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id_5900 | The AAA rating currently enjoyed by British banks may be about to change, as the governor of the Banque de France, Christian Noyer, lashed out at the amount of British debt. This statement was made in response to warnings received by the French government that a number of banks across Europe, including France, are being considered for downgrading. Noyers outburst continued, as he stated that a downgrade for France was unjust, and that the downgrades should start with the UK, which currently has a larger amount of debt, more inflation and weaker growth than France. However, the French economy is expected to shrink both this quarter and the next, suggesting the nation is suffering from recession. In light of this, a warning for Mr Noyer not to throw stones in glass houses appears apt. | The governor of the Banque de France lives in a glass house. | c |
id_5901 | The AAA rating currently enjoyed by British banks may be about to change, as the governor of the Banque de France, Christian Noyer, lashed out at the amount of British debt. This statement was made in response to warnings received by the French government that a number of banks across Europe, including France, are being considered for downgrading. Noyers outburst continued, as he stated that a downgrade for France was unjust, and that the downgrades should start with the UK, which currently has a larger amount of debt, more inflation and weaker growth than France. However, the French economy is expected to shrink both this quarter and the next, suggesting the nation is suffering from recession. In light of this, a warning for Mr Noyer not to throw stones in glass houses appears apt. | British bankers are all members of the AA insurance group. | n |
id_5902 | The Anglo-Saxons were the group of people who lived in England between the 5th Century and the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. When the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes came to Britain in 449 AD, they pushed the Celtic Britons who were there before them up into Wales. The combination of the Germanic dialects of these different tribes became Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Old English is very different from Modern English and uses more Germanic words and its grammar is closer to Old German. If English speakers were to read a passage of Old English, they would struggle to understand any more than a few words. It is thought that this Old English is most similar to the Dutch dialect spoken in Friesland, a province in the north of the Netherlands. One of the famous literary works written in Old English was the poem Beowulf. It is not known who wrote this poem and only one original manuscript of the poem still exists today. The story involves the hero Beowulf who fights and kills the giant Grendel. All the people celebrate the death of Grendel however Grendels mother comes to the town and attempts to kill as many people for revenge. Beowulf then fights Grendels mother and kills her as well. | A dialect of Old English is currently spoken in the Netherlands. | c |
id_5903 | The Anglo-Saxons were the group of people who lived in England between the 5th Century and the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. When the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes came to Britain in 449 AD, they pushed the Celtic Britons who were there before them up into Wales. The combination of the Germanic dialects of these different tribes became Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Old English is very different from Modern English and uses more Germanic words and its grammar is closer to Old German. If English speakers were to read a passage of Old English, they would struggle to understand any more than a few words. It is thought that this Old English is most similar to the Dutch dialect spoken in Friesland, a province in the north of the Netherlands. One of the famous literary works written in Old English was the poem Beowulf. It is not known who wrote this poem and only one original manuscript of the poem still exists today. The story involves the hero Beowulf who fights and kills the giant Grendel. All the people celebrate the death of Grendel however Grendels mother comes to the town and attempts to kill as many people for revenge. Beowulf then fights Grendels mother and kills her as well. | Beowulf was the strongest warrior at that time. | n |
id_5904 | The Anglo-Saxons were the group of people who lived in England between the 5th Century and the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. When the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes came to Britain in 449 AD, they pushed the Celtic Britons who were there before them up into Wales. The combination of the Germanic dialects of these different tribes became Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Old English is very different from Modern English and uses more Germanic words and its grammar is closer to Old German. If English speakers were to read a passage of Old English, they would struggle to understand any more than a few words. It is thought that this Old English is most similar to the Dutch dialect spoken in Friesland, a province in the north of the Netherlands. One of the famous literary works written in Old English was the poem Beowulf. It is not known who wrote this poem and only one original manuscript of the poem still exists today. The story involves the hero Beowulf who fights and kills the giant Grendel. All the people celebrate the death of Grendel however Grendels mother comes to the town and attempts to kill as many people for revenge. Beowulf then fights Grendels mother and kills her as well. | German speakers would be able to read Beowulf in its original language. | n |
id_5905 | The Anglo-Saxons were the group of people who lived in England between the 5th Century and the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. When the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes came to Britain in 449 AD, they pushed the Celtic Britons who were there before them up into Wales. The combination of the Germanic dialects of these different tribes became Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Old English is very different from Modern English and uses more Germanic words and its grammar is closer to Old German. If English speakers were to read a passage of Old English, they would struggle to understand any more than a few words. It is thought that this Old English is most similar to the Dutch dialect spoken in Friesland, a province in the north of the Netherlands. One of the famous literary works written in Old English was the poem Beowulf. It is not known who wrote this poem and only one original manuscript of the poem still exists today. The story involves the hero Beowulf who fights and kills the giant Grendel. All the people celebrate the death of Grendel however Grendels mother comes to the town and attempts to kill as many people for revenge. Beowulf then fights Grendels mother and kills her as well. | The Celts lived in England in 449 AD | e |
id_5906 | The Anglo-Saxons were the group of people who lived in England between the 5th Century and the Norman conquest in 1066 AD. When the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Angles and Jutes came to Britain in 449 AD, they pushed the Celtic Britons who were there before them up into Wales. The combination of the Germanic dialects of these different tribes became Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Old English is very different from Modern English and uses more Germanic words and its grammar is closer to Old German. If English speakers were to read a passage of Old English, they would struggle to understand any more than a few words. It is thought that this Old English is most similar to the Dutch dialect spoken in Friesland, a province in the north of the Netherlands. One of the famous literary works written in Old English was the poem Beowulf. It is not known who wrote this poem and only one original manuscript of the poem still exists today. The story involves the hero Beowulf who fights and kills the giant Grendel. All the people celebrate the death of Grendel however Grendels mother comes to the town and attempts to kill as many people for revenge. Beowulf then fights Grendels mother and kills her as well. | The Jute tribe did not contribute to the Anglo-Saxon language. | c |
id_5907 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | Some Chinese farmers abandoned the use of pesticide. | e |
id_5908 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | Chinese farmers found that pesticides became increasingly expensive. | e |
id_5909 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | Fields using ants yield as large a crop as fields using chemical pesticides. | e |
id_5910 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | Citrus ants often cause considerable damage to the bio-environment of the orchards. | n |
id_5911 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | China has more citrus pests than any other country in the world. | e |
id_5912 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | Many people were very impressed by Swingles discovery. | c |
id_5913 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | Swingle came to China to search for an insect to bring back to the US. | c |
id_5914 | The Ant and the Mandarin In 1476, the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop. In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than relying on divine intervention, they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up the pests in the paddies and the occasional plague of locusts. But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, it started with the predatory yellow citrus ant Oeco-phylla smaragdina, which has been polishing off pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1,700 years. The yellow citrus ant is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants nests here and there. But it wasnt long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture ant farming. For an insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even by ant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. Its big, runs fast and has a powerful nip painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries, Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. Citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits, the mandarins or kan attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars. With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards. The West did not discover the Chinese orange growers secret weapon until 1 the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker and in 1915 Walter Swingle, a plant physiologist working for the US f Department of Agriculture, was sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spent some time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were grown by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful. The earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orange trees appeared in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by Hsi Han in AD 304. The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the i ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south, if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect. Initially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore, people race to buy nests for their orange trees, wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South in about 890. The business guickly became more sophisticated. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artificial nests baited with fat. Fruit-growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. They trap them by filling hogs or sheeps bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as rearing orange ants. Farmers attached k the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonisation of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests by the hundreds of thousands. Did it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chhii Ta-Chun, writing in 1700, stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power... Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite his reports, many Western biologists t were sceptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888, when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any in- T roads into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the states citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew, Californias first was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries. The long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic insecticides. Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned. As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols in the late 1960s. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees, they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests mainly the larger insects and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants produced almost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays. One apparent drawback of using ants and one of the main reasons for the early scepticism by Western scientists was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs, waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact, the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honey-dew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where X mealy bugs proliferate under the ants protection, they are usually heavily parasitised and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids. In the long run, ants do a lot less damage than chemicals and theyre certainly more effective than excommunication. | Trees with ants had more leaves fall than those without. | c |
id_5915 | The Aral Sea, located between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan was once the fourth largest lake in the world. Two port cities were located on it and 22 different varieties of fish could be found in the Aral. However when the Soviet Union decided to boos cotton farming by constructing dams on the two large rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea, soil erosion and evaporation took its effect. By the 1970s twenty percent of the sea had diminished, by 1980 thirty percent had diminished, forty percent by 1990 and today ninety percent of the Aral Sea has disappeared. However the Kazakh government pledges to reverse this effect, and return the sea to its former glory. | by the year of 1980 had thirty percent of the Aral sea disappeared | e |
id_5916 | The Arctic region around the North Poke lacks specific land boundaries and has alternative definitions, such as tts distinctive ecology. The Arctic regions ecosystem is comprised of many species of plant, bird, fish and mammal, including polar bears. There ts life above, below and even within this huge ocean of ice. But the natural habitat of these Arctic animals 1s being threatened by the effects of global warming. Typically, the North Poles ice cap diminishes m summer and then replenishes itself in the winter months. However, scientists speculate that warmer oceans are causing a dramatic thmning of the Arctics ce during winter that has resulted m ice-free gaps of ocean in the summer. Some experts predict that the entire ice cap will have disappeared by the end of this century. | One theory 1s that higher seawater temperatures are making the Arctic melt. | e |
id_5917 | The Arctic region around the North Poke lacks specific land boundaries and has alternative definitions, such as tts distinctive ecology. The Arctic regions ecosystem is comprised of many species of plant, bird, fish and mammal, including polar bears. There ts life above, below and even within this huge ocean of ice. But the natural habitat of these Arctic animals 1s being threatened by the effects of global warming. Typically, the North Poles ice cap diminishes m summer and then replenishes itself in the winter months. However, scientists speculate that warmer oceans are causing a dramatic thmning of the Arctics ce during winter that has resulted m ice-free gaps of ocean in the summer. Some experts predict that the entire ice cap will have disappeared by the end of this century. | Marine mammals are the only things living in the Arctic. | c |
id_5918 | The Arctic region around the North Poke lacks specific land boundaries and has alternative definitions, such as tts distinctive ecology. The Arctic regions ecosystem is comprised of many species of plant, bird, fish and mammal, including polar bears. There ts life above, below and even within this huge ocean of ice. But the natural habitat of these Arctic animals 1s being threatened by the effects of global warming. Typically, the North Poles ice cap diminishes m summer and then replenishes itself in the winter months. However, scientists speculate that warmer oceans are causing a dramatic thmning of the Arctics ce during winter that has resulted m ice-free gaps of ocean in the summer. Some experts predict that the entire ice cap will have disappeared by the end of this century. | The Arctics seasonal pattern is to reduce in size during the winter months. | c |
id_5919 | The Arctic region around the North Poke lacks specific land boundaries and has alternative definitions, such as tts distinctive ecology. The Arctic regions ecosystem is comprised of many species of plant, bird, fish and mammal, including polar bears. There ts life above, below and even within this huge ocean of ice. But the natural habitat of these Arctic animals 1s being threatened by the effects of global warming. Typically, the North Poles ice cap diminishes m summer and then replenishes itself in the winter months. However, scientists speculate that warmer oceans are causing a dramatic thmning of the Arctics ce during winter that has resulted m ice-free gaps of ocean in the summer. Some experts predict that the entire ice cap will have disappeared by the end of this century. | The Arctic has fixed geographic borders. | c |
id_5920 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | The Labor Party was formed by the trade unions. | n |
id_5921 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | Radical groups are only found within the Labor Party. | c |
id_5922 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | Welfare-based societies invariably become bankrupt. | c |
id_5923 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | The No-Aircraft-Noise Party is only popular in the city. | n |
id_5924 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | Policies is support of the concept of a welfare society are costly. | e |
id_5925 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | The Liberal Party was formed after the Labor Party. | n |
id_5926 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | According to the author, theories do not always work in practice. | e |
id_5927 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | The smaller parties are only concerned about the environment. | c |
id_5928 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | Australians usually vote for the party they supported early in life. | n |
id_5929 | The Australian political scene is dominated by two major parties that have quite different political agendas. However, the policies of the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party have become much more difficult to tell apart in recent years. In fact, it would be true to say that both parties consist of conservative, moderate and radical elements, and therefore the general public is often perplexed about which party to vote for. Nonetheless, it is usual to find that an Australian will lean towards supporting one of these two parties and remain faithful to that party for life. The Labor Party was formed early in the twentieth century to safeguard the interests of the common working man and to give the trade unions political representation in Parliament. The Party has always had strong connections with the unions, and supports the concept of a welfare society in which people who are less fortunate than others are financially, and otherwise, assisted in their quest for a more equitable slice of the economic pie. The problem is that such socialist political agendas are extremely expensive to implement and maintain, especially in a country that, although comparatively wealthy, is vast and with a small working and hence taxpaying population base. Welfare societies tend towards bankruptcy unless government spending is kept in check. The Liberal Party, on the other hand, argues that the best way to ensure afair division of wealth in the country is to allow more freedom to create it. This, in turn, means more opportunities, jobs created etc. , and therefore more wealth available to all. Just how the poor are to share in the distribution of this wealth (beyond being given, at least in theory, the opportunity to create it) is, however, less well understood. Practice, of course, may make nonsense of even the best theoretical intentions, and often the less politically powerful are badly catered for under governments implementing 'free-for-all' policies. It is no wonder that given the two major choices offered them, Australian voters are increasingly turning their attention to the smaller political parties, which claim to offer a more balanced swag of policies, often based around one major current issue. Thus, for instance, at the last election there was the No Aircraft Noise Parry, popular in city areas, and the Green Party, which is almost solely concerned with environmental issues. | Some Australian voters are confused about who to vote for. | e |
id_5930 | The Australian subsidiary of RDB, the international banking organisation, has decided to reward its most successful customer service staff with a three week "fact-finding" trip to America. To be chosen, staff must have consistently good performance reviews and a low level of absence from work. The tour party will stay in various hotels throughout the country and will meet American RDB staff and attend various banking conferences and seminars. However, the bulk of their time will be spent in tourist-related activities such as sightseeing and travelling. | Work-related activities will take up most of the tour party's time. | c |
id_5931 | The Australian subsidiary of RDB, the international banking organisation, has decided to reward its most successful customer service staff with a three week "fact-finding" trip to America. To be chosen, staff must have consistently good performance reviews and a low level of absence from work. The tour party will stay in various hotels throughout the country and will meet American RDB staff and attend various banking conferences and seminars. However, the bulk of their time will be spent in tourist-related activities such as sightseeing and travelling. | Staff with a poor record of work attendance are less likely to be selected. | e |
id_5932 | The Azores are just one of several island groups that are spread across the Atlantic Ocean. To the south lie Madeira and the Canary Islands, the Cape Verde Islands and further south still the Ascension Island and St Helena. Madeira and the Canary Islands are developed holiday destinations visited by tens of thousands of visitors each year. The Cape Verde Islands and the islands further south are much quieter with no sprawling holiday resorts, only traditional villages, giving the visitor the chance to explore remote island life. All the islands share a volcanic geology and have spectacular volcanic coastlines and interiors. Unique and sometimes rare flora and fauna are found on them all. | The Azores are a developed holiday destination like Madeira with sprawling holiday resorts. | n |
id_5933 | The Azores are just one of several island groups that are spread across the Atlantic Ocean. To the south lie Madeira and the Canary Islands, the Cape Verde Islands and further south still the Ascension Island and St Helena. Madeira and the Canary Islands are developed holiday destinations visited by tens of thousands of visitors each year. The Cape Verde Islands and the islands further south are much quieter with no sprawling holiday resorts, only traditional villages, giving the visitor the chance to explore remote island life. All the islands share a volcanic geology and have spectacular volcanic coastlines and interiors. Unique and sometimes rare flora and fauna are found on them all. | The Cape Verde Islands are south of St Helena. | c |
id_5934 | The Azores are just one of several island groups that are spread across the Atlantic Ocean. To the south lie Madeira and the Canary Islands, the Cape Verde Islands and further south still the Ascension Island and St Helena. Madeira and the Canary Islands are developed holiday destinations visited by tens of thousands of visitors each year. The Cape Verde Islands and the islands further south are much quieter with no sprawling holiday resorts, only traditional villages, giving the visitor the chance to explore remote island life. All the islands share a volcanic geology and have spectacular volcanic coastlines and interiors. Unique and sometimes rare flora and fauna are found on them all. | Remote island life can be experienced on the Ascension island. | e |
id_5935 | The Azores are just one of several island groups that are spread across the Atlantic Ocean. To the south lie Madeira and the Canary Islands, the Cape Verde Islands and further south still the Ascension Island and St Helena. Madeira and the Canary Islands are developed holiday destinations visited by tens of thousands of visitors each year. The Cape Verde Islands and the islands further south are much quieter with no sprawling holiday resorts, only traditional villages, giving the visitor the chance to explore remote island life. All the islands share a volcanic geology and have spectacular volcanic coastlines and interiors. Unique and sometimes rare flora and fauna are found on them all. | The Azores group are found to the north of the Canaries. | e |
id_5936 | The Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee is discussing the next shift in interest rates. A month ago, every commentator would have predicted an increase, but since then two big trends have emerged, one international the other national, and no one now expects a rise. Instead the talk is of cuts, but for the time being anyway it is probably too early to say when a cut might be made. There has been a series of downbeat figures across the Eurozone. Italy and the Netherlands are officially in recession and manufacturing figures for Germany are in contraction. The French economy may be even weaker than generally perceived. As far as the UK is concerned, figures for the retail and housing sector suggest they have both slowed and demand for manufactured goods is following the global decline. Meanwhile, the price of services has risen above the level of inflation and in line with rising wage costs. | It can be concluded from the passage that the Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee will cut interest rates soon. | c |
id_5937 | The Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee is discussing the next shift in interest rates. A month ago, every commentator would have predicted an increase, but since then two big trends have emerged, one international the other national, and no one now expects a rise. Instead the talk is of cuts, but for the time being anyway it is probably too early to say when a cut might be made. There has been a series of downbeat figures across the Eurozone. Italy and the Netherlands are officially in recession and manufacturing figures for Germany are in contraction. The French economy may be even weaker than generally perceived. As far as the UK is concerned, figures for the retail and housing sector suggest they have both slowed and demand for manufactured goods is following the global decline. Meanwhile, the price of services has risen above the level of inflation and in line with rising wage costs. | The national context has recently become one in which there is very little pressure for an interest rate rise. | e |
id_5938 | The Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee is discussing the next shift in interest rates. A month ago, every commentator would have predicted an increase, but since then two big trends have emerged, one international the other national, and no one now expects a rise. Instead the talk is of cuts, but for the time being anyway it is probably too early to say when a cut might be made. There has been a series of downbeat figures across the Eurozone. Italy and the Netherlands are officially in recession and manufacturing figures for Germany are in contraction. The French economy may be even weaker than generally perceived. As far as the UK is concerned, figures for the retail and housing sector suggest they have both slowed and demand for manufactured goods is following the global decline. Meanwhile, the price of services has risen above the level of inflation and in line with rising wage costs. | The international trend referred to in the passage relates to disappointing data from Europe. | e |
id_5939 | The Barbary pirates were a loosely affiliated fleet of pirates and privateers originating from the Barbary states of north Africa. Pirates operating from ports of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers plundered European and American ships, taking an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people for sale on the North African and middle eastern slave trade. Although officially constituents of the Ottoman empire, the Barbary states were largely autonomous dependencies. Following the independence of the USA from the British empire, the US government was forced to pay $1 million dollars per year in random fees and tributes to secure the release of Americans captured by Barbary pirates. However in response to Barbary piracy, in 1801 the USA declared war on the Barbary states and announced the commission of 6 extra frigates to protect Americas interests in the region. | The Barbary pirates acted directly on behalf of the Ottoman empire. | c |
id_5940 | The Barbary pirates were a loosely affiliated fleet of pirates and privateers originating from the Barbary states of north Africa. Pirates operating from ports of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers plundered European and American ships, taking an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people for sale on the North African and middle eastern slave trade. Although officially constituents of the Ottoman empire, the Barbary states were largely autonomous dependencies. Following the independence of the USA from the British empire, the US government was forced to pay $1 million dollars per year in random fees and tributes to secure the release of Americans captured by Barbary pirates. However in response to Barbary piracy, in 1801 the USA declared war on the Barbary states and announced the commission of 6 extra frigates to protect Americas interests in the region. | The US government continued to pay $1 million dollars in ransom fees and tributes after the declaration of war. | n |
id_5941 | The Barbary pirates were a loosely affiliated fleet of pirates and privateers originating from the Barbary states of north Africa. Pirates operating from ports of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers plundered European and American ships, taking an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people for sale on the North African and middle eastern slave trade. Although officially constituents of the Ottoman empire, the Barbary states were largely autonomous dependencies. Following the independence of the USA from the British empire, the US government was forced to pay $1 million dollars per year in random fees and tributes to secure the release of Americans captured by Barbary pirates. However in response to Barbary piracy, in 1801 the USA declared war on the Barbary states and announced the commission of 6 extra frigates to protect Americas interests in the region. | Prior to the USAs independence from the British empire, the Barbary states did not attack American ships. | n |
id_5942 | The Barbary pirates were a loosely affiliated fleet of pirates and privateers originating from the Barbary states of north Africa. Pirates operating from ports of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers plundered European and American ships, taking an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people for sale on the North African and middle eastern slave trade. Although officially constituents of the Ottoman empire, the Barbary states were largely autonomous dependencies. Following the independence of the USA from the British empire, the US government was forced to pay $1 million dollars per year in random fees and tributes to secure the release of Americans captured by Barbary pirates. However in response to Barbary piracy, in 1801 the USA declared war on the Barbary states and announced the commission of 6 extra frigates to protect Americas interests in the region. | The USA expanded the size of its navy as a response to the declaration of war. | n |
id_5943 | The Barbary pirates were a loosely affiliated fleet of pirates and privateers originating from the Barbary states of north Africa. Pirates operating from ports of Tunis, Tripoli and Algiers plundered European and American ships, taking an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people for sale on the North African and middle eastern slave trade. Although officially constituents of the Ottoman empire, the Barbary states were largely autonomous dependencies. Following the independence of the USA from the British empire, the US government was forced to pay $1 million dollars per year in random fees and tributes to secure the release of Americans captured by Barbary pirates. However in response to Barbary piracy, in 1801 the USA declared war on the Barbary states and announced the commission of 6 extra frigates to protect Americas interests in the region. | The Barbary pirates operated outside of North Africa. | e |
id_5944 | The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415, (Saint Crispins Day), in northern France as part of the Hundred Years War. The combatants were the English army of King Henry V, and that of Charles VI of France. The latter was not commanded by the incapacitated king himself, but by the Constable Charles dAlbret and various notable French noblemen of the Armagnac party. The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which helped the English compensate for their inferior numbers. The battle was also immortalised by William Shakespeare as the centrepiece of his play Henry V. | Constable Charles dAlbret was a member of the Armagnac party. | n |
id_5945 | The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415, (Saint Crispins Day), in northern France as part of the Hundred Years War. The combatants were the English army of King Henry V, and that of Charles VI of France. The latter was not commanded by the incapacitated king himself, but by the Constable Charles dAlbret and various notable French noblemen of the Armagnac party. The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which helped the English compensate for their inferior numbers. The battle was also immortalised by William Shakespeare as the centrepiece of his play Henry V. | The Battle of Agincourt marked the end of the Hundred Years War. | n |
id_5946 | The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415, (Saint Crispins Day), in northern France as part of the Hundred Years War. The combatants were the English army of King Henry V, and that of Charles VI of France. The latter was not commanded by the incapacitated king himself, but by the Constable Charles dAlbret and various notable French noblemen of the Armagnac party. The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which helped the English compensate for their inferior numbers. The battle was also immortalised by William Shakespeare as the centrepiece of his play Henry V. | The English longbow was pivotal to the outcome of the battle. | n |
id_5947 | The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415, (Saint Crispins Day), in northern France as part of the Hundred Years War. The combatants were the English army of King Henry V, and that of Charles VI of France. The latter was not commanded by the incapacitated king himself, but by the Constable Charles dAlbret and various notable French noblemen of the Armagnac party. The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which helped the English compensate for their inferior numbers. The battle was also immortalised by William Shakespeare as the centrepiece of his play Henry V. | William Shakespeare saw the battle and reported on it in his play Henry V. | n |
id_5948 | The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415, (Saint Crispins Day), in northern France as part of the Hundred Years War. The combatants were the English army of King Henry V, and that of Charles VI of France. The latter was not commanded by the incapacitated king himself, but by the Constable Charles dAlbret and various notable French noblemen of the Armagnac party. The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which helped the English compensate for their inferior numbers. The battle was also immortalised by William Shakespeare as the centrepiece of his play Henry V. | The army of Charles VI outnumbered that of King Henry V. | e |
id_5949 | The Bechdel Test, also known as the Mo Movie Measure and The Bechdel Rule is named after cartoonist Alison Bechdel, who in 1985 wrote a cartoon containing the original proposal of the test. It depicts one woman telling another that she has a rule that she will only see a film if it satisfies three basic requirements: that it contains at least two women, that they talk to each other and that their conversation is on something other than a man. The second woman states that this is pretty strict, but a good idea, to which the first responds the last film she saw that complied with this was Alien. The original notion described in the strip has been attributed to Liz Wallace, and the test is sometimes referred to as the Bechdel/Wallace Test. Following this, a website entitled The Bechdel Test Movie List has formed an extensive list of cinematic output, showing movies that pass and do not pass the test. One may be surprised at the number of movies that would not be watched by first woman in the Bechdel comic: many blockbusters do not make the mark, and such titles as Godzilla, The Imitation Game and Robocop all feature on the list of failed films. | According to The Bechdel Test, The Imitation Game is a sexist film. | c |
id_5950 | The Bechdel Test, also known as the Mo Movie Measure and The Bechdel Rule is named after cartoonist Alison Bechdel, who in 1985 wrote a cartoon containing the original proposal of the test. It depicts one woman telling another that she has a rule that she will only see a film if it satisfies three basic requirements: that it contains at least two women, that they talk to each other and that their conversation is on something other than a man. The second woman states that this is pretty strict, but a good idea, to which the first responds the last film she saw that complied with this was Alien. The original notion described in the strip has been attributed to Liz Wallace, and the test is sometimes referred to as the Bechdel/Wallace Test. Following this, a website entitled The Bechdel Test Movie List has formed an extensive list of cinematic output, showing movies that pass and do not pass the test. One may be surprised at the number of movies that would not be watched by first woman in the Bechdel comic: many blockbusters do not make the mark, and such titles as Godzilla, The Imitation Game and Robocop all feature on the list of failed films. | 50% of horror films, according to the above extract, pass the Bechdel test. | n |
id_5951 | The Bechdel Test, also known as the Mo Movie Measure and The Bechdel Rule is named after cartoonist Alison Bechdel, who in 1985 wrote a cartoon containing the original proposal of the test. It depicts one woman telling another that she has a rule that she will only see a film if it satisfies three basic requirements: that it contains at least two women, that they talk to each other and that their conversation is on something other than a man. The second woman states that this is pretty strict, but a good idea, to which the first responds the last film she saw that complied with this was Alien. The original notion described in the strip has been attributed to Liz Wallace, and the test is sometimes referred to as the Bechdel/Wallace Test. Following this, a website entitled The Bechdel Test Movie List has formed an extensive list of cinematic output, showing movies that pass and do not pass the test. One may be surprised at the number of movies that would not be watched by first woman in the Bechdel comic: many blockbusters do not make the mark, and such titles as Godzilla, The Imitation Game and Robocop all feature on the list of failed films. | The two women in the comic strip are manifestations of Bechdel and Wallace, with the piece of art being a recreation of their originalconversation on this matter. | n |
id_5952 | The Benefits of Being Bilingual. According to the latest figures, the majority of the world's population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual. Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don't hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear 'can', you will likely activate words like 'candy' and 'candle' as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called 'language co-activation', comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to 'pick up a marker' from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn't know Russian, because the Russian word for 'stamp', marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, 'marker'. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language. Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase 'tip-of-the-tongue states', when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word's font. When the colour and the word match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don't match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself ('red') and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy. It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound's fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception. Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focussing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know. Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer's symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals' brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel. Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they'd learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language. | Bilingual people consistently name images faster than monolingual people. | c |
id_5953 | The Benefits of Being Bilingual. According to the latest figures, the majority of the world's population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual. Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don't hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear 'can', you will likely activate words like 'candy' and 'candle' as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called 'language co-activation', comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to 'pick up a marker' from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn't know Russian, because the Russian word for 'stamp', marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, 'marker'. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language. Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase 'tip-of-the-tongue states', when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word's font. When the colour and the word match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don't match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself ('red') and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy. It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound's fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception. Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focussing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know. Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer's symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals' brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel. Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they'd learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language. | Bilingual people are better than monolingual people at guessing correctly what words are before they are finished. | n |
id_5954 | The Benefits of Being Bilingual. According to the latest figures, the majority of the world's population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual. Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don't hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear 'can', you will likely activate words like 'candy' and 'candle' as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called 'language co-activation', comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to 'pick up a marker' from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn't know Russian, because the Russian word for 'stamp', marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, 'marker'. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language. Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase 'tip-of-the-tongue states', when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word's font. When the colour and the word match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don't match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself ('red') and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy. It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound's fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception. Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focussing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know. Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer's symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals' brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel. Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they'd learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language. | Fewer bilingual people than monolingual people suffer from brain disease in old age. | n |
id_5955 | The Benefits of Being Bilingual. According to the latest figures, the majority of the world's population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual. Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don't hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear 'can', you will likely activate words like 'candy' and 'candle' as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called 'language co-activation', comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to 'pick up a marker' from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn't know Russian, because the Russian word for 'stamp', marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, 'marker'. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language. Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase 'tip-of-the-tongue states', when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word's font. When the colour and the word match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don't match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself ('red') and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy. It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound's fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception. Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focussing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know. Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer's symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals' brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel. Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they'd learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language. | Attitudes towards bilingualism have changed in recent years. | e |
id_5956 | The Benefits of Being Bilingual. According to the latest figures, the majority of the world's population is now bilingual or multilingual, having grown up speaking two or more languages. In the past, such children were considered to be at a disadvantage compared with their monolingual peers. Over the past few decades, however, technological advances have allowed researchers to look more deeply at how bilingualism interacts with and changes the cognitive and neurological systems, thereby identifying several clear benefits of being bilingual. Research shows that when a bilingual person uses one language, the other is active at the same time. When we hear a word, we don't hear the entire word all at once: the sounds arrive in sequential order. Long before the word is finished, the brain's language system begins to guess what that word might be. If you hear 'can', you will likely activate words like 'candy' and 'candle' as well, at least during the earlier stages of word recognition. For bilingual people, this activation is not limited to a single language; auditory input activates corresponding words regardless of the language to which they belong. Some of the most compelling evidence for this phenomenon, called 'language co-activation', comes from studying eye movements. A Russian-English bilingual asked to 'pick up a marker' from a set of objects would look more at a stamp than someone who doesn't know Russian, because the Russian word for 'stamp', marka, sounds like the English word he or she heard, 'marker'. In cases like this, language co-activation occurs because what the listener hears could map onto words in either language. Having to deal with this persistent linguistic competition can result in difficulties, however. For instance, knowing more than one language can cause speakers to name pictures more slowly, and can increase 'tip-of-the-tongue states', when you can almost, but not quite, bring a word to mind. As a result, the constant juggling of two languages creates a need to control how much a person accesses a language at any given time. For this reason, bilingual people often perform better on tasks that require conflict management. In the classic Stroop Task, people see a word and are asked to name the colour of the word's font. When the colour and the word match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in red), people correctly name the colour more quickly than when the colour and the word don't match (i. e. , the word 'red' printed in blue). This occurs because the word itself ('red') and its font colour (blue) conflict. Bilingual people often excel at tasks such as this, which tap into the ability to ignore competing perceptual information and focus on the relevant aspects of the input. Bilinguals are also better at switching between two tasks; for example, when bilinguals have to switch from categorizing objects by colour (red or green) to categorizing them by shape (circle or triangle), they do so more quickly than monolingual people, reflecting better cognitive control when having to make rapid changes of strategy. It also seems that the neurological roots of the bilingual advantage extend to brain areas more traditionally associated with sensory processing. When monolingual and bilingual adolescents listen to simple speech sounds without any intervening background noise, they show highly similar brain stem responses. When researchers play the same sound to both groups in the presence of background noise, however, the bilingual listeners' neural response is considerably larger, reflecting better encoding of the sound's fundamental frequency, a feature of sound closely related to pitch perception. Such improvements in cognitive and sensory processing may help a bilingual person to process information in the environment, and help explain why bilingual adults acquire a third language better than monolingual adults master a second language. This advantage may be rooted in the skill of focussing on information about the new language while reducing interference from the languages they already know. Research also indicates that bilingual experience may help to keep the cognitive mechanisms sharp by recruiting alternate brain networks to compensate for those that become damaged during aging. Older bilinguals enjoy improved memory relative to monolingual people, which can lead to real-world health benefits. In a study of over 200 patients with Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disease, bilingual patients reported showing initial symptoms of the disease an average of five years later than monolingual patients. In a follow-up study, researchers compared the brains of bilingual and monolingual patients matched on the severity of Alzheimer's symptoms. Surprisingly, the bilinguals' brains had more physical signs of disease than their monolingual counterparts, even though their outward behaviour and abilities were the same. If the brain is an engine, bilingualism may help it to go farther on the same amount of fuel. Furthermore, the benefits associated with bilingual experience seem to start very early. In one study, researchers taught seven-month-old babies growing up in monolingual or bilingual homes that when they heard a tinkling sound, a puppet appeared on one side of a screen. Halfway through the study, the puppet began appearing on the opposite side of the screen. In order to get a reward, the infants had to adjust the rule they'd learned; only the bilingual babies were able to successfully learn the new rule. This suggests that for very young children, as well as for older people, navigating a multilingual environment imparts advantages that transfer far beyond language. | Bilingual people's brains process single sounds more efficiently than monolingual people in all situations. | c |
id_5957 | The Big Mac index was started as a humorous index of currencies, measuringwhether they were at their correct level. The index was invented by the journalThe Economist in 1986 and is based on the theory of purchasing-powerparity, that exchange rates and prices of an identical basket of goods andservices (in this case, a burger) in any two countries would become moresimilar over time. For example, the average price of a Big Mac in America inJanuary 2016 was $4.93, while in China it was only $2.68 at market exchangerates. The Big Mac index then calculates that the yuan was undervalued by46% at that time. This index has become a global standard over time. It isincluded in several economic textbooks and is the subject of at least 20academic studies | a Big Mac in the US costs approximately twice as much as it does in China. | n |
id_5958 | The Big Mac index was started as a humorous index of currencies, measuringwhether they were at their correct level. The index was invented by the journalThe Economist in 1986 and is based on the theory of purchasing-powerparity, that exchange rates and prices of an identical basket of goods andservices (in this case, a burger) in any two countries would become moresimilar over time. For example, the average price of a Big Mac in America inJanuary 2016 was $4.93, while in China it was only $2.68 at market exchangerates. The Big Mac index then calculates that the yuan was undervalued by46% at that time. This index has become a global standard over time. It isincluded in several economic textbooks and is the subject of at least 20academic studies | The Big Mac Index is the standard measure of currency rates. | c |
id_5959 | The Big Mac index was started as a humorous index of currencies, measuringwhether they were at their correct level. The index was invented by the journalThe Economist in 1986 and is based on the theory of purchasing-powerparity, that exchange rates and prices of an identical basket of goods andservices (in this case, a burger) in any two countries would become moresimilar over time. For example, the average price of a Big Mac in America inJanuary 2016 was $4.93, while in China it was only $2.68 at market exchangerates. The Big Mac index then calculates that the yuan was undervalued by46% at that time. This index has become a global standard over time. It isincluded in several economic textbooks and is the subject of at least 20academic studies | The Big Mac Index started as an academic essay in an economic journal. | c |
id_5960 | The Big Mac index was started as a humorous index of currencies, measuringwhether they were at their correct level. The index was invented by the journalThe Economist in 1986 and is based on the theory of purchasing-powerparity, that exchange rates and prices of an identical basket of goods andservices (in this case, a burger) in any two countries would become moresimilar over time. For example, the average price of a Big Mac in America inJanuary 2016 was $4.93, while in China it was only $2.68 at market exchangerates. The Big Mac index then calculates that the yuan was undervalued by46% at that time. This index has become a global standard over time. It isincluded in several economic textbooks and is the subject of at least 20academic studies | The Big Mac Index has become a serious guide over time. | e |
id_5961 | The Biggest Australian Budget Ever The Australian government is set to announce some of the biggest ever spending increases in education, welfare, the foreign office and defence at lunchtime tomorrow. After a decade of strong industrial growth, record low unemployment and a booming economy, the government feels confident enough to reinvest some of the funds it has been hoarding since it came to power four years ago. In accordance with the priorities which were stated when the Liberal party was elected, a very sizeable portion of this bounty will go to education and to schools in particular. Approximately A$1 billion is expected to go on educational building through the Neighbourhood Renewal Scheme. School buildings have suffered shameful neglect for over half a century. The population has grown and education has changed in that time but no new school buildings have been erected for 10 years. But this change should increase expenditure per child from some A$350 to over A$700. A further A$400 million will go on increasing teachers pay. There is national shortage of teachers, especially in areas such as science, mathematics and religion. The target to increase teachers in training to 5,600 last year was missed by a huge margin; only 2,533 actually enrolled. Increases both in basic pay and in incentive schemes, such as rewards for conspicuous achievement and cash payments for trainee teachers, will be made. In contrast to last year, expenditure on health will rise by less than one per cent and the changes here will be in research funding. The most notable change is in funding to the Adelaide Epidemiology Centre which is nearing its goal of marketing a vaccination against AIDS. The Department of Health will inject A$5.8 million for the large-scale, double-blind trials it requires. This compares with A$575,000 invested by the government in this programme last year. A government spokesman explains that, health will be taking a back seat this year because of the huge increases announced in this area over the previous two years. In other areas significant changes are also occurring. In the Department of Pensions and Welfare, state old age pensions, frozen at A$204 per month for the last three years are set to rise to A$255 per month. Unemployment benefit, likewise frozen for three years, is also set to rise but not until next year. Thereafter, rises of 10.5% over each of the remaining three years of this Parliament are scheduled. This is not as generous as it may seem, however, as certain categories of expenditure will be phased out. The Work Now Scheme to encourage single mothers back into the labour market will go, as will the infamous YTCs. The Youth Training Councils received a bad press over the Manning scandal which led to the resignation of the Minister, but there is evidence that these schemes placed in work only those people who would have found work anyway. More importantly, the period over which unemployment benefit is paid has been cut from a year to eight months and this might remove 20% of all claimants. In Defence and the Foreign Office, there are increases in the funding of the Voice of Australia radio service. The A$128 million may seem a small investment but it checks the reduction in funds from A$2 billion to A$698 million over the last decade which threatened to end the service entirely. A$500 million is being made available for two new warships and a further A$250 million for an extension to the Rapid Reaction Force now seen as so much more important given recent political and civil unrest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Fiji. | The government has decided to release some of its reserves to improve the lives of its citizens. | e |
id_5962 | The Biggest Australian Budget Ever The Australian government is set to announce some of the biggest ever spending increases in education, welfare, the foreign office and defence at lunchtime tomorrow. After a decade of strong industrial growth, record low unemployment and a booming economy, the government feels confident enough to reinvest some of the funds it has been hoarding since it came to power four years ago. In accordance with the priorities which were stated when the Liberal party was elected, a very sizeable portion of this bounty will go to education and to schools in particular. Approximately A$1 billion is expected to go on educational building through the Neighbourhood Renewal Scheme. School buildings have suffered shameful neglect for over half a century. The population has grown and education has changed in that time but no new school buildings have been erected for 10 years. But this change should increase expenditure per child from some A$350 to over A$700. A further A$400 million will go on increasing teachers pay. There is national shortage of teachers, especially in areas such as science, mathematics and religion. The target to increase teachers in training to 5,600 last year was missed by a huge margin; only 2,533 actually enrolled. Increases both in basic pay and in incentive schemes, such as rewards for conspicuous achievement and cash payments for trainee teachers, will be made. In contrast to last year, expenditure on health will rise by less than one per cent and the changes here will be in research funding. The most notable change is in funding to the Adelaide Epidemiology Centre which is nearing its goal of marketing a vaccination against AIDS. The Department of Health will inject A$5.8 million for the large-scale, double-blind trials it requires. This compares with A$575,000 invested by the government in this programme last year. A government spokesman explains that, health will be taking a back seat this year because of the huge increases announced in this area over the previous two years. In other areas significant changes are also occurring. In the Department of Pensions and Welfare, state old age pensions, frozen at A$204 per month for the last three years are set to rise to A$255 per month. Unemployment benefit, likewise frozen for three years, is also set to rise but not until next year. Thereafter, rises of 10.5% over each of the remaining three years of this Parliament are scheduled. This is not as generous as it may seem, however, as certain categories of expenditure will be phased out. The Work Now Scheme to encourage single mothers back into the labour market will go, as will the infamous YTCs. The Youth Training Councils received a bad press over the Manning scandal which led to the resignation of the Minister, but there is evidence that these schemes placed in work only those people who would have found work anyway. More importantly, the period over which unemployment benefit is paid has been cut from a year to eight months and this might remove 20% of all claimants. In Defence and the Foreign Office, there are increases in the funding of the Voice of Australia radio service. The A$128 million may seem a small investment but it checks the reduction in funds from A$2 billion to A$698 million over the last decade which threatened to end the service entirely. A$500 million is being made available for two new warships and a further A$250 million for an extension to the Rapid Reaction Force now seen as so much more important given recent political and civil unrest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Fiji. | The state pension did not increase for three years. | e |
id_5963 | The Biggest Australian Budget Ever The Australian government is set to announce some of the biggest ever spending increases in education, welfare, the foreign office and defence at lunchtime tomorrow. After a decade of strong industrial growth, record low unemployment and a booming economy, the government feels confident enough to reinvest some of the funds it has been hoarding since it came to power four years ago. In accordance with the priorities which were stated when the Liberal party was elected, a very sizeable portion of this bounty will go to education and to schools in particular. Approximately A$1 billion is expected to go on educational building through the Neighbourhood Renewal Scheme. School buildings have suffered shameful neglect for over half a century. The population has grown and education has changed in that time but no new school buildings have been erected for 10 years. But this change should increase expenditure per child from some A$350 to over A$700. A further A$400 million will go on increasing teachers pay. There is national shortage of teachers, especially in areas such as science, mathematics and religion. The target to increase teachers in training to 5,600 last year was missed by a huge margin; only 2,533 actually enrolled. Increases both in basic pay and in incentive schemes, such as rewards for conspicuous achievement and cash payments for trainee teachers, will be made. In contrast to last year, expenditure on health will rise by less than one per cent and the changes here will be in research funding. The most notable change is in funding to the Adelaide Epidemiology Centre which is nearing its goal of marketing a vaccination against AIDS. The Department of Health will inject A$5.8 million for the large-scale, double-blind trials it requires. This compares with A$575,000 invested by the government in this programme last year. A government spokesman explains that, health will be taking a back seat this year because of the huge increases announced in this area over the previous two years. In other areas significant changes are also occurring. In the Department of Pensions and Welfare, state old age pensions, frozen at A$204 per month for the last three years are set to rise to A$255 per month. Unemployment benefit, likewise frozen for three years, is also set to rise but not until next year. Thereafter, rises of 10.5% over each of the remaining three years of this Parliament are scheduled. This is not as generous as it may seem, however, as certain categories of expenditure will be phased out. The Work Now Scheme to encourage single mothers back into the labour market will go, as will the infamous YTCs. The Youth Training Councils received a bad press over the Manning scandal which led to the resignation of the Minister, but there is evidence that these schemes placed in work only those people who would have found work anyway. More importantly, the period over which unemployment benefit is paid has been cut from a year to eight months and this might remove 20% of all claimants. In Defence and the Foreign Office, there are increases in the funding of the Voice of Australia radio service. The A$128 million may seem a small investment but it checks the reduction in funds from A$2 billion to A$698 million over the last decade which threatened to end the service entirely. A$500 million is being made available for two new warships and a further A$250 million for an extension to the Rapid Reaction Force now seen as so much more important given recent political and civil unrest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Fiji. | The Work Now Scheme was unsuccessful. | n |
id_5964 | The Biggest Australian Budget Ever The Australian government is set to announce some of the biggest ever spending increases in education, welfare, the foreign office and defence at lunchtime tomorrow. After a decade of strong industrial growth, record low unemployment and a booming economy, the government feels confident enough to reinvest some of the funds it has been hoarding since it came to power four years ago. In accordance with the priorities which were stated when the Liberal party was elected, a very sizeable portion of this bounty will go to education and to schools in particular. Approximately A$1 billion is expected to go on educational building through the Neighbourhood Renewal Scheme. School buildings have suffered shameful neglect for over half a century. The population has grown and education has changed in that time but no new school buildings have been erected for 10 years. But this change should increase expenditure per child from some A$350 to over A$700. A further A$400 million will go on increasing teachers pay. There is national shortage of teachers, especially in areas such as science, mathematics and religion. The target to increase teachers in training to 5,600 last year was missed by a huge margin; only 2,533 actually enrolled. Increases both in basic pay and in incentive schemes, such as rewards for conspicuous achievement and cash payments for trainee teachers, will be made. In contrast to last year, expenditure on health will rise by less than one per cent and the changes here will be in research funding. The most notable change is in funding to the Adelaide Epidemiology Centre which is nearing its goal of marketing a vaccination against AIDS. The Department of Health will inject A$5.8 million for the large-scale, double-blind trials it requires. This compares with A$575,000 invested by the government in this programme last year. A government spokesman explains that, health will be taking a back seat this year because of the huge increases announced in this area over the previous two years. In other areas significant changes are also occurring. In the Department of Pensions and Welfare, state old age pensions, frozen at A$204 per month for the last three years are set to rise to A$255 per month. Unemployment benefit, likewise frozen for three years, is also set to rise but not until next year. Thereafter, rises of 10.5% over each of the remaining three years of this Parliament are scheduled. This is not as generous as it may seem, however, as certain categories of expenditure will be phased out. The Work Now Scheme to encourage single mothers back into the labour market will go, as will the infamous YTCs. The Youth Training Councils received a bad press over the Manning scandal which led to the resignation of the Minister, but there is evidence that these schemes placed in work only those people who would have found work anyway. More importantly, the period over which unemployment benefit is paid has been cut from a year to eight months and this might remove 20% of all claimants. In Defence and the Foreign Office, there are increases in the funding of the Voice of Australia radio service. The A$128 million may seem a small investment but it checks the reduction in funds from A$2 billion to A$698 million over the last decade which threatened to end the service entirely. A$500 million is being made available for two new warships and a further A$250 million for an extension to the Rapid Reaction Force now seen as so much more important given recent political and civil unrest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Fiji. | School buildings have been neglected for 10 years. | c |
id_5965 | The Biggest Australian Budget Ever The Australian government is set to announce some of the biggest ever spending increases in education, welfare, the foreign office and defence at lunchtime tomorrow. After a decade of strong industrial growth, record low unemployment and a booming economy, the government feels confident enough to reinvest some of the funds it has been hoarding since it came to power four years ago. In accordance with the priorities which were stated when the Liberal party was elected, a very sizeable portion of this bounty will go to education and to schools in particular. Approximately A$1 billion is expected to go on educational building through the Neighbourhood Renewal Scheme. School buildings have suffered shameful neglect for over half a century. The population has grown and education has changed in that time but no new school buildings have been erected for 10 years. But this change should increase expenditure per child from some A$350 to over A$700. A further A$400 million will go on increasing teachers pay. There is national shortage of teachers, especially in areas such as science, mathematics and religion. The target to increase teachers in training to 5,600 last year was missed by a huge margin; only 2,533 actually enrolled. Increases both in basic pay and in incentive schemes, such as rewards for conspicuous achievement and cash payments for trainee teachers, will be made. In contrast to last year, expenditure on health will rise by less than one per cent and the changes here will be in research funding. The most notable change is in funding to the Adelaide Epidemiology Centre which is nearing its goal of marketing a vaccination against AIDS. The Department of Health will inject A$5.8 million for the large-scale, double-blind trials it requires. This compares with A$575,000 invested by the government in this programme last year. A government spokesman explains that, health will be taking a back seat this year because of the huge increases announced in this area over the previous two years. In other areas significant changes are also occurring. In the Department of Pensions and Welfare, state old age pensions, frozen at A$204 per month for the last three years are set to rise to A$255 per month. Unemployment benefit, likewise frozen for three years, is also set to rise but not until next year. Thereafter, rises of 10.5% over each of the remaining three years of this Parliament are scheduled. This is not as generous as it may seem, however, as certain categories of expenditure will be phased out. The Work Now Scheme to encourage single mothers back into the labour market will go, as will the infamous YTCs. The Youth Training Councils received a bad press over the Manning scandal which led to the resignation of the Minister, but there is evidence that these schemes placed in work only those people who would have found work anyway. More importantly, the period over which unemployment benefit is paid has been cut from a year to eight months and this might remove 20% of all claimants. In Defence and the Foreign Office, there are increases in the funding of the Voice of Australia radio service. The A$128 million may seem a small investment but it checks the reduction in funds from A$2 billion to A$698 million over the last decade which threatened to end the service entirely. A$500 million is being made available for two new warships and a further A$250 million for an extension to the Rapid Reaction Force now seen as so much more important given recent political and civil unrest in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Fiji. | The Australian government has been increasing expenditure for four years. | n |
id_5966 | The Bike Foundry The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can. Our Bikes All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three months guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes. Training We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops. Maintenance Training Bike Basics This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course youll know how to take good care of your bike. Home Mechanics This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. Its aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge. Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately our training room is up a flight of stairs. For 10 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. Theres a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice. Cycling Training Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If youre already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic. Booking Information To book a place, email. We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course. | The Bike Foundry sells only second-hand bicycles. | e |
id_5967 | The Bike Foundry The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can. Our Bikes All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three months guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes. Training We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops. Maintenance Training Bike Basics This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course youll know how to take good care of your bike. Home Mechanics This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. Its aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge. Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately our training room is up a flight of stairs. For 10 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. Theres a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice. Cycling Training Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If youre already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic. Booking Information To book a place, email. We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course. | The Bike Basics course is aimed at new cyclists. | n |
id_5968 | The Bike Foundry The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can. Our Bikes All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three months guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes. Training We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops. Maintenance Training Bike Basics This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course youll know how to take good care of your bike. Home Mechanics This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. Its aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge. Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately our training room is up a flight of stairs. For 10 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. Theres a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice. Cycling Training Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If youre already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic. Booking Information To book a place, email. We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course. | Snacks are provided for participants on the maintenance training courses. | c |
id_5969 | The Bike Foundry The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can. Our Bikes All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three months guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes. Training We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops. Maintenance Training Bike Basics This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course youll know how to take good care of your bike. Home Mechanics This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. Its aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge. Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately our training room is up a flight of stairs. For 10 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. Theres a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice. Cycling Training Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If youre already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic. Booking Information To book a place, email. We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course. | Members of the Tool Club have access to cycle reference books. | e |
id_5970 | The Bike Foundry The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can. Our Bikes All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three months guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes. Training We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops. Maintenance Training Bike Basics This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course youll know how to take good care of your bike. Home Mechanics This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. Its aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge. Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately our training room is up a flight of stairs. For 10 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. Theres a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice. Cycling Training Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If youre already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic. Booking Information To book a place, email. We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course. | Most of the participants on the Cycling Training courses are beginners. | n |
id_5971 | The Bike Foundry The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can. Our Bikes All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three months guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes. Training We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops. Maintenance Training Bike Basics This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course youll know how to take good care of your bike. Home Mechanics This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. Its aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge. Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately our training room is up a flight of stairs. For 10 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. Theres a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice. Cycling Training Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If youre already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic. Booking Information To book a place, email. We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course. | People can cancel their place on a training course one week before it begins and still get their money back. | e |
id_5972 | The Bike Foundry The Bike Foundry aims to promote cycling, and to make an environmentally-friendly means of transport and leisure available to as many people as we can. Our Bikes All our bikes are hand-restored by our team and come with a three months guarantee. We stock bikes to suit different needs, at affordable prices. We gratefully accept donations of unwanted bikes. Training We offer maintenance and cycle training to schools and small groups on their own premises. Additionally we provide training to individuals and groups in our workshops. Maintenance Training Bike Basics This is a three-hour course which will teach you everything you need to know to keep on top of simple maintenance issues like looking after brakes and gears and how to repair a puncture. By the end of the course youll know how to take good care of your bike. Home Mechanics This twelve-hour course consists of teaching you how to use specialist tools and how to fit compatible replacement parts. Its aimed at those who have completed Bike Basics or have some prior knowledge. Courses are run regularly for groups of up to four trainees. We use professional mechanics tools and employ experienced staff. Most importantly, we have tea- and coffee-making facilities and a fridge where participants can keep their sandwiches, etc. Unfortunately our training room is up a flight of stairs. For 10 a year you can join our Tool Club. Membership gives you access to our workshop for one evening a week. If you want to repair your bike and know how to fix it, but lack specialist tools, then join our club. Theres a range of reference manuals available and a mechanic to offer advice. Cycling Training Our qualified instructors can teach you how to ride your bike, whether you have had prior experience or not. If youre already riding and would like to build your confidence, we can teach you safe techniques to negotiate traffic. Booking Information To book a place, email. We ask for a 50% deposit to confirm your place, refundable up to seven days before the course. | All the training sessions are held at the Bike Foundry. | c |
id_5973 | The Birth of Scientific English World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals. The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543). England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language John Wallis and John Wilkins helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research. Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light Opticks in English. There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English. A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author'. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'. A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities. Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures. In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments. The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. | The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism. | c |
id_5974 | The Birth of Scientific English World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals. The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543). England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language John Wallis and John Wilkins helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research. Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light Opticks in English. There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English. A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author'. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'. A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities. Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures. In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments. The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. | In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas. | e |
id_5975 | The Birth of Scientific English World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals. The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543). England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language John Wallis and John Wilkins helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research. Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light Opticks in English. There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English. A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author'. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'. A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities. Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures. In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments. The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. | There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe. | n |
id_5976 | The Board of Directors of Fone Industries (together with its subsidiaries) wishes to inform shareholders in the Company, as well as potential investors, that the consolidated net profit of the Group for the current quarter 1s expected to show a significant decline as compared to that for the previous quarter. We attribute this unprecedented fall to the global economic downturn that has resulted in a drastic reduction in consumer spending on telecommunication products and mobile handsets in particular. Fone Industries believes that our diverse, award-wmnmwg product portfolio, respected brand and competitive pricing will enable us to weather the current economic situation. The information contained in this announcement ts a prelmmary assessment; full results for the year will be disclosed mn the annual report to be published in April | A worldwide economic recession has negatively impacted retail sales of telephones. | e |
id_5977 | The Board of Directors of Fone Industries (together with its subsidiaries) wishes to inform shareholders in the Company, as well as potential investors, that the consolidated net profit of the Group for the current quarter 1s expected to show a significant decline as compared to that for the previous quarter. We attribute this unprecedented fall to the global economic downturn that has resulted in a drastic reduction in consumer spending on telecommunication products and mobile handsets in particular. Fone Industries believes that our diverse, award-wmnmwg product portfolio, respected brand and competitive pricing will enable us to weather the current economic situation. The information contained in this announcement ts a prelmmary assessment; full results for the year will be disclosed mn the annual report to be published in April | Fone Industries ts paying the price for the poor quality of tts mobile phone handsets. | c |
id_5978 | The Board of Directors of Fone Industries (together with its subsidiaries) wishes to inform shareholders in the Company, as well as potential investors, that the consolidated net profit of the Group for the current quarter 1s expected to show a significant decline as compared to that for the previous quarter. We attribute this unprecedented fall to the global economic downturn that has resulted in a drastic reduction in consumer spending on telecommunication products and mobile handsets in particular. Fone Industries believes that our diverse, award-wmnmwg product portfolio, respected brand and competitive pricing will enable us to weather the current economic situation. The information contained in this announcement ts a prelmmary assessment; full results for the year will be disclosed mn the annual report to be published in April | Fone Industries has suffered a nosedive nn profits and is now operating at a loss. | c |
id_5979 | The Board of Directors of Fone Industries (together with its subsidiaries) wishes to inform shareholders in the Company, as well as potential investors, that the consolidated net profit of the Group for the current quarter 1s expected to show a significant decline as compared to that for the previous quarter. We attribute this unprecedented fall to the global economic downturn that has resulted in a drastic reduction in consumer spending on telecommunication products and mobile handsets in particular. Fone Industries believes that our diverse, award-wmnmwg product portfolio, respected brand and competitive pricing will enable us to weather the current economic situation. The information contained in this announcement ts a prelmmary assessment; full results for the year will be disclosed mn the annual report to be published in April | Fone Industries profits for the current quarter are predicted to be lower than those of the previous quarter. | e |
id_5980 | The Board of Directors of Fone Industries (together with its subsidiaries) wishes to inform shareholders in the Company, as well as potential investors, that the consolidated net profit of the Group for the current quarter 1s expected to show a significant decline as compared to that for the previous quarter. We attribute this unprecedented fall to the global economic downturn that has resulted in a drastic reduction in consumer spending on telecommunication products and mobile handsets in particular. Fone Industries believes that our diverse, award-wmnmwg product portfolio, respected brand and competitive pricing will enable us to weather the current economic situation. The information contained in this announcement ts a prelmmary assessment; full results for the year will be disclosed mn the annual report to be published in April | The global economy has been m recession for the past two quarters. | n |
id_5981 | The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a public broadcasting authority, responsible for providing impartial public service broadcasting in the UK, the channel islands and the Isle of man. The BBC operates under royal charter and is semi- autonomous from the British government. Within the UK, the BBC is largely funded by a compulsory annual television licence fee, charged to all UK households, companies and organisations using equipment capable of receiving a live television broadcast. | The BBC provides information to the benefit of the British government. | n |
id_5982 | The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a public broadcasting authority, responsible for providing impartial public service broadcasting in the UK, the channel islands and the Isle of man. The BBC operates under royal charter and is semi- autonomous from the British government. Within the UK, the BBC is largely funded by a compulsory annual television licence fee, charged to all UK households, companies and organisations using equipment capable of receiving a live television broadcast. | Households in the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not required to purchase a TV licence. | n |
id_5983 | The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a public broadcasting authority, responsible for providing impartial public service broadcasting in the UK, the channel islands and the Isle of man. The BBC operates under royal charter and is semi- autonomous from the British government. Within the UK, the BBC is largely funded by a compulsory annual television licence fee, charged to all UK households, companies and organisations using equipment capable of receiving a live television broadcast. | Charities in the UK are required to purchase a TV licence if they have a television on their premises. | e |
id_5984 | The Centre aims to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 20% below 2001 levels by 2010, and a significant contributor to this target will be the improved energy efficiency of buildings. At the same time, the government are aiming to have 10,000 MW installed CHP capacity by 2010. A Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit is best suited to increase energy efficiency of the Centre. This would serve the heating demand for both the domestic hot water system and the swimming pool, but would not be suited to space-heating requirements. | The only way to reach the carbon emissions target is by improving the energy efficiency of buildings. | c |
id_5985 | The Centre aims to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 20% below 2001 levels by 2010, and a significant contributor to this target will be the improved energy efficiency of buildings. At the same time, the government are aiming to have 10,000 MW installed CHP capacity by 2010. A Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit is best suited to increase energy efficiency of the Centre. This would serve the heating demand for both the domestic hot water system and the swimming pool, but would not be suited to space-heating requirements. | The Centre is improving energy efficiency because the government have imposed legal obligations to do so. | n |
id_5986 | The Centre aims to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 20% below 2001 levels by 2010, and a significant contributor to this target will be the improved energy efficiency of buildings. At the same time, the government are aiming to have 10,000 MW installed CHP capacity by 2010. A Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit is best suited to increase energy efficiency of the Centre. This would serve the heating demand for both the domestic hot water system and the swimming pool, but would not be suited to space-heating requirements. | Combined Heat and Power unit alone will not be able to provide all the heating requirements for the Centre. | e |
id_5987 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | Mere celebration of World Health Days in not enough. | e |
id_5988 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | Even some less expensive food items can ensure health. | e |
id_5989 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | It is the duty of the government to supply free iodised salt to the poor. | n |
id_5990 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | Consumption of foods containing less fat but lots of vitamins and minerals is good for health. | e |
id_5991 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | Expectant mothers should be given special attention in the matter of diet. | e |
id_5992 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | The UN must step in to ensure health for people. | n |
id_5993 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | Exercise is not at all necessary to keep healthy. | c |
id_5994 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | People should be discouraged to take skimmed milk as it has no food value. | c |
id_5995 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | Drinking a lot of water daily is good for health. | e |
id_5996 | The Charm of Glenwood Springs If you find worlds one of the most famous skiing sites, Aspen, to be highly expensive, you can opt for the Glenwood Springs in Colorodo US , just 65 km away. You can reach this place by road or rail as both options are available. Then there are about 14 direct air services but the three airports in Eagle County, Aspen and Grand Junction are about 50, 65 and 145 km respectively from here. To be more adventurous or enterprising, you can go from Denver through Vail, another ski destination on the most eco- friendly highway called 1-70. This way, youll cover about 250 km. Before you reach Glenwood Springs, youll have an exciting experience when you wade through a serpentine mountainous tract which is said to be one of the tentacles of the awe-. inspiring, huge red rock, the Grand Canyon. The name Glenwood Springs was given to the place by Sarah Cooper, wife of one of the towns founding fathers, Issac Cooper. Before this the town was discovered as a gold mine. It is situated at the confluence of Roaring Park and Colorodo rivers and was known as Defiance. Earlier the tourists were attracted only towards the Fairy Caves with grottos and layrinthine ducts. The place became famous for its curative hot water springs only when in the late 1800s Walter Devereaux and his brothers created here the worlds largest hot water pool which was dotted with nearly three score such springs. Among the people who visit this place are skiiers, rafters, hikers, mountain bikers, hunters, fishermen, snowmobilers and of course yampah tasters. Yampah means big medicine. Such is attraction for the hot springs that the pool remains full to capacity even in rain and snow. The water is captured at 122F and then toned down to 93 to 104 F. There are two pools with temperatures slightly different from each other. There are continental eateries all around besides the typically American ones. Then the accommodation here is fairly cheap being about one-fourth of that in Aspen. Glenwood Springs is situated at the height of 5700 feet, but the average altitude of the mountains around reaches up to 13000 feet. If you stand on the rooftop of a high building, you can have a view of fascinating sights all around. On the western side you can have a captivating view of the Red Mountain. On the east you can see the famous Cavern Adventure Park which can he approached by a cable car. If you go there, youll be happy to find there the worlds first Alpine coaster sliding through the downhill park with a speed of about 80 km per hour. On the southern side youll find the famous ski destination called Sunlight Mountain Resort offering snowmobiling and ice-skating. If you take a view from the park of the Roaring Fork Valley, youll feel the marvel of a sight. Here youll find Americas world famous Amtrak railhead which can enable you to reach the historical downtown on to the Hot Springs pool. About a 20 km stretch of the Roaring Fork River has been declared the Gold Medal River where youre allowed to fish to lay your hands on the best of trout and here at some place you can bring your pets also if you like. | The rich people need no advice as all kinds of food items are available to them. | c |
id_5997 | The City of Manchester in England was at the forefront of the 19th century industrial revolution and a global centre for the manufacture of cotton cloth. The citys industry is no longer centred on manufacturing but on service-based commerce, in particular finance and insurance. Manchesters architecture reflects this change and is a mix of buildings that date back to the times of the cotton trade and more contemporary constructions including the Beetham Tower, the tallest building outside of London, and The Green Building, a pioneering eco-friendly housing project. Most of the many ex-cotton mills still exist but have been converted into luxury apartments, hotels and office space. It is estimated that 35 per cent of Manchesters population has Irish ancestry and the Manchester Irish Festival and St Patricks Day Parade are among the most popular of the many events that take place in the city. | You can infer from the passage that cotton is grown in the vicinity of Manchester. | c |
id_5998 | The City of Manchester in England was at the forefront of the 19th century industrial revolution and a global centre for the manufacture of cotton cloth. The citys industry is no longer centred on manufacturing but on service-based commerce, in particular finance and insurance. Manchesters architecture reflects this change and is a mix of buildings that date back to the times of the cotton trade and more contemporary constructions including the Beetham Tower, the tallest building outside of London, and The Green Building, a pioneering eco-friendly housing project. Most of the many ex-cotton mills still exist but have been converted into luxury apartments, hotels and office space. It is estimated that 35 per cent of Manchesters population has Irish ancestry and the Manchester Irish Festival and St Patricks Day Parade are among the most popular of the many events that take place in the city. | The passage was probably written in the 21st century. | n |
id_5999 | The City of Manchester in England was at the forefront of the 19th century industrial revolution and a global centre for the manufacture of cotton cloth. The citys industry is no longer centred on manufacturing but on service-based commerce, in particular finance and insurance. Manchesters architecture reflects this change and is a mix of buildings that date back to the times of the cotton trade and more contemporary constructions including the Beetham Tower, the tallest building outside of London, and The Green Building, a pioneering eco-friendly housing project. Most of the many ex-cotton mills still exist but have been converted into luxury apartments, hotels and office space. It is estimated that 35 per cent of Manchesters population has Irish ancestry and the Manchester Irish Festival and St Patricks Day Parade are among the most popular of the many events that take place in the city. | You can infer from the author saying, The City of Manchester in England that there are other cities in the world called Manchester and the author wanted to identify which of them he was referring to. | c |
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