonies, remained a society with a relatively small population of slaves in most areas for as long as slavery remained legal there. | 8,223 | 9,752 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5124284#11_7420343 | http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/popups/background.do?shortName=expSlavery | Background - Slavery in New England | Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
Slavery and the Slave Trade in Colonial New England - Joanne Pope Melish
A Society with Slaves
Native Enslavement
The Atlantic Economy and the African Slave Trade
New England and the Triangular Trade
The Origins of New England Slaves
New England Slavery in North American Context
The Work of New England Slaves
The Lives and Culture of Slaves
Slaves in Deerfield
Free Communities of Color
A Gradual End to New England Slavery
| 4)
Escaped New England slaves often found refuge in free black communities in larger towns, like Boston. The master of this runaway is from Deerfield, but is advertising for his slave's return in Boston, 90 miles away. To read this advertisement, click here. Copyright Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield, MA. New England Slavery in North American Context
New England, like the Middle Atlantic colonies, remained a society with a relatively small population of slaves in most areas for as long as slavery remained legal there. Only in Rhode Island, the center of the American slave trade, did slaves become as much as 10% of the population, at the peak of New England slavery in the 1750s. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, slaves never accounted for more than 2-3% of the p | 9,210 | 10,000 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5144397#0_7421907 | http://172.16.1.1.ipaddress.com/ | 172.16.1.1 - Private IP Address | IP Lookup | Private IP Address 172.16.1.1
Private IP Address 172.16.1.1
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| 172.16.1.1 - Private IP Address | IP Lookup
Private IP Address 172.16.1.1
172.16.1.1 belongs to the private IP address space 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 ( 172.16.0.0/12 ). A private IP address is, in contrast to a public IP address, not allocated to a specific organization, but can be used by anyone without approval from a regional Internet registry. Private IP addresses can only be reached within a closed network and are not directly accessible from the outer Internet. On the one side this is considered a security enhancement because an external Internet host cannot directly communicate with an internal host. On the other side this works again IPv4 address depletion as many companies and individuals only need a single public IP address from their ISP, and still can access the Internet with more than one computer, smartphone, or other Internet connected devices simultaneously. To find out what external IP address your router is using please go to the My IP page. IANA has allocated the subnet 172.16.0.0/12 for private use in February 1996 as noted in RFC 1918. It's a series of 16 contiguous class B networks with a prefix length of 16 bits each and spans 1,048,576 ( 16 * 2 16 ) IP addresses ranging from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255. However it is not uncommon to use only a part of the available address space for a private network, for example the smaller subnet 172.16.0.0/24 with 256 hosts. If you want to learn more about IP subnetting we encourage you to take a look at our subnet calculator. | 0 | 1,515 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5144397#1_7423730 | http://172.16.1.1.ipaddress.com/ | 172.16.1.1 - Private IP Address | IP Lookup | Private IP Address 172.16.1.1
Private IP Address 172.16.1.1
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| To find out what external IP address your router is using please go to the My IP page. IANA has allocated the subnet 172.16.0.0/12 for private use in February 1996 as noted in RFC 1918. It's a series of 16 contiguous class B networks with a prefix length of 16 bits each and spans 1,048,576 ( 16 * 2 16 ) IP addresses ranging from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255. However it is not uncommon to use only a part of the available address space for a private network, for example the smaller subnet 172.16.0.0/24 with 256 hosts. If you want to learn more about IP subnetting we encourage you to take a look at our subnet calculator. The address 172.16.1.1 is sometimes misspelled, and you might see typical typing errors like these: 172.16.1.I, 172.16.1.l, 172.16.I.1, 172.16.I.I, 172.16.I.l, 172.16.l.1, 172.16.l. I, 172.16.l.l
Network routers usually offer a configuration interface that is accessible via web browser on a URL like http://172.16.1.1 or https://172.16.1.1 or through a router specific host name alias. See also: IPv4 List - Page 132,433
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What is an IP Address? | 890 | 1,964 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5144397#2_7425116 | http://172.16.1.1.ipaddress.com/ | 172.16.1.1 - Private IP Address | IP Lookup | Private IP Address 172.16.1.1
Private IP Address 172.16.1.1
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| The address 172.16.1.1 is sometimes misspelled, and you might see typical typing errors like these: 172.16.1.I, 172.16.1.l, 172.16.I.1, 172.16.I.I, 172.16.I.l, 172.16.l.1, 172.16.l. I, 172.16.l.l
Network routers usually offer a configuration interface that is accessible via web browser on a URL like http://172.16.1.1 or https://172.16.1.1 or through a router specific host name alias. See also: IPv4 List - Page 132,433
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What is an IP Address? Show information about your own IP Address
Who sent you an Email? You can download our IP location database or use our Geolocation API
Share What You Found | 1,515 | 2,120 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#0_7426035 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | PATROL HAND SIGNALS
PATROL HAND SIGNALS
COMBAT TRACKING HAND SIGNALS
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Individual Skill #2: HAND & ARM SIGNALS While we think of battlefield communications in terms of radio procedure and professional jargon, much of the communication is conducted by waving one's hands about in a spastic series of gestures. This form of communication is known as arm & hand signals. Such signals are used, typically on patrol and the like, when noise discipline must be maintained. Arm & hand signals are also used over large distances, with most signals being easily recognized as far as a quarter mile (400 m). Finally, over the chaotic roar of battle, arm & hand signals can still be understood. The mistake many leaders make is the belief that after contact is made, arm & hand signals are still the preferred method of communication. Not true. After all, the enemy knows where you are. | 0 | 913 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#1_7427170 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | Arm & hand signals are also used over large distances, with most signals being easily recognized as far as a quarter mile (400 m). Finally, over the chaotic roar of battle, arm & hand signals can still be understood. The mistake many leaders make is the belief that after contact is made, arm & hand signals are still the preferred method of communication. Not true. After all, the enemy knows where you are. You have made contact. The best communication at this point involves the use of your voice. You'll need to command your troops quickly and assertively. You do not want your troops watching your stylish delivery of arm & hand signals as much as you need them to be watching their sectors of fire! Signals can be given with either the left or right hand, with a few notable exceptions. | 505 | 1,297 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#2_7428183 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | You have made contact. The best communication at this point involves the use of your voice. You'll need to command your troops quickly and assertively. You do not want your troops watching your stylish delivery of arm & hand signals as much as you need them to be watching their sectors of fire! Signals can be given with either the left or right hand, with a few notable exceptions. Also, with the exception of the rally point signal, all hand and arm signals are passed back to the next member of the patrol immediately! This is true even if you know that the next troop has already seen the signal. What follows are the 28 standard hand and arm
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS signals. Your team will come up with others that will carry unique meaning to its members. " | 914 | 1,694 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#3_7429187 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | Also, with the exception of the rally point signal, all hand and arm signals are passed back to the next member of the patrol immediately! This is true even if you know that the next troop has already seen the signal. What follows are the 28 standard hand and arm
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS signals. Your team will come up with others that will carry unique meaning to its members. " I Am Ready/Are You Ready?" Also known as the "Yoo-hoo!" This signal is used to get the attention of another party or to let another party know that you are ready to move, communicate, assault, This signal is given by extending your arm above your head and waving it slightly back and forth—just like you do when you see a buddy in the parking lot of the shopping mall. " I Understand" Meaning that the troop understood and will comply with the last command, or that he has completed the task
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS and is ready for the next command. | 1,298 | 2,259 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#4_7430387 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | I Am Ready/Are You Ready?" Also known as the "Yoo-hoo!" This signal is used to get the attention of another party or to let another party know that you are ready to move, communicate, assault, This signal is given by extending your arm above your head and waving it slightly back and forth—just like you do when you see a buddy in the parking lot of the shopping mall. " I Understand" Meaning that the troop understood and will comply with the last command, or that he has completed the task
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS and is ready for the next command. This signal is often simply called the "thumbs up". This signal is given by making a fist with the thumb pointed upward. A variation of this hand signal is to point the thumb down, which indicated that the situation is "not good". " I Do Not Understand" Meaning that the troop does not understand the last message, or cannot comply with the last command. Sometimes called the "wave off". | 1,694 | 2,646 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#5_7431583 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | This signal is often simply called the "thumbs up". This signal is given by making a fist with the thumb pointed upward. A variation of this hand signal is to point the thumb down, which indicated that the situation is "not good". " I Do Not Understand" Meaning that the troop does not understand the last message, or cannot comply with the last command. Sometimes called the "wave off". LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Formally, this signal is given by shielding your entire face with both hands, palms facing out. Of course, this is ridiculous because you cannot hold your weapon in your hand since, like several other hand and arm signals, it requires the use of both hands! A common variation of this signal is to use only one hand, palm facing out, and wave it left and right to the side of your midsection. Thus, known as the "wave off'. " | 2,260 | 3,111 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#6_7432668 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Formally, this signal is given by shielding your entire face with both hands, palms facing out. Of course, this is ridiculous because you cannot hold your weapon in your hand since, like several other hand and arm signals, it requires the use of both hands! A common variation of this signal is to use only one hand, palm facing out, and wave it left and right to the side of your midsection. Thus, known as the "wave off'. " Cease Fire/All Clear" Meaning the firing line must stop shooting now! LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by placing a hand in front of your face, palm out, then wave up and down in front of your face "Move Out" Meaning that all members of the patrol should begin movement forward. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by raising an arm straight up into the air and letting it fall forward. | 2,646 | 3,548 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#7_7433800 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | Cease Fire/All Clear" Meaning the firing line must stop shooting now! LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by placing a hand in front of your face, palm out, then wave up and down in front of your face "Move Out" Meaning that all members of the patrol should begin movement forward. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by raising an arm straight up into the air and letting it fall forward. Often, the arm is only raised up from the elbow and dropped forward. This is due largely to the weight of the LBE and rucksack that seems to constantly pinch and fatigue the shoulders. The signal looks about the same in either case. " Stop" Meaning the patrol will come to a halt, but you may continue to move to protective cover. Do not confuse this with the hand signal "freeze!" | 3,111 | 3,929 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#8_7434850 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | Often, the arm is only raised up from the elbow and dropped forward. This is due largely to the weight of the LBE and rucksack that seems to constantly pinch and fatigue the shoulders. The signal looks about the same in either case. " Stop" Meaning the patrol will come to a halt, but you may continue to move to protective cover. Do not confuse this with the hand signal "freeze!" With the "stop" signal, there is no known threat to the patrol
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by simply push a flattened palm toward the intended receiver, as if you were politely refusing a caramel-covered snail. If you enjoy the taste of caramel-covered snails.. well, there is something very wrong with you. " Freeze!" Meaning, "DON'T MOVE." | 3,549 | 4,299 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#9_7435836 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | With the "stop" signal, there is no known threat to the patrol
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by simply push a flattened palm toward the intended receiver, as if you were politely refusing a caramel-covered snail. If you enjoy the taste of caramel-covered snails.. well, there is something very wrong with you. " Freeze!" Meaning, "DON'T MOVE." Don't step forward, speak, or even turn your head to look for cover. This signal indicates that danger is very close; such as an enemy patrol passing by, or that land mines have been spotted. Do not over use this signal. This signal should not be used when you simply want the patrol to stop. | 3,930 | 4,592 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#10_7436729 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | Don't step forward, speak, or even turn your head to look for cover. This signal indicates that danger is very close; such as an enemy patrol passing by, or that land mines have been spotted. Do not over use this signal. This signal should not be used when you simply want the patrol to stop. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by making a quick fist, palm outward. Do not wave the fist about, simply hold your hand level and continue to make it until the intended receiver(s) has understood. " Get Down" Meaning that you should lower your profile closer to the ground so that you cannot be seen. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: | 4,300 | 4,944 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#11_7437600 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by making a quick fist, palm outward. Do not wave the fist about, simply hold your hand level and continue to make it until the intended receiver(s) has understood. " Get Down" Meaning that you should lower your profile closer to the ground so that you cannot be seen. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by pushing a flattened palm toward the ground. Fairly basic stuff "Get Up" Meaning you should raise your profile and be prepared to
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS move. Give this signal by pushing a flattened palm toward the sky. " Increase Your Interval" Meaning there needs to be greater space between individuals in the formation. | 4,592 | 5,318 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#12_7438560 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by pushing a flattened palm toward the ground. Fairly basic stuff "Get Up" Meaning you should raise your profile and be prepared to
LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS move. Give this signal by pushing a flattened palm toward the sky. " Increase Your Interval" Meaning there needs to be greater space between individuals in the formation. or between formations. This signal is often given when a patrol is passing from heavy vegetation to lighter vegetation, or onto a road. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Formally, this signal is given by placing two hands with palms facing outward, then pushing them apart to increase the space between the hands. An acceptable variation of this signal, due to carrying a weapon, is simply to place one hand against the side of the rifle and pull them apart in the same manner. " | 4,944 | 5,803 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#13_7439651 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | or between formations. This signal is often given when a patrol is passing from heavy vegetation to lighter vegetation, or onto a road. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Formally, this signal is given by placing two hands with palms facing outward, then pushing them apart to increase the space between the hands. An acceptable variation of this signal, due to carrying a weapon, is simply to place one hand against the side of the rifle and pull them apart in the same manner. " Decrease Your Interval" Meaning the space between troops needs to be tightened up. This signal is often given as a patrol enters heavier vegetation, or just before passing an obstacle, or before overwhelming an enemy position. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Formally given by pushing two flattened palms together over your head. An acceptable variation is to push one flattened palm to the side of your rifle— assuming you have one. " | 5,319 | 6,245 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#14_7440811 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | Decrease Your Interval" Meaning the space between troops needs to be tightened up. This signal is often given as a patrol enters heavier vegetation, or just before passing an obstacle, or before overwhelming an enemy position. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Formally given by pushing two flattened palms together over your head. An acceptable variation is to push one flattened palm to the side of your rifle— assuming you have one. " Column File Formation" Meaning that the patrol will form a single line formation, in a follow-the-leader fashion. This is also called the "Ranger file" or "column of ducks". LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by raising an arm straight up in the air, then making a backward circle as if you were doing the backstroke with one arm. You'll feel silly at first, but everyone gets this one. | 5,803 | 6,656 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#15_7441902 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | Column File Formation" Meaning that the patrol will form a single line formation, in a follow-the-leader fashion. This is also called the "Ranger file" or "column of ducks". LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS This signal is given by raising an arm straight up in the air, then making a backward circle as if you were doing the backstroke with one arm. You'll feel silly at first, but everyone gets this one. It's the exact opposite of the signal "move out". " Wedge Formation" Meaning the patrol should assume the inverted "V" formation within their fireteams and prepare to attack. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by raising straightened arms up slightly from your hips so that your arms form the shape of an upside-down "V". This can be done with rifle in hand. " | 6,245 | 7,037 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#16_7442934 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | It's the exact opposite of the signal "move out". " Wedge Formation" Meaning the patrol should assume the inverted "V" formation within their fireteams and prepare to attack. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by raising straightened arms up slightly from your hips so that your arms form the shape of an upside-down "V". This can be done with rifle in hand. " On Line Formation" Meaning the entire element should come on line to my immediate left and right. Often given just prior to overwhelming an enemy position, or when making a hasty defensive line. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by raising straightened arms up level with your shoulders like you are walking a suspended tight rope. This can also be done with rifle in hand. " | 6,657 | 7,434 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_5146788#17_7443949 | http://1725recceplatoon.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/6/23560746/hand_signals.pdf | On Line Formation" Meaning the entire element should come on line to my immediate left and right. Often given just prior to overwhelming an enemy position, or when making a hasty defensive line. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by raising straightened arms up level with your shoulders like you are walking a suspended tight rope. This can also be done with rifle in hand. " Danger Area" Meaning that immediately in front of the point man is a dangerous area—typically indicating some type of open or linear clearing. LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS: FOR SMALL TEAMS Give this signal by using a flattened hand back and forth across the neck in a cutting fashion. Again, with all the weight of your gear, this requires much less effort than earlier versions of this signal. " Patch to the Road" Meaning that the patrol will cross a linear danger area using the "patch-to-the-road" method, and all troops in the patrol should close up the intervals between members to shoulder-to-shoulder. | 7,037 | 8,035 |
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