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id_2600 | Fuelling the future The worlds 750 million motor vehicles emit well over 900 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. Traffic-related air pollution has been responsible for 6% of deaths per year and is associated with certain forms of leukaemia, inflammatory lung diseases, increased cardio-vascular disease, low birth-weight babies and male infertility. It stands to reason that tackling traffic-related air pollution should be high on any governments list of priorities. Thus, in an attempt to minimise this situation many governments around the world have been looking at ways to implement alternative fuel sources. The most widely accepted way of doing this is to replace the crude oil that our vehicles currently run on with renewable, environmentally friendly fuels. One serious contender put forward as a solution to the pollution problem is ethanol. Ethanol is a type of alcohol made by fermenting plant material. Water and organic matter from the plants including corn, sorghum, sugar cane and wood are mixed together and fermented to make ethanol. After fermentation there are three layers remaining. The first is water and small particles of grain and alcohol. It takes on a syrup consistency. The second layer is the remaining grain, which is 17 percent dry matter. The third layer is the actual ethanol a colourless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is the only layer sold and accounts for exactly one-third of the total dry matter used for its production. There are three primary ways that it is used as a fuel for transportation: as a blend of 10 percent ethanol with 90% unleaded fuel (E10); as a component of reformulated gasoline and; as a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded fuel (E-85). In the 1800s in the U. S. A. , it was first used as lamp fuel. Later on, due to skyrocketing oil prices in the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of fuel-extender for vehicles with E-85 being produced in the 1990s. Brazil has also used ethanol-blended fuels. Like America, the high prices in the 1970s prompted a government mandate to produce vehicles which could be fuelled by pure ethanol. Today there are more than 4.2 million ethanol-powered vehicles in Brazil (40 percent passenger carrying) which consume 4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. Today, Brazil is the largest transportation ethanol fuel market in the world. Given that Ethanol is made from a variety of plant substances when it is used in fuel production, it increases the monetary value of feed grains grown by farmers. In fact, in the U. S. A. , the largest ethanol consuming nation in the world, ethanol production adds $4.5 billion to the farm economy every year. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ethanol production adds 30 cents to the value of a bushel of corn. Another of its benefits, according to Brian Keating, deputy chief of Australias Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is that a 10% ethanol blend (E10) would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2 to 5% over the full lifecycle of ethanol production and consumption. Said Keating, The precise benefits depend on specific factors in the production cycle. An important component of which is the energy source used by the ethanol factory. If its being powered by coal or oil, there are obviously associated greenhouse gas emissions. In America, The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 have both created new market opportunities for cleaner, more efficient fuels with many state governments in Americas Mid-west purchasing fleet vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels. Although it makes a good fuel, some drawbacks have been documented. The economics of ethanol production are improving as the technology improves but ethanol has two problems: It does not explode like gasoline, and it can absorb water, which can cause oxidation, rust and corrosion. The claims of possible damage to vehicles from the use of ethanol blends above 10% has therefore attracted considerable negative publicity. Compared to diesel the standard fuel in the heavy moving industry ethanol is known to have a lower energy content so ethanol trucks require larger fuel tanks to achieve the same range as a diesel-powered vehicle. In Australia, a government review into the impacts of a 20% ethanol blend on vehicles found the information to be insufficient or conflicting, but did identity a number of problems such as the possible perishing and swelling of elastomeric and plastic materials in fuel systems. Stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry have stated that warranties on motor vehicles and pump dispensing equipment could be at risk with the use of blends above 10% ethanol. Principle economist for the Australian Bureau of Agriculture Andrew Dickson points out that the money sugarcane growers get for their cane is not determined by the domestic consumption or domestic demand for ethanol, it is entirely determined by the world sugar market and the world trade in molasses. He believes that the only way the sugar industry can benefit from the existence of an ethanol industry is if they invest in the ethanol industry. The sugar producer does not get anymore money for their molasses so what incentive do they have to produce any more? The cost of production also represents some challenges. In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre compared with around 35 cents per litre for unleaded petrol. In America, one report revealed that even with government assistance, ethanol is close to 35 percent more than the price of diesel. Consequently, production of ethanol requires government assistance to be competitive. A recent study by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics found that without assistance, large-scale production of ethanol would not be commercially viable in Australia. Regardless of whether the Australian sugar industry will benefit from a mandated 10% ethanol mix, the expansion of ethanol production would certainly lead to increased economic activity in farming areas. It is inevitable that some expansion would be at the expense of existing industry. If ethanol becomes more popular, there will soon be more plants producing it. This means there will be a need for workers for the plants. The American National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition (NEVC) projects that employment will be boosted by 200,000 jobs and the balance of trade will be improved by over $2 billion. The future of ethanol looks promising, for better or worse ethanol looks to be a serious contender for tomorrows fuel. | The need to control air pollution is why ethanol came into use. | c |
id_2601 | Fuelling the future The worlds 750 million motor vehicles emit well over 900 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. Traffic-related air pollution has been responsible for 6% of deaths per year and is associated with certain forms of leukaemia, inflammatory lung diseases, increased cardio-vascular disease, low birth-weight babies and male infertility. It stands to reason that tackling traffic-related air pollution should be high on any governments list of priorities. Thus, in an attempt to minimise this situation many governments around the world have been looking at ways to implement alternative fuel sources. The most widely accepted way of doing this is to replace the crude oil that our vehicles currently run on with renewable, environmentally friendly fuels. One serious contender put forward as a solution to the pollution problem is ethanol. Ethanol is a type of alcohol made by fermenting plant material. Water and organic matter from the plants including corn, sorghum, sugar cane and wood are mixed together and fermented to make ethanol. After fermentation there are three layers remaining. The first is water and small particles of grain and alcohol. It takes on a syrup consistency. The second layer is the remaining grain, which is 17 percent dry matter. The third layer is the actual ethanol a colourless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is the only layer sold and accounts for exactly one-third of the total dry matter used for its production. There are three primary ways that it is used as a fuel for transportation: as a blend of 10 percent ethanol with 90% unleaded fuel (E10); as a component of reformulated gasoline and; as a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded fuel (E-85). In the 1800s in the U. S. A. , it was first used as lamp fuel. Later on, due to skyrocketing oil prices in the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of fuel-extender for vehicles with E-85 being produced in the 1990s. Brazil has also used ethanol-blended fuels. Like America, the high prices in the 1970s prompted a government mandate to produce vehicles which could be fuelled by pure ethanol. Today there are more than 4.2 million ethanol-powered vehicles in Brazil (40 percent passenger carrying) which consume 4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. Today, Brazil is the largest transportation ethanol fuel market in the world. Given that Ethanol is made from a variety of plant substances when it is used in fuel production, it increases the monetary value of feed grains grown by farmers. In fact, in the U. S. A. , the largest ethanol consuming nation in the world, ethanol production adds $4.5 billion to the farm economy every year. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ethanol production adds 30 cents to the value of a bushel of corn. Another of its benefits, according to Brian Keating, deputy chief of Australias Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is that a 10% ethanol blend (E10) would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2 to 5% over the full lifecycle of ethanol production and consumption. Said Keating, The precise benefits depend on specific factors in the production cycle. An important component of which is the energy source used by the ethanol factory. If its being powered by coal or oil, there are obviously associated greenhouse gas emissions. In America, The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 have both created new market opportunities for cleaner, more efficient fuels with many state governments in Americas Mid-west purchasing fleet vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels. Although it makes a good fuel, some drawbacks have been documented. The economics of ethanol production are improving as the technology improves but ethanol has two problems: It does not explode like gasoline, and it can absorb water, which can cause oxidation, rust and corrosion. The claims of possible damage to vehicles from the use of ethanol blends above 10% has therefore attracted considerable negative publicity. Compared to diesel the standard fuel in the heavy moving industry ethanol is known to have a lower energy content so ethanol trucks require larger fuel tanks to achieve the same range as a diesel-powered vehicle. In Australia, a government review into the impacts of a 20% ethanol blend on vehicles found the information to be insufficient or conflicting, but did identity a number of problems such as the possible perishing and swelling of elastomeric and plastic materials in fuel systems. Stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry have stated that warranties on motor vehicles and pump dispensing equipment could be at risk with the use of blends above 10% ethanol. Principle economist for the Australian Bureau of Agriculture Andrew Dickson points out that the money sugarcane growers get for their cane is not determined by the domestic consumption or domestic demand for ethanol, it is entirely determined by the world sugar market and the world trade in molasses. He believes that the only way the sugar industry can benefit from the existence of an ethanol industry is if they invest in the ethanol industry. The sugar producer does not get anymore money for their molasses so what incentive do they have to produce any more? The cost of production also represents some challenges. In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre compared with around 35 cents per litre for unleaded petrol. In America, one report revealed that even with government assistance, ethanol is close to 35 percent more than the price of diesel. Consequently, production of ethanol requires government assistance to be competitive. A recent study by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics found that without assistance, large-scale production of ethanol would not be commercially viable in Australia. Regardless of whether the Australian sugar industry will benefit from a mandated 10% ethanol mix, the expansion of ethanol production would certainly lead to increased economic activity in farming areas. It is inevitable that some expansion would be at the expense of existing industry. If ethanol becomes more popular, there will soon be more plants producing it. This means there will be a need for workers for the plants. The American National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition (NEVC) projects that employment will be boosted by 200,000 jobs and the balance of trade will be improved by over $2 billion. The future of ethanol looks promising, for better or worse ethanol looks to be a serious contender for tomorrows fuel. | Brazil uses more ethanol for transportation than America. | e |
id_2602 | Fuelling the future The worlds 750 million motor vehicles emit well over 900 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. Traffic-related air pollution has been responsible for 6% of deaths per year and is associated with certain forms of leukaemia, inflammatory lung diseases, increased cardio-vascular disease, low birth-weight babies and male infertility. It stands to reason that tackling traffic-related air pollution should be high on any governments list of priorities. Thus, in an attempt to minimise this situation many governments around the world have been looking at ways to implement alternative fuel sources. The most widely accepted way of doing this is to replace the crude oil that our vehicles currently run on with renewable, environmentally friendly fuels. One serious contender put forward as a solution to the pollution problem is ethanol. Ethanol is a type of alcohol made by fermenting plant material. Water and organic matter from the plants including corn, sorghum, sugar cane and wood are mixed together and fermented to make ethanol. After fermentation there are three layers remaining. The first is water and small particles of grain and alcohol. It takes on a syrup consistency. The second layer is the remaining grain, which is 17 percent dry matter. The third layer is the actual ethanol a colourless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is the only layer sold and accounts for exactly one-third of the total dry matter used for its production. There are three primary ways that it is used as a fuel for transportation: as a blend of 10 percent ethanol with 90% unleaded fuel (E10); as a component of reformulated gasoline and; as a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded fuel (E-85). In the 1800s in the U. S. A. , it was first used as lamp fuel. Later on, due to skyrocketing oil prices in the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of fuel-extender for vehicles with E-85 being produced in the 1990s. Brazil has also used ethanol-blended fuels. Like America, the high prices in the 1970s prompted a government mandate to produce vehicles which could be fuelled by pure ethanol. Today there are more than 4.2 million ethanol-powered vehicles in Brazil (40 percent passenger carrying) which consume 4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. Today, Brazil is the largest transportation ethanol fuel market in the world. Given that Ethanol is made from a variety of plant substances when it is used in fuel production, it increases the monetary value of feed grains grown by farmers. In fact, in the U. S. A. , the largest ethanol consuming nation in the world, ethanol production adds $4.5 billion to the farm economy every year. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ethanol production adds 30 cents to the value of a bushel of corn. Another of its benefits, according to Brian Keating, deputy chief of Australias Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is that a 10% ethanol blend (E10) would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2 to 5% over the full lifecycle of ethanol production and consumption. Said Keating, The precise benefits depend on specific factors in the production cycle. An important component of which is the energy source used by the ethanol factory. If its being powered by coal or oil, there are obviously associated greenhouse gas emissions. In America, The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 have both created new market opportunities for cleaner, more efficient fuels with many state governments in Americas Mid-west purchasing fleet vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels. Although it makes a good fuel, some drawbacks have been documented. The economics of ethanol production are improving as the technology improves but ethanol has two problems: It does not explode like gasoline, and it can absorb water, which can cause oxidation, rust and corrosion. The claims of possible damage to vehicles from the use of ethanol blends above 10% has therefore attracted considerable negative publicity. Compared to diesel the standard fuel in the heavy moving industry ethanol is known to have a lower energy content so ethanol trucks require larger fuel tanks to achieve the same range as a diesel-powered vehicle. In Australia, a government review into the impacts of a 20% ethanol blend on vehicles found the information to be insufficient or conflicting, but did identity a number of problems such as the possible perishing and swelling of elastomeric and plastic materials in fuel systems. Stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry have stated that warranties on motor vehicles and pump dispensing equipment could be at risk with the use of blends above 10% ethanol. Principle economist for the Australian Bureau of Agriculture Andrew Dickson points out that the money sugarcane growers get for their cane is not determined by the domestic consumption or domestic demand for ethanol, it is entirely determined by the world sugar market and the world trade in molasses. He believes that the only way the sugar industry can benefit from the existence of an ethanol industry is if they invest in the ethanol industry. The sugar producer does not get anymore money for their molasses so what incentive do they have to produce any more? The cost of production also represents some challenges. In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre compared with around 35 cents per litre for unleaded petrol. In America, one report revealed that even with government assistance, ethanol is close to 35 percent more than the price of diesel. Consequently, production of ethanol requires government assistance to be competitive. A recent study by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics found that without assistance, large-scale production of ethanol would not be commercially viable in Australia. Regardless of whether the Australian sugar industry will benefit from a mandated 10% ethanol mix, the expansion of ethanol production would certainly lead to increased economic activity in farming areas. It is inevitable that some expansion would be at the expense of existing industry. If ethanol becomes more popular, there will soon be more plants producing it. This means there will be a need for workers for the plants. The American National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition (NEVC) projects that employment will be boosted by 200,000 jobs and the balance of trade will be improved by over $2 billion. The future of ethanol looks promising, for better or worse ethanol looks to be a serious contender for tomorrows fuel. | Select food crops become more expensive due to ethanol production. | e |
id_2603 | Fuelling the future The worlds 750 million motor vehicles emit well over 900 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. Traffic-related air pollution has been responsible for 6% of deaths per year and is associated with certain forms of leukaemia, inflammatory lung diseases, increased cardio-vascular disease, low birth-weight babies and male infertility. It stands to reason that tackling traffic-related air pollution should be high on any governments list of priorities. Thus, in an attempt to minimise this situation many governments around the world have been looking at ways to implement alternative fuel sources. The most widely accepted way of doing this is to replace the crude oil that our vehicles currently run on with renewable, environmentally friendly fuels. One serious contender put forward as a solution to the pollution problem is ethanol. Ethanol is a type of alcohol made by fermenting plant material. Water and organic matter from the plants including corn, sorghum, sugar cane and wood are mixed together and fermented to make ethanol. After fermentation there are three layers remaining. The first is water and small particles of grain and alcohol. It takes on a syrup consistency. The second layer is the remaining grain, which is 17 percent dry matter. The third layer is the actual ethanol a colourless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is the only layer sold and accounts for exactly one-third of the total dry matter used for its production. There are three primary ways that it is used as a fuel for transportation: as a blend of 10 percent ethanol with 90% unleaded fuel (E10); as a component of reformulated gasoline and; as a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded fuel (E-85). In the 1800s in the U. S. A. , it was first used as lamp fuel. Later on, due to skyrocketing oil prices in the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of fuel-extender for vehicles with E-85 being produced in the 1990s. Brazil has also used ethanol-blended fuels. Like America, the high prices in the 1970s prompted a government mandate to produce vehicles which could be fuelled by pure ethanol. Today there are more than 4.2 million ethanol-powered vehicles in Brazil (40 percent passenger carrying) which consume 4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. Today, Brazil is the largest transportation ethanol fuel market in the world. Given that Ethanol is made from a variety of plant substances when it is used in fuel production, it increases the monetary value of feed grains grown by farmers. In fact, in the U. S. A. , the largest ethanol consuming nation in the world, ethanol production adds $4.5 billion to the farm economy every year. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ethanol production adds 30 cents to the value of a bushel of corn. Another of its benefits, according to Brian Keating, deputy chief of Australias Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is that a 10% ethanol blend (E10) would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2 to 5% over the full lifecycle of ethanol production and consumption. Said Keating, The precise benefits depend on specific factors in the production cycle. An important component of which is the energy source used by the ethanol factory. If its being powered by coal or oil, there are obviously associated greenhouse gas emissions. In America, The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 have both created new market opportunities for cleaner, more efficient fuels with many state governments in Americas Mid-west purchasing fleet vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels. Although it makes a good fuel, some drawbacks have been documented. The economics of ethanol production are improving as the technology improves but ethanol has two problems: It does not explode like gasoline, and it can absorb water, which can cause oxidation, rust and corrosion. The claims of possible damage to vehicles from the use of ethanol blends above 10% has therefore attracted considerable negative publicity. Compared to diesel the standard fuel in the heavy moving industry ethanol is known to have a lower energy content so ethanol trucks require larger fuel tanks to achieve the same range as a diesel-powered vehicle. In Australia, a government review into the impacts of a 20% ethanol blend on vehicles found the information to be insufficient or conflicting, but did identity a number of problems such as the possible perishing and swelling of elastomeric and plastic materials in fuel systems. Stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry have stated that warranties on motor vehicles and pump dispensing equipment could be at risk with the use of blends above 10% ethanol. Principle economist for the Australian Bureau of Agriculture Andrew Dickson points out that the money sugarcane growers get for their cane is not determined by the domestic consumption or domestic demand for ethanol, it is entirely determined by the world sugar market and the world trade in molasses. He believes that the only way the sugar industry can benefit from the existence of an ethanol industry is if they invest in the ethanol industry. The sugar producer does not get anymore money for their molasses so what incentive do they have to produce any more? The cost of production also represents some challenges. In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre compared with around 35 cents per litre for unleaded petrol. In America, one report revealed that even with government assistance, ethanol is close to 35 percent more than the price of diesel. Consequently, production of ethanol requires government assistance to be competitive. A recent study by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics found that without assistance, large-scale production of ethanol would not be commercially viable in Australia. Regardless of whether the Australian sugar industry will benefit from a mandated 10% ethanol mix, the expansion of ethanol production would certainly lead to increased economic activity in farming areas. It is inevitable that some expansion would be at the expense of existing industry. If ethanol becomes more popular, there will soon be more plants producing it. This means there will be a need for workers for the plants. The American National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition (NEVC) projects that employment will be boosted by 200,000 jobs and the balance of trade will be improved by over $2 billion. The future of ethanol looks promising, for better or worse ethanol looks to be a serious contender for tomorrows fuel. | Primary ethanol (E-85) has been extensively tested in Australia. | n |
id_2604 | Fuelling the future The worlds 750 million motor vehicles emit well over 900 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. Traffic-related air pollution has been responsible for 6% of deaths per year and is associated with certain forms of leukaemia, inflammatory lung diseases, increased cardio-vascular disease, low birth-weight babies and male infertility. It stands to reason that tackling traffic-related air pollution should be high on any governments list of priorities. Thus, in an attempt to minimise this situation many governments around the world have been looking at ways to implement alternative fuel sources. The most widely accepted way of doing this is to replace the crude oil that our vehicles currently run on with renewable, environmentally friendly fuels. One serious contender put forward as a solution to the pollution problem is ethanol. Ethanol is a type of alcohol made by fermenting plant material. Water and organic matter from the plants including corn, sorghum, sugar cane and wood are mixed together and fermented to make ethanol. After fermentation there are three layers remaining. The first is water and small particles of grain and alcohol. It takes on a syrup consistency. The second layer is the remaining grain, which is 17 percent dry matter. The third layer is the actual ethanol a colourless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is the only layer sold and accounts for exactly one-third of the total dry matter used for its production. There are three primary ways that it is used as a fuel for transportation: as a blend of 10 percent ethanol with 90% unleaded fuel (E10); as a component of reformulated gasoline and; as a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded fuel (E-85). In the 1800s in the U. S. A. , it was first used as lamp fuel. Later on, due to skyrocketing oil prices in the 1970s, E10 was produced as a type of fuel-extender for vehicles with E-85 being produced in the 1990s. Brazil has also used ethanol-blended fuels. Like America, the high prices in the 1970s prompted a government mandate to produce vehicles which could be fuelled by pure ethanol. Today there are more than 4.2 million ethanol-powered vehicles in Brazil (40 percent passenger carrying) which consume 4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. Today, Brazil is the largest transportation ethanol fuel market in the world. Given that Ethanol is made from a variety of plant substances when it is used in fuel production, it increases the monetary value of feed grains grown by farmers. In fact, in the U. S. A. , the largest ethanol consuming nation in the world, ethanol production adds $4.5 billion to the farm economy every year. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ethanol production adds 30 cents to the value of a bushel of corn. Another of its benefits, according to Brian Keating, deputy chief of Australias Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is that a 10% ethanol blend (E10) would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2 to 5% over the full lifecycle of ethanol production and consumption. Said Keating, The precise benefits depend on specific factors in the production cycle. An important component of which is the energy source used by the ethanol factory. If its being powered by coal or oil, there are obviously associated greenhouse gas emissions. In America, The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992 have both created new market opportunities for cleaner, more efficient fuels with many state governments in Americas Mid-west purchasing fleet vehicles capable of running on E-85 fuels. Although it makes a good fuel, some drawbacks have been documented. The economics of ethanol production are improving as the technology improves but ethanol has two problems: It does not explode like gasoline, and it can absorb water, which can cause oxidation, rust and corrosion. The claims of possible damage to vehicles from the use of ethanol blends above 10% has therefore attracted considerable negative publicity. Compared to diesel the standard fuel in the heavy moving industry ethanol is known to have a lower energy content so ethanol trucks require larger fuel tanks to achieve the same range as a diesel-powered vehicle. In Australia, a government review into the impacts of a 20% ethanol blend on vehicles found the information to be insufficient or conflicting, but did identity a number of problems such as the possible perishing and swelling of elastomeric and plastic materials in fuel systems. Stakeholders in the motor vehicle industry have stated that warranties on motor vehicles and pump dispensing equipment could be at risk with the use of blends above 10% ethanol. Principle economist for the Australian Bureau of Agriculture Andrew Dickson points out that the money sugarcane growers get for their cane is not determined by the domestic consumption or domestic demand for ethanol, it is entirely determined by the world sugar market and the world trade in molasses. He believes that the only way the sugar industry can benefit from the existence of an ethanol industry is if they invest in the ethanol industry. The sugar producer does not get anymore money for their molasses so what incentive do they have to produce any more? The cost of production also represents some challenges. In Australia, fuel ethanol costs around 70 cents per litre compared with around 35 cents per litre for unleaded petrol. In America, one report revealed that even with government assistance, ethanol is close to 35 percent more than the price of diesel. Consequently, production of ethanol requires government assistance to be competitive. A recent study by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics found that without assistance, large-scale production of ethanol would not be commercially viable in Australia. Regardless of whether the Australian sugar industry will benefit from a mandated 10% ethanol mix, the expansion of ethanol production would certainly lead to increased economic activity in farming areas. It is inevitable that some expansion would be at the expense of existing industry. If ethanol becomes more popular, there will soon be more plants producing it. This means there will be a need for workers for the plants. The American National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition (NEVC) projects that employment will be boosted by 200,000 jobs and the balance of trade will be improved by over $2 billion. The future of ethanol looks promising, for better or worse ethanol looks to be a serious contender for tomorrows fuel. | The Australian sugar industry will benefit from the production of ethanol. | c |
id_2605 | Fujin is the god of wind in the Japanese Shinto pantheon of gods. Fujin is often portrayed as a menacing dark demon with a humanoid shape, wearing a leopard skin. He is also frequently depicted as holding a large bag of winds on his shoulder, allowing him to control and generate the wind. In Japanese art, he is frequently depicted alongside Raijin, the Shinto god of lightning, thunder and storms. Fujin is believed to have originated from the Greek god Boreas, which was adopted by the Chinese through cultural exchanges along the silk road. | Fujin is considered to be a benevolent god. | n |
id_2606 | Fujin is the god of wind in the Japanese Shinto pantheon of gods. Fujin is often portrayed as a menacing dark demon with a humanoid shape, wearing a leopard skin. He is also frequently depicted as holding a large bag of winds on his shoulder, allowing him to control and generate the wind. In Japanese art, he is frequently depicted alongside Raijin, the Shinto god of lightning, thunder and storms. Fujin is believed to have originated from the Greek god Boreas, which was adopted by the Chinese through cultural exchanges along the silk road. | Fujin originated from cultural exchanges with the Chinese. | n |
id_2607 | Fujin is the god of wind in the Japanese Shinto pantheon of gods. Fujin is often portrayed as a menacing dark demon with a humanoid shape, wearing a leopard skin. He is also frequently depicted as holding a large bag of winds on his shoulder, allowing him to control and generate the wind. In Japanese art, he is frequently depicted alongside Raijin, the Shinto god of lightning, thunder and storms. Fujin is believed to have originated from the Greek god Boreas, which was adopted by the Chinese through cultural exchanges along the silk road. | The Shinto religion is polytheistic, revering many gods. | e |
id_2608 | Full blown depression is widely acknowledged as a severe medical illness and is commonly treated by pharmaceutical solutions. After decades of research and numerous experiments effective drugs have been developed which, on average, have successfully treated over 60% of depressive patients with relatively minor side effects. Individuals that suffer from common depression often respond better to the drug therapy than the minority group who suffer from reversed symptom depression. Experimental research indicates that 12 weeks of drug therapy significantly reduces a number of symptoms including loss of appetite, sadness, lack of energy, anxiety, and feeling of guilt. People who are less likely to respond well to the drug therapy have several other treatment options including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and in extreme cases electro convulsive therapy (ECT). | CBT is less effective than drugs when treating common depression. | n |
id_2609 | Full blown depression is widely acknowledged as a severe medical illness and is commonly treated by pharmaceutical solutions. After decades of research and numerous experiments effective drugs have been developed which, on average, have successfully treated over 60% of depressive patients with relatively minor side effects. Individuals that suffer from common depression often respond better to the drug therapy than the minority group who suffer from reversed symptom depression. Experimental research indicates that 12 weeks of drug therapy significantly reduces a number of symptoms including loss of appetite, sadness, lack of energy, anxiety, and feeling of guilt. People who are less likely to respond well to the drug therapy have several other treatment options including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and in extreme cases electro convulsive therapy (ECT). | People who suffer from moderate depression respond better to drug therapy. | n |
id_2610 | Full blown depression is widely acknowledged as a severe medical illness and is commonly treated by pharmaceutical solutions. After decades of research and numerous experiments effective drugs have been developed which, on average, have successfully treated over 60% of depressive patients with relatively minor side effects. Individuals that suffer from common depression often respond better to the drug therapy than the minority group who suffer from reversed symptom depression. Experimental research indicates that 12 weeks of drug therapy significantly reduces a number of symptoms including loss of appetite, sadness, lack of energy, anxiety, and feeling of guilt. People who are less likely to respond well to the drug therapy have several other treatment options including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and in extreme cases electro convulsive therapy (ECT). | Research has shown that drug therapy is ineffective for more than half of depressed individuals. | c |
id_2611 | Full employment is a concept, which is often referred to but seldom defined. Beveridges description comes close to what most economists understand by the term. In his view full employment means that unemployment is reduced to short intervals of standing by, with the certainty that very soon one will be wanted in ones old job again or will be wanted in a new job that is within ones powers. In other words, full employment does not mean zero unemployment, but allows for some measure of acceptable unemployment, for example, frictional unemployment whilst changing jobs. | Definitions of full employment are abundant. | c |
id_2612 | Full employment is a concept, which is often referred to but seldom defined. Beveridges description comes close to what most economists understand by the term. In his view full employment means that unemployment is reduced to short intervals of standing by, with the certainty that very soon one will be wanted in ones old job again or will be wanted in a new job that is within ones powers. In other words, full employment does not mean zero unemployment, but allows for some measure of acceptable unemployment, for example, frictional unemployment whilst changing jobs. | In Bs view, full employment incorporates those unemployed people who are certain to regain work very shortly. | e |
id_2613 | Full employment is a concept, which is often referred to but seldom defined. Beveridges description comes close to what most economists understand by the term. In his view full employment means that unemployment is reduced to short intervals of standing by, with the certainty that very soon one will be wanted in ones old job again or will be wanted in a new job that is within ones powers. In other words, full employment does not mean zero unemployment, but allows for some measure of acceptable unemployment, for example, frictional unemployment whilst changing jobs. | Some economists do not understand full employment in Beveridges terms. | e |
id_2614 | Full employment is a concept, which is often referred to but seldom defined. Beveridges description comes close to what most economists understand by the term. In his view full employment means that unemployment is reduced to short intervals of standing by, with the certainty that very soon one will be wanted in ones old job again or will be wanted in a new job that is within ones powers. In other words, full employment does not mean zero unemployment, but allows for some measure of acceptable unemployment, for example, frictional unemployment whilst changing jobs. | Some economists do not understand full employment in Beveridges terms. | n |
id_2615 | Fumes. The word smog was first used to describe the smoke fog that arose from the burning of coal during the early 19th century. Todays smog is associated more with vehicle exhaust emissions and industrial pollutants that combine in the presence of sunlight to produce a photochemical smog. This modern smog has implications for human health and global warming. Car exhausts emit unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Hydrocarbons can cause liver damage, and carbon monoxide is harmful to people with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Carbon dioxide is a major green- house gas, and nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain. Power stations release sulphur dioxide, which is an irritant when inhaled and can cause breathing difficulties. Sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide, which combines with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid, giving rise to acid rain. The acid is environmentally damaging and can become a risk to human health if it leaches carcinogenic metals into the food chain. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) constitute the volatile components in paints, aerosol sprays and solvents and they are released when fuel is not completely burnt. VOCs can be split into two groups methane-containing and non-methane-containing. Methane is a significant greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. Some non-methane VOCs react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ozone, which can exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The formation of ozone and acid rain is not instantaneous, so concentrations of secondary pollutants are highest downwind of the precursor chemicals. Consequently, choosing to live in the countryside where there are fewer sources of pollutants no longer guarantees good air quality. | Sulphur dioxide is the only pollutant that forms acid rain. | c |
id_2616 | Fumes. The word smog was first used to describe the smoke fog that arose from the burning of coal during the early 19th century. Todays smog is associated more with vehicle exhaust emissions and industrial pollutants that combine in the presence of sunlight to produce a photochemical smog. This modern smog has implications for human health and global warming. Car exhausts emit unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Hydrocarbons can cause liver damage, and carbon monoxide is harmful to people with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Carbon dioxide is a major green- house gas, and nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain. Power stations release sulphur dioxide, which is an irritant when inhaled and can cause breathing difficulties. Sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide, which combines with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid, giving rise to acid rain. The acid is environmentally damaging and can become a risk to human health if it leaches carcinogenic metals into the food chain. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) constitute the volatile components in paints, aerosol sprays and solvents and they are released when fuel is not completely burnt. VOCs can be split into two groups methane-containing and non-methane-containing. Methane is a significant greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. Some non-methane VOCs react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ozone, which can exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The formation of ozone and acid rain is not instantaneous, so concentrations of secondary pollutants are highest downwind of the precursor chemicals. Consequently, choosing to live in the countryside where there are fewer sources of pollutants no longer guarantees good air quality. | The precursor chemicals referred to in the final paragraph include nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and methane. | c |
id_2617 | Fumes. The word smog was first used to describe the smoke fog that arose from the burning of coal during the early 19th century. Todays smog is associated more with vehicle exhaust emissions and industrial pollutants that combine in the presence of sunlight to produce a photochemical smog. This modern smog has implications for human health and global warming. Car exhausts emit unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Hydrocarbons can cause liver damage, and carbon monoxide is harmful to people with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Carbon dioxide is a major green- house gas, and nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain. Power stations release sulphur dioxide, which is an irritant when inhaled and can cause breathing difficulties. Sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide, which combines with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid, giving rise to acid rain. The acid is environmentally damaging and can become a risk to human health if it leaches carcinogenic metals into the food chain. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) constitute the volatile components in paints, aerosol sprays and solvents and they are released when fuel is not completely burnt. VOCs can be split into two groups methane-containing and non-methane-containing. Methane is a significant greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. Some non-methane VOCs react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ozone, which can exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The formation of ozone and acid rain is not instantaneous, so concentrations of secondary pollutants are highest downwind of the precursor chemicals. Consequently, choosing to live in the countryside where there are fewer sources of pollutants no longer guarantees good air quality. | Non-methane-containing VOCs do not contribute to global warming. | n |
id_2618 | Fumes. The word smog was first used to describe the smoke fog that arose from the burning of coal during the early 19th century. Todays smog is associated more with vehicle exhaust emissions and industrial pollutants that combine in the presence of sunlight to produce a photochemical smog. This modern smog has implications for human health and global warming. Car exhausts emit unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Hydrocarbons can cause liver damage, and carbon monoxide is harmful to people with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Carbon dioxide is a major green- house gas, and nitrogen oxides contribute to acid rain. Power stations release sulphur dioxide, which is an irritant when inhaled and can cause breathing difficulties. Sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide, which combines with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid, giving rise to acid rain. The acid is environmentally damaging and can become a risk to human health if it leaches carcinogenic metals into the food chain. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) constitute the volatile components in paints, aerosol sprays and solvents and they are released when fuel is not completely burnt. VOCs can be split into two groups methane-containing and non-methane-containing. Methane is a significant greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. Some non-methane VOCs react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form ozone, which can exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The formation of ozone and acid rain is not instantaneous, so concentrations of secondary pollutants are highest downwind of the precursor chemicals. Consequently, choosing to live in the countryside where there are fewer sources of pollutants no longer guarantees good air quality. | The passage states that carbon monoxide is a major greenhouse gas. | e |
id_2619 | GENEALOGY A. Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and relationships through history so building a cohesive family tree, has become an increasingly popular hobby from non-specialist enthusiasts over recent decades. The introduction of the Internet has, in many ways, spurred interest levels since historical information has been made far more accessible than previously. Experts warn, however, that sources obtained from the internet must be considered with caution as they may often contain inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family history society where they are able to learn useful skills from experienced researchers. B. Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, the practice of genealogy focused on establishing the ancestral links of rulers and noblemen often with the purpose of disputing or confirming the legitimacy of inherited rights to wealth or position. More recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where and when previous generations of families lived but also details of their lifestyle and motivations, interpreting the effects of law, political restrictions, immigration and the social conditions on an individuals or familys behaviour at the given time. Genealogy searches may also result in location of living relatives and consequently family reunions, in some cases helping to reunite family members who had been separated in the past due to fostering/adoptlon, migration or war. C. In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, from families wishing to trace their links to the early settlers. As a result of the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s, Britain was in need of an alternative destination for prisoners who could not be accommodated in the countrys overcrowded penal facilities. In 1787, the First Fleet which consisted of a flotilla of ships carrying just over 1300 people (of which 753 were convicts or their children and the remainder marines, officers and their family members) left Britains shores for Australia. On January 26, 1788 now celebrated as Australia Day the fleet landed at Sydney Cove and the first steps to European settlement began. D. Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards convict heritage amongst contemporary Australian society, as family members have been able to establish that their ancestors were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous criminals, but had, in most cases, been harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by desperation and dire economic circumstances. So dramatic has the shift in attitudes been that having family connections to passengers on the First Fleet is considered nothing less than prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth Thakery were amongst the first European women to ever set foot on Australian soil. Details about the former, whose initial death sentence passed for stealing clothes from her employer was commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing handkerchiefs along with others of similar fate are now available on the internet for eager descendants to track. E. Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to return to Britain, others such as Dawson, were, in theory, expelled for a given term. In reality, however, the costs of attempting to return to the mother country were well beyond the means of the majority. Genealogists now attribute the successful early development of Australia to such ex-convicts who decided to contribute fully to society once their sentence had been served. Many rewards were available to prisoners who displayed exemplary behaviour, including land grants of 30 acres or more, tools for developing and farming the land and access to convict labour. Genealogy studies also show that many former prisoners went on to hold powerful positions in the newly forming Australia society, examples being Francis Greenway a British architect expelled on conviction of fraud who went on to design many of Sydneys most prominent colonial buildings, and Alexander Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age of 15, who would later build Australias first gas works and hold the position of Town Mayor. F. In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, holds wo major genealogical databases, the International Genealogical Index and the Ancestral File, which contain records of hundreds of million individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900 in the United States, Canada and Europe. Resources available to genealogy enthusiasts include the Salt Lake City based Family History Library and more than 4000 branches where microfilms and microfiches can be rented for research and the newer Family Search internet site which provides open access to numerous databases and research sources. Such data sharing practices are central and crucial to genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a major tool in facilitating ease of transfer of information in formats suitable for use in forums and via email. The global level of interest in and demand for such information has proven so intense, that traffic load on release of sources such as Family Search and the British Census for 1901 led to temporary collapse of the host servers. G. Experts advise that reliability of sources used for genealogical research should be evaluated in light of four factors which may influence their accuracy, these being the knowledge of the informant, the bias and mental state of the informant, the passage of time and potential for compilation error. First, genealogists should consider who the information was provided by and what he or she could be ascertained to have known. For example, a census record alone is considered unreliable as no named source for the information is likely to be found. A death certificate signed by an identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more reliable. In the case of bias or mental state, researchers are advised to consider that even when information is given by what could be considered a reliable source, that there may have been motivation to be untruthful continuing to claim a government benefit or avoidance of taxation, for example. H. Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the event being researched is considered to be more reliable than records written at a later point in time, as while individuals may intend to give a true representation of events factual information may be misrepresented due to lapses in memory and forgotten details. Finally, sources may be classified as either original or derivative. The latter refers to photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations, extractions, and compilations and has more room for error due to possible misinterpretations, typing errors or loss of additional and crucial parts of the original documentation. | Early applications of genealogy focused on behaviour, movement and settlement of populations. | c |
id_2620 | GENEALOGY A. Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and relationships through history so building a cohesive family tree, has become an increasingly popular hobby from non-specialist enthusiasts over recent decades. The introduction of the Internet has, in many ways, spurred interest levels since historical information has been made far more accessible than previously. Experts warn, however, that sources obtained from the internet must be considered with caution as they may often contain inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family history society where they are able to learn useful skills from experienced researchers. B. Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, the practice of genealogy focused on establishing the ancestral links of rulers and noblemen often with the purpose of disputing or confirming the legitimacy of inherited rights to wealth or position. More recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where and when previous generations of families lived but also details of their lifestyle and motivations, interpreting the effects of law, political restrictions, immigration and the social conditions on an individuals or familys behaviour at the given time. Genealogy searches may also result in location of living relatives and consequently family reunions, in some cases helping to reunite family members who had been separated in the past due to fostering/adoptlon, migration or war. C. In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, from families wishing to trace their links to the early settlers. As a result of the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s, Britain was in need of an alternative destination for prisoners who could not be accommodated in the countrys overcrowded penal facilities. In 1787, the First Fleet which consisted of a flotilla of ships carrying just over 1300 people (of which 753 were convicts or their children and the remainder marines, officers and their family members) left Britains shores for Australia. On January 26, 1788 now celebrated as Australia Day the fleet landed at Sydney Cove and the first steps to European settlement began. D. Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards convict heritage amongst contemporary Australian society, as family members have been able to establish that their ancestors were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous criminals, but had, in most cases, been harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by desperation and dire economic circumstances. So dramatic has the shift in attitudes been that having family connections to passengers on the First Fleet is considered nothing less than prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth Thakery were amongst the first European women to ever set foot on Australian soil. Details about the former, whose initial death sentence passed for stealing clothes from her employer was commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing handkerchiefs along with others of similar fate are now available on the internet for eager descendants to track. E. Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to return to Britain, others such as Dawson, were, in theory, expelled for a given term. In reality, however, the costs of attempting to return to the mother country were well beyond the means of the majority. Genealogists now attribute the successful early development of Australia to such ex-convicts who decided to contribute fully to society once their sentence had been served. Many rewards were available to prisoners who displayed exemplary behaviour, including land grants of 30 acres or more, tools for developing and farming the land and access to convict labour. Genealogy studies also show that many former prisoners went on to hold powerful positions in the newly forming Australia society, examples being Francis Greenway a British architect expelled on conviction of fraud who went on to design many of Sydneys most prominent colonial buildings, and Alexander Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age of 15, who would later build Australias first gas works and hold the position of Town Mayor. F. In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, holds wo major genealogical databases, the International Genealogical Index and the Ancestral File, which contain records of hundreds of million individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900 in the United States, Canada and Europe. Resources available to genealogy enthusiasts include the Salt Lake City based Family History Library and more than 4000 branches where microfilms and microfiches can be rented for research and the newer Family Search internet site which provides open access to numerous databases and research sources. Such data sharing practices are central and crucial to genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a major tool in facilitating ease of transfer of information in formats suitable for use in forums and via email. The global level of interest in and demand for such information has proven so intense, that traffic load on release of sources such as Family Search and the British Census for 1901 led to temporary collapse of the host servers. G. Experts advise that reliability of sources used for genealogical research should be evaluated in light of four factors which may influence their accuracy, these being the knowledge of the informant, the bias and mental state of the informant, the passage of time and potential for compilation error. First, genealogists should consider who the information was provided by and what he or she could be ascertained to have known. For example, a census record alone is considered unreliable as no named source for the information is likely to be found. A death certificate signed by an identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more reliable. In the case of bias or mental state, researchers are advised to consider that even when information is given by what could be considered a reliable source, that there may have been motivation to be untruthful continuing to claim a government benefit or avoidance of taxation, for example. H. Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the event being researched is considered to be more reliable than records written at a later point in time, as while individuals may intend to give a true representation of events factual information may be misrepresented due to lapses in memory and forgotten details. Finally, sources may be classified as either original or derivative. The latter refers to photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations, extractions, and compilations and has more room for error due to possible misinterpretations, typing errors or loss of additional and crucial parts of the original documentation. | The punishment of deportation was reserved for those who posed a serious threat to British society. | c |
id_2621 | GENEALOGY A. Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and relationships through history so building a cohesive family tree, has become an increasingly popular hobby from non-specialist enthusiasts over recent decades. The introduction of the Internet has, in many ways, spurred interest levels since historical information has been made far more accessible than previously. Experts warn, however, that sources obtained from the internet must be considered with caution as they may often contain inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family history society where they are able to learn useful skills from experienced researchers. B. Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, the practice of genealogy focused on establishing the ancestral links of rulers and noblemen often with the purpose of disputing or confirming the legitimacy of inherited rights to wealth or position. More recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where and when previous generations of families lived but also details of their lifestyle and motivations, interpreting the effects of law, political restrictions, immigration and the social conditions on an individuals or familys behaviour at the given time. Genealogy searches may also result in location of living relatives and consequently family reunions, in some cases helping to reunite family members who had been separated in the past due to fostering/adoptlon, migration or war. C. In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, from families wishing to trace their links to the early settlers. As a result of the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s, Britain was in need of an alternative destination for prisoners who could not be accommodated in the countrys overcrowded penal facilities. In 1787, the First Fleet which consisted of a flotilla of ships carrying just over 1300 people (of which 753 were convicts or their children and the remainder marines, officers and their family members) left Britains shores for Australia. On January 26, 1788 now celebrated as Australia Day the fleet landed at Sydney Cove and the first steps to European settlement began. D. Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards convict heritage amongst contemporary Australian society, as family members have been able to establish that their ancestors were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous criminals, but had, in most cases, been harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by desperation and dire economic circumstances. So dramatic has the shift in attitudes been that having family connections to passengers on the First Fleet is considered nothing less than prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth Thakery were amongst the first European women to ever set foot on Australian soil. Details about the former, whose initial death sentence passed for stealing clothes from her employer was commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing handkerchiefs along with others of similar fate are now available on the internet for eager descendants to track. E. Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to return to Britain, others such as Dawson, were, in theory, expelled for a given term. In reality, however, the costs of attempting to return to the mother country were well beyond the means of the majority. Genealogists now attribute the successful early development of Australia to such ex-convicts who decided to contribute fully to society once their sentence had been served. Many rewards were available to prisoners who displayed exemplary behaviour, including land grants of 30 acres or more, tools for developing and farming the land and access to convict labour. Genealogy studies also show that many former prisoners went on to hold powerful positions in the newly forming Australia society, examples being Francis Greenway a British architect expelled on conviction of fraud who went on to design many of Sydneys most prominent colonial buildings, and Alexander Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age of 15, who would later build Australias first gas works and hold the position of Town Mayor. F. In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, holds wo major genealogical databases, the International Genealogical Index and the Ancestral File, which contain records of hundreds of million individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900 in the United States, Canada and Europe. Resources available to genealogy enthusiasts include the Salt Lake City based Family History Library and more than 4000 branches where microfilms and microfiches can be rented for research and the newer Family Search internet site which provides open access to numerous databases and research sources. Such data sharing practices are central and crucial to genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a major tool in facilitating ease of transfer of information in formats suitable for use in forums and via email. The global level of interest in and demand for such information has proven so intense, that traffic load on release of sources such as Family Search and the British Census for 1901 led to temporary collapse of the host servers. G. Experts advise that reliability of sources used for genealogical research should be evaluated in light of four factors which may influence their accuracy, these being the knowledge of the informant, the bias and mental state of the informant, the passage of time and potential for compilation error. First, genealogists should consider who the information was provided by and what he or she could be ascertained to have known. For example, a census record alone is considered unreliable as no named source for the information is likely to be found. A death certificate signed by an identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more reliable. In the case of bias or mental state, researchers are advised to consider that even when information is given by what could be considered a reliable source, that there may have been motivation to be untruthful continuing to claim a government benefit or avoidance of taxation, for example. H. Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the event being researched is considered to be more reliable than records written at a later point in time, as while individuals may intend to give a true representation of events factual information may be misrepresented due to lapses in memory and forgotten details. Finally, sources may be classified as either original or derivative. The latter refers to photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations, extractions, and compilations and has more room for error due to possible misinterpretations, typing errors or loss of additional and crucial parts of the original documentation. | Some ex-convicts chose to stay in Australia due to the opportunities it presented. | n |
id_2622 | GENEALOGY A. Genealogy, the study of tracing family connections and relationships through history so building a cohesive family tree, has become an increasingly popular hobby from non-specialist enthusiasts over recent decades. The introduction of the Internet has, in many ways, spurred interest levels since historical information has been made far more accessible than previously. Experts warn, however, that sources obtained from the internet must be considered with caution as they may often contain inaccuracies, often advising novice genealogists to join a family history society where they are able to learn useful skills from experienced researchers. B. Originally, prior to developing a more mainstream following, the practice of genealogy focused on establishing the ancestral links of rulers and noblemen often with the purpose of disputing or confirming the legitimacy of inherited rights to wealth or position. More recently, genealogists are often interested in not only where and when previous generations of families lived but also details of their lifestyle and motivations, interpreting the effects of law, political restrictions, immigration and the social conditions on an individuals or familys behaviour at the given time. Genealogy searches may also result in location of living relatives and consequently family reunions, in some cases helping to reunite family members who had been separated in the past due to fostering/adoptlon, migration or war. C. In Australia, there has been a great deal of interest of late, from families wishing to trace their links to the early settlers. As a result of the loss of the American colonies in the 1700s, Britain was in need of an alternative destination for prisoners who could not be accommodated in the countrys overcrowded penal facilities. In 1787, the First Fleet which consisted of a flotilla of ships carrying just over 1300 people (of which 753 were convicts or their children and the remainder marines, officers and their family members) left Britains shores for Australia. On January 26, 1788 now celebrated as Australia Day the fleet landed at Sydney Cove and the first steps to European settlement began. D. Genealogy research has led to a shift in attitudes towards convict heritage amongst contemporary Australian society, as family members have been able to establish that their ancestors were, in fact, not hardened and dangerous criminals, but had, in most cases, been harshly punished for minor crimes inspired by desperation and dire economic circumstances. So dramatic has the shift in attitudes been that having family connections to passengers on the First Fleet is considered nothing less than prestigious. Convicts Margaret Dawson and Elizabeth Thakery were amongst the first European women to ever set foot on Australian soil. Details about the former, whose initial death sentence passed for stealing clothes from her employer was commuted to deportation, and the latter expelled for stealing handkerchiefs along with others of similar fate are now available on the internet for eager descendants to track. E. Although many of the deported convicts were forbidden to return to Britain, others such as Dawson, were, in theory, expelled for a given term. In reality, however, the costs of attempting to return to the mother country were well beyond the means of the majority. Genealogists now attribute the successful early development of Australia to such ex-convicts who decided to contribute fully to society once their sentence had been served. Many rewards were available to prisoners who displayed exemplary behaviour, including land grants of 30 acres or more, tools for developing and farming the land and access to convict labour. Genealogy studies also show that many former prisoners went on to hold powerful positions in the newly forming Australia society, examples being Francis Greenway a British architect expelled on conviction of fraud who went on to design many of Sydneys most prominent colonial buildings, and Alexander Munro, transported after stealing cheese at the age of 15, who would later build Australias first gas works and hold the position of Town Mayor. F. In North America, the Mormon Church, headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, holds wo major genealogical databases, the International Genealogical Index and the Ancestral File, which contain records of hundreds of million individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900 in the United States, Canada and Europe. Resources available to genealogy enthusiasts include the Salt Lake City based Family History Library and more than 4000 branches where microfilms and microfiches can be rented for research and the newer Family Search internet site which provides open access to numerous databases and research sources. Such data sharing practices are central and crucial to genealogical research and the internet has proven to be a major tool in facilitating ease of transfer of information in formats suitable for use in forums and via email. The global level of interest in and demand for such information has proven so intense, that traffic load on release of sources such as Family Search and the British Census for 1901 led to temporary collapse of the host servers. G. Experts advise that reliability of sources used for genealogical research should be evaluated in light of four factors which may influence their accuracy, these being the knowledge of the informant, the bias and mental state of the informant, the passage of time and potential for compilation error. First, genealogists should consider who the information was provided by and what he or she could be ascertained to have known. For example, a census record alone is considered unreliable as no named source for the information is likely to be found. A death certificate signed by an identified doctor, however, can be accepted as more reliable. In the case of bias or mental state, researchers are advised to consider that even when information is given by what could be considered a reliable source, that there may have been motivation to be untruthful continuing to claim a government benefit or avoidance of taxation, for example. H. Generally, data recorded at the same time or close to the event being researched is considered to be more reliable than records written at a later point in time, as while individuals may intend to give a true representation of events factual information may be misrepresented due to lapses in memory and forgotten details. Finally, sources may be classified as either original or derivative. The latter refers to photocopies, transcriptions, abstracts, translations, extractions, and compilations and has more room for error due to possible misinterpretations, typing errors or loss of additional and crucial parts of the original documentation. | Overwhelming interest in obtaining genealogical information has led to technological difficulties. | e |
id_2623 | GLOW-WORMS The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own call-sign to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. The fireflys almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclists batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. As with many insects, the glow-worms life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worms light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larvas light is much fainter than the adult females but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worms life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worms gradual decline are clear. Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. | The exact reason why glow-worm numbers are decreasing is unknown. | e |
id_2624 | GLOW-WORMS The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own call-sign to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. The fireflys almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclists batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. As with many insects, the glow-worms life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worms light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larvas light is much fainter than the adult females but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worms life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worms gradual decline are clear. Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. | Glow-worms are usually found in wet areas. | e |
id_2625 | GLOW-WORMS The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own call-sign to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. The fireflys almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclists batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. As with many insects, the glow-worms life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worms light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larvas light is much fainter than the adult females but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worms life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worms gradual decline are clear. Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. | Adulthood is the longest stage of a glow-worms life. | c |
id_2626 | GLOW-WORMS The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own call-sign to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. The fireflys almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclists batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. As with many insects, the glow-worms life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worms light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larvas light is much fainter than the adult females but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worms life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worms gradual decline are clear. Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. | The first fireflies appeared 30 million years ago. | c |
id_2627 | GLOW-WORMS The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own call-sign to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. The fireflys almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclists batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. As with many insects, the glow-worms life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worms light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larvas light is much fainter than the adult females but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worms life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worms gradual decline are clear. Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. | Glow-worm populations are decreasing faster in some countries than in others. | n |
id_2628 | GLOW-WORMS The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own call-sign to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. The fireflys almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclists batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. As with many insects, the glow-worms life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worms light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larvas light is much fainter than the adult females but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worms life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worms gradual decline are clear. Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. | Heat affects the production of glow-worm larvae. | e |
id_2629 | GLOW-WORMS The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each species must develop its own call-sign to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby. So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and whether it displays in flight or from the ground. The fireflys almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a cyclists batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the forest paths at night. Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there. Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles. As with many insects, the glow-worms life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva (equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45 days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worms light organ is fully developed, and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch. After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15 months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larvas light is much fainter than the adult females but it can still be seen more than five metres away. In the final stage of a glow-worms life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female. In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate. Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worms gradual decline are clear. Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water. Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms. They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists. | Scientists have only recently been able to list the exact number of glow-worm species. | n |
id_2630 | GOING NOWHERE FAST THIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. e can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler. In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses w ill always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows. So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. Theres certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s. The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car, which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldnt have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, non stop, than any inner city road. Its a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular and after governments started earning revenue from them-that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first-and that would cost megabucks. Whats more, any transport system that threatened the cars dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesnt always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed. But dual-mode systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to go fast would become an electric car. Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles. Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensens could transform cities. And its not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century-three times the number killed in the First World War-and the annual death toll is rising. And whats more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around? | Government should impose compulsory restrictions on car use. | c |
id_2631 | GOING NOWHERE FAST THIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. e can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler. In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses w ill always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows. So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. Theres certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s. The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car, which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldnt have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, non stop, than any inner city road. Its a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular and after governments started earning revenue from them-that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first-and that would cost megabucks. Whats more, any transport system that threatened the cars dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesnt always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed. But dual-mode systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to go fast would become an electric car. Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles. Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensens could transform cities. And its not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century-three times the number killed in the First World War-and the annual death toll is rising. And whats more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around? | City transport developed slower than other means of communication. | e |
id_2632 | GOING NOWHERE FAST THIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. e can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler. In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses w ill always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows. So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. Theres certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s. The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car, which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldnt have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, non stop, than any inner city road. Its a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular and after governments started earning revenue from them-that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first-and that would cost megabucks. Whats more, any transport system that threatened the cars dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesnt always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed. But dual-mode systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to go fast would become an electric car. Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles. Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensens could transform cities. And its not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century-three times the number killed in the First World War-and the annual death toll is rising. And whats more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around? | The pollution caused by city transport has been largely ignored. | c |
id_2633 | GOING NOWHERE FAST THIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. e can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler. In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses w ill always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows. So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. Theres certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s. The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car, which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldnt have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, non stop, than any inner city road. Its a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular and after governments started earning revenue from them-that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first-and that would cost megabucks. Whats more, any transport system that threatened the cars dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesnt always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed. But dual-mode systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to go fast would become an electric car. Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles. Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensens could transform cities. And its not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century-three times the number killed in the First World War-and the annual death toll is rising. And whats more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around? | Most states in America have taken actions to reduce vehicle growth. | n |
id_2634 | GOING NOWHERE FAST THIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. e can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler. In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses w ill always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows. So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. Theres certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s. The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car, which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldnt have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, non stop, than any inner city road. Its a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular and after governments started earning revenue from them-that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first-and that would cost megabucks. Whats more, any transport system that threatened the cars dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesnt always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed. But dual-mode systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to go fast would become an electric car. Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles. Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensens could transform cities. And its not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century-three times the number killed in the First World War-and the annual death toll is rising. And whats more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around? | Public transport is particularly difficult to use on steep hills. | n |
id_2635 | GOING NOWHERE FAST THIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in a few hours. e can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of Gottlieb Daimler. In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car culture to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and buses w ill always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows. So politicians should be trying to lure people out of their cars, not forcing them out. Theres certainly no shortage of alternatives. Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT), independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s. The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled car, which can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You wouldnt have to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, pedestrians or parked cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, non stop, than any inner city road. Its a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they became popular and after governments started earning revenue from them-that a road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the infrastructure would have to come first-and that would cost megabucks. Whats more, any transport system that threatened the cars dominance would be up against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTs were spectacularly successful in trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesnt always triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed. But dual-mode systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle the term comes from a Danish saying meaning to go fast would become an electric car. Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily switch to producing dual-mode vehicles. Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an innovative system such as Jensens could transform cities. And its not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross, more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century-three times the number killed in the First World War-and the annual death toll is rising. And whats more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around? | Private cars are much more convenient for those who tend to buy a lot things during shopping. | e |
id_2636 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Greggs pay for the postage when delivering e-gifts. | c |
id_2637 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Vegetarians cant eat doughnuts as they have animal derivatives or rennet in them. | e |
id_2638 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Lots of people complain because the cafe prices are more than the shop prices. | n |
id_2639 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They only sell pasties, sausage rolls, in their savoury product range. | c |
id_2640 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Food could cause an allergic reaction because they like to mix baked food together. | c |
id_2641 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They can always prepare made-to-order sandwiches by asking at the counter. | c |
id_2642 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They have the largest bakery shops in the United Kingdom. | n |
id_2643 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | If you have forgotten to bring some money you could pay by mobile phone. | e |
id_2644 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Food could cause an allergic reaction because they like to mix baked food together. | c |
id_2645 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Vegetarians cant eat doughnuts as they have animal derivatives or rennet in them. | e |
id_2646 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Lots of people complain because the cafe prices are more than the shop prices. | n |
id_2647 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Greggs pay for the postage when delivering e-gifts. | c |
id_2648 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They only sell pasties, sausage rolls, in their savoury product range. | c |
id_2649 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | If you have forgotten to bring some money you could pay by mobile phone. | e |
id_2650 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They have the largest bakery shops in the United Kingdom. | n |
id_2651 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m- Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. It's the perfect way to say thanks - to wish them a happy birthday - or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when it's delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They can always prepare made-to-order sandwiches by asking at the counter. | c |
id_2652 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They only sell pasties, sausage rolls, in their savoury product range. | c |
id_2653 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They have the largest bakery shops in the United Kingdom. | n |
id_2654 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Vegetarians cant eat doughnuts as they have animal derivatives or rennet in them. | e |
id_2655 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Food could cause an allergic reaction because they like to mix baked food together. | c |
id_2656 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | They can always prepare made-to-order sandwiches by asking at the counter. | c |
id_2657 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Greggs pay for the postage when delivering e-gifts. | c |
id_2658 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | If you have forgotten to bring some money you could pay by mobile phone. | e |
id_2659 | GREGGS Bakery Greggs plc is the largest bakery chain in the United Kingdom and has 1,671 outlets. It specialises in savoury products such as pasties, sausage rolls but also sells sandwiches and sweet items including doughnuts and vanilla slices. The Perfect Start to your Day Why not get your day off to a great start with the perfect meal? Treating yourself to a tasty breakfast instantly brightens up a morning, making that long day at the office seem much more bearable. Cafe and Shop prices are different. Why? Firstly, VAT is applicable for a sit down service. In addition, our running costs are greatly increased in terms of additional team members, cutlery, tables, extra cleaning required, and so on, which unfortunately means it is more expensive to run a cafe operation. Which of your products are suitable for vegetarians? We have a range of sandwiches and savouries which are meat free including Egg Mayonnaise, Cheese Savoury and Cheese and Tomato. We also have the Cheese & Onion Pasty and Cheese & Tomato Pizza, which are made solely with vegetarian ingredients and dont contain any animal derivatives or animal rennet. Do you have allergy free products? Unfortunately, were unable to recommend any of our products to people with allergies because our food is freshly baked and prepared in open bakery and shop environments so cross-contamination could inadvertently occur. Why is mayo on so many sandwiches? We have introduced no mayo sandwiches which are clearly labelled. In addition, if we have the ingredients and youd really like your sandwich without mayonnaise, we will try and do this for you. Just ask at the counter. What kind of Greggs gifts can I buy? We offer three different kinds of gifting options; a Gift Card, an e-Gift, and an m-Gift. Gift Card Give a Greggs Gift Card to someone and they can buy anything they like from Greggs. Its the perfect way to say thanks to wish them a happy birthday or just as a surprise to show that you care. e-gift Send the gift of Greggs by email. Its simple, secure and wont cost you a penny in postage. You can pick the email design, add a personal message and choose exactly when its delivered. m-gift Want to send a Greggs Gift Card to their mobile phone? Choose an m-gift and well text it to their mobile phone so they can shop at Greggs straight away. | Lots of people complain because the cafe prices are more than the shop prices. | n |
id_2660 | Gambling through lotteries is banned by the Central Government in all the states with immediate effect. | The citizens may not gamble in any other way if the lotteries are banned. Indian Overseas Bank (PO) | n |
id_2661 | Gambling through lotteries is banned by the Central Government in all the states with immediate effect. | This may save innocent citizens from getting cheated of their hard-earned money. | e |
id_2662 | General Safety Rules No laboratory work shall be performed by a student without the direct supervision of the teacher. Under no circumstances is a student allowed to work in the laboratory alone. You will be instructed at the beginning of each laboratory period, as to the potential dangers that may be encountered and the proper precautions that are required to eliminate or reduce such hazards. You will become familiar with the instructions of laboratory procedure prior to the initiation of any related activity. Read all directions for the experiment at least two times. Ask questions if you don't understand any part of the directions. No changes from the instructions will be allowed without permission from the teacher or instructor. Never perform any activity that is not authorized or supervised by the teacher or instructor. Do not operate equipment without operating instructions or specific permission from the teacher or instructor (i. e. Bunsen burner or centrifuge). No eating, drinking or applications of cosmetics is allowed in the laboratory. 7. Always wash hands after handling chemicals, plants, animals, or dissection tools. Careless behavior in a laboratory can cause accidents. Horseplay, teasing, loud talking or tossing objects are are not allowed in a laboratory. All personal possessions such as books, coats, and papers, that are not related to the laboratory procedure should not be brought into the laboratory work area. Each laboratory student will be made aware of the use and location of all safety equipment (i. e. goggles, gloves, apron, fume hood, eyewash, etc. ) Never reach over a Bunsen burner, chemical reagents or other laboratory equipment. At the completion of the laboratory period or when an experiment is complete, return all equipment to proper storage and clean the work area. | You must never stretch across an experiment. | e |
id_2663 | General Safety Rules No laboratory work shall be performed by a student without the direct supervision of the teacher. Under no circumstances is a student allowed to work in the laboratory alone. You will be instructed at the beginning of each laboratory period, as to the potential dangers that may be encountered and the proper precautions that are required to eliminate or reduce such hazards. You will become familiar with the instructions of laboratory procedure prior to the initiation of any related activity. Read all directions for the experiment at least two times. Ask questions if you don't understand any part of the directions. No changes from the instructions will be allowed without permission from the teacher or instructor. Never perform any activity that is not authorized or supervised by the teacher or instructor. Do not operate equipment without operating instructions or specific permission from the teacher or instructor (i. e. Bunsen burner or centrifuge). No eating, drinking or applications of cosmetics is allowed in the laboratory. 7. Always wash hands after handling chemicals, plants, animals, or dissection tools. Careless behavior in a laboratory can cause accidents. Horseplay, teasing, loud talking or tossing objects are are not allowed in a laboratory. All personal possessions such as books, coats, and papers, that are not related to the laboratory procedure should not be brought into the laboratory work area. Each laboratory student will be made aware of the use and location of all safety equipment (i. e. goggles, gloves, apron, fume hood, eyewash, etc. ) Never reach over a Bunsen burner, chemical reagents or other laboratory equipment. At the completion of the laboratory period or when an experiment is complete, return all equipment to proper storage and clean the work area. | You are not allowed to throw anything to another person in the laboratory. | e |
id_2664 | General Safety Rules No laboratory work shall be performed by a student without the direct supervision of the teacher. Under no circumstances is a student allowed to work in the laboratory alone. You will be instructed at the beginning of each laboratory period, as to the potential dangers that may be encountered and the proper precautions that are required to eliminate or reduce such hazards. You will become familiar with the instructions of laboratory procedure prior to the initiation of any related activity. Read all directions for the experiment at least two times. Ask questions if you don't understand any part of the directions. No changes from the instructions will be allowed without permission from the teacher or instructor. Never perform any activity that is not authorized or supervised by the teacher or instructor. Do not operate equipment without operating instructions or specific permission from the teacher or instructor (i. e. Bunsen burner or centrifuge). No eating, drinking or applications of cosmetics is allowed in the laboratory. 7. Always wash hands after handling chemicals, plants, animals, or dissection tools. Careless behavior in a laboratory can cause accidents. Horseplay, teasing, loud talking or tossing objects are are not allowed in a laboratory. All personal possessions such as books, coats, and papers, that are not related to the laboratory procedure should not be brought into the laboratory work area. Each laboratory student will be made aware of the use and location of all safety equipment (i. e. goggles, gloves, apron, fume hood, eyewash, etc. ) Never reach over a Bunsen burner, chemical reagents or other laboratory equipment. At the completion of the laboratory period or when an experiment is complete, return all equipment to proper storage and clean the work area. | All books should be left outside the laboratory work area. | c |
id_2665 | General Safety Rules No laboratory work shall be performed by a student without the direct supervision of the teacher. Under no circumstances is a student allowed to work in the laboratory alone. You will be instructed at the beginning of each laboratory period, as to the potential dangers that may be encountered and the proper precautions that are required to eliminate or reduce such hazards. You will become familiar with the instructions of laboratory procedure prior to the initiation of any related activity. Read all directions for the experiment at least two times. Ask questions if you don't understand any part of the directions. No changes from the instructions will be allowed without permission from the teacher or instructor. Never perform any activity that is not authorized or supervised by the teacher or instructor. Do not operate equipment without operating instructions or specific permission from the teacher or instructor (i. e. Bunsen burner or centrifuge). No eating, drinking or applications of cosmetics is allowed in the laboratory. 7. Always wash hands after handling chemicals, plants, animals, or dissection tools. Careless behavior in a laboratory can cause accidents. Horseplay, teasing, loud talking or tossing objects are are not allowed in a laboratory. All personal possessions such as books, coats, and papers, that are not related to the laboratory procedure should not be brought into the laboratory work area. Each laboratory student will be made aware of the use and location of all safety equipment (i. e. goggles, gloves, apron, fume hood, eyewash, etc. ) Never reach over a Bunsen burner, chemical reagents or other laboratory equipment. At the completion of the laboratory period or when an experiment is complete, return all equipment to proper storage and clean the work area. | At the end of your session, you must clean all the equipment you have used. | c |
id_2666 | General Safety Rules No laboratory work shall be performed by a student without the direct supervision of the teacher. Under no circumstances is a student allowed to work in the laboratory alone. You will be instructed at the beginning of each laboratory period, as to the potential dangers that may be encountered and the proper precautions that are required to eliminate or reduce such hazards. You will become familiar with the instructions of laboratory procedure prior to the initiation of any related activity. Read all directions for the experiment at least two times. Ask questions if you don't understand any part of the directions. No changes from the instructions will be allowed without permission from the teacher or instructor. Never perform any activity that is not authorized or supervised by the teacher or instructor. Do not operate equipment without operating instructions or specific permission from the teacher or instructor (i. e. Bunsen burner or centrifuge). No eating, drinking or applications of cosmetics is allowed in the laboratory. 7. Always wash hands after handling chemicals, plants, animals, or dissection tools. Careless behavior in a laboratory can cause accidents. Horseplay, teasing, loud talking or tossing objects are are not allowed in a laboratory. All personal possessions such as books, coats, and papers, that are not related to the laboratory procedure should not be brought into the laboratory work area. Each laboratory student will be made aware of the use and location of all safety equipment (i. e. goggles, gloves, apron, fume hood, eyewash, etc. ) Never reach over a Bunsen burner, chemical reagents or other laboratory equipment. At the completion of the laboratory period or when an experiment is complete, return all equipment to proper storage and clean the work area. | Safety instructions are given at the start of each lab session. | e |
id_2667 | General Safety Rules No laboratory work shall be performed by a student without the direct supervision of the teacher. Under no circumstances is a student allowed to work in the laboratory alone. You will be instructed at the beginning of each laboratory period, as to the potential dangers that may be encountered and the proper precautions that are required to eliminate or reduce such hazards. You will become familiar with the instructions of laboratory procedure prior to the initiation of any related activity. Read all directions for the experiment at least two times. Ask questions if you don't understand any part of the directions. No changes from the instructions will be allowed without permission from the teacher or instructor. Never perform any activity that is not authorized or supervised by the teacher or instructor. Do not operate equipment without operating instructions or specific permission from the teacher or instructor (i. e. Bunsen burner or centrifuge). No eating, drinking or applications of cosmetics is allowed in the laboratory. 7. Always wash hands after handling chemicals, plants, animals, or dissection tools. Careless behavior in a laboratory can cause accidents. Horseplay, teasing, loud talking or tossing objects are are not allowed in a laboratory. All personal possessions such as books, coats, and papers, that are not related to the laboratory procedure should not be brought into the laboratory work area. Each laboratory student will be made aware of the use and location of all safety equipment (i. e. goggles, gloves, apron, fume hood, eyewash, etc. ) Never reach over a Bunsen burner, chemical reagents or other laboratory equipment. At the completion of the laboratory period or when an experiment is complete, return all equipment to proper storage and clean the work area. | It is not necessary to get a teacher's permission for all experiments. | c |
id_2668 | General Safety Rules No laboratory work shall be performed by a student without the direct supervision of the teacher. Under no circumstances is a student allowed to work in the laboratory alone. You will be instructed at the beginning of each laboratory period, as to the potential dangers that may be encountered and the proper precautions that are required to eliminate or reduce such hazards. You will become familiar with the instructions of laboratory procedure prior to the initiation of any related activity. Read all directions for the experiment at least two times. Ask questions if you don't understand any part of the directions. No changes from the instructions will be allowed without permission from the teacher or instructor. Never perform any activity that is not authorized or supervised by the teacher or instructor. Do not operate equipment without operating instructions or specific permission from the teacher or instructor (i. e. Bunsen burner or centrifuge). No eating, drinking or applications of cosmetics is allowed in the laboratory. 7. Always wash hands after handling chemicals, plants, animals, or dissection tools. Careless behavior in a laboratory can cause accidents. Horseplay, teasing, loud talking or tossing objects are are not allowed in a laboratory. All personal possessions such as books, coats, and papers, that are not related to the laboratory procedure should not be brought into the laboratory work area. Each laboratory student will be made aware of the use and location of all safety equipment (i. e. goggles, gloves, apron, fume hood, eyewash, etc. ) Never reach over a Bunsen burner, chemical reagents or other laboratory equipment. At the completion of the laboratory period or when an experiment is complete, return all equipment to proper storage and clean the work area. | Ladies are not allowed to wear high heels in the laboratory. | n |
id_2669 | Generally, tax will be charged on personal earnings (wages, welfare), capital gains, and business income. The rates for different types of income may vary and some may not be taxed at all. Capital gains may be taxed when realised (e. g. when shares are sold) or when incurred (e. g. when shares appreciate in value). Business income may only be taxed if it is significant or based on the manner in which it is paid. Some types of income, such as interest on bank savings, may be considered as personal earnings (similar to wages) or as a realised property gain (similar to selling shares). In some tax systems personal earnings may be strictly defined to require that labour, skill, or investment was required (e. g. wages); in others they may be defined broadly to include windfalls (e. g. gambling wins). | Some types of income may not be subject to tax. | e |
id_2670 | Generally, tax will be charged on personal earnings (wages, welfare), capital gains, and business income. The rates for different types of income may vary and some may not be taxed at all. Capital gains may be taxed when realised (e. g. when shares are sold) or when incurred (e. g. when shares appreciate in value). Business income may only be taxed if it is significant or based on the manner in which it is paid. Some types of income, such as interest on bank savings, may be considered as personal earnings (similar to wages) or as a realised property gain (similar to selling shares). In some tax systems personal earnings may be strictly defined to require that labour, skill, or investment was required (e. g. wages); in others they may be defined broadly to include windfalls (e. g. gambling wins). | Shares can only be taxed when they are sold. | c |
id_2671 | Generally, tax will be charged on personal earnings (wages, welfare), capital gains, and business income. The rates for different types of income may vary and some may not be taxed at all. Capital gains may be taxed when realised (e. g. when shares are sold) or when incurred (e. g. when shares appreciate in value). Business income may only be taxed if it is significant or based on the manner in which it is paid. Some types of income, such as interest on bank savings, may be considered as personal earnings (similar to wages) or as a realised property gain (similar to selling shares). In some tax systems personal earnings may be strictly defined to require that labour, skill, or investment was required (e. g. wages); in others they may be defined broadly to include windfalls (e. g. gambling wins). | Gambling wins may be defined as personal earnings. | c |
id_2672 | Generally, tax will be charged on personal earnings (wages, welfare), capital gains, and business income. The rates for different types of income may vary and some may not be taxed at all. Capital gains may be taxed when realised (e. g. when shares are sold) or when incurred (e. g. when shares appreciate in value). Business income may only be taxed if it is significant or based on the manner in which it is paid. Some types of income, such as interest on bank savings, may be considered as personal earnings (similar to wages) or as a realised property gain (similar to selling shares). In some tax systems personal earnings may be strictly defined to require that labour, skill, or investment was required (e. g. wages); in others they may be defined broadly to include windfalls (e. g. gambling wins). | Personal earnings are always strictly defined as earnings where labour, skill, or investment was required. | e |
id_2673 | Generally, tax will be charged on personal earnings (wages, welfare), capital gains, and business income. The rates for different types of income may vary and some may not be taxed at all. Capital gains may be taxed when realised (e. g. when shares are sold) or when incurred (e. g. when shares appreciate in value). Business income may only be taxed if it is significant or based on the manner in which it is paid. Some types of income, such as interest on bank savings, may be considered as personal earnings (similar to wages) or as a realised property gain (similar to selling shares). In some tax systems personal earnings may be strictly defined to require that labour, skill, or investment was required (e. g. wages); in others they may be defined broadly to include windfalls (e. g. gambling wins). | Tax is not charged on welfare payments. | c |
id_2674 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas others also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | Helping is never genuinely selfless. | n |
id_2675 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas others also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | We can now say that altruistic behavior, that is selfless helping, used to be better understood in the past. | n |
id_2676 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas others also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | Some people may be unsure about whether their perceived selfless helping behavior is really selfless. | e |
id_2677 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas others also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | There is currently no consensus surrounding the true motives for perceived altruistic helping | c |
id_2678 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas there also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | Helping is never genuinely selfless. | n |
id_2679 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas there also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | There is currently no consensus surrounding the true motives for perceived altruistic helping. | e |
id_2680 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas there also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | We can now say that altruistic behavior, that is selfless helping, used to be better understood in the past. | n |
id_2681 | Genuine altruism, when defined as selfless helping, has been shown in recent years to be a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward, whereas there also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards. | Some people may be unsure about whether their perceived selfless helping behaviour is really selfless. | e |
id_2682 | Geoff Brash Geoff Brash, who died in 2010, was a gregarious Australian businessman and philanthropist who encouraged the young to reach their potential. Born in Melbourne to Elsa and Alfred Brash, he was educated at Scotch College. His sister, Barbara, became a renowned artist and printmaker. His father, Alfred, ran the Brash retail music business that had been founded in 1862 by his grandfather, the German immigrant Marcus Brasch, specialising in pianos. It carried the slogan A home is not a home without a piano. In his young days, Brash enjoyed the good life, playing golf and sailing, and spending some months travelling through Europe, having a leisurely holiday. He worked for a time at Myer department stores before joining the family business in 1949, where he quickly began to put his stamp on things. In one of his first management decisions, he diverged from his fathers sense of frugal aesthetics by re-carpeting the old mans office while he was away. After initially complaining of his extravagance, his father grew to accept the change and gave his son increasing responsibility in the business. After World War II (1939-1945), Brashs had begun to focus on white goods, such as washing machines and refrigerators, as the consumer boom took hold. However, while his father was content with the business he had built, the younger Brash viewed expansion as vital. When Geoff Brash took over as managing director in 1957, the company had two stores, but after floating it on the stock exchange the following year, he expanded rapidly and opened suburban stores, as well as buying into familiar music industry names such as Allans, Palings and Suttons. Eventually, 170 stores traded across the continent under the Brashs banner. Geoff Brash learned from his fathers focus on customer service. Alfred Brash had also been a pioneer in introducing a share scheme for his staff, and his son retained and expanded the plan following the float. Geoff Brash was optimistic and outward looking. As a result, he was a pioneer in both accessing and selling new technology, and developing overseas relationships. He sourced and sold electric guitars, organs, and a range of other modern instruments, as well as state-of-the-art audio and video equipment. He developed a relationship with Taro Kakehashi, the founder of Japans Roland group, which led to a joint venture that brought electronic musical devices to Australia. In 1965, Brash and his wife attended a trade fair in Guangzhou, the first of its kind in China; they were one of the first Western business people allowed into the country following Mao Zedongs Cultural Revolution. He returned there many times, helping advise the Chinese in establishing a high quality piano factory in Beijing; he became the factorys agent in Australia. Brash also took leading jazz musicians Don Burrows and James Morrison to China, on a trip that reintroduced jazz to many Chinese musicians. He stood down as Executive Chairman of Brashs in 1988, but under the new management debt became a problem, and in 1994 the banks called in administrators. The company was sold to Singaporean interests and continued to trade until 1998, when it again went into administration. The Brash name then disappeared from the retail world. Brash was greatly disappointed by the collapse and the eventual disappearance of the company he had run for so long. But it was not long before he invested in a restructured Allans music business. Brash was a committed philanthropist who, in the mid-1980s, established the Brash Foundation, which eventually morphed, with other partners, into the Soundhouse Music Alliance. This was a not-for-profit organisation overseeing and promoting multimedia music making and education for teachers and students. The Soundhouse offers teachers and young people the opportunity to get exposure to the latest music technology, and to use this to compose and record their own music, either alone or in collaboration. The organisation has now also established branches in New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland, as well as numerous sites around Australia. | Geoff Brash had ambitions to open Brash stores in other countries | n |
id_2683 | Geoff Brash Geoff Brash, who died in 2010, was a gregarious Australian businessman and philanthropist who encouraged the young to reach their potential. Born in Melbourne to Elsa and Alfred Brash, he was educated at Scotch College. His sister, Barbara, became a renowned artist and printmaker. His father, Alfred, ran the Brash retail music business that had been founded in 1862 by his grandfather, the German immigrant Marcus Brasch, specialising in pianos. It carried the slogan A home is not a home without a piano. In his young days, Brash enjoyed the good life, playing golf and sailing, and spending some months travelling through Europe, having a leisurely holiday. He worked for a time at Myer department stores before joining the family business in 1949, where he quickly began to put his stamp on things. In one of his first management decisions, he diverged from his fathers sense of frugal aesthetics by re-carpeting the old mans office while he was away. After initially complaining of his extravagance, his father grew to accept the change and gave his son increasing responsibility in the business. After World War II (1939-1945), Brashs had begun to focus on white goods, such as washing machines and refrigerators, as the consumer boom took hold. However, while his father was content with the business he had built, the younger Brash viewed expansion as vital. When Geoff Brash took over as managing director in 1957, the company had two stores, but after floating it on the stock exchange the following year, he expanded rapidly and opened suburban stores, as well as buying into familiar music industry names such as Allans, Palings and Suttons. Eventually, 170 stores traded across the continent under the Brashs banner. Geoff Brash learned from his fathers focus on customer service. Alfred Brash had also been a pioneer in introducing a share scheme for his staff, and his son retained and expanded the plan following the float. Geoff Brash was optimistic and outward looking. As a result, he was a pioneer in both accessing and selling new technology, and developing overseas relationships. He sourced and sold electric guitars, organs, and a range of other modern instruments, as well as state-of-the-art audio and video equipment. He developed a relationship with Taro Kakehashi, the founder of Japans Roland group, which led to a joint venture that brought electronic musical devices to Australia. In 1965, Brash and his wife attended a trade fair in Guangzhou, the first of its kind in China; they were one of the first Western business people allowed into the country following Mao Zedongs Cultural Revolution. He returned there many times, helping advise the Chinese in establishing a high quality piano factory in Beijing; he became the factorys agent in Australia. Brash also took leading jazz musicians Don Burrows and James Morrison to China, on a trip that reintroduced jazz to many Chinese musicians. He stood down as Executive Chairman of Brashs in 1988, but under the new management debt became a problem, and in 1994 the banks called in administrators. The company was sold to Singaporean interests and continued to trade until 1998, when it again went into administration. The Brash name then disappeared from the retail world. Brash was greatly disappointed by the collapse and the eventual disappearance of the company he had run for so long. But it was not long before he invested in a restructured Allans music business. Brash was a committed philanthropist who, in the mid-1980s, established the Brash Foundation, which eventually morphed, with other partners, into the Soundhouse Music Alliance. This was a not-for-profit organisation overseeing and promoting multimedia music making and education for teachers and students. The Soundhouse offers teachers and young people the opportunity to get exposure to the latest music technology, and to use this to compose and record their own music, either alone or in collaboration. The organisation has now also established branches in New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland, as well as numerous sites around Australia. | By the time Geoff Brash took control, the Brash business was selling some electrical products. | e |
id_2684 | Geoff Brash Geoff Brash, who died in 2010, was a gregarious Australian businessman and philanthropist who encouraged the young to reach their potential. Born in Melbourne to Elsa and Alfred Brash, he was educated at Scotch College. His sister, Barbara, became a renowned artist and printmaker. His father, Alfred, ran the Brash retail music business that had been founded in 1862 by his grandfather, the German immigrant Marcus Brasch, specialising in pianos. It carried the slogan A home is not a home without a piano. In his young days, Brash enjoyed the good life, playing golf and sailing, and spending some months travelling through Europe, having a leisurely holiday. He worked for a time at Myer department stores before joining the family business in 1949, where he quickly began to put his stamp on things. In one of his first management decisions, he diverged from his fathers sense of frugal aesthetics by re-carpeting the old mans office while he was away. After initially complaining of his extravagance, his father grew to accept the change and gave his son increasing responsibility in the business. After World War II (1939-1945), Brashs had begun to focus on white goods, such as washing machines and refrigerators, as the consumer boom took hold. However, while his father was content with the business he had built, the younger Brash viewed expansion as vital. When Geoff Brash took over as managing director in 1957, the company had two stores, but after floating it on the stock exchange the following year, he expanded rapidly and opened suburban stores, as well as buying into familiar music industry names such as Allans, Palings and Suttons. Eventually, 170 stores traded across the continent under the Brashs banner. Geoff Brash learned from his fathers focus on customer service. Alfred Brash had also been a pioneer in introducing a share scheme for his staff, and his son retained and expanded the plan following the float. Geoff Brash was optimistic and outward looking. As a result, he was a pioneer in both accessing and selling new technology, and developing overseas relationships. He sourced and sold electric guitars, organs, and a range of other modern instruments, as well as state-of-the-art audio and video equipment. He developed a relationship with Taro Kakehashi, the founder of Japans Roland group, which led to a joint venture that brought electronic musical devices to Australia. In 1965, Brash and his wife attended a trade fair in Guangzhou, the first of its kind in China; they were one of the first Western business people allowed into the country following Mao Zedongs Cultural Revolution. He returned there many times, helping advise the Chinese in establishing a high quality piano factory in Beijing; he became the factorys agent in Australia. Brash also took leading jazz musicians Don Burrows and James Morrison to China, on a trip that reintroduced jazz to many Chinese musicians. He stood down as Executive Chairman of Brashs in 1988, but under the new management debt became a problem, and in 1994 the banks called in administrators. The company was sold to Singaporean interests and continued to trade until 1998, when it again went into administration. The Brash name then disappeared from the retail world. Brash was greatly disappointed by the collapse and the eventual disappearance of the company he had run for so long. But it was not long before he invested in a restructured Allans music business. Brash was a committed philanthropist who, in the mid-1980s, established the Brash Foundation, which eventually morphed, with other partners, into the Soundhouse Music Alliance. This was a not-for-profit organisation overseeing and promoting multimedia music making and education for teachers and students. The Soundhouse offers teachers and young people the opportunity to get exposure to the latest music technology, and to use this to compose and record their own music, either alone or in collaboration. The organisation has now also established branches in New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland, as well as numerous sites around Australia. | Alfred Brash thought that his son wasted money. | e |
id_2685 | Geoff Brash Geoff Brash, who died in 2010, was a gregarious Australian businessman and philanthropist who encouraged the young to reach their potential. Born in Melbourne to Elsa and Alfred Brash, he was educated at Scotch College. His sister, Barbara, became a renowned artist and printmaker. His father, Alfred, ran the Brash retail music business that had been founded in 1862 by his grandfather, the German immigrant Marcus Brasch, specialising in pianos. It carried the slogan A home is not a home without a piano. In his young days, Brash enjoyed the good life, playing golf and sailing, and spending some months travelling through Europe, having a leisurely holiday. He worked for a time at Myer department stores before joining the family business in 1949, where he quickly began to put his stamp on things. In one of his first management decisions, he diverged from his fathers sense of frugal aesthetics by re-carpeting the old mans office while he was away. After initially complaining of his extravagance, his father grew to accept the change and gave his son increasing responsibility in the business. After World War II (1939-1945), Brashs had begun to focus on white goods, such as washing machines and refrigerators, as the consumer boom took hold. However, while his father was content with the business he had built, the younger Brash viewed expansion as vital. When Geoff Brash took over as managing director in 1957, the company had two stores, but after floating it on the stock exchange the following year, he expanded rapidly and opened suburban stores, as well as buying into familiar music industry names such as Allans, Palings and Suttons. Eventually, 170 stores traded across the continent under the Brashs banner. Geoff Brash learned from his fathers focus on customer service. Alfred Brash had also been a pioneer in introducing a share scheme for his staff, and his son retained and expanded the plan following the float. Geoff Brash was optimistic and outward looking. As a result, he was a pioneer in both accessing and selling new technology, and developing overseas relationships. He sourced and sold electric guitars, organs, and a range of other modern instruments, as well as state-of-the-art audio and video equipment. He developed a relationship with Taro Kakehashi, the founder of Japans Roland group, which led to a joint venture that brought electronic musical devices to Australia. In 1965, Brash and his wife attended a trade fair in Guangzhou, the first of its kind in China; they were one of the first Western business people allowed into the country following Mao Zedongs Cultural Revolution. He returned there many times, helping advise the Chinese in establishing a high quality piano factory in Beijing; he became the factorys agent in Australia. Brash also took leading jazz musicians Don Burrows and James Morrison to China, on a trip that reintroduced jazz to many Chinese musicians. He stood down as Executive Chairman of Brashs in 1988, but under the new management debt became a problem, and in 1994 the banks called in administrators. The company was sold to Singaporean interests and continued to trade until 1998, when it again went into administration. The Brash name then disappeared from the retail world. Brash was greatly disappointed by the collapse and the eventual disappearance of the company he had run for so long. But it was not long before he invested in a restructured Allans music business. Brash was a committed philanthropist who, in the mid-1980s, established the Brash Foundation, which eventually morphed, with other partners, into the Soundhouse Music Alliance. This was a not-for-profit organisation overseeing and promoting multimedia music making and education for teachers and students. The Soundhouse offers teachers and young people the opportunity to get exposure to the latest music technology, and to use this to compose and record their own music, either alone or in collaboration. The organisation has now also established branches in New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland, as well as numerous sites around Australia. | Geoff Brashs first job was with his grandfathers company. | c |
id_2686 | Geoff Brash Geoff Brash, who died in 2010, was a gregarious Australian businessman and philanthropist who encouraged the young to reach their potential. Born in Melbourne to Elsa and Alfred Brash, he was educated at Scotch College. His sister, Barbara, became a renowned artist and printmaker. His father, Alfred, ran the Brash retail music business that had been founded in 1862 by his grandfather, the German immigrant Marcus Brasch, specialising in pianos. It carried the slogan A home is not a home without a piano. In his young days, Brash enjoyed the good life, playing golf and sailing, and spending some months travelling through Europe, having a leisurely holiday. He worked for a time at Myer department stores before joining the family business in 1949, where he quickly began to put his stamp on things. In one of his first management decisions, he diverged from his fathers sense of frugal aesthetics by re-carpeting the old mans office while he was away. After initially complaining of his extravagance, his father grew to accept the change and gave his son increasing responsibility in the business. After World War II (1939-1945), Brashs had begun to focus on white goods, such as washing machines and refrigerators, as the consumer boom took hold. However, while his father was content with the business he had built, the younger Brash viewed expansion as vital. When Geoff Brash took over as managing director in 1957, the company had two stores, but after floating it on the stock exchange the following year, he expanded rapidly and opened suburban stores, as well as buying into familiar music industry names such as Allans, Palings and Suttons. Eventually, 170 stores traded across the continent under the Brashs banner. Geoff Brash learned from his fathers focus on customer service. Alfred Brash had also been a pioneer in introducing a share scheme for his staff, and his son retained and expanded the plan following the float. Geoff Brash was optimistic and outward looking. As a result, he was a pioneer in both accessing and selling new technology, and developing overseas relationships. He sourced and sold electric guitars, organs, and a range of other modern instruments, as well as state-of-the-art audio and video equipment. He developed a relationship with Taro Kakehashi, the founder of Japans Roland group, which led to a joint venture that brought electronic musical devices to Australia. In 1965, Brash and his wife attended a trade fair in Guangzhou, the first of its kind in China; they were one of the first Western business people allowed into the country following Mao Zedongs Cultural Revolution. He returned there many times, helping advise the Chinese in establishing a high quality piano factory in Beijing; he became the factorys agent in Australia. Brash also took leading jazz musicians Don Burrows and James Morrison to China, on a trip that reintroduced jazz to many Chinese musicians. He stood down as Executive Chairman of Brashs in 1988, but under the new management debt became a problem, and in 1994 the banks called in administrators. The company was sold to Singaporean interests and continued to trade until 1998, when it again went into administration. The Brash name then disappeared from the retail world. Brash was greatly disappointed by the collapse and the eventual disappearance of the company he had run for so long. But it was not long before he invested in a restructured Allans music business. Brash was a committed philanthropist who, in the mid-1980s, established the Brash Foundation, which eventually morphed, with other partners, into the Soundhouse Music Alliance. This was a not-for-profit organisation overseeing and promoting multimedia music making and education for teachers and students. The Soundhouse offers teachers and young people the opportunity to get exposure to the latest music technology, and to use this to compose and record their own music, either alone or in collaboration. The organisation has now also established branches in New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland, as well as numerous sites around Australia. | The Brash business originally sold pianos. | e |
id_2687 | Geology deals with the rocks of the earths crust. It learns from their composition and structure how the rocks were made and how they have beenmodified. It ascertains how they have been brought to their present places and wrought to their various topographic forms, such as hills and valleys, plains and mountains. It studies the vestiges, which the rocks preserve, of ancient organisms that once inhabited our planet. Geology is the history of the earth and its inhabitants, as read in the rocks of the earths crust. To obtain a general idea of the nature and method of our science before beginning its study in detail, we may visit some valley, on whose sides are rocky ledges. Here the rocks lie in horizontal layers. Although only their edges are exposed, we may infer that these layers run into the upland on either side and underlie the entire district; they are part of the foundation of solid rock found beneath the loose materials of the surface everywhere. Take the sandstones ledge of a valley. Looking closely at the rock we see that it is composed of myriads of grains of sand cemented together. These grains have been worn and rounded. They are sorted also, those of each layer being about of a size. By some means they have been brought hither from some more ancient source. Surely these grains have had a history before they here found a resting placea history which we are to learn to read. The successive layers of the rock suggest that they were built one after another from the bottom upward. We may be as sure that each layer was formed before those above it as that the bottom courses of stone in a wall were laid before the courses which rest upon them. | We can learn about earths inhabitants through its crust. | c |
id_2688 | Geology deals with the rocks of the earths crust. It learns from their composition and structure how the rocks were made and how they have beenmodified. It ascertains how they have been brought to their present places and wrought to their various topographic forms, such as hills and valleys, plains and mountains. It studies the vestiges, which the rocks preserve, of ancient organisms that once inhabited our planet. Geology is the history of the earth and its inhabitants, as read in the rocks of the earths crust. To obtain a general idea of the nature and method of our science before beginning its study in detail, we may visit some valley, on whose sides are rocky ledges. Here the rocks lie in horizontal layers. Although only their edges are exposed, we may infer that these layers run into the upland on either side and underlie the entire district; they are part of the foundation of solid rock found beneath the loose materials of the surface everywhere. Take the sandstones ledge of a valley. Looking closely at the rock we see that it is composed of myriads of grains of sand cemented together. These grains have been worn and rounded. They are sorted also, those of each layer being about of a size. By some means they have been brought hither from some more ancient source. Surely these grains have had a history before they here found a resting placea history which we are to learn to read. The successive layers of the rock suggest that they were built one after another from the bottom upward. We may be as sure that each layer was formed before those above it as that the bottom courses of stone in a wall were laid before the courses which rest upon them. | Rocks are made of sand. | e |
id_2689 | Geology deals with the rocks of the earths crust. It learns from their composition and structure how the rocks were made and how they have beenmodified. It ascertains how they have been brought to their present places and wrought to their various topographic forms, such as hills and valleys, plains and mountains. It studies the vestiges, which the rocks preserve, of ancient organisms that once inhabited our planet. Geology is the history of the earth and its inhabitants, as read in the rocks of the earths crust. To obtain a general idea of the nature and method of our science before beginning its study in detail, we may visit some valley, on whose sides are rocky ledges. Here the rocks lie in horizontal layers. Although only their edges are exposed, we may infer that these layers run into the upland on either side and underlie the entire district; they are part of the foundation of solid rock found beneath the loose materials of the surface everywhere. Take the sandstones ledge of a valley. Looking closely at the rock we see that it is composed of myriads of grains of sand cemented together. These grains have been worn and rounded. They are sorted also, those of each layer being about of a size. By some means they have been brought hither from some more ancient source. Surely these grains have had a history before they here found a resting placea history which we are to learn to read. The successive layers of the rock suggest that they were built one after another from the bottom upward. We may be as sure that each layer was formed before those above it as that the bottom courses of stone in a wall were laid before the courses which rest upon them. | Geology does not always demand explicit evidence. | c |
id_2690 | Geology deals with the rocks of the earths crust. It learns from their composition and structure how the rocks were made and how they have beenmodified. It ascertains how they have been brought to their present places and wrought to their various topographic forms, such as hills and valleys, plains and mountains. It studies the vestiges, which the rocks preserve, of ancient organisms that once inhabited our planet. Geology is the history of the earth and its inhabitants, as read in the rocks of the earths crust. To obtain a general idea of the nature and method of our science before beginning its study in detail, we may visit some valley, on whose sides are rocky ledges. Here the rocks lie in horizontal layers. Although only their edges are exposed, we may infer that these layers run into the upland on either side and underlie the entire district; they are part of the foundation of solid rock found beneath the loose materials of the surface everywhere. Take the sandstones ledge of a valley. Looking closely at the rock we see that it is composed of myriads of grains of sand cemented together. These grains have been worn and rounded. They are sorted also, those of each layer being about of a size. By some means they have been brought hither from some more ancient source. Surely these grains have had a history before they here found a resting placea history which we are to learn to read. The successive layers of the rock suggest that they were built one after another from the bottom upward. We may be as sure that each layer was formed before those above it as that the bottom courses of stone in a wall were laid before the courses which rest upon them. | Individual layers of sandstone form one after another. | c |
id_2691 | Georgia is older than her cousin Marsha. Marsha's brother Bart is older than Georgie. When Marsha and Bart are visiting with Georgia, all three like to play a game of Monopoly. Marsha wins more often than Georgia does. | Of the three, Marsha is the youngest. | e |
id_2692 | Georgia is older than her cousin Marsha. Marsha's brother Bart is older than Georgie. When Marsha and Bart are visiting with Georgia, all three like to play a game of Monopoly. Marsha wins more often than Georgia does. | Georgia hates to lose at Monopoly. | n |
id_2693 | Georgia is older than her cousin Marsha. Marsha's brother Bart is older than Georgie. When Marsha and Bart are visiting with Georgia, all three like to play a game of Monopoly. Marsha wins more often than Georgia does. | Of the three, Georgia is the oldest. | c |
id_2694 | Georgia is older than her cousin Marsha. Marsha's brother Bart is older than Georgie. When Marsha and Bart are visiting with Georgia, all three like to play a game of Monopoly. Marsha wins more often than Georgia does. | When he plays Monopoly with Marsha and Georgia, Bart often loses. | n |
id_2695 | Girl Scout Troop 101 sold more cookies than Troop 102. Troop 103 sold fewer cookies than Troop 102. | Troop 101 sold more cookies than Troop 103. | e |
id_2696 | Give adequate job-related training to the employees before assigning them full-fledged work | Employees have no skill sets before training is provided to them Syndicate Bank (PO) | n |
id_2697 | Give adequate job-related training to the employees before assigning them full-fledged work | Training helps in boosting the performance of employees | e |
id_2698 | Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know surprisingly little about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old are paid more in spite of, rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the 55-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over to bring in new blood. In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for Hakuhodo, Japans second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing down the retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts and in some cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority. Given that the percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994, it is hardly surprising that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable item on corporate profit-and-loss accounts. In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: The company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to defrost the corporate culture. Older workers are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are cheaper and more flexible. Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers as quickly as they would like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the average age of workers has been going up not down. The reason, says the companys Ivo Lingnau, is not that SGL values older workers more. It is collective bargaining: the union agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that may retire early. Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their productivity. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for goods management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more. And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. The few companies that have kept on older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good, , says Mr. Peterson. Besides, their education standards are much better than those of todays young high-school graduates. Companies may say that older workers are not worth training, because they are reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently that they offer the worst returns on training. The median age for employer-driven training is the late 40s and early 50s, , says Mr. Hicks. It goes mainly to managers. Take away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someones pay in later life although workers on piece-rates often earn less over time. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in new ways. One innovation, described in Mr. Walkers report on combating age barriers, was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and have decided to concentrate cuts on 55-60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called Skill Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost. The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such bridge jobs: part-time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work to retirement. Mr. Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such bridge jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: There are, he says, two very different types of bridge job-holders those who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to retire. If the hob market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks. | Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate culture | e |
id_2699 | Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know surprisingly little about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old are paid more in spite of, rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the 55-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over to bring in new blood. In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for Hakuhodo, Japans second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing down the retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts and in some cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority. Given that the percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994, it is hardly surprising that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable item on corporate profit-and-loss accounts. In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: The company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to defrost the corporate culture. Older workers are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are cheaper and more flexible. Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers as quickly as they would like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the average age of workers has been going up not down. The reason, says the companys Ivo Lingnau, is not that SGL values older workers more. It is collective bargaining: the union agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that may retire early. Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their productivity. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for goods management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more. And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. The few companies that have kept on older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good, , says Mr. Peterson. Besides, their education standards are much better than those of todays young high-school graduates. Companies may say that older workers are not worth training, because they are reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently that they offer the worst returns on training. The median age for employer-driven training is the late 40s and early 50s, , says Mr. Hicks. It goes mainly to managers. Take away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someones pay in later life although workers on piece-rates often earn less over time. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in new ways. One innovation, described in Mr. Walkers report on combating age barriers, was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and have decided to concentrate cuts on 55-60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called Skill Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined Skill Team at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost. The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such bridge jobs: part-time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work to retirement. Mr. Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such bridge jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: There are, he says, two very different types of bridge job-holders those who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to retire. If the hob market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks. | According to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution they make. | c |
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