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id_2200 | Elements of Life The creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells. Life on Earth uses about 25 of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, although just 4 of these elementsoxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogenmake up about 96 percent of the mass of living organisms. Thus, a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life. Interestingly, this requirement can probably be met by almost any world. Scientists have determined that all chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium (and a trace amount of lithium) were produced by stars. These are known as heavy elements because they are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Although all of these heavy elements are quite rare compared to hydrogen and helium, they are found just about everywhere. Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solar system, the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimalssmall, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planetscondense within a forming star system, they are inevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimalsplanets, moons, asteroids, and comets-also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe. Note that this argument does not change, even if we allow for life very different from life on Earth. Life on Earth is carbon based, and most biologists believe that life elsewhere is likely to be carbon based as well. However, we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility of life with another chemical basis, such as silicon or nitrogen. The set of elements (or their relative proportions) used by life based on some other element might be somewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth. But the elements are still products of stars and would still be present in planetesimals everywhere. No matter what kinds of life we are looking for, we are likely to find the necessary elements on almost every planet, moon, asteroid, and comet in the universe. A somewhat stricter requirement is the presence of these elements in molecules that can be used as ready-made building blocks for life, just as early Earth probably had an organic soup of amino acids and other complex molecules. Earth's organic molecules likely came from some combination of three sources: chemical reactions in the atmosphere, chemical reactions near deep-sea vents in the oceans, and molecules carried to Earth by asteroids and comets. The first two sources can occur only on worlds with atmospheres or oceans, respectively. But the third source should have brought similar molecules to nearly all worlds in our solar system. Studies of meteorites and comets suggest that organic molecules are widespread among both asteroids and comets. Because each body in the solar system was repeatedly struck by asteroids and comets during the period known as the heavy bombardment (about 4 billion years ago), each body should have received at least some organic molecules. However, these molecules tend to be destroyed by solar radiation on surfaces unprotected by atmospheres. Moreover, while these molecules might stay intact beneath the surface (as they evidently do on asteroids and comets), they probably cannot react with each other unless some kind of liquid or gas is available to move them about. Thus, if we limit our search to worlds on which organic molecules are likely to be involved in chemical reactions, we can probably rule out any world that lacks both an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium, such as water. | They were probably significantly different from the organic molecules present on other planets in the solar system. | c |
id_2201 | Elements of Life The creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells. Life on Earth uses about 25 of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, although just 4 of these elementsoxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogenmake up about 96 percent of the mass of living organisms. Thus, a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life. Interestingly, this requirement can probably be met by almost any world. Scientists have determined that all chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium (and a trace amount of lithium) were produced by stars. These are known as heavy elements because they are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Although all of these heavy elements are quite rare compared to hydrogen and helium, they are found just about everywhere. Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solar system, the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimalssmall, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planetscondense within a forming star system, they are inevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimalsplanets, moons, asteroids, and comets-also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe. Note that this argument does not change, even if we allow for life very different from life on Earth. Life on Earth is carbon based, and most biologists believe that life elsewhere is likely to be carbon based as well. However, we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility of life with another chemical basis, such as silicon or nitrogen. The set of elements (or their relative proportions) used by life based on some other element might be somewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth. But the elements are still products of stars and would still be present in planetesimals everywhere. No matter what kinds of life we are looking for, we are likely to find the necessary elements on almost every planet, moon, asteroid, and comet in the universe. A somewhat stricter requirement is the presence of these elements in molecules that can be used as ready-made building blocks for life, just as early Earth probably had an organic soup of amino acids and other complex molecules. Earth's organic molecules likely came from some combination of three sources: chemical reactions in the atmosphere, chemical reactions near deep-sea vents in the oceans, and molecules carried to Earth by asteroids and comets. The first two sources can occur only on worlds with atmospheres or oceans, respectively. But the third source should have brought similar molecules to nearly all worlds in our solar system. Studies of meteorites and comets suggest that organic molecules are widespread among both asteroids and comets. Because each body in the solar system was repeatedly struck by asteroids and comets during the period known as the heavy bombardment (about 4 billion years ago), each body should have received at least some organic molecules. However, these molecules tend to be destroyed by solar radiation on surfaces unprotected by atmospheres. Moreover, while these molecules might stay intact beneath the surface (as they evidently do on asteroids and comets), they probably cannot react with each other unless some kind of liquid or gas is available to move them about. Thus, if we limit our search to worlds on which organic molecules are likely to be involved in chemical reactions, we can probably rule out any world that lacks both an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium, such as water. | They included complex molecules. | e |
id_2202 | Elephants have been used by humans to perform a variety of tasks for around 5000 years, but while people have consistently profited, this relationship has not been greatly beneficial to the elephants. Revered throughout Thailand, elephants have greatly influenced Thai culture, myth, and religion, though the deep respect held for the species is unfortunately not often reflected in the treatment of individual elephants. Widespread abuse, poaching, deforestation, increased tourism, farming, and a vast reduction in habitat have all contributed to a rapid decline in elephant numbers, and Asian elephants are now officially an endangered species. It is estimated that at the turn of the century, Asian elephants numbered approximately 100,000 in Thailand alone (and likely in the millions globally). Currently the worldwide population has decreased to around 30,000. Of these, only 2500-4000 live in Thailand, and most of those live in captivity. Unfortunately, increases in the human population tend to lead to reductions in the number of living elephants. The main reasons for this are because of poaching, habitat loss, and increased tourism. Current estimates for 1kg of ivory on the black market in China (the worlds largest market for illegal ivory sales) is around $3000 US Dollars. Due to their high intelligence, it is possible to train elephants to perform a broad array of tasks, from hauling logs to painting. This adaptability and aptitude, coupled with their immense size and strength, meant elephants were naturally seen as ideal work animals. Historically, they have been utilised by logging companies to haul lumber, but widespread deforestation has caused legal logging to officially cease throughout Thailand. Sadly, logging camp elephants were forced by humans to contribute to the destruction of their own habitat, and deforestation is now one of the major threats to elephant survival. | Deforestation is the biggest danger to elephant survival. | n |
id_2203 | Elephants have been used by humans to perform a variety of tasks for around 5000 years, but while people have consistently profited, this relationship has not been greatly beneficial to the elephants. Revered throughout Thailand, elephants have greatly influenced Thai culture, myth, and religion, though the deep respect held for the species is unfortunately not often reflected in the treatment of individual elephants. Widespread abuse, poaching, deforestation, increased tourism, farming, and a vast reduction in habitat have all contributed to a rapid decline in elephant numbers, and Asian elephants are now officially an endangered species. It is estimated that at the turn of the century, Asian elephants numbered approximately 100,000 in Thailand alone (and likely in the millions globally). Currently the worldwide population has decreased to around 30,000. Of these, only 2500-4000 live in Thailand, and most of those live in captivity. Unfortunately, increases in the human population tend to lead to reductions in the number of living elephants. The main reasons for this are because of poaching, habitat loss, and increased tourism. Current estimates for 1kg of ivory on the black market in China (the worlds largest market for illegal ivory sales) is around $3000 US Dollars. Due to their high intelligence, it is possible to train elephants to perform a broad array of tasks, from hauling logs to painting. This adaptability and aptitude, coupled with their immense size and strength, meant elephants were naturally seen as ideal work animals. Historically, they have been utilised by logging companies to haul lumber, but widespread deforestation has caused legal logging to officially cease throughout Thailand. Sadly, logging camp elephants were forced by humans to contribute to the destruction of their own habitat, and deforestation is now one of the major threats to elephant survival. | It can be estimated that 400kg of ivory makes over 1 million US Dollars. | e |
id_2204 | Elephants have been used by humans to perform a variety of tasks for around 5000 years, but while people have consistently profited, this relationship has not been greatly beneficial to the elephants. Revered throughout Thailand, elephants have greatly influenced Thai culture, myth, and religion, though the deep respect held for the species is unfortunately not often reflected in the treatment of individual elephants. Widespread abuse, poaching, deforestation, increased tourism, farming, and a vast reduction in habitat have all contributed to a rapid decline in elephant numbers, and Asian elephants are now officially an endangered species. It is estimated that at the turn of the century, Asian elephants numbered approximately 100,000 in Thailand alone (and likely in the millions globally). Currently the worldwide population has decreased to around 30,000. Of these, only 2500-4000 live in Thailand, and most of those live in captivity. Unfortunately, increases in the human population tend to lead to reductions in the number of living elephants. The main reasons for this are because of poaching, habitat loss, and increased tourism. Current estimates for 1kg of ivory on the black market in China (the worlds largest market for illegal ivory sales) is around $3000 US Dollars. Due to their high intelligence, it is possible to train elephants to perform a broad array of tasks, from hauling logs to painting. This adaptability and aptitude, coupled with their immense size and strength, meant elephants were naturally seen as ideal work animals. Historically, they have been utilised by logging companies to haul lumber, but widespread deforestation has caused legal logging to officially cease throughout Thailand. Sadly, logging camp elephants were forced by humans to contribute to the destruction of their own habitat, and deforestation is now one of the major threats to elephant survival. | Soon elephants will go extinct. | n |
id_2205 | Elephants have been used by humans to perform a variety of tasks for around 5000 years, but while people have consistently profited, this relationship has not been greatly beneficial to the elephants. Revered throughout Thailand, elephants have greatly influenced Thai culture, myth, and religion, though the deep respect held for the species is unfortunately not often reflected in the treatment of individual elephants. Widespread abuse, poaching, deforestation, increased tourism, farming, and a vast reduction in habitat have all contributed to a rapid decline in elephant numbers, and Asian elephants are now officially an endangered species. It is estimated that at the turn of the century, Asian elephants numbered approximately 100,000 in Thailand alone (and likely in the millions globally). Currently the worldwide population has decreased to around 30,000. Of these, only 2500-4000 live in Thailand, and most of those live in captivity. Unfortunately, increases in the human population tend to lead to reductions in the number of living elephants. The main reasons for this are because of poaching, habitat loss, and increased tourism. Current estimates for 1kg of ivory on the black market in China (the worlds largest market for illegal ivory sales) is around $3000 US Dollars. Due to their high intelligence, it is possible to train elephants to perform a broad array of tasks, from hauling logs to painting. This adaptability and aptitude, coupled with their immense size and strength, meant elephants were naturally seen as ideal work animals. Historically, they have been utilised by logging companies to haul lumber, but widespread deforestation has caused legal logging to officially cease throughout Thailand. Sadly, logging camp elephants were forced by humans to contribute to the destruction of their own habitat, and deforestation is now one of the major threats to elephant survival. | Legal logging is now ceased throughout Thailand. | e |
id_2206 | Emerging Tourist Destinations The rise of emerging economies marks the third revolution the travel industry has undergone in the past 50 years. The first came in the 1960s, in the shape of cheap air travel and package tours. Rising incomes enabled people of modest means to travel more, to farther-flung parts of the globe, and to take advantage of all-in offers that may have included sightseeing trips, scuba diving or camel rides. The second was the advent of the internet, which has allowed millions to book flights, hotels, hire cars and package tours without going near a high-street travel agent. Now fast-growing emerging economies-not just Dubai but also the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and others, such as South Korea and Vietnam-are changing the world of travel once again, either as destinations or as sources of newly affluent travellers. Often, citizens of these countries are visiting similar, emerging lands. Last year, for example, Russians made a total of 34.3m trips abroad, up from 29.1m in 2006. Turkey was their most popular destination, followed by China and Egypt. The Chinese head the table of visitors to Vietnam. The WTTC claims that travel and tourism is the world's biggest industry in terms of its contribution to global GDP and employment. The lobby group forecasts that global travel and tourism will account for $5.9 trillion of economic activity in 2008, or about 10% of global GDP, employing 238m people. It expects employment to rise to 296m in the next decade. In fact, assessing the scale of the industry is not straightforward. When all travel and tourism is lumped together, so that everything from airlines to cafes counts, it is no surprise that the WTTC's total is so large. As a rule, restaurants do not record whether they are serving tourists, business travellers or locals out for a meal. For the next year or two, the travel industry is likely to find its long-standing customers in rich Western countries a less than reliable source of growth. As American families plan their holidays, many will be worrying about the frailty of their country's economy, the rising cost of petrol and-for those venturing outside the United States-the weakness of the dollar. They are delaying booking in the hope of nabbing cheap, last-minute deals. They certainly seem to be spending less. On May 7th Orbitz, an American online travel-firm, posted a first-quarter net loss of $15m compared with a net loss of $10m a year earlier. The majority of its business is domestic bookings, which were 6% lower in the first quarter than a year earlier, at $2.4 billion. For faster growth, the industry will have to look to emerging economies. These are becoming increasingly well established as places to visit. Now they are starting to provide more visitors too. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm, by the middle of the next decade almost a billion people will see their annual household incomes rise beyond $5,000-roughly the threshold for spending money on discretionary goods and services rather than simple necessities. Consumers' spending power in emerging economies will rise from $4 trillion in 2006 to more than $9 trillion-nearly the spending power of western Europe today. Some of that extra purchasing power will go on travel, at home and abroad. Western companies are flocking into the developing world to prepare for these new tourists. The Middle East, India and China are the next big thing, predicts Bill Marriott, the chairman and chief executive of Marriott, an American hotel chain. He thinks that the industry will be bigger in the Middle East, where he is planning to build 65 hotels by 2011, than in India. China will dwarf even the Middle East. G Last year the number of visits abroad by the Chinese reached 47m, 5m more than the number of foreign visitors to China. The Chinese also made 1.6 billion trips at home-a staggering total, but not much more than one each. According to WTTC forecasts, Chinese demand for travel and tourism will quadruple in value in the next ten years. At present China ranks a distant second, behind the United States, in terms of demand, but by 2018 it will have closed much of the gap. H Other emerging economies have woken up to the spending power of Chinese tourists. Mexico is one: AeroMexico will begin direct flights between Mexico City and Shanghai at the end of May. The plan is to fly twice a week. In Vietnam, home to one of the fastest-growing tourist industries in the world, Chinese and other Asian tourists are overtaking Westerners. In the first 11 months of last year 507,000 visitors came to Vietnam from China, along with 442,000 from South Korea and 376,000 from America. The Tourism Authority of Thailand is also counting on more Chinese custom. It forecasts that 1.3m Chinese will visit the country this year, 10% more than last year when visitors were put off by Thailand's unsettled politics. | The number of overseas visits by the Chinese was 5m more last year than the year before. | n |
id_2207 | Emerging Tourist Destinations The rise of emerging economies marks the third revolution the travel industry has undergone in the past 50 years. The first came in the 1960s, in the shape of cheap air travel and package tours. Rising incomes enabled people of modest means to travel more, to farther-flung parts of the globe, and to take advantage of all-in offers that may have included sightseeing trips, scuba diving or camel rides. The second was the advent of the internet, which has allowed millions to book flights, hotels, hire cars and package tours without going near a high-street travel agent. Now fast-growing emerging economies-not just Dubai but also the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and others, such as South Korea and Vietnam-are changing the world of travel once again, either as destinations or as sources of newly affluent travellers. Often, citizens of these countries are visiting similar, emerging lands. Last year, for example, Russians made a total of 34.3m trips abroad, up from 29.1m in 2006. Turkey was their most popular destination, followed by China and Egypt. The Chinese head the table of visitors to Vietnam. The WTTC claims that travel and tourism is the world's biggest industry in terms of its contribution to global GDP and employment. The lobby group forecasts that global travel and tourism will account for $5.9 trillion of economic activity in 2008, or about 10% of global GDP, employing 238m people. It expects employment to rise to 296m in the next decade. In fact, assessing the scale of the industry is not straightforward. When all travel and tourism is lumped together, so that everything from airlines to cafes counts, it is no surprise that the WTTC's total is so large. As a rule, restaurants do not record whether they are serving tourists, business travellers or locals out for a meal. For the next year or two, the travel industry is likely to find its long-standing customers in rich Western countries a less than reliable source of growth. As American families plan their holidays, many will be worrying about the frailty of their country's economy, the rising cost of petrol and-for those venturing outside the United States-the weakness of the dollar. They are delaying booking in the hope of nabbing cheap, last-minute deals. They certainly seem to be spending less. On May 7th Orbitz, an American online travel-firm, posted a first-quarter net loss of $15m compared with a net loss of $10m a year earlier. The majority of its business is domestic bookings, which were 6% lower in the first quarter than a year earlier, at $2.4 billion. For faster growth, the industry will have to look to emerging economies. These are becoming increasingly well established as places to visit. Now they are starting to provide more visitors too. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm, by the middle of the next decade almost a billion people will see their annual household incomes rise beyond $5,000-roughly the threshold for spending money on discretionary goods and services rather than simple necessities. Consumers' spending power in emerging economies will rise from $4 trillion in 2006 to more than $9 trillion-nearly the spending power of western Europe today. Some of that extra purchasing power will go on travel, at home and abroad. Western companies are flocking into the developing world to prepare for these new tourists. The Middle East, India and China are the next big thing, predicts Bill Marriott, the chairman and chief executive of Marriott, an American hotel chain. He thinks that the industry will be bigger in the Middle East, where he is planning to build 65 hotels by 2011, than in India. China will dwarf even the Middle East. G Last year the number of visits abroad by the Chinese reached 47m, 5m more than the number of foreign visitors to China. The Chinese also made 1.6 billion trips at home-a staggering total, but not much more than one each. According to WTTC forecasts, Chinese demand for travel and tourism will quadruple in value in the next ten years. At present China ranks a distant second, behind the United States, in terms of demand, but by 2018 it will have closed much of the gap. H Other emerging economies have woken up to the spending power of Chinese tourists. Mexico is one: AeroMexico will begin direct flights between Mexico City and Shanghai at the end of May. The plan is to fly twice a week. In Vietnam, home to one of the fastest-growing tourist industries in the world, Chinese and other Asian tourists are overtaking Westerners. In the first 11 months of last year 507,000 visitors came to Vietnam from China, along with 442,000 from South Korea and 376,000 from America. The Tourism Authority of Thailand is also counting on more Chinese custom. It forecasts that 1.3m Chinese will visit the country this year, 10% more than last year when visitors were put off by Thailand's unsettled politics. | Most of Orbitz customers do not travel abroad. | e |
id_2208 | Emerging Tourist Destinations The rise of emerging economies marks the third revolution the travel industry has undergone in the past 50 years. The first came in the 1960s, in the shape of cheap air travel and package tours. Rising incomes enabled people of modest means to travel more, to farther-flung parts of the globe, and to take advantage of all-in offers that may have included sightseeing trips, scuba diving or camel rides. The second was the advent of the internet, which has allowed millions to book flights, hotels, hire cars and package tours without going near a high-street travel agent. Now fast-growing emerging economies-not just Dubai but also the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and others, such as South Korea and Vietnam-are changing the world of travel once again, either as destinations or as sources of newly affluent travellers. Often, citizens of these countries are visiting similar, emerging lands. Last year, for example, Russians made a total of 34.3m trips abroad, up from 29.1m in 2006. Turkey was their most popular destination, followed by China and Egypt. The Chinese head the table of visitors to Vietnam. The WTTC claims that travel and tourism is the world's biggest industry in terms of its contribution to global GDP and employment. The lobby group forecasts that global travel and tourism will account for $5.9 trillion of economic activity in 2008, or about 10% of global GDP, employing 238m people. It expects employment to rise to 296m in the next decade. In fact, assessing the scale of the industry is not straightforward. When all travel and tourism is lumped together, so that everything from airlines to cafes counts, it is no surprise that the WTTC's total is so large. As a rule, restaurants do not record whether they are serving tourists, business travellers or locals out for a meal. For the next year or two, the travel industry is likely to find its long-standing customers in rich Western countries a less than reliable source of growth. As American families plan their holidays, many will be worrying about the frailty of their country's economy, the rising cost of petrol and-for those venturing outside the United States-the weakness of the dollar. They are delaying booking in the hope of nabbing cheap, last-minute deals. They certainly seem to be spending less. On May 7th Orbitz, an American online travel-firm, posted a first-quarter net loss of $15m compared with a net loss of $10m a year earlier. The majority of its business is domestic bookings, which were 6% lower in the first quarter than a year earlier, at $2.4 billion. For faster growth, the industry will have to look to emerging economies. These are becoming increasingly well established as places to visit. Now they are starting to provide more visitors too. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm, by the middle of the next decade almost a billion people will see their annual household incomes rise beyond $5,000-roughly the threshold for spending money on discretionary goods and services rather than simple necessities. Consumers' spending power in emerging economies will rise from $4 trillion in 2006 to more than $9 trillion-nearly the spending power of western Europe today. Some of that extra purchasing power will go on travel, at home and abroad. Western companies are flocking into the developing world to prepare for these new tourists. The Middle East, India and China are the next big thing, predicts Bill Marriott, the chairman and chief executive of Marriott, an American hotel chain. He thinks that the industry will be bigger in the Middle East, where he is planning to build 65 hotels by 2011, than in India. China will dwarf even the Middle East. G Last year the number of visits abroad by the Chinese reached 47m, 5m more than the number of foreign visitors to China. The Chinese also made 1.6 billion trips at home-a staggering total, but not much more than one each. According to WTTC forecasts, Chinese demand for travel and tourism will quadruple in value in the next ten years. At present China ranks a distant second, behind the United States, in terms of demand, but by 2018 it will have closed much of the gap. H Other emerging economies have woken up to the spending power of Chinese tourists. Mexico is one: AeroMexico will begin direct flights between Mexico City and Shanghai at the end of May. The plan is to fly twice a week. In Vietnam, home to one of the fastest-growing tourist industries in the world, Chinese and other Asian tourists are overtaking Westerners. In the first 11 months of last year 507,000 visitors came to Vietnam from China, along with 442,000 from South Korea and 376,000 from America. The Tourism Authority of Thailand is also counting on more Chinese custom. It forecasts that 1.3m Chinese will visit the country this year, 10% more than last year when visitors were put off by Thailand's unsettled politics. | Next year a billion people will receive $5000 more income per year. | c |
id_2209 | Emerging Tourist Destinations The rise of emerging economies marks the third revolution the travel industry has undergone in the past 50 years. The first came in the 1960s, in the shape of cheap air travel and package tours. Rising incomes enabled people of modest means to travel more, to farther-flung parts of the globe, and to take advantage of all-in offers that may have included sightseeing trips, scuba diving or camel rides. The second was the advent of the internet, which has allowed millions to book flights, hotels, hire cars and package tours without going near a high-street travel agent. Now fast-growing emerging economies-not just Dubai but also the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and others, such as South Korea and Vietnam-are changing the world of travel once again, either as destinations or as sources of newly affluent travellers. Often, citizens of these countries are visiting similar, emerging lands. Last year, for example, Russians made a total of 34.3m trips abroad, up from 29.1m in 2006. Turkey was their most popular destination, followed by China and Egypt. The Chinese head the table of visitors to Vietnam. The WTTC claims that travel and tourism is the world's biggest industry in terms of its contribution to global GDP and employment. The lobby group forecasts that global travel and tourism will account for $5.9 trillion of economic activity in 2008, or about 10% of global GDP, employing 238m people. It expects employment to rise to 296m in the next decade. In fact, assessing the scale of the industry is not straightforward. When all travel and tourism is lumped together, so that everything from airlines to cafes counts, it is no surprise that the WTTC's total is so large. As a rule, restaurants do not record whether they are serving tourists, business travellers or locals out for a meal. For the next year or two, the travel industry is likely to find its long-standing customers in rich Western countries a less than reliable source of growth. As American families plan their holidays, many will be worrying about the frailty of their country's economy, the rising cost of petrol and-for those venturing outside the United States-the weakness of the dollar. They are delaying booking in the hope of nabbing cheap, last-minute deals. They certainly seem to be spending less. On May 7th Orbitz, an American online travel-firm, posted a first-quarter net loss of $15m compared with a net loss of $10m a year earlier. The majority of its business is domestic bookings, which were 6% lower in the first quarter than a year earlier, at $2.4 billion. For faster growth, the industry will have to look to emerging economies. These are becoming increasingly well established as places to visit. Now they are starting to provide more visitors too. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm, by the middle of the next decade almost a billion people will see their annual household incomes rise beyond $5,000-roughly the threshold for spending money on discretionary goods and services rather than simple necessities. Consumers' spending power in emerging economies will rise from $4 trillion in 2006 to more than $9 trillion-nearly the spending power of western Europe today. Some of that extra purchasing power will go on travel, at home and abroad. Western companies are flocking into the developing world to prepare for these new tourists. The Middle East, India and China are the next big thing, predicts Bill Marriott, the chairman and chief executive of Marriott, an American hotel chain. He thinks that the industry will be bigger in the Middle East, where he is planning to build 65 hotels by 2011, than in India. China will dwarf even the Middle East. G Last year the number of visits abroad by the Chinese reached 47m, 5m more than the number of foreign visitors to China. The Chinese also made 1.6 billion trips at home-a staggering total, but not much more than one each. According to WTTC forecasts, Chinese demand for travel and tourism will quadruple in value in the next ten years. At present China ranks a distant second, behind the United States, in terms of demand, but by 2018 it will have closed much of the gap. H Other emerging economies have woken up to the spending power of Chinese tourists. Mexico is one: AeroMexico will begin direct flights between Mexico City and Shanghai at the end of May. The plan is to fly twice a week. In Vietnam, home to one of the fastest-growing tourist industries in the world, Chinese and other Asian tourists are overtaking Westerners. In the first 11 months of last year 507,000 visitors came to Vietnam from China, along with 442,000 from South Korea and 376,000 from America. The Tourism Authority of Thailand is also counting on more Chinese custom. It forecasts that 1.3m Chinese will visit the country this year, 10% more than last year when visitors were put off by Thailand's unsettled politics. | Thailand expects to see 10% more visitors this year than last year. | n |
id_2210 | Emerging Tourist Destinations The rise of emerging economies marks the third revolution the travel industry has undergone in the past 50 years. The first came in the 1960s, in the shape of cheap air travel and package tours. Rising incomes enabled people of modest means to travel more, to farther-flung parts of the globe, and to take advantage of all-in offers that may have included sightseeing trips, scuba diving or camel rides. The second was the advent of the internet, which has allowed millions to book flights, hotels, hire cars and package tours without going near a high-street travel agent. Now fast-growing emerging economies-not just Dubai but also the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and others, such as South Korea and Vietnam-are changing the world of travel once again, either as destinations or as sources of newly affluent travellers. Often, citizens of these countries are visiting similar, emerging lands. Last year, for example, Russians made a total of 34.3m trips abroad, up from 29.1m in 2006. Turkey was their most popular destination, followed by China and Egypt. The Chinese head the table of visitors to Vietnam. The WTTC claims that travel and tourism is the world's biggest industry in terms of its contribution to global GDP and employment. The lobby group forecasts that global travel and tourism will account for $5.9 trillion of economic activity in 2008, or about 10% of global GDP, employing 238m people. It expects employment to rise to 296m in the next decade. In fact, assessing the scale of the industry is not straightforward. When all travel and tourism is lumped together, so that everything from airlines to cafes counts, it is no surprise that the WTTC's total is so large. As a rule, restaurants do not record whether they are serving tourists, business travellers or locals out for a meal. For the next year or two, the travel industry is likely to find its long-standing customers in rich Western countries a less than reliable source of growth. As American families plan their holidays, many will be worrying about the frailty of their country's economy, the rising cost of petrol and-for those venturing outside the United States-the weakness of the dollar. They are delaying booking in the hope of nabbing cheap, last-minute deals. They certainly seem to be spending less. On May 7th Orbitz, an American online travel-firm, posted a first-quarter net loss of $15m compared with a net loss of $10m a year earlier. The majority of its business is domestic bookings, which were 6% lower in the first quarter than a year earlier, at $2.4 billion. For faster growth, the industry will have to look to emerging economies. These are becoming increasingly well established as places to visit. Now they are starting to provide more visitors too. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm, by the middle of the next decade almost a billion people will see their annual household incomes rise beyond $5,000-roughly the threshold for spending money on discretionary goods and services rather than simple necessities. Consumers' spending power in emerging economies will rise from $4 trillion in 2006 to more than $9 trillion-nearly the spending power of western Europe today. Some of that extra purchasing power will go on travel, at home and abroad. Western companies are flocking into the developing world to prepare for these new tourists. The Middle East, India and China are the next big thing, predicts Bill Marriott, the chairman and chief executive of Marriott, an American hotel chain. He thinks that the industry will be bigger in the Middle East, where he is planning to build 65 hotels by 2011, than in India. China will dwarf even the Middle East. G Last year the number of visits abroad by the Chinese reached 47m, 5m more than the number of foreign visitors to China. The Chinese also made 1.6 billion trips at home-a staggering total, but not much more than one each. According to WTTC forecasts, Chinese demand for travel and tourism will quadruple in value in the next ten years. At present China ranks a distant second, behind the United States, in terms of demand, but by 2018 it will have closed much of the gap. H Other emerging economies have woken up to the spending power of Chinese tourists. Mexico is one: AeroMexico will begin direct flights between Mexico City and Shanghai at the end of May. The plan is to fly twice a week. In Vietnam, home to one of the fastest-growing tourist industries in the world, Chinese and other Asian tourists are overtaking Westerners. In the first 11 months of last year 507,000 visitors came to Vietnam from China, along with 442,000 from South Korea and 376,000 from America. The Tourism Authority of Thailand is also counting on more Chinese custom. It forecasts that 1.3m Chinese will visit the country this year, 10% more than last year when visitors were put off by Thailand's unsettled politics. | AeroMexico will start direct flights to Vietnam within the next two years. | n |
id_2211 | Emerging Tourist Destinations The rise of emerging economies marks the third revolution the travel industry has undergone in the past 50 years. The first came in the 1960s, in the shape of cheap air travel and package tours. Rising incomes enabled people of modest means to travel more, to farther-flung parts of the globe, and to take advantage of all-in offers that may have included sightseeing trips, scuba diving or camel rides. The second was the advent of the internet, which has allowed millions to book flights, hotels, hire cars and package tours without going near a high-street travel agent. Now fast-growing emerging economies-not just Dubai but also the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and others, such as South Korea and Vietnam-are changing the world of travel once again, either as destinations or as sources of newly affluent travellers. Often, citizens of these countries are visiting similar, emerging lands. Last year, for example, Russians made a total of 34.3m trips abroad, up from 29.1m in 2006. Turkey was their most popular destination, followed by China and Egypt. The Chinese head the table of visitors to Vietnam. The WTTC claims that travel and tourism is the world's biggest industry in terms of its contribution to global GDP and employment. The lobby group forecasts that global travel and tourism will account for $5.9 trillion of economic activity in 2008, or about 10% of global GDP, employing 238m people. It expects employment to rise to 296m in the next decade. In fact, assessing the scale of the industry is not straightforward. When all travel and tourism is lumped together, so that everything from airlines to cafes counts, it is no surprise that the WTTC's total is so large. As a rule, restaurants do not record whether they are serving tourists, business travellers or locals out for a meal. For the next year or two, the travel industry is likely to find its long-standing customers in rich Western countries a less than reliable source of growth. As American families plan their holidays, many will be worrying about the frailty of their country's economy, the rising cost of petrol and-for those venturing outside the United States-the weakness of the dollar. They are delaying booking in the hope of nabbing cheap, last-minute deals. They certainly seem to be spending less. On May 7th Orbitz, an American online travel-firm, posted a first-quarter net loss of $15m compared with a net loss of $10m a year earlier. The majority of its business is domestic bookings, which were 6% lower in the first quarter than a year earlier, at $2.4 billion. For faster growth, the industry will have to look to emerging economies. These are becoming increasingly well established as places to visit. Now they are starting to provide more visitors too. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm, by the middle of the next decade almost a billion people will see their annual household incomes rise beyond $5,000-roughly the threshold for spending money on discretionary goods and services rather than simple necessities. Consumers' spending power in emerging economies will rise from $4 trillion in 2006 to more than $9 trillion-nearly the spending power of western Europe today. Some of that extra purchasing power will go on travel, at home and abroad. Western companies are flocking into the developing world to prepare for these new tourists. The Middle East, India and China are the next big thing, predicts Bill Marriott, the chairman and chief executive of Marriott, an American hotel chain. He thinks that the industry will be bigger in the Middle East, where he is planning to build 65 hotels by 2011, than in India. China will dwarf even the Middle East. G Last year the number of visits abroad by the Chinese reached 47m, 5m more than the number of foreign visitors to China. The Chinese also made 1.6 billion trips at home-a staggering total, but not much more than one each. According to WTTC forecasts, Chinese demand for travel and tourism will quadruple in value in the next ten years. At present China ranks a distant second, behind the United States, in terms of demand, but by 2018 it will have closed much of the gap. H Other emerging economies have woken up to the spending power of Chinese tourists. Mexico is one: AeroMexico will begin direct flights between Mexico City and Shanghai at the end of May. The plan is to fly twice a week. In Vietnam, home to one of the fastest-growing tourist industries in the world, Chinese and other Asian tourists are overtaking Westerners. In the first 11 months of last year 507,000 visitors came to Vietnam from China, along with 442,000 from South Korea and 376,000 from America. The Tourism Authority of Thailand is also counting on more Chinese custom. It forecasts that 1.3m Chinese will visit the country this year, 10% more than last year when visitors were put off by Thailand's unsettled politics. | In the next decade, travel and tourism in China will become four times larger than it is today. | e |
id_2212 | Emerging Tourist Destinations The rise of emerging economies marks the third revolution the travel industry has undergone in the past 50 years. The first came in the 1960s, in the shape of cheap air travel and package tours. Rising incomes enabled people of modest means to travel more, to farther-flung parts of the globe, and to take advantage of all-in offers that may have included sightseeing trips, scuba diving or camel rides. The second was the advent of the internet, which has allowed millions to book flights, hotels, hire cars and package tours without going near a high-street travel agent. Now fast-growing emerging economies-not just Dubai but also the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) and others, such as South Korea and Vietnam-are changing the world of travel once again, either as destinations or as sources of newly affluent travellers. Often, citizens of these countries are visiting similar, emerging lands. Last year, for example, Russians made a total of 34.3m trips abroad, up from 29.1m in 2006. Turkey was their most popular destination, followed by China and Egypt. The Chinese head the table of visitors to Vietnam. The WTTC claims that travel and tourism is the world's biggest industry in terms of its contribution to global GDP and employment. The lobby group forecasts that global travel and tourism will account for $5.9 trillion of economic activity in 2008, or about 10% of global GDP, employing 238m people. It expects employment to rise to 296m in the next decade. In fact, assessing the scale of the industry is not straightforward. When all travel and tourism is lumped together, so that everything from airlines to cafes counts, it is no surprise that the WTTC's total is so large. As a rule, restaurants do not record whether they are serving tourists, business travellers or locals out for a meal. For the next year or two, the travel industry is likely to find its long-standing customers in rich Western countries a less than reliable source of growth. As American families plan their holidays, many will be worrying about the frailty of their country's economy, the rising cost of petrol and-for those venturing outside the United States-the weakness of the dollar. They are delaying booking in the hope of nabbing cheap, last-minute deals. They certainly seem to be spending less. On May 7th Orbitz, an American online travel-firm, posted a first-quarter net loss of $15m compared with a net loss of $10m a year earlier. The majority of its business is domestic bookings, which were 6% lower in the first quarter than a year earlier, at $2.4 billion. For faster growth, the industry will have to look to emerging economies. These are becoming increasingly well established as places to visit. Now they are starting to provide more visitors too. According to McKinsey, a consulting firm, by the middle of the next decade almost a billion people will see their annual household incomes rise beyond $5,000-roughly the threshold for spending money on discretionary goods and services rather than simple necessities. Consumers' spending power in emerging economies will rise from $4 trillion in 2006 to more than $9 trillion-nearly the spending power of western Europe today. Some of that extra purchasing power will go on travel, at home and abroad. Western companies are flocking into the developing world to prepare for these new tourists. The Middle East, India and China are the next big thing, predicts Bill Marriott, the chairman and chief executive of Marriott, an American hotel chain. He thinks that the industry will be bigger in the Middle East, where he is planning to build 65 hotels by 2011, than in India. China will dwarf even the Middle East. G Last year the number of visits abroad by the Chinese reached 47m, 5m more than the number of foreign visitors to China. The Chinese also made 1.6 billion trips at home-a staggering total, but not much more than one each. According to WTTC forecasts, Chinese demand for travel and tourism will quadruple in value in the next ten years. At present China ranks a distant second, behind the United States, in terms of demand, but by 2018 it will have closed much of the gap. H Other emerging economies have woken up to the spending power of Chinese tourists. Mexico is one: AeroMexico will begin direct flights between Mexico City and Shanghai at the end of May. The plan is to fly twice a week. In Vietnam, home to one of the fastest-growing tourist industries in the world, Chinese and other Asian tourists are overtaking Westerners. In the first 11 months of last year 507,000 visitors came to Vietnam from China, along with 442,000 from South Korea and 376,000 from America. The Tourism Authority of Thailand is also counting on more Chinese custom. It forecasts that 1.3m Chinese will visit the country this year, 10% more than last year when visitors were put off by Thailand's unsettled politics. | Bill Marriot plans to build more hotels in China than in the Middle East. | n |
id_2213 | Emerging in 1970s USA, Blaxploitation, or blacksploitation, gives homage to many other genres: within it, there are western, martial arts films, musicals, coming-of-age dramas and comedies, and the genre has even parodied itself with films like Black Dynamite. Blaxploitation movies may take place in the South, and focus on issues like slavery, or be set in the poor neighbourhoods of the Northeast or West coast, but in any case they will feature a predominately black cast. It is also known to feature soundtracks comprised of soul and funk music, and the common feature of characters using the words honky, cracker and other slurs against white people. Originally, the genres exports were aimed at city-dwelling black Americans, but their appeal has since grown and is not exclusive to any race. Despite the negative sound of the title blaxploitation, the term was coined by ex-film publicist Junius Griffin, the then head of LAs NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. He came up with the name through a play on the word sexploitation describing films which featured pornographic scenes. The film Shaft and Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song are two of the forerunners of this genre, both released in 1971. The latter has been said, by Variety, to have created the genre | Blaxploitation was a term coined by porn directors moving into a new genre. | c |
id_2214 | Emerging in 1970s USA, Blaxploitation, or blacksploitation, gives homage to many other genres: within it, there are western, martial arts films, musicals, coming-of-age dramas and comedies, and the genre has even parodied itself with films like Black Dynamite. Blaxploitation movies may take place in the South, and focus on issues like slavery, or be set in the poor neighbourhoods of the Northeast or West coast, but in any case they will feature a predominately black cast. It is also known to feature soundtracks comprised of soul and funk music, and the common feature of characters using the words honky, cracker and other slurs against white people. Originally, the genres exports were aimed at city-dwelling black Americans, but their appeal has since grown and is not exclusive to any race. Despite the negative sound of the title blaxploitation, the term was coined by ex-film publicist Junius Griffin, the then head of LAs NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. He came up with the name through a play on the word sexploitation describing films which featured pornographic scenes. The film Shaft and Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song are two of the forerunners of this genre, both released in 1971. The latter has been said, by Variety, to have created the genre | Blaxploitation was a term made popular by black audiences.4. Blaxploitation was a term coined by a civil rights activist. | e |
id_2215 | Emerging in 1970s USA, Blaxploitation, or blacksploitation, gives homage to many other genres: within it, there are western, martial arts films, musicals, coming-of-age dramas and comedies, and the genre has even parodied itself with films like Black Dynamite. Blaxploitation movies may take place in the South, and focus on issues like slavery, or be set in the poor neighbourhoods of the Northeast or West coast, but in any case they will feature a predominately black cast. It is also known to feature soundtracks comprised of soul and funk music, and the common feature of characters using the words honky, cracker and other slurs against white people. Originally, the genres exports were aimed at city-dwelling black Americans, but their appeal has since grown and is not exclusive to any race. Despite the negative sound of the title blaxploitation, the term was coined by ex-film publicist Junius Griffin, the then head of LAs NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. He came up with the name through a play on the word sexploitation describing films which featured pornographic scenes. The film Shaft and Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song are two of the forerunners of this genre, both released in 1971. The latter has been said, by Variety, to have created the genre | Blaxploitation was a term criticized by white sympathizers. | c |
id_2216 | Emerging in 1970s USA, Blaxploitation, or blacksploitation, gives homage to many other genres: within it, there are western, martial arts films, musicals, coming-of-age dramas and comedies, and the genre has even parodied itself with films like Black Dynamite. Blaxploitation movies may take place in the South, and focus on issues like slavery, or be set in the poor neighbourhoods of the Northeast or West coast, but in any case they will feature a predominately black cast. It is also known to feature soundtracks comprised of soul and funk music, and the common feature of characters using the words honky, cracker and other slurs against white people. Originally, the genres exports were aimed at city-dwelling black Americans, but their appeal has since grown and is not exclusive to any race. Despite the negative sound of the title blaxploitation, the term was coined by ex-film publicist Junius Griffin, the then head of LAs NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People. He came up with the name through a play on the word sexploitation describing films which featured pornographic scenes. The film Shaft and Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song are two of the forerunners of this genre, both released in 1971. The latter has been said, by Variety, to have created the genre | The legacy of films including soft-core porn is knowingly acknowledged in the name of two Blaxploitation titles, Shaft and Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss song, both of which suggest body parts associated with sex films. | n |
id_2217 | Emma lives further up the hill than Jane. Pauline lives further up the hill than Emma. | Pauline lives furthest up the hill | e |
id_2218 | Employee Annual Leave and Pay Taking annual leaves The Act provides for a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks, although an employees contract could give greater rights, it is for your employer to decide when annual leave may be taken, but this is subject to a number of conditions. Your employer must take into account your family responsibilities, opportunities for rest and recreation that are available to you and to consult with you (or your union) at least one month before the leave is to be taken. In addition, annual leave should be taken within the appropriate leave year or with your consent, within 6 months of the relevant leave year. Further holding over (also known as carrying-over) of annual leave at your wish is a matter for agreement between you and your employer. Calculating Annual leaves: Under Section 19 (1) of the Act, you are entitled to a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks. There are 3 different ways of calculating your annual leave entitlement: Based on the employees working hours during what is called the leave year, which runs from April to March. An employee who has worked at least 1,365 hours in a leave year is entitled to the maximum of 4 working weeks paid annual leave unless it is a leave year in which they change employment. Many employers use the calendar year (January-December) instead of the official leave year to calculate entitlement. By allowing 1/3 of a working week for each calendar month in which the employee has worked at least 117 hours. 8% of the hours worked in the leave year, subject to a maximum of 4 working weeks. An employee may use whichever of these methods gives the greater entitlement. When calculating the entitlement, employers should include all hours worked including time spent on annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, force majeure leave, adoptive leave or the first 13 weeks of carers leave. An employee who has worked for at least 8 months is entitled to an unbroken period of 2 weeks annual leave. Part-time work: Generally, the annual leave for part-time workers is calculated using the 3rd method, that is, 8% of hours worked. If you work full time for some months and the rest of the year you work part-time, you should calculate the leave for the full-time and the part-time periods of work separately. | You can be paid double for any annual leave you take during quiet work times. | c |
id_2219 | Employee Annual Leave and Pay Taking annual leaves The Act provides for a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks, although an employees contract could give greater rights, it is for your employer to decide when annual leave may be taken, but this is subject to a number of conditions. Your employer must take into account your family responsibilities, opportunities for rest and recreation that are available to you and to consult with you (or your union) at least one month before the leave is to be taken. In addition, annual leave should be taken within the appropriate leave year or with your consent, within 6 months of the relevant leave year. Further holding over (also known as carrying-over) of annual leave at your wish is a matter for agreement between you and your employer. Calculating Annual leaves: Under Section 19 (1) of the Act, you are entitled to a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks. There are 3 different ways of calculating your annual leave entitlement: Based on the employees working hours during what is called the leave year, which runs from April to March. An employee who has worked at least 1,365 hours in a leave year is entitled to the maximum of 4 working weeks paid annual leave unless it is a leave year in which they change employment. Many employers use the calendar year (January-December) instead of the official leave year to calculate entitlement. By allowing 1/3 of a working week for each calendar month in which the employee has worked at least 117 hours. 8% of the hours worked in the leave year, subject to a maximum of 4 working weeks. An employee may use whichever of these methods gives the greater entitlement. When calculating the entitlement, employers should include all hours worked including time spent on annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, force majeure leave, adoptive leave or the first 13 weeks of carers leave. An employee who has worked for at least 8 months is entitled to an unbroken period of 2 weeks annual leave. Part-time work: Generally, the annual leave for part-time workers is calculated using the 3rd method, that is, 8% of hours worked. If you work full time for some months and the rest of the year you work part-time, you should calculate the leave for the full-time and the part-time periods of work separately. | Part-time employee leave is decided from 8% of the hours worked. | e |
id_2220 | Employee Annual Leave and Pay Taking annual leaves The Act provides for a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks, although an employees contract could give greater rights, it is for your employer to decide when annual leave may be taken, but this is subject to a number of conditions. Your employer must take into account your family responsibilities, opportunities for rest and recreation that are available to you and to consult with you (or your union) at least one month before the leave is to be taken. In addition, annual leave should be taken within the appropriate leave year or with your consent, within 6 months of the relevant leave year. Further holding over (also known as carrying-over) of annual leave at your wish is a matter for agreement between you and your employer. Calculating Annual leaves: Under Section 19 (1) of the Act, you are entitled to a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks. There are 3 different ways of calculating your annual leave entitlement: Based on the employees working hours during what is called the leave year, which runs from April to March. An employee who has worked at least 1,365 hours in a leave year is entitled to the maximum of 4 working weeks paid annual leave unless it is a leave year in which they change employment. Many employers use the calendar year (January-December) instead of the official leave year to calculate entitlement. By allowing 1/3 of a working week for each calendar month in which the employee has worked at least 117 hours. 8% of the hours worked in the leave year, subject to a maximum of 4 working weeks. An employee may use whichever of these methods gives the greater entitlement. When calculating the entitlement, employers should include all hours worked including time spent on annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, force majeure leave, adoptive leave or the first 13 weeks of carers leave. An employee who has worked for at least 8 months is entitled to an unbroken period of 2 weeks annual leave. Part-time work: Generally, the annual leave for part-time workers is calculated using the 3rd method, that is, 8% of hours worked. If you work full time for some months and the rest of the year you work part-time, you should calculate the leave for the full-time and the part-time periods of work separately. | Leave is normally 4 weeks in one year. | e |
id_2221 | Employee Annual Leave and Pay Taking annual leaves The Act provides for a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks, although an employees contract could give greater rights, it is for your employer to decide when annual leave may be taken, but this is subject to a number of conditions. Your employer must take into account your family responsibilities, opportunities for rest and recreation that are available to you and to consult with you (or your union) at least one month before the leave is to be taken. In addition, annual leave should be taken within the appropriate leave year or with your consent, within 6 months of the relevant leave year. Further holding over (also known as carrying-over) of annual leave at your wish is a matter for agreement between you and your employer. Calculating Annual leaves: Under Section 19 (1) of the Act, you are entitled to a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks. There are 3 different ways of calculating your annual leave entitlement: Based on the employees working hours during what is called the leave year, which runs from April to March. An employee who has worked at least 1,365 hours in a leave year is entitled to the maximum of 4 working weeks paid annual leave unless it is a leave year in which they change employment. Many employers use the calendar year (January-December) instead of the official leave year to calculate entitlement. By allowing 1/3 of a working week for each calendar month in which the employee has worked at least 117 hours. 8% of the hours worked in the leave year, subject to a maximum of 4 working weeks. An employee may use whichever of these methods gives the greater entitlement. When calculating the entitlement, employers should include all hours worked including time spent on annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, force majeure leave, adoptive leave or the first 13 weeks of carers leave. An employee who has worked for at least 8 months is entitled to an unbroken period of 2 weeks annual leave. Part-time work: Generally, the annual leave for part-time workers is calculated using the 3rd method, that is, 8% of hours worked. If you work full time for some months and the rest of the year you work part-time, you should calculate the leave for the full-time and the part-time periods of work separately. | Part-time workers are often invited to work for more hours during the year if they want to have more paid leave. | n |
id_2222 | Employee Annual Leave and Pay Taking annual leaves The Act provides for a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks, although an employees contract could give greater rights, it is for your employer to decide when annual leave may be taken, but this is subject to a number of conditions. Your employer must take into account your family responsibilities, opportunities for rest and recreation that are available to you and to consult with you (or your union) at least one month before the leave is to be taken. In addition, annual leave should be taken within the appropriate leave year or with your consent, within 6 months of the relevant leave year. Further holding over (also known as carrying-over) of annual leave at your wish is a matter for agreement between you and your employer. Calculating Annual leaves: Under Section 19 (1) of the Act, you are entitled to a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks. There are 3 different ways of calculating your annual leave entitlement: Based on the employees working hours during what is called the leave year, which runs from April to March. An employee who has worked at least 1,365 hours in a leave year is entitled to the maximum of 4 working weeks paid annual leave unless it is a leave year in which they change employment. Many employers use the calendar year (January-December) instead of the official leave year to calculate entitlement. By allowing 1/3 of a working week for each calendar month in which the employee has worked at least 117 hours. 8% of the hours worked in the leave year, subject to a maximum of 4 working weeks. An employee may use whichever of these methods gives the greater entitlement. When calculating the entitlement, employers should include all hours worked including time spent on annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, force majeure leave, adoptive leave or the first 13 weeks of carers leave. An employee who has worked for at least 8 months is entitled to an unbroken period of 2 weeks annual leave. Part-time work: Generally, the annual leave for part-time workers is calculated using the 3rd method, that is, 8% of hours worked. If you work full time for some months and the rest of the year you work part-time, you should calculate the leave for the full-time and the part-time periods of work separately. | Any employee who has worked for more than 10 months without a break, can have 3 weeks off uninterrupted. | c |
id_2223 | Employee Annual Leave and Pay Taking annual leaves The Act provides for a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks, although an employees contract could give greater rights, it is for your employer to decide when annual leave may be taken, but this is subject to a number of conditions. Your employer must take into account your family responsibilities, opportunities for rest and recreation that are available to you and to consult with you (or your union) at least one month before the leave is to be taken. In addition, annual leave should be taken within the appropriate leave year or with your consent, within 6 months of the relevant leave year. Further holding over (also known as carrying-over) of annual leave at your wish is a matter for agreement between you and your employer. Calculating Annual leaves: Under Section 19 (1) of the Act, you are entitled to a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks. There are 3 different ways of calculating your annual leave entitlement: Based on the employees working hours during what is called the leave year, which runs from April to March. An employee who has worked at least 1,365 hours in a leave year is entitled to the maximum of 4 working weeks paid annual leave unless it is a leave year in which they change employment. Many employers use the calendar year (January-December) instead of the official leave year to calculate entitlement. By allowing 1/3 of a working week for each calendar month in which the employee has worked at least 117 hours. 8% of the hours worked in the leave year, subject to a maximum of 4 working weeks. An employee may use whichever of these methods gives the greater entitlement. When calculating the entitlement, employers should include all hours worked including time spent on annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, force majeure leave, adoptive leave or the first 13 weeks of carers leave. An employee who has worked for at least 8 months is entitled to an unbroken period of 2 weeks annual leave. Part-time work: Generally, the annual leave for part-time workers is calculated using the 3rd method, that is, 8% of hours worked. If you work full time for some months and the rest of the year you work part-time, you should calculate the leave for the full-time and the part-time periods of work separately. | You can have more leave if you ask through written permission. | n |
id_2224 | Employee Annual Leave and Pay Taking annual leaves The Act provides for a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks, although an employees contract could give greater rights, it is for your employer to decide when annual leave may be taken, but this is subject to a number of conditions. Your employer must take into account your family responsibilities, opportunities for rest and recreation that are available to you and to consult with you (or your union) at least one month before the leave is to be taken. In addition, annual leave should be taken within the appropriate leave year or with your consent, within 6 months of the relevant leave year. Further holding over (also known as carrying-over) of annual leave at your wish is a matter for agreement between you and your employer. Calculating Annual leaves: Under Section 19 (1) of the Act, you are entitled to a basic annual paid leave entitlement of 4 weeks. There are 3 different ways of calculating your annual leave entitlement: Based on the employees working hours during what is called the leave year, which runs from April to March. An employee who has worked at least 1,365 hours in a leave year is entitled to the maximum of 4 working weeks paid annual leave unless it is a leave year in which they change employment. Many employers use the calendar year (January-December) instead of the official leave year to calculate entitlement. By allowing 1/3 of a working week for each calendar month in which the employee has worked at least 117 hours. 8% of the hours worked in the leave year, subject to a maximum of 4 working weeks. An employee may use whichever of these methods gives the greater entitlement. When calculating the entitlement, employers should include all hours worked including time spent on annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, force majeure leave, adoptive leave or the first 13 weeks of carers leave. An employee who has worked for at least 8 months is entitled to an unbroken period of 2 weeks annual leave. Part-time work: Generally, the annual leave for part-time workers is calculated using the 3rd method, that is, 8% of hours worked. If you work full time for some months and the rest of the year you work part-time, you should calculate the leave for the full-time and the part-time periods of work separately. | The employer can say when an employee can take their annual leave | e |
id_2225 | Employees working within organisations have a legislative obligation to monitor the content of e-mails sent to external bodies and to eliminate potentially sensitive internal information regardless of the perceived importance of that information. To guarantee that employees fulfil their legislative obligation and to prevent the possible leak of exclusive information, employers have prepared mandatory contracts stipulating this responsibility to be signed by all employees and additionally, inserted a copyright section to every external e-mail that emphasises the confidentiality of the information provided. Employee's carelessness in handling information circulated via email may result in serious punitive actions. | If salary cuts and permanent dismissals are possible punitive actions employers can take, then they may be used to punish employee inattention to the e-mail content regulation. | e |
id_2226 | Employees working within organisations have a legislative obligation to monitor the content of e-mails sent to external bodies and to eliminate potentially sensitive internal information regardless of the perceived importance of that information. To guarantee that employees fulfil their legislative obligation and to prevent the possible leak of exclusive information, employers have prepared mandatory contracts stipulating this responsibility to be signed by all employees and additionally, inserted a copyright section to every external e-mail that emphasises the confidentiality of the information provided. Employee's carelessness in handling information circulated via email may result in serious punitive actions. | Supervisors should monitor employees' e-mail accounts to minimise the leak of exclusive information. | n |
id_2227 | End the external consultants gravy train was the message from the cross-party accounts committee of the Houses of Parliament. The use of consultants in the public sector has soared over the past three years to the point where members of the committee considered it to have reached an expensive, unproductive depen- dency. The evidence they heard left them unable to establish the benefit of the practice, and they voiced deep concerns about the lack of performance reviews in most contracts. They were also critical of the failure of management to support in-house tenders submitted by departments own teams. The view of the committee was that these bids represented far greater value for money when compared to the companies that were awarded the work and who charged rates as high as 2,000 a day. It was also felt that savings could be made if, instead of payment on the time taken, consultants were engaged on price paid for the work done. | Billions have been wasted on consultants over the three years. | n |
id_2228 | End the external consultants gravy train was the message from the cross-party accounts committee of the Houses of Parliament. The use of consultants in the public sector has soared over the past three years to the point where members of the committee considered it to have reached an expensive, unproductive depen- dency. The evidence they heard left them unable to establish the benefit of the practice, and they voiced deep concerns about the lack of performance reviews in most contracts. They were also critical of the failure of management to support in-house tenders submitted by departments own teams. The view of the committee was that these bids represented far greater value for money when compared to the companies that were awarded the work and who charged rates as high as 2,000 a day. It was also felt that savings could be made if, instead of payment on the time taken, consultants were engaged on price paid for the work done. | The passage states findings of an investigation by the committee into the benefits of using consultants in the private sector. | c |
id_2229 | End the external consultants gravy train was the message from the cross-party accounts committee of the Houses of Parliament. The use of consultants in the public sector has soared over the past three years to the point where members of the committee considered it to have reached an expensive, unproductive depen- dency. The evidence they heard left them unable to establish the benefit of the practice, and they voiced deep concerns about the lack of performance reviews in most contracts. They were also critical of the failure of management to support in-house tenders submitted by departments own teams. The view of the committee was that these bids represented far greater value for money when compared to the companies that were awarded the work and who charged rates as high as 2,000 a day. It was also felt that savings could be made if, instead of payment on the time taken, consultants were engaged on price paid for the work done. | A gravy train is a situation where someone can easily make a lot of money. | e |
id_2230 | Endangered languages Nevermind whales, save the languages, says Peter Monaghan, graduate of the Australian National University Worried about the loss of rain forests and the ozone At linguistics meetings in the US, where the layer? Well, neither of those is doing any worse than endangered-language issue has of late been a large majority of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages that something of a flavour of the month, there is remain in use on Earth. One half of the survivors will growing evidence that not all approaches to the almost certainly be gone by 2050, while 40% more preservation of languages will be particularly will probably be well on their way out. In their place, helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, almost all humans will speak one of a handful of of more and more sophisticated means of capturing mega languages Mandarin, English, Spanish. Linguists know what causes languages to disappear, but less often remarked is what happens on the way to disappearance: languages vocabularies, grammars and expressive potential all diminish as one language is replaced by another. Say a community goes over from speaking a traditional Aboriginal language to speaking a creole*, says Australian Nick Evans, a leading authority on Aboriginal languages, you leave behind a language where theres very fine vocabulary for the landscape. All that is gone in a creole. Youve just got a few words like gum tree or whatever. As speakers become less able to express the wealth of knowledge that has filled ancestors lives with meaning over millennia, its no wonder that communities tend to become demoralised. If the losses are so huge, why are relatively few linguists combating the situation? Australian linguists, at least, have achieved a great deal in terms of preserving traditional languages. Australian governments began in the 1970s to support an initiative that has resulted in good documentation of most of the 130 remaining Aboriginal languages. In England, another Australian, Peter Austin, has directed one of the worlds most active efforts to limit language loss, at the University of London. Austin heads a programme that has trained many documentary linguists in England as well as in language-loss hotspots such as West Africa and South America. At linguistics meetings in the US, where the endangered-language issue has of late been something of a flavour of the month, there is growing evidence that not all approaches to the preservation of languages will be particularly helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, of more and more sophisticated means of capturing languages: digital recording and storage, and internet and mobile phone technologies. But these are encouraging the quick dash style of recording trip: fly in, switch on digital recorder, fly home, download to hard drive, and store gathered material for future research. Thats not quite what some endangered-language specialists have been seeking for more than 30 years. Most loud and untiring has been Michael Krauss, of the University of Alaska. He has often complained that linguists are playing with non-essentials while most of their raw data is disappearing. Who is to blame? That prominent linguist Noam Chomsky, say Krauss and many others. Or, more precisely, they blame those linguists who have been obsessed with his approaches. Linguists who go out into communities to study, document and describe languages, argue that theoretical linguists, who draw conclusions about how languages work, have had so much influence that linguistics has largely ignored the continuing disappearance of languages. Chomsky, from his post at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been the great man of theoretical linguistics for far longer than he has been known as a political commentator. His landmark work of 1957 argues that all languages exhibit certain universal grammatical features, encoded in the human mind. American linguists, in particular, have focused largely on theoretical concerns ever since, even while doubts have mounted about Chomskys universals. Austin and Co. are in no doubt that because languages are unique, even if they do tend to have common underlying features, creating dictionaries and grammars requires prolonged and dedicated work. This requires that documentary linguists observe not only languages structural subtleties, but also related social, historical and political factors. Such work calls for persistent funding of field scientists who may sometimes have to venture into harsh and even hazardous places. Once there, they may face difficulties such as community suspicion. As Nick Evans says, a community who speak an endangered language may have reasons to doubt or even oppose efforts to preserve it. They may have seen support and funding for such work come and go. They may have given up using the language with their children, believing they will benefit from speaking a more widely understood one. Plenty of students continue to be drawn to the intellectual thrill of linguistics field work. Thats all the more reason to clear away barriers, contend Evans, Austin and others. The highest barrier, they agree, is that the linguistics professions emphasis on theory gradually wears down the enthusiasm of linguists who work in communities. Chomsky disagrees. He has recently begun to speak in support of language preservation. But his linguistic, as opposed to humanitarian, argument is, lets say, unsentimental: the loss of a language, he states, is much more of a tragedy for linguists whose interests are mostly theoretical, like me, than for linguists who focus on describing specific languages, since it means the permanent loss of the most relevant data for general theoretical work. At the moment, few institutions award doctorates for such work, and thats the way it should be, he reasons. In linguistics, as in every other discipline, he believes that good descriptive work requires thorough theoretical understanding and should also contribute to building new theory. But thats precisely what documentation does, objects Evans. The process of immersion in a language, to extract, analyse and sum it up, deserves a PhD because it is the most demanding intellectual task a linguist can engage in. | The use of technology in language research is proving unsatisfactory in some respects. | e |
id_2231 | Endangered languages Nevermind whales, save the languages, says Peter Monaghan, graduate of the Australian National University Worried about the loss of rain forests and the ozone At linguistics meetings in the US, where the layer? Well, neither of those is doing any worse than endangered-language issue has of late been a large majority of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages that something of a flavour of the month, there is remain in use on Earth. One half of the survivors will growing evidence that not all approaches to the almost certainly be gone by 2050, while 40% more preservation of languages will be particularly will probably be well on their way out. In their place, helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, almost all humans will speak one of a handful of of more and more sophisticated means of capturing mega languages Mandarin, English, Spanish. Linguists know what causes languages to disappear, but less often remarked is what happens on the way to disappearance: languages vocabularies, grammars and expressive potential all diminish as one language is replaced by another. Say a community goes over from speaking a traditional Aboriginal language to speaking a creole*, says Australian Nick Evans, a leading authority on Aboriginal languages, you leave behind a language where theres very fine vocabulary for the landscape. All that is gone in a creole. Youve just got a few words like gum tree or whatever. As speakers become less able to express the wealth of knowledge that has filled ancestors lives with meaning over millennia, its no wonder that communities tend to become demoralised. If the losses are so huge, why are relatively few linguists combating the situation? Australian linguists, at least, have achieved a great deal in terms of preserving traditional languages. Australian governments began in the 1970s to support an initiative that has resulted in good documentation of most of the 130 remaining Aboriginal languages. In England, another Australian, Peter Austin, has directed one of the worlds most active efforts to limit language loss, at the University of London. Austin heads a programme that has trained many documentary linguists in England as well as in language-loss hotspots such as West Africa and South America. At linguistics meetings in the US, where the endangered-language issue has of late been something of a flavour of the month, there is growing evidence that not all approaches to the preservation of languages will be particularly helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, of more and more sophisticated means of capturing languages: digital recording and storage, and internet and mobile phone technologies. But these are encouraging the quick dash style of recording trip: fly in, switch on digital recorder, fly home, download to hard drive, and store gathered material for future research. Thats not quite what some endangered-language specialists have been seeking for more than 30 years. Most loud and untiring has been Michael Krauss, of the University of Alaska. He has often complained that linguists are playing with non-essentials while most of their raw data is disappearing. Who is to blame? That prominent linguist Noam Chomsky, say Krauss and many others. Or, more precisely, they blame those linguists who have been obsessed with his approaches. Linguists who go out into communities to study, document and describe languages, argue that theoretical linguists, who draw conclusions about how languages work, have had so much influence that linguistics has largely ignored the continuing disappearance of languages. Chomsky, from his post at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been the great man of theoretical linguistics for far longer than he has been known as a political commentator. His landmark work of 1957 argues that all languages exhibit certain universal grammatical features, encoded in the human mind. American linguists, in particular, have focused largely on theoretical concerns ever since, even while doubts have mounted about Chomskys universals. Austin and Co. are in no doubt that because languages are unique, even if they do tend to have common underlying features, creating dictionaries and grammars requires prolonged and dedicated work. This requires that documentary linguists observe not only languages structural subtleties, but also related social, historical and political factors. Such work calls for persistent funding of field scientists who may sometimes have to venture into harsh and even hazardous places. Once there, they may face difficulties such as community suspicion. As Nick Evans says, a community who speak an endangered language may have reasons to doubt or even oppose efforts to preserve it. They may have seen support and funding for such work come and go. They may have given up using the language with their children, believing they will benefit from speaking a more widely understood one. Plenty of students continue to be drawn to the intellectual thrill of linguistics field work. Thats all the more reason to clear away barriers, contend Evans, Austin and others. The highest barrier, they agree, is that the linguistics professions emphasis on theory gradually wears down the enthusiasm of linguists who work in communities. Chomsky disagrees. He has recently begun to speak in support of language preservation. But his linguistic, as opposed to humanitarian, argument is, lets say, unsentimental: the loss of a language, he states, is much more of a tragedy for linguists whose interests are mostly theoretical, like me, than for linguists who focus on describing specific languages, since it means the permanent loss of the most relevant data for general theoretical work. At the moment, few institutions award doctorates for such work, and thats the way it should be, he reasons. In linguistics, as in every other discipline, he believes that good descriptive work requires thorough theoretical understanding and should also contribute to building new theory. But thats precisely what documentation does, objects Evans. The process of immersion in a language, to extract, analyse and sum it up, deserves a PhD because it is the most demanding intellectual task a linguist can engage in. | Chomskys political views have overshadowed his academic work. | n |
id_2232 | Endangered languages Nevermind whales, save the languages, says Peter Monaghan, graduate of the Australian National University Worried about the loss of rain forests and the ozone At linguistics meetings in the US, where the layer? Well, neither of those is doing any worse than endangered-language issue has of late been a large majority of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages that something of a flavour of the month, there is remain in use on Earth. One half of the survivors will growing evidence that not all approaches to the almost certainly be gone by 2050, while 40% more preservation of languages will be particularly will probably be well on their way out. In their place, helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, almost all humans will speak one of a handful of of more and more sophisticated means of capturing mega languages Mandarin, English, Spanish. Linguists know what causes languages to disappear, but less often remarked is what happens on the way to disappearance: languages vocabularies, grammars and expressive potential all diminish as one language is replaced by another. Say a community goes over from speaking a traditional Aboriginal language to speaking a creole*, says Australian Nick Evans, a leading authority on Aboriginal languages, you leave behind a language where theres very fine vocabulary for the landscape. All that is gone in a creole. Youve just got a few words like gum tree or whatever. As speakers become less able to express the wealth of knowledge that has filled ancestors lives with meaning over millennia, its no wonder that communities tend to become demoralised. If the losses are so huge, why are relatively few linguists combating the situation? Australian linguists, at least, have achieved a great deal in terms of preserving traditional languages. Australian governments began in the 1970s to support an initiative that has resulted in good documentation of most of the 130 remaining Aboriginal languages. In England, another Australian, Peter Austin, has directed one of the worlds most active efforts to limit language loss, at the University of London. Austin heads a programme that has trained many documentary linguists in England as well as in language-loss hotspots such as West Africa and South America. At linguistics meetings in the US, where the endangered-language issue has of late been something of a flavour of the month, there is growing evidence that not all approaches to the preservation of languages will be particularly helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, of more and more sophisticated means of capturing languages: digital recording and storage, and internet and mobile phone technologies. But these are encouraging the quick dash style of recording trip: fly in, switch on digital recorder, fly home, download to hard drive, and store gathered material for future research. Thats not quite what some endangered-language specialists have been seeking for more than 30 years. Most loud and untiring has been Michael Krauss, of the University of Alaska. He has often complained that linguists are playing with non-essentials while most of their raw data is disappearing. Who is to blame? That prominent linguist Noam Chomsky, say Krauss and many others. Or, more precisely, they blame those linguists who have been obsessed with his approaches. Linguists who go out into communities to study, document and describe languages, argue that theoretical linguists, who draw conclusions about how languages work, have had so much influence that linguistics has largely ignored the continuing disappearance of languages. Chomsky, from his post at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been the great man of theoretical linguistics for far longer than he has been known as a political commentator. His landmark work of 1957 argues that all languages exhibit certain universal grammatical features, encoded in the human mind. American linguists, in particular, have focused largely on theoretical concerns ever since, even while doubts have mounted about Chomskys universals. Austin and Co. are in no doubt that because languages are unique, even if they do tend to have common underlying features, creating dictionaries and grammars requires prolonged and dedicated work. This requires that documentary linguists observe not only languages structural subtleties, but also related social, historical and political factors. Such work calls for persistent funding of field scientists who may sometimes have to venture into harsh and even hazardous places. Once there, they may face difficulties such as community suspicion. As Nick Evans says, a community who speak an endangered language may have reasons to doubt or even oppose efforts to preserve it. They may have seen support and funding for such work come and go. They may have given up using the language with their children, believing they will benefit from speaking a more widely understood one. Plenty of students continue to be drawn to the intellectual thrill of linguistics field work. Thats all the more reason to clear away barriers, contend Evans, Austin and others. The highest barrier, they agree, is that the linguistics professions emphasis on theory gradually wears down the enthusiasm of linguists who work in communities. Chomsky disagrees. He has recently begun to speak in support of language preservation. But his linguistic, as opposed to humanitarian, argument is, lets say, unsentimental: the loss of a language, he states, is much more of a tragedy for linguists whose interests are mostly theoretical, like me, than for linguists who focus on describing specific languages, since it means the permanent loss of the most relevant data for general theoretical work. At the moment, few institutions award doctorates for such work, and thats the way it should be, he reasons. In linguistics, as in every other discipline, he believes that good descriptive work requires thorough theoretical understanding and should also contribute to building new theory. But thats precisely what documentation does, objects Evans. The process of immersion in a language, to extract, analyse and sum it up, deserves a PhD because it is the most demanding intellectual task a linguist can engage in. | Documentary linguistics studies require long-term financial support. | e |
id_2233 | Endangered languages Nevermind whales, save the languages, says Peter Monaghan, graduate of the Australian National University Worried about the loss of rain forests and the ozone At linguistics meetings in the US, where the layer? Well, neither of those is doing any worse than endangered-language issue has of late been a large majority of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages that something of a flavour of the month, there is remain in use on Earth. One half of the survivors will growing evidence that not all approaches to the almost certainly be gone by 2050, while 40% more preservation of languages will be particularly will probably be well on their way out. In their place, helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, almost all humans will speak one of a handful of of more and more sophisticated means of capturing mega languages Mandarin, English, Spanish. Linguists know what causes languages to disappear, but less often remarked is what happens on the way to disappearance: languages vocabularies, grammars and expressive potential all diminish as one language is replaced by another. Say a community goes over from speaking a traditional Aboriginal language to speaking a creole*, says Australian Nick Evans, a leading authority on Aboriginal languages, you leave behind a language where theres very fine vocabulary for the landscape. All that is gone in a creole. Youve just got a few words like gum tree or whatever. As speakers become less able to express the wealth of knowledge that has filled ancestors lives with meaning over millennia, its no wonder that communities tend to become demoralised. If the losses are so huge, why are relatively few linguists combating the situation? Australian linguists, at least, have achieved a great deal in terms of preserving traditional languages. Australian governments began in the 1970s to support an initiative that has resulted in good documentation of most of the 130 remaining Aboriginal languages. In England, another Australian, Peter Austin, has directed one of the worlds most active efforts to limit language loss, at the University of London. Austin heads a programme that has trained many documentary linguists in England as well as in language-loss hotspots such as West Africa and South America. At linguistics meetings in the US, where the endangered-language issue has of late been something of a flavour of the month, there is growing evidence that not all approaches to the preservation of languages will be particularly helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, of more and more sophisticated means of capturing languages: digital recording and storage, and internet and mobile phone technologies. But these are encouraging the quick dash style of recording trip: fly in, switch on digital recorder, fly home, download to hard drive, and store gathered material for future research. Thats not quite what some endangered-language specialists have been seeking for more than 30 years. Most loud and untiring has been Michael Krauss, of the University of Alaska. He has often complained that linguists are playing with non-essentials while most of their raw data is disappearing. Who is to blame? That prominent linguist Noam Chomsky, say Krauss and many others. Or, more precisely, they blame those linguists who have been obsessed with his approaches. Linguists who go out into communities to study, document and describe languages, argue that theoretical linguists, who draw conclusions about how languages work, have had so much influence that linguistics has largely ignored the continuing disappearance of languages. Chomsky, from his post at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been the great man of theoretical linguistics for far longer than he has been known as a political commentator. His landmark work of 1957 argues that all languages exhibit certain universal grammatical features, encoded in the human mind. American linguists, in particular, have focused largely on theoretical concerns ever since, even while doubts have mounted about Chomskys universals. Austin and Co. are in no doubt that because languages are unique, even if they do tend to have common underlying features, creating dictionaries and grammars requires prolonged and dedicated work. This requires that documentary linguists observe not only languages structural subtleties, but also related social, historical and political factors. Such work calls for persistent funding of field scientists who may sometimes have to venture into harsh and even hazardous places. Once there, they may face difficulties such as community suspicion. As Nick Evans says, a community who speak an endangered language may have reasons to doubt or even oppose efforts to preserve it. They may have seen support and funding for such work come and go. They may have given up using the language with their children, believing they will benefit from speaking a more widely understood one. Plenty of students continue to be drawn to the intellectual thrill of linguistics field work. Thats all the more reason to clear away barriers, contend Evans, Austin and others. The highest barrier, they agree, is that the linguistics professions emphasis on theory gradually wears down the enthusiasm of linguists who work in communities. Chomsky disagrees. He has recently begun to speak in support of language preservation. But his linguistic, as opposed to humanitarian, argument is, lets say, unsentimental: the loss of a language, he states, is much more of a tragedy for linguists whose interests are mostly theoretical, like me, than for linguists who focus on describing specific languages, since it means the permanent loss of the most relevant data for general theoretical work. At the moment, few institutions award doctorates for such work, and thats the way it should be, he reasons. In linguistics, as in every other discipline, he believes that good descriptive work requires thorough theoretical understanding and should also contribute to building new theory. But thats precisely what documentation does, objects Evans. The process of immersion in a language, to extract, analyse and sum it up, deserves a PhD because it is the most demanding intellectual task a linguist can engage in. | Chomskys attitude to disappearing languages is too emotional. | c |
id_2234 | Endangered languages Nevermind whales, save the languages, says Peter Monaghan, graduate of the Australian National University Worried about the loss of rain forests and the ozone At linguistics meetings in the US, where the layer? Well, neither of those is doing any worse than endangered-language issue has of late been a large majority of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages that something of a flavour of the month, there is remain in use on Earth. One half of the survivors will growing evidence that not all approaches to the almost certainly be gone by 2050, while 40% more preservation of languages will be particularly will probably be well on their way out. In their place, helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, almost all humans will speak one of a handful of of more and more sophisticated means of capturing mega languages Mandarin, English, Spanish. Linguists know what causes languages to disappear, but less often remarked is what happens on the way to disappearance: languages vocabularies, grammars and expressive potential all diminish as one language is replaced by another. Say a community goes over from speaking a traditional Aboriginal language to speaking a creole*, says Australian Nick Evans, a leading authority on Aboriginal languages, you leave behind a language where theres very fine vocabulary for the landscape. All that is gone in a creole. Youve just got a few words like gum tree or whatever. As speakers become less able to express the wealth of knowledge that has filled ancestors lives with meaning over millennia, its no wonder that communities tend to become demoralised. If the losses are so huge, why are relatively few linguists combating the situation? Australian linguists, at least, have achieved a great deal in terms of preserving traditional languages. Australian governments began in the 1970s to support an initiative that has resulted in good documentation of most of the 130 remaining Aboriginal languages. In England, another Australian, Peter Austin, has directed one of the worlds most active efforts to limit language loss, at the University of London. Austin heads a programme that has trained many documentary linguists in England as well as in language-loss hotspots such as West Africa and South America. At linguistics meetings in the US, where the endangered-language issue has of late been something of a flavour of the month, there is growing evidence that not all approaches to the preservation of languages will be particularly helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, of more and more sophisticated means of capturing languages: digital recording and storage, and internet and mobile phone technologies. But these are encouraging the quick dash style of recording trip: fly in, switch on digital recorder, fly home, download to hard drive, and store gathered material for future research. Thats not quite what some endangered-language specialists have been seeking for more than 30 years. Most loud and untiring has been Michael Krauss, of the University of Alaska. He has often complained that linguists are playing with non-essentials while most of their raw data is disappearing. Who is to blame? That prominent linguist Noam Chomsky, say Krauss and many others. Or, more precisely, they blame those linguists who have been obsessed with his approaches. Linguists who go out into communities to study, document and describe languages, argue that theoretical linguists, who draw conclusions about how languages work, have had so much influence that linguistics has largely ignored the continuing disappearance of languages. Chomsky, from his post at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been the great man of theoretical linguistics for far longer than he has been known as a political commentator. His landmark work of 1957 argues that all languages exhibit certain universal grammatical features, encoded in the human mind. American linguists, in particular, have focused largely on theoretical concerns ever since, even while doubts have mounted about Chomskys universals. Austin and Co. are in no doubt that because languages are unique, even if they do tend to have common underlying features, creating dictionaries and grammars requires prolonged and dedicated work. This requires that documentary linguists observe not only languages structural subtleties, but also related social, historical and political factors. Such work calls for persistent funding of field scientists who may sometimes have to venture into harsh and even hazardous places. Once there, they may face difficulties such as community suspicion. As Nick Evans says, a community who speak an endangered language may have reasons to doubt or even oppose efforts to preserve it. They may have seen support and funding for such work come and go. They may have given up using the language with their children, believing they will benefit from speaking a more widely understood one. Plenty of students continue to be drawn to the intellectual thrill of linguistics field work. Thats all the more reason to clear away barriers, contend Evans, Austin and others. The highest barrier, they agree, is that the linguistics professions emphasis on theory gradually wears down the enthusiasm of linguists who work in communities. Chomsky disagrees. He has recently begun to speak in support of language preservation. But his linguistic, as opposed to humanitarian, argument is, lets say, unsentimental: the loss of a language, he states, is much more of a tragedy for linguists whose interests are mostly theoretical, like me, than for linguists who focus on describing specific languages, since it means the permanent loss of the most relevant data for general theoretical work. At the moment, few institutions award doctorates for such work, and thats the way it should be, he reasons. In linguistics, as in every other discipline, he believes that good descriptive work requires thorough theoretical understanding and should also contribute to building new theory. But thats precisely what documentation does, objects Evans. The process of immersion in a language, to extract, analyse and sum it up, deserves a PhD because it is the most demanding intellectual task a linguist can engage in. | By 2050 only a small number of languages will be flourishing. | e |
id_2235 | Endangered languages Nevermind whales, save the languages, says Peter Monaghan, graduate of the Australian National University Worried about the loss of rain forests and the ozone At linguistics meetings in the US, where the layer? Well, neither of those is doing any worse than endangered-language issue has of late been a large majority of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages that something of a flavour of the month, there is remain in use on Earth. One half of the survivors will growing evidence that not all approaches to the almost certainly be gone by 2050, while 40% more preservation of languages will be particularly will probably be well on their way out. In their place, helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, almost all humans will speak one of a handful of of more and more sophisticated means of capturing mega languages Mandarin, English, Spanish. Linguists know what causes languages to disappear, but less often remarked is what happens on the way to disappearance: languages vocabularies, grammars and expressive potential all diminish as one language is replaced by another. Say a community goes over from speaking a traditional Aboriginal language to speaking a creole*, says Australian Nick Evans, a leading authority on Aboriginal languages, you leave behind a language where theres very fine vocabulary for the landscape. All that is gone in a creole. Youve just got a few words like gum tree or whatever. As speakers become less able to express the wealth of knowledge that has filled ancestors lives with meaning over millennia, its no wonder that communities tend to become demoralised. If the losses are so huge, why are relatively few linguists combating the situation? Australian linguists, at least, have achieved a great deal in terms of preserving traditional languages. Australian governments began in the 1970s to support an initiative that has resulted in good documentation of most of the 130 remaining Aboriginal languages. In England, another Australian, Peter Austin, has directed one of the worlds most active efforts to limit language loss, at the University of London. Austin heads a programme that has trained many documentary linguists in England as well as in language-loss hotspots such as West Africa and South America. At linguistics meetings in the US, where the endangered-language issue has of late been something of a flavour of the month, there is growing evidence that not all approaches to the preservation of languages will be particularly helpful. Some linguists are boasting, for example, of more and more sophisticated means of capturing languages: digital recording and storage, and internet and mobile phone technologies. But these are encouraging the quick dash style of recording trip: fly in, switch on digital recorder, fly home, download to hard drive, and store gathered material for future research. Thats not quite what some endangered-language specialists have been seeking for more than 30 years. Most loud and untiring has been Michael Krauss, of the University of Alaska. He has often complained that linguists are playing with non-essentials while most of their raw data is disappearing. Who is to blame? That prominent linguist Noam Chomsky, say Krauss and many others. Or, more precisely, they blame those linguists who have been obsessed with his approaches. Linguists who go out into communities to study, document and describe languages, argue that theoretical linguists, who draw conclusions about how languages work, have had so much influence that linguistics has largely ignored the continuing disappearance of languages. Chomsky, from his post at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been the great man of theoretical linguistics for far longer than he has been known as a political commentator. His landmark work of 1957 argues that all languages exhibit certain universal grammatical features, encoded in the human mind. American linguists, in particular, have focused largely on theoretical concerns ever since, even while doubts have mounted about Chomskys universals. Austin and Co. are in no doubt that because languages are unique, even if they do tend to have common underlying features, creating dictionaries and grammars requires prolonged and dedicated work. This requires that documentary linguists observe not only languages structural subtleties, but also related social, historical and political factors. Such work calls for persistent funding of field scientists who may sometimes have to venture into harsh and even hazardous places. Once there, they may face difficulties such as community suspicion. As Nick Evans says, a community who speak an endangered language may have reasons to doubt or even oppose efforts to preserve it. They may have seen support and funding for such work come and go. They may have given up using the language with their children, believing they will benefit from speaking a more widely understood one. Plenty of students continue to be drawn to the intellectual thrill of linguistics field work. Thats all the more reason to clear away barriers, contend Evans, Austin and others. The highest barrier, they agree, is that the linguistics professions emphasis on theory gradually wears down the enthusiasm of linguists who work in communities. Chomsky disagrees. He has recently begun to speak in support of language preservation. But his linguistic, as opposed to humanitarian, argument is, lets say, unsentimental: the loss of a language, he states, is much more of a tragedy for linguists whose interests are mostly theoretical, like me, than for linguists who focus on describing specific languages, since it means the permanent loss of the most relevant data for general theoretical work. At the moment, few institutions award doctorates for such work, and thats the way it should be, he reasons. In linguistics, as in every other discipline, he believes that good descriptive work requires thorough theoretical understanding and should also contribute to building new theory. But thats precisely what documentation does, objects Evans. The process of immersion in a language, to extract, analyse and sum it up, deserves a PhD because it is the most demanding intellectual task a linguist can engage in. | Australian academics efforts to record existing Aboriginal languages have been too limited. | c |
id_2236 | Endless Harvest. More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the Great Land; today, we know it as Alaska. The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaskas commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaskas commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaskas fisheries, however, is salmon. Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people. The predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish, and dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself. All five species of Pacific salmon chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaskas natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish. The primary reason for such increases is what is known as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSCs final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ninola nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards. spawners: fish that have released eggs spawn: release eggs MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national | Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaskas salmon population. | e |
id_2237 | Endless Harvest. More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the Great Land; today, we know it as Alaska. The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaskas commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaskas commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaskas fisheries, however, is salmon. Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people. The predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish, and dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself. All five species of Pacific salmon chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaskas natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish. The primary reason for such increases is what is known as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSCs final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ninola nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards. spawners: fish that have released eggs spawn: release eggs MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national | Alaskas fisheries are owned by some of the worlds largest companies. | n |
id_2238 | Endless Harvest. More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the Great Land; today, we know it as Alaska. The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaskas commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaskas commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaskas fisheries, however, is salmon. Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people. The predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish, and dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself. All five species of Pacific salmon chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaskas natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish. The primary reason for such increases is what is known as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSCs final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ninola nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards. spawners: fish that have released eggs spawn: release eggs MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national | During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million. | c |
id_2239 | Endless Harvest. More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the Great Land; today, we know it as Alaska. The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaskas commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaskas commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaskas fisheries, however, is salmon. Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people. The predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish, and dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself. All five species of Pacific salmon chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaskas natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish. The primary reason for such increases is what is known as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSCs final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ninola nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards. spawners: fish that have released eggs spawn: release eggs MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national | More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000. | e |
id_2240 | Endless Harvest. More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the Great Land; today, we know it as Alaska. The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaskas commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaskas commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaskas fisheries, however, is salmon. Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people. The predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish, and dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself. All five species of Pacific salmon chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaskas natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish. The primary reason for such increases is what is known as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSCs final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ninola nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards. spawners: fish that have released eggs spawn: release eggs MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national | Life in Alaska is dependent on salmon. | e |
id_2241 | Endless Harvest. More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the Great Land; today, we know it as Alaska. The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaskas commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaskas commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaskas fisheries, however, is salmon. Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people. The predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish, and dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself. All five species of Pacific salmon chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaskas natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish. The primary reason for such increases is what is known as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSCs final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ninola nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards. spawners: fish that have released eggs spawn: release eggs MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national | The inhabitants of the Aleutian islands renamed their islands Aleyska. | c |
id_2242 | Endless Harvest. More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the Great Land; today, we know it as Alaska. The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaskas commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaskas commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaskas fisheries, however, is salmon. Salmon, notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people. The predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish, and dying spawners* feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself. All five species of Pacific salmon chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback spawn** in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaskas natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish. The primary reason for such increases is what is known as In-Season Abundance-Based Management. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)*** commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others. Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSCs final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated. The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el ninola nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards. spawners: fish that have released eggs spawn: release eggs MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national | Ninety per cent of all Pacific salmon caught are sockeye or pink salmon. | n |
id_2243 | Engineering firm Westerns reported annual net profits of one-billion pounds over the last financial year. The company plans to re-invest this money into the business by creating three hundred new apprenticeships. Westerns, who are known for hiring from within their own apprentices, hope that such a step will encourage other companies to offer more jobs for younger workers. Youth unemployment rates are currently at an all-time high in the UK. A possible reason for this is a lack of training placements and non-academic routes for school leavers. However, as the average unemployment rate continues to rise, mirroring that of youths, differing reasons may be to blame. | Westerns engineering firm plan to create a number of new apprenticeship placements. | e |
id_2244 | Engineering firm Westerns reported annual net profits of one-billion pounds over the last financial year. The company plans to re-invest this money into the business by creating three hundred new apprenticeships. Westerns, who are known for hiring from within their own apprentices, hope that such a step will encourage other companies to offer more jobs for younger workers. Youth unemployment rates are currently at an all-time high in the UK. A possible reason for this is a lack of training placements and non-academic routes for school leavers. However, as the average unemployment rate continues to rise, mirroring that of youths, differing reasons may be to blame. | Westerns engineering firm always re-invest their profits back into the business. | n |
id_2245 | Engineering firm Westerns reported annual net profits of one-billion pounds over the last financial year. The company plans to re-invest this money into the business by creating three hundred new apprenticeships. Westerns, who are known for hiring from within their own apprentices, hope that such a step will encourage other companies to offer more jobs for younger workers. Youth unemployment rates are currently at an all-time high in the UK. A possible reason for this is a lack of training placements and non-academic routes for school leavers. However, as the average unemployment rate continues to rise, mirroring that of youths, differing reasons may be to blame. | Westerns engineering firm are known for the careful selection of their apprentices. | n |
id_2246 | Engineering firm Westerns reported annual net profits of one-billion pounds over the last financial year. The company plans to re-invest this money into the business by creating three hundred new apprenticeships. Westerns, who are known for hiring from within their own apprentices, hope that such a step will encourage other companies to offer more jobs for younger workers. Youth unemployment rates are currently at an all-time high in the UK. A possible reason for this is a lack of training placements and non-academic routes for school leavers. However, as the average unemployment rate continues to rise, mirroring that of youths, differing reasons may be to blame. | Westerns engineering firm reported net-profits of one-million over the last financial year. | c |
id_2247 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower | The English landscaped garden started in England in the 1800s. | c |
id_2248 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower | The Elizabethan house in Sissinghurst Castle Gardens has now been rebuilt. | c |
id_2249 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower | Henry VIII used to spend a lot of time at Hampton Court Palace. | n |
id_2250 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower | Westonbirt is really worth seeing in at least two different seasons. | e |
id_2251 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower | It might be difficult to find Hidcote Manor. | e |
id_2252 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower | The gardens in Stourhead were first established to film Pride and Prejudice. | c |
id_2253 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower | The owner of Hidcote manor is quite young. | c |
id_2254 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | Westonbirt is really worth seeing in at least two different seasons. | e |
id_2255 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | It might be difficult to find Hidcote Manor. | e |
id_2256 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The gardens in Stourhead were first established to film Pride and Prejudice. | c |
id_2257 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | Henry VIII used to spend a lot of time at Hampton Court Palace. | n |
id_2258 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The Elizabethan house in Sissinghurst Castle Gardens has now been rebuilt. | c |
id_2259 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The owner of Hidcote manor is quite young. | c |
id_2260 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18 th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain- soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The English landscaped garden started in England in the 1800s. | c |
id_2261 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain-soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | Westonbirt is really worth seeing in at least two different seasons. | e |
id_2262 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain-soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The gardens in Stourhead were first established to film Pride and Prejudice. | c |
id_2263 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain-soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The Elizabethan house in Sissinghurst Castle Gardens has now been rebuilt. | c |
id_2264 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain-soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | Henry VIII used to spend a lot of time at Hampton Court Palace. | n |
id_2265 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain-soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The owner of Hidcote manor is quite young. | c |
id_2266 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain-soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | It might be difficult to find Hidcote Manor. | e |
id_2267 | English Gardens The English landscape garden is a style of landscape garden which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe as the principal gardening style of Europe. The English garden was seen as a way to present an idealized view of nature and was influenced by gardens from the East and West. The National Arboretum Westonbirt really comes into its own when the trees show off their autumn colour. There are over 16,000 trees and 17 miles of paths at Westonbirt, which also looks its best in spring with displays of rhododendrons, azaleas and magnolias. Hidcote Manor This is an Arts & Crafts masterpiece hidden down a series of twisting country lanes in the Cotswolds. It was designed and developed by current owner Maj. Lawrence Johnston, a wealthy, well educated and eccentric American who fought with the British Army in the Boer and First World Wars. Johnston sponsored and participated in plant hunting expeditions around the world to secure rare and exotic species for this extremely pretty garden. Stourhead Found in Wiltshire, this is an outstanding example of an 18th century English landscaped garden not so much rows of flower beds and herbaceous borders, as sweeping lawns, a picturesque lake and temples and a grotto. One of the temples was the location of a rain-soaked (and unsuccessful! ) marriage proposal scene in the 2005 film Pride and Prejudice. Hampton Court Palace Visitors can get lost in the gardens surrounding Henry VIIIs famous palace literally. There is a maze dating back to about 1700, commissioned by William III. Originally planted using hornbeam trees and later replanted using yew trees, the Hampton Court maze covers a third of an acre, is trapezoid in shape and is the UKs oldest surviving hedge maze. Sissinghurst Castle Gardens Visited by Queen Elizabeth in the 16th century, this is one of the most celebrated gardens in the world. Set in the ruins of an Elizabethan house, it offers spectacular views on all sides across the fields and meadows of the Kentish landscape. Close by is the aromatic garden built around a slender brick-built castle tower. | The English landscaped garden started in England in the 1800s. | c |
id_2268 | English Heritage Blue Plaques Scheme The blue plaques scheme has been running for over 140 years and is one of the oldest of its kind in the world. The idea of erecting memorial table was first proposed by William Ewart in the House of Commons in 1863. If had an immediate impact on the public imagination, and in 1866 the Society of Arts (later Royal Society of Arts) founded an official plaques scheme. The Society erected its first plaque to the poet Lord Byron in 1867. In all, the Society of Arts erected 35 plaques; today, less than half of them survive, the earliest of which commemorates Napoleon III (1867). In 1901, the plaques scheme was taken over by London County Council (LCC), which erected nearly 250 plaques over the next 64 years and gave the scheme its popular appeal. It was under the LCC that the blue plaque design as we know it today was adopted, and the selection criteria were formalised. On the abolition of the LCC in 1965, the plaques scheme passed to the Greater London Council (GLC). The scheme changed little, but the GLC was keen to broaden the range of people commemorated. The 262 plaques erected by the GLC include those to figures such as Sylvia Pankhurst, campaigner for womens rights; Samuel Coleridge-Thylor, composer of the Song of Hiawatha; and Mary Seacole, the Jamaican nurse and heroine of the Crimean War. Since 1986, English Heritage has managed the blue plaques scheme. So far, English Heritage has erected nearly 300 plaques, bringing the total number to over 800. English Heritage receives about 100 suggestions for blue plaques each year, almost all of which come from members of the public. The background of each case is very different. Each nominated person has to meet basic selection criteria before they can be considered. Most importantly, they must have been dead for 20 years or have passed the centenary of their birth, whichever is the earlier. This delay allows a persons reputation to mature and ensures that their fame is long-lasting. English Heritages Blue Plaques Panel representatives of various disciplines from across the country considers all the suggestions which meet the basic criteria; on average, around 1 in 3 proposals are accepted. If a figure is rejected, proposers must wait a further 10 years before their suggestion can be considered again. Detailed research is carried out into the surviving addresses of shortlisted candidates, using sources such as autobiographies, electoral registers and post office directories. As only one plaque is allowed per person, the house to be commemorated has to be chosen very carefully. Factors which are considered include length of residence and the accomplishments of a candidate during the relevant years. A significant place of work can also be considered. Before a plaque can be erected, the owners and tenants of the building in question have to give their consent. Where listed buildings are involved, Listed Building Consent is sought from the relevant local authority. If such consents are granted, the plaque is designed, and then produced by a specialist manufacturer. It is normally ready within about two months. Plaques are set into the fabric of the building, flush with the wall face. The cost of plaque manufacture and installation are borne entirely by English Heritage. In all, it can take between 2 and 5 years from the initial suggestion to the erection of a plaque. The exact form of the blue plaque, as we see it now, was a relatively late development, though certain guiding principles had been in place from the outset. The earliest plaques, erected in 1867, were blue. Their format, a circle with the name of the Society of Arts worked into a pattern around the edge, was used consistently by the Society over its 35 years of management. Manufacture of each plaque is undertaken by the mixing and pouring of a thick clay slip into a casting mould. When sufficiently dry, the cast is removed and the outline of the inscription and border is piped onto the face of the plaque and filled with white glaze. Blue glaze is then applied to the background before firing. This process produces gently raised characters and border, a unique feature of English Heritage plaques. After firing, plaques usually have a thickness of 2 inches (50mm) and a final diameter of 19.5 inches (495mm), although smaller diameter plaques are sometimes used to meet special circumstances. Plaques have been found to be extremely durable and have an almost indefinite life expectancy. Similar plaques erected by the Society of Arts have lasted, perfectly legible, for over one hundred years. Due to the slightly domed design, they are self-cleansing and require virtually no maintenance. | The GLC did not erect as many plaques as English Heritage has. | e |
id_2269 | English Heritage Blue Plaques Scheme The blue plaques scheme has been running for over 140 years and is one of the oldest of its kind in the world. The idea of erecting memorial table was first proposed by William Ewart in the House of Commons in 1863. If had an immediate impact on the public imagination, and in 1866 the Society of Arts (later Royal Society of Arts) founded an official plaques scheme. The Society erected its first plaque to the poet Lord Byron in 1867. In all, the Society of Arts erected 35 plaques; today, less than half of them survive, the earliest of which commemorates Napoleon III (1867). In 1901, the plaques scheme was taken over by London County Council (LCC), which erected nearly 250 plaques over the next 64 years and gave the scheme its popular appeal. It was under the LCC that the blue plaque design as we know it today was adopted, and the selection criteria were formalised. On the abolition of the LCC in 1965, the plaques scheme passed to the Greater London Council (GLC). The scheme changed little, but the GLC was keen to broaden the range of people commemorated. The 262 plaques erected by the GLC include those to figures such as Sylvia Pankhurst, campaigner for womens rights; Samuel Coleridge-Thylor, composer of the Song of Hiawatha; and Mary Seacole, the Jamaican nurse and heroine of the Crimean War. Since 1986, English Heritage has managed the blue plaques scheme. So far, English Heritage has erected nearly 300 plaques, bringing the total number to over 800. English Heritage receives about 100 suggestions for blue plaques each year, almost all of which come from members of the public. The background of each case is very different. Each nominated person has to meet basic selection criteria before they can be considered. Most importantly, they must have been dead for 20 years or have passed the centenary of their birth, whichever is the earlier. This delay allows a persons reputation to mature and ensures that their fame is long-lasting. English Heritages Blue Plaques Panel representatives of various disciplines from across the country considers all the suggestions which meet the basic criteria; on average, around 1 in 3 proposals are accepted. If a figure is rejected, proposers must wait a further 10 years before their suggestion can be considered again. Detailed research is carried out into the surviving addresses of shortlisted candidates, using sources such as autobiographies, electoral registers and post office directories. As only one plaque is allowed per person, the house to be commemorated has to be chosen very carefully. Factors which are considered include length of residence and the accomplishments of a candidate during the relevant years. A significant place of work can also be considered. Before a plaque can be erected, the owners and tenants of the building in question have to give their consent. Where listed buildings are involved, Listed Building Consent is sought from the relevant local authority. If such consents are granted, the plaque is designed, and then produced by a specialist manufacturer. It is normally ready within about two months. Plaques are set into the fabric of the building, flush with the wall face. The cost of plaque manufacture and installation are borne entirely by English Heritage. In all, it can take between 2 and 5 years from the initial suggestion to the erection of a plaque. The exact form of the blue plaque, as we see it now, was a relatively late development, though certain guiding principles had been in place from the outset. The earliest plaques, erected in 1867, were blue. Their format, a circle with the name of the Society of Arts worked into a pattern around the edge, was used consistently by the Society over its 35 years of management. Manufacture of each plaque is undertaken by the mixing and pouring of a thick clay slip into a casting mould. When sufficiently dry, the cast is removed and the outline of the inscription and border is piped onto the face of the plaque and filled with white glaze. Blue glaze is then applied to the background before firing. This process produces gently raised characters and border, a unique feature of English Heritage plaques. After firing, plaques usually have a thickness of 2 inches (50mm) and a final diameter of 19.5 inches (495mm), although smaller diameter plaques are sometimes used to meet special circumstances. Plaques have been found to be extremely durable and have an almost indefinite life expectancy. Similar plaques erected by the Society of Arts have lasted, perfectly legible, for over one hundred years. Due to the slightly domed design, they are self-cleansing and require virtually no maintenance. | The form of the blue plaque has not changed since it was first made. | c |
id_2270 | English Heritage Blue Plaques Scheme The blue plaques scheme has been running for over 140 years and is one of the oldest of its kind in the world. The idea of erecting memorial table was first proposed by William Ewart in the House of Commons in 1863. If had an immediate impact on the public imagination, and in 1866 the Society of Arts (later Royal Society of Arts) founded an official plaques scheme. The Society erected its first plaque to the poet Lord Byron in 1867. In all, the Society of Arts erected 35 plaques; today, less than half of them survive, the earliest of which commemorates Napoleon III (1867). In 1901, the plaques scheme was taken over by London County Council (LCC), which erected nearly 250 plaques over the next 64 years and gave the scheme its popular appeal. It was under the LCC that the blue plaque design as we know it today was adopted, and the selection criteria were formalised. On the abolition of the LCC in 1965, the plaques scheme passed to the Greater London Council (GLC). The scheme changed little, but the GLC was keen to broaden the range of people commemorated. The 262 plaques erected by the GLC include those to figures such as Sylvia Pankhurst, campaigner for womens rights; Samuel Coleridge-Thylor, composer of the Song of Hiawatha; and Mary Seacole, the Jamaican nurse and heroine of the Crimean War. Since 1986, English Heritage has managed the blue plaques scheme. So far, English Heritage has erected nearly 300 plaques, bringing the total number to over 800. English Heritage receives about 100 suggestions for blue plaques each year, almost all of which come from members of the public. The background of each case is very different. Each nominated person has to meet basic selection criteria before they can be considered. Most importantly, they must have been dead for 20 years or have passed the centenary of their birth, whichever is the earlier. This delay allows a persons reputation to mature and ensures that their fame is long-lasting. English Heritages Blue Plaques Panel representatives of various disciplines from across the country considers all the suggestions which meet the basic criteria; on average, around 1 in 3 proposals are accepted. If a figure is rejected, proposers must wait a further 10 years before their suggestion can be considered again. Detailed research is carried out into the surviving addresses of shortlisted candidates, using sources such as autobiographies, electoral registers and post office directories. As only one plaque is allowed per person, the house to be commemorated has to be chosen very carefully. Factors which are considered include length of residence and the accomplishments of a candidate during the relevant years. A significant place of work can also be considered. Before a plaque can be erected, the owners and tenants of the building in question have to give their consent. Where listed buildings are involved, Listed Building Consent is sought from the relevant local authority. If such consents are granted, the plaque is designed, and then produced by a specialist manufacturer. It is normally ready within about two months. Plaques are set into the fabric of the building, flush with the wall face. The cost of plaque manufacture and installation are borne entirely by English Heritage. In all, it can take between 2 and 5 years from the initial suggestion to the erection of a plaque. The exact form of the blue plaque, as we see it now, was a relatively late development, though certain guiding principles had been in place from the outset. The earliest plaques, erected in 1867, were blue. Their format, a circle with the name of the Society of Arts worked into a pattern around the edge, was used consistently by the Society over its 35 years of management. Manufacture of each plaque is undertaken by the mixing and pouring of a thick clay slip into a casting mould. When sufficiently dry, the cast is removed and the outline of the inscription and border is piped onto the face of the plaque and filled with white glaze. Blue glaze is then applied to the background before firing. This process produces gently raised characters and border, a unique feature of English Heritage plaques. After firing, plaques usually have a thickness of 2 inches (50mm) and a final diameter of 19.5 inches (495mm), although smaller diameter plaques are sometimes used to meet special circumstances. Plaques have been found to be extremely durable and have an almost indefinite life expectancy. Similar plaques erected by the Society of Arts have lasted, perfectly legible, for over one hundred years. Due to the slightly domed design, they are self-cleansing and require virtually no maintenance. | Rejected proposals are given a detailed explanation of their refusal. | n |
id_2271 | English is spoken as a first language by 400 million people and one in four of the worlds population claims to speak elementary English. In an English dictionary the C section contains the second largest number of entries and is the second longest. The S section contains the largest number and the P section is the third largest in terms of entries. One of the shortest sections lists the words beginning with h but the section with the fewest entries is the W. Italian is spoken by around 60 million people and in an Italian dictionary the sections J, K, Y and W are very short and contain only foreign words used in Italian while the U and h sections contain the least number of Italian entries. The longest section in the Italian dictionary and the section that contains the most entries is the S section and the next longest is the C section. | The S section of the Italian and English dictionaries both contain the largest number of entries. | e |
id_2272 | English is spoken as a first language by 400 million people and one in four of the worlds population claims to speak elementary English. In an English dictionary the C section contains the second largest number of entries and is the second longest. The S section contains the largest number and the P section is the third largest in terms of entries. One of the shortest sections lists the words beginning with h but the section with the fewest entries is the W. Italian is spoken by around 60 million people and in an Italian dictionary the sections J, K, Y and W are very short and contain only foreign words used in Italian while the U and h sections contain the least number of Italian entries. The longest section in the Italian dictionary and the section that contains the most entries is the S section and the next longest is the C section. | In the English dictionary the S section is the longest. | n |
id_2273 | English is spoken as a first language by 400 million people and one in four of the worlds population claims to speak elementary English. In an English dictionary the C section contains the second largest number of entries and is the second longest. The S section contains the largest number and the P section is the third largest in terms of entries. One of the shortest sections lists the words beginning with h but the section with the fewest entries is the W. Italian is spoken by around 60 million people and in an Italian dictionary the sections J, K, Y and W are very short and contain only foreign words used in Italian while the U and h sections contain the least number of Italian entries. The longest section in the Italian dictionary and the section that contains the most entries is the S section and the next longest is the C section. | The h sections of both English and Italian dictionaries contain close to the fewest number of entries. | n |
id_2274 | English punk rock band The Sex Pistols formed in 1975, and sparked off the British punk movement, leading to the subsequent creation of multiple punk and alternative rock acts. They produced only one album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in their brief existence. However, despite these, some state The Sex Pistols are one of the most important bands in the history of popular music. Originally, the band was made up of Johnny Rotten (the singer), Paul Cook (the drummer) and Glen Matlock (the bassist), however the latter was subsequently replaced by Sid Vicious. The band was involved in numerous controversies, due to their lyrics, performances and public appearances. One may argue the band was asking for trouble when they created songs attacking the music industry (such EMI) and commenting on controversial topics like consumerism, the Berlin wall, the Holocaust and abortion (Bodies). The band did not take kindly to local figureheads, as demonstrated with the release of God Save the Queen in 1977, which was an attack on both conforming to societal norms and also blindly accepting the royalty as an authority. | The Sex Pistols songs showed they were staunch royalists. | c |
id_2275 | English punk rock band The Sex Pistols formed in 1975, and sparked off the British punk movement, leading to the subsequent creation of multiple punk and alternative rock acts. They produced only one album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in their brief existence. However, despite these, some state The Sex Pistols are one of the most important bands in the history of popular music. Originally, the band was made up of Johnny Rotten (the singer), Paul Cook (the drummer) and Glen Matlock (the bassist), however the latter was subsequently replaced by Sid Vicious. The band was involved in numerous controversies, due to their lyrics, performances and public appearances. One may argue the band was asking for trouble when they created songs attacking the music industry (such EMI) and commenting on controversial topics like consumerism, the Berlin wall, the Holocaust and abortion (Bodies). The band did not take kindly to local figureheads, as demonstrated with the release of God Save the Queen in 1977, which was an attack on both conforming to societal norms and also blindly accepting the royalty as an authority. | It is believed by some that pop musics most influential act is The Sex Pistols. | n |
id_2276 | English punk rock band The Sex Pistols formed in 1975, and sparked off the British punk movement, leading to the subsequent creation of multiple punk and alternative rock acts. They produced only one album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in their brief existence. However, despite these, some state The Sex Pistols are one of the most important bands in the history of popular music. Originally, the band was made up of Johnny Rotten (the singer), Paul Cook (the drummer) and Glen Matlock (the bassist), however the latter was subsequently replaced by Sid Vicious. The band was involved in numerous controversies, due to their lyrics, performances and public appearances. One may argue the band was asking for trouble when they created songs attacking the music industry (such EMI) and commenting on controversial topics like consumerism, the Berlin wall, the Holocaust and abortion (Bodies). The band did not take kindly to local figureheads, as demonstrated with the release of God Save the Queen in 1977, which was an attack on both conforming to societal norms and also blindly accepting the royalty as an authority. | The Sex Pistols kick-started the punk movement. | n |
id_2277 | English punk rock band The Sex Pistols formed in 1975, and sparked off the British punk movement, leading to the subsequent creation of multiple punk and alternative rock acts. They produced only one album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in their brief existence. However, despite these, some state The Sex Pistols are one of the most important bands in the history of popular music. Originally, the band was made up of Johnny Rotten (the singer), Paul Cook (the drummer) and Glen Matlock (the bassist), however the latter was subsequently replaced by Sid Vicious. The band was involved in numerous controversies, due to their lyrics, performances and public appearances. One may argue the band was asking for trouble when they created songs attacking the music industry (such EMI) and commenting on controversial topics like consumerism, the Berlin wall, the Holocaust and abortion (Bodies). The band did not take kindly to local figureheads, as demonstrated with the release of God Save the Queen in 1977, which was an attack on both conforming to societal norms and also blindly accepting the royalty as an authority. | The Sex Pistols lyrics denounced abortion. | n |
id_2278 | English punk rock band The Sex Pistols formed in 1975, and sparked off the British punk movement, leading to the subsequent creation of multiple punk and alternative rock acts. They produced only one album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in their brief existence. However, despite these, some state The Sex Pistols are one of the most important bands in the history of popular music. Originally, the band was made up of Johnny Rotten (the singer), Paul Cook (the drummer) and Glen Matlock (the bassist), however the latter was subsequently replaced by Sid Vicious. The band was involved in numerous controversies, due to their lyrics, performances and public appearances. One may argue the band was asking for trouble when they created songs attacking the music industry (such EMI) and commenting on controversial topics like consumerism, the Berlin wall, the Holocaust and abortion (Bodies). The band did not take kindly to local figureheads, as demonstrated with the release of God Save the Queen in 1977, which was an attack on both conforming to societal norms and also blindly accepting the royalty as an authority. | The Sex Pistols controversially equated the music industry with the Holocaust. | n |
id_2279 | English punk rock band The Sex Pistols formed in 1975, and sparked off the British punk movement, leading to the subsequent creation of multiple punk and alternative rock acts. They produced only one album - Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in their brief existence. However, despite these, some state The Sex Pistols are one of the most important bands in the history of popular music. Originally, the band was made up of Johnny Rotten (the singer), Paul Cook (the drummer) and Glen Matlock (the bassist), however the latter was subsequently replaced by Sid Vicious. The band was involved in numerous controversies, due to their lyrics, performances and public appearances. One may argue the band was asking for trouble when they created songs attacking the music industry (such EMI) and commenting on controversial topics like consumerism, the Berlin wall, the Holocaust and abortion (Bodies). The band did not take kindly to local figureheads, as demonstrated with the release of God Save the Queen in 1977, which was an attack on both conforming to societal norms and also blindly accepting the royalty as an authority. | The Sex Pistols had two bassists. | e |
id_2280 | English writers who have spoken of Goethes Doctrine of Colours, have generally confined their remarks to those parts of the work in which he has undertaken to account for the colours of the prismatic spectrum, and of refraction altogether, on principles different from the received theory of Newton. The less questionable merits of the treatise consisting of a well- arranged mass of observations and experiments, many of which are important and interesting, have thus been in a great measure overlooked. The translator, aware of the opposition which the theoretical views alluded to have met with, intended at first to make a selection of such of the experiments as seem more directly applicable to the theory and practice of painting. Finding, however that the alterations this would have involved would have been incompatible with a clear and connected view of the authors statements, he preferred giving the theory itself, reflecting, at the same time, that some scientific readers may be curious to hear the author speak for himself even on the points at issue. In reviewing the history and progress of his opinions and research, Goethe tells us that he first submitted his views to the public in two short essays entitled Contributions to Optics. Among the circumstances which he supposes were unfavourable to him on that occasion, he mentions the choice of his title, observing that by a reference to optics he must have appeared to make pretensions to a knowledge of mathematics, a science with which he admits hewas very imperfectly acquainted. | Mathematics was Goethes greatest science. | c |
id_2281 | Enrolment in the self-access centre Who can enrol? Any permanent or temporary migrant (anyone on a student visa is only eligible if an individual exemption is granted) Where to enrol? The Advance School of English 4th floor, J block, main campus, 120 portsmith road, Portsmith How to enrol? Ask at the ESOL enquiries counter (room 404, 4th floor, J block) What does it cost? $0.50 per hour for holders of concession cards $1 per hour for permanent visas (casual) How many hours? You can choose how many hours per week or per month you attend. A concession card is issued to anyone on a permanent visa who wishes to pay for a minimum of 50 hours in advance (50 hours x 50c = $25). All other visitors to the SAC are charged the higher casual fee. What does enrolment in the SAC give access to? All books, CDs, DVDs, and CALL materials (CALL = computer assisted language training). A booking system is used with resources in high demand. Speaking practice with conversation tutors Monday-Thursday: 11.30 am 1.30 pm / Friday: 12.30 3 pm Word processing a self-paced, internet-based program Tuesday: 9 am 3 pm Wednesday: 1 pm 3 pm Thursday: 9 am 3 pm Who can help? The SAC manager and SAC facilitators (who are all ESOL teachers) are on duty every day from 9 am 3 pm. Procedure: First enrol as above Register your attendance at the SAC information desk when you arrive please note: you pay for a minimum of 2 hours each time | The tutors who take conversation groups are not paid. | n |
id_2282 | Enrolment in the self-access centre Who can enrol? Any permanent or temporary migrant (anyone on a student visa is only eligible if an individual exemption is granted) Where to enrol? The Advance School of English 4th floor, J block, main campus, 120 portsmith road, Portsmith How to enrol? Ask at the ESOL enquiries counter (room 404, 4th floor, J block) What does it cost? $0.50 per hour for holders of concession cards $1 per hour for permanent visas (casual) How many hours? You can choose how many hours per week or per month you attend. A concession card is issued to anyone on a permanent visa who wishes to pay for a minimum of 50 hours in advance (50 hours x 50c = $25). All other visitors to the SAC are charged the higher casual fee. What does enrolment in the SAC give access to? All books, CDs, DVDs, and CALL materials (CALL = computer assisted language training). A booking system is used with resources in high demand. Speaking practice with conversation tutors Monday-Thursday: 11.30 am 1.30 pm / Friday: 12.30 3 pm Word processing a self-paced, internet-based program Tuesday: 9 am 3 pm Wednesday: 1 pm 3 pm Thursday: 9 am 3 pm Who can help? The SAC manager and SAC facilitators (who are all ESOL teachers) are on duty every day from 9 am 3 pm. Procedure: First enrol as above Register your attendance at the SAC information desk when you arrive please note: you pay for a minimum of 2 hours each time | Students cannot access the word processing program on Wednesday morning. | e |
id_2283 | Enrolment in the self-access centre Who can enrol? Any permanent or temporary migrant (anyone on a student visa is only eligible if an individual exemption is granted) Where to enrol? The Advance School of English 4th floor, J block, main campus, 120 portsmith road, Portsmith How to enrol? Ask at the ESOL enquiries counter (room 404, 4th floor, J block) What does it cost? $0.50 per hour for holders of concession cards $1 per hour for permanent visas (casual) How many hours? You can choose how many hours per week or per month you attend. A concession card is issued to anyone on a permanent visa who wishes to pay for a minimum of 50 hours in advance (50 hours x 50c = $25). All other visitors to the SAC are charged the higher casual fee. What does enrolment in the SAC give access to? All books, CDs, DVDs, and CALL materials (CALL = computer assisted language training). A booking system is used with resources in high demand. Speaking practice with conversation tutors Monday-Thursday: 11.30 am 1.30 pm / Friday: 12.30 3 pm Word processing a self-paced, internet-based program Tuesday: 9 am 3 pm Wednesday: 1 pm 3 pm Thursday: 9 am 3 pm Who can help? The SAC manager and SAC facilitators (who are all ESOL teachers) are on duty every day from 9 am 3 pm. Procedure: First enrol as above Register your attendance at the SAC information desk when you arrive please note: you pay for a minimum of 2 hours each time | The SAC facilitators are also teachers at the Advance School of English. | n |
id_2284 | Enrolment in the self-access centre Who can enrol? Any permanent or temporary migrant (anyone on a student visa is only eligible if an individual exemption is granted) Where to enrol? The Advance School of English 4th floor, J block, main campus, 120 portsmith road, Portsmith How to enrol? Ask at the ESOL enquiries counter (room 404, 4th floor, J block) What does it cost? $0.50 per hour for holders of concession cards $1 per hour for permanent visas (casual) How many hours? You can choose how many hours per week or per month you attend. A concession card is issued to anyone on a permanent visa who wishes to pay for a minimum of 50 hours in advance (50 hours x 50c = $25). All other visitors to the SAC are charged the higher casual fee. What does enrolment in the SAC give access to? All books, CDs, DVDs, and CALL materials (CALL = computer assisted language training). A booking system is used with resources in high demand. Speaking practice with conversation tutors Monday-Thursday: 11.30 am 1.30 pm / Friday: 12.30 3 pm Word processing a self-paced, internet-based program Tuesday: 9 am 3 pm Wednesday: 1 pm 3 pm Thursday: 9 am 3 pm Who can help? The SAC manager and SAC facilitators (who are all ESOL teachers) are on duty every day from 9 am 3 pm. Procedure: First enrol as above Register your attendance at the SAC information desk when you arrive please note: you pay for a minimum of 2 hours each time | Students cannot use the SAC for more than two hours at a time. | c |
id_2285 | Enrolment in the self-access centre Who can enrol? Any permanent or temporary migrant (anyone on a student visa is only eligible if an individual exemption is granted) Where to enrol? The Advance School of English 4th floor, J block, main campus, 120 portsmith road, Portsmith How to enrol? Ask at the ESOL enquiries counter (room 404, 4th floor, J block) What does it cost? $0.50 per hour for holders of concession cards $1 per hour for permanent visas (casual) How many hours? You can choose how many hours per week or per month you attend. A concession card is issued to anyone on a permanent visa who wishes to pay for a minimum of 50 hours in advance (50 hours x 50c = $25). All other visitors to the SAC are charged the higher casual fee. What does enrolment in the SAC give access to? All books, CDs, DVDs, and CALL materials (CALL = computer assisted language training). A booking system is used with resources in high demand. Speaking practice with conversation tutors Monday-Thursday: 11.30 am 1.30 pm / Friday: 12.30 3 pm Word processing a self-paced, internet-based program Tuesday: 9 am 3 pm Wednesday: 1 pm 3 pm Thursday: 9 am 3 pm Who can help? The SAC manager and SAC facilitators (who are all ESOL teachers) are on duty every day from 9 am 3 pm. Procedure: First enrol as above Register your attendance at the SAC information desk when you arrive please note: you pay for a minimum of 2 hours each time | Conversation tutors are unavailable on Wednesday. | c |
id_2286 | Enticing people to choose a bus over their car is difficult. Governments have tried by improving the comfort and frequency of public transport. However, this has little effect because people value their cars too highly. Public opposition to governmental action on car use has already been demonstrated through the petrol blockade. The most likely solutions are ones that retain the most driver-convenience, whilst retaining low cost. A popular suggestion is to improve public transport so personal cars are needed less. This can be gradually implemented alongside existing traffic and uses existing road systems. | Government believes that by increasing the comfort of buses, more people will use them. | e |
id_2287 | Enticing people to choose a bus over their car is difficult. Governments have tried by improving the comfort and frequency of public transport. However, this has little effect because people value their cars too highly. Public opposition to governmental action on car use has already been demonstrated through the petrol blockade. The most likely solutions are ones that retain the most driver-convenience, whilst retaining low cost. A popular suggestion is to improve public transport so personal cars are needed less. This can be gradually implemented alongside existing traffic and uses existing road systems. | If buses were more frequent and had lower prices, more people would use them. | n |
id_2288 | Enticing people to choose a bus over their car is difficult. Governments have tried by improving the comfort and frequency of public transport. However, this has little effect because people value their cars too highly. Public opposition to governmental action on car use has already been demonstrated through the petrol blockade. The most likely solutions are ones that retain the most driver-convenience, whilst retaining low cost. A popular suggestion is to improve public transport so personal cars are needed less. This can be gradually implemented alongside existing traffic and uses existing road systems. | In the past, governmental actions have resulted in a petrol blockade. | e |
id_2289 | Environmental scientists rarely look back to see if their old forecasts were accurate and in some instances they offer such long-term predictions that we will all be dead long before the validity or falsehood of their calculations is established. In the 1970s scientists warned that a nuclear war, large meteorite strike or series of big volcanic eruptions could trigger a cooling of the world and the dawn of a new ice age. In the 1980s they warned of a recently discovered hole in the ozone layer and of the catastrophic effects that would follow if it was to grow. Today scientists link the burning of fossil fuels to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and predict that the ice sheets of Antarctica will melt within 1,000 years, causing sea levels to rise six metres, drowning vast tracts of land and whole communities. These predictions are alarming, newsworthy and influence public behaviour but given that in practice they are not verified or impossible to verify we must question if are they based on good scientific methods. | In the passage the author states that he does not accept that burning fossil fuels is causing an increase in concentrations of carbon dioxide. | c |
id_2290 | Environmental scientists rarely look back to see if their old forecasts were accurate and in some instances they offer such long-term predictions that we will all be dead long before the validity or falsehood of their calculations is established. In the 1970s scientists warned that a nuclear war, large meteorite strike or series of big volcanic eruptions could trigger a cooling of the world and the dawn of a new ice age. In the 1980s they warned of a recently discovered hole in the ozone layer and of the catastrophic effects that would follow if it was to grow. Today scientists link the burning of fossil fuels to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and predict that the ice sheets of Antarctica will melt within 1,000 years, causing sea levels to rise six metres, drowning vast tracts of land and whole communities. These predictions are alarming, newsworthy and influence public behaviour but given that in practice they are not verified or impossible to verify we must question if are they based on good scientific methods. | The passage is written from the standpoint that foretelling the future is difficult and when people try to do it they are nearly always wrong. | c |
id_2291 | Environmental scientists rarely look back to see if their old forecasts were accurate and in some instances they offer such long-term predictions that we will all be dead long before the validity or falsehood of their calculations is established. In the 1970s scientists warned that a nuclear war, large meteorite strike or series of big volcanic eruptions could trigger a cooling of the world and the dawn of a new ice age. In the 1980s they warned of a recently discovered hole in the ozone layer and of the catastrophic effects that would follow if it was to grow. Today scientists link the burning of fossil fuels to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and predict that the ice sheets of Antarctica will melt within 1,000 years, causing sea levels to rise six metres, drowning vast tracts of land and whole communities. These predictions are alarming, newsworthy and influence public behaviour but given that in practice they are not verified or impossible to verify we must question if are they based on good scientific methods. | The experiences of the author make him sceptical of how environ- mental forecasting is being used. | n |
id_2292 | Environmental scientists rarely look back to see if their old forecasts were accurate and in some instances they offer such long-term predictions that we will all be dead long before the validity or falsehood of their calculations is established. In the 1970s scientists warned that a nuclear war, large meteorite strike or series of big volcanic eruptions could trigger a cooling of the world and the dawn of a new ice age. In the 1980s they warned of a recently discovered hole in the ozone layer and of the catastrophic effects that would follow if it was to grow. Today scientists link the burning of fossil fuels to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and predict that the ice sheets of Antarctica will melt within 1,000 years, causing sea levels to rise six metres, drowning vast tracts of land and whole communities. These predictions are alarming, newsworthy and influence public behaviour but given that in practice they are not verified or impossible to verify we must question if are they based on good scientific methods. | Asynonym of verified is unproven. | c |
id_2293 | Environmental scientists rarely look back to see if their old forecasts were accurate and in some instances they offer such long-term predictions that we will all be dead long before the validity or falsehood of their calculations is established. In the 1970s scientists warned that a nuclear war, large meteorite strike or series of big volcanic eruptions could trigger a cooling of the world and the dawn of a new ice age. In the 1980s they warned of a recently discovered hole in the ozone layer and of the catastrophic effects that would follow if it was to grow. Today scientists link the burning of fossil fuels to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and predict that the ice sheets of Antarctica will melt within 1,000 years, causing sea levels to rise six metres, drowning vast tracts of land and whole communities. These predictions are alarming, newsworthy and influence public behaviour but given that in practice they are not verified or impossible to verify we must question if are they based on good scientific methods. | The passage does not detail occasions when the environmental scientists forecasts were proved to be false. | e |
id_2294 | Environmentally-friendly! Vihicles In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower- emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. Ford Fusion is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the u. s. with more jobs. B. The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate. GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EVls, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite lesser interest in continuing to own the cars. Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB's ZEV Mandate. C. After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of then cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVS for sale to the general public during six months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by the manufacturers. Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EVls that were donated to engineering schools and museums. D. Throughout the 1990s, appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among Americans, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. American automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda Insight hybrid car became the first hybrid to be sold in North America since the little-known Woods hybrid of 1917. E. In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing following a year later. The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10,1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been importedprivately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The first generation Prius, at its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline- electric hybrid car. The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios. F. In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995. The NHWU Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the second mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two- seat Honda Insight While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space. G. Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy, without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles, albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline cars. Sales were poor, the lack of interest attributed to the car's small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel- efficient car at the time. The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In America, sales of the Toyota Prius jumped, and a variety of automakers followed suit, releasing hybrid models of the u own. Several began to produce new electric car prototypes, as consumers called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations of oil prices. H. In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion Motors, started manufacturing electric cars in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy with Li-ion Motors though due to the ongoing 'Lemon issues' regarding their product. And their attempt to cover it up. California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster remained the only highway-capable EV in serial production and available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz said in 2007 that the Tesla Roadster inspired him to push GM to develop the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid sedan prototype that aims to reverse years of dwindling market share and massive financial losses for America's largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with US -- and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't? ' That was the crowbar that helped break up the logjam. " | an inspiration to make effort to produce hybrid cars is to coping with economic difficulties result from an declining market for General Motors. | e |
id_2295 | Environmentally-friendly! Vihicles In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower- emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. Ford Fusion is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the u. s. with more jobs. B. The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate. GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EVls, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite lesser interest in continuing to own the cars. Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB's ZEV Mandate. C. After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of then cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVS for sale to the general public during six months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by the manufacturers. Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EVls that were donated to engineering schools and museums. D. Throughout the 1990s, appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among Americans, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. American automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda Insight hybrid car became the first hybrid to be sold in North America since the little-known Woods hybrid of 1917. E. In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing following a year later. The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10,1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been importedprivately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The first generation Prius, at its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline- electric hybrid car. The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios. F. In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995. The NHWU Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the second mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two- seat Honda Insight While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space. G. Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy, without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles, albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline cars. Sales were poor, the lack of interest attributed to the car's small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel- efficient car at the time. The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In America, sales of the Toyota Prius jumped, and a variety of automakers followed suit, releasing hybrid models of the u own. Several began to produce new electric car prototypes, as consumers called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations of oil prices. H. In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion Motors, started manufacturing electric cars in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy with Li-ion Motors though due to the ongoing 'Lemon issues' regarding their product. And their attempt to cover it up. California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster remained the only highway-capable EV in serial production and available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz said in 2007 that the Tesla Roadster inspired him to push GM to develop the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid sedan prototype that aims to reverse years of dwindling market share and massive financial losses for America's largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with US -- and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't? ' That was the crowbar that helped break up the logjam. " | In some countries, American automakers would like grab opportunity to earn money in vehicle of bigger litre engine cars rather than smaller ones | n |
id_2296 | Environmentally-friendly! Vihicles In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower- emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. Ford Fusion is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the u. s. with more jobs. B. The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate. GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EVls, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite lesser interest in continuing to own the cars. Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB's ZEV Mandate. C. After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of then cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVS for sale to the general public during six months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by the manufacturers. Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EVls that were donated to engineering schools and museums. D. Throughout the 1990s, appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among Americans, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. American automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda Insight hybrid car became the first hybrid to be sold in North America since the little-known Woods hybrid of 1917. E. In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing following a year later. The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10,1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been importedprivately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The first generation Prius, at its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline- electric hybrid car. The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios. F. In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995. The NHWU Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the second mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two- seat Honda Insight While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space. G. Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy, without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles, albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline cars. Sales were poor, the lack of interest attributed to the car's small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel- efficient car at the time. The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In America, sales of the Toyota Prius jumped, and a variety of automakers followed suit, releasing hybrid models of the u own. Several began to produce new electric car prototypes, as consumers called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations of oil prices. H. In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion Motors, started manufacturing electric cars in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy with Li-ion Motors though due to the ongoing 'Lemon issues' regarding their product. And their attempt to cover it up. California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster remained the only highway-capable EV in serial production and available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz said in 2007 that the Tesla Roadster inspired him to push GM to develop the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid sedan prototype that aims to reverse years of dwindling market share and massive financial losses for America's largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with US -- and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't? ' That was the crowbar that helped break up the logjam. " | Some automakers mislead and suppressed the real demand for electric cars of keeping profit in certain market by luring the want of CARB. | e |
id_2297 | Environmentally-friendly! Vihicles In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower- emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. Ford Fusion is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the u. s. with more jobs. B. The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate. GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EVls, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite lesser interest in continuing to own the cars. Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB's ZEV Mandate. C. After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of then cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVS for sale to the general public during six months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by the manufacturers. Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EVls that were donated to engineering schools and museums. D. Throughout the 1990s, appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among Americans, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. American automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda Insight hybrid car became the first hybrid to be sold in North America since the little-known Woods hybrid of 1917. E. In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing following a year later. The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10,1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been importedprivately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The first generation Prius, at its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline- electric hybrid car. The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios. F. In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995. The NHWU Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the second mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two- seat Honda Insight While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space. G. Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy, without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles, albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline cars. Sales were poor, the lack of interest attributed to the car's small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel- efficient car at the time. The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In America, sales of the Toyota Prius jumped, and a variety of automakers followed suit, releasing hybrid models of the u own. Several began to produce new electric car prototypes, as consumers called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations of oil prices. H. In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion Motors, started manufacturing electric cars in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy with Li-ion Motors though due to the ongoing 'Lemon issues' regarding their product. And their attempt to cover it up. California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster remained the only highway-capable EV in serial production and available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz said in 2007 that the Tesla Roadster inspired him to push GM to develop the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid sedan prototype that aims to reverse years of dwindling market share and massive financial losses for America's largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with US -- and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't? ' That was the crowbar that helped break up the logjam. " | Toyota started to sell 328 RAV4-EVS for taking up the market share. | c |
id_2298 | Environmentally-friendly! Vihicles In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower- emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. Ford Fusion is manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant, located in Sonora Mexico. I thought going green was supposed to provide the u. s. with more jobs. B. The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate. GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EVls, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite lesser interest in continuing to own the cars. Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court, leading to the eventual neutering of CARB's ZEV Mandate. C. After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of then cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVS for sale to the general public during six months, up until November 22, 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by the manufacturers. Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EVls that were donated to engineering schools and museums. D. Throughout the 1990s, appeal of fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among Americans, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. American automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda Insight hybrid car became the first hybrid to be sold in North America since the little-known Woods hybrid of 1917. E. In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing following a year later. The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10,1997. It was available only in Japan, though it has been importedprivately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The first generation Prius, at its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline- electric hybrid car. The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios. F. In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995. The NHWU Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive. Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment. The vehicle was the second mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two- seat Honda Insight While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space. G. Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy, without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles, albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline cars. Sales were poor, the lack of interest attributed to the car's small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel- efficient car at the time. The 2000s energy crisis brought renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In America, sales of the Toyota Prius jumped, and a variety of automakers followed suit, releasing hybrid models of the u own. Several began to produce new electric car prototypes, as consumers called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations of oil prices. H. In 2000, Hybrid Technologies, later renamed Li-ion Motors, started manufacturing electric cars in Mooresville, North Carolina. There has been increasing controversy with Li-ion Motors though due to the ongoing 'Lemon issues' regarding their product. And their attempt to cover it up. California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster remained the only highway-capable EV in serial production and available for sale until 2010. Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. GM Vice Chairman Bob Lutz said in 2007 that the Tesla Roadster inspired him to push GM to develop the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid sedan prototype that aims to reverse years of dwindling market share and massive financial losses for America's largest automaker. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with US -- and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't? ' That was the crowbar that helped break up the logjam. " | Hybrids cars are superior vehicles that combine impression of a environmentally friendly electric power engine and a lower price in unit sale. | c |
id_2299 | Ergonomics is the scientific study of the interaction between people and machines. The discipline aims to design equipment and environments that best fit users physical and psychological needs, thus improving the efficiency, productivity and safety of a person using a device. A multi-disciplinary field, ergonomics encompasses aspects of psychology, physiology, industrial design and mechanical engineering. The field is divided into three main areas. Physical ergonomics addresses the relationship between human anatomy and physical activity, for instance designing tools that minimize or eliminate muscle strain. This area also looks at how the physical environment affects performance and health. Cognitive ergonomics studies the mental processes involved in humans interactions with systems, such as computer interfaces. In designing an airplane cockpit, for example, it is of vital importance that control panels take human factors into account. Organisational ergonomics focuses on optimising socio-technical systems, such as team structure and work processes. Increasingly, progressive organisations are looking for ways to improve workplace ergonomics. The benefit of this strategy is not only increased productivity but also reduced sick leave. In the United States, compensation to workers with repetitive strain injuries costs $20 billion annually. | An ergonomically designed control panel accommodates a persons mental and physical needs. | e |
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