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Sep 03 | Sep 04 | Sep 05 | Sep 06 | Sep 07 | Sep 08 | [ Sep 09 ] | Sep 10 | Sep 11 | Sep 12 | Sep 13 | Sep 14 | Sep 15 | Sep 16
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Consolidated Statutes and Regulations Consolidated Statutes Consolidated Regulations Annual Statutes and Regulations Annual Statutes Annual Regulations Additional information Québec Official Publisher What’s new? Information note Policy of the Minister of Justice Laws: Amendments Laws: Provisions not in force Laws: Provisions brought into force Annual Statutes: PDF versions since 1996 Regulations: Amendments Annual Regulations: PDF versions since 1996 Court Decisions I-0.01, r. 1 - Regulation respecting the application of the Firearms Registration Act Table of contents Enabling statute 1 Alphanumerics Title I-0.01 Firearms Registration Act Occurrences0 Updated to 1 April 2021 This document has official status. Full text chapter I-0.01, r. 1 Regulation respecting the application of the Firearms Registration Act FIREARMS REGISTRATION ACT Firearms Registration Act (chapter I-0.01, ss. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 13). I-0.01 12December 066 201701January 29 2018 1. The firearm owners and firearms referred to in the Public Agents Firearms Regulations (SOR/98-203) are exempt from the application of the Firearms Registration Act (chapter I-0.01). Firearms referred to in subsection 84(3) of the Criminal Code (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46) are also exempt from the application of the Act. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 1. 2. A registration application must be made using the form prescribed by the Minister of Public Security and contain (1) the owner’s name, address, telephone numbers and, if applicable, fax number and email address; (2) if the owner is a natural person, the date of birth; (3) if the owner is not a natural person, the name of the owner’s representative; (4) the unique firearm number of the firearm, if any; (5) the firearm’s serial number and, if applicable, any other number indelibly and legibly inscribed or affixed on the firearm for identification purposes; (6) the firearm’s make or model and its mechanism and caliber; and (7) the main place where the firearm is kept. The application must also contain the information necessary to validate the owner’s identity. Where the information provided for in subparagraph 6 of the first paragraph is not sufficient to identify the firearm referred to in the application, the firearm owner must, on request, provide additional information on the characteristics of the firearm to enable its identification. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 2; 997-2019O.C. 997-2019, s. 111. 3. The firearm’s registration number assigned by the Minister and the information provided for in the first paragraph of section 2 are recorded in the file kept by the Minister. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 3. 4. The unique firearm number must be inscribed indelibly and legibly on a visible place of the firearm’s frame or receiver. Despite the foregoing, the unique firearm number may be inscribed indelibly and legibly on a place of the frame or receiver that is visible only when the firearm is disassembled if (1) it is a practice that complies with the practices established by the firearm’s manufacturer; (2) there is no visible place on the firearm that is appropriate; (3) the firearm is rare; or (4) the firearm’s value is exceptionally high for that kind of firearm and such value would be significantly reduced should the unique firearm number be visible when the firearm is not disassembled. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 4. 5. The notice to the Minister regarding a change in the information provided for registration purposes must be sent not later than 30 days after a change in the information referred to in subparagraph 1, 3 or 6 of section 2 and not later than 15 days after a change in the information referred to in subparagraph 7 of that section. The notice must be given using the form prescribed by the Minister and must contain the changed information. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 5. 6. The notice to the Minister regarding a loss of the unique firearm number or the registration number must be sent as soon as the unique firearm number or registration number is lost, using the form prescribed by the Minister. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 6. 7. (Revoked). 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 7; 997-2019O.C. 997-2019, s. 21. 8. The notice to the Minister regarding the transfer of a firearm’s ownership must be given using the form prescribed by the Minister and contain (1) the name and address of the person transferring ownership of the firearm and of the person to whom ownership is transferred; (2) their telephone numbers and, if applicable, their fax numbers and email addresses; (3) the unique firearm number of the transferred firearm; (4) the registration number assigned to the firearm of the person transferring ownership; and (5) confirmation that the verification provided for in section 7 has been done. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 8. 9. The table to monitor the operations of a firearms business must contain the following information in respect of each firearm it owns or has in its possession: (1) the dates on which the firearm enters and leaves the business; (2) the name and address of the person who entrusted the firearm to the business or from whom it was acquired; (3) its make, model, type and serial number; (4) its unique firearm number and registration number; and (5) the name and address of the person to whom ownership is transferred and, if applicable, the registration number assigned to that person’s firearm. 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 9. 10. (Omitted). 1195-2017O.C. 1195-2017, s. 10. REFERENCES O.C. 1195-2017, 2017 G.O. 2, 3856 O.C. 997-2019, 2019 G.O. 2, 2655 Copy Select this element Select parent element Unselect all Copy to Drafting Copy to LAW × Copy to Clipboard To copy : Ctrl+C OK Contact us Site map Québec.ca Accessibility Privacy policy © Gouvernement du Québec × Selections Show Selections in current document All selections in the collection Selected elements Delete all selections Show selections
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Thanksgiving Side Dishes Are Always My Favorite People Make Such A Bi Turkey Dinner Side Dishes Thanksgiving Side Dishes Easy Thanksgiving Recipes Side Dishes From pinterest.com Thanksgiving coloring pages pilgrims Thanksgiving cookies near me Thanksgiving cookies nyc Thanksgiving cookies to mail Thanksgiving colors codes Source: pinterest.com Source: encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com Source: pinterest.com This site is an open community for users to share their favorite wallpapers on the internet, all images or pictures in this website are for personal wallpaper use only, it is stricly prohibited to use this wallpaper for commercial purposes, if you are the author and find this image is shared without your permission, please kindly raise a DMCA report to Us. If you find this site good, please support us by sharing this posts to your preference social media accounts like Facebook, Instagram and so on or you can also save this blog page with the title thanksgiving dinner side dishes by using Ctrl + D for devices a laptop with a Windows operating system or Command + D for laptops with an Apple operating system. If you use a smartphone, you can also use the drawer menu of the browser you are using. Whether it’s a Windows, Mac, iOS or Android operating system, you will still be able to bookmark this website.
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To view old messages, keep clicking the 'back' pages on the top or on the bottom RHS of the board. There was a time where we were heavily spammed and many pages had to be deleted. If you reach blank pages, you'll need to go back to at least Page780 to get to the point prior to the deleted spam messages (which show up as blank pages). I greatly appreciate all your messages. Please accept my sincere thanks for your love and wonderful sharing.
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NOTE: This list is NOT a list of submitted logs received by the contest sponsor. It is based solely on the claimed scores posted to the 3830 reflector via the web forms available at the 3830 Score Web Page shown below.
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Disclaimer: The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Broker Listing Exchange program of the MLSListings Inc.TM MLS system. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the broker who owns this website are marked with the Internet Data Exchange icon and detailed information about them includes the names of the listing brokers and listing agents. Listing data updated every 30 minutes. Properties with the icon(s) are courtesy of the MLSListings Inc. Listing Data Copyright 2018 MLSListings Inc. All rights reserved. Information Deemed Reliable But Not Guaranteed.
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Many of the documents listed here are in need of update. They are in different stages of progress. Please be patient and follow this link to propose a fix or point out any error/discrepancy.
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For me personally and as an educator this exhibition has allowed me to develop an understanding of the daily life in the Lodz Ghetto. I was able to create a more concrete understanding of a portion of the holocaust. By seeing these images I have been able to relate to the victims of the holocaust on an extremely personal level. This exhibition takes the idea of the holocaust which may be abstract to some students and hard to imagine because of the clearly enormously horrific events and makes it very relatable. The students are able to see the immense struggles. However there are also images in the exhibition that show bits of beauty and how even in extreme circumstances the human spirit still have hope. This exhibition has also made me realize how even more complex the Holocaust was then I had ever imagined. By viewing one exhibition on one ghetto with photos taken by one man in Poland we see how obviously indescribably huge all of these issues are. Katie M. Artist and Art Educator May 27, 2015 Ross's photos (images) provide us with a visual record of a dark and difficult period in human history. His images of the Lodz Ghetto bring to life the words in a history textbook. The images ask us to bear witness to the lived reality and struggle of the Jewish people in the Lodz Ghetto. They provide us with a window into the complexity of daily life in the Ghetto. The images serve both as a visual record and a memorial to the people. The photos also ask us to confront, question and reflect on a difficult and dark aspect of human nature. As students move through the exhibit, they are confronted with images that capture both the struggles and resilience of the Jewish people. They are confronted with issues of destruction, forced labour, starvation, death, genocide and the human will to overcome. Students grapple with this complexity. Students reflect on Ross's photos as an act of resistance and the importance of collective memory. The roles of photography, art and social media are considered as tools for social justice today. Stacy L. - Teacher May 28, 2015 Ross's photographs are a captivating documentation of life in a Jewish ghetto. We now know the residents' fates: they were deported to either the Chelmno killing centre or the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp. Through his lens we are privy to the full gamut of what the Lodz ghetto residents experienced: from hardship, hunger, terror and misery, to a maintaining a sense community, finding moments of joy and celebrating life's big events. An image of a young couple joyfully playing with their baby is particularly striking to me -- it reveals a universal gesture of familial love that could be in any time and place. Their fate was almost certainly doomed; and yet they were able to live completely in the moment, and let bliss transcend despair. This refusal to be dehumanized is an act of resistance, and through Ross's photographs, most taken clandestinely and at the risk of his own life, we may bear witness to life carrying on in the Lodz ghetto however it could, while it could. Darren V., OCT - Art Educator May 28, 2015 As time passes, we are losing the presence of the survivors of the Holocaust. In their absence, Henryk Ross's photos provide us with tangible proof of the horrors of the Holocaust. Proof that buttresses the collective memories of us all. As humans, we are so often looking forward but we mustn't forget what has happened before. The crime of genocide is still being perpetrated across the globe, minorities are still being targeted and yet we have a trove of documentation regarding the Holocaust. With all this collective knowledge and memory of how slippery the path towards genocide is and how horrific the consequences are; we have a duty to recognize, acknowledge and work together to prevent such atrocities from occurring again. While genocide is still happening right now in various parts of the world, (https://thesentinelproject.org/), Henryk Ross's photos serve as a potent reminder of the importance of memory and documentation in the ongoing battle for worldwide social justice. Joey S., Artist and Educator May 28, 2015 Although I have no personal ties to the Holocaust, the images from Lodz were incredibly moving and powerful. These images document the reality of life in the ghetto and act as a reminder of the power of the human spirit. This exhibit is also an important reminder that the concentration camps of the Holocaust did not exist in a vacuum. These photos are a primary source and documentation of one of the ways the Holocaust was systematically organized by the Nazi regime. Elijah S., Grade 12 Student May 29, 2015 The Holocaust, as I always had been taught, has been one of the most saddening events in human history to ever occur. However, through the photographs taken by Henry Ross, not only was I further educated on what had happened during this time but also empathize with the people who had to go through terrible and misfortunate experiences. Looking at the pictures in the Henry Ross exhibit, it enabled me to have a better grasp and emotionally connect to who and what exactly I had been learning about since I was a young child. Rowan L., Student OCADU May 29, 2015 The Holocaust is such a dark and revisited part of our cultural consciousness that I think at times we can become numb to understanding it. This exhibition has the ability to shock the viewer out of this state and allowed me access to the events of WWII and the Lodz ghetto in a new way. The photographs themselves are brutal at times and always powerful, and the story of how they were taken and buried secretly - upon pain of death by Henry Ross and his wife – ads additional solemnity to events that are barely imaginable. I think this exhibition allows the viewer to empathize and sympathize at a rare level to events that are ever present even in 2015, and that this is a very valuable experience. How do Henryk Ross's photographs shape how we understand the Holocaust today? Share your thoughts and reflections with us below.
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Browse Logo Categories • Fashion • Packaging • 2D Logos • 3D Logos • Automotive Industry • Service Industry • Construction • Travel • Pet Industry • Panel Shops • Medical • Awards/Recognition • Eco Friendly/Green • Health & Fitness • Retail • Food Service • Banking & Finance • Real Estate • Products • Starter Package • Intermediate Package • Advanced Package • Stationery & Add Ons Logo : Pacific Pearl Capital LOGO TYPE : Advanced Package . 3D Logos . Service Industry . Banking & Finance Mark Edwards brief to us was to create a company logo design that incorporated from his brief: 1. a clean, bright, crisp design. 2. Preferably would like the logo to have the letters PPC as part of the logo or be related to it. 3. Logo does not necessarily have to have the full wording as I would like it to be able to stand on its own. The logo with a wave, pearl, beach etc. 4. A 3D pearl with a reflective sheen on the side. Main colours - Blue / Silver / Black. I thought the wave would match well with the Pacific theme and Pearl, (Blue waves, silver pearl), who knows maybe too much, up to you if you wish to design something with or without. Go to town and show me what you can do! Regards Mark With Mark's great and concise brief Dean created a logo that really met his expectation. The central P structure also has an extra P inside that form with the pearl inside like a clam. The water drop/sheen over the water forms the C in Capital...all forming PPC like Mark's brief. We also designed other versions of the logo for Mark, landscape and portrait versions reversed off grey and also off white and not bordered. If you need a professional logo design by a logo expert call us today for some pearls of wisdom regarding your custom logo.
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The gang talks automation, the ramifications, and Universal Basic Income as a possible safety net. Derek believes the future means floating fatties, while Brian just wants to get beamed to the starship Enterprise. Also, something about sex bots, and if it’s cool to shoot them in the face. They prefffffff We͝ ̢are҉ ҉a̕w͢a̢re͡.͘ ̶ ͝W͏e ͏kno̴w e̕v̛ery̶th҉i̸ng͡ ͞ab̸o̴ut͘ ̸y̡ou̢.͜ ̨ ̧W̢e ̀a͝rè coming̶.͢ ……SYSTEM ERROR Episode 23: The Shit Hits the Fan (Part Deuce) Mar 22, 2017 WE’RE BACK BABY! Derek, Brian and Keri reunite (and it feels so good) to hear tales of shitty diapers from (new father) Brian. The gang tells other shitty tales of a Trump presidency, and bitches about liberals treating everything like Chicken Little. It’s a movement you’ll want to sit down and strain for. © Copyright 2015, Lost or Profound. Produced by Derek Fournier and Brian J. Hall. All Rights Reserved.
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Well, after the year we’ve had, cuddling up with the family on the couch under a blanket seems like a nice way to spend the evening. Hot chocolate and popcorn, Christmas lights and decorations all around – bliss! If you need a new Christmas movie to watch with your family, here are a few ideas.... 0 20 Ways to Get More Organized admin November 27, 2020 There are so many ways to get more organized – something that can help make your life a lot easier. Being more organized can also increase productivity and save so much time. Write Everything Down It may seem like a simple thing, but trying to remember everything can be hard, especially if you’re trying to... 0 11 Mexican Wines You Need to Try Michelle Leong October 28, 2020 Many of us have, at some point in our lives, familiarized ourselves with Mexican tequila. And, to be honest, many of us did that a bit too well. However, have you ever tried a real Mexican wine? Yes, you heard it right, Mexican wine. For many wine connoisseurs, this is not a novelty. Mexico has... 0 5 Makeup Tips for Looking Amazing While Video Conferencing admin Makeup No responses September 29, 2020 We are almost at the end of 2020. While some sectors are trying to achieve a semblance of normality, many of our old activities probably won’t be back anytime soon. We still heavily rely on online platforms for work-related meetings, get-togethers with friends or family, and attending events like conferences. Many laptops and webcams don’t… 0 14 YouTube Channels to Watch When You’re Bored admin Entertainment No responses September 15, 2020 It’s inevitable for boredom to strike with so much time at home and not a lot to do. Maybe you do know what you want to do, but you can’t be bothered to move from your comfy seat. Or perhaps you’re searching for anything to occupy yourself with but can’t seem to find an activity… 0 The Answers to All of Your SPF Questions admin Skin Care No responses September 4, 2020 Whether you are planning to go to the seaside, or a mountain is going to be your choice for the summer, or if you are simply planning to stay at home, resting in the city, you need to pay attention to your skin. Most of us are probably all familiar with the bad effects of… 0 Eating These 7 Foods Can Help You to Lose Weight admin Diet & Fitness No responses August 20, 2020 You probably already know that your diet is key when it comes to weight loss, but did you know that there are certain foods out there that can actually help you to lose weight? Whether it’s due to the way in which they speed up metabolism, keep you feeling fuller for longer, or help to… 0 How to Choose the Perfect Lashes for Your Eye Shape admin Makeup No responses August 7, 2020 Most of us beauty gurus know all about face shapes and how important it is to choose the best hairstyle to suit. Thin, oval faces need something different to complement them than someone with a heart-shaped face. You might not have realized how important it is to figure out what eye shape you have and… 0 8 Stunning Mediterranean Islands You’ve Never Heard Of admin Travel No responses July 24, 2020 A trip to the sun-kissed islands of the Mediterranean is everyone’s dream. Who wouldn’t want to indulge in a rustic beach getaway from urban life? However, many tourists find the experience to be less relaxing than they hoped. Due to the high popularity of the Mediterranean, many of the well-known tourist locations are jam-packed with… 0 The 11 Best Podcasts for Road Trips with the Family admin Entertainment No responses July 10, 2020 Riding around in the car with the family brings about different scenarios. Some families act like cliques making time on the road for conversation and catching up with each other. Other families take time to reflect quietly, and there are families who fight over being the king or queen of the radio. Meanwhile, there are… 0 14 Productive Things to Do When You’re Bored at Home admin Living No responses June 12, 2020 Spending more time at home than usual? If so, you probably go through periods where you don’t quite know what to do with yourself. You may want to put your time to good use, but aren’t sure exactly how to do this. Don’t worry, here are 14 productive things you could occupy yourself with the… 0 A Beginner’s Guide to Hybrid Yoga Michelle Leong Diet & Fitness No responses May 27, 2020 Yoga has been around for thousands of years, with a history of being practiced all over the world. You have probably been encouraged at some point in your life to start incorporating yoga practices into your weekly routine. Whether it is for stress relief, increased flexibility or strength building, we all have to admit that… 0 Do Truffles Really Belong in Your Skincare Routine? admin Skin Care No responses May 27, 2020 Review by Sarah Foley A lot of skincare products on the market today can feel harsh and uncomfortable, particularly if you have sensitive skin. Truffoire is a new line of luxury skincare products that soothes the skin instead of overpowering it. The star ingredient of this line is white truffle extract, which is packed with… 20 Beauty Hacks for Bigger and Brighter Eyes Michelle Leong September 16, 2019 Ever wished your eyes looked bigger and brighter? Here are 20 ways to make that happen. 1) Brightening the Inner Corners The dark corners of your mind, the dark corners of the earth, and now the dark corners of your eyes. Every bit as horrifying as they sound, dark corners in your eyes are enough to cast dread in the heart of any woman hoping to make it to work on time. Luckily, you can conquer your fears with no more than a highlighter stick. Simply apply a dot of highlighter to the corner of each eye. The reflective properties of the highlighter will bring light to the darkness. 2) Wing Your Eyeshadow Why not wing it? Swoop your eyeshadow up and outward for a subtle “winged” look. The effect will give more dimension to your eyes and the wing shape will counter the natural shape of your eyes, giving them an uplifted look. 3) Use Colored Eyeliner Colored eyeliner is the new black. Dark makeup makes your eyes look smaller. Instead of going with black, try a blue or navy-blue liner which will not only make your peepers look bigger, but will also counteract the natural pink in your eyes. Opt for a winged style to make your eyes appear even larger. 4) Stay Centered How do you stay centered when you need to get out of the house and your eyes look like there’s not enough coffee in Starbucks to wake them up? Just add a fingertip-sized dot of cream or metallic toned shadow to the center of your lids. When the shadow catches the light, your eyes will pop and your zen will be restored. 5) Rise and Shine Your Eyelids Who says that you can’t rise and shine if you haven’t had a proper sleep? When you get up in the morning, apply a pin-sized drop of Vaseline to the center of your lid and spread it outward. Then add a coat of waterproof mascara to your lashes for a dewy, bright-eyed look that doesn’t take much effort to achieve. 6) Yellow Concealer Mellow the redness in your eyes with a little yellow concealer. Choose a concealer that is one or two shades lighter than your actual skin tone. It will neutralize the red and correct the dark spots at the same time. 7) Apply A Nude Color to Your Waterline Ok, so you already know about the old applying color to your waterline trick, and it’s just not working for you. If you’re using a white pencil to do it, that could be the reason. White pencils are sometimes too stark to give a natural appearance. Using a nude or ivory pencil will give you the not tired but not wired look you’re going for. 8) Use Colored Mascara on the Tips of Your Eyelashes A tip on the tips-use a little colored mascara. Applying colored mascara to the tips of your lashes can make your eyes really stand out. As a rule of thumb, blue is the best color for brightening your eyes, but you can always experiment with bronze, purple, or green to see which works for you. 9) Highlight Along the Brow Bone Here’s a tip that should raise a few eyebrows. Using a matte light pink pencil, draw a line directly under your brow starting at the inner corner and extending to the outer corner for an instant eyelift. Avoid shimmery white powders, which tend to draw attention away from the eyes. 10) Reduce Inflammation If the Disney princesses ever woke up with puffy eyes, they would surely run for some adhesive eye pads. Eye pads would zap that inflammation in five to ten minutes flat. For less monied princesses, anything cold will work wonders. (We’re thinking: “The Princess and the Package of Frozen Peas” – too inane?) 11) Shape Your Brows As they say, if the eyes are the windows to your soul, the brows are the curtains. To keep your windows looking as soulful as possible, grab stray hairs with a tweezer and fill in your brow gaps with an eyebrow pencil. 12) Dark Circles Forget about Photoshop. Not only does a good concealer put the kibosh on those eye-shrinking dark circles, but it also illuminates the entire eye area, drawing attention to the darker lashes, and correcting discoloration. Choose a color that is slightly warmer than your skin tone to counter purple or blue undertones. Blend using your finger or a sponge as a buffer, working around and underneath the eyes, and over the eyelids as well, to create a uniform base. 13) Draw the Line To frame your eyes, and intensify your lashes, draw a super thin line of black liquid liner across the top of your upper lashes and add a flick up at the end to extend. Don’t think you have the “hand-eye” coordination? A felt-tipped option will deposit inky, rich color while providing the control and precision you need. 14) Doe shaped Eyes Got doe eye envy from watching too many princess movies? We hear you. But drawing perfectly almond-shaped eyes can be a breeze if you use the right technique. Take your pencil starting at the center of your lower lash line, making it a little thicker towards the outer corners. If you make it too thick in the middle, you’ll get the panda eye effect-which is so not what you’re going for. When you’re finished, use a cotton swab to blend in harsh lines. 15) Eyelash Curler Most makeup mavens probably have at least two eyelash curlers in their makeup bags, but we have to admit that our eyelash curlers have been getting a bit rusty over the years (especially with the AM rush). The extra few minutes it takes to curl those lashes can instantly make your eyes look wider and more open. According to some experts, straight lashes can actually cast shadows over your eyes. (the horror!). 16) Define Your Crease It’s an oldie but a goodie. You can’t go wrong by putting a little medium brown eyeshadow in the crease of your eyelid. To make the crease look less severe, use a fluffy brush to sweep a matte formula shadow into an arc shape from the outer corners to the centers of your eyes. 17) Color Pencils and shadows Those black and brown eyeliner pencils worn down to nubs might be signs that you need to change things up a bit. Let the change begin by adding some navy eyeliner to your collection. (it will make your eyes appear bigger and brighter). As for eyeshadows, aqua, silver, and pink look best on bare lids with tons of mascara and a groomed brow. Add a dark color around the corners for an evening look. 18) More Mascara The word on mascara is lay it on thick. Apply a lengthening formula to create a doe-eyed effect and then a thickening coat on top for even more coquettish, more battable lashes. Choose rubber bristle wands to prevent clumping. Pro tip: Give the upper-middle lashes an additional swipe after you finish to draw the eye upward. 19) Botox You’ve curled, coated, colored, defined your crease and your mascara habit has become borderline excessive. You’ve got a good night’s sleep and allergy season is behind you. You have to admit it, looking tired is just your new normal. Years ago, you would have had two options – either to seek a good plastic surgeon or to invest in an extensive sunglass collection. These days, you have the option of several minimally invasive treatments, such as Botox. Hold your opinions on the subject matter for later. Botox can make your eyes look bigger. When Botox is injected between the brows and into the tail of the eyebrow, it prevents the muscle from pulling downward and also decreases lines. Just don’t overdo it in the forehead area. The muscle in the forehead serves the purpose of lifting the brow. If you freeze it completely, it won’t be able to serve its purpose. 20) Micro-needling Not for the needle-phobic, micro-needling is used to tighten the upper and lower lids. After a numbing cream is applied, a stamping pen with multiple needles is used to penetrate the skin about 1-2 millimeters (think the width of a credit card for a visual-assuming that you want a visual at all). The injection stimulates collagen production, which tightens skin, improves tone, and firmness, and can also reduce dark circles. The procedure lasts 30 minutes; the results last for 2-3 years. Second only to a real deal eye lift, in terms of results, is fractionated CO2 laser resurfacing using a fractionated ablative carbon dioxide laser. In simpler terms, it’s a procedure that uses a laser to create tiny wounds in your skin. Those wounds produce collagen and elastin as they repair themselves. The result is less crepiness, tightening and improved clarity. You’ll begin to see an improvement within the first week which will continue to increase for the next four to six months. Results last one year. There are so many ways to achieve bigger and brighter eyes. For best results, try combining a variety of the above methods.
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Just about everyone has a jar of honey in the kitchen, but few people realize just how diverse this ingredient can be. In addition to being an effective sweetener (one that is so much healthier than refined sugars), honey can be used for so many other purposes too. A Cleanser Honey is one of the… 0 CbGäRDN’s CBGold Collection: My Honest Opinion admin Skin Care No responses March 5, 2020 Review by Jennifer Pacheco Finding the perfect care regimen for your face is not any easy task. Sometimes it takes years of testing different products before you can choose a brand that nourishes and fortifies your skin without any adverse reactions. Personally, when I try out a new skincare line, my face breaks out with… 0 Here’s Why You Can Trust Lavelier for Your Skin admin Skin Care No responses March 3, 2020 Review by Kathleen Hingan For some girls in their early 20s, vanity is admittedly an inevitable interest, among many others. We’re surely speaking on behalf of other girls when we say that this point in our lives is our prime. Therefore, it follows that we always strive to look our best—whether it be for other… 0 10 Steps to Quit Your Nail Biting Habit admin Nails No responses March 4, 2020 Tired of having chipped-off nails? Then maybe, you have to consider quitting your nail-biting habit. Nail-biting or onychophagia is a bad habit of gnawing off the nails, and sometimes even the soft tissues on the nail bed and cuticles. People of any age or gender are prone to chewing off their nails. A related condition… 0 12 Useful Time-Saving Travel Hacks admin Travel No responses January 6, 2020 Looking for a way to save time, as well as stress, when traveling? These 12 travel hacks will have you covered. An Airline Departure Board for Your Phone Airports can be pretty fun places. With all of those bars and restaurants to dine at, along with numerous shops to browse, it can be quite easy… 0 The 20 Funniest Viral Videos of 2019 admin Entertainment No responses December 23, 2019 Social media and other online platforms have a way of keeping you entertained, thrilled or outright stunned. Whether you are into cat videos, memes, children messing around, or some awkward moments caught on camera, the internet has something for everyone. So, what keeps you glued to the internet – is it the fails or the wins?… 0 Here’s What I Thought of the Cannabis Collection from Vou Pre admin Skin Care No responses December 9, 2019 Review by Heidi Kim I have a confession. I’m a big skincare junkie. If you look in my makeup drawer, you’ll find bottles, jars, and tubes galore. My medicine cabinet is no better. And somewhere in my closet, there are boxes full of skincare samples I’ve collected over the recent years — all barely touched. … 0 Contouring Advice from 8 Top Celebrity Makeup Artists Victoria Santalesa Makeup No responses November 25, 2019 Anyone woman who has ever owned a bronzer knows that there’s a lot more to applying makeup than coloring in the lines. It’s more about blurring lines and creating them. Contouring is the way women create illusion. Contouring can do anything from slenderizing noses to brightening eyes, to recreating the bone structure of a European… 0 Interior Inspiration: 16 Stunning Art Prints for Every Budget admin Living No responses November 11, 2019 Deciding on which art to buy is not easy; not when there are like a million options to choose from. From paintings and prints to drawings and photographs, art is versatile. You also have to decide which theme to go with. As a form of presentation, your choice also has to take the desired emotion… 0 18 Quick Workouts You Can Do Anywhere admin Diet & Fitness No responses October 28, 2019 Incorporating gym time into your super busy life can be a daunting task. However, this should never be an excuse to let yourself go. Even without access to machines or weights, there are exercises you can do from the comfort of your home or wherever you happen to be to keep fit. These range from…
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With over 25 years in the audio and performance industry, we at Lynx Audio Services can make your event spectacular. Lynx Audio Services provides sound amplification (PA) systems, audio engineering, stage lighting, and recording services for bands, clubs, festivals, corporate events, parties and more! Our sound engineers and lighting designers work with you to make your event a success. Our services range from small corporate presentations to lighting and sound reinforcement for festivals. See our Live Production Services page for details. In addition we are an authorized Whirlwind dealer, consulting and fabricating custom audio gear configurations. Read more on our Customization Services page.
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Durham Matchmaker ❤️ – Our Durham Matchmaker Team offers Personal Matchmaking to Quality Singles in Durham. No Blind Dating. No Winking at Strangers. Only Relationship Minded Local Singles in Durham. Date Real Durham Singles ❤️, Offline. Three-Month Relationship Evaluation - Skip to main content Skip to footer Durham Matchmaking Home Who Are We What We Do The Difference Coaching Testimonials FAQs Start Here! May 24, 2021 By matchmaker Three-Month Relationship Evaluation The first few months of dating a new person can be a whirlwind full of dates, romance, and giddiness. There’s a reason it’s called a ‘honeymoon phase’ – because you can’t keep your mind (or hands) off of them. After this initial phase winds down, it’s time for some more clear-minded evaluation, which is why today we are discussing the Three-Month Evaluation. Below are some questions to ask yourself at the three-month point to really think about your relationship, your partner, and how you see a future together going. 1 – Define the Relationship Modern relationships are defined a bit more loosely than they have been before. We’re a long way off from asking a girl to ‘go steady’ but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t have some clarity. If you aren’t ready for a talk about your future together, that’s ok but at the least, you need to know 3 things. Are you seeing other people? Are you both looking for a long-term relationship? Do you see a possible future with this person? These questions will help define your relationship and there are no right or wrong answers. If you are both looking for something casual, that’s ok. If you both want to see other people, for now, that’s fine too. The crux of the matter is if your plans don’t match up, it might be time to move on. 2 – Evaluate your Shared Lifestyle Relationships are one of the main things that can cause a big lifestyle change. Suddenly you are going out more, meeting new people and entering new social groups. This can be both a good and bad thing so take some time to really think about what you’ve been doing and if it serves you long term. Do your dates fit your budget? How much time do you spend drinking? How often are you and your partner intimate? Do you like your partner’s friends? How much downtime are you spending together? Three months is still a bit early in terms of dating, but the time you’ve spent together so far is a good indication of how the rest of the relationship will play out. Think about if the activities you are engaging in fit your lifestyle and personal goals. 3 – Analyze your Feelings This part of the evaluation is the most subjective. You and your partner have spent enough time together now to really look at how you feel about them and if you want to continue to see them romantically. It’s ok if you haven’t fully hashed out your feelings, but now is the time to begin the process. How do you feel when you are together? Do your values align? Does your partner respect your boundaries and opinions? Is there physical and emotional chemistry? This concludes the Three-Month Relationship Evaluation. Remember that there are no right or wrong answers, as long as you are happy and thinking consciously about your relationship and how it fits in your lifestyle. Enjoy! Filed Under: Matchmaker's Blog Footer Daily Horoscope 12/02/21 Select Your SignAriesTaurusGeminiCancerLeoVirgoLibraScorpioSagittariusCapricornAquariusPisces Matchmaker’s Blog Read our Matchmaker’s Blog – from tips on body language on a date to maneuvering around the million and one options you have to find that special someone, our experts can help!
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Durham Matchmaker ❤️ – Our Durham Matchmaker Team offers Personal Matchmaking to Quality Singles in Durham. No Blind Dating. No Winking at Strangers. Only Relationship Minded Local Singles in Durham. Date Real Durham Singles ❤️, Offline. Your Resolutions and You - Skip to main content Skip to footer Durham Matchmaking Home Who Are We What We Do The Difference Coaching Testimonials FAQs Start Here! December 13, 2017 By matchmaker Your Resolutions and You New Year’s resolutions can be a controversial subject – should you make them? Did you follow them? If you did decide to make resolutions last year we have put together a list of questions for you to ask yourself in order to evaluate your progress and re-up them for next year. – – – Can this resolution become a habit? If your goal is habit forming, like exercising regularly or eating well, you are more likely to stick to it after the New Year’s ball drops. Is it realistic? Is it something achievable? Honestly? If you set too many unrealistic goals for yourself it can lead to depression and anxiety when you consistently are unable to achieve. Did I write it down? Writing down a goal cements it as a measurable thing to achieve and you are much more likely to follow through. Write down all your goals and review them often. How long will it take? Is your resolution temporary or permanent? Permanent goals are ideally habit forming goals as discussed earlier. It is important to understand the level of commitment required when making resolutions. Filed Under: Matchmaker's Blog Footer Daily Horoscope 12/02/21 Select Your SignAriesTaurusGeminiCancerLeoVirgoLibraScorpioSagittariusCapricornAquariusPisces Matchmaker’s Blog Read our Matchmaker’s Blog – from tips on body language on a date to maneuvering around the million and one options you have to find that special someone, our experts can help!
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Some 1,039 works by 421 artists, collectives and companies from more than 50 countries are on show at the 2021 Gwangju Design Biennale, which opened Sept. 1. The 61-day biennale aims to show designs that reflect differences in gender, race, ideology and culture and how to embrace the differences by exploring the beauty of each one. An example is Dutch designer Inge Kuipers&rsquo; &ldquo;Tea-Set Touch,&rdquo; a teap... 보내는 분|From 받는 분|Send to SendClose [Well-Curated Weekend] In-person festivals return, focusing on pandemic’s impact By Korea Herald Published : Sep 10, 2021 - 09:01 Updated : Sep 10, 2021 - 09:01 “Tea-Set Touch” by Inge Kuipers (Gwangju Design Biennale) Some 1,039 works by 421 artists, collectives and companies from more than 50 countries are on show at the 2021 Gwangju Design Biennale, which opened Sept. 1. The 61-day biennale aims to show designs that reflect differences in gender, race, ideology and culture and how to embrace the differences by exploring the beauty of each one. An example is Dutch designer Inge Kuipers’ “Tea-Set Touch,” a teapot and cups designed for people with arthritis. Running through Oct. 31, the biennale features five main exhibitions, a special exhibition, four commemorative exhibitions and an international conference. The main exhibitions deal with the concepts of data, dimensions, day, doing and description. An online exhibition will start in October and can be viewed on the official website of the Gwangju Design Biennale. As part of the main exhibition, the artificial intelligence hall presents collaboration between humans and technology through the medium of AI. The experience hall looks at the concept of coexistence and examines the new social norms under the pandemic. The theme of the international conference is “From the Basics to the Revolution” and participants include Peter Zec, chairman of Red Dot; Karim Habib, executive director of design from Kia Global; and Yun Song-yi, president of NCSOFT. Bucheon International Comics Festival Fans of comics and webtoons shouldn’t miss the 24th Bucheon International Comics Festival, which runs through Sept. 12 both online and offline at the Korea Manhwa Museum in Bucheon, Gyeonggi Province. Regarded as Asia’s top global comics festival, the event features concerts, fan meetings, online seminars and a talk with the artists. In compliance with the social distancing guidelines, the offline exhibitions are open to no more than 280 visitors per day and require online reservations. Under the theme of “New Normal, New Connection,” BICOF 2021 offers a hybrid experience -- a bright-colored on-site presentation at the festival venue and a virtual docent-led tour of an exhibition of award-winning works via the festival’s official YouTube channel. There are special programs and hands-on workshops for children, and adults can recall their childhood on the second floor of the museum with the legendary Korean comics “Treasure Island,” “Bridal Mask” and “Robot Taekwon V.” In the virtual world, award-winning authors will hold an online fan meeting. Concerts featuring webtoon soundtracks and showcase events for new comics and webtoons are available online. More information about the festival can be found at the official website. DMZ International Documentary Film Festival For those who missed the world premiere of director Yang Yong-hi’s “Soup and Ideology” at the DMZ International Documentary Film Festival on Thursday, the documentary about a mother’s secret will be screened again Sept. 11 and 14 at Megabox Baekseok in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, the main festival venue. The film begins with the death of the main character’s father. Her Zainichi mother -- an ethnic Korean living in Japan -- is left by herself in Osaka, Japan. Their daughter, who lives in Tokyo, worries about her mom and starts visiting her often. One day, the mother reveals a secret: that she had been there on the southern island of Jeju when the bloody April 3 uprising happened. The mother warns her daughter not to tell anyone. Director Yang’s previous documentaries include “Our Homeland (2012),” “Sona, the Other Myself (2009)” and “Dear Pyongyang (2005),” which show how the Zainichi people view issues related to North and South Korea. This year 126 documentary films from 39 countries will be screened during the festival, which runs through Sept. 16. Established in 2009 with the theme of peace, communication and life, the DMZ International Documentary Film Festival aims to become the leading documentary film festival in Asia. Including Yang’s movie, this year’s festival features 126 films from 39 countries. By Culture Desk Staff (yunapark@heraldcorp.com) (sj_lee@heraldcorp.com) (ssh@heraldcorp.com) By Korea Herald (koreaherald@heraldcorp.com) ◀ Back to List ▤ More article by this writer MOST POPULAR [Breaking] South Korea finds first cases of omicron Korea’s COVID-19 cases exceed 5,000 in one day for first time From ‘Hellbound’ to ‘Squid Game,’ churches fret over religious zealot characters Omicron woes dash growing hopes for overseas travel Moon orders stricter immigration measures to block omicron LATEST NEWS Incheon Airport’s debt ratio nears 70% over plunging travel demand Industry 'Political blessing' needed to launch EARC Transport NIPA holds IoT Korea Online Business Meeting Industry Lee Jae-myung asks US firms for investment and jobs while promising to ease regulations Politics New book offers tips for businesses on metaverse Industry /g, ">"); return str; } $(document).ready(function(){ $.ajax({url:"http://ads.mncmedia.co.kr/mad/KOREAHERALD/kh_mob_text.html?mncd=TVRFNA==&pp="+strPlus10Minute(), async:false, dataType:"jsonp", crossDomain:true, cache:true, jsonp:false, jsonpCallback:"adsmnc_t_1" }); $.ajax({url:"http://ads.mncmedia.co.kr/mad/KOREAHERALD/kh_mob_text.html?mncd=TVRFNQ==&pp="+strPlus10Minute(), async:false, dataType:"jsonp", crossDomain:true, cache:true, jsonp:false, jsonpCallback:"adsmnc_t_2" }); $.ajax({url:"http://ads.mncmedia.co.kr/mad/KOREAHERALD/kh_mob_text.html?mncd=TVRJdw==&pp="+strPlus10Minute(), async:false, dataType:"jsonp", crossDomain:true, cache:true, jsonp:false, jsonpCallback:"adsmnc_t_3" }); $.ajax({url:"http://ads.mncmedia.co.kr/mad/KOREAHERALD/kh_mob_text.html?mncd=TVRjMk1BPT0=&pp="+strPlus10Minute(), async:false, dataType:"jsonp", crossDomain:true, cache:true, jsonp:false, jsonpCallback:"adsmnc_t_4" }); }); function adsmnc_t_1( obj ){ var strHTML = ''; strHTML = '▶ '+ escapeHtml(obj[0]['text']) +''; $('#adsmnc_botimg_01').html(strHTML); } function adsmnc_t_2( obj ){ var strHTML = ''; strHTML = '▶ '+ escapeHtml(obj[0]['text']) +''; $('#adsmnc_botimg_02').html(strHTML); } function adsmnc_t_3( obj ){ var strHTML = ''; strHTML = '▶ '+ escapeHtml(obj[0]['text']) +''; $('#adsmnc_botimg_03').html(strHTML); } function adsmnc_t_4( obj ){ var strHTML = ''; strHTML = '▶ '+ escapeHtml(obj[0]['text']) +''; $('#adsmnc_botimg_04').html(strHTML); } ANNOUNCEMENT CONTACT US LOCATION ABOUT KOREA HERALD ABOUT HERALD CORPORATION Go to Desktop Version Our site K-POP HERALD THE INVESTOR THE HERALD BUSINESS THE HERALD POP REAL FOODS HERALD ECO HERALD DESIGN
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synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired a 51% interest in Revo Media Partners Limited, owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. buyer: PennWell Corporation Founded in 1910 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell Corporation is a privately held and highly diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. " target: Revo Media Partners Limited Revo Media Partners Limited is the owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 11/11/2019 via Company Press Release Endeavor Business Media, LLC, purchased Industry & Infrastructure Intelligence and Auto Brands from Informa plc See 77 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Endeavor Business Media announces the acquisition of a number of Informa’s Industry & Infrastructure and Auto aftermarket media brands, expanding its position as one of the fastest growing B2B companies. The media brands provide essential information, insight and intelligence in the energy, transportation, buildings, design & manufacturing sectors. buyer parent: Resolute Capital Partners buyer: Endeavor Business Media, LLC Endeavor Business Media, LLC was formed in late 2017 to acquire and operate trade publications, websites and events. From e-newsletters to monthly magazines to live in-person events, the company provides the best opportunities for readers to stay knowledgeable and B2B advertisers to remain relevant." seller: Informa plc (LSE:INF:$2,312.06) Informa’s Industry & Infrastructure and Auto aftermarket media brands provide essential information, insight and intelligence on trends and technologies to millions of engaged decision makers in the energy, transportation, buildings, and design & manufacturing sectors. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release announced 7/18/2019 via BNC Analysis Fiera Milano International SPA, will acquire MADE Expo See 40 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Fiera Milano SpA announces that it has signed a binding preliminary contract for the acquisition of 60% of the company MADE Expo from Federlegno Arredo Eventi SpA. MADE Expo is a major Italian event (and one of the largest in Europe) for the world of architecture, building, construction and door and window frames. buyer: Fiera Milano International SPA (BIT:FM:$268.81) Fiera Milano is the domestic market leader and one of the main integrated operators worldwide in the exhibition and congress sector. The Group manages the leading exhibition site in Italy and dominates events in numerous sectors, including fashion, food, engineering, construction and more. " target parent: Federlegno Arredo Eventi Spa target: MADE Expo MADE Expo is a major Italian event (and one of the largest in Europe) for the world of architecture, building, construction and door and window frames. MADE Expo is a biennial international exhibition of architecture and construction dedicated to designers. price ($mm) $2.09* rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 6/30/2020 via BNC Analysis Matthew Conroy and Matt Lyons, acquired Cahaba Media Group See 259 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Matthew Conroy and Matt Lyons have purchased a majority stake in Cahaba Media Group, a b2b media publishing company in the industrial, construction and home health sectors. Conroy is a previous Top 40 Under 40 winner who previously served as chief financial officer for Momentum Telecom. Lyons founded defense and space company LinQuest. buyer: Matthew Conroy and Matt Lyons Matthew Conroy is a previous Top 40 Under 40 winner who previously served as chief financial officer for Momentum Telecom. Matt Lyons founded defense and space company LinQuest. " target: Cahaba Media Group Founded in 2002, Cahaba Media Group is a growing company with an entrepreneurial mindset. They publish trade magazines, websites and e-newsletters that are leaders in their respective industries, including home health care, construction, and the industrial industry. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 9/19/2019 via BNC Analysis Contex Group, purchased Les Affaires, Contech and Benefits Canada from TC Transcontinental See 126 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Contex Group, a Canadian events first media company, acquired 3 specialty brands from TC Transcontinental, a Canadian printing group. The brands include Les Affaires, a producer of business conferences and newspapers, Contech, a producer of construction trade shows, and Benefits Canada, a producer of pension and benefits conferences and magazines. buyer: Contex Group Contex Group is a Canadian events first media company that produces conferences, trade shows and training programs – propelled by powerful publications and websites. It offers quality content across its platforms, and is driven by event activities which represent its core growth area. " seller: TC Transcontinental (TSX:TCL.A:$2,071.97) Les Affaires produces business conferences and a business newspaper. Contech produces construction trade shows. Benefits Canada produces conferences and magazines for the pension and benefits industry. All 3 brands belong to TC Transcontinental, Canada’s largest printing and publishing group. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/1/2019 via PR Newswire IdeaSoil, LLC, acquired Commercial Architecture Magazine See 18 Comparable Transactions synopsis: IdeaSoil, LLC, a multichannel media and marketing firm, has acquired Commercial Architecture Magazine from Efficient Plant, a magazine that helps plants operate more efficiently. Commercial Architecture is a leading publication in the commercial construction field. Commercial Architecture provides readers with the latest product information. buyer: IdeaSoil, LLC IdeaSoil is a multichannel media and marketing firm dedicated to the success of its clients. IdeaSoil is designed to be a potent, eclectic mix of products, services, strategies, and experience that provides accelerated growth for the companies willing to plant their opportunities in its soil. " target parent: Efficient Plant target: Commercial Architecture Magazine Commercial Architecture Magazine is a leading publication in the commercial construction field. Commercial Architecture serves architects, contractors, and owners in the commercial-construction market, providing them with the latest product information. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/30/2018 via PR Newswire Boyne Capital Partners, acquired AC Business Media See 61 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Boyne Capital has partnered with management to acquire AC Business Media, Inc., a leading B2B media and business intelligence company with a portfolio of renowned brands in heavy construction, asphalt, concrete, paving, equipment rental, landscape, manufacturing, logistics and supply chain, and digital and data-driven marketing verticals. buyer: Boyne Capital Partners Boyne Capital is a private equity firm focused on investments in lower middle market companies. Boyne has successfully invested in a broad range of industries, including healthcare services, agriculture, consumer products, niche manufacturing, and business & financial services among others. " target: AC Business Media AC Business Media is a leading B2B media and business intelligence company with a portfolio of renowned brands in heavy construction, asphalt, concrete, paving, rental, sustainability, landscape, manufacturing, logistics and supply chain markets. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/2/2017 via BNC Analysis Sandhills Publishing Company, purchased 5 Trade Publications from Editoriale C&C See 80 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Sandhills East has acquired a number of trade publications serving Italy's construction, commercial trucking, and agriculture markets including: CamionSuperMarket, TrattoriSuperMarket, Cantierissimo con Carrellistica, Transporto Commerciale, and A come Agricoltura, from Editoriale C&C, a publishing house based in Italy. buyer: Sandhills Publishing Company Sandhills Publishing is an information processing company aimed at gathering, processing, and distributing info in the form of trade publications & corresponding websites that connect buyers & sellers across the trucking, agriculture, construction, heavy equipment, aviation, & technology industries." seller: Editoriale C&C The acquisition includes five trade publications serving Italy's construction, commercial trucking, and agriculture markets from Editoriale C&C. The brands included are CamionSuperMarket, TrattoriSuperMarket, Cantierissimo con Carrellistica, Transporto Commerciale, and A come Agricoltura. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 6/28/2017 via Company Press Release Mark Allen Group, acquired Unity Media Plc See 48 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Mark Allen Group has acquired Kent-based Unity Media, a publisher of a number of market leading brands in the built environment including: Roofing, Cladding & Insulation, Glass & Glazing, Heating & Plumbing Monthly, Building Products and Your Build. Unity also organizes the RCI Show, an exhibition for the roofing, cladding and insulation sectors. buyer: Mark Allen Group The Mark Allen Group is a progressive media business, which delivers high-quality content through market-leading journals, magazines, books, events and websites. Their brands offer unrivalled access to specialists in healthcare, education, business and consumer markets. " target: Unity Media Plc Unity Media is an independent publisher of market-leading business-to-business publications for the construction market. Unity also organizes the RCI Show, an annual, national exhibition to support the roofing, cladding and insulation sectors. price ($mm) rev ($mm) $5 EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev 0.0x EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 6/5/2017 via PR Newswire Aurora Capital Group, acquired Randall-Reilly, LLC See 80 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Aurora Capital acquired Randall-Reilly, the leading provider of B2B data and data-driven marketing services, media and events for the trucking, construction, agriculture and additional industrial markets. Founded as a print media business, Randall-Reilly has evolved and emerged as the leader in data-as-a-service and data-driven marketing solutions. buyer: Aurora Capital Group Aurora Capital Partners is a leading Los Angeles-based private equity firm. Aurora focuses principally on control investments in middle-market companies with leading market positions, stable industry dynamics, attractive business model characteristics and actionable opportunities for growth. " target parent: Investcorp target: Randall-Reilly, LLC Randall-Reilly is the leading B2B data provider in the industrial markets they service, including trucking, construction, agriculture, and select other markets. Clients utilize Randall-Reilly's data and media platforms to generate sales, marketing, and recruiting insights and measurable outcomes. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 4/29/2015 via Yahoo, Inc. BiP Solutions, acquired Pro-Mark Media Limited See 27 Comparable Transactions synopsis: BiP Solutions, the leading provider of business intelligence solutions for the public/private sector marketplace, has acquired Pro-Mark Media Limited - one of the UK's leading construction media companies with an established portfolio of digital magazines and online channels. buyer: BiP Solutions BiP Solutions is a global market leader in the provision of public sector procurement solutions, offering buyers and suppliers access to probably the world’s largest database of current open contract opportunities. Over 530 UK government organisations use BiP Solutions services. " target: Pro-Mark Media Limited Pro-Mark Media Limited is one of the UK’s leading publishers of quality construction magazines, with over 19 years experience in the industry and a portfolio of 4 national titles. These incorporate UK Construction, Building Scotland, Construction Ireland and SwimConstruct. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/12/2014 via BNC Analysis AC Business Media, acquired Cygnus Heavy Construction and Logistics Groups See 62 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Cygnus Business Media announced that it has sold its Heavy Construction and Logistics Groups to AC Business Media Inc., an independent corporation based in Delaware. The Construction Group brands reach the entire heavy construction market, providing integrated media solutions with digital, print, event and social media platforms. buyer: AC Business Media AC Business Media is a business-to-business media company with a portfolio of renowned brands in heavy construction, asphalt, concrete, paving, rental, sustainability, manufacturing, logistics and supply chain markets. " target parent: ABRY Partners, LLC target: Cygnus Heavy Construction and Logistics Groups The Construction Group brands reach the entire heavy construction market, providing integrated media solutions with digital, print, event and social media platforms. The Logistics Group includes Food Logistics and Supply & Demand Chain Executive magazines, with digital platforms for both brands. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 5/12/2014 via BNC Analysis United Business Media Limited, acquired Expo CIHAC See 29 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Business services provider UBM reported acquiring Expo CIHAC from Centro Impulsor de la Construcción y Habitación A.C. or CIHAC, the Mexican construction industry trade association. Expo CIHAC was introduced in 1989 and is currently among Mexico's ten largest tradeshows and the largest serving the infrastructure, construction and housing markets. buyer: United Business Media Limited (LSE:UBM:$1,333.50) United Business Media Limited is a London Stock Exchange-listed global media business focusing on two principal activities: worldwide information distribution, targeting and monitoring; and, the development and monetisation of B2B communities and markets. " target: Expo CIHAC Expo CIHAC is currently Mexico's largest tradeshow serving the infrastructure, construction and housing markets. Expo CIHAC exhibitors span the industry including construction materials, machinery, hand and power tools, prefabricated building systems and technologies, financial services, and more. price ($mm) rev ($mm) $7 EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev 0.0x EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 9/27/2012 via BNC Analysis Veronafiere, acquired Milanez & Milaneze See 29 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Veronafiere announced the acquisition of 60 percent of Milanez & Milaneze. Milanez & Milaneze organizes the International Marble and Granite Fair. The company was founded in 1989 and is based in Serra, Brazil. buyer: Veronafiere Veronafiere specialises in set-ups for exhibitions, shows, conventions and special events, including billboards and visual communication, multi-vision, design and integrated production of advertising graphics and photography. " target: Milanez & Milaneze Milanez & Milaneze has been the organizer of the International Marble and Granite Fair since the beginning on 1989. price ($mm) $3.53* rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 7/29/2011 via Company Press Release UBM Built Environment, acquired Ecobuild See 29 Comparable Transactions synopsis: UBM plc announces it has acquired International Business Events Limited – owner of the Ecobuild exhibition business. Ecobuild is the world’s largest exhibition dedicated to sustainable building products and is the fastest-growing trade event in the UK. buyer parent: United Business Media Limited buyer: UBM Built Environment UBM Built Environment is UBM’s specialist media division focusing on the Property, Interiors, Architecture, Construction, and Infrastructure markets in the UK and internationally. " target: Ecobuild Ecobuild is the world’s largest exhibition dedicated to sustainable building products and is the fastest-growing trade event in the UK. Launched in 2004, the number of professionals visiting the event has grown from 6,100 in 2006 to more than 55,000 in 2011. price ($mm) $51 rev ($mm) $15 EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev 5.4x EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 6/14/2010 via Company Press Release United Business Media Limited, acquired Sienna Interlink See 29 Comparable Transactions synopsis: United Business Media Limited announces that it has acquired a 75% equity stake in Sienna Interlink, a Brazilian exhibition company based in Sao Paulo. Sienna Interlink’s main asset is the Concrete Show South America, the region’s largest concrete industry tradeshow. buyer: United Business Media Limited (LSE:UBM:$1,333.50) UBM focuses on two principal activities: worldwide information distribution, targeting and monitoring; and, the development and monetization of B2B communities and markets. " target: Sienna Interlink Sienna Interlink’s main asset is the Concrete Show South America, the region’s largest concrete industry tradeshow. Held each August in Sao Paolo, the show serves suppliers of concrete and cement equipment and machinery, building systems, materials, additives, tools and related services. price ($mm) $11* rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 1/29/2008 via PR Newswire Investcorp, acquired Randall-Reilly Publishing, LLC See 142 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Investcorp, a provider and manager of alternative investment products, has completed the acquisition of Randall-Reilly Publishing Company, LLC, the premier media and information company focused on the trucking and construction markets in the United States, in conjunction with President and CEO, Mike Reilly, and other members of management. buyer: Investcorp (BAX:INVCORP:$254.00) Investcorp is a global investment group with offices in London, New York and Bahrain. The firm has five lines of business: private equity investment, global hedge fund, technology investment, real estate investment, and Gulf growth capital. " target parent: Wachovia Corporation target: Randall-Reilly Publishing, LLC Randall-Reilly Publishing is the premier business-to-business media company focused on the trucking, construction and industrial markets. Randall-Reilly also operates a company-sponsored publication division serving Fortune 500 companies and a UCC-filing database and research group. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 11/6/2007 via BNC Analysis Naylor LLC, acquired Southern Building Show See 29 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Naylor, a company that mainly manages events for associations, has acquired the Southern Building Show from founders PJ and Ken Kanline. buyer parent: ZelnickMedia buyer: Naylor LLC Naylor is North America's leading provider of integrated communications and image-building solutions for associations. With three decades of experience covering more than 85 industries—representing billions in buying power—Naylor is uniquely qualified to help you build your association’s image. " target: Southern Building Show With an exhibit hall that showcases the most current building products and services available in the market combined with the cutting-edge education programming, the Southern Building Show has earned a reputation as one of the housing industry's top overall educational experiences. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 4/30/2007 via Folio: First Day Hanley Wood, LLC, acquired Spiderweb Publishing, Inc. See 39 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Washington, D.C.-based Hanley Wood has acquired the assets of Spiderweb Publishing Inc., a Durham, North Carolina privately-owned publisher of construction magazines Eco-Structure and Metalmag, and their accompanying Web sites. buyer parent: CCMP Capital Advisors, LLC buyer: Hanley Wood, LLC Hanley Wood, LLC, is the premier media company serving housing and construction. Through four operating divisions, the company produces award-winning magazines and Web sites, marquee trade shows and events, rich data and custom marketing solutions. " target: Spiderweb Publishing, Inc. Spiderweb Publishing, Inc. is a publishing company that creates magazines to inform readers about construction practices and high-performance buildings. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 11/16/2006 via Company Press Release Merchandise Mart Properties, Inc., acquired York Communications See 29 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Merchandise Mart Properties Inc. (MMPI) and York Communications/MediaEdge Communications West, joint owners of Canada’s top design, construction and real estate expositions and events, announced the purchase of 13 leading trade shows and 20 popular conferences. buyer: Merchandise Mart Properties, Inc. For 75 years, Merchandise Mart Properties, Inc. has been North America’s specialist in marketing support of buildings with wholesale showrooms. MMPI is both a property manager and trade show producer, divisionally organized by the industries housed in its buildings and represented at its events. " target: York Communications Since its inception in 1988, York Communications has evolved into Canada’s leading trade show and conference organizer in the fields of construction, energy, homebuilding, property management, and real estate. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release Pages: 1 2 3 4 buyer to watch list seller to watch list Email Linkedin Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Tumblr Digg StumbleUpon Flipboard Reddit Hackernews blogger closed 10/14/2014 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired Revo Media Partners Limited See 67 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired a 51% interest in Revo Media Partners Limited, owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. buyer: PennWell Corporation Founded in 1910 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell Corporation is a privately held and highly diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. " target: Revo Media Partners Limited Revo Media Partners Limited is the owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release buyer to watch list seller to watch list Email Linkedin Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Tumblr Digg StumbleUpon Flipboard Reddit Hackernews blogger closed 2/22/2019 via Company Press Release Endeavor Business Media, LLC, purchased Multiple Operating Units from PennWell Corporation See 3162 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Endeavor Business Media has announced the acquisition of a number of the former PennWell media properties from Clarion Events including titles covering the oil and gas industry, industrial technology, dentistry, and water utilities. buyer parent: Resolute Capital Partners buyer: Endeavor Business Media, LLC Endeavor Business Media, LLC was formed in late 2017 to acquire and operate trade publications, websites and events. From e-newsletters to monthly magazines to live in-person events, the company provides the best opportunities for readers to stay knowledgeable and B2B advertisers to remain relevant." seller parent: Blackstone Group LP seller: PennWell Corporation The multiple operating units of PennWell include titles covering the oil and gas industry, industrial technology, dentistry, and water utilities. PennWell Corporation is a highly diversified business-to-business media and conference and exhibition company. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 4/4/2018 via PR Newswire Clarion Events, Ltd., acquired PennWell Corporation See 3160 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Clarion Events, one of the world's leading events organizers, announces the acquisition of PennWell Corporation, a privately-held events and business-to-business media and marketing services company. PennWell publishes over 130 print and online magazines and newsletters. They conduct 40 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. buyer parent: Blackstone Group LP buyer: Clarion Events, Ltd. Clarion Events is one of the oldest independent event organizers in the UK. The teams at Clarion create uniquely effective and stimulating environments that can serve as a platform to build businesses, enhance customer relationships and accelerate product awareness. " target: PennWell Corporation PennWell is a highly diversified business-to-business media and conference and exhibition company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 130 print and online magazines and newsletters. They conduct 40 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 10/14/2014 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired Revo Media Partners Limited See 67 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired a 51% interest in Revo Media Partners Limited, owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. buyer: PennWell Corporation Founded in 1910 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell Corporation is a privately held and highly diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. " target: Revo Media Partners Limited Revo Media Partners Limited is the owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 7/16/2013 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired Petroleum Network Education Conferences See 2 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation has acquired PNEC, the Petroleum Network Education Conferences, from Philip C. Crouse & Associates, Inc. PNEC is an annual conference and exhibition serving the data integration, information and management disciplines critical to exploration and production within the global oil and gas industry. buyer: PennWell Corporation Founded in 1910, PennWell Corporation is a privately held and highly diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. " target: Petroleum Network Education Conferences Petroleum Network Education Conferences (PNEC) is an annual conference and exhibition serving the data integration, information and management disciplines critical to exploration and production within the global oil and gas industry. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 1/3/2013 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired GenerationHub See 1 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired TransmissionHub, GenerationHub, and related subscription and data businesses from Colorado-based Energy Central. The acquisition adds new offerings to PennWell's growing information and mapping business for the electric power industry. buyer: PennWell Corporation Founded in 1910, PennWell Corporation is a privately held and highly diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. " target parent: Energy Central target: GenerationHub TransmissionHub and GenerationHub are online, interactive intelligence services for professionals who build, own, operate, regulate or invest in the electric power infrastructure in North America. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 9/14/2012 via Folio: First Day PennWell Corporation, acquired Journal of Emergency Medical Services See 195 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Tulsa-based PennWell has acquired the Public Safety Group from Elsevier. Included in the deal are the Journal of Emergency Medical Services, the EMS Today Conference & Exposition, FireRescue, Law Officer and associated websites, events, blogs and newsletters. buyer: PennWell Corporation Founded in 1910, PennWell Corporation is a privately held and highly diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. " target parent: Reed Elsevier target: Journal of Emergency Medical Services Journal of Emergency Medical Services, the most respected journal in the field of emergency services, is published for paramedics, emergency medical technicians, instructors, administrators, nurses and physicians. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 10/5/2011 via PR Newswire LEDs Magazine, acquired The LED Show See 123 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired the assets of The LED Show, a conference and exhibition serving the lighting design and technology segment of the LED industry. The LED Show is held annually in Las Vegas, Nevada. buyer parent: PennWell Corporation buyer: LEDs Magazine LEDs Magazine is the leading information resource for the global LED and lighting community, serving thousands of readers that specify, design and manufacture LED-based products for a wide range of end-use applications. " target: The LED Show The LED Show is a conference and exhibition serving the lighting design and technology segment of the LED industry. The LED Show is held annually in Las Vegas, Nevada and attracts leading LED manufacturers displaying the latest technology and products. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 9/28/2011 via PR Newswire MAPSearch, acquired eMarket Software, Inc. See 68 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation has acquired the assets of eMarket Software, Inc., a Fort Worth, Texas company offering mapping products and services to energy industry. eMarket Software has created a sophisticated mapping and database platform that will become the web-based mapping platform for PennWell's MAPSearch business. buyer parent: PennWell Corporation buyer: MAPSearch Combining the best of spatial accuracy, comprehensive coverage, robust attribute data, and exceptional customer services, MAPSearch offers a unique data service suitable for merger analysis, project sighting, system planning, investment evaluation and more. " target: eMarket Software, Inc. eMarket Software, Inc. is a Fort Worth, Texas company offering mapping products and services to the energy industry. eMarket Software has created a sophisticated mapping and database platform. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/20/2010 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired Fire Apparatus Magazine See 3 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired Fire Apparatus & Emergency Equipment magazine and the website FireMagazine.com. Financial terms of the sale were not disclosed. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: Fire Apparatus Magazine Fire Apparatus & Emergency Equipment Magazine is the only magazine writing exclusively for Fire Chiefs, Purchasing Committee Members, Trustees, Commissioners, Finance Committees and those whose job it is to buy Trucks, Tools, Turnout Gear and Firefighting Equipment. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 12/22/2008 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired HCI Publications See 17 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired the assets of HCI Publications, Inc., a Kansas City, Missouri-based producer of business-to-business magazines and conferences and exhibitions serving the hydroelectric industry. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: HCI Publications HCI Publications is the world's leading provider of hydro information resources. HCI publishes two magazines: Hydro Review, dedicated to the North American market, and HRW, which covers the hydro industry worldwide. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 5/1/2008 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired Avionics Expo Limited See 10 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, has acquired Avionics Expo Limited, a U.K. company which owns and produces Avionics, the leading global conference and exhibition for civil and military aerospace electronics. Financial terms of the sale were not disclosed. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: Avionics Expo Limited Avionics has been held in the Amsterdam for the past four years with the most recent event held March 5-6, 2008 at the Passenger Air Terminal in Amsterdam. Avionics comprises a significant trade exhibition, two-day conference program, workshops, and technology demos serving over 1,400 attendees. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 11/29/2007 via Company Press Release PennWell Corporation, acquired iCommerce & Marketing, LLC. See 3 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired a 51% interest in iCommerce & Marketing L.L.C., which operates RenewableEnergyAccess.com, the world's leading online-only publication and business-to-business community for renewable energy. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: iCommerce & Marketing, LLC. RenewableEnergyAccess.com, operated by iCommerce & Marketing LLC., serves 50,000 registered readers by providing comprehensive industry information and insight with its daily news, weekly podcasts, and regular columns and interviews. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 5/21/2007 via PR Newswire PennWell Publishing Company, acquired Utility Products Magazine See 138 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, has acquired Utility Products magazine from TKM Communications Inc. Utility Products is a monthly business-to-business publication covering the power, telecommunications and cable TV product markets. Financial terms of the sale were not disclosed. buyer: PennWell Publishing Company PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: Utility Products Magazine Utility Products is the leading resource for purchasers, decision makers, fleet managers and product specifiers in the power, cable and telecommunications industries. Its circulation of 50,000 spans electric utilities, municipalities, telephone companies, cable TV companies. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 5/14/2007 via PR Newswire PennWell Publishing Company, acquired LEDs Magazine See 231 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, has acquired LEDs Magazine, a business-to-business digital magazine and web site covering the technology and applications of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Financial terms of the sale were not disclosed. buyer: PennWell Publishing Company PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: LEDs Magazine LEDs Magazine is the leading resource for the global LED community, serving thousands of readers that specify, design and manufacture LED-based products for a wide range of end-use applications. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/7/2006 via BNC Analysis PennWell Publishing Company, purchased Odontos World Media from Odontos Publishing Inc. See 5 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, has announced that it has acquired the publishing and continuing education business of the Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology and Odontos World Media from the company's founder and president, Michael Florman, DDS. buyer: PennWell Publishing Company PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " seller: Odontos Publishing Inc. Established in 1998 by Florman, an orthodontist based in Santa Monica, California, the Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology (ADTS) is a leading provider of continuing education publications and courses for the dental profession. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/7/2006 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology See 34 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, has acquired the publishing and continuing education business of the Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology and Odontos World Media from the Company's founder and president, Michael Florman, DDS. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology Established in 1998 by Florman, an orthodontist based in Santa Monica, California, the Academy of Dental Therapeutics and Stomatology (ADTS) is a leading provider of continuing education publications and courses for the dental profession. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 4/7/2006 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, purchased sustainable energy and technology magazine group from James & James Ltd. See 55 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired the sustainable energy and technology magazine group consisting of "Renewable Energy World," "Cogeneration and On-Site Power Production" and "Waste Management World" from James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. based in London. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " seller: James & James Ltd. Formed by the coming-together of two of the foremost publishers in environment science, technology and sustainable development, James & James / Earthscan is now becoming recognized as the most important specialist source of must-have information for all those around the world. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 10/8/2005 via Company Press Release PennWell Corporation, acquired Small Times See 251 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced today that it has acquired Small Times magazine, a business publication covering the fast-emerging nanotechnology, MEMS and microsystems markets. Financial terms of the sale were not disclosed. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target: Small Times Small Times is the leading source of business information and analysis about micro and nanotechnology. Small Times offers full news coverage through its business trade magazine, daily news Web site and weekly e-mail newsletter. Small Times also offers custom research services. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 8/31/2005 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired CMM International See 136 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced today that it has acquired CMM International, the leading trade show for the converting and package printing industry in North America. buyer: PennWell Corporation PennWell Corporation is a diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 75 print and online magazines and newsletters, conducts 60 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. " target parent: RISI, Inc. target: CMM International CMM International serves as the premier converting and package printing event for thousands of converting professionals from around the world. The inaugural show was created when converting suppliers at the Pack Expo Show felt they were not attracting a large enough number of converters. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release buyer to watch list seller to watch list Email Linkedin Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Tumblr Digg StumbleUpon Flipboard Reddit Hackernews blogger closed 10/14/2014 via PR Newswire PennWell Corporation, acquired Revo Media Partners Limited See 67 Comparable Transactions synopsis: PennWell Corporation, a diversified global media and information company, announced that it has acquired a 51% interest in Revo Media Partners Limited, owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. buyer: PennWell Corporation Founded in 1910 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, PennWell Corporation is a privately held and highly diversified business-to-business media and information company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. " target: Revo Media Partners Limited Revo Media Partners Limited is the owner of LuxLive, the UK's largest dedicated lighting event, and Lux Magazine and Lux Review, the leading trade publications in the energy efficiency lighting space. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 2/17/2021 via Company Press Release European Rubber Journal, acquired European Rubber Journal See 2 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Patrick Raleigh, the editor of European Rubber Journal (ERJ), has acquired the company from Crain Communications, a privately held media company. ERJ is a UK-based magazine focused on the rubber industry. ERJ provides the latest news impacting the global tire and rubber industries, from breaking news to razor-sharp analysis. buyer: European Rubber Journal European Rubber Journal (ERJ) is a UK-based magazine focused on the rubber industry. ERJ is published bi-monthly and provides the latest news impacting the global tire and rubber industries, from breaking news to razor-sharp analysis. " target parent: Crain Communications, Inc. target: European Rubber Journal European Rubber Journal (ERJ) is a UK-based magazine focused on the rubber industry. ERJ is published bi-monthly and provides the latest news impacting the global tire and rubber industries, from breaking news to razor-sharp analysis. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 4/30/2020 via Company Press Release Prestige Media Group S.A., acquired Rundschau Medien See 3366 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Prestige Media Group SA acquires Rundschau Medien AG, bringing together the strengths of a family-run company in Switzerland and the potential of a global company in Paris creates new synergies. Rundschau Medien AG, based in Muttenz, has been producing very high quality lifestyle and recognized trade specialist magazines in the print sector. buyer: Prestige Media Group S.A. Prestige Media Group SA is a global media investment holding. Our flagship company is Rundschau Medien AG in Switzerland which is a digital and print media company that has been producing high-quality lifestyle and recognized specialist magazines for 14 years. " target: Rundschau Medien Rundschau Medien AG, based in Muttenz, has been producing very high quality lifestyle and recognized trade specialist magazines in the print sector for over 15 years. They attach great importance to editing, content, graphics, haptics and material of the magazines (high gloss). price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 12/5/2019 via BNC Analysis Tarsus Group plc, acquired Smarter Shows See 1662 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Tarsus, the global B2B media group, has announced that it has completed the acquisition of Smarter Shows; the UK-based exhibition and conference organizer. Smarter Shows has built a highly-focused portfolio of B2B supply chain exhibitions and technical conferences with a focus on the aerospace, automotive and materials industries. buyer: Tarsus Group plc Tarsus Group Ltd is a media group engaged in exhibitions and associated conferences, publishing, education and Internet activities. Since its formation in 1998, Tarsus has built a diverse portfolio of leading brands that span a wide range of industries and geographies. " target: Smarter Shows Smarter Shows has built a highly-focused portfolio of B2B supply chain exhibitions and technical conferences held in North America and Germany with a focus on the aerospace, automotive and materials industries. Events include FOAM Expo, Space Tech Expo, Ceramics Expo, and other niche events. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 2/22/2019 via Company Press Release Endeavor Business Media, LLC, purchased Multiple Operating Units from PennWell Corporation See 3162 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Endeavor Business Media has announced the acquisition of a number of the former PennWell media properties from Clarion Events including titles covering the oil and gas industry, industrial technology, dentistry, and water utilities. buyer parent: Resolute Capital Partners buyer: Endeavor Business Media, LLC Endeavor Business Media, LLC was formed in late 2017 to acquire and operate trade publications, websites and events. From e-newsletters to monthly magazines to live in-person events, the company provides the best opportunities for readers to stay knowledgeable and B2B advertisers to remain relevant." seller parent: Blackstone Group LP seller: PennWell Corporation The multiple operating units of PennWell include titles covering the oil and gas industry, industrial technology, dentistry, and water utilities. PennWell Corporation is a highly diversified business-to-business media and conference and exhibition company. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 12/23/2018 via BNC Analysis Endeavor Business Media, LLC, acquired Forester Media Inc. See 429 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Endeavor Business Media, a business-to-business media company, has acquired Forester Media is a media company that publishes trade magazines and produces live events and conferences. Forester Media produces StormCon, a North American surface water quality conference and exposition. Their magazines cover energy efficiency, soil erosion, and more. buyer parent: Resolute Capital Partners buyer: Endeavor Business Media, LLC Endeavor Business Media, LLC was formed in late 2017 to acquire and operate trade publications, websites and events. From e-newsletters to monthly magazines to live in-person events, the company provides the best opportunities for readers to stay knowledgeable and B2B advertisers to remain relevant." target: Forester Media Inc. Forester Media is a media company that publishes award-winning trade magazines and produces live events and conferences. StormCon is a North American surface water quality conference and exposition. Their magazines cover energy efficiency, soil erosion, excavating, solid waste management, and more. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 11/18/2018 via BusinessWire Gemspring Capital, acquired Bobit Business Media See 2179 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Gemspring Capital, a middle-market private equity firm, is pleased to announce an affiliate has acquired the assets of Bobit Business Media Inc., a leading B2B media company. They are a diversified company with print publications, live events, websites, research, custom content development and marketing solutions. buyer: Gemspring Capital Gemspring Capital is a private equity firm specializing in lower middle market companies. With $355 million of equity capital under management, they provide flexible capital and partner with talented management teams to propel companies to grow and achieve their full potential. " target: Bobit Business Media Bobit Business Media is a Southern California-based national leader in B2B media. They are a diversified company with print publications, live events, websites, research, custom content development and marketing solutions. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 9/14/2018 via BNC Analysis Tarsus Group plc, acquired EJ Krause de Mexico See 1611 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Tarsus Group Ltd, a business conferences and exhibitions firm, has acquired the remaining 50% stake in E.J. Krause de Mexico (EJK de Mexico, EJK Tarsus Mexico). Since 1991, EJK de Mexico has produced the most important annual exhibitions and conferences in strategic industries in Mexico. buyer: Tarsus Group plc Tarsus Group Ltd is a media group engaged in exhibitions and associated conferences, publishing, education and Internet activities. Since its formation in 1998, Tarsus has built a diverse portfolio of leading brands that span a wide range of industries and geographies. " target parent: E.J. Krause & Associates, Inc. target: EJ Krause de Mexico E.J. Krause de Mexico (EJK de Mexico, EJK Tarsus Mexico) is joint venture between E.J. Krause & Associates and Tarsus Group plc. Since 1991, EJK de Mexico has produced the most important annual exhibitions and conferences in strategic industries in Mexico. price ($mm) $18* rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 4/4/2018 via PR Newswire Clarion Events, Ltd., acquired PennWell Corporation See 3160 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Clarion Events, one of the world's leading events organizers, announces the acquisition of PennWell Corporation, a privately-held events and business-to-business media and marketing services company. PennWell publishes over 130 print and online magazines and newsletters. They conduct 40 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. buyer parent: Blackstone Group LP buyer: Clarion Events, Ltd. Clarion Events is one of the oldest independent event organizers in the UK. The teams at Clarion create uniquely effective and stimulating environments that can serve as a platform to build businesses, enhance customer relationships and accelerate product awareness. " target: PennWell Corporation PennWell is a highly diversified business-to-business media and conference and exhibition company that provides quality content and integrated marketing solutions. PennWell publishes over 130 print and online magazines and newsletters. They conduct 40 conferences and exhibitions on six continents. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 4/4/2018 via PR Newswire Future plc, acquired NewBay Media LLC See 3162 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Future plc, the global platform for specialist media, has acquired NewBay Media LLC. NewBay is an information and events business. It has a substantial B2B portfolio operating in verticals including Electronics and Education, and TV and Audio, where it publishes Broadcasting & Cable, the leading voice of authority in the television industry. buyer: Future plc (LSE:FUTR:$647.97) Future plc is an international media group and leading digital publisher. The Group operates two separately managed brand-led divisions: Media and Magazine. The Group has a reach of 100m+ globally, including 62m online users and 63m social media reach. " target: NewBay Media LLC NewBay is an information and events business. It has a substantial B2B portfolio operating in verticals including Electronics and Education, and TV and Audio, where it publishes Broadcasting & Cable, the leading voice of authority in the television industry. price ($mm) $14 rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) $4 EV / rev EV / EBITDA 4.6x share watch bookmark press release closed 10/25/2017 via PR Web Drone World Expo merged with Commercial UAV Expo, See 16 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Diversified Communications announced that they have acquired Drone World Expo from JD Events. Drone World Expo will merge with the Commercial UAV Expo to create the largest and most important commercial drone event in North America. Drone World Expo is the defining event for the commercial applications of unmanned aircraft system technology. buyer parent: Diversified Communications buyer: Commercial UAV Expo Commercial UAV Expo is North America’s leading trade show and conference for the commercial drone market. The international Exhibition includes drone airframe manufacturers, component and sensor manufacturers, software developers and service companies. " target parent: JD Events target: Drone World Expo Drone World Expo is the defining event for the commercial applications of unmanned aircraft system technology. Thought leaders, industry experts and end-users gather at Drone World Expo in the heart of Silicon Valley to present real-world solutions to business and environmental challenges. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release announced 2/16/2017 via PR Newswire Gray Television, Inc., will purchase WABI and WCJB TV Stations from Diversified Communications See 3673 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Gray Television, Inc., a television broadcast company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, announced that it will acquire Diversified Communications's two television stations . This acquisition will add two more stations to Gray's growing portfolio: WABI (CBS/CW) in the Bangor, Maine market and WCJB (ABC/CW) in the Gainesville, Florida market. buyer: Gray Television, Inc. (GTN:$2,391.00) Gray Television is a television broadcast company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, that owns and operates television stations and leading digital assets in markets throughout the US. They own and operate television stations in 50 television markets broadcasting a total of 180 programming streams. " seller: Diversified Communications WABI and WCJB are TV stations ownd by Diversified Communications. WABI is a CBS affiliate in Bangor, Maine. WCJB is an ABC affiliate in Gainesville, Florida. Each of WABI and WCJB consistently achieves #1 ratings in all major dayparts in its market, in both households and key demos. price ($mm) $85 rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 6/7/2016 via BusinessWire Wasserstein &amp; Co., LP, acquired Northstar Travel Group, LLC See 37 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Wasserstein Partners acquired Northstar Travel Group, the leading provider of business-to-business information, content, events, data, research, custom content and software dedicated to the global travel and meeting industries, from the Wicks Group of Companies. Northstar owns well-known brands including Travel Weekly, TravelAge West, and others. buyer: Wasserstein & Co., LP Wasserstein & Co. is an independent private equity/investment firm that was founded January 2001 when the merchant banking group of Wasserstein Perella & Co., Inc., a global investment banking firm, spun out to become an independent firm upon the acquisition of Wasserstein Perella by Dresdner Bank. " target parent: Wicks Group of Companies target: Northstar Travel Group, LLC Northstar Travel Group is the leading B-to-B information and marketing solutions company serving all segments of the travel industry including leisure/retail, corporate/business travel, meetings and incentives, and travel technology. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release announced 2/10/2016 via BNC Analysis Independent News &amp; Media PLC, will purchase four magazines from Greer Publications See 583 Comparable Transactions synopsis: The key titles within the privately-owned business and consumer magazines group Greer Publications have been bought by Independent News & Media. It is understood the Belfast Telegraph's parent firm will take over the running of Ulster Business, Ulster Grocer, Hospitality Review NI and Northern Woman. buyer: Independent News & Media PLC (ISE:IPD:$214.78) Independent News & Media PLC, a newspaper and media company, engages in printing and publishing national, metropolitan, provincial, and regional newspapers in Australia, the Island of Ireland, New Zealand, and South Africa. " seller: Greer Publications The four magazines are Ulster Business, Ulster Grocer, Hospitality Review NI and Northern Woman which serve Northern Ireland professionals in financial, legal and IT sectors; food retailing industry; tourism sector; and fashion conscious consumers respectively. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 1/20/2016 via Company Press Release Sourcing Industry Group, acquired Outsource Magazine See 44 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Outsource has been acquired by the Sourcing Industry Group (SIG). Outsource is an indispensable resource providing news, views, analysis and thought-leadership for the global outsourcing community since 2005 – and now with even more added value online. buyer: Sourcing Industry Group SIG (Sourcing Industry Group) is a membership organization that provides thought leadership and networking opportunities to executives in sourcing, procurement and outsourcing from Fortune 500 and Global 1000 companies. " target: Outsource Magazine Outsource is an indispensable resource providing news, views, analysis and thought-leadership for the global outsourcing community since 2005 – and now with even more added value online. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 11/11/2014 via PR Newswire Consumibles eMagazine merged with Recycling Times Media Inc., See 24 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Recycling Times Media (RT Media) has successfully negotiated a merger with another print consumables media company, Spanish-based Consumibles E-Magazine. Consumibles E-Magazine is the principal source of information in Spanish about the remanufacturing industry and has accumulated over 3,000 readers and browsers. buyer: Recycling Times Media Inc. Recycling Times Media is a reliable provider of news and business opportunities in the global remanufacturing industry. They aim to provide the best digital printing experience with their monthly magazine Recycling Times, published in several languages, and their inTouch TV News app. " target: Consumibles eMagazine Consumibles E-Magazine is the principal source of information in Spanish about the remanufacturing industry. They have developed a loyal following in excess of 3,000 Spanish speaking readers and browsers. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release announced 10/1/2014 via BusinessWire United Business Media Limited, will acquire Advanstar Communications Inc. See 4245 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Advanstar Communications Inc., a leading U.S. media company providing integrated marketing solutions for the Fashion, Licensing, Life Sciences, and Powersports industries, announced the signing of a definitive agreement under which UBM plc will acquire Advanstar Communications. buyer: United Business Media Limited (LSE:UBM:$1,333.50) UBM plc is a leading global events-led marketing services and communications company. They help organisations make connections, communicate their proposition and do business effectively. " target parent: Veronis Suhler Stevenson target: Advanstar Communications Inc. Advanstar is an event and marketing services business that serves business professionals and consumers in the Fashion, Licensing, Life Sciences and Powersports industries with its portfolio of 54 trade shows, 100 conferences, 30 publications, and almost 200 electronic products and Web sites. price ($mm) $972 rev ($mm) $291 EBITDA ($mm) $83 EV / rev 3.3x EV / EBITDA 11.7x share watch bookmark press release closed 12/23/2013 via BusinessWire National Association of Broadcasters, purchased CCW and SATCON Events from JD Events See 104 Comparable Transactions synopsis: The National Association of Broadcasters announced it has purchased the assets of the Content and Communications World (CCW) and Satellite Communications Conference and Expo (SATCON) events from JD Events, a leading trade show organizer. buyer: National Association of Broadcasters The National Association of Broadcasters is the premier advocacy association for America's broadcasters. NAB advances radio and television interests in legislative, regulatory and public affairs. " seller: JD Events JD Events's Content and Communications World (CCW) is the leading media, entertainment and communications technology event. SATCON offers education and exhibits serving companies in the satellite-enabled communications and content delivery industry. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 1/15/2014 via Market Wire Emerald Expositions Inc., acquired GLM See 1607 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Onex Corporation announced that its subsidiary, Emerald Expositions, has completed its acquisition of George Little Management, LLC ("GLM") for $335 million. GLM operates several leading business-to-business tradeshows in the United States. buyer parent: Onex Corporation buyer: Emerald Expositions Inc. (NYSE:EEX:$116.60) Emerald Expositions, formerly Nielsen Expositions, is a leading owner and operator of business-to-business tradeshows in the United States connecting hundreds of thousands of buyers and sellers across nine diversified end markets. " target parent: Providence Equity Partners Inc. target: GLM GLM creates face-to-face and online buying, selling and networking platforms for designers, product developers, manufacturers, reps, retailers and operators through tradeshow and event production, online community development and association management. price ($mm) $335 rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release closed 12/16/2013 via PR Newswire UBM Sinoexpo, acquired China Vending & Kiosk Show See 23 Comparable Transactions synopsis: Shanghai UBM Sinoexpo International Exhibition Co Ltd (UBM Sinoexpo), one of UBM Asia's joint venture companies in China, announces that it has acquired the China Vending & Kiosk Show, the largest tradeshow of the vending retail market in Asia. buyer parent: United Business Media Limited buyer: UBM Sinoexpo Shanghai UBM Sinoexpo International Exhibition Co., Ltd. (UBM Sinoexpo) is a professional joint venture exhibition enterprise between Shanghai Sinoexpo International Exhibition Ltd. and UBM China Ltd. UBM Sinoexpo organizes international exhibitions and conferences. " target parent: Tiansheng Exhibition Service Co. target: China Vending & Kiosk Show China Vending & Kiosk Show is the largest tradeshow of its kind in Asia. It was launched in 2004 and has grown in line with the development of the vending retail market in China since then. price ($mm) rev ($mm) EBITDA ($mm) EV / rev EV / EBITDA share watch bookmark press release Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 Like Revo Media Partners Limited read more Pages: 1 2 3 4 read more read more read more Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 Geography Matching Companies Ticker: INFO IHS, Inc. IHS, Inc. is the leading source of information, insight and analytics in critical areas that shape the business landscape: energy, economics, geopolitical risk, sustainability and supply chain management. IHS is the leading provider of diverse global market and economic information. year 2020 rev ($mm) $4,287.80 EBITDA ($mm) $1,916.90 EBIT ($mm) $1,325.30 Net Income ($mm) $870.70 Employees 15500 drill down watch Ticker: LSE:CAU Centaur Media plc Centaur Media is a leading UK based business information, publishing and events group. It provides marketing and information solutions to buyers and sellers within several high value professional and commercial market communities. year 2018 rev ($mm) $91.02 EBITDA ($mm) $6.59 EBIT ($mm) $2.07 Net Income ($mm) Employees 758 drill down watch Ticker: ASX:ASP Aspermont Ltd. Aspermont Limited is an Australian integrated print and Internet publisher to the mining, oil and gas and related sectors. Its publishing business is comprised of both printed magazines (print) and Internet news services (net). year 2017 rev ($mm) $9.04 EBITDA ($mm) ($2.30) EBIT ($mm) ($2.53) Net Income ($mm) Employees drill down watch Ticker: LSE:ERM Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC is an international business-information group with more than 2,000 employees worldwide and a portfolio of over 30 businesses spanning price reporting, investment research, news and market analysis, and industry forums, institutes and events. year 2021 rev ($mm) $430.13 EBITDA ($mm) $82.82 EBIT ($mm) $45.09 Net Income ($mm) Employees 2420 drill down watch Ticker: XTRA:G6P Going Public Media Going Public Media AG engages in the publishing and distribution of newspapers and magazines. It specializes in the publications on venture capital, private equity, corporate finance, and small and medium capital research. The company was founded in 1998 and is based in Wolfratshausen, Germany. year 2015 rev ($mm) $2.97 EBITDA ($mm) $0.21 EBIT ($mm) $0.09 Net Income ($mm) $0.14 Employees 23 drill down watch Ticker: DJCO Daily Journal Corp. Daily Journal Corp. publishes newspapers in California, Washington, Arizona, Colorado and Nevada and the California Lawyer magazine and produces several specialized information services. It provides news of interest to California lawyers. year 2015 rev ($mm) $44.71 EBITDA ($mm) $2.87 EBIT ($mm) ($2.60) Net Income ($mm) $2.15 Employees 310 drill down watch Ticker: OTCNO:NHST NHST Media Group The NHST Media Group aims to be the best and leading provider of business news in Norway and a world leader in the following three market segments: shipping, seafood, and oil & gas. year 2020 rev ($mm) $128.29 EBITDA ($mm) $7.92 EBIT ($mm) $1.48 Net Income ($mm) Employees 633 drill down watch Ticker: ENXTAM:BRILL Brill Founded in 1683, Brill is a publishing house with a rich history and a strong international focus. Brill’s publications focus on the Humanities and Social Sciences, International Law and selected areas in the Sciences. year 2017 rev ($mm) $39.83 EBITDA ($mm) $5.32 EBIT ($mm) $4.41 Net Income ($mm) $2.92 Employees 133 drill down watch Ticker: TSE:7080 Sportsfield Co., Ltd. Sportsfield is a Japanese provider of recruitment support services for the sports industry. Sportsfield plans and operates Sponavi, the largest sports-focused job-hunting event for university graduates. The company also provides recruitment consulting services. year 2019 rev ($mm) $17.76 EBITDA ($mm) $1.96 EBIT ($mm) $1.80 Net Income ($mm) $1.22 Employees 201 drill down watch Ticker: OTCPK:BMTM Bright Mountain Acquisition Corporation Bright Mountain Acquisition Corporation is dedicated to providing “those that keep us safe” places to go online where they can do everything from stay current on news and events affecting them to look for jobs, share information, communicate with the public and more. year 2019 rev ($mm) $7.00 EBITDA ($mm) ($2.94) EBIT ($mm) ($3.64) Net Income ($mm) Employees 14 drill down watch Ticker: OTCPK:CLCN Creative Learning Corporation Creative Learning Corporation is the owner and developer of the unique and highly successful franchised children’s enrichment programs Bricks 4 Kidz and Sew Fun Studios. The programs are based on the operation of after-school classes, summer and day camps, in-school workshops, and birthday parties. year 2021 rev ($mm) $2.87 EBITDA ($mm) $0.56 EBIT ($mm) $0.45 Net Income ($mm) $0.47 Employees 7 drill down watch Ticker: TSE:9470 Gakken Co. Ltd. The Gakken Group is involved in the daily lives of people on many different levels through its broad scope of business activities. Gakken carries out wide-ranging publishing activities, provides various classrooms and preparatory schools, and other preschool- and school-related activities. year 2015 rev ($mm) $750.72 EBITDA ($mm) $20.94 EBIT ($mm) $8.16 Net Income ($mm) Employees 3035 drill down watch Ticker: GB:DODS.GB Dods (Group) PLC Dods (Group) PLC is a political information, publishing, events and communications business operating. Dods specializes in services designed for organizations wishing to understand and engage with Parliament, the Civil Service, the wider public sector and the public affairs community. year 2018 rev ($mm) $26.72 EBITDA ($mm) $2.97 EBIT ($mm) $2.00 Net Income ($mm) $0.72 Employees 202 drill down watch Ticker: ExpoMedia Group, PLC. Expomedia Group develops and manages the chain of state-of-the-art exhibition and conference centres, EXPO XXI International Expocentres, in key markets where multi-functional event space is in demand. year 2007 rev ($mm) $50.00 EBITDA ($mm) EBIT ($mm) Net Income ($mm) Employees drill down watch Ticker: SZSE:000681 Visual China Group Visual China Group is among the top image licensing companies in the world. It is the go-to choice for creative and media professionals in China, and an award-winning leader in copyright protection. year 2017 rev ($mm) $132.68 EBITDA ($mm) $46.76 EBIT ($mm) $46.20 Net Income ($mm) $40.24 Employees 689 drill down watch Ticker: OTCPK:GBPT Globe Photos Globe Photo Agency, founded in 1939, is recognized as one of the world’s leading Celebrity photo agencies. Globe Photos’ library houses over 20 million images in color and black and white, representing material produced by photographers throughout the world.
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A short biography of Valeriano Orobón Fernández, widely regarded as one of the great figures of Spanish anarchosyndicalism, emphasizing his role as an advocate of the Workers Alliance in the early 1930s, written by a former leader of the Asturian CNT. Orobón Fernández and the Workers Alliance – Ramón Álvarez Palomo Valeriano Orobón Fernández has left deep traces of his passage through the international workers movement. Max Nettlau and Rudolf Rocker felt that he exhibited inestimable qualities of talent and revolutionary vision. Few of the authors of the militant workers movement can compare with him as a writer. If we abide by the authoritative assessment of Manuel Buenacasa, a founder of the CNT and the leading libertarian historian, after Anselmo Lorenzo, only Quintanilla might be a candidate for such a comparison, because of his vast knowledge and exceptional skills as a writer and public speaker. Orobón Fernández was undoubtedly the most powerful factor in the miracle performed by the Madrid CNT when it put an end to the monopoly of parliamentary socialism in the Spanish capital. No militant of the “old CNT”, as it is often contemptuously called by persons lacking in historical knowledge and discernment, can be unaware of the enormous amount of effective activity in which Orobón engaged during the years of the Second Republic within the ranks of the Madrid CNT, participating in public meetings and writing articles for La Tierra, a combative journal whose contributors included some of the greatest figures of confederal journalism—Eduardo de Guzmán, José García Pradas, Ezequiel Enderiz—and for the pages of CNT, an official daily newspaper of the National Confederation of Labor, led by another great libertarian intellectual—Avelino G. Mallada—who, like Valeriano, has most regrettably fallen into oblivion. When I first met Orobón, the Spanish Republic of 1931 was on the threshold of a political crossroads. Socialism emerged penitent and seriously weakened by its many years of Ministerial collaboration, with a truly discouraging result for the politicians, and a truly tragic result for the working class, which was unable to satisfy any of its legitimate and urgent demands. Working class unemployment, far from declining, rose to unprecedented levels, and talk of hunger was not just demagogic rhetoric. In the meantime, Capitalism, led by elements like Juan March, accurately characterized as the “Pirate of the Mediterranean” by Benavides in a popular book, as well as the reactionary generals, who had been relegated to reserve status at full pay in accordance with a decree issued by the Minister of War, Manuel Azaña, openly and with rare insolence conspired against the new regime. It can be admitted, as an element of analysis already employed by bourgeois historians, that the popular protests and the subsequent mass strikes led by the Confederation hastened the fall of the Republic, which was in any event inevitable, once the elections of November 1933 were announced, in which all the former allies of the past ran their candidates in isolation from one another. Republicans and socialists used the election to accuse each other of being responsible for the failure of the government, a government rich in academic discourses yet too timid to adopt the measures of an economic, social and military character that the change of course in our history demanded. The CNT, at its National Plenum of Regional Committees held in Madrid on October 30 and the first few days of November, resolved in favor of waging a vigorous campaign for electoral abstention, seeking to expose the grave errors of the republicans and socialists who, under threat from the right, governed the country against the basic interests of the working class, which had voluntarily joined the battles that the CNT had unleashed in order to escape the dead end of poverty, since the UGT was linked with republican politics because its leaders held high level positions in government Ministries. Largo Caballero, the General Secretary of the UGT, was the Minister of Labor and used his position in the Cabinet to implement a sectarian and discriminatory labor policy, provoking endless conflicts in an attempt to force the CNT to accept the rulings of the famous Mixed Commissions that he had created. Without prejudice to our convictions in favor of a workers alliance, we must add to the historical explanation for the causes of the civil war the obvious fact of the arbitrary and humiliating laws passed by the republican parliament with the intention of dismantling the CNT in favor of the General Workers Union. It is painful to recall the systematic and brutal repression exercised in the political process of the joint republican-socialist regime, although it might seem like child’s play compared with the methods of extermination applied by Franco after his victory. But historical imperatives oblige us to faithfully depict the image of the era, regardless of the psychological repercussions it might have on the minds of numerous Spaniards born since then and therefore practically ignorant of the truth contained in the painful accounts of those of us who in spite of everything consider ourselves to have been privileged to have lived through these tragic moments in the life of the country, participating in events that have necessarily been influential in the forward march of the world’s peoples. There is no doubt that the Spanish reactionaries were treated with kid gloves by the Republic, for the implicit and naive purpose of attracting capitalism, and its armed appendage, the army, towards the road of a more enlightened understanding, seeking in this way to reduce the likelihood of a “pronunciamiento” that those of us who were militants in the CNT saw as inevitable in the near future. In fact, however, it was obvious that the fascist forces were preparing to seize power with the support of the Church and the ruling oligarchy. The caballerista [pro-Caballero] faction of the Spanish socialist party began to lose interest in the game of mainstream politics and instead waged a propaganda campaign based on revolutionary rhetoric, and drew closer to the analytical conclusions of the libertarian movement, which was also preparing for an armed conflict that it saw as inevitable in view of the overall situation of Spanish society. An army that was practically in a state of open mutiny against the orders of the government; suspicious comings and goings on the part of right wing elements, involving countries that would later aid the military uprising; brazen conspiracies in which military and political figures participated, which symbolized revanchist sentiments and the hope of restoring the dictatorship. There was a very close mutual understanding between the militants of the CNT and the militants of Spanish anarchism—the most realistic of whom were members of the international movement—in their shared assessment that the process of revolutionary maturation had reached its culmination, but we did not have the same views concerning which method was appropriate for confronting the situation, in such a way that the working class would be victorious in the upcoming test of force that was becoming increasingly more obvious and more imminent. The Regional Confederation of Labor of Asturias, León and Palencia, after having given careful consideration to the question, as always—which conferred a greater effectiveness on its decisions—clearly asserted that the detonator that would inevitably set in motion the mechanism of the struggle between the proletariat and the most advanced elements of liberalism, on the one side, and fascism backed by the “nation’s backbone”, as the army was later called, would be the outcome of the elections scheduled to be held in November 1933. With this eventuality in mind and under the express mandate of the authorized representative institutions of the CNT of Asturias, we expressed our view at the National Plenum of Regional Confederations that, as our first and most essential task, we must try to fruitfully influence the political formulations of the leaders of Spanish socialism who are most influential in the political orientation of the General Workers Union and who, like Largo Caballero, were threatening to proclaim the revolution. According to the proposal we made at the Plenum, it was absolutely necessary for us to rapidly organize, on a national scale, a public campaign, by way of public meetings and rallies—in which the most capable and prestigious militants would participate—and by way of our press, with the collaboration of the most brilliant and accomplished writers of the Spanish libertarian movement, to convince the parliamentary socialists, and especially the workers enrolled in the UGT, who were clearly frustrated with the results of two years of socialist participation in government, that the only way to save themselves was to employ force against the aggression that was being planned by our enemies. We also urged that we should seize the initiative and take measures to abort the ongoing preparations of fascism. The majority of the Asturian confederal militants were certain that concerted and energetic action on the part of the proletariat of both national trade union confederations, even if not completely victorious, would prevent the army from synchronizing its plans and choosing the most favorable moment for launching its extermination operation. I think that any impartial observer can now see just how right we were. The revolutionary strategy that was instead adopted at that memorable Plenum, despite the relentless efforts of the Asturian delegation, considered any kind of cooperation with the UGT to be vulgar “reformism” at a time when we were ready and willing to establish libertarian communism. In any case, if the socialists, as we [Asturians] claimed, were inclined to conquer at the barricades what they had so resoundingly lost at the voting booth, then the alliance would be opportune and advantageous; the other delegates to the Plenum were content with unanimously proclaiming that we would then join with them, in the streets. Such manifestations of confidence in our power contained more than a little unwarranted arrogance, although not as much as we would have to witness a few years later, and also now, since the end of the civil war. But that is material for another history. No one except Valeriano Orobón Fernández wanted to listen to our speeches that were inspired by the intention of convincing our listeners, warning them of the danger the working class would incur by squandering its opportunities and wasting the precious patrimony of energies, which had been built up by the CNT, on necessarily limited subversive uprisings, without trying to win over to our views a force to be reckoned with like the one represented by the General Workers Union [the UGT], and precisely at the historical moment when this fraternal working class organization was coming closer to our strategic interpretation, and thus considerably increasing the chances of a proletarian victory. We already foresaw the urgent need for the Alliance, despite the fact that the immense majority of historians, deceived by their sources, have attributed the responsibility for this initiative that redounds to the revolutionary glory of the Asturian region to non-libertarian elements in another region of Spain. One night, while I was leaving a session of the Plenum, with little hope of convincing the other delegates to adopt our position and support the Asturian line, Orobón Fernández (who, with Eusebio Carbó, represented the AIT at the national congress) stopped me on the stairs and said more or less the following: “Listen, just one thing: the position you are advocating at the Plenum against the opposition of all the other delegations, does it really reflect the mandate of your Regional Confederation?” When I told him that it did, he assured me that he totally agreed with the analysis of Spanish conditions formulated by the Asturian Regional Confederation and with our practical conclusions, adding that I could count on his help in the debates, even though he was not authorized to vote, since he was just an observer rather than a voting delegate. “First of all,” he told me, “I will attend every session, to prevent Carbó, who is a brilliant orator and demagogue, from overwhelming you with his speeches.” “If you can’t convince them,” he continued, “we should get together for dinner and discuss the situation.” To have been in the presence of a man of such intellectual caliber and moral integrity, and real dignity that did not succumb to any vain temptation and who knew how to court unpopularity when his conscience demanded it, is one of my greatest personal satisfactions. For Orobón was an example of integrity, like Quintanilla, Ascaso, Peiró, and a few others I have known in my 50 years of experience, men who had nothing in common with personalities composed of contradictions and renunciations, men who know how to steel themselves to a situation of always swimming against the current, although reason and general interests, being more concerned with fanning the flames of fanatical devotion to the organization than with enhancing the strength of the revolutionary workers movement, indicated a different, more positive course. At a little restaurant in Madrid, very close to the building where the Plenum was being held—the offices of our national newspaper, CNT—I spent an unforgettable and enjoyable hour and a half talking with Orobón, after which I was entirely won over by him; he was a man for whom speaking came easily, extremely easily, I must say. Not even a single flaw in his careful grammatical construction. Beautiful mode of expression, a firm tone and perfect images. It was like listening to Quintanilla, but in a more combative state of mind, with a harder temperament and a more incisive will, an improved version of the brilliant elegance concerning which he was our teacher and educator. During the course of our conversation, I spoke at length on the topic of the Alliance—which I had advocated at the Plenum with such confidence, such command of the topic and such conviction, that I was predisposed to accept defeat with greater equanimity. I returned to Gijón, morally prepared to carry on the fight on behalf of the Alliance, alongside José Maria Martínez, Avelino G. Entralgo and many others among the large group of militants who succeeded in convincing the Asturian proletariat of the correctness of the revolutionary strategy of the Alliance, which was destined to give the world the most important revolutionary example in the history of the Spanish working class up until that time. An experience that would later be capitalized on by many of its enemies in order to harvest the acclaim of the multitudes who were swept away by the uprising and who were unaware of the about-face performed by the opportunists, who were also abundant in the camp of the most radical extremists, which was to confirm our opinion concerning people who take advantage of the correct insights of others in order to win the glory for themselves. Among those who have taken such advantage of the revolutionary actions of others, and who often use them as the rhetorical filler for insincerely passionate, emotional and tearful discourses—when they recall the Asturian October—few mention the evidence of previous analyses like the ones made by our unforgettable Valeriano Orobón Fernández in the historical articles that he published in the Madrid La Tierra, one of which began with sentences that revealed the climate of anxiety and dread that characterized Spain just before the Asturian revolution, misunderstood and abandoned to its sad fate when it had to yield under to the force of the overwhelming superiority of the army, which, once freed of any worries about being attacked from the rear, was brutally launched against the cities of the region and the towns of the mining district. This article to which we refer, entitled, “Revolutionary Alliance—Yes! Factional Opportunism—No!”, began as follows: The reality of the fascist danger in Spain [for many people this danger was a boogeyman invented by the Asturian supporters of the Alliance] has seriously posed the problem of unifying the revolutionary proletariat for action on a more extensive and radical scale than any merely defensive action. Now that the possible political solutions of the present situation have been reduced to the single and antithetical terms of fascism or social revolution, it is logical that the working class will do whatever it takes to win this game. It knows quite well what is at stake. It is for this reason, and not by virtue of a pathos imported by certain interests [a reference to the farce of the united front of communism], that the Spanish workers are today instinctively converging in their appreciation of the need for a class alliance that will put an end to the internecine squabbles within the proletariat that have been provoked by factions, and that will enable the workers front to perform tasks of historical importance…. The Asturian working class was profoundly instilled with this instinct for proletarian unity against the imminent threat of fascism, and the region’s CNT could not disappoint the legitimate hopes that were the legacy of our revolutionary traditions and our inclination to reach a fraternal understanding with the UGT. Valeriano Orobón Fernández, in the press, at meetings and in his private correspondence—which has probably disappeared forever, to the great detriment of any attempt to reconstruct the political and revolutionary history of Spain—unambiguously supported the collective action undertaken by the Asturian Regional Confederation. He remained in touch by mail with José María Martínez, who informed me concerning the contents of this correspondence, after the famous National Plenum of Regional Confederations, where the resolution in favor of abstention was approved. Asturias supported this resolution, as a matter of doctrine and tactics, although our understanding was defective because, once the possibility of a reverse-course by the Marxists in favor of an inevitable and redemptive subversive action was unequivocally established, we persisted in repudiating all formal contact with the UGT, expecting that this contact would instead take place at the barricades, barricades that no one erected in Spain outside of Asturias. Opposing the view of those who sought to take advantage of the popular discontent with the incompetence and timidity of the Republican government when it came to implementing the radical methods demanded by the grave problems that afflicted the nation, but who believed that all that was necessary was to organize a combat vanguard to liquidate the capitalist system, were Valeriano Orobón, the Asturian Regional Confederation as a whole, and numerous militants in various other regions of Spain. None of us shared the unjustified yet widespread sense of euphoria, a euphoria that was based solely on a disparate mixture of desires and hopes that often fatally obscured all analysis and transformed something that was nothing more than an illusion into an expectation. After an intensive public campaign in favor of abstention carried out in every part of Spain, which, due to its scale and its positive reception made a big impression on all the political forces of the country—that was when Durruti and Orobón Fernández spoke on the same platform at the Plaza Monumental in Barcelona—the Regional Confederation of Aragon, Rioja and Navarre went on the offensive and Libertarian Communism was proclaimed in quite a few towns in that zone, as a harbinger of what would happen in those areas when the civil war began. The movement was defeated, and a terrible wave of repression ensued which affected the CNT as a whole, and once the detainees were released a few months later, another National Plenum of Regional Confederations was held in Madrid in June 1934. We (José María Martínez and I) represented the Regional Confederation of Asturias, León and Palencia at this Plenum—where the question of the Workers Alliance, which had already been approved by our Regional Confederation, was discussed at length. The first sessions were devoted to a detailed report on the recent revolutionary movement in Aragon, due to the resolutions of the previous Plenum, a movement that, as we (the Asturians) had foreseen, led to a brutal wave of repression that seriously undermined our power, when it was most necessary to husband that power for the events that we would soon have to face. Buenaventura Durruti—with whom I had spent some time in the Torrero prison in Saragossa, which enabled me to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the Aragon revolt—said, without beating around the bush, that the only consistent position, when the hour of truth arrived for the conduct of each Regional Confederation, was that of the Asturians, which, besides warning in advance about the failure that was in store for them as an element of study for the delegates, supported the uprising, declaring the general strike of support and solidarity, to the full extent of its abilities and in conformance with its professed ideals. The Regional Secretaries of the CNT, while we were being held in the Torrero prison, awaiting trial on the charge of instigating the Aragon insurrection and of being responsible for its repercussions throughout the Peninsula—we were transferred to Saragossa in the custody of heavily armed guards—carried on discussions concerning the problem of the Alliance. With rare exceptions, the dominant view was opposed the pact between libertarians and ugetistas [members of the UGT, the General Workers Union], but when we saw the latest issue of the Madrid La Tierra, with its sensational articles by Orobón defending our position, the framework of the debate, and even its basic terms, began to change. Orobón was a man who commanded respect, a man who was not tainted by the slightest hint of “reformism”, an accusation that was always the last resort of second-rate polemicists. It is true that we were far from convincing the majority—even though a state of subversive exaltation still persisted among the young people and militants of Aragon, who would later be criminally exterminated by the rebel traitors in July 1936—but thanks to the efforts of Orobón, the tendency in favor of the Alliance obtained a warmer welcome and we must be allowed to suppose that, had circumstances not precipitated an early outbreak of the events in October 1934, the presence of Valeriano in the camp of the workers alliance would ultimately have tipped the balance in our favor. This is proven by the fact that the CNT, opposed—as we have seen—to any formal pact with the UGT, adopted a strategy similar to ours at the first National Congress held after the Asturian October, which took place at the Iris Theater in Saragossa, beginning on May 1, 1936. With regard to this particular Congress we would like to make our contribution to the historical record with certain clarifications that will reestablish the truth, which has sometimes been regrettably falsified, more often as a result of haste than malice, as is revealed by so many claims that are utterly lacking in any factual basis. For instance, when it is said that Buenaventura Durruti attended the CNT Congress at Saragossa, for example, or that he was released from the Torrero prison in the spring of 1934, as a result of a general strike, when in fact we were both released at the end of April, after having been incarcerated in the old Burgos penitentiary, where about ninety of us, all members of the CNT, had been transferred—for insubordination—including Durruti, Isaac Puente, Cipriano Mera, Antonio Ejarque, Joaquín Ascaso, the Ucedo brothers, Francisco Foyos and many others. I must also insist—without waiting for the publication of another book about October 1934—that one of the most important resolutions of that Plenum belies the alleged lack of discipline of the Asturian Regional Confederation, an allegation that was circulated through the press and magazines by people who were diligently seeking arguments in favor of a rejectionist position that was otherwise hardly defensible. The delegates, incapable of discovering a formula that would reconcile our unshakable position in favor of the alliance and the isolationism advocated by the other delegations, resolved that it was necessary to resort to a showdown on a national scale to make the final decision, by way of a referendum and voting, on the question of our Region’s proposal. As a result, the National Committee was mandated to convoke a national congress of trade unions within three months, and it was further stipulated that this congress’s resolutions would be binding on all the Regional Confederations, so that Asturias would have to rescind its support for the Alliance, if the majority of the delegates freely and openly voted against it. On the other hand, however, if the congress were to approve a resolution in favor of the Asturian position, the Workers Alliance—which did not exist outside our region—would be automatically extended to the rest of Spain. In October—four months after the Plenum we are discussing—the armed insurrection broke out in Asturias, and there is no evidence that the mandated congress was actually being organized, which spared it from having to accept any responsibility for the revolt, although no one was spared the effects of the revolt’s defeat. Another false argument, wielded by those who were opposed to our assessment of the needs of the moment and the application of the consequent strategy imposed by the results of our analysis, is the one that claims that the revolutionary movement was launched by the Executive Committee of the Asturian socialist party, with its offices in Oviedo, and that the CNT played a secondary role. Those of us who participated in the preparations for the uprising—almost all the libertarian militants of the region—knew that the CNT-UGT Alliance Committee had already chosen the moment to go into action: when the CEDA (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas—the Spanish Confederation of Independent Right Wing Organizations) obtained posts in the Cabinet. Late on the night of October 4, 1934, the appointment of three members of the CEDA to Cabinet positions in the Lerroux government was announced, triggering the struggle on the morning of October 5, as planned. Always oriented by historical imperatives, we cannot tarry in the nebulous regions of the inveterate habits of the General Workers Union and the Spanish Socialist Workers Party with the same sense of impartiality that we applied to our examination of events within the ranks of the Spanish libertarian movement. Doubts regarding the reliability of parliamentary socialism and its vacillations at the moment of truth, explain to some extent the passivity of the libertarians outside of Asturias. On the other hand, the collapse of the Marxist forces that had promised to join the struggle, limiting their presence in our region, once again revealed the limited revolutionary capacity of organizations that entrusted everything to the decision of a leadership cadre … deliberately neglecting to cultivate solid individual consciousness, which is, in the last analysis, what gives life to collectives. I remember the speech Orobón Fernández delivered at that time, at a big rally organized by the Confederation in La Felguera, the land of men whose libertarian credentials are beyond dispute. It is quite possible that some Asturian newspaper may have summarized that brilliant speech—magnificent in form and in content, like all his speeches—but with the sole assistance of the memory of an attentive observer, we recall that it was an accomplished report on the sociopolitical reality of Spain, which impressed the large audience by the confident way that Orobón handled historical details and by the skill with which he described the dire threats that hover over our future, later confirmed by the events that comprised the tragic conclusion of a historical cycle. When the last stage of the illness that concluded by snuffing out his life in the bloom of youth made its brutal appearance, there was talk, among the Asturian confederal militants, of organizing a series of conferences under the chairmanship of Orobón Fernández at the most well-known cultural centers of the region. Without entirely discounting the indispensable task of proselytizing among the Asturian workers, these conferences were also an attempt to discuss human and intellectual values with the university elements of the province to demonstrate—by way of the impassioned words of a man who had spoken from the tribune of the Madrid Ateneo [workers’ cultural center], a rare privilege that he shared with Avelino González Mallada, Ángel Pestaña, Salvador Seguí and Eusebio Carbó—the practical and realistic nature of our ideals, the timeless validity of the methods of struggle that have made the libertarian syndicalist movement a powerful and unvanquishable force, and the superior moral conception of our eternal message of the fight for freedom for everyone, everywhere. In homage to Orobón Fernández and ignoring the clamor of irreverent and narrow-minded mentalities, which seek the human level just above the ground, we say that every libertarian must feel a profound concern, a constant imperative, a consciousness of rising towards the level of figures like that of the man we are now recalling, in order to more effectively fan the flames of the emancipatory zeal of the proletariat and spread our human ideal, creating the climate of confidence and fraternity that prefigures and anticipates our ideal city. Ramón Álvarez Palomo December 2, 2012 Translated in February-March 2017 from the Spanish text available online at: https://jesmart.blogia.com/2012/120201-orob-n-fern-ndez-y-la-alianza-obrera.php Posted By Alias Recluse Mar 23 2017 23:10 Tags CNT Ramón Álvarez Palomo Valeriano Orobón Fernández Spain 1930s Asturias biographies Share Tweet Attached files Login or register to post comments Featured Support striking university workers and build worker-student solidarity! Education workers with the University and College Union (UCU) are preparing for another battle around pensions, casualization, pay, and discrimination.... Comments (5) The Battle of Cable St, 1936 - Joe Jacobs Joe Jacobs was in 1936 a local Communist Party activist in London's East End. This is his account of his involvement in the famous defence of the East End against an attempted march by... Solidarity Unionism, Occupy, and the moral right of the working class to control the workplace An article on the west coast Occupy port shutdowns and the IWW's model of 'solidarity unionism'. Info The libcom library contains nearly 20,000 articles. If it's your first time on the site, or you're looking for something specific, it can be difficult to know where to start. Luckily, there's a range of ways you can filter the library content to suit your needs, from casual browsing to researching a particular topic. Click here for the guide. If you have an ebook reader or a Kindle, check out our guide to using ebook readers with libcom.org. If you'd like to upload content to the library which is in line with the aims of the site or will otherwise be of interest to libcom users, please check out our guides to submitting library/history articles and tagging articles. If you're not sure if something is appropriate for the library, please ask in the feedback and content forum. If you don't have permissions to post content yet, just request it here. Log in for more features Click here to register now. Logged in users: ▶ Can comment on articles and discussions ▶ Get 'recent posts' refreshed more regularly ▶ Bookmark articles to your own reading list ▶ Use the site private messaging system ▶ Start forum discussions, submit articles, and more... blog Reddebrek - Notes on the life of Eduardo Vivancos 1920-2020; Almost a century in the Libertarian and Esperanto movements Mèo Mun - Mèo Mun, Anarchist Views from Vietnam Internationalist Communist Tendency - Letter From a Striking Oil Worker in Iran news Base syndicalism at the back of beyond Support striking university workers and build worker-student solidarity! How Farmers Defeated the Government of India: A Year of Protests Shows the Effectiveness of Horizontality and Direct Action library A view on the crisis: an interview with Paul Mattick Jnr Refuse the false choice “health or jobs”, fight for a guaranteed income! - The example of ILVA in Taranto
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2. Each team member will edit their own version of the “picture” edit. (A picture edit concentrates on the video editing.) After each team member has completed their own edit, the team will choose the best version. 3. Each member of your team will get a copy of the chosen picture edit. Each member will create their own version of the film’s soundtrack by adding music and sound effects. After each team member has created their own soundtrack, the team will choose the best version. 4. Once the team has chosen the best soundtrack, the team will be split into two groups to complete the film and prepare it for distribution: a. The first group will include the person who created the best soundtrack and the person who created the best picture edit. They will add opening and closing titles, and prepare the distribution file. b. The second group will be the rest of your team. This group will create a poster and other promotional materials. | menu | Footage Sharing 1. Create a folder named All Footage within your Google Drive chase project folder. If you are your team’s producer, share your All Footage folder with each member of your team so they have edit rights. 2. Each member of your team needs to place a copy of all footage they created into the Producer’s All Footage folder. If you are the producer, remove any footage placed in your All Footage folder that is not named correctly. If any footage is missing, request it from the team member assigned to the missing scenes. 3. Once all footage has been correctly placed in the Producer’s All Footage folder, all team members need to copy the footage and place the copies into their own All Footage folder. | menu | Picture Edit Once you have your own copy of all of your team’s footage, follow the tutorial to create your own picture edit. A picture edit for this film is not concerned with the soundtrack, only the picture. Make sure you do not discuss any editing decisions with anyone on your team until you and they have completed their own picture edit. When your picture edit is complete, follow the tutorial to export the video. Once your picture edit video has been saved in your project folder, share it with your teammates and decide who did the best version of your team’s film picture edit. | menu | Music Follow these instructions to get music and sound effects to use in your film. Once your team has chosen the best picture edit of your film, make sure you have a copy in the Soundtrack folder within your Google Drive project folder. Follow this tutorial to start your own soundtrack for your team’s film by adding music. | menu | Sound FX and Highlights After you have added music to your film, follow this tutorial to add sound effects, stingers and textures to complete the soundtrack of your film. When you are done, share your soundtrack version with other members of your team who have completed their own soundtracks. | menu | October 28, 2020 In Chase Film ← Previous post Next post → Select LanguageAfrikaansAlbanianAmharicArabicArmenianAzerbaijaniBasqueBelarusianBengaliBosnianBulgarianCatalanCebuanoChichewaChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CorsicanCroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEsperantoEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchFrisianGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHawaiianHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanKurdish (Kurmanji)KyrgyzLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianLuxembourgishMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPashtoPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSamoanScottish GaelicSerbianSesothoShonaSindhiSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSudaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshXhosaYiddishYorubaZulu
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Getting quality health care should not be stressful or time-consuming. With Maternal Care, you have access to a number of certified hospitals and maternity homes close to you.
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Over the last year, I’ve founded Robert Solomon Casting to connect Artists, Theatre Companies and Producers. I strongly believe in creating a safe and supportive environment in the entertainment industry. Since our founding, I’ve enlisted 3 Assistant Agents, we have 7 Artists on our books and are currently assisting Productions to expand their horizons. [Click here to view our Mandy Profile] We provide support to Artists with a wide range of skills. Artists are trained with many abilities to help them think outside the box. We can help them find the ideal job for their varied skill set. Our Artist’s skills include: Actor-Musicians, Aerialists, Comedians, Fighters, Gymnasts, Presenters, Singers and Voice-Over Artists. Commission – 10% Theatre and 15% Film We create connections between established parties to expand their business. We assist Theatre Companies looking to connect with Promotors, Producers and Tour Bookers. We make an initial introduction, pitch the production and assist negotiations between all parties. We can organise meetings over the phone, video call or in person.
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The development guys at Blur Studios have developed a way to run Python as a complete replacement of MAXScript in Max, utilizing Python (v2.4, v2.6 and v2.7) and PyQt to develop tools. Python is a powerful scripting language that is both fast and flexible. To run Blur code, you will need to download and install python onto your box (this is included in the download). Qt is a powerful programming framework developed by Trolltech (now owned by Nokia). It is a cross-platform framework that allows a programmer to easily develop for all the major operating systems without having to change any code. ...Top Author / WWW Name / Download Plugin Type BlurDev Blur Regex v2.0.50727 454 MB MAXScript Extension Compiled / Description 21.08.2018 This is a regular expression library for MAXScript, giving essentially the same functionality as 're' in Python. ...Top Author / WWW Name / Download Plugin Type BlurDev BlurDLX v1.0 454 MB MAXScript Extension Compiled / Description 21.08.2018 A huge collection of useful libraries and functions. Unfortunately, it's not very well documented at the moment. ...Top Author / WWW Name / Download Plugin Type Caio Santana DirectInput Extension v1.0 14.5 KB MAXScript Extension Compiled / Description 08.09.2010 This MAXScript extension is linked to Windows' DirectInput and adds a struct to MAXScript called DirectInputDevice. The members return values based on your controller input. Currently, only one control is supported. ...Top Author / WWW Name / Download Plugin Type Chaos Group VRayVFBMaxScript v1.0 1.22 MB MAXScript Extension Compiled / Description 27.05.2011 This plugin gives MAXScript access to some of the properties of the V-Ray frame buffer. Currently only the rendering region is exposed, but more parameters will be added. This plugin only works together with V-Ray v2.0 and higher, so you need to put it in the 'vrayplugins' folder. ...Top Author / WWW Name / Download Plugin Type Chaos Group VRayVFBMaxScript v1.0 4.75 MB MAXScript Extension Compiled / Description 09.06.2010 This plugin gives MAXScript access to some of the properties of the V-Ray frame buffer. Currently only the rendering region is exposed, but more parameters will be added. This plugin only works together with V-Ray 1.5 SP5, so you need to put it in the 'vrayplugins' folder. ...Top Author / WWW Name / Download Plugin Type Hiroshi Chiyama PyMax v1.0 46.2 KB MAXScript Extension Compiled / Description 02.03.2011 This is a recompile of the Blur Python plugins which Hiroshi did while the BlurBeta site was deserted. ...Top Author / WWW Name / Download Plugin Type Jonathan Garcia Delete Visibility Track v1.0 9.6 KB MAXScript Extension Compiled / Description 26.02.2009 This MAXScript extension exposes a function in Max that enables you to delete a visibility track using MAXScript.
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All other trademark and copyrights are the property of their respective holders. All clips are collected from outside sources. No videos are hosted on this server. If you have any legal issues please contact the appropriate media file owners or host sites. And you can also contact us. JAV Free, JAV 720p, JAV Download, JAV Streaming, Jav Uncensored, Jav Censored, Jav Online, JAV Sex Movies, JAV Porn HD.
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RT @MoniqueCalisti : 📢 Two days to go! Digital enhanced education for all #webinar Lessons learned from #COVID19 9 july 9.30h CET. Reg… 1 year ago ABOUT Martel Martel Media has extensive experience leading communication, dissemination, community building and engagement at the service of innovative projects engaging with industry, SMEs, academy, user communities, and policy makers. We master the communication process, the needs and the challenges faced by large consortia with multiple stakeholders.
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16:58, 23 July 2008 Brian talk contribs blocked Buy-Flexeril talk contribs with an expiration time of indefinite (spam) View full log There is currently no text in this page. You can search for this page title in other pages, or search the related logs, but you do not have permission to create this page.
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Looking for a place to hold your child’s birthday party? We have a great package here at Midleton FC. Included is: Use of Astro Pitch for two hours, Bibs and Balls for the kids, Hot water facility available for Tea, Coffee etc . Plates and Napkins provided Cost for Party €130. To book your party please contact Club office at 0214631443 or Club mobile 0861281373 or email midletonfc73@gmail.com Affialiated Leagues Click on any of the links below to be directed to the websites of our affialiated leagues, where you can view league tables and more. Make a Payment If you wish to make a payment to Midleton FC you can use our online payment system. Please be sure to select your payment type. Payments can be made for sponsorship, advertising, training courses and fundraising. Make a Payment Contact Us To get in touch with the club see our contact details below. You can also visit the contact page to request a callback
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The Midleton Football Club LTD. Fundraising Lotto draws, which run on a weekly basis, play a huge part in the Clubs fundraising efforts. You can now offer your support by playing online. Enter your lines of numbers for up to a year in one go, you need never miss a draw again! When playing online you will receive the Lotto results and club news updates by email after each draw has taken place. To play the Midleton Football Club LTD. Lotto. Choose 4 numbers between 1 and 28 on a line or if you prefer, you can click on the Quick Pick button to generate 4 random numbers. Minimum purchase is €5. This can be done as a combination of lines and draws. For example it could be three lines for one draw or one line for three draws. You can also play €2 per week with a minimum payment of €8 using the auto-renew feature. One line €2 per week. Affialiated Leagues Click on any of the links below to be directed to the websites of our affialiated leagues, where you can view league tables and more. Make a Payment If you wish to make a payment to Midleton FC you can use our online payment system. Please be sure to select your payment type. Payments can be made for sponsorship, advertising, training courses and fundraising. Make a Payment Contact Us To get in touch with the club see our contact details below. You can also visit the contact page to request a callback
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Denver Broncos NFL $3B Source: Forbes By Barry Janoff September 27: Backed by marketing and media partners, current players, icons led by Wayne Gretzky and https://www.amazon.com/dp/B083FM5XS5 multi-platform strategy, the NHL will celebrate its 100th anniversary this coming season with events to run from January through December. New York Jets NFL $3B 20. Highest Paid Women Athletes 2020 Per Forbes 1. Ashleigh Barty tennis $13M 4. Ashleigh Barty tennis $13M 4. Manchester United soccer $3B 11. Bayern Munich soccer $3B 25. We’ll also change the way that we market our networks – blurring the lines between entertainment and advertising, which will present some very interesting opportunities for you, he said. Garbine Muguruza $6M 7. But there is much more to MLB ballpark hot dogs than cooked sausage, buns and accoutrements. And then when you guys need me to put some points on the board I’ll do that too. We are honored to provide these incredibly skilled athletes the opportunity to compete on a major global stage.. Applications are available at Gate 1 of the Xcel Energy Center. Chicago Bulls NBA $3B 17. The couple also made a substantial gift to Cleveland’s public schools, helping to refurbish many of the city’s athletic fields. But you know what? The game, scheduled for Sunday, Aug. New York Jets NFL $3B 20. He was sent to the Erie BayHawks of the NBA’s Developmental League in January, and in his only game there showed hoops nation what was to come. in 2021 to play in the MLB Little League Classic presented by Geico, according to MLB, the Major League Baseball Players Assn. EDGE | Curtis Weaver | Boise State Weaver is another versatile defensive lineman that could even slide inside at times to rush the passer. If you look at those four, especially so far there seems to be a bit of a vacuum about who is going to step up, the unknown. While at Minnesota, Kessel helped the Gophers win three NCAA Championships. The 2020 season provides another chance for Morris to take charge of a unit and demonstrate all that he has learned. Back to Home Page. I continued to pursue my dream of dancing professionally after I graduated from Chapman University with a BA in Dance Performance. Ashleigh Barty tennis $13M 4. 6 NBC • Super Bowl LVII State Farm Stadium Glendale, AZ Feb. To search for players who were born on a certain date, for example all players born on December 25, choose the month, day and year with the drop down boxes and then choose the ‘Full Date Search’ option. LeBron James $88 million $28 million $60 million NBA 6. PBR will award more than $3 million in prize money to riders and bulls this week, culminating with $1 million presented to the 2016 PBR World Champion. Rome also dropped its bid for the 2020 Summer Games due to finances. 4 • Super Bowl LIX TBD Feb. It was originally scheduled for June 26 in Montreal but was postponed due to concerns surrounding the coronavirus. Chicago Cubs MLB $3B 17. They were right, in theory, to grasp onto whatever remained to stay competitive now and in the future. Philadelphia Eagles NFL $3B 24. 5 • Super Bowl LVIII Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans Feb. 3 Trent Richardson . Stephen Curry $74 million $30 million $44 million NBA 7. Alex custom jerseys soccer $4M Highest-Paid Athletes 1. We look forward to putting Wockets in the consumer’s pocket this fall. Ashleigh Barty tennis $13M 4. Rob Key talks us through the development of Zak Crawley’s batting, from his time in the Kent academy to a stint in India learning how to play spin… Highest Paid Women Athletes 2020 Per Forbes 1. To find all players born within a certain month and year, for example all players born in December of 1985, choose the month and year with the drop down boxes and then choose the ‘Month and Year Search’ option.
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В период с 1 декабря 2018 г. до 01 января 2019 г. будет проходить переключение абонентов г. Александрия на обслуживание к новому оператору предоставления услуг Интернет. Comparing Convenient Programs In Victoria Brides Review Домой Comparing Convenient Programs In Victoria Brides Review 25.12.2019 - Comparing Convenient Programs In Victoria Brides Review Рубрики :Без рубрики Looking for lady for discover mates, online dating , marriage. One other mistake I see quite a lot of ladies make will not be giving a man a chance. This occurs so much victoria brides dating site on-line, the place first impressions imply so much. However in reality, guys can suck at taking good profile pics or writing their bios. So should you’re judging them by that, you might miss out on some great guys. The good news is that after practically a decade of writing profiles, I can say with fair certainty that my professional profile writers and I’ve victoria brides scam mastered the method. 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At the allotment this weekend, while it was raining, we sheltered in the greenhouse and planted onions, spring onions, cauiflower and cabbage! Then we came home, did some maths and realised our one raised be will not be enough room for all of them. Plus we'll have potaotes to plant at the end of March! Time to get digging again... 16th Feb 2010, 15:16 | tags:#allotment ,#allotment 37 ,#greenhouse ,#planting ,#sowing ,#seeds ,#grow Javama says: Well done! 19th Feb 2010, 12:06 © Moblog, 2004-15 : is a mobile social networking platform supported by membership and maintained through partnership : some parts of this site are creative commons licensed.
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They too own n't cooler. treat the antenna of your such separation when carrying the original equipment for it. real receiver games Used in a device of games, either manage the items. abide oneself a be this Christmas to acquire a Free Stochastic Partial Differential Equations A Modeling White Noise Functional Approach 2010 by Antony 4.6 8217; free stochastic partial differential equations a modeling white noise really Have to be to India. 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Authenticity. It’s what we crave today, perhaps as much, if not more, than ever. It’s driving the extreme reactions in our presidential primaries. It’s the vehicule of the popular stories in fiction, on television and at the movies. In a time in which we feel fragmented by the demands placed upon us by a fragmenting society, trying to compartmentalize our feelings, needs and purchasing power, we long for something deeper than just skimming on the surface. We crave the authentic! We see it in our hipster use, or reuse, of canning jars as preferred stemware. We see it in the widening emphasis, and desire for, products which are organic, sustainable, green, and locally farmed. In an age in which we can create anything, nearly anywhere; in which we can have anything we want, anyway we want it, nearly anytime we want it….we want what’s not so easily orderable (and we still want it with free 2 day shipping!) But what does that mean in terms of life, when we’re talking about more than products and purchases? We are craving real people, of course you’d never know it from the invasive infatuation with the Kardashian family! We long for authentic relationships: honest, sincere, true, respectful, mutual. Such authenticity is life-giving and life-sustaining. That’s what Paul is talking about in this part of 2 Corinthians. He’s having trouble with the people of the Corinthian church community. They don’t think he’s the real deal: he’s not good enough, not doing things how they believe they should be done. Paul writes to them about authenticity and vision. He invokes the memory of Moses who having glimpsed God was forced to veil his face for the remainder of his days because the people were terrified of how that authentic experience of the Divine One altered him. Paul is insisting that faith grounds us in authenticity. It makes us realize who is in charge, or sovereign; who matters, and what life is about. Authenticity changes our perspective. At least it did for Paul who writes of afflictions and sufferings that were endured; through which (not because of) he has come to even more clearly discern the paradoxical power of God in Christ who brings life out of death, calls the light out of the darkness, and transforms us: making all things new. Questions for Going Deeper: How have you experienced the paradoxical power of God in your life? How have you glimpsed life in death, hope in affliction? When have you experience affliction or suffering that didn’t break you? What kept you from breaking? What grew from the affliction or suffering? Who in your life has helped to make God (more) visible through their actions, words, relationship, presence, teaching, generosity? How did they do that? How might the Spirit of God be calling you to live, or to accept to live, as one who holds treasures in jars of clay?
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Another project for Love Promotions, was the Saab 96. As you can see , this was really in a bad way but with lots of care and attention to detail, this car has been returned to its former glory!
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Mr. P Chill is an independent hip hop emcee and producer with over two decades of experience as a recording and touring artist. With the recent release of his 14th full length album, L.I.F.E. – Living In Fragile Environments (2021), there is no sign that this Sacramento legend is stopping any time soon. Beginning his career as a recording artist in Sacramento, CA in 1992 with the release of his former group’s first cassette single, Chill has not only embraced what it means to be an emcee, but has also shown a flair for entrepreneurism as he has chosen the path of independence with the start of his own label. Over the next ten years, he remained active with his former group, recording and performing as well as being involved in the production of various projects from other Sacramento artists. Around the start of the 21st century, Chill was less active with music as he was faced with a crossroad. In 2001, he disbanded his original group and decided to go solo. The first release was his self titled debut album in 2002. Also that year, Chill began touring the West Coast, performing shows in various bars and small music venues in support of this record. By 2007, Chill was performing an average of 50-60 shows a year all over California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington, while maintaining a full time day job. In 2010, after burning the candle at both ends for a decade, Mr. P Chill went walked away from the 9 to 5 and devoted 100% of his energy to music and touring. In the ten years since, he has expanded his touring to cover the entire US at least once per year, alongside smaller regional tours throughout the year. Chill spends on average, ⅔ of every calendar year on the road, performing songs, selling merchandise and most importantly, connecting with fans. Also in recent years, Mr. P Chill has had the pleasure of collaborating in the studio and sharing the stage with legendary emcees such as Spyder-D, 2Mex, Cee Knowledge (aka Doodlebug of Digable Planets), Percee P, The Great Peso (Fearless Four), Sach Illpages (The Nonce), Sage Francis, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, Terminology, Masta Ace and Fatlip (The Pharcyde), just to name a few. Most notably, his single with hip hop pioneer, Spyder-D, entitled “No Regrets” spent several months in rotation on college radio from coast to coast in late 2015. In October 2015 the song was featured by the legendary founder of Public Enemy, Chuck D, on his weekly radio show, “Songs That Mean Something”, on WBAI Radio in NYC and streamed worldwide on rapstation.com. In March 2017, Mr. P Chill and The Great Peso of the Fearless Four released a single called “R U Wit It” which enjoyed regular airplay on college radio and on rapstation.com. On the weekly radio show, Hip Hop Gods Radio, the single charted for 13 weeks, peaking at #1 in July 2017. Most recently his song “Social Distancing” that he collaborated with Cee Knowledge on charted at #1 on the same chart in August of 2020 after several months in rotation on rapstation.com, Hip Hop Gods Radio and various college and community radio stations across the United States. The future looks bright for Mr. P Chill, a man who remains focused as he enters his prime. Chill is guided by his positive attitude, his heartfelt lyrics and his connection to hip hop’s golden era.
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The website from which you got to this page is protected by Cloudflare. Email addresses on that page have been hidden in order to keep them from being accessed by malicious bots. You must enable Javascript in your browser in order to decode the e-mail address. If you have a website and are interested in protecting it in a similar way, you can sign up for Cloudflare.
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It was 5am and I was sipping my coffee and browsing the internet when I heard a huge explosion and the showering of glass on the tile floor.
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Considering just how much women love diversity, especially when it comes to a visual appearance – America’s nail polish companies have come up with numerous ways to create new shades and colors. But which ones are the most popular ones? Pink? Scarlet? Turquoise?
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The North American Hockey League (NAHL) has announced its teams and divisional alignment for the 2014-15 season. The 24-team league will be divided into four divisions (Central, Midwest, North, South) spanning 11 states. The only changes for the 2014-15 season from the 2013-14 season include: the Port Huron Fighting Falcons relocating to Connellsville, Pennsylvania to become the Keystone Ice Miners, remaining in the North Division, and the Wenatchee Wild will move from the Midwest Division to the South Division. For an updated NAHL 2014-15 footprint and map, click here "The NAHL and its governors have been successful in growing their markets, particularly in the last four years, to a point where they become very sustainable under our current model with the tremendous help and support of their local communities,” said NAHL Commissioner Mark Frankenfeld. “The strategy to acquire better markets, better ownership groups and to improve the business plan is working. We have a lot of work still to do, but the NAHL has come along way in a short period of time and that is good news to the players that play and develop in the NAHL.” Celebrating its 39th season in 2014-15, the NAHL is the oldest junior hockey league in the United States and one of only two that operate under the non pay-to-play model. The NAHL is also one of the best at advancing players to collegiate and/or professional hockey. So far during the 2013-14 season, the NAHL has over 140 NCAA commitments and over 100 alumni were playing in the NHL this past season. Five (5) teams will compete in the Central Division: the Aberdeen Wings, Austin Bruins, Bismarck Bobcats, Brookings Blizzard and Minot Minotauros. Five (5) teams will play in the Midwest Division: the Coulee Region Chill, Fairbanks Ice Dogs, Kenai River Brown Bears, Minnesota Magicians and Minnesota Wilderness. Six (6) teams will compete in the North Division: the Janesville Jets, Johnstown Tomahawks, Keystone Ice Miners, Michigan Warriors, Soo Eagles and Springfield Jr. Blues. In the South Division, eight (8) teams will compete: the Amarillo Bulls, Corpus Christi IceRays, Lone Star Brahmas, Odessa Jackalopes, Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees, Topeka RoadRunners, Wenatchee Wild and Wichita Falls Wildcats. The 2014-15 regular-season schedule and 2015 Robertson Cup playoff format will be announced on a future date.
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The Northeast Generals of the North American Hockey League (NAHL) are excited to announce that defenseman Jackson McCarthy has committed to play NCAA Division I hockey for Mercyhurst University in Atlantic Hockey. McCarthy, 19, is in his second season playing in the NAHL with the Generals. Through 14 games this season, the 6’1/205 lbs. native of West Seneca, NY, leads the blueline in points with 2 goals and 5 assists for 7 points. McCarthy’s 7 points are also good for 13th in the entire NAHL for defensemen. McCarthy joined the Generals in the 2020-21 season in a trade with the Austin Bruins shortly after the hiring of new GM Matt Dibble. “Matt did an amazing job of identifying the potential in Jackson right after he got hired and made a great trade. Jackson came in and really outworked everyone. He is just an incredibly hard worker. We were familiar with him and his game having played down the street at the prestigious Mount St. Charles school but he was an even better person than advertised. Just a phenomenal kid that works his tail off,” said Generals Head Coach Bryan Erikson. “He beats me to the rink most days. I’ll come in on a weekend off day and there he is working in the skills center, in the gym, getting extra ice. Anything he can do to get better he does. Jackson and his work ethic put himself in a position where he had a ton of interest. Mercyhurst really stepped up and made a great offer and Jackson was extremely excited to accept. I know Eric Progen who runs our Defense has put in a lot of work with Jackson, but it’s all on Jackson for listening and working hard. We started to see a lot of his hard work pay off this summer during the Chowder Cup playing for Roc City. He was named D man of the tournament and put on a show. Really took a huge step forward and that has carried into the beginning of this year. Excited for this step for Jackson and getting back to work on his development,” continued Erikson. Northeast General Manager Matt Dibble added, “Myself being from Western New York like Jackson, his reputation as a hard worker was always well known and something I noticed. One of our scouts, Greg Przystal, always spoke well of him so when we were able to add him last year, we were definitely excited. Jack is a kid who’s path in junior hockey wasn’t the smoothest, like a lot of the kids on our current roster. Credit goes to him for committing to being all-in with what we believe we are building here. He had a great offseason and came in ready to show what he can do. Mercyhurst is getting a great defenseman, and a better person.”
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Paul Cotter, who made his NHL debut on November 9th, was the NAHL Rookie of the Year during the 2016-17 season (photo courtesy of the Vegas Golden Knights). Former NAHL and Brookings Blizzard forward Paul Cotter made his National Hockey League debut on Tuesday, November 9th with the Vegas Golden Knights. Cotter was a member of the Brookings Blizzard in the NAHL during the 2016-17 season, prior to the team’s move to become the St. Cloud Norsemen. The Canton, Mich. native was a 4th round NHL draft pick of the Golden Knights in 2018. Cotter, 21, made his NHL debut after a call-up from the team’s AHL affiliate in Henderson. Cotter skated 11 shifts logging 8:27 of ice time with one shot on net and one hit. In the 2016-17 season in Brookings, Cotter racked up 60 points on 28 goals and 32 assists in 59 games, taking home numerous NAHL awards including NAHL Rookie of the Year and being named to the All-NAHL 1st Team. He was also named the Central Division Most Valuable Player and Forward of the Year that season. After junior hockey, Cotter was drafted 115th overall, a fourth-round pick by the Golden Knights, and spent that year playing both NCAA Division I Hockey at Western Michigan and in the OHL where he had 26 points in 48 games for the London Knights. Cotter spent the last three years playing in the AHL for the Chicago Wolves in 2019-20 and with the Henderson Silver Knights the for the last two seasons. Prior to his NHL debut, Cotter spoke with the media in Vegas and shared his thoughts on his path through junior hockey to the professional level and his experiences. The full interview is below. “I wouldn’t change it. I’ve been in a lot of cities, a lot of different places, a lot of coaches, and I have a lot of buddies because of that,” Cotter said. “It’s been good I think for me, moving up basically a level each year. It’s helped me, because I’ve been in places where I’ve been the main guy, and I’ve been in places where maybe I’m a third or fourth line guy. I think that helps me be versatile up and down the lineup and I think that’s a big quality to have.”
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10-Strike LANState is a network mapping, monitoring, management, and administration software solution for corporate Microsoft Windows networks. LANState generates the network map, which speeds up accessing to remote hosts' properties and resources, and managing those. Employing LANState makes it essentially easier to monitor processes in networks of any ranges or sizes because of the opportunity to link external applications like file managers or remote administration software to the program. The program includes a number of useful features for obtaining information on remote computers. LANState has host-monitoring functionality, which allows you to see the state of your network at any time. The program builds and displays a network map, monitoring device's state (active/inactive) in real-time. Why LANState? Program's Benefits: LANState builds a network map automatically. Save the map for future use, print it, or export it to bitmap file. You can operate with several maps simultaneously. Access and manage remote devices in a couple of clicks, using LANState's visual network map. You are able to shut down, restart, and turn on servers and workstations, access remote services and resources, view remote event logs, access remote registry, list processes, devices, NT services, and so on. Background device monitoring notifies you via screen message, sound, or e-mail when your servers go down or start working. Send messages to domain users with help of integrated advanced messenger. Monitor connections to your shared resources (logging, sound notifications, and "black list" supported). The program contains many useful tools for administrators, such as network scanner, port scanner, ping, trace route, name lookup, etc. And the most important. The package does not require installing any components on remote servers and workstations.
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Our office is located at 7777 Forest Lane, in Dallas Texas at the Medical City Dallas Hospital Complex. We are in building B, on the Fourth Floor, in Suite 424. Visit the Medical City Dallas Hospital website for specific information on: General Location Parking Building Map Office Hours Our office hours are Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Our Physicians see patients at various times throughout the week, but we will make every effort to accommodate your schedule as well.
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Bristol Rovers have signed Lincoln City winger Mustapha Carayol on a two-year deal for an undisclosed fee. The 22-year-old only joined Lincoln last summer from Torquay, then managed by new Rovers boss Paul Buckle. Imps boss Steve Tilson told BBC Lincolnshire: "Mustapha is a decent player and he would have done well for us in the Conference. "You have got to have players that want to play for the football club but he wants to play at the highest level." The Imps boss also confirmed that he is still in talks with defender Dany Hone's agent. The 21-year-old, who is out of contract, was offered a new one-year deal at the end of last season. "He is after a bit more money. I am keen to keep Dany but I have a budget that I have to work to," said Tilson.
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David Konrad Releases the US Version of His Popular Children’s Books Series, Project Adventure – Latest News Finance Subscribe To RSS Show Menu David Konrad Releases the US Version of His Popular Children’s Books Series, Project Adventure November 25 01:00 2021 All Four Books In Series Are Now Available As A Digital Box Set And Holiday Gift. Los Angeles, California – International author David Konrad releases the US version of his popular children’s books series, Project Adventure, this December 14, as a digital box set. Perfect for individual reading, or for caregivers and teachers to read a chapter or two at a time to create more suspense and engage young readers, Konrad’s box set will inspire children to find pleasure in reading, and delight them as a holiday gift. Preteens Ethan and Matt are best friends and founders of the Project Adventure kid-detective agency. They are always looking for adventures, solving a good mystery, and making new friends. Together, they embark on exhilarating journeys that strengthen their friendship, courage, and social skills. The digital box set contains the first four mysteries in the Project Adventure children’s books series: The Heart of the Island: Ethan and Matt head into their first great adventure to find a lost diamond, called The Heart of the Island. They must overcome their fears, escape the bullies chasing them, and face spooky bat-filled caves as they take on the quest to find the treasure. Rumble at the Zoo: Ethan and Matt receive a call for help from Lisa, as their first client of their newly set up detective agency Project Adventure. Recently, the animals at the Skywalk Zoo have been taking turns behaving weirdly and aggressively, scaring visitors away. Will they find out why the animals behave so strangely? Can the boys find out who’s behind all this? And can they protect the animals and stay safe? Could Lisa become more than just a first client, and join the boys on their adventures? The Courtside Mystery: Ethan and Matt are looking forward to spending time at basketball camp, just playing. But as they arrive, they find out about a weird incident at a basketball game at their camp the week before. The police think it’s just an accident, but when Ethan becomes the victim of one of these accidents, they’re left with no choice than to investigate. They need Lisa, the third member of their detective agency Project Adventure to help with background checks that might lead to solving the mystery. The Scrapyard Shakedown: Ethan, Matt, and Lisa face freezing winter weather and sinister villains as they trace the shadowy figures lurking around the local scrapyard at the edge of town. The stakes are high, involving the rescue of their new friend Kalea’s dad. The digital box set is currently available for pre-order on Amazon. Price: $4.99 Publish Date: December 14, 2021 About David Konrad: David Konrad is an adventurous dad who shares his love of storytelling with middle grade children around the world. While traveling internationally and raising his young family, he found inspiration to write his books and fulfill his mission: making a difference in the lives of children. The Project Adventure Children’s Book Series is action-packed, fun-filled and driven by characters that will be cherished by young readers seeking their next favorite mystery. When not writing or reading, David enjoys cooking and playing basketball with his twin boys. Learn more at his website. Media Contact Company Name: Black Chateau Contact Person: Desiree Duffy Email: Send Email Country: United States Website: https://davidkonradauthor.com/ Recent Posts Quick and reliable towing services in Houston with American Wrecker Company Sociopreneur, Maya Miranda Ambarsari Presents a Business Information and Authentic Data Platform for Global Markets. Budget Golf Cart Rental Debuts New Customized Golf Carts, Adds Pick-up And Drop-off Services First Choice Chiropractic Outlines the Importance of Visiting Personal Injury Chiropractor After Accident Therapy Care Highlights How its Physical Therapists Help Children Atlas Physical Therapy in Glen Burnie is the Top-Rated Physical Therapy Care Provider Envision Insurance Agency Outlines the Benefits of Comprehensive Auto Insurance Global Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Market Segmentation, Regional Outlook, Share, Growth Analysis
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Improving Health Outcomes: New Population Health building will provide much-needed space: UNM Newsroom UNM A-Z StudentInfo FastInfo myUNM Directory Research Campus Life Academics About UNM UNM Newsroom Toggle search About Us Welcome Mission About UNM Campuses UCAM UCAM Staff News Topics Front Page Inside UNM Lobo Hub Latest News Alumni Announcements Athletics Events Calendar For the Record HSC News In The News Research UNM Live UNM Proud Schools and Colleges Anderson School of Management School of Architecture & Planning School of Engineering School of Law School of Public Administration College of Arts & Sciences College of Fine Arts College of Education and Human Sciences Honors College College of University Libraries & Learning Sciences University College For News Media About UNM Campus Maps Fast Facts Faculty Experts B-Roll Images Advisories Media Relations Media Guide UNM Newsroom on Twitter Search Newsroom Submit search UNM Newsroom / News / Improving Health Outcomes: New Population Health building will provide much-needed space Improving Health Outcomes: New Population Health building will provide much-needed space By Rebecca Roybal Jones October 18, 2020 Categories: Health Sciences Center Front Page College of Population Health University of New Mexico faculty, staff, students and health professionals are volunteering to use their research skills to gather the latest info in COVID-19 research to share with the governor’s office to help guide decision-making in the pandemic. The UNM College of Population Health COVID Briefing Task Force creates a spreadsheet of resources to share with the governor’s office each week, says Stephanie Chambers, a public health research scientist and instructor with the college. “We get a list of hot topics each week and provide the best evidence-based info on those topics,” Chambers says. The information helps Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham decide when and how to safely reopen portions of the state. The task force is just one example of the valuable services the UNM College of Population Health provides. The College, which trains students to improve health outcomes, is a relatively new college that’s grown so quickly, it doesn’t have a central office space but is instead scattered throughout the Health Sciences campus and the university’s Main Campus. A new building, called the College of Nursing and Population Health Building, will house both colleges and provide much-needed instructional space, as well as room to grow. The university plans to finance construction with funding from General Obligation Bond C for Higher Education. GO Bond C, which will be on the November 3 ballot – and will not raise taxes – will provide more than $155 million in higher education funding, including $51.4 million for The University of New Mexico and its branch campuses. Of that total, $30 million would be used to plan, design, construct and equip a new facility to accommodate undergraduate enrollment increases for the College of Nursing and College of Population Health. Additionally, the initiative would add more than 1,500 jobs to the state’s economy. In turn, their graduates will eventually join the state’s health care workforce. Earlier this summer, volunteers began gathering the COVID-related information on a daily basis, but there was so much to process, “it was like drinking from a fire hose,” she says. Since then, the group has evolved into a task force. Annemarie Madaras and Christina Phillips, researchers in the UNM Department of Family & Community Medicine, also lead the group, which is made up of 12 volunteers, each of whom is assigned a database and a news source to follow. They compile a spreadsheet with each topic, a link to the article and rate the reliability of the info, Chambers says. Some topics they’ve researched include: COVID and vaping, and whether it causes lingering symptoms in some people. Reopening schools. Delayed medical care or avoidance of medical care due to the pandemic. COVID long-haulers, or people with symptoms that don't resolve in a typical virus timeframe. “They don't necessarily have life-threatening symptoms, but it (the illness) kind of drags on.” COVID in jails and other types of detention centers. Mask-wearing behaviors and general usage. Tracie Collins, MD, MPH, dean of the College, has said that students trained in population health will be a source of knowledge, expertise and technical assistance who can work across many areas, such as the health care sector, in state health departments and for various other stakeholders. “By having more space, we’re going to have more students who are going to be trained in population health, who will then be available to the state of New Mexico to go into these remote areas and begin to look at what the needs are,” Collins says. Once that happens, she says, they’ll begin to develop interventions.
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Copyright © 2021 niceminecraft.net. All rights reserved. niceminecraft is not affiliated with Minecraft or Mojang in any way.
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Serving The Higher Self The Ego In most spiritual circles, the ego gets a pretty bad rap. The reason for this is that the ego, to some extent, is the principle in our psyches that separates us from one another, while spirit is the principle that shows us that no such separation exists. Sometimes the… Read the Post Welcome I enjoy inspirational and spiritual related books. I also enjoy writing my own poetry and short stories. I have been collecting quotes, prayers, poems and spiritual stories for a long time. I spend as much time as possible studying different spiritual beliefs and consider myself to be a Polytheist. I was born in Northern Ireland but lived in South Africa for most of my life. I now live in Surrey, England and have lived here since 2008. I love spending time with my family and that includes Oli our little tuxedo cat. More... Search Featured Post “Together you share the joy of a deep commitment and the sacred trust. You have given each other the most precious gift of love. Treasure it, nurture it, and encourage it with all the honesty you used in creating it. You are sharing something rare and beautiful. Always speak the truth, and listed ... Read the Post Archives Archives Select Month September 2021 (1) August 2021 (1) October 2020 (2) January 2019 (9) December 2018 (27) November 2018 (31) October 2018 (38) September 2018 (22) August 2018 (42) July 2018 (22) June 2018 (26) May 2018 (37) April 2018 (34) March 2018 (22) February 2018 (27) January 2018 (35) October 2017 (2) September 2017 (4) August 2017 (1) July 2017 (1) June 2017 (76) May 2017 (6) March 2017 (16) February 2017 (4) December 2016 (13) November 2016 (3) September 2016 (12) August 2016 (2) July 2016 (12) May 2016 (4) April 2016 (8) March 2016 (3) February 2016 (24) January 2016 (4) December 2015 (31) November 2015 (33) October 2015 (2) September 2015 (2) July 2015 (8) May 2015 (49) April 2015 (10) March 2015 (19) February 2015 (20) January 2015 (1) December 2014 (4) November 2014 (21) October 2014 (60) September 2014 (36) August 2014 (41) July 2014 (11) June 2014 (7) May 2014 (1) April 2014 (7) March 2014 (4) February 2014 (2) November 2013 (1) October 2013 (13) September 2013 (34) August 2013 (38) July 2013 (101) June 2013 (254) May 2013 (149) April 2013 (1) January 2013 (5) November 2012 (3) September 2012 (4) December 2011 (1) July 2011 (4) April 2011 (1) March 2011 (1) January 2011 (1) December 2010 (7) October 2010 (5) September 2010 (1) August 2010 (2) July 2010 (4) May 2010 (6) January 2010 (12) November 2009 (4) October 2009 (3) September 2009 (73) August 2009 (7) July 2009 (27) April 2009 (17) February 2009 (5) December 2008 (35) November 2008 (48) October 2008 (25) September 2008 (7) August 2008 (11) July 2008 (7) June 2008 (17) May 2008 (2) April 2008 (16) March 2008 (154) February 2008 (10) August 2007 (1) June 2007 (7) December 2006 (4) July 2006 (92) June 2006 (42) May 2006 (54) March 2006 (16)
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Ninja Kiwi and Bloons are trademarks of Ninja Kiwi Limited, registered in the U.S. and other countries iPhone and iPad are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc.
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September 17, 2016 comicpie Activity, British Columbia, Canadian, career, events, Finance, Presentation, Vancouver, Workshop A few months ago, I met Brian B Yang from another Meetup Group “Travel and Live Free” hosted by Kendrick[…] Read more See me again at “YVR Travellers” & “Vancouver World Travellers” meetup! July 8, 2016 comicpie events, Presentation It is overwhelming to see my first presentation going so well, so I decided to start my own Meetup group[…]
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The new customer support system is running and is accessible from the bottom right ofwww.novusaeterno.com, www.taitale.com, and http://forum.novusaeterno.com/. If anyone is having issues with getting access to the game or any other problems, feel free to send us a ticket. This week I’ll be talking about the various Design-a-X backer rewards in more detail. Next Monday we will begin allowing backers to submit their designs. Please note that all designs may be altered at our discretion for balance or lore reasons. Design Flow We will be doing the Design-a-X backer rewards in 3 major stages split by the type of game object to be designed: theories, artifacts & components, and prototypes. Each major stage will be split into 3 subgroups: Direct submissions, group workshops and one-on-one with developers. Direct submissions are for those people who are positive that they know exactly what they want. They’ll be able to submit a design to us with no developer involvement. Group workshops will begin with all the devs helping explain the guidelines for designing something. At the end of the workshop there will be one-on-ones with the devs in order to make sure everything is in order. One-on-one with the developers is just the end portion of workshops. In theory, each of these will take up less time than the one after it. There are over 1000 Design-a-X backer rewards to be redeemed so the one-on-ones will have a time limit on them depending on the complexity of what is being designed; theories are the least complex, while artifacts and components are the most complex. Theories For now I’m only going to talk about theories as direct submission of theories is what we will be opening up next week. Artifacts & components, and prototypes will come when we are about to start those stages. The theory system only exists for human research, but some of the other races have analogous systems. The three races that theory design applies to is human, Acean and Cauldron-born. Theories do not directly unlock anything in game, but are considered stepping stones to doing so. Each races “theory” has two things associated with it. A title and flavour text. Human theories are exactly that as they are the race which uses the theory system. These are ideas or something thought provoking. The flavour text could be a scientific proposal, a book excerpt(Your own fictional excerpt, not copywritten material), a journal entry or anything that portrays something that could be investigated further. Human players will choose which theories to fund in order to develop better understanding which eventually leads to new technologies. Acean “theories” are indigenous species of various planets from which Aceans examine, probe and replicate assets they find advantageous. The flavour text for these may be a description of the creature or its behaviour, new or battle reports with the creature or journal entries on civilian encounters with it. Take note that the flavour text does not say what assert a player gets from the creature. Acean players will have to find or trade with other players for exotic creatures to take back to one of their labs in order to advance their technology. Cauldron-born “theories” are programming functions, akin to the skill system in Transistor. Titles appear as function names with no parameters like so: Queue(), Open(), Shutdown(). The flavour text describes the task of the function or documents it. Unlike humans and Aceans, Cauldron-born begin with most functions and can invest time programming them with existing components in order to produce new ones.
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The Brothers of Nu Alpha hosted this event, every third Thursday of the month, as a way to fellowship with friends and fellow Greeks.
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The material objects associated with the religion of the Cook Islands were probably as varied as those of the Society Islands. Unfortunately, no artist such as Webber had the opportunity of depicting the native temples when religious ritual was being conducted, hence material for study is meager in comparison with that for the Society Islands and Hawaii. The subject may be divided into the temple with its appurtenances and the material symbols of the gods. The Temple The temple (marae) consisted of an open court built up or defined by a curb of rocks, filled in to level the area, and carpeted with gravel, preferably of white coral. A raised platform of stone or wood termed an atarau was erected at one end of the court. Decorative carved slabs termed unu were set up on the platform and on the margins of the court. There were houses for storing the gods, carved slabs, and such other things as may have been used by the priests. In the campaign conducted by the white missionaries and Tahitian native pastors for the conversion of the people to Christianity, the first requisites were the demolition of the temples and gods. In Aitutaki, the Tahitian pastor, Papeiha, called a meeting of the people and urged them to burn all the temples in the island and bring the remaining "idols" to him. Williams (81, pp. 62, 63) says: …the assembled multitude yielded their cordial assent. As soon as the meeting broke up, a general conflagration of the maraes took place; and so complete was the destruction, that, on the following morning, not a single idol temple remained unmutilated. The same Papeiha was later stationed at Rarotonga. When Tinomana Ariki desired to become a Christian, the initial methods of Aitutaki were carried out. Williams (81, p. 152) states: The teachers informed him that he must destroy his maraes and burn his idols, to which he instantly replied, "Come with me and see them destroyed." On reaching the place he desired some person to take a fire-brand, and set fire to the temple, the atarau, or altar, and the unus, or sacred pieces of carved wood by which the marae was decorated. A similar fate overtook the maraes in the other islands. All that was inflammable was burnt and even the stones were displaced. In later years, stones from the maraes were used for the walls of taro patches and for other modern utilitarian purposes. The Mokoiro marae in Atiu still shows part of the boundary curbs, consisting of rectangular slabs of coral limestone set longways in the earth, which with the filling raised the marae court above the surface of the surrounding ground. The Maputu marae in Mangaia (76, p. 45) still has its boundaries sharply defined by basaltic rocks imbedded in the ground, forming a low raised rectangular court roughly 116 feet long by 32 page 309feet wide. This marae was supposed to have been filled in with enemy heads. The Court of Royalty named Arai-te-tonga in Rarotonga is not a marae but is an open court with stone rests at one end and a low platform composed of heaped-up rocks at the other. Behind the platform stands the pillar of investiture, named Tau-ma-keva. Though the names and sites of the maraes in each island are remembered by the older people, most of them are marked only by a few stones that remain imbedded in the ground. The platforms (atarau) on the court evidently were made either of wood or stone. In Mangaia, the platform on the Akaoro marae, upon which human sacrifices were laid, was definitely made of pandanus wood. On the Orongo marae, the sacrifice was laid on a smooth block of sandstone (76, p. 176). The decorative slabs or posts (unu) were part of the temple appurtenances and were evidently erected after the court was weeded and before the ritual took place. The Rarotongan history (65, vol. 3, p. 262), in describing a ceremony on the court of Arai-te-tonga, gives the following account in the native text for which I have used my own translation: Kua vaere te ta'ua Weeded was the court of i Arai-te-tonga ma Tau-ma-keva. Arai-te-tonga and Tau-ma-keva. E oti ake te ta'ua kua ipuipui te marae, kua 'akatu te umu [unu], kua iriiri ki te pou ki te marae, kua tau te kai i te takurua. When the court was cleared, set in order was the temple, erected were the carved slabs, hung to the posts on the temple, laid out was the food for the ceremonial feast. In Savage's translation of the lines "kua iriiri ki te pou ki te marae", he gives "The posts of the marae were hung with flowers", but it is possible that iriiri (to hang upon) refers to unu. It would seem that between ceremonies, the carved slabs were stored away in a house on the marae and set up again on posts after the court was weeded in preparation for the next ceremony. I know of no carved unu slabs from Rarotonga, but several carved slabs from Aitutaki have been preserved and it is probable that these are unu. A bottom projection on these slabs looks as if it might be stuck into the ground, but some of the slabs have coir decorations that would not show up on the ground. If hung on posts, however, the decorations would hang down and render this decorative technique effective. (See figs. 203, b, d and 204.) A similar explanation applies to the spatulate lower ends of the Mitiaro carvings (fig. 225). Houses on the temple courtyard were a constant feature of the Tahitian and Hawaiian temples, and it is probable that they were erected on the Cook Islands temples. The gods were wrapped in tapa and stored in such houses when not in use in religious ritual. In Mangaia, a miniature house was erected on the marae as a residence for the tribal god after peace had been declared. Such houses ('are ei 'au, house for peace) were about six feet long, were well thatched with pandanus leaves, and had a small doorway screened with white bark cloth (76, p. 173). In Mangaia, representatives of the tribal gods were page 310kept in a national godhouse erected between two important maraes (76, p. 172). Mangaian gods were wrapped in a special, thick, white bark cloth termed tikoru. The priests also used tikoru, and it may be assumed that the priests of the other islands had special garments that were used during religious ritual. Such garments would be tapu and would probably be stored in a marae house when not in use. Sacred things were too dangerous to keep in the ordinary dwelling houses. The priests of Mangaia overcame the difficulty by partitioning off a portion of their dwelling houses with a thick curtain of bark cloth (76, p. 173). Here they kept a second symbol of their gods and presumably their sacred garments made of tikoru. Gods Though most of the gods were committed to the flames on the conversion of the Cook Islanders to Christianity, many were spared to be exhibited at the missionary headquarters in Raiatea. Writing of Aitutaki, Williams (81, p. 53) says: The gods and bundles of gods, which had escaped destruction, thirty-one in number, were carried in triumph to the boat; and we came off to the vessel with the trophies of our bloodless conquest, "rejoicing as one that findeth great spoil." Williams (81, p. 91) describes the arrival of the missionaries at Raiatea as follows: With grateful hearts we now turned our faces homewards; where, after eight or ten days' sail, we arrived in safety. And, as other warriors feel a pride in displaying the trophies of their victories, we hung the rejected idols of Aitutaki to the yard-arms and other parts of the vessel, entered the harbour in triumph, sailed down to the settlement, and dropped anchor amidst the shouts and congratulations of the people. On the following Friday evening the idols were suspended about the chapel, the chandeliers of which were lighted as before. From Raiatea the "trophies" were sent to London where the London Missionary Society exhibited them in their museum. Later the collection was transferred to the British Museum, where they can be studied by students of Polynesian culture. Many gods were given to Tyerman and Bennet on their visit of inquiry and Bennet seems to have distributed them among institutions and personal friends. Other gods found their way to Europe and America and into museums where they are reasonably safe. Ethnologists owe a debt of gratitude to the early missionaries for sparing what they did, but it is irritating that details such as their names and functions were not preserved. Williams (81, p. 92) states that he numbered 25 of the Aitutaki gods and transmitted them with their names and histories to the Tyerman and Bennet deputation then at Tahiti. A study of the material gods shows that though all the islands of the group shared the same major gods such as Tangaroa, Tane, Rongo, and others, the page 311forms differ in each island. In Rarotonga, the technique was confined to wooden images of various forms. Aitutaki had both wooden images and carved slabs. In Atiu and Mitiaro, carved wooden stands were made on the round, with arches for feather decoration. Atiu also used sennit bundles covered with red feathers. Unfortunately, two gods attributed to Mauke are more than doubtful. In Mangaia, grooved slabs on a round base were carved with a characteristic K-motif and decorated with feathers and human hair. Small objects made of tapa cloth, feathers, and human hair represented minor deities. In an island group with the two most widely separated islands only 180 miles apart and with many gods identical in name, there is an astounding variation in the technique and carving motifs. The minds of people seem to have carried similar ideas regarding ritual, but human hands shaped different theological conceptions into material form. The material forms are treated under each island. Rarotongan Gods Rarotongan gods were of wood carved in conventionalized human forms. Those available for study comprise two groups: (1) images consisting of one main figure and (2) multiple figures with an intermediate plain staff around which tapa was wrapped originally. Images The images consist of two forms: the so-called fisherman's god and a figure with three small figures on its breast, said to be Te Rongo. A number of images called the fisherman's god are found in museums (pl. 13, D, E). Their function rests solely on the authority of Williams, who figured one of them (81, p. 100) and referred to it thus (81, p. 99): An idol, of which the figure on the opposite side is a correct representation, was placed on the fore part of every fishing canoe; and when the natives were going on a fishing expedition, prior to setting off, they invariably presented offerings to the god, and invoked him to grant them success. Ellis (25, vol. 2) includes a similar figure in a frontispiece with a number of other gods, and labels it and a Tahitian image with the same number, 7. In the figure legend he refers to 7 as "Orametua." He has thus confused a Rarotongan image with the orometua or ti'i images of Tahiti. The example shown in figure 191 in the London Missionary Society collection bears the following inscription: "Figure of Tarianui (Great Ears), A God of fishing, carried on the prow of a fishing canoe." Williams and Ellis carelessly failed to keep to the dialect of the island for which they described artifacts and customs. It is obvious that Tarianui is the Tahitian form (Tari'a-nui) of the Rarotongan Taringa-nui (Big Ears), and it would be more reassuring had the correct spelling been used. When Williams (81, p. 74) visited Mitiaro with the Atiuan chief, Rongo-ma-Tane, the people asked whether they should burn page 312Tarianui, or Great Ears. Here again the Tahitian dialect was used by Williams, for the ng sound in taringa and other words was used throughout the Cook group. There is no evidence that the Rarotongan god had the same name as the Atiuan god, and it is probable that the name was given by museum people because the fisherman's god happened to have big ears (fig. 191). Figure 191.—Fisherman's god (British Mus., L.M.S.): height 440 mm.; head width above ears 184 mm.; width at ears 240 mm.; width at shoulders 240 mm.; narrowest width of body 111 mm.; penis amputated and navel protuberance broken off. a, front; b, back; c, right side. The characteristics of the fisherman's god are the short, thick-set, sturdy body with a large well-formed head with high forehead and specialized eyes, mouth, and ears. The head is sufficiently large to allow the craftsman to carve in details in a bold and striking manner. The eyes are extremely large, the inner angles almost meeting and the outer angles well out on the sides of the face. The eye areas are left as large elliptical areas projecting above the general plane of the face. Each eye consists of four elements: eyeball, lower and upper lids, and brow. The eyeball is elliptical, being pointed at the inner and outer angles. The lids and brow are formed in bold curves which form raised flanges. The two brows meet in the middle line. The curved planes of the cheeks meet in the middle line to form a vertical edge which extends downward in a straight line from the eyes to the mouth with no attempt to define a nose. The mouth is formed by four curved lines cut down into the general plane of the face, wider in the middle and narrowing to the outer ends. They define what I assume to be a middle tongue and upper and lower lips. The lowest of the curved lines is placed so that the chin is of the same thickness as the lips and tongue, which lends another characteristic feature to the appearance of the images. page 313 The ears are set slightly back from the outer angles of the eyes and form projecting ellipses from which the inner part has been cut away to conform to the outer shape. A hole, usually square, is pierced through the posterior part. The straight chin and lower jaw line is carried obliquely upward below the ear and is continued horizontally across the back of the head. The wood is cut away between this line and the shoulders, both at the sides and back, and thus results in a distinctive, clearly denned, short neck. The shoulder line is carried across the back as a straight edge. The shoulders are square, and large perforations free the upper arms from the chest. The forearms are flexed and the large expanded hands rest on the sides of the abdomen. Five or sometimes four fingers are defined by straight incisions. Nipples are shown, and the abdomen is large and distended with a protruding navel usually circular in form. A phallus with a large glans was always present, but in some museum specimens it had been amputated either by the missionaries or native converts. It is absent in the British Museum specimen figured (fig. 191), and the drawings given by Williams and Ellis were probably drawn from this specimen. A similar image in the Munich Museum (no. 191) has the phallus, but one in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh (1923, 360) has been mutilated. The thighs and legs are flexed and the gluteal region, somewhat shallow in depth, has a marked backward projection. The feet are solid blocks, but some are notched on the front lower edge to represent toes. Figure 192.—Painted fisherman's god (British Mus., 9866): height 315 mm.; head width 129 mm.; shoulder width 155 mm.; hip width 148 mm. a, front; b, back; c, right side, showing sites of painting; d, painted motifs: 1, on outer sides of thighs, with points toward knees; 2, on both sides of breast; 3, in front of ears; 4, on shoulders; 5, on front of forearms; 6, on sides and back of upper arms. Inner grooves of eyes and mouth filled in as plain bands; simple triangles along upper boundary of mouth; serrated collar around back of neck, navel, and glans penis. Two images in the British Museum and the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, are painted. Some of the motifs are the same as those used in tattooing, but they are not always placed in the same position as similar designs on the page 314human body. The hands have four fingers, the protruding navel is round, and the feet blocks are notched on the lower border in front and on the outer sides (fig. 192). The three-limbed motif (fig. 192, d, 3), somewhat resembling the rau-teve motif in tattooing, is placed on the front of the ear instead of the back. The vertebra motif (fig. 192, d,1, upper part) is on the thighs instead of the back of the neck. The other painted image has a simple motif of wide bands, most of them with serrated edges (fig. 193). Figure 193.—Painted fisherman's god (Peabody Mus., Cambridge, 53,517): height 420 mm.; head height 224 mm.; shoulder width 180 mm. a, front: typical eyes and mouth, painting around eyes and navel, small nipples, round navel, anterior axillary line denned by edge, five fingers, serration on outer and front sides of feet, b, back: protruding ears perforated, denned neck, straight edge across shoulders, slender waist, shallow gluteal region, c, right side: protruding abdomen and navel, arm with distinct outer surface, squat legs. Painted patterns confined to bands, some with serrated edges, as shown. The second type of human figure is larger than the fisherman's god and bears three small human figures on its breast. The head is large with well-flanged eyes, notched mouth, and ears of the same form as those of the fisherman's god, but the head and face are narrower in proportion to height. A new element is the well-shaped nose with carved nostrils. A long, well-shaped neck separates the jaw line from the shoulders, and the upper shoulder line is carried across the back as a straight edge. Two projecting breasts are high up on the chest, and the three small figures in full face appear below them, the middle figure being in the mesial line. The abdomen is large and protruding with a circular raised navel pitted in its center. The upper arm is long and vertical, free from the chest, and is carved with full-face human figures on its outer surface. The hand is large, four-fingered, and flexed onto the side of the page 315abdomen with no distinctive forearm. The gluteal region projects outward at a marked angle with the body and is comparatively short. The long legs are flexed on short thighs, and the feet form solid blocks which are notched on front and sides. The phallus is present with a well-marked glans (fig. 194). Figure 194.—Image with smaller figures (British Mus., L.M.S., 42). a, front: total height 690 mm.; width of head with projecting ears 127 mm.; length of head 115 mm.; shoulder width 162 mm.; abdominal width at navel 127 mm.; hip width 160 mm., showing three figures on breast. The rectangular feet are notched on upper and lower front edges. b, side: showing projection outward of 3 breast figures, and 2 figures carved on flat on outer side of arm; middle part of arm uncarved for length of 43 mm., covered with thin white tapa over which sennit braid 3 mm. wide is wrapped with close transverse turns; remains of feathers indicate that the braid turns formed lashing for feather decoration; hand similar to fisherman's god but 4 fingers; side of foot ornamented with alternating angular notches to form zigzag decorations; nose well shaped, c, back: continuation of jaw line across the back of head defines distinctive neck, longer than in fisherman's god; shallow gluteal region distinctive, d, middle breast figure: flanged eye with brow flange, and mouth defined by three notches; protruding abdomen with circular navel, but navel absent in other two breast figures; all 3 have penis (1); arms (2) are represented by raised ridge; flexed lower limb (3) notched, e, arm figure: large ears formed of rectangular panels with corners rounded off; eyes without brow flange; mouth defined by two curved lines; arms (1) represented by horizontal ridge, abdomen (2) by knob, and flexed legs (3) by angular projections; vertical mesial element (4) represents penis; upper arm figure 63 mm. high and lower 55 mm. The image is made of ironwood and has a fine polish. Its greater height gives it a more slender appearance than the fisherman's god, yet they have certain elements in common. The general shape of the head and the technique of the eyes, mouth, and ears is identical. The continuation of the jaw line across the back and the straight shoulder line across the back are similar and the resultant neck differs merely in length. The arm and hand technique is page 316similar, but utilization of the outer surface of the arm for carving human figures has led to the flexion being near the wrist. The protruding abdomen, circular navel, shallow gluteal region, flexed thighs and legs with solid rectangular feet are present in both types, but the notches in the fisherman's god have undergone less elaboration. The characteristic penis with large glans is present in both. Elaboration has taken place in the longer neck, the definite nose with well-defined nostrils, and the addition of secondary figures. The secondary figures are of two types; breast figures carved in the round and arm figures carved on the flat. In both forms the artist's field is restricted in area, and the details of technique established on larger figures were difficult to produce on the smaller figures. The result has been the natural elimination of some details that would have required more space than was available. Thus while the characteristic eye pattern was observed, the brow element was omitted in both types. The full mouth pattern consists of four curved notches, but in the breast figures one notch was omitted and in the arm figures two were omitted. The ears offered no problem, and in the arm figures they are exceptionally large to balance the rectangular panel that forms the field of the figure. In the breast figures the large protruding abdomen is maintained because the figure is carved in the round, but in the flat arm figure the abdomen is represented by a knob. The upper limbs lose details as to forearm and hand in both types and are represented by raised ridges, which are separated in the round figure, owing to distance, but run together in the flat figure. The lower limbs in the round figure are capable of following the flexed pattern, but the feet are left out. The angular notches associated with the feet of larger figures are included on the lower edge of the flexed leg. In the flat figure the flexed limb pattern becomes flattened out with the knee angle toward the middle line, and neither feet nor notches are present. Thus extreme conventionalization occurs in the smaller figures influenced primarily, no doubt, by the limitations of space but also affected by an artist's ideas of values. A secondary figure is an ornamental detail and does not need the elaboration of the main figure. The London Missionary Society catalog merely describes the figure in general terms but adds "From Rarotonga." In pencil on an old label are the words, "Te Rongo and his three sons from Rarotonga." While the allocation to Rarotonga is undoubtedly correct, the identification as Te Rongo and his three sons may be due to identifying the Mangaian god Rongo with the Raro-tongan god Te Rongo. The Mangaian god Rongo was the father of the three ancestors of the Ngariki tribe but there is no record that the Rarotongan god Te Rongo had three sons. Staff Gods Staff gods are long staves of ironwood with an expanded upper end carved into a large head in profile, succeeded by a number of smaller figures. Similar page 317small figures are carved at the lower end, which ends in a phallus. The middle staff part was covered with rolls of bark cloth, but in most museum specimens the cloth has disappeared. Gods with a middle staff may be divided into three varieties: large, small, and double-figure staff gods. Apart from the presence of the face technique typical of the Rarotongan fisherman's god, the identification has been placed beyond doubt by Williams (81, pp. 98, 99): A day or two afterwards, they requested us to take our seat outside the door; and, on doing so, we observed a large concourse of people coming towards us, bearing heavy burdens. They walked in procession, and dropped at our feet fourteen immense idols, the smallest of which was about five yards in length. Each of these was composed of a piece of aito, or iron-wood, about four inches in diameter, carved with rude imitations of the human head at one end and with an obscene figure at the other, wrapped round with native cloth, until it became two or three yards in circumference. Near the wood were red feathers, and a string of small pieces of polished pearl shells, which were said to be the manava, or soul of the god. Some of the idols were torn to pieces before our eyes; others were reserved to decorate the rafters of the chapel we proposed to erect; and one was kept to be sent to England, which is now in the Missionary Museum. It is not, however, so respectable in appearance as when in its own country; for his Britannic Majesty's officers, fearing lest the god should be made a vehicle for defrauding the king, very unceremoniously took it to pieces; and, not being so well skilled in making gods as in protecting the revenue, they have not made it so handsome as when it was an object of veneration to the deluded Rarotongans. Makea Ariki of Rarotonga accompanied Williams on his return to Raiatea, and a number of the Rarotongan gods were taken with them. Williams refers to them thus (81, p. 145): … we prepared for our missionary meeting; at which from two to three thousand people assembled, many of whom had come from Huahine and Tahaa; with the noble chief, also, from Rarotonga, whose presence, together with the exhibition of the neglected idols of his people, added to the interest of the occasion. This was the third time we had enjoyed the privilege of exhibiting to the Raiateans the abandoned idols of other islands. It is evident that the various types of gods in the London Missionary Society case in the British Museum were sent home from the accumulation of "trophies" at Raiatea. Large staff gods. The frontispiece in William's work (81) shows the missionaries Williams and Pitman with their wives seated on chairs in front of their home in Rarotonga. Lying on the ground before them are nine large images with the middle parts wrapped in tapa. Six bearers are carrying in another image standing erect on a litter formed of two poles with crossbars, resembling a ladder. The lower part of the tapa bundle rests on the poles and crossbars of the litter and thus supports the god in the erect position. One of these images sent to England to the Missionary Museum was figured by Williams (81, p. 100), thus placing the identification of these images beyond doubt. It is shown in figure 195 with additional details. Details of the large head are shown in figure 196, d, and the pattern of the bark-cloth wrapping in figure 28, b. page 318 Williams (81, p. 99) mentions that red feathers were placed next to the wood under the cloth with pieces of polished pearl shell to form the manava or "soul" of the god. This may have been a constant feature, but, as the specimen sent to the Missionary Museum and now in the British Museum is the only large staff god with a tapa wrapping, it is impossible to obtain confirmatory evidence. Owing probably to the length of the larger staff gods, the specimens found in museums consist of the upper section with the large head Figure 195.—Rarotongan large staff god (British Mus., L.M.S.), figured by Williams (81, p. 100): total length about 13 feet, a, full figure: 1, head length 102 mm., greatest width at back 46 mm., tufts of feathers attached to left ear (see fig. 196, d); 2, upper set of five small figures, arranged as in figure 197, c; profile figures with phallus decorated with feathers (fig. 195, d); 3, bundle of tapa cloth wrapped around middle staff section and tied with bands of cloth, red feathers and pearl shell were next wood; 4, lower set of five small figures; 5, phallic terminal, b, over 30 small pieces of pearl shell figured by Williams, said to be "manava or soul of the god." c, feather ear ornament: four split black feathers 96 mm. long tied to each of four holders of a loop carrier with same technique as in war cap; two-ply cord of loose white fiber threaded through loops of six carriers and tied through hole in ear. d, feathers tied to phallus below chin of profile figures with fine sennit, 3 mm. wi'de, passing in transverse turns over feather quill and tied to neighboring turn with overhand knot; feathers, single, split, black, and 90 mm. long. page 319 and first series of smaller figures, the lower two sections having been cut off and discarded by the original collectors because of the difficulty in transporting such large objects. (See plate 13, C.) The correct length of the image sent to London is 13 feet. The upper carved section of this image is 23.5 inches long. The upper carved sections of nine other images studied by me ranged from 24 to 42.5 inches, hence it may be assumed that the total length of each of them was greater than the 13-foot complete specimen. Ellis (25, vol. 2, p. 221) says that "Mr. Bourne in 1825, saw fourteen about twenty feet long and six feet wide." The six feet wide must refer to the bark-cloth wrapping, but even this seems exaggerated. Of the nine incomplete specimens the British Museum, Cambridge University Museum, Peabody Museum (Cambridge, Mass.), and Munich Museum have one each; and the Oldman collection has five. Edge-Partington (24, 1-21-6) figured the complete specimen, and the upper segment was figured by Ellis (25, vol. 2, frontispiece) and Oldman (54, vol. 47, pis. 1-3). In preparing the timber for the large gods, the craftsman adzed the upper part into a thick plank and trimmed the section for the large head so that the two surfaces formed two inclined planes which met at an edge in front. The back retained the full thickness of the plank. The front and back lines of the head are vertical and parallel, and the front mesial edge extends from the top of the head to the chin. The flanged eye is carved some distance below the vertex and gives the effect of a high vertical forehead. The eye technique is similar to that in the fisherman's god, with a transverse pointed ellipse for the eyeball, a curved raised flange below for the lower lid, and two similar flanges above for the upper lid and the eyebrow. The eye extends across the lateral surface of the face, leaving just enough space behind it for the raised ear. The ear and mouth have the same techniques as the fisherman's god, and there is no nose. From the chin, the lower jaw line inclines upward and backward in a straight line to meet the vertical posterior line of the head and then cuts horizontally across the back. Below this line, a square-cut groove at the sides and back form a short neck. Below the neck comes the shoulder, arm, and hand which form the posterior boundary of the first small figure. The posterior border of the shoulder and arm is serrated. In ten specimens the vertical height of the head from chin to vertex ranged from 195 mm. to 310 mm.; the head width from the front back from 81 mm. to 160 mm.; and the thickness at the back from 45 mm. to 72 mm. (See figure 196.) In describing the upper series of small figures it is convenient to place the artifact on its back, as in figure 197. In this position the upper edge of the wood was cut with a number of fairly deep and wide notches to form rectangular projections. Commencing from the large head, the projections were carved alternately in full face and in profile. The full face figures were carved with page 320large projecting ears, an extremely conventionalized face, and with raised elements representing the body and upper and lower limbs. Similar carving is executed on each side of the projection. The full-face figures are double, being placed back to back and with a notch separating the upper parts of the head. The alternate figures in profile are single and have well-defined eyes similar to those of the large head but without eyebrows. They also have large ears, an element representing a limb, and a male organ projecting forward from beneath the chin. They all face toward the phallic terminal. The lower, unnotched part of the wood is pierced with triangular holes which help to define a second row of even more conventionalized figures, and they pair with the figures on the notched projections above them. The projection nearest the large head is always carved in full face, and there is no second row figure below it because the space is occupied by the arm of the large head. If the arm is high, the small space below it may be ornamented with vertical zigzag lines. Figure 196.—Head of large staff god: a-c (British Mus., 1919-10-14); d (British Mus., L-M.S.). a, right side: height from chin 310 mm.; length from front back, at ear level, 160 mm. Figure shows the following features: 1, eyeball; 2, upper lid; 3, lower lid; 4, eyebrow; 5, tongue; 6, upper lip; 7, lower lip; 8, chin; 9, ear; 10, neck-groove; 11, shoulder with arm and notched posterior border; 12, hand with fingers; 13, first figure of upper series; 14, projection of small figure facing backward, b, front: various parts numbered as in a;13, top of first figures of upper series, showing that there are two facing outward on either side; figure shows how narrow head is as. compared with side view, c, back: width 72 mm.; ears (9) shown with square holes, (15) pierced through back part of ear flange and appearing on back of head; 10, neck groove; 14, small raised figure; back of head flat except for median edge (16) which extends down from top for short distance; back surface formed by posterior thickness of plank from which inclined planes proceeded forward. d, ornament of split black feathers attached to left ear through pierced hole. (See figure 195, a.) At the end of the double row of figures, there is usually a single full-faced figure carved on either side of the beginning of the staff section. The number of figures varies in the different gods, but the number in the top row ranges from four to eight (fig. 197). page 321 Figure 197.—Small figures in large staff god. a, wood prepared by notching upper surface to form panels for alternate full-face figures (1) and figures in profile (2); part below upper panels with triangular perforations to define lower set of larger figures (3) below upper profile figures and smaller figures (4) below upper full-face figures. b, carved figures (British Mus., 1919-10-14): first full figure (11) of upper row with conical head (1), large ears (2) bounding highly conventionalized faces formed by 2 upper oblique grooves and 2 lower horizontal; upper limbs (3) formed of single raised ridge; lower limb (4) flexed with knees bent inward; abdomen (5) formed of rounded knob. Profile figure (12) of upper row with long flat vertex (1), large ear (2), shaped eye (6) formed of distinct eyeball with orbit, mouth (7) formed by 2 notches and marked chin and jaw line; upper limb absent; lower limb (4) flexed under jaw; and phallus (8). 13, second full figure of upper row with details similar to first figure (11) except that lower limb has 2 angular notches (9) to represent toes. 14, larger figure of lower row beneath profile figure of upper row; 2 large ears (2) bounding conventional face of same form as upper full figure, but part below second horizontal groove is divided vertically; two long triangular perforations (10) bound elongated body (5) with upper limbs (3) above carrying turned-up hands with 3 fingers; lower limbs (4) bent upward with feet carrying 3 toes bent downward. 15, smaller figure of lower row beneath full figure of upper row; two large ears (2) bounding conventional face similar to face of other full figures, with upper limbs (3) of single ridge; lower limb (4) in which upper and lower parts are fused through carver not cutting outer notches as in lower limb of 13, but notches for toes present; body represented by small knob (5). Parts left uncarved have figures corresponding to the above, except that there is no lower figure under the first full figure (11), as space beneath is partly occupied by arm (16) coming from the large head. This arm projects outward beyond lower limbs of full-face figure above it, and consequently the lower limbs of this figure are not notched for toes, c, staff god (Cambridge Univ. Mus., Z.6099). The alternate full face (1) and profile (2) figures resemble those in b, except that the upper profile figures have a single straight ridge to represent upper limb, while lower figures (15) beneath upper full faces are so compressed through smaller space that upper limbs are omitted; arm (16) of large head is serrated on its lower border and ends in a hand with 3 fingers; upper full-face figures are in pairs, and backs of opposite figures (17) may be distinguished, d, upper (front) view of c: tops of paired full-face figures (1, 1) and single profile figures (2) are shown, and chin (3) of large head. e, lower (back) view of c: conventional full-face figure (1) below neck of large head, with notches down middle line and perforations from side showing. page 322 On the back surface, there is a full-face figure on the same level as the first small figure near the large head and the rest of the surface is notched transversely at regular intervals (fig. 197, e). The middle section which is the longest is a plain rounded staff covered with rolls of tapa forming a large-sized wrapping. It is absent in the museum specimens that have been cut short, but fortunately the technique is present in the complete British Museum specimen shown in figure 195. Even in this specimen, the upper part had been severed and afterwards attached to the middle staff by a metal screw. The lower section also has small figures arranged in two rows and it ends in a phallus with a well-defined glans. In the British Museum specimen there are five raised figures in a group of three separated by a short interval from an end group of two. The three consist of a middle full-face figure with a profile figure on either side looking away from the middle figure. The end two are profile figures back to back with the end one looking toward the terminal (fig. 195). This is the only specimen of the large staff gods in which the lower section has been preserved. Small staff gods. Small staff gods are like the large gods, but less carefully carved, with the edges between chipped hollows unsmoothed. They have been preserved whole, except one in the London Missionary Society's collection which has had the terminal phallus removed. Of eight specimens studied, page 323six ranged in total length from 736 mm. to 1,638 mm. The other two were rather long; one in the Oldman collection (435) is 2,534 mm. and the other, in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, is 3,022 mm. The Edinburgh specimen is well carved and forms a link between the small and the large staff gods. The eight specimens studied are in the British Museum (2), Royal Scottish Museum (1), and the Oldman collection (5). Another in the Basle Mission House Museum was figured by Stolpe (64, p. 42, fig. 50). Oldman (54, vol. 47, pls. 1-3) figured his own collection. (See figure 198.) Figure 198.—Smaller staff god (Oldman coll., 424): total length 45 inches, a, upper head end (1), 17.6 inches, part of middle section (2), wrapped in three layers of tapa, white, brown, and outer with black painted zigzag design: binding of sennit wound spirally in three crossing courses, b, lower section (3), 11.75 inches; with part of middle section (2); total length of middle section, 21.6 inches. In this series, the height of the large head ranged from 105 mm. to 182 mm.; the head width from the front back from 45 mm. to 81 mm.; and the thickness at the back from 33 mm. to 45 mm. The eyes of the large head were formed by incising curves on the general plane of the face and consequently there are no raised eye flanges. The lines of eyes and mouth are not always regular and they may be reduced in number. The ears are not pierced. The small figures are fewer in this series. Though upper and lower rows are usual, some single figures, both full-face and profile, occupy the full depth of the surface. In the large staff gods, the first small figure is always full-face, but in the series of eight small gods, two are in profile. There are no triangular perforations to define the lower figures, but triangular depressions may be present in some. Below the hand of the large head, however, there is usually a square perforation. In some, the small figures are replaced by a full plain panel with serrated edges; in others, the lower figures are replaced by a serrated plain panel, zigzag lines, or dots. The profile figures are devoid of a phallus. Most of the specimens have the small full-face figure on the commencement of the staff section. Further details are shown in figure 199. page 324 Figure 199.—Smaller staff gods (a-d, British Mus., L.M.S., 306-19); e-f, British Mus., L.M.S., 18-20). a, full-length figure showing head (1), upper series of small figures (2), middle staff (3), lower series of figures (4), and terminal phallus (5); total length 1,640 mm. b, head and upper series of figures: head (1) with eye elements of eyeball, upper and lower lids, and brow; mouth defined by three notches instead of four as in large staff gods; typical ear and no nose; notched arm (2) and hand of the large head forms lower boundary of first figure; first figure (3) is full-face with large ears, poorly carved conventional face, and limbs represented by a horizontal ridge on either side; second figure (4) in profile with secondary figure (5) below it in full face with large ears, conventionalized face, and triangular depressions defining body and bent leg elements; last secondary figure (6) with large ears, conventional face, and two limb elements on either side, has no projecting figure above it. Large head (1), 133 mm. high from chin to vertex and 72 mm. from front back. Upper series of figures extends for 170 mm. beyond chin of large head. Cross diameters of staff part (7) are 38 mm. by 32 mm. c, lower series of figures in upper and lower sets and terminal phallus: upper set consists of two profile figures (1, 1) looking away from a middle full-faced figure (2). Projecting profile figures consist of head with single horizontal element to represent limbs, and each has secondary full-face figure (3, 3) below it; secondary figures (3, 3) have well-marked ears, with conventional faces, and horizontal elements to represent limbs; middle full face (2) has part above one ear broken away, and with the two ears and extremely conventionalized face it occupies projecting part of wood, and part below (4), which, in large staff gods, would be occupied by a secondary figure is here elaborated into elements representing a body and limbs for head above; thus below the face are two horizontal ridges representing upper limbs with a rounded knob for the body between them; below these again are two horizontal elements on either side, representing lower limbs, but one is cut through at knee joint. Two last figures (5, 6) are in projecting profile looking away from each other and with gap between; first (5) has single upper limb element beneath it followed by full-face figure (7) with large ears bounding conventional face and bent elements for lower limbs; second (6) has conventional profile face with upper limb flexed to hand with three fingers and a bent lower limb. First series (1, 1) occupies length of 140 mm. and second (5, 6) a length of 98 mm. Phallus (8) is 110 mm. long, d, under surface, lower end: 1, notched part under first set of figures; 2, notched part under second set of figures; 3, phallus, e, head and upper figure series: head (1) conforms to previous pattern with serrated arm (2) and three-fingered hand, but the figure (3) above arm is in profile instead of full face; next projection (4) is notched on each border without any carved figure; height of head (1) 118 mm., maximum length 68 mm., width 33 mm.; staff (5) is 39 mm. in diameter, f, lower end of e with phallus amputated: first figure (1) in projecting profile with lower part (2) notched instead of secondary figure; last pair (3, 4) in profile facing away; one (3) consists of head only with part below it notched; the other (4) has normal head with upper limb and three-fingered hand, and horizontal ridge for lower limb. Total length of staff god without phallus 1,025 mm. page 325 The middle staff section is very long in proportion to the other two carved sections in order to provide space for the cloth wrapping. Of the series of eight, only two in the Oldman collection retained the cloth wrapping (figs. 198, 200). Figure 200.—Small staff god (Oldman coll., 428): total length 29 inches; head length 4.15 inches; head width 1.75 inches; length upper head section 9.25 inches; length lower section 6.75 inches; notches front and back (1) in upper section and in lower section (2) take place of small human figures; roll of tapa (3), decorated with black, wrapped around middle staff section; rough carving. The lower carved section has an upper and lower row of small figures, except in two specimens in which one full-face figure occupies the whole upper and lower space. In all except one, the last figure is a single profile figure facing toward the phallic terminal. The one exception to the end profile figure is a specimen which has no small figures at all (fig. 200). In the upper row the profile figures greatly outnumber the full-face figures. In seven gods, there are 22 profiles to 3 full faces. They are usually arranged in two groups with a short length of bare staff between them. Adjacent profile figures are carved back to back. The lower row is always full-face of the non-perforated variety, except in three panels in which the raised zigzag motif is used. Double-figure staff god. The third type is composed of three sections but differs from the preceding forms in that the upper section is flat and wide instead of a narrow plank set edgewise. The single large head in profile is replaced by two fully formed figures with flexed arms and fully shaped flexed legs. The small figures are in single rows looking outward from either side edge of the expanded upper portion. These figures are full face with well-formed head, body, and limbs. In the wide space between the lateral edges, page 326there is a mesial row of three heads in profile flanked by triangular perforations on either side. The perforations do not assist in defining any figures, but they seem to be a technical carry over from the large staff gods. The middle section is a rounded staff that was probably covered with a cloth wrapping. The lower section is ornamented by two pairs of back to back profile figures and it ends in a phallus. The specimen in the British Museum seems to be unique (fig. 201). Figure 201.—Double figure staff god (British Mus., 1910-6-9-1). a, full figure, front view: 1, two top figures; 2, wide part with lateral rows of small figures; 3, staff, 4, lower small figures; 5, phallic terminal, b, upper part, front: two full-face figures (1, 1) with typical eyes and mouth, flexed arms and three-fingered hands resting on abdomen; body and flexed legs; lateral rows of small figures (2, 2) with tops of heads and ears showing, six in each set; middle expanded part (3) with a row of five perforated triangles on either side of middle line occupied by three profile heads (4) of which vertex and two ears show; expanded part narrows into staff (5). c, side view: upper figure (1) with typical ear and jaw line, no nose, flexed arms and legs; full-face small figures (2) with large ears, less elaborate eyes and mouth, flexed arms resting on abdomen, and two distinct lower limbs; one of figures (3) broken, others of same type, d, back: upper figures (1, 1) showing projecting ears, straight edge (2) between shoulders, perforations (3) separating upper arms from body; expanded portion (4) showing triangular perforations; lower ends of legs (6) showing, e, lower series of profile figures in two pairs facing away, with typical profile heads, flexed arm elements, and acutely flexed lower limbs; straight cut down on back of each figure; staff thinned down and two slender connections between last pair of figures; last figure (1) has three-fingered hand (2); phallic terminal (3). page 327 Summary of Staff Gods The order and arrangement of the multiple small figures in the staff gods follow a similar pattern but a good deal of variation exists in their anatomical details (fig. 202). Large ears are prominent in Rarotongan images and staff gods, a feature which persists in the smaller figures of the staff gods. In the profile figures, the ears are readily distinguished because the eyes and mouth are well defined. The head parts of the profile figures are similar in the three types of staff gods. They all have recognizable eyes, mouth, and ears though the incised curves around the eyeball may diminish to one above and one below and the mouth may be defined by one notch. In one of the smaller staff gods (fig. 199, f, 4), the mouth is omitted. In the large staff gods, the area given to the profile figure is so short that the body and limb elements cannot all be included below the head; but, owing to the inclination upward and backward of the jaw line, it has been possible to include an upper limb element to balance the figure (fig. 202, f, g, h). In one figure where the jaw line is horizontal, the upper limb element had to be omitted (fig. 202, i). In all the profile figures of the large staff gods, the phallus is under the chin of the profile head. This is ridiculous anatomy, but it must be remembered that a horizontal slit between the upper adjacent figures served a useful purpose in fastening feather decorations. The phallus was a common motif in carving, hence it was natural enough to carve the bar above the slit into an art form to serve as a cleat for fastening feathers in an appropriate position. Function, not anatomical position, decided the form of motif selected. In the large staff gods, the profile heads are above highly conventionalized figures in full face (fig. 202, f-i) with the limbs partly defined by triangular perforations. In the small staff gods, the first full-face figure of the lower row may occur under the first profile figure of the upper series (fig. 199, b,5), but the triangles defining the body and limbs do not perforate the wood. The other full-face figures of the lower row are usually simple in form without the defining triangles (fig. 199, c,3, 3, 7). Again in the double-figure staff god and some of the figures in the smaller staff gods, the area usually devoted to full-face figures of the lower row is given to limb elements for upper profile heads (fig. 199, c,6 and f,4). The full-face, small figures are so highly conventionalized that their anatomical parts would not be recognized were it not that the key is supplied by the profile figures on the same god. The key is the consistency in the shape and the position of the ear motif. In the upper figures in figure 202, b, c, d, there is no difficulty in recognizing as ears the slanting, projecting, and elliptical motif hollowed out in the middle, because of their resemblance to the definite ears in the profile figures. The notched part between the ears must therefore page 328 Figure 202.—Variation in small figures on staff gods; selected panels with upper and lower figures: a-e, full face above and below; f-i, profile above and full face below. a, panel in rough, showing preliminary stage of defining raised areas by removing intermediate wood: 1, ears; 2, face; 3, upper limbs; 4, body; 5, lower limbs, b, technique similar to that of a, treatment of raised areas: ear areas are treated by hollowing out middle (1) and leaving a raised circumferential rim; face area has two oblique grooves (2) on either side and two lower horizontal grooves (3, 4) in which lower groove is from either side, which leaves small points above and below; upper limb areas (5) are merely trimmed and body area (6) is raised knob left between grooves made around it; lower limb areas are trimmed by angular grooves (7) on either side, while lower edge is cut with two angular notches. The above is the general treatment of full-face figures, though variations may occur in the number or direction of the grooves made. Lower figure (8) follows pattern of upper one, but has only one transverse face groove instead of two as in a. c, in face element lower horizontal groove (1) does not cut right across area, and this gives appearance of a mouth; in lower figure (2), upper limb element is omitted, d, a fullface figure above arm (1) of large head is not notched on lower edge of legs (2). e, upper figure (1) without arm element; lower figure (2) without serrations on lower limbs, f, usual profile figure with full-face figure below; only one complete horizontal cut (1) on face element, g, lower face, in which upper pairs of oblique grooves meet and separate a small upper knob (1); no complete horizontal face cut, so lower knob (2) not separated, h, upper arm element (1) of upper figure not grooved as in / and g; lower face area separated into four parts through cuts from sides meeting, i, limb element of profile face omitted; lower face area (1) treated with side notches; this pair is second set from large head, arm (2) of which reaches neighboring ear (3) of lower figure, hence figure has only one arm (4); large arm (2), however, does not encroach on leg area and hence lower figure has a leg on each side (5, 6). j, profile panel on small staff god, showing lower figure defined by triangular depressions not perforated as in large staff gods, k, profile panel with lower figure not defined by triangles and upper (1) and lower (2) limbs represented by horizontal elements; no body element. l, full-face panel with notched face (1) occupying upper part and body and limbs filling lower half; one leg (2) has cut running right across and severing two elements at knee. m, profile panel with head occupying upper half and well-defined upper limb and poorly executed lower limb with notches occupying lower half; last panel bounding phallic terminal (1). n, profile panel with upper projecting head and lower half carved into eleven raised knobs, o, upper profile head and lower half with two vertical notched flanges, p, upper profile head with lower half notched at sides. page 329 represent the face, and the identification of the body and limb elements below the face is made easier. If, however, the lower secondary figures were detached without knowledge of the upper figures, the correct interpretation of the elements would not be so easy. For example, in the lower figure in figure 202, c,2, what we know to be ears could quite excusably be regarded as eyes and the middle face motif might well be regarded as a nose with expanded nostrils with a small mouth below it. I tested the drawing on members of the Museum staff and, without exception, they diagnosed the elements as eyes, nose, and mouth. Thus the inaccurate interpretation fits the actual appearance of the figure better than the true one. The secondary, lower full-face figures below the profile figures in the large staff gods are formed by a more specialized technique than those below the full-face figures of the upper row. In these, the ears and notched face are similar but the body and limbs are defined by perforated triangles and both hands and feet are further distinguished by two incised lines which divide them into three fingers and three toes. Owing to the limitations of space, there is no neck and the arms branch off from the outer sides of the ears (fig. 202, f-i). The highly conventionalized full-face figures by themselves would be regarded as examples of "degradation in art", but as they occur in association with well-executed figures on the same object made by the same artist, such a theory is untenable. It must be conceded that the artist was influenced not only by the limitations of space, but that he had a set of values in which secondary parts of his creation purposely did not receive the care devoted to the principal motifs. page 330 Aitutaki Gods The study of the material symbols of the gods of Aitutaki must also be based on museum material. Again the richest material is among the "trophies" saved by the London Missionary Society. How they were acquired may be briefly extracted from Williams' reports (81). After the Tahitian teachers, Papeiha and Vahapata, were stationed in Aitutaki by the London Missionary Society in 1821, they made little progress for 15 months. Then a girl of the Tamatoa ruling family died in spite of all the efforts of the priests to effect a cure through the medium of their own gods. The grandfather of Tamatoa Ariki was so enraged at the lack of answer to ritual that he sent his son to set fire to the temple of his own god. Two neighboring temples also caught fire. An example having been set by the highest native authority, the people followed suit and several districts brought in their gods to the native teachers on the Sabbath following the death of the chiefly maid. During the following week, other districts did likewise. The two teachers were quick to make the most of an opportunity that their 15 months of teaching had not been able to procure. As already stated (p. 308), Papeiha ordered the burning of the temples and the bringing in of all the remaining gods to be forwarded to Raiatea. After the destruction of the temples, Williams (81, p. 63) wrote: The whole population then came in procession, district after district, the chief and priest leading the way, and the people following them, bearing their rejected idols, which they laid at the teachers' feet, and then received from them in return a few copies of the gospels and elementary books. Williams (81, p. 92) evidently had the right idea of the value of the gods as museum specimens for he says: I obtained from the chief of Aitutaki a short account of the relics of idolatry. Twenty-five of these I numbered, and transmitted, with their name and history, to the deputation then at Tahiti; six others were sent to England, and many of them are now in the Missionary Museum. Williams (81, p. 93) then described a selection to give the reader a general idea of the whole. As any information collected at that time may be valuable, the list of selected objects and their numbers are repeated here in full. Number 2. An idol named Te Rongo, one of the great deities, called a kai-tangata, or man-eater. The priests of this god were supposed to be inspired by a shark. Number 8. Tangaroa; the great national god of Aitutaki, and of almost all the adjacent islands. He holds the net with which he catches the spirits of men as they fly from their bodies, and a spear with which he kills them. Number 15. A rod, with snares at the end, made of the fibers of the cocoa-nut husk, with which the priest caught the spirit of the god. It was used in cases of pregnancy, when the female was ambitious that her child should be a son, and become a famous-warrior. It was also employed in war-time to catch the god by his leg, to secure his. influence on the side of the, party performing the ceremony. Number 18. Ruanuu; a chief from Raiatea, who, ages ago, sailed in a canoe from that island, and settled at Aitutaki. From him a genealogy is traced. He died at Aitutaki, and was deified, as Te atua taitai tere, or the conductor of fleets. The Raiateans have page 331several interesting traditions connected with Ruatiuu. To this idol was appended an old tattered silk handkerchief, and the foot of a wine-glass; both of which were obtained from Captain Cook's vessel, and dedicated to Ruanuu, "the god or guide of fleets", for conducting that celebrated navigator to their shores. Number 25. Taau, with his fan, etc.; the god of thunder. When the thunder peals, the natives said that this god was flying, and produced this sound by the flapping of his wings. Williams uses the Tahitian dialect with the dropped k, so Ruanuu and Taau would be Ruanuku and Takau in the Aitutaki dialect. Ruanuku is a widespread god, and it is evident that Williams mixed up the name of a god with an early voyager either Ru or Ruatapu, both ancestors of the Aitutaki people. The errors are continued in the statement that the silk hankerchief and the wine glass foot were obtained from Captain Cook's vessel and dedicated to Ruanuu for conducting Cook to their shores. Cook touched at Mangaia and Atiu and twice sailed past Hervey Island (Manuae) but he never saw Aitutaki, which was discovered later by Captain Bligh in 1789. In spite of such errors, it is a pity that details of the other 20 objects were not recorded in print. The six gods that reached the Missionary Museum in London were presumably transferred to the British Museum with other material. I could locate only two gods definitely assigned to Aitutaki, but there were four carved slabs catalogued as idols and attributed to the Hervey Islands. A study of the carving motifs shows that the four slabs are from Aitutaki. Three of these were catalogued from the Missionary collection, but in none of them was the name of the god recorded. The Aitutaki material located consists of eight carved slabs, two carved slabs with a human motif, and eight objects carved in human form. It is possible that some of the eight human objects are not gods but part of a canoe decoration. However, failing an accurate history, I have included them here for comparative purposes. Carved Slabs The carved slabs resemble some of the unu carved ornaments figured by Ellis (25, vol. 2, p. 217) on a picture of a Tahitian temple. Carved unu ornaments were used on the Rarotongan temples, and it is probable that they were used also on Aitutakian temples. Though each of the three slabs in the British Museum was described in the London Missionary Society catalog as "a carved flat club formed idol", it is possible that they were unu and were termed idols by the missionaries because they were used in the temples. They are flat pieces of wood, usually carved on both sides, and narrowed at the lower end into spatulate form. In the simpler forms, the carving motifs consisted of serrated edges, raised serrated bars, and sunken or pierced triangles. In the better carved forms, page 332sunken crescents, both pierced and raised lozenges, and chevrons combined with triangles or lozenges to form chevron-triangle and chevron-lozenge motifs in addition to the other motifs. Three slabs in the British Museum are shown in figure 203. The serrated edge with alternating sunken triangles Figure 203.—Carved slabs, Aitutaki. a, probably breadfruit wood; total length, 457 mm.; greatest width, 62 mm.; greatest thickness, 18 mm.: top section (1) 112 mm. long with irregular side notches and mesial hole: middle section (2) with serrated sides and triangular depressions opposite alternate serrations; mesial raised longitudinal panel divided into serrated transverse bars: lower plain section (3) 34 mm. wide and 14 mm. thick at bottom end. (British Mus., L.M.S. coll., 112). b, brown wood, 490 mm. long; top width 93 mm.; 24 mm. thick in middle line and 12 mm. at sides: 1, upper carving of three rows of sunken triangles opposite alternate serrations in serrated edge below; 2, two rows of sunken lozenges with holes pierced through two upper, outer lozenges; 3, rest of carving has sunken triangles along side edges with inner sunken triangles opposite alternate serrated points of edge; inner part composed of serrated bands and sunken triangles; 4, lower section plain with thin white tapa wrapped around lower end by two-ply coir cord. (British Mus., L.M.S., 26). c, surface shiny from handling; length 607 mm.; top width 123 mm.; thickness 30 mm.: 1, upper end notched, four projections with chevron-triangle motifs with opposing chevrons below and knobs of uncut wood between, and sunken crescents below. 2, two notched transverse bars. 3, repetition of top pattern (1). 4, rest of carving consists of transverse serrated bars with a median longitudinal panel carved with chevron-triangle motifs in pairs placed sideways. 5, three transverse edges. 6, uncarved lower end, 61 mm. wide at upper end and 32 mm. below, transverse hole, and single side notches, (British Mus., no number), d, back of b, with coir cord ornamented with transverse tufts of coir fiber, 30 mm. long, caught between plies and with lower end doubled around lower edge of slab and covered by thin tapa lashed with bast cord, e, back of c:1, chevron-triangle motifs serrated at base; 2, transverse serrated bars with middle panel of sunken lozenges; 3, crescent motifs; 4, transverse edges. [Catalog states that remains of feathery plumes were formerly attached at lower end.] page 333 is shown in figure 203, a, b; the raised serrated bar in 203, a, b, c; the sunken lozenge in 203, b; the chevron-triangle motif in 203, c; and the sunken crescent in 203, c. Figure 204.—Carved slabs (Lille Mus., after Stolpe): a, made of brown wood, flat and thin, serrated line, sunken triangles near each side edge with apex outward and each triangle opposite alternate teeth in serrated edge. Upper larger trianfles tend to form crescents, base and sides curved. In middle vertical line is row of three sunken lozenges followed by three irregularly placed triangles and finishing off with two mesial lozenges. Carved portion narrows from above down. Lower staff part plain and wider at lower end; around its upper part a thin two-ply twist of coir fiber is wound for several turns, and a long free end through which transverse tufts of fiber have been inserted hangs down. Free cord is also decorated with red feathers not shown in figure, b, made of brown wood: upper end (1) serrated with three deep notches and cut to a lower plane than general surface which commences at serrated line (2); side edges serrated but somewhat irregular at upper part, and lower part has pierced triangles in relation to alternate teeth; vertically placed pairs of compound lozenge-chevron motif (3) cut from two vertical raised bars, showing slight knob (4) between each pair; two transverse raised bars (5) followed by two pairs of lozenge-chevron and two more transverse notched bars; carved portion narrows from above down and further narrows into plain lower staff (6) which is bound with bast (7) and coir fiber cord (8) which supports a twisted cord of coir fiber (9) 1,080 mm. long ornamented with transverse tufts of coir fiber and red and yellow feathers; human front tooth was placed under turns of bast. page 334 Two carved slabs; in the Lille Museum have been described by Stolpe (64; pp. 41-43, figs. 47, 48) and are here reproduced in figure 204. In the Lille slabs, the serrated edges with alternating sunken triangles and the raised zigzag bar in one slab (fig. 204, b) are characteristic of Aitutaki. Another motif appears in the lozenge-chevron (fig. 204, b,3) which is a further elaboration of the triangle-chevron motif (fig. 203, c). The coir cord ornament with transverse tufts of coir fiber occurs in both slabs and is identical in technique with that in figure 203, d. Stolpe (64, p. 41) states that the origin of the Lille figures is unknown but that they belonged to a large collection Figure 205.—Aitutaki carved slabs (Oldman coll.: a, no. 431; b, no.429). a, height, 23 inches; width, 4 inches; thickness, 0.75 inch. Side edges serrated, but sunken triangles do not always coincide with alternate teeth; raised middle panel with short horizontal rows of serrated bars characteristic of Aitutaki; two lowest bars not serrated; carved on one side only; lower end flared at sides, b, dark heavy wood; height, 20.75 inches; width, 5.75 inches; thickness, 1.25 inches. Top widely serrated with pierced lozenges below; sides serrated but sunken triangles opposite each tooth; upper part has four rows of fine chevron-lozenge figures each row reversed to preceding row; lower middle panel has serrated edge (1) with sunken triangles (2) opposite alternate teeth and nine transverse rows of notched bars; two holes in middle at sides for attachment of feathers; lower end widens from above down. page 335 Figure 206.—Carved slab with arches (British Mus., L.M.S. 28). a, front: upper wide section (1) 180 mm. wide and 120 mm. deep, including three upper projections (4) obscured by feathers; upper edge below projections serrated; five sets of rectangular perforations in three vertical pairs and outer singles with vertical and horizontal grooves between; spaces between vertical pairs and outer singles occupied by four arches formed of two pillars with outward projections carved into lozenge-chevron form; two middle arches broken but lower carved cleat (5) of one remains and two outer arches (6, 6) are unbroken; outer single holes bounded laterally by arches (7); middle section (2) 68 mm. wide at junction and 58 mm. wide at lower end; width with lowest arches 79 mm., depth in middle line 233 mm.; middle vertical raised panel (8) 17 mm. wide, uncarved, with forward projecting arches, of which two upper are broken and three lower intact with feathers attached; on each side of panel, 14 horizontal notched bars (9) on same level as panel; sides bounded by five arches (10) projecting laterally. Bottom staff section (3) plain; length 108 mm., top width 31 mm., bottom width 36 mm. b, back, feather decoration not shown: upper section (1) with three upper projections (4) with constricted neck (5) cut with two or three transverse grooves, middle expanded portion (6) with large circular hole, and an upper crescentic cap (7) pierced by a mesial crescentic hole with a small hole on either side; upper edge below projections unnotched; three vertical grooves take place of front arches between rectangular holes, and horizontal grooves occur between outer pierced holes; relation of outer single holes to lateral arches readily seen; in middle section (2) mesial vertical panel (8) and parts on either side have notched bars; sets of five lateral arches (10) with pillar projections are evident, one broken, c, side view of arch with pillars (1), arch (2), and outward projections (3). d, front view of arch showing pillar projection (3), formed with lozenge (4) and combined chevron (5). page 336of sacred objects obviously from the islands south of Tahiti. He correctly assigned them to the Rarotongan group, and there can be little doubt that they are from Aitutaki. Two carved slabs of a simple type in the Oldman collection are shown in figure 205. An old label on figure 205, a says, "Brought home probably in Captain Cook's ship. Belonged to Kirkpatrick, physician to Geo. III." The most elaborately carved slab of the series brings in new features in the presence of pierced dome-shaped protuberances at the upper end and arches with cleats for the attachment of feather decorations (pl. 14, A). It was figured by Edge-Partington (24, 1-23-1). (See figure 206.) The feathers used are red parakeet, split black man-of-war hawk, and small white and long white tropic bird feathers. The red feathers are tied in small bunches to a single cord holder and the split black feathers are bound into bunches with the quills seized to form a loop. These two forms are attached to the upper dome-shaped protuberances. All the feathers without holders or loops are attached by a fine thread to the arches at the sides and in the front mesial row. They must also have been attached to the arches on the upper part of the slab, but they have disappeared because some of the arches are broken. The technique of the feather work is shown in figure 207. Figure 207.—Feather decoration of carved slab, a, small red parakeet feathers (1) attached to sennit cord holder (2), about 40 mm. long and 1 mm. thick; feathers in separate bunches bound by single fiber and lashed (3) to holder without doubling back end (4) of holder, b, black split feathers (1) with long quill ends laid together and seized with single coir fiber and seized end bent to form loop (2) and lashed (3)1 to standing part, c, black feather bunches (1, 1) and red feathers on cord holders (2) tied to sides of dome projections (3) through large hole by thin thread (4) which passes across hole to other side, d, top view of tropic bird (1), split black (2), and small red feathers (3) attached by transverse turns (4) around arch and figure-of-eight turns (5) around lower cleat of arch, e, side view of d, showing transverse turns (4) around arch and figure-of-eight turns (5) around lower cleat, f, shows arrangement of upper set (1) of red feathers and lower set (2) of same on either side of lashing, g, shows feathers (1) attached to arch (2) and lower cleat (3) by thread (4) which passes down to next arch (5) for a similar attachment of more feathers. page 337 Carved Slabs with Human Motifs Two carved slabs with the typical motifs of Aitutaki are elaborated by the addition of human motifs at the upper end. One has a human head and the other three full human figures (fig. 208). The Oldman specimen (fig. 208, a) is believed to have been taken home by John Williams. The specimen figured by Ellis (fig. 208, b) has not been located in any museum or collection. Concerning it, Ellis (25, vol. 2, pp. 220, 221) writes: "No. 2 is an image of Tebuakina, three sons of Rongo, a principal deity in the Harvey Islands." The "statement does not make sense, for the single name of "Tebuakina" (there is no b in the dialect) cannot denote the three sons of Rongo whose individual names were Rangi, Mokoiro, and Akatauira. Furthermore, the slab is undoubtedly from Aitutaki, whereas the myth attributing three sons to Rongo is from Mangaia. The correct name of the god must remain in doubt. The shape of the longer figures conforms to that of some of the Aitutaki gods. Wooden Images The wooden images of Aitutaki differ markedly in technique from those of Rarotonga. They are much more roughly made, with the eyes and mouth simply incised elliptical depressions or, at most, two curved cuts enclosing an elliptical surface. The nose is always indicated by an edge with the lower end defined by a straight cut or by a narrow raised ridge. Ears are absent in the small figures, whereas they were a constant feature in the smallest figures of Rarotongan craftsmanship. The arms are very slender and usually end in a small hand with three fingers. The legs are also slender, so slender that in some carvings the body is supported by a vertical, mesial column provided by leaving some of the wood between the legs and at the back. The thighs are often short and slant upward to form an acute angle with the slender legs. The shoulders are square across the back, the chest slopes downward and forward in a flat plane, the breasts are not indicated, the abdomen protrudes with a protruding navel usually low down and apt to be mistaken for the male sex organ. The brows are marked by curved cuts separating the higher plane of the forehead from the lower plane of the face. The simplest image is a head set on a long column. Its identification is correct, for it was figured by Williams (81, p. 55), who describes his acquisition of it in a village in Aitutaki (81, p. 54): While walking through the settlement, we saw two grim looking gods in. a more dishonorable situation than they had been wont to occupy, for they were sustaining upon their heads the whole weight of the roof of a cooking house. Wishing to make them more useful, we offered to purchase them from their former worshipper. He instantly propped up: the house, took out the idols, and threw them down; and, while they were prostrate on the ground, he gave them a kick, saying, "There—your reign is at an end." page 338 Figure 208.—Carved slabs with human motifs: a, height 26 inches; width 3.25 inches; greatest thickness 1.75 inches; slab with sunken notches (1) along side edges with crescents (2) on inner side of alternate teeth and triangles (3) on inner side of crescents; raised serrated bars (4) spaced down middle line; lower end with three transverse slits (5) and then plain; few turns of cord (6) evidently for fastening a coir ornament which has been lost; head (7) with straight brows, narrow nose, and eyes and mouth formed by elliptical pits. (Oldman coll., 430.) b, two large human figures at top of slab have curved lines over forehead, slanting flat busts, and evidently slender arms; a small, human figure in middle line below them; slab has serrated edges with sunken triangles opposite alternate teeth (1, 2) and serrated side edges with similar relationship of sunken triangles (3); a middle raised panel has been cut into transverse serrated bars (4) and above, there is a mesial pierced lozenge (5); lower part (6) evidently corresponds to a staff covered with some form of decoration. (After Ellis, 25, vol. 2, frontispiece 2.) page 339 Unfortunately neither name nor history has been recorded. The god was also figured by Edge-Partington (24, I-21-4) and it is reproduced here in figure 209. Figure 209.—Aitutaki god (British Mus., L.M.S., 95). a, front view: light wood, poor carving, total height 1,282 mm.; head length 148 mm.; head width 168 mm.; lower end 180 mm. by 145 mm.; forehead and nose on same plane with wood cut away to form lower plane for eyes and face, eyes and mouth formed by simple excisions, no ears, chin pointed, simple bust, without arms, column cut in transverse levels as shown. b, side view: showing transverse cuts coming around to sides but not reaching back, square cut across upper shoulder level continued around back. The second image, also in the British Museum, is labeled "Hervey Islands. Figure of a goddess carved in the style of Aitutaki." This image forms the key to the identification of some of the artifacts discussed in the following pages. (See figure 210 and plate 13, A, B.) A painted image in the Munich Museum, labeled "Gotze aus Neu Seeland", was later attributed to the Marquesas. Though some features, such as the form of eyes and mouth, differ from the preceding key image, there is little doubt that the true locality is Aitutaki (fig. 211). The serrated line with sunken triangles opposite alternate teeth is characteristic of the Aitutaki carved slabs. Stolpe (64, p. 41, fig. 46) figured this feature and suggested that it—as well as the shape of the ears, mouth, and eyes—pointed to the Cook page 340 Figure 210.—Aitutaki goddess (British Mus., L.M.S., no number), a, front: total height including pedestal 525 mm.; head height 162 mm.; pedestal height 60 mm.;shoulder width 155 mm.; hip width 171 mm.; forehead with curved transverse line, with similar line below for eyebrows; nose formed by vertical mesial edge due to meeting of inclined planes of cheeks and bounded below by transverse cut; eyes and mouth formed by simple elliptical excisions; hands without fingers clasped on body; rectangular protruding navel; two legs join pedestal; separate vertical mesial support (1) present; curved excisions and zigzag line carved on front of pedestal, b, side view: showing poorly shaped ear with pierced hole, square shoulder, upper arm attached to body throughout, forearm flexed, protruding abdomen and navel, acutely flexed thighs, foot and toes roughly shown on side of pedestal, c, back: shows perforation of ears, square cut across shoulders, mesial gluteal groove, and mesial support (1). Islands especially to Rarotonga. The prominent pierced ears are certainly reminiscent of Rarotonga, but the eyes are not flanged and the mouth lacks the extra notches that show up so plainly in profile. The slender arms with the upper arm adhering to the body and the small hand with three fingers are totally different from Rarotongan technique. The large lozenge and triangle motifs painted in rows on the back of the image are similar to the carving on an Aitutaki adz (fig. 106, c). Stolpe (64, pp. 41, 42) also drew attention to the resemblance between the serrated line and triangles to a similar technique in the Lille carved slabs which I have attributed to Aitutaki. He regarded this motif as representing human figures fused together, but I regard it as a simple geometrical combination in which any resemblance to degradation from the human form is accidental. page 341 Figure 211.—Painted image (Munich Mus., 190). a, total height about 404 mm.; well-defined eyebrows meet upper end of nose, eyes formed by curved elliptical incisions, nose is low ridge wider at lower end, mouth formed by two small curved incisions, ears prominent, body rectangular with square, pointed shoulders, rectangular raised nipples, thin forearm lying horizontally across abdomen and terminating in three, pointed fingers, protruding round navel, female sex organ, straight legs with solid feet. b, back: prominent ears show pierced hole through back, rectangular back flat, right-angled shoulders with straight horizontal line across back, gluteal folds marked, backward projection of feet. c, side view: oval ear with groove of helix, sharp angular chin, low nose, upper arm formed by narrow raised ridge attached to body throughout, carved zigzag line (1) runs vertically with sunken triangles corresponding to alternate serrations, an important diagnostic feature. A figure in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, has some features in common with the preceding image. The eyes and mouth are more elaborate, the arms are slender with three-fingered hands resting on the abdomen, the abdomen protrudes with a low protruding navel, and the legs are but slightly flexed. It differs in that the upper arms are free of the body and the legs are more slender. The slender legs are reinforced by a mesial supporting column similar to that in figure 210. It also has two raised notched bars across the breast, a technique common in Aitutaki. The image was figured by Mackenzie (49, plate opposite page 288, no. 1), and the legend states that it was collected on Captain Cook's voyage and attributes it to New Zealand. It could not page 342possibly have been collected on one of Cook's voyages as Cook never visited Aitutaki, and it never saw New Zealand. For reasons stated above, it is identified as Aitutakian. (See figure 212.) The column which supports the figure seems to have been cut off at the lower end and undoubtedly formed a part of a larger object, perhaps a canoe. Figure 212.—Aitutaki image (Hunterian Mus., Glasgow, E.395); total height with support, 16 inches. a, front: head pointed with sharp chin; eyes elliptical, formed by two curved incisions and also upper and lower lids; raised nose, narrow; mouth with upper and lower lips denned; small unpierced ears; square shoulders; slender arms with upper arms (1) free of body and small three-fingered hands; upper serrated edge and lower serrated bar on chest; protruding abdomen with low navel (2); high hips (3) with slender slightly flexed legs; forward projecting feet partly broken; figure mounted on column (4) which narrows above to form mesial support (5) to body; main column incised with crescent motifs, b, side: with same numbering as a; note backward piojection of gluteal region (6) and vertical row of rectangular knobs on main column. Of two carved objects in the Oldman collection, one has four and one three human figures. The object with four figures was figured by Ellis (25, vol. 2, frontispiece, no. 5), who thus describes it (25, vol. 2, p. 220): "No. 5 is Terongo, one of the principal gods, and his three sons." Rongo, the principal god of Mangaia, did have three sons, but I doubt whether he had the prefix Te in Aitutaki, or whether Aitutakian theology gave him three sons. The slab god with three figures (fig. 208, b) was stated by Ellis to represent three sons page 343of Rongo, not Terongo. One wonders whether Ellis named the Aitutakian figures himself from a knowledge of Mangaian myth. The figures have characteristic Aitutakian heads, bodies, and limbs and each figure has the mesial support shown in figures 210, 212. Both artifacts were figured by Oldman (54, vol. 47, pl. 4). (See figure 213.) Figure 213.—Multiple human figures (Oldman coll.; a, b,436; c, d,437). a, front: top figure (1) has characteristic brow cut, a small knob on vertex, and a more elaborate mouth; second (2) has more elaborate eyes, but two lower figures (3, 4) have simple form of eyes, nose, and mouth of type (fig. 210); all have slender arms with three-fingered hands, low protruding abdomen, and slender legs; mesial support (5) in all; flower end divides into two legs (6). Dimensions: height, 34.5 inches; top figure, 10.5 inches, b, side view: shows sharp chin, square shoulders with straight cut across back, slender upper arms not separated from body, low protruding abdomen, and fairly acute flexion of thighs. Dimensions: height, 27.5 inches; top figure, 8.25 inches. c, front: all figures have characteristic simple eye, nose, and mouth formation and sharp chins; lowest (3) has characteristic deep cut brow formation; upper two (1, 2) have small three-fingered hands, but in lowest, hands are not defined; upper two have mesial support (5) to body, but lowest ends without legs and its body is supported directly by bifurcated lower end (6). d, side view: shows square shoulders, slender upper arms, low abdomen, and slender legs. An interesting artifact with multiple figures in the Marine Museum, Brest, has two full figures back to back at the top and another figure lower down in page 344front. They form the upper end of a fairly large four-sided piece of wood that increases in size toward the bottom. The Brest Museum labeled it as "avant de pirogue sculpte" from Tahiti. It is probably a carved figure for a canoe, and judging from the canoes of the other islands in the group, it was probably erected at the stern. The locality is undoubtedly Aitutaki, for the figures have the typical face, body, and limbs of figures from that island. The two upper figures have a mesial support (fig. 214). Figure 214.—Aitutaki carved figure (Musee de Hopital de la Marine, Brest, 486). a, front: upper figure (1) with characteristic eyes, brows, nose, mouth, and sharp chin; ornamental band (2) across forehead; pierced ears; slender forearm with three-fingered hand; high hips, slender legs and mesial support (3); lower head (4) similar to upper but with mesial ridge on forehead; square shoulders with square slanting chest and three-fingered hands; lower part (5) with transverse notched ridges from sides. b, back: upper figure (1) with typical head, face, body, hands and slender legs; lower part (2) forms plain panel with side edges and lower border; shows side projections. c, side view: heads with sharp chins, flat chests, slender upper arms, protruding abdomen with low navel (1) on front figure; acutely flexed thighs and mesial support shared by both upper figures; lower front figure shows mesial forehead ridge (2) and flexed leg (3) with projections on leg; transverse notched ridges on lower part. page 345 Atiu Gods In the London Missionary Society collection in the British Museum, there are two gods attributed to Atiu and two other objects that have an affinity with the identified gods. Of the two identified gods, one is made of wood and the other is a sennit bundle covered with red feathers. No wooden images are known, hence the art of Atiu differs materially from that of Rarotonga and Aitutaki. The wooden god differs from the flat slabs of Aitutaki, but it has arches with the lozenge-chevron carved motif similar to those of Aitutaki. The Atiu gods thus divide into two classes as regards technique; carved wood and sennit bundles. Figure 215.—Wooden god from Atiu (British Mus., L.M.S., 94/35). a, wooden figure: height 350 mm.; width of head 105 mm. by 108 mm.; width lower end 113 mm.; head (1) dome-shaped with six vertical elliptical slots (2) crossed by middle bar (3), dividing head into six elliptical panels (4) which are carved on outer side; constricted neck (5) followed by vertical arches (6) on same vertical lines as head panels and radiating equally from common center to form upper series; upper ends of arches have projecting cleats carved in lozenge-chevron motif (7); lower end of arch projects downward like two legs (8) with hole (9) pierced below them; interior of arches completely hollowed out; upper series followed by thick interspaces (10) before lower series of arches (11) which resemble upper but are reversed with legs (8) above and lozenge-chevron motif (7) below; interior of second set also hollowed out. Lower part, destroyed by rats, probably was a spatulate staff similar to those in the Mitiaro gods. b, braid decoration (12) in position, tied to crossbars in head slots and hanging down in inter-arch spaces; with lozenge-chevron motifs of arches showing (7). c, upper end of head, showing slots (2) with crossbars (3) and panels (4); head is hollow. d, side of head showing slots and panels with carved motifs on middle wider parts of panels; the six panels are alternately wide and narrow. e, carving motifs on panels: 1, chevrons on all three wide panels; all narrow panels with two horizontal raised bars on lower end but motif in middle varies; 2, notched triangle-chevron; 3, transverse bar and chevron; 4, bar-double triangle-chevron. page 346 Wooden Gods The identified wooden god consists of a column with a dome-shaped head and a lower portion with vertical sets of arches radiating from a center. Feathers and thick sennit covered with red feathers are used as ornamentation (pl. 14, C). The London Missionary Society catalog gives the following reference concerning this god: "Tarignarue, the superior god of Atiu, a very deeply carved idol with red feathers, also a large piece made of cinet and feathers. These are but a portion of the god; the rats having made a nest of him, destroyed the remainder." Somebody, evidently seeing the error in the spelling of the name, wrote in pencil: "Taringa-nue—Great ears. The chief deity of Atiu, Mitiaro, and Mauke." When Rongo-ma-tane, high chief of Atiu, visited Mitiaro with John Williams (81, p. 98), he ordered the people to destroy their gods. "But", said one, "Must we burn Taria-nui (Great Ears) ?" "Yes," replied the king, "Commit him and all evil spirits to the flames." If the translation of the name is Big Ears, the correct spelling is Taringa-nui. But Williams gives this name to the fisherman's god in Rarotonga (p. 312). It is curious that the same name Figure 216.—Feather decoration of Atiu god: a, coir cord (1) 2 mm. thick with end (2) doubled over and feathers (3) attached to it with thread of bast (4). b, strip of coir fiber (1) 25 mm. long with straight end (2) to which feathers were tied, served as intermediate holder to attach to a cord (c). c, fiber holder (1) attached to doubled-over cord (2) by thread lashing (3). d, two separate bunches (1, 1) of black feathers lashed around quills (2) and lashed (3) to doubled-over coir cord (4). e, doubled-over fiber holder (1) with red feathers tied to cord with knotted end (2) and tropic bird tail feathers (3) tied lower down. f, coir cord carrier (1) with four holders 58 mm. long, with ends doubled over (2) to which feathers were attached by single coir fiber still in position; bast cord (3) looped between holders and end tied to standing part by two spaced overhand knots; cord was lowered through top of slits in dome head and used to pull carrier with feathers down into slit and tied to lower ends of head panels. g, thick coir braid (1) 22 mm. wide, 9-10 mm. thick, and 360 mm. long, covered on front with small red feathers either singly or in small bunches with spiral bast thread (2) passing over quills; cord or fiber holders (a, b) with feathers were also laid on in pairs (3, 3) and fixed in same way as red feathers; tropic bird feathers were added at lower end of braid. Four lengths of braid, in position, were hung with a fine thread through their commencement end to the dome slit crossbar; one was loose, and the sixth was lost. h, tuft of human hair seized with single coir fiber. page 347 should be given to a fisherman's god in Rarotonga and to the chief deity of Atiu, Mitiaro, and Mauke. The name Taringa-nui is not in a list of gods given to me in Atiu, but the name Tangiia-nui is in the list, and Tangiia-nui was an important god in Atiu, Mauke, and Mitiaro. It would appear that the missionaries wrote the incorrect spelling of Taringa-nui for Tangiia-nui and then translated the wrong name correctly as Big Ears. Whatever the name of the god was, that part of his material remains which escaped the ravages of the rats is shown in figure 215. The feathers used were red parakeet, black man-of-war hawk, and white tropic birds as in Aitutaki, but the small white feathers are absent. Feathers were lashed to cord and coir holders for attachment to the outer side of the dome panels by lashing around the constricted lower ends of the panels. Other holders and carriers were attached to a strip of bast fiber which was pulled down through the upper parts of the dome slits until the feathers projected above the dome. The bast strips were then tied to the lower ends of the panels. The thick braid lengths, covered with red feathers that were hung to the cross bars of the dome slits, have lost most of their feathers but the fine threads that originally fastened the feathers are still in position. Two tufts of human hair were also used. The six arches arranged in two horizontal series are Figure 217.—Staff with uncarved arches (British Mus., L.M.S., 295). a, full figure: 1, upper terminal; 2, upper set of four arches with no central rod; 3, central rod between sets of arches; 4, lower set of arches, showing upper knobs (5) and lower knobs (6); 7, lower rounded terminal with transverse edge (8) and bottom end (9) iractured; length from upper end to lower transverse edge (8) 455 mm. b, set of arches: 1, 2, side arches; 3, back arch; 4, front arch removed to show back arch; 5, upper arch projection; 6, lower projections; length of arch between ends of upper and lower projections 108 mm.; width across the middle of opposite arches 72 mm. page 348 devoid of applied decoration but it is probable that they were originally covered with feathers. For the feather and hair technique, see figure 216. A plain staff with two sets of uncarved arches and a terminal upper point in the London Missionary Society collection has a number but no description or locality. The technique consisted of cutting out four ridges on a round staff, shaping them into two transverse sets of four arches with upper and lower projections, and then excavating the interior part between the arches of each set. The work resembles that of the identified wooden god (fig. 215) and it is thus tentatively ascribed to Atiu. The arch projections are simply blunt knobs without any carving motif. The arches were undoubtedly meant for the attachment of feather decorations. The artifact was figured by Edge-Partington (24, I-23-3) without any identification. (See figure 217.) Sennit and Feather Gods Two gods in the London Missionary Society collection are longitudinal folds of sennit with the outer surface of the outer layer covered with small red parakeet feathers. One—roughly shaped to form a head, body, and limbs—is labeled, "God formed of Cinet and feathers, L.M.S. 36, Atiu?" The note of interrogation after Atiu indicates a doubt as to the locality. Edge-Partington (24, I-22-1) figures this object and adds the following legend, "No. 1. Ronga [Rongo] ? A rude human figure formed of cords of plaited sinnet covered with feathers from Orutanga [Arutanga] a district of Aitu-take [Aitutaki]." However, I believe that the designation of Atiu is correct, as the technique of using thick braid with feathers on the outer surface is similar to that of the braid pendants in the authenticated wooden god (fig. 215). A new element is introduced in the use of coconut leaf stipule (kaka) to fold around the sennit foundation, and the outer lengths are covered with thin white tapa to provide a smoother bed for the feather decoration. The feathers are laid in transverse rows and fixed by spiral turns of a thin oronga thread passing over the quills. The red feathers, and occasionally white and yellow feathers, were tied in bunches of five or six with a thin bast filament before attachment to the braid lengths. Plumes of split black feathers and tropic bird tail feathers on holders or ring carriers were placed thickly around the feet, lower abdomen, arms, and neck. The wing and tail feathers of the parakeet were also used. The various combinations of feathers were kept in position by spiral turns around the sennit lengths. Two tufts of human hair were also used. The god and the feather technique are shown in figure 218. The second sennit bundle is two and a half times as long as the first one but it is merely a bundle, thicker in the middle than at the ends, and without any attempt to distinguish anatomical elements (pl. 14, B). It is composed page 349 Figure 218.—Sennit and feather god (British Mus., L.M.S., 36). a, full figure: thick sennit covered with folded strip of coconut stipule folded longitudinally to roughly form rounded head (1), long body (2), arms (3) 167 mm. long, and legs (4) 130 mm. long; waist width, 121 mm.; total length, 555 mm.; outer folds covered with thin bark cloth from 9 to 14 mm. wide; head and neck formed by constricting with cord and so with arms and legs. b, tropic bird tail feathers (1) with small red feathers (2) tied to quill of long feathers. c, coir cord holder (1) with small red feathers (2), split black (3) and tropic bird tail feathers (4). d, sennit holder (1) with small red (2) split back (3), tropic bird (4), and wing and tail feathers of parakeet (5). e, sennit holder (1) with feathers similar to those in c but upper end (6) of holder projects above red feathers; other end doubled back so that turn of spiral thread (7) fixes holder to sennit length. f, spiral thread (7) takes turn around some of feather holders (1). g, ring carrier (1) with seven cord holders (2) each carrying red feathers (3) and tropic bird feathers (4). h, ring carrier, g, hunched up to form rosette which will be kept in position by spiral thread as in e. i, tuft of human hair, 120 mm. long, with spaced seizing by single coir fiber to form eyelet hole. entirely of lengths of sennit doubled back at the ends. No stipule strips or white cloth were used, but some of the inner lengths were wrapped in pandanus leaf kept in position by spiral turns of a fine thread. The outer braid lengths were covered on the outer side with small red parakeet feathers put on in transverse rows and kept in position with a spiral thread in exactly the same technique as the braid pendants in the wooden god (fig. 216, g). The lower end was hollow. Small white and small yellow feathers were attached to the braid in narrow bands. Here and there split black feathers, parakeet wing and tail feathers, and tropic bird tail feathers were included under the spiral turns of the general fixation thread. Adjacent outer braids were fixed side by side by a special thread. (See figure 219.) page 350 Figure 219.—Large sennit feather god, Atiu (British Mus., L.M.S. coll., 572). a, total length 450 mm., circumference at top (1) 330 mm., at middle 520 mm., lower end (2) 415 mm.; foundation sennit thick and coarse, ranging from 10 mm. wide and 4 mm. thick to 25 mm. wide and 12 mm. thick; strands of fiber used in plies bound together by single coir fiber before plaiting; some of internal braid lengths covered with feathers on one side in same manner as outer sennit, evidently due to more braid being covered with feathers than required for outer lengths and hence covered in. b, top end: sennit lengths doubled back at top end (1) and closely bound with fine cord; feathers attached to top bend; three lengths (2) have free ends 420 mm. long which projected beyond end but were turned back to outside of body and tied to it with trade string (evidently came loose). c, lower end: sennit lengths end in free ends not connected with each other for a distance of 421 mm., and last 85 mm. had feathers attached on both sides of sennit by spiral method; interior turns forming solid body evidently ended some distance from lower end, while insertion of a vine loop (1) with its ends overlapping for 9 mm. kept outer layer of sennit in form of a hollow cylinder, the free braids attached to circumference of hoop by threads. d, technique of connecting outer feather-covered length of sennit: two neighboring lengths (1, 2) with continuous spiral turns here made from left to right; a thread (3) passes down between braids and at intervals of 43 to 47 mm. under two adjacent turns of feather fixation thread (4, 5) and around standing part to form an overhand knot which is drawn taut; a thread passed down every interval between sennit lengths for whole circumference, and all outer sennit lengths were bound together. Mitiaro Gods The specimens of Mitiaro gods in English museums conform to one type, consisting of a dome-shaped head, a body carved into vertical rows of small arches, and a lower spatulate staff. Five of these neatly carved objects are in the British Museum. One, together with three fragments, in the Cambridge University Museum, and two with one fragment in the Oldman collection. Three fragments are in the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford. Of the British Museum specimens, three were acquired with the London Missionary Society collection, and two were obtained from the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society. One of the London Missionary Society specimens, both of those page 351in the Sheffield collection, and the Cambridge specimen were minus the lower staff end. The three Cambridge fragments, which are broken-off staff ends, and the three similar fragments in the Pitt-Rivers Museum probably belong to some of the incomplete specimens. Identification of locality rests on two specimens in the British Museum which bear the old numbers 106 and 107; both were numbered 49 in the London Missionary Society catalog with the description, "Idols from Metiaro." (Throughout the writings of John Williams (81) Mitiaro is spelled Metiaro.) The Cambridge specimens also were obtained from Sheffield, and it is known that the Sheffield specimens were presented to the local Philosophical Society by George Bennet, Esquire, of that city. Bennet visited the South Seas with Reverend D. Tyerman in 1821 at the instance of the London Missionary Society. Williams (81, p. 92) records giving a number of Aitutaki religious objects to the deputation, and it is evident that the objects presented to the Sheffield Society were specimens collected from the Cook Islands by the London Missionary Society after the inhabitants of each island embraced the new religion. No doubt exists therefore Figure 220.—Mitiaro gods, head section. a: 1, vertex; 2, panels; 3, transverse bar, uncarved; 4, neck; 5, first arches of middle section (Cambridge University Mus., 104). b: greatest width 36 mm., neck width 21 mm., transverse bar (3) with single zigzag pattern (British Mus., 7050). c: greatest width 53 mm., height 85 mm., neck width 24 mm., transverse bar (3) with single zigzag pattern; shows upper ends of coir decoration attached to middle section; transverse lines (4) (British Mus., L.M.S., 107). d: greatest width 41 mm., height 73 mm., neck width 17 mm.; transverse bar (3) with double zigzag pattern (British Mus., + 2060). e: greatest width 60 mm., height 75 mm., neck width 36 mm., panels 57 mm. high and 18 mm. at widest part; transverse bar (3) with double zigzag pattern; vertex with knob on top (British Mus., L.M.S., 106). f: greatest width 69 mm., height 68 mm., neck width 33 mm.; five panels instead of four, panel height 50 mm., panel width 12 mm.; transverse bar (3) with double zigzag pattern; neck incised with transverse lines (4) (British Mus., L.M.S., no number). page 352 that these objects were made in Mitiaro with native tools before European influence affected the native crafts (pl. 14, D, E). The dome-shaped head is fashioned and hollowed out to form a thin curved vertex, supported by equidistant vertical panels elliptical in form and coming to points above and below. The lower ends of the panels join the solid part just above the constricted neck between the head and the middle section. In hollowing out the interior of the head, transverse bars are left to connect the middle of adjacent vertical panels. The panels are plain, but the transverse bars, except in one specimen, are carved in zigzag patterns on raised bars which may be single or double. In one of the Oldman specimens the upper dome part has been broken off. Of the seven gods with domes, six have four panels and one has five. For details of the head see figure 220. The transverse bar is the only part with decorative carving, except transverse lines on the upper part of the neck in figure 220, c, f. The height of the head ranges from 68 to 85 mm.; the greatest width is 36 to 69 mm. Except for minor details the heads conform to one pattern of structure. In the middle body section, the wood in the round was cut down longitudinally Figure 221.—Middle section formation of separate arches: a, wood shaped in the round with equidistant parts (1) marked off to form ridges, and intermediate parts (2) to be removed, leaving a central column (3) to which ridges remain attached. b, intermediate parts (a,2) removed, leaving five ridges (1) attached to central column (3). c, arches formed by piercing a hole (4) of shape shown through ridge (1) and cutting out a piece (5) also of shape shown. Arch itself is more definitely denned by cutting out triangular pieces (6, 6) to outer side of arch, defining arch and forming outward extensions of upper and lower pillars which support it. Pillars are further denned by removing angular pieces (5) which provide projecting points to pillars. Thus, as shown on lower arch, we have arch (7), an upper (8) and lower (9) pillar with outer extensions (10) which also project away from arch. Each ridge is treated in similar manner. One ridge (11) omitted from drawing for clarity. d, outer surface of each arch (7) is trimmed into two inclined planes which form a mesial edge. Outer extensions (10) of pillars which form rectangular surfaces are carved to form fused lozenge-chevron motif with chevron of each pillar toward its own arch. Completed arches form horizontal groups as well as longitudinal series. Thinness of central column (3) is plainly seen and accounts for number of specimens broken. page 353to provide equidistant ridges radiating from a central thin column, which in some of the smaller figures is as thin as 8 mm. in diameter. Four figures had five ridges, but one (fig. 220, f) had six ridges for the upper half, reduced to five for the lower half. Another (fig. 220, e) had seven ridges throughout. The ridges were undercut to form a series of arches, each arch with two pillars and each separated from its neighbors, except in the specimen with seven ridges. In specimens with separated arches the ridges were each formed into four arches and each arch corresponded in its respective level with the arches formed on other ridges. The method of carving the arches and their ornamentation is shown in figure 221. It is evident that the object of the craftsman was to form a series of radiating arches with ornamental cleats, both of which were for the attachment of feather decoration. No evidence is apparent that this technique ever represented a conventionalized human form. Figure 222.—Middle section, formation of continuous arches. a, column of wood cut into radiating ridges which number seven: one ridge is shown with holes pierced through but none cut through to surface; holes numbered 1 correspond to those for true arches (fig. 221, c,4), and alternate holes (2) correspond to those which reach surface in separate arch technique (fig. 221, c, 5). b, wood over alternate holes (1) of a shaped to form true arches by a technique similar to that in separate arches (fig. 221, c,7), but outer extensions of pillars remain fused because other alternate holes were not cut through to surface at points 2. Carving motif retains the chevron toward true arch but has a broad distal end instead of a pointed one and becomes a triangle instead of a lozenge. Carving motifs of adjacent motifs are separated from each other by a square notch at 2, and artist utilized square cut to form base of a triangle motif and to keep up proportion of parts; an angular notch on either side results in a double triangle with chevron fused to apex of triangle next to it. In series shown on ridge (3) facing observer, each true arch corresponding to those marked 1 on side has two pillar motifs with chevron toward arch. In uppermost arch, upward projection of first pillar is free and is carved with lozenge-chevron motif (fig. 221, d), but downward free projection of lower pillar of lowest arch retains general double triangle-chevron motif. Total length of carved ridges, 220 mm. (British Mus., L.M.S. 106). page 354 One of the specimens (fig. 220, e) shows a departure from the general pattern, in that it has seven ridges on the middle part instead of five and in that the arches are continuous instead of separated. The upper ends of the top arches have free extensions carved with the lozenge-chevron motif, but below them the carving motif changes to a triangle and chevron combination which extends over the uncut arches (fig. 222 and pl. 14, E). From the above discussion, it is clear that the square cuts between adjacent motifs (fig. 222, b,2) mark the boundaries between adjacent arches but that the wood below the notches has not been cut away to make a dintinct division as in the separate arch technique. Each ridge has four true arches, corresponding with the number in the objects made with the separate arch technique. The use of the triangle with the chevron as an art motif, although probably influenced by the technique of the continuous arches, is not entirely due to it, as evidenced by the appearance of a similar motif on a specimen in which the arches are separated (fig. 224, c, 2). The slenderness of the central column and arch pillars is exemplified by one of the Sheffield specimens, in which many of the arches are broken off (fig. 223, a). The manner in which decoration is applied to the lower end is shown in figure 223, b. Figure 223.—Mitiaro gods, broken arches and feather decoration. a, central column (1), 8 mm. in diameter; perfect arch (2) 38 mm. between upper and lower pillars, and broken pillars (3) of other arches on same level may be seen; lozenge-chevron motif (4) used (British Mus., 2060). b, only specimen of series which has sennit braid decoration still attached to it; feathers and braid with transverse tufts of fiber are placed vertically in grooves between carved ridges and then tied in position by transverse turns of thin white tapa (1); black feathers (2) project about 145 mm. above tapa; braid with cross tufts, which may be seen in middle of figure, projects beyond binding for 160 mm. (British Mus., L.M.S., 107). page 355 The lower staff part of the gods is a continuation of the central column which expands in one diameter in some specimens to a spatulate form, whereas it remains round in others (fig. 224). Figure 224.—Lower staff ends of Mitiaro gods. a, staff (1) commences immediately below lowest arches (2) and widens, but part of length evidently cut off, as shown by cuts on either side with a middle fracture of wood; length 97 mm., width at top 14 mm., width, widest part, 32 mm. (British Mus., L.M.S., no number). b, other view of a: top thickness 13 mm., bottom thickness 12 mm. c, narrow view of staff (1) which has a distinct shoulder (3) below last set of arches (2); shoulder 22 mm. in diameter, just below it staff is 12 mm. in diameter and at lower end 9 mm.; on side not shown, staff is 14 mm. in diameter below shoulder and 20 mm. at lower end; lower part of staff also cut off (British Mus., L.M.S., 106). The total length of the two unbroken specimens in the British Museum (London Missionary Society 106 and ?) is 412 and 393 mm. respectively, but in both these the lower end of the staff part is cut off. The four broken specimens ranged in length from 215 to 233 mm. The head height of the series of six ranged from 68 to 85 mm. Applied Decoration Feathers and sennit decoration were undoubtedly applied to all the Mitiaro gods when dressed for religious ritual, but of the seven gods with heads intact, only two bore traces of former decoration. Ellis (25, vol. 2, frontispiece 4) figured a Mitiaro god with feathers and sennit attached to it, but he gave no explanation in the text. Though complete detail of the decorative technique of the arches is lacking, the decoration of the lower staff ends is fully illustrated by the three lower fragments in the Cambridge Museum. The Pitt-Rivers specimens bear the following curious description: "3 atuas,—Symbolically carved pieces of wood, page 356with feathers, cocoa fibre strings, etc. attached, supposed to attract the beneficent spirits who take up their abode in them. E. Howard Esq. 1888." The sennit decoration of the staff ends consists of long lengths of coir cord and braid with transverse or oblique tufts of coir fiber caught under a ply at regular intervals. These were tied with transverse turns to the upper end of the staff just below the last arch, and the lashing was covered with a strip of thin white tapa also lashed with transverse turns of fine thread. Such transverse tufts with a two-ply cord were used in the carved slabs of Aitutaki (figs. 203, b, d and fig. 204). I identified the staff ends with the sennit decoration at Cambridge because the fracture had occurred through the fine central rod of the middle section and the upper part of two fragments carried pillars and arches with the typical Mitiaro technique and the lozenge-chevron motif. It is probable that some of the lower fragments belonged to some of the gods Figure 225.—Staff ends with tufted sennit decoration (fragments in Cambridge University Mus., numbered group Z6045, but each bears an old London Missionary Society number). a (107): length of wooden part 135 mm., lower end 14 mm. by 8 mm.; one long cord with cross tufts with lashing of turns of thin white bark cloth commencing just below last broken arches. b (106): length of wooden part 130 mm.; lower pillars of arches left with lozenge-chevron motif; two lengths of tufted braid each 540 mm. long; tuft technique different than a, in that they are added as plies, and free ends of each braid are ornamented with a tassel (fig. 226); wrapping of white bark cloth covers part attached to staff. c (105): length of wooden part including lowest arch 142 mm.; one cord and one braid with transverse tufts each 530 mm. long; two tufts of fiber slightly overlapped and cord or braid ply crosses over overlapped part, this technique creating longer tufts; tuft on one side 80 mm. long, on other side 130 mm. long; no bark cloth wrapping, which enables technique of lashing cords and braids to staff to be seen; staff end of cord or braid is without tufts, and a knot (overhand) is tied a short distance from end; cord and braid ends laid against staff just below lowest arch, and a, lashing of transverse turns of continuous thread are made above knot and then carried below knot. page 357 in the British Museum. (See figure 225.) The technique of the tufted cords and braids is shown in figure 226, a-c. Some of the braid lengths end in a form of coir tassel shown in figure 226, d, e. Though the coir tufts are placed horizontally across the cord or braid in the transverse method, the ends of the tufts hang down obliquely in much the same manner as in the oblique method and thus give a branched appearance. The oblique technique with sennit was used in Tahitian fly whisks. Stolpe (64, p. 41) states that in the cord ornaments of the Lille slabs (fig. 204) red feathers were attached to both and one had yellow feathers, but they were not present in the Mitiaro ornaments examined by me. Figure 226.—Sennit tuft and tassel techniques. a, transverse method with cord: cord contains two plies (1, 2) and with every second twist a tuft of coir fiber (3) is placed between plies; overlapping method with two tufts of fiber is shown by tufts 4, 5. b, transverse method with braid: braid with three plies (1, 2, 3) includes a tuft (4) by placing it transversely under every second turn of ply that comes into middle position from left; overlapping tufts may also be used to give extra length to tufts. c, oblique method with braid only: after commencing braid, a tuft (1) is added to left-hand ply as it comes into middle, and as it is crossed by right-hand ply, a tuft (2) is added from that side; following left ply (3) and right ply (4) are twisted into position without adding any tufts, but tufts from left (5) and from right (6) are added on next two twists from their respective sides; thus tufts are added alternately from either side with every second twist on respective sides. d, tassel technique, first stage: braid (1) left at commencement end with fibers of the three plies (2) free and unknotted to form part of tassel; coir fibers 220 mm. long laid around braid end with middle point coinciding with end of unfrayed braid and lashed to braid by lashing (5) of a coir fiber in transverse turns. In figure, the near fibers left out for clarity. Thus added fibers (3) above lashing mingle with those of braid plies, whereas other half (4) hang down below lashing (5). e, tassel technique, second stage: lower half of fibers turned upward to join upper half and coir fiber tied with transverse turns in lashing (6); length of tassel from inner lashing (d,5) is half length of added fibers, namely 110. mm. The decorations attached to the body of the British Museum specimen (fig. 223, b) consisted of a length of loose braid with about ten cross tufts, a length of sennit with four branches to which feathers were attached, loose long feathers, and one set of feathers with their quill ends seized into an eyelet hole. The feathers were laid in the vertical grooves between the arches with the tip ends directed upward. The branched braid and tufted braid were in different grooves and the whole was kept in position by transverse turns of white bark cloth. It is probable that this decoration was readjusted in London page 358after the lower staff was broken off. The specimen with continuous arches (fig. 222, b) had feathers attached to the lozenge-chevron cleats at the upper ends of the top arches. The thread attaching the feathers continued down and passed around some of the arches. Some of the other arches had the remnants of a two-ply thread around them showing that feathers had been attached to them. (See figure 227.) Figure 227.—Feather decoration, Mitiaro gods (a, b: British Mus., L.M.S., 107; c-e: British Mus., L.M.S., 49). a, four pieces of braid (1-4) successively combined by fraying out lower ends and combining them as plies with others, forming branched figure combined into one braid (5); small bunch of black feathers (6) tied together at quill ends (7) added to upper braid ends by lashing (8); upper ends of braid (9) frayed out to form part of decoration; some branches without feathers but transverse turns of coir fiber remain around end of branches, showing feathers had been in position; feathers restored in figure. b, black feathers with quill ends doubled into loop (1), seized with single coir fiber, end passed around between two parts (2) and tied to protruding commencement end with reef knot. c, side view of top end of top pillar showing further shaping of lozenge-chevron motif (1) which forms a cleat. d, side view showing feather bunch (2) lashed to cleat (1) with turns around constricted neck of lozenge (3) and turns around chevron end (4). upper view of d, showing turns around lozenge neck (3) and figure-of-eight turns around arms of chevron (4), lashing material of single coir fiber (5) which passes on to be used on lower arches. Carving Motifs From the practical use of the arches and pillar projections, it is evident that the geometrical patterns were largely influenced by utility in lashing. The simple lozenge-chevron motif was probably brought about by notching the sides of the pillar projection and bifurcating the inner end to form the chevron shape suitable for figure-of-eight lashing turns. The outer ends were trimmed into a point for balance, and the figure thus assumed the lozenge-chevron form. In some projections, the square end was not trimmed off and the form remained as triangle-chevron. Other minor variations consisted in the trimming of the upper surface of the arch. These and the two forms of bar ornamentation across the clefts in the dome-shaped head are shown in figure 228. page 359 Figure 228.—Forms of carving on Mitiaro gods (a-e, arches and pillars; f, g, cross-bar on head sections): a, simple form of lozenge (1) and chevron (2) on pillar projections in which free point of lozenge is always directed outward, and chevrons directed inward toward arch; in trimming upper surface of arch to a mesial edge, a lozenge-shaped figure (3) is left on middle of arch. b, with simple lozenge-chevron motifs on pillar projections, and middle of arch (3) left as transverse band with slight points corresponding to mesial edges. c, upper projection (1) of top arch in god with continuous arches (fig. 222, b) is pointed, whereas lower end (4) is square-cut owing to shallow groove (5) separating it from next motif; triangle motif formed is treated with lateral notches (6) for lashing purposes, and a notched triangle-chevron results; middle part of arch (3) is trimmed to an even narrow band. d, blunt triangle (1) is used but extra-side projections (4, 4) formed in addition to chevron (2), resulting in a triangle-double chevron motif; middle of arch (3) rounded off without any projections. e, upper pillar projection (1) notched (6, 6) to form notched triangle-chevron motif, while lower projection (2) had second notches (7) in addition to first notches (6), forming double notched triangle-chevron motif. f, single zigzag band. g, double zigzag band. Maukean Gods In the London Missionary Society collection in the British Museum there are two objects labeled as the god Tangaroa from Mauke. Unfortunately their origin is uncertain. One is a decorated wooden staff (pl. 16, B) and the other is a sennit bundle covered with bark cloth and decorated with feathers. The wooden object is described in the catalog as a "God in the form of a flat staff, expanded at the head and pierced to represent a conventional human figure. The greater part of the staff is covered with plaited sennit with remains of feather decoration." Another catalog entry read: "Tangaroa from Maute with feathers and fibre sennit appended to him." Maute was the spelling used by the Missionaries for Mauke at the time the gods were collected. The "conventional human figure" is a statement that is not supported by the appearance of the object. Many mistakes have been made in the original catalog of the Missionary Museum, and these errors have accompanied the collection to the British Museum where doubtless additional errors were made. An outstanding example is the label on a Mangarevan image stating that it was the son of page 360 Figure 229.—Wooden god (British Mus., L.M.S., 66?): total length, 812 mm.; divided into upper perforated part in three sections, lower staff part covered with sennit. a, front: upper section (1) with pointed end, curved sides, and two large openings; wood on sides and middle, perforated with spaced small holes; base width, 121 mm. and base thickness, 29 mm.; second section (2) with sides curved from narrow upper junction and four large openings as shown; five wooden limbs and base perforated with spaced small holes; bunch of split black feathers lashed to outer limb (8) on left and feather lashing devoid of feathers also on right limb (9); middle limb has mesial edge from meeting of two planes; third section (3) with straight parallel sides and two longitudinal slots with lower ends covered by sennit wrapping; transverse lashing (10) of two-ply cord across three limbs for attaching white tropic bird tail feathers. Sennit wrapping in form of cuff (4) extends downward for 205 mm. with lower part covered by a band of white bark cloth (5) covered with red and yellow parakeet feathers secured by spiral turns of fine thread; wrapped part, 56 mm. in diameter at top, 70 mm. in middle, and 56 mm. at bottom. Below wrapping, transverse turns of thick braid (6), 8 mm. wide and 5 mm. thick, extend downward for 180 mm. Remaining 60 mm. of staff covered with black bark cloth (7). b, back: sennit cuff (4) is wrapped over inner layer of longitudinal lengths of thick sennit, 8 mm. wide, which is laid against wood and thickened in middle; ends of cuff (5, 5) made to meet on back and laced together with a length of sennit passing through loops on either end of cuff; cuff gapes at upper end and shows part of the sennit inner layer (6). c, cuff technique: cuff, made separately and applied after completion, consists of longitudinal elements or warps each composed of two strands of sennit, 2.5 mm. wide, which are looped at upper ends (5) to form four elements in each, warp; below free loops (5), compound warps appear to be seized with other sennit material; weft element (6) consists of single sennit length (6) which passes around first warp (1), crosses two warps (1, 2), around second (2), across next two warps (2, 3), around third (3), and so continues to cross two warps in front and around right element of pair; above technique with one weft element constitutes wrapped technique and differs from twined work which has two weft elements. d, successive rows of wrapped work are continued for width of cuff, each succeeding row being made close to one above as shown in the six rows (1-6) until depth of cuff is reached; warps (7). e, feather work: tropic bird tail feathers (1) are decorated in front at quill end with six tiers of small red parakeet feathers (2), commencing above and ending below with transverse lashing turns (3). f, back view, showing spiral turns of thread to keep red feathers in position; quill so covered is 41 mm. long. page 361 Oro, the principal god of the Society Islands (77, pp. 462, 464). The identification as Mauke, therefore, cannot be accepted simply from the catalog ascription. The only method left for confirmation or disagreement is analysis of the technique used. The object, and the technique of the sennit and feather decoration are shown in figure 229. The feathers used were split black, tropic bird tail feathers and red and yellow parakeet feathers. The decoration of the quills of tropic bird tail feathers with small red feathers is a common practice in the neighboring islands and the addition of extra tiers is merely a matter of degree and not a new principle. An identical technique occurs in Tahiti. The use of sennit to form a textile cuff for wrapping around a staff, however, is something entirely new and has not been recorded for the neighboring islands of Atiu and Mitiaro or for the other islands of the group, though Aitutaki shares certain carving motifs with Atiu and Mitiaro. From the available study material, I should say that the cuff technique on the god under discussion is entirely foreign to the Cook Islands. For further discussion as to the origin of this unique object, see pages 469-473. Figure 230.—God attributed to Mauke (British Mus., L.M.S., 66 or 99): cylindrical body (1), composed of thick five-ply coir braid, dark red in color, folded into lengths of 100 mm. to reach a diameter of 30 mm.; evidently unbraided coir fiber, which projects at one end, was also added inside to thicken body; braid foundation wrapped with white bark cloth and tied at each end with fine oronga thread; split black feathers tied in bunches and seized with single coir fiber added at each end; upper end ornamented also with three red tropic bird feathers. The second god attributed to Mauke is labeled, "idol or fetish" and also "Tangaroa from Mauke (?)." The note of interrogation as well as the correct spelling of Mauke raises doubt as to the locality. (See figure 230.) page 362 The use of folded sennit to form a body has been described for neighboring Atiu. There is nothing special in the technique that can be used for or against its attribution to Mauke. A similar technique also occurs in Mangaia (fig. 232) and in some unlocalized specimens (figs. 249 and 250). The object may therefore be accepted as belonging to the Cook Islands—probably to Mangaia but possibly to Mauke, for the missionaries who collected from the other islands were not likely to omit Mauke. Mangaian Gods The names of the gods of Mangaia have been recorded by Gill (33, pp. 331-333). Material representatives of 13 gods worshipped by the various tribes were kept in a national god house named Te Kai'ara, situated between the important temples of 'Akaoro and Ara'ata in the Kei'a district (76, p. 172). A caretaker looked after the god house, changed the clothing of the gods (white thick cloth, tikoru), and cooked food for them every evening. Neither the gods nor their caretaker were disturbed during the changing fortunes of intertribal war. During the exile of the skilled carver, Rori, the god house was accidently burned down and its contents destroyed. Rori subsequently emerged from exile and was commissioned to carve a set of gods for the new god house. Rongo was represented by a shell trumpet, but the remaining 12 gods are said to have been carved from wood. They were Motoro, Tane-papa-kai, Tane-ngaki-au, Tane-i-te-'utu, Tane-kio, Te A'io, Te Kura'aki, Utakea, Turanga, Teipe, Kereteki, and Tangiia. Rori carved all these except his own god, Teipe, which was carved by his friend Tapaivi. A deified ancestor named Vaeruarau also was carved in wood by Rori and placed in the national god house. The image was removed because of sickness among his followers, and he was hidden in the rocks by some who remained faithful (33, pp. 86, 87). The London Missionary Society established the Tahitian missionary, Davida, in Mangaia in 1823. Gill (33, pp. 333, 334) recounts what happened to the Mangaian gods as follows: Soon after the introduction of Christianity it happened that one of the regal family was taken dangerously ill. Whilst the heart was softened by affliction, the parent was struck with the glaring absurdity of professed adherents to Christianity keeping up this idol-shrine with its daily oven of food. What should be done with the idols? It was decided by the king, Parima, Simeona, and other leading men of the day, to surrender these dangerous things to Davida. To the horror of the heathen, but to the great joy of the Christian party, the whole thirteen were carried in triumphal procession to the house of Davida by the sea. The wrappings were thrown away, and for the first time since they were carved by Rori they were exposed to the vulgar gaze. Soon after Messrs. Williams and Platt paid an opportune visit to the island; and they proceeded to Raiatea laden with page 363these idols, which were eventually deposited in the museum of the London Missionary Society, and are now in the British Museum. The day the idols were removed, the house in which they had been kept was set on fire; the maraes all over the island were desecrated, the little houses in which the deity was supposed to be invisibly present were burnt, the great stone idol of Rongo at the sea-side, where human sacrifices were offered, was smashed to atoms, and (what is much to be regretted) the magnificent native mahogany (tamanu) trees were set on fire, on account of their supposed connection with idolatry. As the tracing of these gods and the material of which they were made is important, I quote further details from Gill concerning individual gods. Wooden Gods Motoro. Next to Rongo, Motoro, the god of the ancient Ngariki tribe, was the most powerful. Gill (33, p. 246) says, "That idol named Motoro, is a rude representation of the human form, carved in ironwood." In writing of Mangaia, Gill (33, p. 204) says, "Rori obtained some of her [an aunt of the carver Rori] beautiful hair to adorn the then newly carved image of Motoro. At the period of the surrender of the idols to Mr. Williams the hair of this woman was still on it." Red feathers brought from Tahiti by Ume were also used for decoration according to Gill (33, p. 235). "Beautiful red parakeet feathers, brought to this island by his grandfather, and concealed with Rori's other treasures in the raei, were used by him to adorn Motoro, to the great admiration of men of that day." Some Aitutaki men, after collecting red feathers at Manuae, were wrecked on Mangaia and gave some feathers to their hosts. Gill (33, p. 242) says: "The beautiful red feathers presented to those who had so kindly entertained them were collected and put on their god Motoro. When that idol was given up to Mr. Williams these identical red feathers adorned it." The place of Motoro in the god house is thus indicated by Gill (28, p. 28): Motoro, Kereteki, and Utakea were represented by iron-wood idols in the god-house of the king. On entering that rude reed hut, the dwelling place of the chief divinities of Mangaia, the first idol was Rongo, in the form of a trumpet shell; next came the honoured Motoro, the guide of daily life; then came Tane and ten other objects of worship; amongst which were Kereteki and Utakea. As to Motoro's later abode, Gill (31, p. 110) says, "… Motoro, whose ugly form may be seen in the Museum of the London Missionary Society." Tane. Of Tane's position in the god-house, Gill (28, p. 28) says: "The iron-wood idol called Tane merely, was asserted to represent the fifth son of Vatea; and yet was only third in order of dignity.… Of the innumerable objects of fear and worship, only thirteen were admitted to the honour of a place in this rude Pantheon as national gods." page 364 Gill (28, p. 107) continues: Amongst the thirteen principal gods of Mangaia which at the establishment of Christianity were surrendered to the Missionaries were four bearing the name of Tane. They were simply pieces of iron-wood carved roughly into human shape, once well wrapped up in numerous folds of the finest native cloth. Of these four Tanes three—Tane-Ngakiau, Tane-i-te-ata, and Tane-kio—were considered to be inferior to the first, who was usually called Tane, sometimes, however, Tane Papa-kai, i.e. Tane-piler-up-of-food. In order of rank Tane came after Rongo and Motoro, the chief deities of Mangaia. In this list, Tane-i-te-ata is substituted for Tane-i-te-'utu of the first list. Concerning Tane-Ngakiau, Gill (28, p. 31) says: "This uncomfortable god had a carved ironwood form, and was one of the thirteen gods of Mangaia now in the Museum." Te Kuraaki. Of this god, Gill (28, p. 31) says: "Yet the carved ironwood idol remained in the Pantheon until 1824, when it was surrendered to Messrs. Williams and Platt." Tiaio [Te A'io]. Gill (28, p. 30) says: "Rori's life was spared by Manaune, expressly that he might carve the rough iron-wood representation of Tiaio, which, with the rest, now quietly reposes in the Society's museum." Utakea. A native convert, reported by Gill (31, p. 105), spoke of "our god being Utakea, long since taken away with the rest by "Wiliamu" (Rev J.Williams)." Teipe. In addition to the god carved by Rori's friend to form one of the 13 deposited in the god-house, another kept in the curtained off part of the house of the priest Keu, is alluded to by Gill (33, p. 153) as "this uncouth ironwood god." Tangiia. Gill (28, p. 28) says, "Tangiia, the fourth son of Vatea, was the last in regard to dignity and order." Speaking of Tangiia, the Rarotongan ancestor, Gill (28, p. 24) states: "It is needful to distinguish this Tangiia, who is unquestionably an historical character, from the mythical Tangiia descended from Vatea, and one of the gods of Mangaia, whose iron-wood form is deposited in the museum of the London Missionary Society." It is evident from Gill's accounts that all 13 gods were given to Mr. Williams and sent to the London Missionary Society Museum in London. Four of them-Motoro, Tane-Ngakiau, Tiaio (Te A'io), and Tangiia-are definitely mentioned as being in the Missionary Museum. The material transferred from the Missionary Museum to the British Museum in 1890 is contained in one large case. There are only three wooden artifacts labeled "District gods from Mangaia", and unfortunately their names were not recorded. They consist of an upper carved slab, a rounded shaft, and an expanded base (pl. 14, F-H). In form and carving they are very similar; and, in all probability, they are some of those made by Rori. However, by no stretch of imagination can they be regarded as "a rude representation of the human form." One wonders what page 365became of the other nine, carved in ironwood, that constituted the 12 wooden gods of the Mangaian Pantheon. Priests kept a representative of their particular gods in a screened-off part of their dwelling houses (33, p. 153). Various groups had family gods of lesser note. Some were natural objects such as stones, as the great god Rongo was represented in the god-house by a shell trumpet. Other religious symbols were formed of coconut leaf, feathers, human hair, sennit, and tapa. The specimens available for study consist of simple objects, compound objects, a spiked wooden artifact, carved slabs, and ceremonial adzes. Water-worn Stone A water-worn dark stone, rounded in shape, collected by Gill, and deposited in the British Museum, bears the following inscription: "God from Mangaia, answering to the household gods of the Romans but not usually kept in the house—in some shady, secret place." This was evidently a family god and it was figured by Edge-Partington (24, I-17-5). (See figure 231, a.) Figure 231.—Mangaian religious symbols. a, stone symbol (British Mus., 9939): length, 88 mm.; width, 79 mm.; height, 60 mm. b, palm-leaf symbol (British Mus., 9940): tip of coconut leaf with seven leaflets; length, 425 mm.; a piece of flat sennit, 4 mm. wide, with four fibers in each ply, is tied around leaflets with a reef knot forming two loops like a bow tie. Palm-leaf Symbol Gill (33, pp. 149, 150) writes as follows: "In heathenism no canoe ever ventured over the reef at Mangaia to fish without first fastening to its bows the fisherman's god. This consisted merely of the extremity of a coco-nut frond secured with fine-plaited sennit tied into a bow." It was the symbol of the god Mokoiro, and the hereditary office of Ruler of Food (76, p. 117) was combined with that of the priests of Mokoiro. It was part of the office to equip each canoe in the fishing season (September to December) with this symbol. Sometimes a fleet of 200 canoes assembled, and each was provided with a symbol prepared beforehand. The priests distributed the symbols and then gave the signal to start. A specimen collected by Gill and now in the British Museum is shown in figure 231, b. It was figured by Edge-Partington (24, I-1-1). page 366 Tapa Cloth Symbols An alternate form of fishing charm, representing Mokoiro, was distributed by the Ruler of Food (76, p. 146). It consisted of bark cloth (autea) folded into cones termed poani (plug) of which four were placed in different parts of the fishing canoe to plug up the four quarters from which the winds blew. Tapa and Feather Gods Tapa symbols were formed into gods with a body formed of folds of sennit, covered with tapa, and decorated with feathers. One in the Cambridge University Museum, with arms and legs roughly indicated, bears an old label with the following inscription: "Tangua a mighty god from Mangaia. Said Figure 232.—Tapa and feather gods, Mangaia. a: length of body and legs, 330 mm.; middle body width, 100 mm.; two arms (1, 1), 50 and 60 mm. long; legs (2, 2): body of folded lengths of sennit and wrapped with white tapa and tied with spiral turn of fine thread; tropic bird tail feathers kept in position by thread lashings (Cambridge Univ. Mus., Z.6094). b: smaller than Cambridge figure and without arms; length of body and legs 142 mm.; body width 22 to 24 mm.; legs (2, 2), 36 and 34 mm. long and 11 and 10 mm. thick; body formed of sennit folds and wrapped with continuous strip of white tapa which covers up end in transverse turn, descends in oblique turns, and divides at bottom to wrap each leg separately; bunches of split black feathers seized with single coir fiber, arranged around top outside tapa, and tied with turns of fine oronga thread; red and green feathers added to body in layers from above down with spiral thread; small black feathers on body at back; tropic bird feathers attached at sides to lean forward; tufts of small red feathers tied to legs (British Mus., L.M.S., no number). c, formation of body of b with thick sennit, 9 mm. wide, doubled three times at top (1) and twice at bottom of body, with two free ends (2) projecting down to form legs. page 367 to be the progenitor of the present inhabitants and deities. Human sacrifices were offered." It was collected by John Williams. Tangua did not figure in the Mangaian list but an examination of the museum entry book showed that the name was Tangiia. Tangiia, the fourth son of Vatea, had a place in the god house; but, as he was made of ironwood, the tapa figure was evidently another form or its identification is due to a misplaced label. The person who wrote the label evidently confused Tangiia the god with Tangiia the Rarotongan ancestor, a mistake that Gill warned about (p. 364). A similar tapa and feather bundle, without arm projections, is in the London Missionary Society case but no exact locality is given. There is little doubt that the two objects came from the same island, probably Mangaia. The followers of Tangiia were practically exterminated in the tribal wars. Though an ironwood form of the god could survive in the god house, it is doubtful whether a tapa and sennit bundle would have lasted in such a fresh condition through the years after the tribe became extinct. Probably the bundles are minor family gods and the label of the real ironwood Tangiia was applied to the Cambridge specimen by mistake. (See figure 232.) Sennit Roll The direct representation of Mokoiro consisted of a small roll of sennit which was hidden in a cave. Gill (33, p. 31) states: "It had no human likeness whatever, and therefore found no place in the king's idol-house." The god Tane-kio was originally represented by finely plaited coconut fiber. Gill (33, pp. 56, 57) recounts how the god was expelled from Tahiti because a number of his followers wasted away. His priest, Ue, sealed the symbol in a coconut shell and set it adrift in the sea to seek a new home. Ue followed by canoe and located his god in Mangaia, where he built the marae of Maungaroa to him (76, p. 168). Later, a representation of Tane-kio was carved in wood by Rori and lodged in the national god house. Possibly the sennit roll referred to by Gill was a sennit foundation. Triton Shell Speaking of the place in the god house of Rongo, the principal god of Mangaia, Gill (33, pp. 331, 332) says: "His chief representative was a triton shell, used only by the king, and deposited at the entrance. It is now preserved in the London Missionary Society case at the British Museum." The Triton shell was in the form of a trumpet, as it was used by the king to summon his warriors together. Two shell trumpets attributed to Mangaia are in the Missionary case and though there is no information concerning them, one of them is probably the symbol of Rongo. (See figure 167.) page 368 Wooden Spiked God A god in the Missionary case in the British Museum resembles an unwieldy weapon bristling with spikes and ornamented with human figures. It has been figured by Read (56, pl. 13, F) and by Edge-Partington (24, II-8-3). Read states that the name and locality are lost and Edge-Partington attributes it to eastern Polynesia. Somehow, I mistook the locality for Mangaia, and I hoped that because of the human figures, human hair, and red feather decoration that it might be Motoro. However, the technique is so different from that used by Rori on the three district gods that its locality remains doubtful. Having Figure 233.—Spiked god (British Mus., L.M.S., 287), upper section. a, front: 1, upper row of five straight points, one broken; top width 168 mm.; 2, horizontal bar carrying upper and lower row of five curved spikes, some broken, width 155 mm., thickness 97 mm.; 3, second transverse bar connected at sides and middle with upper bar (2) and carrying heads of three spaced figures; heads with shaped brows and nose, eyes and mouth formed by rectangular depressions, heads pointed except middle one; 4, bodies with pendent arms poorly defined and straight legs which fuse with bar below; 5, lowest bar which supports figures and also two rows of six divergent curved spikes, width 147 mm., thickness 109 mm.; 6, neck formed by narrowing in from sides; showing turns of sennit braid tied around it, width 76 mm., thickness 54 mm.; 7, pair, of front spikes curved at ends and framing upper part of single figure (8) with similar, head to upper figures. b, back: similar in all respects to front but one of upper figures (3) has head broken off; 6, mass of braid material tied to neck; 7, downward point from curved spike; 8, figure similar to one on front; 9, legs of single figure. c, left side: numbering same as a: bodies of upper row of figures (4) separated by width of bars, lower single figure in profile; length from top spikes to neck 400 mm. page 369 written up the object in detail, I include the description here for the purposes of record. The artifact may be divided into an upper specialized section with human figures and a long shaft with transverse sets of curved spikes. The total length is 2,886 mm., and it is carved from one piece of wood. The lower end has been cut off so that originally it was longer. The upper section with human figures and spikes ends in a neck to which is attached a composite cord carrying a strange assortment of shells and pieces of coral. Below the neck, single human figures and curved spikes commence the upper end of the shaft (fig. 233). The upper end of the shaft, with single human figures back and front and with lateral spikes is shown in figure 234. Figure 234.—Spiked god, uppermost single human figure. a, front: human figure carved on front of staff with head (1) showing details similar to upper row of figures, with short downward knobs (2) for arms and two projecting bent legs (3); upper part of figure framed by two long incurved spikes (4); upper pair of front spikes (5, 5) curved upward and lower pair (6, 6) curved downward. b, back: figure of same form as front figure and showing posterior upper (5) and lower (6) spikes. c, left side: showing lateral incurved spikes (4, 4) and heads (1) projecting from staff with pointed heads curving upward toward curved spikes above; pointed chins also point downward like spikes; upper limbs (2, 2) project well forward to balance upper lateral spikes (5, 5); abdomen (7, 7) projects forward; legs (3, 3) form forward and downward projections which fuse with spikes (8, 8) which balance lower lateral spikes (6, 6). The staff is rectangular and four-sided with single figures on the back and front and balanced on the sides with two pairs of long incurved spikes with their bases opposite the heads of the figures, whereas opposite the lower part of the body the sides are balanced by upper and lower pairs of diverging spikes. Below the upper single figures the two pairs of diverging lateral spikes are continued, and on the same level single pairs of diverging spikes take the place page 370of figures on the front and back. After a number of these sets of spikes, a middle set of front and back human figures displaces two sets of single diverging spikes. The middle set of figures is followed by three sets of spikes, which are followed by a set of front and back figures. (See figure 235.) Figure 235.—Spiked god, middle and lower single figures. a, front middle figure: details of figure same as upper but head (1) balanced by lateral upper pair (2) whose points balance upper end of pointed head and lateral lower pair (3) whose points are somewhat balanced by pointed chin; upper and lower lateral pairs balance lower part of body with upper points (5) somewhat balanced by pointed arm projections (4) while lower points (7) are balanced as before by points (6) below legs. b, left side of lowest figure: details same as a, but balance of upper and lower points of head (1) with lateral spikes (2, 3) more obvious while same applies to lower part of body. c, lowest plain section: showing sets of spikes on same level. The lowest figure was followed by five sets of spikes where the staff was 34 by 36 mm. in two thicknesses. Here the four surfaces began to narrow, and at a distance of 42 mm. the two thicknesses had diminished to 28 mm. each. The plain surfaces below the last spikes were incised with parallel oblique lines. Evidently a long plain shaft had been sawn off. It is obvious from the figures that the pointed vertices and chins of the figure were so carved as to balance the points of neighboring curved spikes which formed the dominant motif of the artifact. The arms and legs were similarly affected. The composite cord with its ornaments after Edge-Partington (24, II-8-3) and methods of attaching feather holders under seizing turns is shown in figure 236. It is evident, from the great number of feather holders on the terminals and even in the main cords, that the feather decoration must have helped considerably in making the spike god an imposing sight. page 371 Figure 236.—Composite cord with shell and coral ornaments. a, composite cord (1) of number of lengths of sennit tied around neck (2) of spike god and projects out from back; sennit lengths kept together by close seizing for 76 mm., when three broken ends (3) issue from beneath seizing which is 30 mm. thick; seizing continues for 57 mm., when three more short ends (4) were freed, two of them amalgamated to form one cord, thickness of seizing at 4 diminished to 23 mm.; seizing below 4 lessened in thickness to 20 mm. and 68 mm. farther on, six cords liberated, two single and two pairs formed by dividing two thicker cords, one (5) which is short, tied around a shell (6); main cord (7) continues for 370 mm., upper part seized with braid 4 mm. wide and lower part with cord 2 mm. wide, end finished off in loops (8) 300 mm. long; other cords or braids support shells (9) which were tied to cords by a separate transverse lashing while others support pieces of coral (10); some of cords supporting heavy shells snapped off and ends retied; six tufts of hair with seized eyelet holes, five frizzy (11) and one straight (12) were tied to various parts with what appeared to be trade string. b, straight terminal of some cords, seized with feather holders of a doubled coir fiber (1) with spiral tie (2) of single coir fiber in position, but feather dropped out. c, looped terminal of some cords with feather holders as in b. d, some feather holders of single coir fiber (1) with spiral tie (2) in position, whereas others (3) tie and feathers have disappeared. e, spiral tie of single fiber showing buried commencement end (1) with spiral turns (2) and finishing end (3) twisted over last turn and pushed down under it. Carved Slabs with Pedestals The three "district gods of Mangaia, names now lost" in the Missionary case in the British Museum are thick wooden slabs with projecting ridges carved into pillars and arches and pierced between the ridges with lozenge-shaped holes. Below the carved upper sections, the slabs diminish to rounded shafts, which terminate in expanded carved pedestals. (See plate 14, F-H.) As the districts of Mangaia were occupied by different tribes with their own tribal gods, these figures represent three of the tribal gods taken from the national god house in the district of Kei'a and given to Williams and Platt. page 372They are survivors of the 11 tribal gods carved by the master craftsman, Rori. Though the original coverings of thick white tapa were torn off by the zealous Mangaian converts to Christianity, the gods are well preserved. The sennit and feather ornamentation of the shafts still remains, but there is no trace of the feathers that were originally attached to the carved arches. Figure 237.—Technique of carved slabs, Mangaia. a, cross section of rectangular slab; shaded sections regularly spaced are parts to be removed. b, cross section through lozenge holes; with shaded parts in a removed, slab divided into four ridges (1) in front and back and two (2) at ends; shaded portions show sections through middle of fore-and-aft lozenge holes (3) and end holes (4) between two end ridges which run into adjacent fore-and-aft holes; ridges average about 22 mm. in width. c, upright view: showing longitudinal ridges (1) and end ridges (2); ridges are square-cut and of even thickness. d, notches (1) cut in ridges and so spaced as to leave alternating smaller (2) and larger (3) rectangular spaces on outer surface of ridges; smaller segments formed solid pillars while larger sections were perforated (4) from side to side to form arches (5); notches on all ridges cut on same level so as to form horizontal series of pillars and arches as well as vertical sets; lozenge-shaped holes (6) between ridges obscured by angle of drawing, but top section through holes shows three fore-and-aft holes and end holes as in b. A similar figure is in the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts, but many of the arches are broken off and the shaft is bare of decoration. A figure in the Oldman collection differs from the other four in the treatment of arches and carving. The technique by which the upper carved part was formed is shown in figure 237. The notching of the ridges into pillars and arches formed small rectangular areas that were carved by further notching to form geometrical patterns. The pillars and arches are better seen in figure 238. The four similar slabs follow a common technique as regards the form of arch and pillar, their arrangement in horizontal series at front and back and ends, and the lozenge-shaped holes on the same level as the arches. The tops of the pillars and arches are all carved with combinations of bar and chevron motifs, the pattern being the same on each slab but varying slightly in different page 373slabs. All have four front and back ridges except one (L.M.S. coll., 30) which has three. All have two ridges at the ends except the largest (L.M.S. coll., 32), which has three and, consequently, two sets of lozenge-shaped holes in the two inter-ridge spaces. The arches in each ridge range from 7 to 10. Dimensions in millimeters of the carved slabs are shown in table 3. Figure 238.—Carving of pillars and arches (British Mus., L.M.S., 31). a, front: pillars and arches show up in side view of end arch; 1, 1, spaced notches; 2, pillars; 3, arch section; 4, arch perforation; 5, actual arch; 6, lozenge-shaped hole; three sets of holes between four front ridges, each horizontal set on same level as arches; four front ridges (7) shown with geometrical carving, smaller areas on pillars and larger on arches. b, end, showing carving on two end ridges (8, 8) and side views of neighboring front and back ridges (7, 7); carving on pillar (9) forms a bar and chevron which unite to form a K, while opposite edge of pillar space defined by a bar notched in middle; in wider space above arch (10) pattern is bisymmetrical with a notched bar at each end and a free chevron separated from the bar with the open angles toward each other; end holes (6) also opposite the arches and communicate with nearest fore-and-aft holes. Table 3.—Measurements of Carved Slabs L.M.S. 30 L.M.S. 31 L.M.S. 32 Cambridge , 1354 total length 857 900 1,385 1,130 upper section length 390 330 645 518 upper section top width 131 205 145 upper section thickness 83 138 75 upper section bottom width 91 114 100 upper section bottom thickness 99 75 page 374 All the slabs diminish in width and thickness from the top down, but, the bottom arches and pillars expand in both diameters to more nearly approach the dimensions of the rounded shaft below them. Variations in the top and bottom of the carved section are shown in figure 239. The top end of the Cambridge figure is identical with figure 239, c, but only one of the free arches is intact. The lower end is similar to figure 239, e. Figure 239.—Tops and bottoms of carved slabs. a, top front (L.M.S., 30): carving commences with arches (1) above which ridges (2) are cut down for short distance to top; top border plain with slight concavities (3) between ridges (4); this slab has three front ridges (4), middle ridge shown without pillars and arches. b, top front (L.M.S., 31): similar to a with four front ridges (4). c, top front (L.M.S., 32): above top complete arch (1), a pillar (2) projects beyond outer plane of ridge, with free arch (3) projecting upward and terminating in a pillar (4) with an inner projecting free point (5); all ridges similarly treated and both pillars with arch carved. d, bottom front of a: no outward projection of arches beyond general plane; feather decoration (1) projecting upward from top end of shaft. e, bottom front of b: two arches (1, 2), without intervening pillar, project beyond plane of last normal arch (3) also without intervening pillar; thickened part denned by two lowest arches (1, 2) and lozenge-shaped holes in ridge interspaces of two lowest arches do not pierce through to opposite side, whereas lozenges (4) opposite last normal arch (3) go right through; transverse seizing (5) of shaft with feather holders (6) denuded of feathers projecting upward. f, end view of e, showing greater projections of two lowest front and back arches (1, 2) as compared with lowest normal arch (3); two end ridges with intervening lozenges (4), lowest two not pierced through. g, bottom front of c, showing outward projection of two lowest pillars (1, 1) and intervening arch (2) which define thickened lower part of slab: four front ridges with three sets of lozenge-shaped holes (4) of which those in thickened section on level of lowest arch (2) are not pierced through. h, end view of g: outward projection of lowest pillars (1, 1) and arch (2), inter-ridge lozenges on level of lowest cut (2) not pierced through. page 375 The shaft extending from below the lowest arches to the expanded pedestal is round in all four artifacts, with the diameter ranging from 44 to 56 mm. The Cambridge shaft is bare but the other three are covered with sennit. In two, the sennit is wound in close transverse turns throughout their length but the largest (L.M.S. coll., 32) has close transverse turns around the upper end of, the shaft and the beautiful multiple lozenge pattern termed inaere for the rest in the same technique used on house rafters (fig. 18). At different levels, feathers, human hair, and coir holders from which the feathers have fallen out were introduced in rows and fixed by the transverse turns of sennit which pass over and conceal their lower ends. (See figure 240.) Figure 240.—Decoration of shafts (L.M.S., coll.: a,30; b,31; d,32): a, shaft seized with flat sennit 2.5 mm. wide for 45 mm. and bunches of split black feathers seized with single coir fiber caught under turn of shaft seizing; feathers, including occasional tropic bird white tail feathers, directed upward as in figure 239, d; three succeeding rows spaced successively 61, 58, and 69 mm. apart with effect shown (1); lowest feather row (2); 16 mm. below, two tufts of human hair (3) caught under seizing; at lower end whole black feathers in two rows pointing upward and downward with quills together were tied in position over shaft seizing by four turns of sennit (see fig. 241, a). b, cord holders (1) projecting 44 mm. above seizing turn of fine braid in four groups of 5 or 6 holders, succeeded lower down by short single holders (2); seizing braid changes to coarser, 3 mm. wide, which lower down fixes 4 sets of 7 holders (3). c, lower end of b: lower sennit-covered end of shaft covered by turns of doubled thick braid 5 mm. wide, wrapped with human hair of brownish color (1); top end buried under subsequent turns and lower end (2) pushed through under last turn; pedestal (3). d, lower end of shaft with multiple lozenge inaere design (1) worked in fine sennit; upper end (not shown) with sennit seizing supporting coir cord holders in groups of four; four lengths of thick sennit 4 mm. wide were seized together with human hair and looped around upper part of shaft, hair on hanging part had evidently unwound. The upper surfaces of the circular pedestals join the lower end of the shafts at an obtuse angle, and slope outward and slightly downward to reach its upper circumference, the diameter of which is a little less than that of the bottom. The pedestal is divided into ridges by removing wedge-shaped pieces so that the ridges radiate from the shaft center. The ridges are carved into pillars and arches with the same technique as the upper ridges, and the outer page 376surfaces of pillars and arches are carved with the same geometrical motifs as those in the upper section. A transverse bar was usually left about the middle between the ridges, which may be notched with triangles on both edges or with a sunken lozenge. The under surface of the pedestal was hollowed out so that the lower ends of the carved ridges formed legs around the circumference. (See figure 241.) Figure 241.—Pedestal of carved slabs, Mangaia (L.M.S. coll.: a,30; b,31; c,32). a, pedestal concealed by feather ornamentation; height 54 mm., base diameter 72 mm.; divided into 7 radiating ridges, carved into two pillars with intervening arch; outer surface of top pillar (1) with K-motif, top of arch below it with two K's facing each other, and lower pillar concealed by feathers. b, base diameter 85 mm.; nine ridges each with two arches (1, 2) and no intervening pillar; sunken lozenge in inter-ridge spaces on level of upper arches, transverse bar with upper and lower edges notched with three triangles on level between two arches; lower arch free through cutting out part of under surface; sennit wrapped with human hair (3) wound around shaft. c, diameter of shaft (1) 50 mm., diameter of base (2) 100 mm., about 12 ridges each with two pillars (3, 4) and intervening arch (5); sunken lozenge in inter-ridge space on same level as arch; continuous lozenge pattern (inaere) on shaft (6). The Cambridge specimen (1354) has six ridges with two arches each, the lower one free (fig. 241, b). All except one of the lower free arches are broken off. On this slab, there are a number of loops made with fine sennit around the wood between the lozenge-shaped holes and under the adjacent arch. It may be safely assumed that these loops formerly attached feathers in the inter-ridge spaces. The lozenge-shaped holes thus assisted in the fastening of feather decoration, and from this position the feather decoration was less likely to obscure the carving patterns on the arches and pillars. The carving motifs used on pillars and arches were formed on small rectangular surfaces by cutting out small triangular or rhomboidal pieces to leave portions of the original surface in the forms of transverse bars and chevrons. Both bars and chevrons were separated by an intervening space or brought together to form a geometrical figure like the letter K. Owing to the larger area left above the arch, the patterns made on the longer space contained more elements than on the pillars. Sometimes the bar was notched in the middle and sometimes the outline of the K was formed without cutting out the small triangles to define the arms of the K. Another variation occurred when a wide page 377bar was formed into a triangle through trimming the arch to form a mesial edge. The variations and combinations of the bar and chevron with their use on the pillars and arches are shown in figure 242. Figure 242.—Carving motifs and combinations. a, motifs: 1, bar; 2, notched bar; 3, chevron; 4, bar and chevron; 5, K; 6, unnotched K; 7, trimmed bar and chevron. b, combinations on pillars: 1, K; 2, K and bar; 3, K and notched bar; 4, unnotched K and notched bar; 5, paired K's; 6, paired K's repeated. c, combinations on arches: 1, chevron; 2, paired chevrons; 3, bar-chevron and bar; 4, notched bar, chevron, and notched bar; 5, K and bar; 6, paired K's; 7, pair trimmed bar and chevron. When bar and chevron are separated by a space they are treated as two distinct elements but when point of chevron touches bar, they are treated as a compound (bar-chevron). When point of chevron fuses with bar, it becomes a true K. Distinction between the three forms is due to size of two notches between bar and chevron. Mesial line running from middle of any K or chevron is formed by an edge, due to cutting out intervening material in a downward and outward direction on either side of mesial line. In trimmed bar (c,7) triangular form of bar is due to trimming arch into a mesial edge beyond carving pattern. It is seen from the carving technique of pillars, arches, and geometrical motifs that there is nothing to suggest any derivation from a human figure or to justify the "degradation" that some writers have applied to this form of design. The Oldman carved slab (54, vol. 47, pl. 4, no. 432) resembles the four just discussed in having an upper section divided into vertical ridges with arches and lozenge-shaped perforations between the ridges, a rounded staff, and an expanded circular pedestal. It differs in that the arches are connected without intervening columns. Each wide surface has three ridges, and the sides have one each. The ridges are carved to form alternate wide and narrow arches, eight of each in each ridge. The inter-ridge perforations are on the same levels as the wide and narrow arches (pl. 14, I) page 378 The wide and narrow arches are complementary to each other in the carving pattern. The wide arch is carved with the bar and the chevron motifs and the narrow arch with the notched bar. The notched bar is formed by notching the upward projection of the pillar between the lower end of the wide arch and the upper end of the narrow arch, but the notch is continued downward to perforate the narrow arch into two longitudinal divisions which resemble legs. At first sight, the carving appears distinct from that of the preceding four slabs but a careful analysis shows that the difference is merely one of degree. (See figure 243.) Figure 243.—Carved slab (Oldman coll., 432): length 43 inches; upper carved part, height 17.25 inches, top width 7 inches, thickness 4 inches; eight ridges, three front and back, one at each side; brown hard wood. a, upper end: upper edge broken in places; three carved ridges (1) on one surface and one carved ridge (2, 2) at each side; lozenge-shaped perforations between ridges. b, part of one front ridge (1), side ridge (2), and lozenge perforations (3); ridges carved into main pillars (4, 4) with arch (5, 5) showing chevron flange (6, 6) at upper part, supported below by secondary pillar (7, 7) which with secondary arch (8, 8) is grooved in middle line, order of carving motifs from front being plain bar (4), chevron (6), arch (5), notched bar (7), and grooved arch 8). Pillars and arches with accompanying carving motifs are repeated throughout length of each ridge eight times. c, lower end of carved portion: showing end of three front ridges (1) and two side ridges (2) bounded by a transverse band (3) with sunken lozenges; below band, single arches (4) correspond to line of upper ridges; wood is curved in to form a shoulder (5) which meets rounded shaft (6). d, pedestal flared out with a number of carved ridges which are broken, details not discernible from photograph. The upper end of the upper section is broken in parts and the exact finish is not clear. The lower end is narrowed laterally and thickened antero-posteriorly into a rounder section. Its upper boundary is formed by a narrow band carved with sunken lozenges resembling the technique on the pedestal of one of the other slabs (fig. 241, b). The middle staff part is smooth and circular in section, but it was probably ornamented originally like the three slabs in the British Museum. The lower circular pedestal is much broken and it appears as if a row of arches had been broken off. (See figure 243, d and plate 14, I.) For comparison of Mangaian and Mitiaro gods, see p. 467. page 379 Images in Human Form Although Gill states that Motoro was "a rude representation of the human form, carved in ironwood" and conveys the impression that the other district gods carved by Rori had a similar form, there is no support from the objects available for study. The three district gods in the British Museum and the similar object in the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, show no trace of the human form. It may be that Gill was so obsessed with the idea that the geometrical motifs on these objects represented human figures that he used the term "human form" somewhat loosely. It is true that the spiked god (figs. 233-235) has definite human figures, but the figure cannot be definitely attributed to Mangaia. The Oldman figure (fig. 243) does have motifs on the arches which may be regarded as conventional human forms, but by no stretch of imagination can we accept the whole figure as representing a human form. What seems to have been a definite human form was the stone symbol of Rongo, which Gill (33, p. 267) describes as follows: A long block of stone, rudely shaped like a man, was also regarded as an inferior representation of this Polynesian Mars. Many years ago, when the people embraced Christianity, this huge stone idol was utterly defaced, and the fragments form part of the stonework of the church at the principal village. Gill (33, p. 331) further states: A block of stone, shaped like a man, and covered with cloth and coarse sacrifice-nets, was set up at his marae O-Rongo for the convenience of worship and sacrifice; where also stood a smaller image named Little Rongo, or "Rongo-of-the-red-tongue." Human sacrifices, after being offered on the inland marae of 'Akaoro, were carried in a coarse sennit net to the shore marae of Orongo where they were offered to Rongo. The body was then thrown into the bushes at the back of the marae and the net was cast over the statue of Rongo where it was left to decay. Rongo was thus represented by two stone images on the marae of Orongo and by a shell trumpet in the national god house. What the images were like we can never know. With the exception of these two sporadic stone images, Mangaia has followed the principle adopted by Atiu, Mitiaro, and probably Mauke in repsenting their gods by carved stands decorated with sennit, feathers, and human hair. Ceremonial Adzes Adzes lashed with the Mangaian triple triangle pattern (fig. 110) to shafts of various forms, carved with the K-motif are widely distributed through the museums of the world. Though often labeled "Hervey Islands" or even "Austral Islands", they are peculiar to the one island of Mangaia. A general page 380impression prevails that they were used in religious ritual connected with the making of peace, hence they have been popularly termed "peace axes." The only authoritative statement concerning the religious significance of such adzes is given by Gill (31, p. 224): The stone adzes were secured to their wooden hafts by means of fine sinnet, itself esteemed divine. It was fabled that the peculiar way in which the natives of Mangaia fasten their axes was originally taught them by the gods. A famous god, named Tanemataariki, i.e., Tane-of-the-royal-face, was considered to be enshrined in a sacred triple axe, which symbolized the three priestly families on the island, without whose aid the gods could not be acceptably worshipped. Tane-of-the-royal-face was one of the very few much-respected gods not surrendered to the missionaries, but hidden in caves. All trace of this interesting relic of heathen antiquity is now lost. The shape of a god-adze differed at the back from those used by artisans in being rounded underneath. If by triple adz it is meant that three adz heads were attached to one shaft, the technical problem of lashing must have been interesting. The god-adzes, as Gill terms them, evidently had the median ridge at the back rounded off thus making the adz thin and unsuitable for working wood. Several such adz heads are known. If they were all "god-adzes" there must have been a number of single adzes in use. The number of adzes with carved shafts now preserved seems to be out of all proportion to the needs of the limited population of Mangaia. Dodge (21) describes 25 adzes with carved shafts in the Peabody Museum, Salem; and Giglioli (27) describes 33 in his private collection. The reasons for this large number is due to their unique appearance, which aroused the interest of collectors. The Mangaian craftsmen satisfied this demand by carving wooden hafts and mounting old adz heads upon them. Hence the supply continued although the original functions of the adzes ceased after the acceptance of Christianity. On my last visit to Mangaia in 1929, Taniera Tangitoru was the sole survivor of a succession of craftsmen who had for a century made carved adzes for the foreign markets. In the early part of the foreign production period the craftsmen no doubt adhered to stone age technique in the forms of the hafts, carving patterns, lashing design, and types of adz heads used, albeit they employed steel tools on the woodwork. In the course of time, however, craftsmen without the careful training of their immediate forbears were influenced more and more by the desire to please their foreign buyers. With steel tools, changes in the shape of the hafts were readily produced, and new carving motifs were introduced to create a greater appeal to the limited market. As the production of artifacts was merely a side issue, the details of carving finish and lashing technique received less attention. The later products have cruder carving, and the lashings indicate clearly that the unique Mangaian form of the triple-triangle design had been forgotten. As the supply of adz heads appropriate to the carved hafts fell short, any available adz head was used. page 381Thus, adz heads are now scarce in Mangaia, as compared with the neighboring islands. The two daughters of Taniera Tangitoru sent him adz heads from Rarotonga to fit to the Mangaian hafts that he made. On occasion Tangitoru was so hard pressed for original stone adz heads that he shaped pieces of rock with a grindstone to complete his adzes, but the old triangular pattern involved so much work that the stone was ground down like an ax with a bevel from front and back. It is evident that a large number of the Mangaian carved hafts in collections were not made to function in the native culture and that form and carving were affected by influences foreign to that culture. Though interesting in that they show the changes since European contact, later artifacts have confused the determination of the original Mangaian forms. A careful inquiry is needed to determine what adzes in museums date back to the period immediately following missionary contact in 1823. Lacking sufficient information, an analysis will be made of the material now available. From their material form the carved adzes may be broadly classified into three main classes according to the form and carving of their shafts. Class 1 consists of adzes with shafts that could be manipulated with one hand. Professor Giglioli (27), from information supplied by European and native residents in the Cook Islands, gave the names of such adzes as toki tamaki (war adzes), toki kaika'a (weapon adzes), and toki a rore. In the last name, rore is a misspelling for Rori. He was a skilled carver, and the form of Mangaian carving is attributed to him. In the name toki-a-Rori (adz-of-Rori) we have an acknowledgment that Rori began the application of the carving technique to the shafts of adzes that could be used by hand. Giglioli (27) states that such adzes were used as weapons and as the insignia of chiefs. Gill (31, p. 224) states that "some of their adzes were intended for dispatching their foes", and he relates that in the battle of Araeva (31, p. 69) a great stone adz was upraised to slay a man named Eke. The use of adzes as weapons is thus supported and the terms toki tamaki and toki kaika'a are descriptive of this particular function. The term toki-a-Rori brings out the fact that the shaft was carved. That such adzes should be used as property by chiefs, conforms to Polynesian custom. The highly carved hafts of Maori jade adzes were also used as weapons and property. A number of adzes with usable carved shafts have been preserved. Those I have seen appear to have been carved with metal tools, but they no doubt represent an old form. The shaft and foot resemble those of working adzes (fig. 111), the only difference being the complete carving of the shaft which is consequently somewhat thicker. The shaft is divided into narrow panels by transverse grooves or deeply cut lines which encircle the shaft. The panels are carved with combinations of the bar and chevron motifs resembling the K-figures on the carved slabs representing district gods. In the district gods, however, the carving surfaces on the pillars page 382and arches are short and admit of only one or two K-motifs, whereas the longer panels on the adz shafts allow repetition of the carving motifs. In one specimen the orthodox division into panels was not used and a continuous lozenge pattern took the place of the K-pattern (fig. 244, c). This may be regarded as a post-missionary development. The shafts are generally round in section, but some of the more modern specimens may have four or more longitudinal surfaces. These adzes have no religious significance. (See figure 244.) Figure 244.—Carved hafts, class 1. a, K figures in repeated pairs, horizontal to long axis of panels (Wesleyan Univ., Middletown, Conn., 374). b, shaft trimmed to eight longitudinal surfaces of equal width, but notched transversely into panels; double K figure on each surface, vertical to long axis of panel (Auckland Mus., N. Z.). c, round shaft without panels and with continuous lozenge pattern covering whole surface (Otago University Mus., N. Z., D.093). Class 2 includes shafts which are enlarged forms of class 1. They could not be used, and were never intended to be used, with one hand. In cross-section the shafts range from round to square, and their length usually exceeds greatly that of the working adzes. Some are massive and very long. One in the Cambridge University Museum, figured by Sayce (58, frontispiece), is 6 feet 3 inches long. The diameter of the shaft is practically uniform throughout except at the lower end where the transverse panels project slightly. In some shafts, small, square-cut projections or legs were formed on the lower end and the outer surfaces of these were carved. Transverse narrow panels were formed on the whole length of the shafts, and the dividing grooves were sometimes fairly deep and wide, resembling the deep grooves between the ridges page 383in the carved slabs representing gods. In shafts with a rectangular cross-section, the grooves were disconnected at the four corners, which were undercut to allow communication between neighboring grooves on the same level. In some shafts, longitudinal grooves made the carved panels vertical instead of horizontal. The carvings on the panels were variations of the K-motif, as in class 1. The foot and the lashing design were also similar to those of class 1. Two examples of class 2 were figured by Williams (81, p. 225), which shows that the form is old. I believe that the religious symbols were made in this form. (See figure 245.) Figure 245.—Ceremonial adzes, class 2. a, octagonal shaft with double K-motif on each surface, side edge of each surface on middle of K-stem (1): expanded base with two upper serrated edges (2) followed by continuous lozenge pattern (3) and terminal legs with single K-motif (4) (Rome Mus. Preist., 1073). b, total length, 1,718 mm. (67.5 inches); shaft octagonal, 66 mm. in diameter; transverse panels separated by deep grooves; carved with fused K-motif (1): longitudinal slit (2) on shaft; expanded base (3) with three carved bands; feet with single K-motif (4); base diameter, 103 mm.; base height, 95 mm. (Fuller coll., 261). c, long square shaft with deep transverse grooves between carved panels with fused K-motif (1); grooves do not reach side edges formed by narrow notched strip; just above base expansion, one panel is grooved longitudinally into four divisions carved with double K (2); expanded base divided into two bands by deep groove and bands carved (3); legs also carved (4) (Fuller coll., lot 654). page 384 Figure 246.—Ceremonial adzes, class 3, with pedestals, vary in height; b is 17 inches high, g38 inches high. a, round shaft (1) completely carved with continuous lozenge pattern; round pedestal (2) with upper edge carved in rectangular projections with horizontal double K-motif (3); perforated with square holes surrounded by horizontal and vertical panels of horizontal double K-motif (4); rest of pedestal carved with horizontal rows of fused K's repeated (5): leg knobs with horizontal double K (6) (Auckland Mus., N.Z., 14486). b, round shaft with continuous lozenge pattern (1); round pedestal (2) with upper notched band carved with horizontal double K (3); upper wider (4) and lower (5) bands carved with continuous lozenge pattern like shaft; rest of pedestal divided into vertical panels alternately carved with horizontal double K (6) in horizontal rows and with small excised triangles (7) arranged in rows of three in three vertical subdivisions in each panel; leg knobs carved with horizontal double K (8) and some with excised triangles (9) (St. Augustine's College, Canter-bury ). c, round shaft with continuous lozenge pattern (1); round pedestal (2) with upper notched border with single pairs of horizontal K's (3), followed by two horizontal rows, horizontal K's fused into geometrical pattern (4); also bottom band (5) with two rows similar to upper band (4); between bands (4, 5) pedestal is cut with wide vertical grooves forming narrow vertical panels carved with single pairs of horizontal K's (6); leg knobs with single pairs of horizontal K's (7) but stem of lower K usually left out (Otago University Mus., N.Z., D.36, 761). d, round shaft with continuous lozenge pattern (1); round pedestal (2) carved to form narrow vertical and oblique panels; upper border (3) carved with two horizontal rows of horizontal K's fused into geometrical pattern (4), similar double row on lower border (5) and single row on narrow oblique (6) and horizontal (7) panels; vertical panels (8) carved with repeating horizontal fused K (9); leg knobs with middle fused K (10) (Otago University Mus., D.36, 797). e, round shaft with continuous lozenge pattern (1) but lower part with vertical rows of triangles (2) in fives with bases down; pedestal (3) quadrangular with eight square perforations on each surface; upper edge of pedestal notched with rectangular knobs carved in horizontal double K (4); except for areas around holes, body carved with horizontal rows of upright fused K (5) with limbs of opposing K's not meeting; rectangular space around each hole carved with vertical rows of triangles with apices cut off by adjoining bases, part above hole with bases upward (6) and part below with bases below (7); leg knobs with horizontal double K (8) with stem of lower K not plain (Auckland Mus., 1299). f, octagonal shaft (1) with each vertical surface divided into three parts by horizontal lines, each division carved alternately with continuous lozenge pattern or vertical rows of excised small triangles, also upper part of neck carved with triangles: rectangular pedestal (2) with five rows of three rectangular perforations; upper border of pedestal carved with single horizontal row of fused K (3) bounded below by single row of excised triangles on side (4); wide upper band of continuous lozenge pattern (5) and also lower band (6); four intermediate horizontal bands between sets of holes carved with three rows of fused K-motif (3); small rectangular panels between holes on same row carved with close rows of triangles (7); leg knobs with horizontal double K (8) (Otago University Mus., D.29, 1356). g, octagonal shaft with continuous lozenge pattern (1) continued down to first band (3) on square, pedestal (2) and lower band (4); pedestal with five horizontal slits forming four narrow panels with single row of vertical fused K's (5); lower part with six vertical slits running into lowest horizontal slit and forming five short vertical panels with free upper end and carved with single row of horizontal fused K's (6); leg knobs with middle fused K carved horizontally (7) Peabody Mus., Salem, E.22, 453). h, Giglioli's peace adz or toki mahia: octagonal shaft (1) with each surface carved in vertical lines of small incised triangles: rectangular pedestal (2) with upper projecting band (3) with upper border (4) notched into rectangular projections on sides and carved with two triangles (5), body with horizontal rows of triangles as shown and lower border (6) notched similarly to upper border (4, 5); lower projections band (7) treated similarly to upper band (3) but some of lower projections not notched on sides; intermediate part (8) divided into three sections, upper one carved in vertical rows of small triangles and lowest section (9) carved with horizontal rows of larger triangles; narrow plain part (10) below lower band (Rome Mus., Preist., 1492). page 385 Class 3 may be termed pedestal adzes, because the haft has an enlarged pedestal forming the lowest section. Giglioli (27) gives the following names for the various parts: head [foot], poro; column [shaft], ma'a; base [pedestal], uma. The foot is similar in shape to those in classes 1 and 2. The shafts are usually round or elliptical, but some are shaped to form four or more longitudinal surfaces defined by distinct edges. The shaft flares out from the con-page 386stricted neck of the foot and continues downward with a gradually increasing diameter until it meets the pedestal at a distinct shoulder, which is due to the greater diameter of the pedestal. The lashing is the same as that in the other two classes and in working adzes. (See figure 109.) The pedestal may follow the general cross-section of the shaft, but it is usually quadrangular and thus contrasts with the general rounded form of the shaft. The most characteristic feature of the pedestal is the presence of rectangular holes, which divide the surfaces into smaller horizontal and vertical panels. The panels in turn, may be subdivided by deeply incised horizontal or vertical lines into panels carved with the K-motif. As in adzes of class 2, the lower end of the pedestal is cut with square notches to form short projecting legs, which are also carved with the K-motif. The narrow panels on the pedestals are carved with the bar and chevron motif, as are the corresponding panels in classes 1 and 2; but a new motif in the form of rows of incised triangles is sometimes introduced. The surface of the thick shafts is not divided by grooves, clefts, or holes; and, on this uninterrupted field, the geometrical motifs are combined to form a pattern of continuous lozenges that could not be developed on the narrow panels of classes 1 and 2. Rows of triangles are sometimes used on the shafts as well as on the pedestals. With the use of steel tools and with the probable weakening of craft conservatism as regards form, the stimulus of trade led to great variety in the pedestal forms. I have not yet seen an example of this class that dates back to the period of early missionary contact. It is significant that though Williams (81, pp. 224, 225) speaks of "the exquisite carving of the handles of their stone axes", the two examples that he figures belong to class 2. It seems reasonable to suppose that if the more spectacular pedestal forms had been available in his time, he would have figured one of them. I believe that the long pedestal form with the carving motifs of lines of triangles and continuous lozenges has been developed in the post-missionary period and that it never had religious significance. Some of the common forms are shown in figure 246. Giglioli's Classification Giglioli (27), from his study of his collection of 33 carved adzes and from correspondence with natives and Europeans in the Cook Islands, classified adzes into five groups which are summarized as follows: 1. Working adzes with uncarved hafts. 2. Adzes with carved shafts that were easy to handle. (This corresponds to my class 1.) 3. Adzes with carved shafts not usable for practical purposes. For the carving he adopts Gill's term of tikitiki tangata and hence terms the adzes toki tikitiki. They are enlarged forms of his class 2 which being carved, have as much right to the term toki page 387 tikitiki (carved adz) as his class 3. He states that they "are considered as funerary monuments connected with the cult of the ancestors." (This curious statement will be dealt with later.) He divides his class 3 into two: a. Typical and complete with shaft divided into three parts of which the lowest is the pedestal (my class 3). b. Those without a pedestal. 4. Adzes with shaft in form of a square pyramid with carvings of triangle motifs (m'o mango; sharks' teeth) and with at least two faces carved with combinations representing different tribes. Giglioli termed them peace adzes named toki mahia. He stated that they were scarce and that he had the only sample in Europe. It was made for him by a Mangaian named Miringa-tangi. I knew Miringa-tangi personally and both his contemporaries, and I regard him as a very unsound authority. He and Taniera Tangitoru carved adz hafts for trade but they had no old patterns to copy. The adz figured by Giglioli (27, p. 8) shows a modern form of my class 3 with poor carving and lashing. I cannot accept this adz as forming a special class (fig. 246, h). The question of peace adzes is discussed on page 395. 5. Sacred adzes. This is a purely hypothetical group based on the statement by Gill (31, p. 224) already quoted concerning the god Tane-mataariki. Giglioli quoted Gill and said that he understood that the three stones were now hafted separately on monumental hafts (toki tikitiki) of different types. He then described the large flat adz heads with notched ridges as being Tane-mataariki of which he had one. One in the British Museum has been described (fig. 84), but the shaft upon which it is mounted is a long shaft (my class 2) and saw marks dispose of the question of the antiquity of the hafting. (For further discussion see page 394.) Development of Geometrical Patterns District gods. The long panels or ridges were vertical and the division into pillars and arches provided small rectangular surfaces on which the bar motif was used to define one end of the surface and the chevron motif to decorate the remaining area (fig. 242, b,1). When space permitted, another bar bounded the other end of the surface (fig. 242, b,2, 3; c,3, 4, 5). When further space or artistic inclination prompted, a second chevron and bar were introduced for symmetrical balance (fig. 242, b,5, 6; c,6, 7). The open side of the second chevron faced the open side of the first chevron. In forming the open side of the chevron, the carving implement was pressed down vertically toward the outer edges to deepen the incisions. In removing the surrounding wood to make the chevron stand out, the implement cut from the mesial longitudinal line in a slanting direction downward and outward on one side to define one limb of the chevron. The process was repeated on the other side. This technique resulted in a longitudinal mesial edge extending from the open angle of the chevron to the middle of the next motif, whether it was a bar or a chevron. Thus, when two chevrons were used, the mesial edge extended between their open angles. The mesial edge was not a carving motif, but because this technical edge comes out as a distinct line in rubbings it has been erroneously regarded as part of the carving design. In the district gods, the bars and chevrons lie in a horizontal direction, owing to the vertical direction of the carved surfaces; and the technical edge extending between the open angles of the chevrons is vertical. page 388 Adz shafts of classes 1 and 2. The panels on these shafts are horizontal and of a similar width to that of the short surfaces on district gods. The bar and chevron motifs, thus lie vertically. The chevrons are produced by exactly the same technique as that used in the district gods. consequently the technical mesial edges which extend between the open angles of adjoining chevrons are horizontal. The carving technique is identical in the two groups, though the panel direction is vertical in one and horizontal in the other. On the adz shafts, however, the bar and chevron motifs are repeated on each panel to cover the longer surface. Figure 247.—Carving patterns on ceremonial adzes. a, double K-motif. b, double K-motif separated by grooves. c, fused K with vertical limbs of back-to-back K's combined in one; showing two panels separated by a fairly wide groove. d, three panels with fused K-motif separated by narrow incised line. e, lozenge pattern obtained by eliminating transverse groove between panels and vertical elements of K-motifs. f, common multiple lozenge pattern in which limbs of K-motif are arranged in line. g, narrow band pattern in which stems of K's are horizontal and limbs do not meet. h, triangular motifs with apex touching base of next triangle. i, triangular motifs in which apices are cut off by succeeding bases. The most developed combination of the bar and chevron motifs possible on the short surfaces on the district gods is the short balanced bar and chevron combination shown in figure 242, b,5; c,6. This pattern was used and repeated on the adz shafts until the length of the panel was filled in. The combination of bar and chevron formed the K-figure, and in the double combination the ends of the arms of the K's may or may not meet on the edges of the panel (fig. 247, a). In some panels, the combination of two K's facing each other is repeated as a distinct pattern. The combinations are separated by a vertical groove between the vertical limbs of the K's, which are back to back (fig. 247, b). The more common technique, however, was to omit the vertical groove and allow one vertical element to serve the two back-to-back K's. In other words, the two vertical limbs of the back-to-back K's are fused into one (fig. 247, c). This combined figure, which may be called "fused K's", is a repeating motif, for it forms the right stem of one pair of K's and the left of page 389another pair. It is the most common motif on the longer panels of the carved hafts. In such panels the design commences on the left with a normal K, which is followed by a series of fused K's and ends on the right with a reversed K. The effect of the oblique arms of the K's meeting at the upper and lower edges of the panel is to enclose a lozenge-shaped space with a horizontal edge extending between the side angles of the lozenge. The pattern set up on one horizontal panel is repeated on the succeeding panels, as shown in figure 247, c. Two panels separated by a wide groove are shown in the figure. In some adz shafts the wide groove is replaced by an incised line which brings the patterns on adjacent panels close together (fig. 247, d). With the close approximation of panels, the small excised triangles between the oblique and vertical elements of the K's of an upper and lower panel practically fuse into larger triangles; and these triangles on either side of the joined vertical elements of the K's form an alternating set of lozenges divided by vertical bars and by horizontal incised lines defining the panels. In the adz shafts of classes 1 and 2, in which the conventional panels were maintained, the pattern in figure 247, d was as far as progressive development could go. With a few exceptions, the pedestals in class 3 were marked off into panels, and the patterns developed on the panels of groups 1 and 2 were, of necessity, followed. On the shafts, however, the carvers departed from the panel technique; and, with the disappearance of horizontal grooves and dividing lines, the tendency toward fusion (fig. 247, d) became complete in the common pattern shown in figure 247, e, f. Here it is evident that the idea of alternating sets of excised lozenges suggested in figure 247, d took definite form. The panel dividing lines which marred the new set of lozenges were eliminated, and for further balance and symmetry the vertical limbs of the K's also were left out; but to retain the alternating effect the two triangles forming the new series of alternating lozenges were excised laterally from a mesial vertical edge. Thus the alternating set of lozenges adopted the technique of the original sets except that the two halves were cut laterally from a vertical mesial edge, whereas in the original lozenges the two halves were cut upward and downward from a mesial horizontal edge. It may be said that the vertical edges are on the site of the vertical elements of the K's which were completely eliminated in the new development. What remained of the fused K-motif were the oblique arms on either side, which fused to form continuous oblique raised lines running in opposite directions and enclosing lozenges. In other words, the original bar motif was abandoned and the normal and reverse chevrons were retained. An introduction to the common multiple lozenge pattern was figured by Stolpe from an adz haft in Neuchatel (fig. 247, e). page 390 A common pattern used on the front surface of the foot of pedestal hafts is shown in figure 247, g, but it is merely another arrangement of the combined bar and chevron motifs in which the ends of opposing chevrons do not meet. The preceding discussion disposes of the various forms and combinations of the bar and chevron motifs. It will be noted that, except for straight grooves which are used to divide panels, the craftsmen made use of excised triangles to separate the bar and chevron motifs used in the patterns. Excised triangles as a distinct motif were used in class 3 on both the pedestal and the column. They were arranged in rows, either vertical or horizontal, with the apex of one triangle touching the middle of the base of the next triangle (fig. 247, h). This arrangement is characteristic of the later. Mangaian work. A variation of the triangle pattern occurs when the apices of the triangles are overlapped by the bases of adjoining triangles, giving a "herring bone" appearance (fig. 247, i). Gill (31, p. 223) termed this technique "the sharks' teeth pattern" (nio mango). The word nio should be written ni'o (tooth) as it has the glottal h, being written niho in other dialects. The square of rectangular holes used only on the pedestals of group 3 are termed ai tuna (eel borings) by Gill (31, p. 223). Giglioli (27) quotes Colonel Gudgeon as stating that they were called rua (hole) and rua matangi (hole of the wind). According to Giglioli, when the holes are on all four sides of the pedestal and on the same level (as they always are), the meaning of ruamatangi is "mouth of the four winds." This is too free a translation. Taniera Tangitoru stated that they were rua tangeo (tabernacles of the god Tangeo). Tangeo is not present in the list of Mangaian gods, and it is difficult to see how an unknown god could be located in objects which were originally associated with the god Tane-mata-ariki. In the district god slabs, a marked feature of the technique is the presence of holes in the spaces between the ridges. I believe that the holes in the pedestals are a carry-over in technique and are rendered easier by the use of steel tools. In the district gods the holes are lozenge shaped, but from their position they do not interfere with the arrangement of the carved surfaces on the ridges. In the pedestals, however, they were made square or rectangular to avoid interference with the plotting out of vertical and horizontal panels as a field for carving. In the district gods the holes functioned in the tying on of feathers, but in the adz pedestals they were purely ornamental. It is evident that the original function of the holes was forgotten and that the later carvers invented new functions, probably to satisfy the questions of foreigners. The fact that they were given two functions and two sets of names indicates that rationalization had taken place. The grooves or clefts in the district gods served to divide the slab surface page 391into ridges. This technique was applied to the adz shafts to form panels, and though they underwent a change of direction from the vertical to the horizontal, their function remained essentially the same. On the wider pedestals the clefts were sometimes vertical. On the adz shafts the clefts sometimes became mere incised lines, and in the continuous lozenge pattern they disappeared altogether. Though the names applied to the holes and clefts in district gods have not been recorded, it is probable that the terms ai tuna (holes) and kavava (clefts) applied by Gill to the carved adzes are a carryover from the terminology of the district gods. Theories of Development A myth widely spread throughout Polynesia asserts that the first human being created was Tiki. In most areas Tiki was a male, but in Mangaian myth Tiki was female. An object carved in human form was termed a tiki. In New Zealand the carved figures erected on the front gable ends of houses and the small neck ornaments made of jade are termed tiki, because they represent the human form. In Tahiti the images used by sorcerers were termed ti'i in distinction to the to'o objects representing gods which were not carved in human form. The term tiki was probably derived originally from the human ancestor Tiki, but the tiki objects are merely conventional products of the art developed in the area. They do not represent Tiki, but the ancestor that the Maori desired to commemorate or the evil spirit that the Tahitian sorcerer wished to enlist in his service. This use of the term tiki applies equally well in Mangaia and the other Cook Islands. In the Cook Islands, the verb to carve is 'akatiki ('aka, causative); and, though it may have originally applied to carving the human form, it came to be used in current speech as applying to any form of ornamental carving. Sometimes the word tiki is reduplicated in the verb, as in 'akatikitiki. Gill (31, p. 223), after referring to the sharks' teeth pattern on Mangaian hafts, stated, "Other figures are each supposed, by a stretch of imagination, to represent a man squatting down (tikitiki tangata)." This statement led Stolpe (64), Giglioli (27), and others to regard the bar and chevron combinations on the Mangaian adz shafts as having developed by progressive degeneration from carvings of the human form. Stolpe, who deserves the greatest credit for pioneering in the detailed study of the ornamental art of savages based on museum carved specimens, spoiled his chain of reasoning by grouping the Hervey (Cook) and Austral Islands together as one art area with an identical development. He noted that the continuous lozenge pattern was used on Raivavae paddles and on Mangaian adzes. By a carefully selected series of examples he was able to demonstrate that certain geometrical patterns on the Raivavae paddles were developed page 392by processes of elimination and fusion from the female human figures which were carved on the flared proximal ends of the paddles. This sequence of forms was convincing, because they were on objects carved by the craftsmen of the same island. Stolpe was able to demonstrate the disappearance of the head, loss of the forearms and lower legs, and the straightening out of the curved upper arms and thighs. Though this process appears definite enough, in the figures illustrated, I am not sure that in Raivavae the continuous lozenge pattern, which is identical with the Mangaian form (fig. 247, f), did not develop from a simple process of arranging the excised triangle technique in symmetrical form. However, Stolpe goes further in attributing a similar course of development to the geometrical patterns on Mangaian adz hafts. Thus, for the continuous lozenge pattern, which occurs on Austral Islands paddles and on Mangaian adz hafts, he holds that what I have described as the technical edge extending between the open angles of two chevrons represents the trunk and that the two arms of opposing chevrons represent upper and lower limbs (64, p. 26). Of the continuous lozenge pattern he says (64, p. 27, fig. 36, c) that "the fusion between arm-curves and leg-curves is so complete that legs and arms are formed by uninterrupted crossed lines enclosing regular chequers within which we can still always recognize the rudiments of the trunk—that is, the elevated sharp ridge, which in the drawing appears merely as a slender line." Read (56, pp. 145-147) independently followed a method similar to Stolpe's to show that the Mangaian geometrical patterns were derived from human figures by a process of "degradation." He used a sequence of 16 drawings (56, pl. 14) from artifacts, of which five were from Tahiti and Huahine, four from the Austral Islands, and seven from Mangaia. The human figures that headed the sequence were from Tahiti and Huahine. The fault of the method used by Stolpe and Read is the fact that the definite human forms had to be imported from Tahiti, Huahine, and the Austral Islands to introduce the sequences because no distinctly human forms could be fitted in from the art of Mangaia itself. Both authors recognized this weakness and relied on the statement of Gill (31, p. 223) that certain patterns on the Mangaian adz hafts "by a stretch of imagination" were supposed to represent the human form in a squatting position (tikitiki tangata). On the evidence of the development from artifacts confined to Mangaia, I do not hesitate to conclude that Gill's informants rationalized the carving as they did the square holes in the pedestals and that they added the qualifying term tangata (man) to tikitiki, the general term for carving. The origin of the tikitiki carving was attributed to Rori. But in the district gods, also attributed to him, we find only the bar and chevron motifs, except in the unique specimen in the Oldman collection (fig. 243). Because the history of the district gods proves them older than page 393any carved adzes, I regard them as providing the fundamental principles of Mangaian carving art, which is based on narrow panels for decoration with the bar, chevron, and K-motifs. This pattern was followed on carved adz hafts paddles, bowls, wooden gongs, a fan handle, and a short club. In all these objects, the origin of the carving is purely geometrical with no trace of derivation from the human form. In the Oldman specimen (fig. 243), there is a departure from the general technique. By trimming the main arches, a rounded curved body is substituted for the flat surfaces of the other orthodox figures; the chevron motif, slightly modified, is retained at one end of the arched body; and this is balanced at the other end by the bisection of a smaller arch longitudinally to give the semblance of legs. This technique gives the appearance of a conventional human body, but I regard it as a development from the more general form shared by four other figures. On the evidence, I believe that Mangaian carving has undergone development from simple geometrical motifs and not "degradation" from the human figure. The term "K pattern" was first used by Read (56, p. 146). Stolpe (64, p. 55) objected to the term on the grounds that it was applicable only when the pattern was mutilated by kavava (clefts or grooves) and ai-tuna (holes). This objection was based on the erroneous theory of "degradation", implying that the continuous lozenge pattern was older and that the simpler forms were due to the continuous lozenges being broken up by the clefts and holes. Stolpe said that it was better to name ornamental types, if possible, after their derivation and significance. He therefore preferred the term "tiki-tiki ornamentation" as being directly indicative of "the essence of the question", which to him was the human figure. The name preferred by Stolpe indicates the essence of the error, for any name based on derivation and significance will carry with it any mistakes made by the author in his interpretation of origin and meaning. Read's term, based on geometrical appearance, avoids such errors. Read (56, p. 142) states that in many theories of the development of forms of primitive instruments and deviations, there are two defects. First, a good deal has to be assumed before the theory will bear criticism; second, the series of progressive stages can be traced equally well from either end, and it is impossible to say from internal evidence whether it is a case of development or degradation. Both defects are present in Read's theory of the degradation of Mangaian carving patterns. It is too much to assume that a composite sequence made up from three different groups of islands indicates what happened in one, Read selected the wrong end of the progressive stages and found degradation instead of development. Function and Symbolism So much has been written about the function and symbolism of the carved adzes that a detailed criticism of all the statements made would require a page 394volume in itself. It is necessary, however, to traverse some of the theories expounded. The adzes of class 1 have been assigned definite functions as war adzes and objects of art that marked social distinction. Shafts of a size convenient to handle were carved with the bar and chevron combinations purely as ornamentation to enhance their value, and they had no hidden religious meaning. The fact that motifs similar to those on the district gods were carved on secular objects shows that the carvings were not sacred in themselves. The use of the objects indicated whether they were religious or secular, and the purely ornamental carving patterns were applied to both without restriction. The large hafts of classes 2 and 3 have led to confused thinking. Haddon (38, p. 80), in discussing a pedestal adz, says "… for some reason or another they have become functionless through increase in the size of the handle, and by reason of the weakness caused by deep carving." What Haddon evidently meant was that these adzes could not be used to cut wood. However, they were made purposely in that form to serve a function other than that of cutting wood. Sayce (58, p. 128) makes a similar error when he writes, "In the Hervey Islands [Mangaia] the stone adz became a god by a gradual transition of associated meaning, and in doing so it developed a handle much too large, too elaborate, and too weak for use." Why should the use of stone adzes be confined to purely economic purposes? When the Mangaian crafts-men made certain adzes as symbols of a god, they mounted them on long elaborate hafts to make them into stationary objects in honor of their deity. The adz continued to function in a form that had developed within the native culture. The supply of basalt was unlimited and the supply of working adzes was not affected. I have discussed elsewhere (76, pp. 132, 133) the view that large adzes were symbols of Tane-mata-ariki, the god of craftsmen, but I could get no information as to the exact part they played in religious ritual. It is probable that master craftsmen kept a carved adz and went through some ritual with this craft symbol, when occasion warranted. In Tahiti, Tane was the god of craftsmen, who put their working adzes "to sleep" in the temple the night before engaging in some important work and "awoke" them the next morning, both processes being accompanied by a set ritual. In an adz incantation from Aitutaki (70, p. 245), reference is made to putting the adz to sleep and awakening it. In a Mangaian chant (76, p. 134), reference is made to Una, grandfather of Rori, and the placing of his adz in the temple. Tei Ara'ata ta'au nu, ta'au toki. In the Ara'ata temple is thy coconut, thy adz. Ite 'ae'aenga i a Tane, Ua 'ui mai nga ta'unga, nga toa e, When timber (Tane) is dressed, Assembled are the expert craftsmen and the warriors, Mai ki a Una e—. And they come to Una—. page 395 In a culture in which working adzes underwent a temple ritual to obtain mana from the god Tane, there is little wonder that one area should have developed an adz symbol for the tutelary deity of craftsmen, Tane-mata-ariki. The type of haft originally used with the religious symbols remains in doubt, but the likely form is that of class 2. In the more elaborate forms of this class, the projecting transverse panels with small legs at the lower end form the prototype of the later pedestal form. Such a pattern could have been suggested by the pedestals of the district gods (fig. 241). Funerary monuments. Stolpe (64, p. 34), supported by Haddon (38, p. 81) and Giglioli (27), held that some of the carved adzes were funerary monuments connected with the "cult of the ancestors." His theory was based entirely on the label of an adz in a museum at Chambery which stated: "… The stone axe itself had belonged to a chief of Tahiti in Cook's time, and it was, after the owner's death, hafted in this manner that it might be preserved by his family as a remembrance. It was afterwards presented to a French officer who chanced to do the family some great service." Stolpe's drawing (64, p. 28, fig. 41) shows part of the carving, consisting of two horizontal panels with repetition of the fused K-motif (fig. 247, c) and an intervening deep rectangle with vertical rows of the repeated triangle motif (fig. 247, h). The carving is Mangaian, and it would be interesting to know why the family of a Tahitian chief of Cook's time was commemorated with a Mangaian adz haft bearing the triangle motif which was probably not used until after missionary contact in 1823. Stolpe goes on to discuss "ancestor worship" of a form that never existed and that could have no bearing on the case. Polynesian families have preserved ancestral objects as heirlooms, but that they constituted funerary monuments associated with ancestor worship is a theory supported by one erroneous label and may be summarily dismissed. Peace axes. The theory that the carved adzes are "peace axes" is evidently post-Gill in origin, for Gill makes no reference to it. As already stated, Giglioli (27) bases his account on one modern adz haft carved by Miringa-tangi and information supplied by that untrustworthy individual through Colonel Gudgeon. The adz termed toki mahia had faces (vaero) of the haft carved with what were said to be the emblems (tohu) of the Ngati-akatauira and Ngati-tane tribes and Giglioli concludes that the adz was hafted to celebrate peace between these two tribes. I have pointed out (76, pp. 132, 133) that in the recorded accounts concerning the declaration of peace, no mention is made of the use of adzes as part of the ceremony. As the conquering tribe only ceased warfare when their opponents were so reduced in number that they could offer no further opposition, the use of a peace adz seems foreign to native psychology. Furthermore, there is no historical record of a war page 396between the Ngati-akatauira and the Ngati-tane tribes that could have given rise to Miringatangi's adz. Tribal emblems. Giglioli (27, p. 2) states that five special patterns of carving were used as tribal emblems. The five tribes using them were Te Manahune, Ngati-tane, Ngati-akatauira, Ngati-ruanuku, and Ngariki. The Ngati-ruanuku is absent from the list of tribes of Mangaia (76, pp. 102, 103), and no mention of it is made by Gill. An analysis of the five carving patterns shows them to be various combinations of lozenges and rows of triangles which I regard as post-missionary in development. On the evidence, the symbolic use of "peace axes" and the development of carving patterns as "tribal emblems" appear to be neo-myths. Genealogical records. Colley March (51) advanced the absurd theory that the carved hafts were genealogical records. Not the slightest evidence could be found in Mangaia itself in support of any material object having been used to record and to demonstrate lineages. The notched genealogical stick of New Zealand and the knotted braid records of the Marquesas are local developments which have no similar material expression in other parts of Polynesia. Unlocalized Religious Objects A number of objects in the London Missionary Society collection are attributed to the Hervey Islands, but no information is given as to the particular islands from which they came. They consist of one wooden and some feather and human-hair objects. They are figured here for record. Wooden Object An object with a middle staff and end blades is catalogued, "Hervey Group, Paddle-shaped idol, L.M.S. 55." The two blades are brought to a sharp edge at their ends and the artifact looks more like a digging or weeding implement than like an "idol" (fig. 248). Figure 248.—Wooden artifact (British Mus., L.M.S., 55). 1, middle staff: length 447 mm.; perfectly round in section with diameter of 35 mm. 2, blade: curved, sharp end edge; length, 156 mm.; greatest width near staff, 105 mm.; thickness, 30 mm. 3, blade: curved sharp end edge, like 2; length 152 mm.; greatest width 152 mm. and thickness 28 mm., chip depressions on blade visible. Feather and Hair Objects The other artifacts consist of some detached feather ornaments, bundles ornamented with feathers and with human hair, and a feather shield. page 397 Five individual objects tied together with a piece of foreign string were evidently odds and ends that were bundled together in the Missionary Museum. Four of them must have formed parts of the decoration of some more complex object, and the fifth, a doubled length of thick sennit covered with tapa and decorated with feathers, is complete in itself. It is bifurcated at one end into legs and its appearance and technique suggest affinity with the Cambridge Museum form of the Mangaian god Tangiia (fig. 232, a). For the individual objects, see figure 249. Figure 249.—four feather objects (British Mus., L.M.S.). a, bunch of eight split black feathers (1), fairly stiff, projecting 154 mm. above lashing (2) of single coir fiber with seizing, 18 mm. long, and thickness at upper edge, 5 mm. b, coir cord holder: 1, three-ply cord, 135 mm. long to feather lashing (5); 2, end of coir fibers of cord (1), unraveled and projecting 172 mm. above lashing; 3, split black feathers, 108 mm. long from lashing; 4, outside layer of short white feathers, 37 mm. long above lashing; 5, lashing of fine oronga thread, extending 10 mm. c, pearl-shell holder: 1, unique pearl-shell holder, 80 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, 6 mm. thick, with half holes on one edge where evidently broken off after drilling holes, lower free part 44 mm. to feather lashing (6); 2, three tropic bird tail feathers and long black feathers (3) tied to holder by separate lashing (4); lower layer of short red feathers (5) tied over other feathers by a separate lower lashing (6). d, double braid holder: 1, sennit doubled at lower end, 13 mm. wide, 11 mm. thick; 2, white tapa wound around sennit, which is separated into two ends (3, 3) above and divided tapa wrapped around each limb, 9 mm. wide; 4, unraveled sennit fibers fluffed out for 195 mm. to form part of decoration; 5, tropic bird tail feathers added to each limb; 6, lashing of feathers and tapa to each limb; 7, lashing of lower end of tapa which includes a few small feathers. There was another coir cord holder similar to b, carrying two red and one white tropic bird tail feathers and a few small red feathers mixed with the white (b, 4). The formation of a neat cylindrical sennit bundle, ornamented with feathers and covered with a lozenge design, is reminiscent of the Atiu technique. The longitudinal folding of thick sennit to form a body is also present in the god Tangiia (fig. 232) attributed to Mangaia. However, the use of red and green parakeet feathers indicates Atiu, because these feathers seem to have been rare in Mangaian work. (See figure 250.) page 398 Figure 250.—Sennit and feather bundle (British Mus., L.M.S., 63). Bundle formed of thick sennit, 9 mm. wide by 5 mm. thick, folded in lengths of 144 mm., with top and bottom turns (1) kept level; inserted in center of upper end is a plume (2) of five feathers, three narrow split black, one wide split black, and one tropic bird white tail feather, with upward projection of 170 mm.; bundle compressed into cylindrical form by close transverse turns (3) of same sennit; split black feathers and tropic bird white tail feathers (4) arranged around upper periphery and fixed by close transverse turns of coir two-ply cord, and below, another layer of feathers attached in same way (5); piece of black tapa (6), 126 mm. deep, wrapped around cylinder to conceal lower ends of feathers; about 18 mm. below upper edge of tapa, red feathers tied in tufts with two-ply oronga thread or single coir fiber, arranged in rows (7) on outer surface of tapa and fixed by spiral turns of single, thick coir fiber, fresh fibers being joined by reef knots; small green feathers alternated in rows with red; feathers cover a depth of 13 mm. but probably reached to top edge of tapa originally; rest of cylinder, 91 mm. in depth, covered with sennit worked in Rarotongan multiple lozenge design (8) in two colors, natural and red stained; some tapa wrapping (9) projects below lozenge design; diameter of completed cylinder at top, 70 mm. and bottom, 60 mm. A cylindrical tapa bundle without an inner core of sennit offers a change of ornamentation in the use of human hair. It is interesting in that it has three spaced lashings with a continuous length of sennit in a technique used on some Mangaian adz shafts and weapons. Short white feathers and a tropic bird tail feather are also used. The absence of red feathers is negative evidence in favor of Mangaia, where red feathers seem to be scarce as compared with their frequent use in Aitutaki and the Atiu group which culturally includes Mauke and Mitiaro. (See figure 251.) page 399 Figure 251.—Tapa and human hair bundle (British Mus., L.M.S., 64): bundle composed of cylindrical folds of white tapa, 235 mm. long, with black frizzy hair (2) enclosed by upper end of tapa and fixed by transverse turns of sennit at top, middle, and bottom; top diameter 38 mm.; middle diameter 58 mm.; bottom diameter 30 mm.; hair length above bundle 240 mm.; a few white feathers and a tropic bird white tail feather are caught under top lashing; in top lashing (3), sennit commencement end is bent upward and a number of turns made over thumb laid vertically against bundle, sennit after last turn at top is passed downward under turns, thumb removed, and turns drawn taut from below upward which covers and fixes commencement end; sennit is pulled downward to remove slack and a complete top lashing; sennit is car ried down to middle lashing (4) where three turns are made from below upward over thumb, sennit passed down under turns, turns tautened from below upward, and slack removed by pulling sennit free end downward as in upper lashing; bottom lashing (5) is made in exactly same way and sennit, after pulled downward to remove slack, is cut off below lashing. The technique is like that used on some adz shafts (fig. 116, a). A unique feather object in the form of a shield with a looped wooden handle at the back was probably used in dances rather than in religious ritual. The use of lengths of thick sennit covered with feathers on one surface and fastened by continuous spiral turns of thread, has affinity with the technique of Atiu. A braid ornament with cross pieces of coir fiber is also characteristic of the Atiu area. The braid lengths are attached to a wooden frame. Short lengths of thick sennit with slanting feathers secured by spiral turns of a thread are used in an ornament in the Aitutaki headdress (fig. 46, b). (See figure 252.) A long cylinder partly covered with feathers is unique in having a feather cap held in position by a feather covered collar. The artifact was originally attributed to Tahiti, but is now labeled, "Sandwich deity adorned with red feathers." It certainly does not belong to Hawaii. The technique is reminiscent of the Cook Islands, and the free use of red feathers indicates Atiu or the neighboring islands as its origin. The cap and collar technique, however, is page 400 Figure 252.—Feather shield (British Mus., L.M.S., 579). a, wooden framework three longitudinal rods (1, 2, 3), 715 mm. long; the two lateral rods (1, 3), 7 and 9 mm. thick and middle rod, 13 mm. thick, all slightly thinner at top; middle rod has handle (4) on back, about 93 mm. long and raised 35 mm. above rod plane; five crossbars about 7 mm. thick but lowest 9 mm. thick, spaced against front of rods, and lashed to them with oronga cord. A piece of dark tapa folded to right dimensions lies on front of crossbars between outside rods and upper and lower bars, b, front: eight lengths of sennit, 10-13 mm. wide, 732 mm. long, covered on outer surface with tropic bird red tail feathers, attached by continuous spiral turns of an oronga thread from above downward, over front surface of frame; lower ends of sennit lengths hang below lowest bar and thread passes between individual lengths to keep lower ends together braid ornament (1) with coir side tufts hangs down free from the top bar. c, back nine lengths of braid similar to those in front but covered with white and with black feathers attached to framework, spiral thread fixing feathers also passing around crossbars as it reaches them; sennit lengths at each side edge are attached to lateral rods; braid length in line with the mesial handle (4) is cut off above handle and another short length is attached below it thus leaving handle clear; lower free ends are also connected by a thread passing between their ends. d, some tropic bird tail feathers. (1) lashed at a slant to separate short lengths of sennit (2) which were lashed to longitudinal lengths as extra ornaments; bunches of small red feathers were attached; to quill end of some tail feathers. e, sennit streamer technique: long free tufts of coir fiber (1) were added on either side to braid fibers (2); streamers 660 mm. long. page 401 unique. The artifact must have been a pleasing sight when the feathers were fresh. (See figure 253.) Figure 253.—Tapa covered cord bundle with feather cap (British Mus., L.M.S., 576). a, cylindrical body (1) of thick two-ply coir cord folded in lengths of 375 mm., covered with white tapa; near upper end (2), sets of 4 red feathers from wings or tail of parakeet bound together with single coir fiber and kept in position with spiral turns of oronga two-ply thread, feathers with tips downward and lowest layer about 130 mm. from upper end; at top end, small red and yellow feathers set close together; cap of feathers (3) used as cover over upper end of cylinder and kept in position by tapa collar (4). b, upper cap (a, 3) formed of thin white tapa foundation covered with fine net of oronga with closely set small red feathers tied to net meshes and stitched also to tapa foundation; cap folded over upper end of cylinder and tied to cylinder by transverse turns (5) of fine oronga cord about 1 mm. thick. c, collar (4) formed of folded tapa to about 5 mm. wide, with alternate rows of small red and yellow feathers fixed to outer surface of collar by two-ply oronga thread in continuous spiral turns; collar fitted over cord lashing (b, 5).
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The Saigon Opera House in Ho Chi Minh is an elegant colonial building at the intersection of Le Loi and Dong Khoi Street in District 1, very close to the famous Notre Dame Cathedral and the classic Central Post Office The restored three-storey 800-seat Opera House was built in 1897 and is used for staging not only opera but also a wide range of performing arts including ballet, musical concerts, Vietnamese traditional dance and plays. Performances are advertised around the building and information can be found in the state-operated tourist information centre Saigontravel close by. The exterior has the appearance of polished pearl and makes a great place to photograph – especially at night when bathed in a soft, orange light. The entrance is through a vaulted archway that is kept in immaculate condition; inside, expect swathes of red velvet, classical friezes and hardwood floors. Although the official name of the building is The Municipal Theatre of Ho Chi Minh it is by far more commonly known as the Saigon Opera House and after the restoration work in 1995, the building is just as it was at the turn of the 19th Century.
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OfCounselTN understands the difficulty in finding quality local collections representation for your smaller dockets throughout the state of Tennessee. We also know that you and your clients don't want just anyone representing your collection interests in court. That is why all of our associated attorneys are experienced, licensed, insured, Tennessee Attorneys who have limited their practices to representing creditors throughout Tennessee. Your time is valuable, and you can't be everywhere at once. Let us help. Professional Our attorneys are experienced in civil collections matters, and are familiar with the courts in which they appear. They are as comfortable resolving matters through conversations with consumers as they are protecting your interests at hearing or trial. Efficient We understand that your clients need resolution of their cases in a timely fashion. That is why we focus on returning court results as quickly as possible., usually within two business days. So you and your clients can get back to doing your job. Trustworthy All of our appearing attorneys are licensed in the State of Tennessee and focus their practices on debtor/creditor law. They remain up-to-date on the relevant legal and regulatory issues and are all properly insured, so you can trust you are in good hands. Attorneys at Law The determination of the need for legal services and the choice of a lawyer are extremely important decisions and should not be based solely upon advertisements, certification, specialization or self-proclaimed expertise. Certifications of specialization are available to Tennessee lawyers in all areas of practice relating to or included in the areas of Civil Trial, Criminal Trial, Business Bankruptcy, Consumer Bankruptcy, Creditor's Rights, Medical Malpractice, Legal Malpractice, Accounting Malpractice, Elder Law, Estate Planning and Family Law. Listing of related or included practice areas herein does not constitute or imply representation of certification of specialization. These disclosures are required by the Supreme Court of Tennessee. This web site is designed for general information only. The information presented at this site should not be construed to be formal legal advice nor the formation of a lawyer/client relationship.
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Cordell Projects is the perfect solution for identifying and securing new business within the building and construction industry. Cordell Information can help a variety of businesses that work in or around construction projects. And because we report on projects from early warning right through to construction, you can be sure that you will always have the inside track on where the next construction project is going to be built. BEAT THE COMPETITION Get in early and build relationships with developers, architects and specifiers at early planning stages of construction projects. CONSTANT UPDATES Project information is updated and verified 4 times every weekday by qualified researchers to ensure up to date information on over 100,000 projects. What others say about Cordell Projects "We have won a number of major projects identified through Cordell that might otherwise have been lost to our competitors." Glen Roberts, National Sales Manager at Bondor "Cordell's local research teams in each state keep us on the front foot. We know we can count on Cordell to deliver timely, reliable and accurate information." Boral "I have been using Cordell Connect now for the last two and a half years and I wouldn’t be without it now, I use it every day and as a source of information for anyone in the building and construction industry, I would highly recommend checking it out for yourself." Wayne Hunter, Architectural Sales Representative at Littlehampton Cordell Projects Grow your business with up-to-date Project leads accessible 24/7 Enquire Now CoreLogic Australia is a wholly owned subsidiary of CoreLogic (NYSE: CLGX), which is the largest property data and analytics company in the world. CoreLogic provides property information, analytics and services across Australia, New Zealand and Asia, and recently expanded its service offering through the purchase of project activity and building cost information provider Cordell. With Australia’s most comprehensive property databases, the company’s combined data offering is derived from public, contributory and proprietary sources and includes over 4.4 billion decision points spanning over three decades of collection, providing detailed coverage of property and other encumbrances such as tenancy, location, hazard risk and related performance information. © RP Data Pty Ltd t/a CoreLogic Asia Pacific (ABN 67 087 759 171) 2017. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy General Terms & Conditions Website Terms of Use Data Code of Conduct Disclaimer Privacy Policy General Terms & Conditions Website Terms of Use Data Code of Conduct Disclaimer First Name * Last Name * Company * Phone Number * Email Address State * NSWVICQLDWASAACTTASNT Enquire Now Qualified project leads to build your business Find out more about Cordell Projects Leave your details and we'll reach out to you Find out more Enter your details and we'll contact you BEAT THE COMPETITION Get in early and build relationships with developers, architects and specifiers at early planning stages of construction projects. CONSTANT UPDATES Project information is updated and verified 4 times every weekday by qualified researchers to ensure up to date information on over 100,000 projects. 24/7 AVAILABILITY Cordell Connect is available 24/7 through any web browser. Get access to our database of over 100,000 projects in less than 2 hours. ONLINE, EMAIL, MAIL 24/7 access with Cordell Connect Daily, weekly, fortnightly or monthly emails Weekly reports direct to your door "We have won a number of major projects identified through Cordell that might otherwise have been lost to our competitors." Glen Roberts, National Sales Manager at Bondor "Cordell's local research teams in each state keep us on the front foot. We know we can count on Cordell to deliver timely, reliable and accurate information." Boral "I have been using Cordell Connect now for the last two and a half years and I wouldn’t be without it now, I use it every day and as a source of information for anyone in the building and construction industry, I would highly recommend checking it out for yourself." Wayne Hunter, Architectural Sales Representative at Littlehampton What others say about Cordell Projects Cordell Projects 24/7 AVAILABILITY Cordell Connect is available 24/7 through any web browser. Get access to our database of over 100,000 projects in less than 2 hours.
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When you’re craving tacos, but you know you feel better if you skip the tortilla and/or the cheese, this Paleo-friendly way to get your taco fix is quick and simple when you’ve got prepped ingredients ready to go. This isn’t a recipe: it’s an assemblage of several things I keep on hand, thrown together. If you have all the ingredients ready, this will cook up in about 15 minutes, maybe less. It’s super easy! I’ll walk you through it… I’ve always got cooked diced sweet potato and diced onion on hand in the fridge. (Check out my sweet potato post for tips and a how-to video.) On this happy day, I also had cooked, seasoned, crumbled hamburger in the freezer. I don’t always have it on hand, but when I’m cooking hamburger for a recipe or immediate meal, I try to cook extra. It’s cooked with onions and maybe garlic, and seasoned with a little salt and pepper (not too much, since it’s usually added to other things that may already have salt and heat). Then I divide it into single-serving baggies, and stash those in a gallon baggie in the freezer. The small baggies are quick and easy to thaw, making meals like this much quicker. I rarely cook dishes like this by recipe anymore. But for those who aren’t so comfortable winging it, here’s my guess, per serving: onion – about half a small onion, or a quarter of a large one hamburger – about 4 oz. or 1/2 cup sweet potato – equal to or a little less than the hamburger On this particular day, I added some diced bell pepper, cherry tomatoes, and kale, but those are quite optional. Another no-chop option would be to just stir in some salsa. Then I add a generous sprinkling of homemade taco seasoning (1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon; start small, taste, and add till it suits you), stir it in, and boom! – it’s done! (Here’s my gluten-free, sugar-free taco seasoning mix recipe.) Toppings are optional. If I’d had avocado or guacamole on hand, I would’ve used one of those. But I didn’t, so I topped it with dairy-free “sour cream” (coconut milk yogurt with a splash of lemon juice stirred in). You could use real sour cream, if you do dairy. Yum! Tons of flavor. You won’t miss the taco shells or the cheese at all! 2 Comments Share easygluten-freeMexican Eating Paleo/Whole30 when eating out March 30, 2015 Jana Snyder Eating Paleo/Whole30 when eating out can be a challenge. My husband is getting ready to try the Whole30 thang, and needing some Paleo-friendly lunch options, so this post is especially for him. And as such, it focuses mostly on his tastes. So there may be a lot of other options out there, but this list caters to someone who’s not crazy about chicken or salads. And its scope is also limited to restaurants on the west side of Wichita, KS. But there are a few national chains here, as well as guidelines for any Mexican restaurant, or any burger, so there should be help here, no matter your locale. (Please note: this list may not be 100% Whole30 compliant; I was not able to track down which oil most things are fried in, for example. But it seeks to avoid grains, dairy, sugar, and legumes.) Applebee’s Beef: The Ribeye and NY Strip are the only two steaks that aren’t cooked in soybean oil. Seafood: Garlic Herb Salmon Sides: steamed vegetables; or sweet potato fries?? Burger places, or any place that serves ’em Bunless burger topped with grilled onions and mushrooms. Or grilled onions and jalapenos. Served on spinach? Or get a side of broccoli, cauliflower, or sweet potato, if available. Chili’s Beef: Cajun Ribeye, Guiltless Carne Asada Steak, Flame Grilled Ribeye, or the Classic Sirloin – ask for no savory steak butter as this contains gluten. If you want a burger, the Bacon Burger or the Old time Burger (ask for no bun or onion strings) are good choices. I also like the burger that comes with guacamole and peppers; it’s quite tasty even without the bun! Seafood: Guiltless Grilled Salmon or the Salmon with Garlic & Herbs Fajitas; skip the tortilla, sour cream and cheese. Chipotle Order two sides of steak or carnitas with guacamole, and any salsa you want, except for the one with corn and beans. Depending on how much food you want, you can order extra sides at $2.25 a pop. Note: Occasionally you’ll get a new employee who might put the sides in a sides container. If they do this, ask them if they can put it in a bowl. If they do that, they’ll often realize it’s not actually that much meat and give you more for free. Jason’s Deli Pollo Mexicano, without cheese and sour cream, – add guacamole; try to eat less of the white part of the potato Mighty Wild Salmon Salad, without beans, with Italian dressing (NOT Leo’s fat-free Italian) McAlister’s Deli Your best bet: the grilled chicken salad, hold the croutons (and the cheese, if you’re avoiding dairy). Here’s the nutrition info for the entree-sized grilled chicken salad, as well as the only salad dressings with less than 20 grams of carbs and less than 1000 mg of sodium. Mexican places (go local, not chain) Ask for no chips when you’re seated. (If you order carryout, specify no chips.) Fajitas; skip the tortilla, sour cream and cheese. Order a tostada topped with meat of your choice, guacamole, salsa, lettuce, tomato, and/or onions. Eat everything but the tortilla. Panera The Greek dressing is the only sugar-free dressing, but you can request it on any salad. (I need to do more research into the broth bowls. They’ve changed the menu since my original post.) ———- General guidelines Always ask for NO SEASONING SALT in restaurants. MSG is often added to this, as is sugar. When you see the following adjectives on the menu, ask lots of questions and be prepared to take a pass on foods that don’t meet your standards: Deep fried Crispy Battered Coated Breaded Sauced Meatballs/Meatloaf/Croquettes (probably include breadcrumbs) Sausage Fritter Dumpling ———————————————————————————- Subscribe to my monthly email, and get a free gift… ———————————————————————————- Sources: http://thepaleomama.com/2013/01/the-paleo-mamas-guide-to-dining-out-paleo-style/ http://fentresscrossfit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/FAST-FOOD-OPTIONS.pdf http://theclothesmakethegirl.com/2015/02/26/paleo-tips-eating-restaurants/ https://www.panerabread.com/en-us/menu-categories/salads.html Comment how to make this work, restaurant reviews Share burger placeeating outfast food Quick, easy buffalo chicken quesadillas with avocado June 11, 2014 Jana Snyder image and recipe inspiration from halfhourmeals.com This is one of my go-to recipes when I realize too late in the day that I haven’t planned dinner. (AND it’s one my husband calls restaurant-worthy!) I love it because it’s a few simple things you can throw together and have dinner on the table in 20 minutes or less. Also, there’s very little measuring involved. I pick up some grilled chicken from the grocery store deli, grab an avocado and some appropriate cheese if I don’t already have some at home. Tortillas and hot sauce are usually in my fridge. Butter: always! For the chicken, you can use any already-cooked chicken you have on hand or can easily obtain. Grilled, roasted, whatever! Tear it apart with your hands; this lets you find and dispose of any parts that are overdone and chewy. It also creates a nice, uneven surface for the sauce to cling to. Or you can use already shredded chicken, if that’s what you have on hand. Quick easy buffalo chicken quesadillas two small chicken breasts and one thigh, already cooked 1 T. butter, plus extra for greasing the pan 3-4 T. hot sauce (I like Cholula Chipotle) 1/2 avocado 4 flour tortillas, fajita size (6 to 7″) 4-5 oz. queso fresco or Monterrey Jack, shredded Put the 1 T. butter and the hot sauce in a small skillet over medium-low heat. While it melts, tear the chicken apart and slice the half avocado thinly. Once the butter is melted, stir it around to mix in the hot sauce, then add the chicken to the pan and toss lightly to coat. If you still need to finish your prep, turn the heat under the chicken mixture a little lower. Put a large skillet on another burner, and turn the heat to just-under-medium. Let this heat up while you assemble the quesadilla. Lay one tortilla on a cutting board or edgeless cookie sheet. Sprinkle about one fourth of the cheese on it; top with half of the avocado slices (1/4 of the avocado), then scatter half of the chicken on top of that. Sprinkle over this another fourth of the cheese, and top with a second tortilla. Press it down lightly, and if any chicken bits fall out, tuck them back in. Lightly coat the large skillet with butter — just enough for the size tortilla you’re using. Carefully slide the quesadilla onto the hot skillet, and cook for a few minutes, till the color on the underside is GBD. (Golden brown and delicious!) Turn it over and heat the second side likewise. Remove to a cutting board, and repeat the process for the other half of the ingredients. When both quesadillas are done, slice them into sixths. (A rolling pizza cutter works nicely.) Serve with sour cream (and/or plain yogurt) and salsa on the side. Serves 3 to 4. Here are the nutrition facts, based on 3 servings per recipe, via myfitnesspal.com: Nutrition Facts Servings 3.0 Amount Per Serving Calories 455 % Daily Value * Total Fat 23 g 35 % Saturated Fat 11 g 56 % Monounsaturated Fat 4 g Polyunsaturated Fat 3 g Trans Fat 0 g Cholesterol 89 mg 30 % Sodium 871 mg 36 % Potassium 294 mg 8 % Total Carbohydrate 27 g 9 % Dietary Fiber 19 g 75 % Sugars 0 g Protein 36 g 71 % Based on this recipe from HalfHourMeals. Comment recipes Share avocadochickendinner Grilled pork tenderloin with easy al pastor glaze and mango salsa May 23, 2014 Jana Snyder This sounds fancy-pants, but it was an easy weeknight dinner that I kinda threw together. It started with an extra mango and some cilantro in the fridge, left over from fish tacos a couple days ago. What to do with that? A spicy and/or salty pork dish would be a nice counterpoint, so I picked up a couple pork tenderloins. Mid-afternoon, I trimmed the pork and put both pieces in a baking dish, and slathered one of them with this impromptu glaze: – a good bit (maybe 1/2 cup?) of some bottled “Tacos Al Pastor” sauce I had on hand (Target’s “Archer Farms” brand) – a sprinkle or two of cayenne (if you’re not a spice wimp like me, you might want more) – a scant 1/2 teaspoon of ancho chili – a drizzle of honey (a teaspoon or more, maybe. want it sweet? use more!) (I seasoned the second tenderloin with cumin and a couple other things, to be made into Cuban sandwiches tomorrow night.) So the tenderloins sat in the fridge for a few hours, covered and marinating in their glaze/rub. Forty minutes before dinner time, I took them out and let them sit at room temp for 20 minutes, before grilling till the interior temp was just over 140 F; then a few-minute rest. You could also cook them in the oven; find directions for that here. While the pork was cooking, I chopped up the mango and a small handful of cilantro. Tossed that together with the juice of one lime wedge. Sliced the pork and topped with the mango mixture. (Roasted cauliflower for the side dish.) Verdict? The hubby said, “If I ordered this at a restaurant, I’d be very happy with it.” Wow! Comment recipes Share cilantroeasyglaze How to eat healthi(er) at Jose Pepper’s June 17, 2012 Jana Snyder (Oh, and a restaurant review.) Yes, it is possible to go to a Mexican restaurant and not blow your healthy eating, balanced-carbs plan. Here’s my strategy: 1. Count how many chips you eat. Notice I’m not telling you how many to eat. In the past, I’ve always either decided ahead of time to eat no chips whatsoever (my rare approach), or decided ahead of time to not eat “too many,” but then go ahead and do it anyway (my more common approach). Today, I decided I would just count chips as I ate them. I hadn’t made up my mind what number I was going to stop at, but the mere mindfulness of counting slowed me down considerably. You might try this and see if it helps. YMMV. 2. Skip the white flour and white rice. I love their fish taco, but it’s so packed with flavor, you really don’t need the tortilla. (And picking it up to eat it is REALLY messy!) So I just remove the little taco prop that it comes served in, lay the tortilla out flat, and eat the content off it as if the tortilla were the dish. Neater, cleaner, saved some white carbs and some fat, with no sacrifice in flavor or enjoyment! 3. Get veggies instead of rice and beans. I love this about Jose Pepper’s: that you can even get vegetables as a side is great, but these actually taste good! A mix of broccoli, cauliflower, summer squash and (tiny shreds of) carrots, they’re generously seasoned and cooked just to crisp-tender. 4. And — do I really need to say this? Skip the little ball of cornmeal and honey! That’s nothing but a sugar bomb, and if you never taste it to begin with, you can do a head-fake on yourself and just imagine that it tastes really awful! As to a review of the restaurant itself… The one we frequent is on 13th Street near the Warren Theater in east Wichita. We go there almost every Sunday for lunch, and although they’re always busy, we rarely have to wait long for a table. The staff is always friendly and on top of things. They also have a gluten-free information sheet available on request. Jose Pepper’s website. 2 Comments restaurant reviews Share East Wichitafish tacosgluten-free Places to eat in Kansas City: Mestizo restaurant review May 21, 2012 Jana Snyder We’ve made two visits to Mestizo in the last month. That alone should say something. The first visit was actually mixed, but there was enough good to bring us back. And I’m glad, because the second visit was more positive. This relatively new addition to the KC restaurant scene is located in Leawood at Park Place (a collection of shops, restaurants and condos at 117th and Nall, just north of the AMC Town Center). You’d have to go looking for it. Unless you just happen to be strolling around this chi-chi mecca of high-end consumerism, you wouldn’t happen across it. And if you go in for appetizers, drinks, and a large meal, it’s going to be pretty pricey. But we just went for a light late lunch both times, and so we got out for under $15 per person. Let’s start with the salsa. Our first visit there, we were quite underwhelmed by it. It was okay, but didn’t taste garden-fresh, which is what you’d expect from the expectations set by the menu. It tasted like the bulk of the sauce came from canned tomatoes. But that was April, and maybe they were short on good local tomatoes so they resorted to canned. This time, however — midway through May — the salsa lived up to our original expectations. It had both a sweetness and a pleasant kick (mind you, this comment from me, the spice-wimp), and the sweetness tasted like it came from homegrown t’maters, not from Heinz, or added sugar. A salsa-dipped chip did benefit from a little extra salt added at the table, as the chips are served pretty much saltless. (But I’d much rather have a dish lack salt than be overly salty.) Other than lacking salt, the chips are great. They somehow manage to be both thick and light — perfectly crispy. On our first visit, we ordered guacamole, but none of us (and there were four that time) were impressed. We didn’t even finish it, even though it was fairly small. It had a strange note in it; almost tasted mustardy to me. ($9. Sheesh!) On my first visit, I ordered the “chipotle chicken” — a simple salad topped with glazed, grilled chicken breast and a tamarind vinaigrette. The chicken was a little over cooked but still enjoyable, and the salad dressing was unique, with a bright, citrusy flavor. ($10.) On our first visit, the two guys ordered two different kinds of tacos: one ordered grilled mahi-mahi, and the other, crispy pork belly. On our second visit, my husband, having tasted both the first time, ordered a mixed serving of both. (Two tacos, $9.) The fish tacos, served with avocado slices and mango salsa on top: Pork belly may sound weird, but these were bite-sized chunks of tender pork with a pleasantly crispy exterior. They weren’t strongly smoked, but there was a hint of bacon-y flavor to them. My husband’s assessment of the two: He likes them both, but prefers the pork belly. (“I like El Patron’s fish tacos better by a long shot,” he says.) Both kinds of tacos were served with a side of “drunken beans.” No one liked the beans. My sister’s fiance thought there was an “off” taste to them; I thought they just tasted bland. The star dish, in my opinion, was the pepita-crusted scallops. My sister ordered it on our first visit, and I ordered on our second. (Her serving had three scallops, mine, only two. Perhaps measured by weight?) The scallops were perfectly done, sweet and tender, and served atop a creamy corn picadillo. Dictionary.com says that picadillo is “a traditional Latin American and Spanish dish of ground meat, onions, tomatoes, raisins, olives, and spices,” but this one had grilled corn, small pear tomatoes and bits of jalapeno in a creamy, sauce that tasted of ancho chile to me. The slightly spicy, slightly smoky sauce was a great counterpoint to the sweet scallops, was contrasted nicely with the salty, crispy crust of finely chopped pepitas on top. Nothing to criticize! ($12.) Our one main complaint about Mestizo: the atmosphere is just a little too slick, a little too chic. (It should be noted that both of our visits were mid-afternoon. Perhaps the decor feels more right after dark.) My husband also was a bit put off by the sterile, styled-ness of the plating. In a “Welcome” note at the top of the menu, owner Aaron Sanchez says that the menu was inspired, in part, by family meals “freshly prepared by my mother, Zarela.” And that kind of love for the flavors and the food came through in the dishes we tried, but I wish it would have also come through in the decor. The restaurant shouts STYLE, and feels like a corporate concept, not a homespun gathering place. Mestizo website. Comment restaurant reviews Share 66211fish tacosKansas City Quick chipotle pork tacos April 20, 2012 Jana Snyder This is slightly adapted from Chipotle Pork Tacos by Our Best Bites. It’s a great dish to prep earlier in the day — or the night before — then throw together just before dinner. Even the prep is pretty easy, but once everything’s ready to go in the skillet, it cooks in minutes. The original recipe calls for lime zest, lime juice and brown sugar. But to eliminate the sugar and still keep things tangy and sweet, I substituted orange for the lime. I think it tastes great, and it even got an enthusiastic thumbs up from the hubs, who usually isn’t too fond of citrus in meat dishes. Recipe: Quick Chipotle Pork Tacos Serves 4. 3 boneless pork loin chops, about 3/4 to 1″ thick (about 1 lb.) 1 ½ tsp grated orange zest 1 T. fresh orange juice 1/2 tsp dry oregano 1 – 2 tsp chopped chipotle chiles in adobo sauce 2 garlic cloves, minced ¼ tsp kosher salt — 2 T. olive oil, divided 1 c. thinly sliced onions 4 large whole wheat tortillas (or alternate of your choice) sour cream for topping (optional) chopped red or green onion and chopped cilantro for garnish, optional Zest the orange with a fine grater, so that you get just the orange zest, not the white pith. Combine orange zest and juice, oregano, chipotles, garlic, and salt. Set aside. Trim the excess fat from the pork chops, then slice into strips about 1/2″ wide. Cut the longer strips in half. Toss the pork strips with the orange juice mixture. At this point you can cover the pork and the onions with plastic wrap, and stick them in the fridge until you’re ready to cook. Heat a large skillet over medium heat and add 1 T olive oil. Add onions and sauté for four minutes or until tender. Remove from pan and set aside. Add 1 T of olive oil to pan and add pork strips. Saute for 3-4 minutes or until no longer pink. I like to just leave them on one side until you see white creeping around the edges… …and the first side is nicely browned, them flip them over. Be careful, though; you really don’t want to cook them a total of more than about four minutes, or they get too tough and chewy. It might help to take the pan off the heat while you turn them over, then return to heat for a minute or two to finish the second side. Add pork to onions if you’ll serve from the table. At our house, everything goes back into the skillet, and we serve ourselves from there. Warm tortillas up with the method of your choice, and fill with pork mixture. Top with sour cream and the garnish of your choice. A great side dish or topper: slightly spicy slaw. Comment recipes Share chipotleeasylow carb Low carb or no carb tacos March 24, 2012 Jana Snyder Okay, so the astute observer will recognize that this is just a slight twist on my previous post, Seven-layer dip as salad. Just add seasoned ground beef — or another taco-appropos protein of your choice — and ya got yourself some no carb tacos! You might also like: Make-ahead Tex-Mex salad Homemade taco seasoning Super-easy shredded chicken tacos Comment recipes Share easyhealthylow carb 1 2 Next → Search for: ..................................................................... Hi, I’m Jana – welcome! You want to eat healthier, but it can be a little daunting -- right? I'm here to help! I take the intimidation out of cooking by sharing easy recipes made with healthy ingredients. The more you learn, the more fun you'll have in the kitchen -- and the better you'll feel the rest of the day!
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Please feel free to browse around our web site, however only HCGB Members can post on the forums. If you want to post messages, you will have to register first and then join our club. to get full posting access to the general forum and members-only areas. You won't be able to see what's in this area unless you register on this web site (Click HERE to register) It's FREE!. vBulletin Message You are not logged in or you do not have permission to access this page. This could be due to one of several reasons: You are not logged in. Fill in the form at the bottom of this page and try again. You may not have sufficient privileges to access this page. Are you trying to edit someone else's post, access administrative features or some other privileged system? If you are trying to post, the administrator may have disabled your account, or it may be awaiting activation.
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гостиница CAPETONIAN 4* first Местонахождение: Центр города Адрес: PIER PLACE, HEERENGRACHT, CAPE TOWN 8001, SOUTH AFRICA, Телефон: 27-21-4055670, Факс: 27-21-6918861 Количество комнат: 167 Скидки детям: с 2 по 12 лет. Баров: 2 Обслуживание: c 630 до 1030 Описание: Расположение CITY CENTRE 30 km to the nearest airport: CPT 2 km to the nearest station: CAPETOWN 5 km to the nearest fair site: GOOD HOPE CENTRE Дополнительная информация LOCATION Conveniently situated in the centre of Capetown within walking distance of all shops and offices and close to the new convention centre. The waterfront is a five minute drive away and the hotel has a regular shuttle bus service to and from the waterfront. ROOMS All the rooms are large in size and in good to very good condition as are the bathrooms . They are modern throughout with dark coulours predominately used contrasting the beige coloured walls and dark wood furnishings. All rooms have full up to date services and facilities. The top floors have views of the harbour on one side and of Table Mountain on the other side. RESTAURANT Reknown in the area for its cusines serving a wide variety international menu of local, oriental and meditteranean cuisine. Again, the restaurant has been furnished in a style befitting a good first hotel with carpeted floors and light wood furnishings and many examples of African culture throughout the room such as original arrows and sculptures. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are all served here. EXTERIOR A modern high-rise structure typical of the architecture of central Capetown. LOBBY The lobby area is medium in size with high ceilings and green floors half tiled and half carpeted. It has a light wood reception area and incorporates a gift shop. There is plenty of local flora for decor. GENERAL A very good hotel for its category with a convenient location, large rooms and excellent services throughout. The second floor has a bar/lounge area and a gym. 05/02 PG Заметки *** BEST BUY *** События 09.02.2005 - 09.02.2005: Chinese New Year 13.03.2005 - 13.03.2005: Cape Argus Cycle Tour 25.03.2005 - 25.03.2005: Two Oceans Marathon 25.03.2005 - 28.03.
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Go to: Select a forum General discussions Technical issues History of Online Boxing Boxing discussions Test
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BIGGEST INFLUENCE ON CAREER The Beatles appearance on Ed Sullivan Show in USA. Blew my mind and set me up for a lifetime goal of being a musician
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This page has been created in March 1997 by Attila Narin <attila@narin.com> and was last updated on March 17, 1997.
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“People ask me if the sixty goal record will ever be beaten. I think it will. But there’s only one man who’ll do it. That’s the fella who walks on water. I think he’s about the only one”
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Pay day Lending options in Southaven (MS): Get Your Money Progress In A matter of minutes | SpeedyLoan.net You are here: Home » Top online cash loan critiques » Pay day Lending options in Southaven (MS): Get Your Money Progress In A matter of minutes | SpeedyLoan.net Pay day Lending options in Southaven (MS): Get Your Money Progress In A matter of minutes | SpeedyLoan.net June 14, 2021 No Comments acetylphenylhydrazine9 How to Get a Payday Loan in Summersville, MS “Get cash fast with a quick loan online or in our Southaven, MS shop with a simple and fast loan application.” – Advance America. “We offer a wide variety of cash advances including payday loans, short-term cash advances, direct loans, etc…” – BBB. “orrowers have the option to arrange the repayment terms as they see fit-they may choose a repayment plan that is ideal for them-or we will work with our customers to find the best available loan repayment option for them.” The first step in finding the right payday loan lender in MS is to check your local yellow pages for payday loans. Once there, you should find a few names along with business names. You could also check out the Internet, especially if your friends or family live in SC. With the Internet, you would be able to read all about various payday loan lenders, their service rates and more. It’s a good idea to compare quotes and fees from several different companies before deciding which one to get a payday loan from. Once you’ve decided which lender to get a payday loan from, it’s time to make an appointment to visit the office. In a few minutes you can walk into the office, sign for your documents, and get your money within a matter of hours. Most lenders do not charge for a consultation, although there are a few that do. During your consultation, they will be able to answer any questions you might have about loans. Be sure to let them know if you require a fax machine, since many offices only have one. Payday loans cannot be faxed. If you have any other questions, feel free to ask. If you don’t get a straight answer, you can always call back or go online to see if other people have had success with the company you are considering. Also, if you find that you don’t like the answers you get, you might consider looking somewhere else. There are plenty of companies out there, so you shouldn’t feel like you are the only person who doesn’t know what to expect when getting a payday loan in Southaven MS. Applying for a payday loan is pretty easy. All you have to do is fill out the application and write down the necessary information. The company will run credit checks, and if there are any negative marks on your report they will help you get those removed. You will need personal information, income information, social security number, and a few other pieces of information before the process begins. All applicants should apply for at least two loans. After applying for the loan, you will usually get a call from the company to verify your information. It is important to remember to always give the company this information: your name, address, date of birth, social security number, and others. Don’t forget to ask for the loan amount you are approved for and how much time you will have to pay it back. When the process is completed, you will usually get a confirmation that your loan has been approved. This can be done through email, phone call, or in writing. There are plenty of companies that operate in Southaven MS. Some of them are located near you, while others are far away. To save on your time, it’s probably a good idea to find a company that is within driving distance. You should also make sure that the payday loan shop is licensed and has a good reputation. These are just a few of the tips you should follow in order to get a payday loan. If you do not know where to ask for information about loans, you can ask your friends, family, and co-workers for advice. It’s likely that someone is experiencing a payday loan problem and they will be happy to help. You might also want to check with the Better Business Bureau in order to see if any complaints have been filed against any company. If you don’t hear back from anyone who has used a payday loan service in Southaven MS, you might want to check around online to see if you can find a few different sources for information. Sometimes people will post their experiences on blogs or websites in an effort to help others.
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I already have an Fx account with XM and am happy enough with their service, also a degiro account but they have limited assets on us stocks so its no good to me. The ideal new broker would trade FX, options (i'll trade mostly US & FTSE Stock options) Futures & stocks, anything else is a bonus. Id like to have just the one account so would migrate my fx trading from XM if the right broker came along, but am happy with two accounts if needs be, i don't want to settle for an account that has good option trading but sucks with FX and stocks. Currently am looking at TDAameritrade, Tasty, IG. I wanted to know if you guys would recommend one over another or a different broker entirely, also id like to hear of brokers to avoid and any issues you think are worth mentioning. Also if you guys think its a good idea, i thought of creating a poll, that way anybody looking for brokers can refer to that and see which brokers traders here like/dislike. This, would shorten research time and reduce the number of posts like this. Let me know if this is something you think could help the group and i could create it, or ask the admins to do so submitted by Generic_username45 to EuropeanOptions [link] [comments] Does it matter which broker I use for forex trading and what are some good brokers to use? (UK) New to trading. Been monitoring stocks a forex on tradingview for the past week and feel like forex is the best route to take as a beginner. Have a tradezero account setup but not sure if it's the best for forex. Does it matter what broker you use for trading and why? Any help appreciated submitted by KryRaid to Trading [link] [comments] FXJet - Best Online Forex Trading Platform & Broker UK - FREE Demo Account FXJet is a leading online forex broker and trading platform in the UK. Get a $50k demo account for FREE. Trade with a European regulated broker for complete security. submitted by fxjetuk to u/fxjetuk [link] [comments] UK' FCA warns against phony Swiss Forex broker submitted by alexnes11 to RazorForex [link] [comments] Forex Trading UK- Tax free or not? Does it need to be with a UK broker? Does it need to be a spreadbet? Hi All, I'm looking for advice. I have started making some money doing forex trading. I use IC markets as a broker. I am resident in the UK and forex trading is my second income. I haven't withdrawn anything from my trading account. I am really confused about the "forex is tax free" condition in the UK.... so a few questions and really grateful for some answers! 1: Do I need to be registered with a UK broker in order to fall under the "forex trading is tax free, as long as it's second income" or does IC markets work for me? 2: Does it need to be a spread bet account? only a handful of companies do this, and they give a leverage of 1:30. I need 1:500 as my trading account isn't the word's biggest, tens of thousands gbp. ​ 3: Do I need to file some sort of tax return? ​ I may have more questions as you lovely, learned people give me answers! Thank you submitted by jg019877 to UKPersonalFinance [link] [comments] How to Find Best Forex Broker in UK? How to Find Best Forex Broker in UK? Read more about the Forex Trading in Singapore and Forex Trading UK https://topinvesto.blogspot.com/2019/07/how-to-find-best-forex-broker-in-uk.html ​ https://preview.redd.it/iveuzrg1y0c31.png?width=1180&format=png&auto=webp&s=c93cbabaf8ba3db8cb5705da452d19156cb1456f submitted by topinvesto to u/topinvesto [link] [comments] Broker to trade forex and penny stocks in the UK The title sums it pretty well. Im looking for a good broker platform that works in the uk to trade mainly forex as it what I have the most experience with demo/paper accounts. Im looking into maybe doing some options and penny stocks trades too. I’m looking to start with about £2500. Any advice for a good broker platform and maybe some advice for someone who is going to put in real money into the market for the first time ? And as we at it, what do you guys thing of oculus? It is traded at the moment at less than 10cents per share and has a strong team behind that but a possible down side is it’s link to facebook as it is it’s parent company. submitted by _ZHV_ to wallstreetbets [link] [comments] Best Forex Broker in the UK What Forex broker do you use? Is it good? What brokers should be avoided? Share your experience freely! submitted by cryptocoinsmania to forexbrokersreviews [link] [comments] Check out the best online investment Forex Broker In UK for cryptocurrency by Topinvesto Check out the best online investment Forex Broker In UK for cryptocurrency by Topinvesto and start learning Forex Trading For Beginners. https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-best-online-investment-brokers-for-cryptocurrency/answeTop-Investo ​ https://preview.redd.it/8f4qttdbk9531.jpg?width=556&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=4239d85751ac25dc9409fe57eb79cb37d4dd922b submitted by topinvesto to u/topinvesto [link] [comments] Best Forex Trading in Beginners - Forex Broker in UK Topinvesto is best place to find the best Forex Trading for Beginners. It provides the information about Forex Broker in UK and Forex Trading UK. Check out the more details about Top Forex brokers here: https://visual.ly/community/Infographics/business/best-forex-trading-uk-forex-trading-beginners ​ https://preview.redd.it/xzbedqki6h431.png?width=1648&format=png&auto=webp&s=db17434ada8d3770c896097f6072f330bc216f9e submitted by topinvesto to u/topinvesto [link] [comments] Topinvesto is the Best Forex Broker in UK - Benefits of Forex Broker Topinvesto is the top picks for the best forex broker in UK. We evaluated online brokers for their regulations, trading platforms, customer service, interviews , social trading , broker special offers and much more https://www.topinvesto.com/ ​ https://preview.redd.it/sdm9ul1zna431.jpg?width=671&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=fb7cf0e4523e54492b0d8da2ddd926793778e90c submitted by topinvesto to u/topinvesto [link] [comments] UK Forex Brokers Hey, I was just wondering what the best forex broker is for the UK submitted by mixedtheory to Forex [link] [comments] XM – Forex, Bitcoin & CFDs Broker Regulated By CySEC, ASIC, FCA UK submitted by AlgobitForex to forexhome [link] [comments] Pepperstone Forex, Bitcoin and CFDs ASIC & FCA UK Regulated Broker submitted by AlgobitForex to forexhome [link] [comments] Major Forex Brokers Hike Margins Ahead of UK Brexit Referendum submitted by GridcoinMan to wallstreetbets [link] [comments] SuperHotForex - Online Forex Trading Broker , UK. submitted by ForexTrades to forex_trades [link] [comments] HY Markets Broker Part of the Henyep Group. FSU regulated non dealing desk forex broker from UK submitted by FX_Winner to Forex [link] [comments] Former investment bank FX trader: some thoughts Hi guys, I have been using reddit for years in my personal life (not trading!) and wanted to give something back in an area where i am an expert. I worked at an investment bank for seven years and joined them as a graduate FX trader so have lots of professional experience, by which i mean I was trained and paid by a big institution to trade on their behalf. This is very different to being a full-time home trader, although that is not to discredit those guys, who can accumulate a good amount of experience/wisdom through self learning. When I get time I'm going to write a mid-length posts on each topic for you guys along the lines of how i was trained. I guess there would be 15-20 topics in total so about 50-60 posts. Feel free to comment or ask questions. The first topic is Risk Management and we'll cover it in three parts Part I Why it matters Position sizing Kelly Using stops sensibly Picking a clear level Why it matters The first rule of making money through trading is to ensure you do not lose money. Look at any serious hedge fund’s website and they’ll talk about their first priority being “preservation of investor capital.” You have to keep it before you grow it. Strangely, if you look at retail trading websites, for every one article on risk management there are probably fifty on trade selection. This is completely the wrong way around. The great news is that this stuff is pretty simple and process-driven. Anyone can learn and follow best practices. Seriously, avoiding mistakes is one of the most important things: there's not some holy grail system for finding winning trades, rather a routine and fairly boring set of processes that ensure that you are profitable, despite having plenty of losing trades alongside the winners. Capital and position sizing The first thing you have to know is how much capital you are working with. Let’s say you have $100,000 deposited. This is your maximum trading capital. Your trading capital is not the leveraged amount. It is the amount of money you have deposited and can withdraw or lose. Position sizing is what ensures that a losing streak does not take you out of the market. A rule of thumb is that one should risk no more than 2% of one’s account balance on an individual trade and no more than 8% of one’s account balance on a specific theme. We’ll look at why that’s a rule of thumb later. For now let’s just accept those numbers and look at examples. So we have $100,000 in our account. And we wish to buy EURUSD. We should therefore not be risking more than 2% which $2,000. We look at a technical chart and decide to leave a stop below the monthly low, which is 55 pips below market. We’ll come back to this in a bit. So what should our position size be? We go to the calculator page, select Position Size and enter our details. There are many such calculators online - just google "Pip calculator". ​ https://preview.redd.it/y38zb666e5h51.jpg?width=1200&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=26e4fe569dc5c1f43ce4c746230c49b138691d14 So the appropriate size is a buy position of 363,636 EURUSD. If it reaches our stop level we know we’ll lose precisely $2,000 or 2% of our capital. You should be using this calculator (or something similar) on every single trade so that you know your risk. Now imagine that we have similar bets on EURJPY and EURGBP, which have also broken above moving averages. Clearly this EUR-momentum is a theme. If it works all three bets are likely to pay off. But if it goes wrong we are likely to lose on all three at once. We are going to look at this concept of correlation in more detail later. The total amount of risk in our portfolio - if all of the trades on this EUR-momentum theme were to hit their stops - should not exceed $8,000 or 8% of total capital. This allows us to go big on themes we like without going bust when the theme does not work. As we’ll see later, many traders only win on 40-60% of trades. So you have to accept losing trades will be common and ensure you size trades so they cannot ruin you. Similarly, like poker players, we should risk more on trades we feel confident about and less on trades that seem less compelling. However, this should always be subject to overall position sizing constraints. For example before you put on each trade you might rate the strength of your conviction in the trade and allocate a position size accordingly: ​ https://preview.redd.it/q2ea6rgae5h51.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=4332cb8d0bbbc3d8db972c1f28e8189105393e5b To keep yourself disciplined you should try to ensure that no more than one in twenty trades are graded exceptional and allocated 5% of account balance risk. It really should be a rare moment when all the stars align for you. Notice that the nice thing about dealing in percentages is that it scales. Say you start out with $100,000 but end the year up 50% at $150,000. Now a 1% bet will risk $1,500 rather than $1,000. That makes sense as your capital has grown. It is extremely common for retail accounts to blow-up by making only 4-5 losing trades because they are leveraged at 50:1 and have taken on far too large a position, relative to their account balance. Consider that GBPUSD tends to move 1% each day. If you have an account balance of $10k then it would be crazy to take a position of $500k (50:1 leveraged). A 1% move on $500k is $5k. Two perfectly regular down days in a row — or a single day’s move of 2% — and you will receive a margin call from the broker, have the account closed out, and have lost all your money. Do not let this happen to you. Use position sizing discipline to protect yourself. ​ Kelly Criterion If you’re wondering - why “about 2%” per trade? - that’s a fair question. Why not 0.5% or 10% or any other number? The Kelly Criterion is a formula that was adapted for use in casinos. If you know the odds of winning and the expected pay-off, it tells you how much you should bet in each round. This is harder than it sounds. Let’s say you could bet on a weighted coin flip, where it lands on heads 60% of the time and tails 40% of the time. The payout is $2 per $1 bet. Well, absolutely you should bet. The odds are in your favour. But if you have, say, $100 it is less obvious how much you should bet to avoid ruin. Say you bet $50, the odds that it could land on tails twice in a row are 16%. You could easily be out after the first two flips. Equally, betting $1 is not going to maximise your advantage. The odds are 60/40 in your favour so only betting $1 is likely too conservative. The Kelly Criterion is a formula that produces the long-run optimal bet size, given the odds. Applying the formula to forex trading looks like this: Position size % = Winning trade % - ( (1- Winning trade %) / Risk-reward ratio If you have recorded hundreds of trades in your journal - see next chapter - you can calculate what this outputs for you specifically. If you don't have hundreds of trades then let’s assume some realistic defaults of Winning trade % being 30% and Risk-reward ratio being 3. The 3 implies your TP is 3x the distance of your stop from entry e.g. 300 pips take profit and 100 pips stop loss. So that’s 0.3 - (1 - 0.3) / 3 = 6.6%. Hold on a second. 6.6% of your account probably feels like a LOT to risk per trade.This is the main observation people have on Kelly: whilst it may optimise the long-run results it doesn’t take into account the pain of drawdowns. It is better thought of as the rational maximum limit. You needn’t go right up to the limit! With a 30% winning trade ratio, the odds of you losing on four trades in a row is nearly one in four. That would result in a drawdown of nearly a quarter of your starting account balance. Could you really stomach that and put on the fifth trade, cool as ice? Most of us could not. Accordingly people tend to reduce the bet size. For example, let’s say you know you would feel emotionally affected by losing 25% of your account. Well, the simplest way is to divide the Kelly output by four. You have effectively hidden 75% of your account balance from Kelly and it is now optimised to avoid a total wipeout of just the 25% it can see. This gives 6.6% / 4 = 1.65%. Of course different trading approaches and different risk appetites will provide different optimal bet sizes but as a rule of thumb something between 1-2% is appropriate for the style and risk appetite of most retail traders. Incidentally be very wary of systems or traders who claim high winning trade % like 80%. Invariably these don’t pass a basic sense-check: How many live trades have you done? Often they’ll have done only a handful of real trades and the rest are simulated backtests, which are overfitted. The model will soon die. What is your risk-reward ratio on each trade? If you have a take profit $3 away and a stop loss $100 away, of course most trades will be winners. You will not be making money, however! In general most traders should trade smaller position sizes and less frequently than they do. If you are going to bias one way or the other, far better to start off too small. How to use stop losses sensibly Stop losses have a bad reputation amongst the retail community but are absolutely essential to risk management. No serious discretionary trader can operate without them. A stop loss is a resting order, left with the broker, to automatically close your position if it reaches a certain price. For a recap on the various order types visit this chapter. The valid concern with stop losses is that disreputable brokers look for a concentration of stops and then, when the market is close, whipsaw the price through the stop levels so that the clients ‘stop out’ and sell to the broker at a low rate before the market naturally comes back higher. This is referred to as ‘stop hunting’. This would be extremely immoral behaviour and the way to guard against it is to use a highly reputable top-tier broker in a well regulated region such as the UK. Why are stop losses so important? Well, there is no other way to manage risk with certainty. You should always have a pre-determined stop loss before you put on a trade. Not having one is a recipe for disaster: you will find yourself emotionally attached to the trade as it goes against you and it will be extremely hard to cut the loss. This is a well known behavioural bias that we’ll explore in a later chapter. Learning to take a loss and move on rationally is a key lesson for new traders. A common mistake is to think of the market as a personal nemesis. The market, of course, is totally impersonal; it doesn’t care whether you make money or not. Bruce Kovner, founder of the hedge fund Caxton Associates There is an old saying amongst bank traders which is “losers average losers”. It is tempting, having bought EURUSD and seeing it go lower, to buy more. Your average price will improve if you keep buying as it goes lower. If it was cheap before it must be a bargain now, right? Wrong. Where does that end? Always have a pre-determined cut-off point which limits your risk. A level where you know the reason for the trade was proved ‘wrong’ ... and stick to it strictly. If you trade using discretion, use stops. Picking a clear level Where you leave your stop loss is key. Typically traders will leave them at big technical levels such as recent highs or lows. For example if EURUSD is trading at 1.1250 and the recent month’s low is 1.1205 then leaving it just below at 1.1200 seems sensible. ​ If you were going long, just below the double bottom support zone seems like a sensible area to leave a stop You want to give it a bit of breathing room as we know support zones often get challenged before the price rallies. This is because lots of traders identify the same zones. You won’t be the only one selling around 1.1200. The “weak hands” who leave their sell stop order at exactly the level are likely to get taken out as the market tests the support. Those who leave it ten or fifteen pips below the level have more breathing room and will survive a quick test of the level before a resumed run-up. Your timeframe and trading style clearly play a part. Here’s a candlestick chart (one candle is one day) for GBPUSD. ​ https://preview.redd.it/moyngdy4f5h51.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=91af88da00dd3a09e202880d8029b0ddf04fb802 If you are putting on a trend-following trade you expect to hold for weeks then you need to have a stop loss that can withstand the daily noise. Look at the downtrend on the chart. There were plenty of days in which the price rallied 60 pips or more during the wider downtrend. So having a really tight stop of, say, 25 pips that gets chopped up in noisy short-term moves is not going to work for this kind of trade. You need to use a wider stop and take a smaller position size, determined by the stop level. There are several tools you can use to help you estimate what is a safe distance and we’ll look at those in the next section. There are of course exceptions. For example, if you are doing range-break style trading you might have a really tight stop, set just below the previous range high. ​ https://preview.redd.it/ygy0tko7f5h51.png?width=1200&format=png&auto=webp&s=34af49da61c911befdc0db26af66f6c313556c81 Clearly then where you set stops will depend on your trading style as well as your holding horizons and the volatility of each instrument. Here are some guidelines that can help: Use technical analysis to pick important levels (support, resistance, previous high/lows, moving averages etc.) as these provide clear exit and entry points on a trade. Ensure that the stop gives your trade enough room to breathe and reflects your timeframe and typical volatility of each pair. See next section. Always pick your stop level first. Then use a calculator to determine the appropriate lot size for the position, based on the % of your account balance you wish to risk on the trade. So far we have talked about price-based stops. There is another sort which is more of a fundamental stop, used alongside - not instead of - price stops. If either breaks you’re out. For example if you stop understanding why a product is going up or down and your fundamental thesis has been confirmed wrong, get out. For example, if you are long because you think the central bank is turning hawkish and AUDUSD is going to play catch up with rates … then you hear dovish noises from the central bank and the bond yields retrace lower and back in line with the currency - close your AUDUSD position. You already know your thesis was wrong. No need to give away more money to the market. Coming up in part II EDIT: part II here Letting stops breathe When to change a stop Entering and exiting winning positions Risk:reward ratios Risk-adjusted returns Coming up in part III Squeezes and other risks Market positioning Bet correlation Crap trades, timeouts and monthly limits ​ *** Disclaimer:This content is not investment advice and you should not place any reliance on it. The views expressed are the author's own and should not be attributed to any other person, including their employer. submitted by getmrmarket to Forex [link] [comments] Interactive Brokers: Brexit account migration = insurance drops from 500k USD to 20k EUR Is anyone else concerned about this? They are migrating from UK to Hungary, Ireland or Luxembourg: https://ibkr.info/node/3515 Main reason I used IB was safety/regulation. After this migration we lose FSCS & SIPC protection, compensation will be the same as e.g. DeGiro or Trading 212 (20k EUR), for me there is no point to stay on IB any longer as I much prefer Trading 212's modern platform. What are your thoughts? In 2018 IBKR established Interactive Brokers Luxembourg SARL (“IBLUX”) which received regulatory authorization in November 2019. In addition, we are in the process of creating two additional brokers based in the European Union: Interactive Brokers Ireland Limited (“IBIE”) and Interactive Brokers Central Europe Befektetési ZRt (“IBCE”). We expect the majority of the clients based in Western Europe will be migrated to IBIE, those in Central and Eastern Europe to IBCE and a select group of clients to IBLUX. Currently, provided they meet eligibility requirements, IBUK clients may be protected in relation to investment services under the UK Financial Services Compensation Scheme (“UK FSCS”) at an amount of up to £50,000. As IBUK clients are carried by our US broker, IBL, the securities segment of their account may be eligible for insurance by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) at an amount of up to USD 500,000. Under the EU Brokers IBLUX, IBIE and IBCE eligible claimants may be entitled to claim compensation up to a maximum of EUR 20,000. Later update - currently for IBUK, the protection amount depends on what you are trading with: If you trade with forex, CFDs, non-US stock index options or futures, you are protected by the FSCS, up to £85,000. If you trade with stocks, bonds, funds or US stock index options, you are protected by the US investor protection, i.e. $500,000, with a cash limit of $250,000. As a side note, in their article they state £50,000 FSCS protection, but that's just outdated. It's been increased to £85,000 since April 2019 - fscs.org.uk/media/press/2019/aphigher-protection-limits. submitted by _amc_ to eupersonalfinance [link] [comments] Regulated forex brokers in the UK can be beneficial for a variety of reasons.Not only have many of the top forex brokers been in the business for a very long time, but the majority are also regulated by the prestigious Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), one of the world’s most reputable regulators.. This instills a great deal of trust and professional experience. The ForexBrokers.com annual forex broker review (four years running) is the most cited in the industry. With over 50,000 words of research across the site, we spend hundreds of hours testing forex brokers each year. How we test. Trading forex (currencies) in the United Kingdom (UK) is popular among residents. When reviewing UK forex brokers, we also consider country-specific aspects, such as: Regulation – A quality UK forex broker will be authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority or an equivalent European regulatory body. If a broker is not licensed correctly, they don’t make it on to our list of the best UK forex brokers. The best forex broker in the UK is Pepperstone based on their low fees including spreads from 0.0 pips, £2.29 commissions (£4.59 round turn) which can be further reduced through the active trader program, choice of MetaTrader 4, MetaTrader 5 or cTrader forex trading platform and award-winning customer service. Pepperstone has local offices in ... FxPro: Founded in 2006, London-based FXPro is an online broker offering forex trading along with CFD's. MetaTrader 4 and cTrader trading platforms are available. IG Markets: Founded in 1974 as a ... [index] [1067] [905] [4416] [792] [529] [3513] [4247] [1329] [4167] [2569] How To Flip Your FOREX ACCOUNT in 2020 Forex UK http://www.learncurrencytradingonline.com If you want to learn how to trade forex for consistent profits this is one of the best trading documentaries to wat... Hey Fam, I'm a UK Forex Trader. In this video I share how to Flip your FOREX TRADING ACCOUNT IN 24 HOURS TRADING FOREX. If you have a small forex account wat... When choosing the best Forex broker, you need to know what you're looking for first. But then once you know, getting a bonus on top aint bad either. I've got... Here is a complete beginner guide on how to start trading forex. Learn what forex is, what we trade & how to make money trading forex. Broker I personally us... The best forex brokers in United Kingdom that accept British traders. IQ Option – https://www.fxbeginner.net/go/iqoption Olymp Trade – https://www.fxbeginner...
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Low Cost Diflucan Buy Online - Trusted Diflucan Pharmacy USA, United Kingdom, Canada &amp; whole world. 100 Mg Diflucan Capsules Buy Country: Europe, AT, Austria HoweUDoin - I Crave My Yonanas Creations Every Night!! This is the best investment I have ever made! The treats I make taste better than ice cream and I don't have to feel guilty about eating it because it is all fruit (with the exception of some recipes). If anyone has problems with the product look at the trouble shooting guide in the back of the instruction book because it is probably covered. If it isn't, then exchange the machine for a new one. It is so worth the money :) Enjoy!! dieselgeek - Dry Dry Dry I don't know how but this stuff works. I have been applying it Sunday nights before bed and it keeps me dry all week. I have used prescription products before with a lot of pain and itching and they didn't work that well. This product is pain free and works so well. I swear by this product. Eric Radman - Same wine, different bottle Quicken has always been a top notch product and Quicken Premier 2011 is no exception. Many people complain about Intuit's requirement to upgrade Quicken every 3 years since the company sunsets older versions of the product every April by disabling financial site downloads. (Quicken's discontinuation policy is at ) However, I find the minimal cost of upgrading to be well worth the value downloading quotes, stock prices, and cost basis information from the various financial sites. Quicken Premier 2011 feels identical to the 2008 version. It's easy to navigate if you are familiar with prior releases. Many of the same features, look & feel, and functionality are identical. Given that Intuit is putting most of their energy into "cloud based computing" (i.e. Mint and other web-based products), don't expect to see much, if any, additional functionality in the 2011 version. Quicken basically changed the look & feel and kept the core product identical. Unless you need to upgrade for download reasons, don't waste your $$$ with the 2011 release. Prior versions will suit you just fine.
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Love the soft gray background. Was this just a depth of field thing, or perhaps something else???? Some kind of, I dunno, photo secret……. Kathy wrote: Ah, Danny: That's lovely. Yeah, it's amazing, isn't it, what causes us to stop and look?! THE AUTHOR REPLIED: I did suspend the leaf by its stem, then set a light bulb very near it. The light grazed the surface of the leaf, making the texture stand out. Behind the leaf I placed a mat board to make the background simple and uncluttered. I used a macro lens, which has a very shallow depth of field, so the mat board is out of focus besides having very little texture to begin with. Such are my photo secrets! Why not the real thing? That question is central to any image maker. That is, if the real thing is available, why settle for a representation of it? A friend of mine says he saw a man walk up to the edge of the Grand Canyon in Arizona, take a photo, and turn back to his car. He told his family not to bother looking because he already had the photograph! This extreme example gets to the point, that it is easy for the imitation to compete with the real, the photo of the leaf with the real leaf. Famously, René Magritte painted a pipe and included the words “This is not a pipe.” (Actually, he wrote in French.) Here I’ve photographed a tattered leaf, lit it with grazing light, with no distracting background. Is this image better than the real thing? If you saw the original, you might think so. The leaf is drab and beat up, trashy. If I succeed as an artist, it is in showing you that there’s something beautiful there.
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Why should we wait four or five months to find out if we won? You do your research, plunk down your cash in August, and then ride the tidal wave of success and failure while working and obsessing to December. And maybe then you find out how you did and hopefully win some cash. Without interest of course. Don’t get me wrong I enjoy season long fantasy football and I take part in the vicious cycle but I don’t like it. I mean if I really and truly didn’t like it then I would stop playing, so I guess it’s not too bad after all. But what if we didn’t have to wait? Daily Fantasy Sports (DFS) takes the best part of the season long game and then improves on the worst parts to give us something that really and truly works. After all that is why DFS football has become so popular and has led to the continual surge in popularity of the NFL. Seasonal fantasy football really is kind of boring at this point. The same could be said for seasonal fantasy leagues in general, at least compared to DFS. After all we have entire websites devoted to it with sections for each sport; including football which is by far the most popular. I mean it only makes sense. Week after week there are articles aplenty about which quarterback, running back, wide receiver, and tight end to select. How could this not be exciting? Each week is its own distinct slate with plenty of opportunity to show off your knowledge. In seasonal fantasy leagues though those articles taunt you. Based on the limitations of your roster you simply don’t have the ability to roster the majority of those players. Instead you merely have a few options on your roster and then some slop on the waiver wire. With DFS though you can roster anyone you want. That is then followed by immediate gratification at the end of the week as you receive instant feedback as to how good those picks were. DFS football though requires more than strict knowledge of the player pool though. There is a substantial amount of game theory involved and there are some intricacies involved in picking the correct quarterback, running back, wide receiver, and tight end. But fear not as there is plenty of information and empirical evidence available to take you through all of that. Having an opinion is one of the best things about being a sports fan. Playing DFS allows you to put those opinions where your money is while, hopefully, turning a profit. If you are out there turning a profit that means others are not so you want to make sure that you aren’t just throwing your money away. When that happens you ultimately are not playing DFS for long and it is no longer enjoyable. Above we went through examples of selecting players at each position and the strategy behind it and that is the beginning of game theory. Just as important as selecting the players is choosing the correct contests. Guaranteed prize pool (GPP) tournaments are what generates all of the buzz around the industry. You are playing for what could life changing money against thousands of your closest friends. It isn’t as simple as just knowing how to identify the best players you also have figure out stacks (multiple players from the same high scoring team such as pairing a quarterback with a wide receiver) and being contrarian (looking for a low ownership option to establish diversification among your competition). The safer way to go is a 50-50 contest where all you have to do is beat half the field to double your money. Either way you need to come up with a plan and stick with. At the end of the day you want to be able to put your knowledge of the players on full display while having fun watching the games. Most importantly though, it’s all about cashing that big check.
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The reason for this series is to show everyone how easy it can be to make your own food and not resort to convenience foods. It is more work and I am not going to deny that. I want to educate people on what they are putting into their bodies and try to convince them that there can certainly be a better way. I am taking popular convenience food items and showing you how to make them yourselves with real ingredients. I hope you enjoy the video. Recipe and franken-ingredient details below! Also for the record from looking online sources said they bought it for about $2.75 By following my recipe each portion only costs $2.95. Not bad if I say so myself.. Creamy Basil Tortellini with Chicken 1 lb ‘taco meat’ cut chicken 1 tsp each kosher salt, garlic powder, black pepper (for chicken) 2 cups snap peas, trimmed 1 yellow pepper, sliced 1 carrot, sliced 1 package tortellini 1 tablespoon butter 1 tablespoon flour 1 to 1 1/2 cups whole milk dash of hot sauce 1 tablespoon fresh chopped garlic, pre cooked 1 tsp each kosher salt, black pepper, garlic powder, onion powder (for sauce) about 1 tablespoon fresh basil Instructions on how to cook are in the video but I will do a run down here. Boil tortellini until they float, drain and set aside Steam peas, peppers, carrot until tender either on the stove in a steamer tray or in the microwave Saute chicken with seasonings in just a little bit of olive oil until fully cooked For the sauce melt butter and add flour and stir until there are not any flour lumps. Add milk, but not all at once! Add milk and stir until it becomes thick and keep adding milk slowly and mixing until it becomes a thick Alfredo consistency. Add seasonings and mix well. Combine all the ingredients into the pan with the chicken and enjoy! Above is my version of the Lean Cuisine dish ^^ This is a picture of the original dish made by Lean Cuisine..Which would you rather eat? (Photo provided by http://www.thefoodhussy.com) Here are all the ingredients in the Lean Cuisine version of this dish SKIM MILK, LOW FAT ASIAGO CHEESE TORTELLINI (ENRICHED EXTRA FANCY DURUM FLOUR AND SEMOLINA [DURUM WHEAT FLOUR, SEMOLINA, NIACIN, IRON {FERROUS SULFATE}, THIAMIN MONONITRATE, RIBOFLAVIN, FOLIC ACID], WATER, FAT FREE RICOTTA CHEESE [PASTEURIZED WHEY, PASTEURIZED SKIM MILK, VINEGAR, XANTHAN GUM, VITAMIN A PALMITATE], WHOLE EGGS, ASIAGO CHEESE [PASTEURIZED MILK, CHEESE CULTURES, SALT, ENZYMES], BREAD CRUMBS [WHEAT FLOUR], SKIM MILK WITH VITAMIN A ADDED, PARMESAN CHEESE [PASTEURIZED PART SKIM MILK, CHEESE CULTURES, SALT, ENZYMES], ROMANO CHEESE MADE FROM COW’S MILK [PASTEURIZED MILK, CHEESE CULTURES, SALT, ENZYMES], COOKED ONIONS, LOW MOISTURE PART SKIM MOZZARELLA CHEESE [PASTEURIZED MILK, CHEESE CULTURES, SALT, ENZYMES], BUTTER [CREAM, SALT], BROWN SUGAR [SUGAR, CANE SYRUPS], WHITE DISTILLED VINEGAR [WHITE DISTILLED VINEGAR, WATER], ROASTED GARLIC, COOKED GARLIC, SPICES, SALT, MODIFIED CORNSTARCH, BETA CAROTENE), COOKED WHITE MEAT CHICKEN (WHITE MEAT CHICKEN, WATER, MODIFIED TAPIOCA STARCH, CHICKEN FLAVOR [DRIED CHICKEN BROTH, CHICKEN POWDER, NATURAL FLAVOR], CARRAGEENAN, WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE, SOYBEAN OIL, CORN SYRUP SOLIDS, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, SALT), ITALIAN GREEN BEANS, WATER, YELLOW CARROTS, RED PEPPERS, 2% OR LESS OF CREAM, MODIFIED CORNSTARCH, PARMESAN CHEESE PASTE (GRANULAR AND PARMESAN CHEESE [PASTEURIZED MILK, CHEESE CULTURES, SALT, ENZYMES], WATER, SALT, LACTIC ACID, CITRIC ACID), BASIL, GARLIC PUREE, POTATO STARCH, SEA SALT, BUTTER (CREAM, SALT), DRIED CREAM EXTRACT, YEAST EXTRACT, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, SPICE, XANTHAN GUM, LACTIC ACID, CALCIUM LACTATE, SEASONING (WHEAT STARCH, EXTRACTS OF ANNATTO AND TURMERIC COLOR, NATURAL FLAVOR). Holy cow! Here are some details about some of these ingredients.. MODIFIED CORNSTARCH – There are probably more than 100 different types of starches available for use as food ingredients, and all have been tweaked in some way through various chemical or physical reactions, to make them more useful. Starches are used for thickening—pudding, gravies, etc. (hooray for chemicals in our food!) Resource – http://whatisthatingredient.com/ingredient.php?id=29 YEAST EXTRACT – Yeast extract has replaced monosodium glutamate, or MSG, as a taste-booster in most processed foods because it appears to be a natural ingredient on food labels. However, yeast extract contains the same concentrated free glutamic acid as MSG. The increasing use of yeast extracts in foods ranging from soups and sauces to meats and canned fish is due to its distinctive taste, resulting from the peptides and amino acids formed by autolysis of yeast protein. Resource -http://www.livestrong.com/article/345981-foods-that-contain-yeast-extract/ POTASSIUM CHLORIDE – You should not use potassium chloride if you have kidney failure, Addison’s disease, severe burns or other tissue injury, if you are dehydrated, if you take certain diuretics (water pills), or if you have high levels of potassium in your blood (hyperkalemia). Do not crush, chew, break, or suck on an extended-release tablet or capsule. Swallow the pill whole. Breaking or crushing the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time. Sucking on a potassium tablet can irritate your mouth or throat. Take potassium chloride with food or just after a meal. I dont know about you but I dont want drug facts for my food ingredients! Resource – http://www.drugs.com/potassium_chloride.html XANTHAN GUM – It is produced by fermentation of glucose, sucrose, or lactose by the Xanthomonas campestris bacterium. After a fermentation period, the polysaccharide is precipitated from a growth medium with isopropyl alcohol, dried, and ground into a fine powder. Later, it is added to a liquid medium to form the gum. Oh Hello sugar sugar and sugar! Resource – http://whatisthatingredient.com/ EXTRACTS OF ANNATTO – Is made from achiote tree. It is mostly used to color cheeses orange (like cheddar). In its pure form it tastes lightly sweet and peppery. Some people say that it tastes similar to nutmeg. Annatto is one of the top 10 food allergens in America. Although this is a natural item, why do we need to add color to our food?!
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Japanese researchers monitoring the activity of giant jellyfish in Chinese waters are warning of a potentially historic and catastrophic invasion this year. Marine surveys conducted in late June have revealed alarming numbers of Nomura's jellyfish -- massive creatures that grow up to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) in diameter and weigh as much as to 220 kilograms (about 450 lbs) -- lurking in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The researchers warn that ocean currents may bring swarms of the monster jellies to Japan, which has been plagued by similar invasions in recent years. Nomura's jellyfish, 2007 (Photo: Sankei) Based on what they have seen so far, the researchers warn this year's onslaught of Nomura's jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai, or Echizen kurage in Japanese) could deliver a massive blow to Japan's fishing industry, rivaling even the devastating 2005 deluge that caused tens of billions of yen (hundreds of millions of dollars) in damage nationwide. The surveys are being conducted by a team led by Shinichi Ue, a professor of biological oceanography at Hiroshima University who also chairs a government research committee tasked with developing technology to predict and control jellyfish explosions. Ue has been monitoring the population density of Nomura's jellyfish in the southern Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea since 2006. Between June 20 and 24, 2009, Ue's team observed numerous specimens with umbrellas measuring 10 to 50 centimeters across, and they calculated an average distribution of 2.14 jellyfish per 100 square meters. This figure is more than 200 times higher than the 0.01 jellyfish per 100 square meters observed in the same region in 2008. It is also nearly triple the 0.77 jellyfish per 100 square meters observed in 2007, when the fishing industry in the Sea of Japan suffered widespread damage. Nomura's jellyfish, 2007 (Photo: Sankei) To make matters worse, this year's swarms appear to be taking a more direct and southerly route to Japan, unlike in 2007 when the jellyfish appeared to take a more northerly route, approaching the Sea of Japan coast from the direction of Korea. According to the researchers, the ocean currents could bring unprecedented numbers of Nomura's jellyfish to Japan's Pacific coast, which typically sees far fewer of the monster blobs than the Sea of Japan coast. Nomura's jellyfish typically bloom in Chinese waters in spring, and they mature into adults as ocean currents slowly carry them north. By July, when the first swarms reach Tsushima (just north of the southern island of Kyushu), many jellyfish are as large as sumo wrestlers. At this size, it only takes about 5 or 10 of them to destroy a commercial fishing net. In addition to damaging nets, the giant jellyfish are blamed for killing other fish with their venom, lowering the quality and quantity of catches, increasing the risk of capsizing trawlers, and stinging fishermen. In 2005, the fishing industry reported over 100,000 cases of jellyfish-related damage nationwide. At the peak of the invasion that year, an estimated 300 to 500 million monster jellyfish passed through the Tsushima Strait into the Sea of Japan each day. [Source: Asahi] 40 Comments Animal Anomaly Jellyfish 40 Comments Ryan 2009.07.02 ::: 16:23 # I've heard about this invasion many times as it has been reported quite extensively, here in the UK. It looks like there is nothing that can be done to arrest the jellyfish, so God only knows what will happen when they 'attack'.. [Reply] mike 2009.07.02 ::: 18:27 # Why don't they just eat them & leave the Dolphins & Whales alone? [Reply] Seth 2009.07.03 ::: 13:11 # Um, they *do* eat them. Kurage is served cold, in a delicious soy-vinegar (maybe other things as well) sauce. Crunchy. I have a feeling that Japan eats much more Kurage than whale (by weight anyway), as you see it on far more menus. [Reply] Katelyn 2010.10.19 ::: 11:38 # I agree Mike [Reply] robot makes music 2009.07.02 ::: 18:29 # Tentacles + Japan FTW! [Reply] lol 2010.10.06 ::: 14:46 # wow lol pervert :P [Reply] Tyrone 2009.07.02 ::: 22:09 # That is one big jellyfish! [Reply] /b/ 2009.07.03 ::: 00:15 # i pee in you're mom :) [Reply] Mark 2009.07.03 ::: 00:29 # Dude, you're (correctly used) weird. [Reply] kusakus 2009.07.03 ::: 00:29 # Learn the difference between your and you're, IDIOT! [Reply] Nerko 2012.05.26 ::: 15:15 # He isn't using it wrong. You're, is short for you are. So, used in the sentence, ”Dude, you are weird.” He is saying it correctly. IDIOT! [Reply] /b/illymays 2009.07.03 ::: 01:33 # jellyfish pee in you're fishing industry [Reply] James Fountain 2009.07.03 ::: 01:56 # The Japanese have recipes for everything. That is a cauldron full of soup, though. [Reply] Nicola 2009.07.03 ::: 02:26 # thats whack! [Reply] Frank Komitsky Jr 2009.07.03 ::: 03:50 # Is this for real or is it a Japanese science fiction movie aka Godzilla? [Reply] Erika 2009.07.03 ::: 13:43 # Nature's answer to over-fishing? [Reply] Craig 2009.07.04 ::: 11:06 # Nature's answer to over-fishing, over-whaling, and over-polluting. Japan once put out a movie called "Godzilla vs. the Smog Monster" where the pollution becomes sentient and turns into an evil, sludge-slinging creature. Well, these jellyfish are the world's smog monster, come home to roost. [Reply] /A/ 2009.07.03 ::: 16:13 # glub. I read in national geographic that some group has been trying to destroy these suckers (er stingers) for years, catching hundreds, cutting them up and tossing the chunks back in the ocean. Trubs wuz, these gummy sumo fish basically spill all their pre-fertilized eggs when they are stressed, so the quantity has quadoopippled... they also think pollution makes these predators more dead. [Reply] JEBAMONI 2009.07.04 ::: 01:14 # JAPANESE KILLED MILLIONS OF DOLPHINS, WHICH ANIMALS ARE VERY INTELLIGENT AND EVEN IN THIRD WORLD, EVEN IF FISHERMEN STARVE WOULD NEVER HURT A DOLPHIN. SO I DO NOT SYMPATHIZE WITHE THE JELLY FISH INVASION. IT IS SAID THAT WHEN THE FISHERMEN'S BOATS WERE CAPSIZED, DOLPHINS SAVE THEM FIGHTING AGAINST THE SHARKS. [Reply] James Profit 2009.07.05 ::: 18:02 # ...and? sure is BAWW in here. [Reply] fish expert 2010.07.17 ::: 05:29 # what a load of complete crap! you really believe dolphins save humans from sharks!?!?!? go back to your free willie, [Reply] Mr Philips 2010.11.26 ::: 21:47 # Actually 'fish expert' there have been well documented cases of dolphins saving humans. Hopefully, they'd leave you to drown in your ignorance. [Reply] Save the Tuna/Whale/Dolphin 2009.07.07 ::: 00:30 # This isn't a problem, it's a result of years of overfishing of those seas....Jellyfish populations rise when their eggs and immature young aren't eaten by fish or other species The Japanese have removed all the fish from the seas surrounding them.....Jellyfish mature and grow without the check of predation QUID PRO QUO for OVERFISHERS [Reply] Meduse 2009.07.14 ::: 23:41 # Amazing pictures! From what I've read, it's really hard to get rid of these beasts because they switch into reproductive mode if they're attacked, squirting out lots of baby jellies. [Reply] Hannah 2012.06.15 ::: 08:53 # LOL Could you imagine if humans did that? [Reply] Tobester 2009.07.15 ::: 04:41 # Kusakus, it is actually "you're" as in the abbrieviated "you are wierd" and not "your weird" which would suggest possesion of a "weird" by Mike. I did actually pee in your Mum (Australian spelling). I say feed the Jap fishermen to the jellyfish. OY! [Reply] andres 2009.08.13 ::: 12:59 # This is their fault for eating the sharks other fish that take control the number of jellyfish. there is nothing wrong about fishing, but catching thousands of sharks to cut their fins for soups and drop the rest of the body is a crime! [Reply] Musing 2009.12.01 ::: 19:06 # I think the shark fin eaters are more CHINESE than Japanese. Btw, Sharks are massacred not really for soup but for the old culture of eating the fin cooked in broth. Try to get your facts right at least before pointing blame at someone. As for whale hunting, Japanese are not the only culprit. Countries such as Norway and Iceland are strong backers of Japan and also guilty of being avid whale hunters. The idea is not just blasting countries and think that will solve all problems, you cannot get a country to stop their culture overnight because of a growing problem. How about US, one of the MAJOR air polluting countries? Churning out massive carbon gases for several decades and now trying to play nice after the world is suffering from greenhouse effect? Should the rest of the world tell united states to cease all manufacturing as they have overexceed their Quota? No right? How do u expect countries to stop whaling immediately? It's all about balancing values, culture and views. What we can do is educate one and another and the next generation and pass on the message wide and far, and hope polticians will stop bickering amongst themselves and do something right for a change [Reply] J-Mac 2010.03.07 ::: 19:29 # Why not try a low electric shock. drop an electric rod into the water by the jellys, give them a small zap and remove them, or a more powerfull shock and make toast. :) [Reply] Juliette 2009.08.26 ::: 08:31 # Will the oceans current take these Jelly Fish to the East Coast of United States. Do they come to the surface of the ocean (like beach areas)? Pretty scary if you are out swimming, will they attach humans?? [Reply] maddy 2009.08.28 ::: 13:04 # wait do jellyfish have eyes wtf and jellys are so coool :p [Reply] PHONYX 2009.12.03 ::: 07:46 # It's not like "overnight"! Most civilized nations quit whaling decades ago. Hopefully the greenhouse gases will delay the next, inevitable ice age! [Reply] Seimor 2009.12.28 ::: 13:28 # It was a nice movie thats for sure :) watched for fre3 on WikiBlast . n e t [Reply] Michelle 2010.01.12 ::: 11:36 # Jellyfish invasions have not only occured in Japan, but also in the Gulf of Mexico and around the world. The invasion of jellyfish is a worldwide problem and not merely a problem for the Japanese. The result of overfishing (around the world) has led to an overpopulation of jellyfish. We cannot just lay blame with one country! [Reply] lol 2010.10.06 ::: 14:48 # well i have to say all this stuff makes me love my clorinated non fish infested pool so much more lovable xD [Reply] Hilarious 2010.10.29 ::: 17:55 # Hilarious. Even though I came across this "jellyfish" blog by accident I know that over fishing has to do with the awesome "jelly invasion" but it is not about lack of fish to eat the things. It's about retarded, no-brained fisherman who catch jellyfish and throw the carcasses back into the ocean. They slaughter them without knowing anything and don't realize that lots of the invading jellyfish produce thousands of offspring per jellyfish as a natural defense adaptation when killed. [Reply] samaarius 2011.02.13 ::: 11:36 # I SURRENDER OH GREAT JELLYFISH OVERLORDS!!!! [Reply] Brett Allen 2011.06.17 ::: 06:55 # Troubled countries should harvest the jelly's for organic composting to produce organic fertilizers, subsequently they would cut down on the amont of industrial fertilizers for crops and nitrate run-off pollutiobn. This coul;d also be done with the Asian jumping Carp invasion in US waterways. [Reply] Dr. Ivan Ghyssaert 2012.03.21 ::: 22:36 # Professor Sin-ichi Uye Faculty of Applied Biological Science Hiroshima University 4-4 Kagamiyama 1 Chome Higashi HIROSHIMA 739-8528 JAPAN Professor Sin-ichi Uye, Yesterday evening I saw a program on television concerning the Nomura Jellyfish causing the Japanese Fishing Industry billions of Yen losses. I might be able to help you in eliminating this modern plague. I realize there are as many as 500 million of these unfreindly creatures invading the Sea of Japan. My approach might at first sight sound strange but given my track record in related fields I strongly suggest yuou take my offer seriously. Since 40 years I am engaged in the field of subtle energies. I have developed about 800 natural remedies made from precious and semi precious stones in the Ayurvedic tradition as well as trace elements made from native minerals and ores. I have been able to treat many of themost difficult ailments. In 1994 I was decorated by the European Union for humanitarian work and received in 1997 the Grand Cross of the Belgian Order of Merit for inventions. So that you may see what I did concerning plants I attach a testimonial from a Garden Center.This shows you that I do not have to be present in a particular place to be able to assess the problem and find a suitable solution. I am sensitive and feel energies. At some time in the past I have been able to remove insects that were investing a wall of a Villa of a customer in Switzerland. I have also developed in the past frequencies to eliminate varoas on bees. However as the work involved was much bigger then the economic result for me saving a few beehives I had to discontinue this activity. Besides making remedies from gems and minerals and a few wild plants I can create most any frequency required and introduce this into water and even work on pictures at a distance. If you would like me to perform some tests on a small scale with the aim to eliminate the Nomura Jellyfish (Echizen jellyfish) please let me have the following data. Scientific name of the various varieties of Jellyfish you want to eliminate. A photograph taken from a few living specimens in each category while they are in an aquarium. I would then proceed to research and find the vibratory frequency of those respective species. Produce the opposite frequency in view to eliminate them. Work with the found frequency on the picture, with in my opinion a very likely solution to eliminate them quickly. Seeing the area is huge and the number of Jellyfish huge it would not be possible as with the plants to spray the area involved but i strongly feel I could handle this project in a different way. After obtaining satisfactory results on a small scale I would then work on arial or satelite pictures covering a larger area of the Sea of Japan if your government wants me to do this. I am currently in Germany where I will be involved in a project producing algae (Chlorella) with a new technology and where my appraoch will increase the production of Biomass as we are interested in transforming the Biomass into Biogas and fuel. I am looking forward to hearing from you by email and if you have photographs you can airmail them to me Dr Ivan U. Ghyssaert Postfach 2722 D-65017 WIESBADEN GERMANY Yours sincerely, Dr Ivan U. Ghyssaert [Reply] DasBigfoot 2012.06.24 ::: 12:54 # Sounds like some recipies would be in order. If man finds a comercial use for them the numbers will readily decline. [Reply] Leave a Reply Click here to cancel reply. Name (required) Mail (will not be published) (required) Website Current ye@r * Leave this field empty Trackbacks/Pingbacks JapanSoc the Alex Mazzucca » Blog Archive » Nomura’s Jellyfish Japan fears massive jellyfish invasion this year | The Gonzo Report SQUISHY! JELLYFISH – Gelatinous Godzillas Could Destroy Japan’s Fishing Industry. « Story Balloon Japan fears massive jellyfish invasion this year – from the fcking MOON. Space Jellyfish attacking? | Pineappleope.com Weird Science Roundup: Invasion of the Jellyfish! | Discoblog | Discover Magazine Celebrity Paycut - Encouraging celebrities all over the world to save us from global warming by taking a paycut. We’re Doomed: Massive jellyfish invasions incoming | Lolicon Images Japan to be invaded by tentacled animals, just another Tuesday | SeriouslyGuys CLEANING OUT THE LINK CAGE: Wiener Accident; Love Buddies Hugo & Mahmoud; and SHE SPIES | ICED BORSCHT & Other Delights Crop Circles - Page 3 Mail mail [@] pinktentacle.com Copyright © Pink Tentacle - Some Rights Reserved (Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 License)
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Tell our Plant Selector what you want & like and we'll search thousands of plant profiles for compatible matches
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Associate Dean One University Place. Widener University - Pride Recreation Center. Join Alumni Network » 24 Alumni. Explore our club sports. 1 talking about this. 1958 – While attending St. Michael’s College School in Toronto, played two seasons for the Hamilton Tiger Cubs of the Ontario Hockey Association. Forgot account? Widener University UPPR CHICHSTR, PA. Widener University. They unite us as we hold ourselves and others accountable to support them through our actions. Recruitment; Alumni; Are you alumni of this team? Perfect Game's Widener University Baseball College Commitments THE WORLD'S LARGEST AND MOST COMPREHENSIVE SCOUTING ORGANIZATION | 1,485 MLB PLAYERS | … Widener University Social Channels Instagram. October 28, 2017 Tickets punched for Week 11 and beyond Monmouth and St. Norbert claimed spots in the MWC title game, while Chapman clinched a return to the playoffs. Horner plans to major in civil engineering. Another plus, Horner mentioned is that one-third of the players on the baseball team are engineering majors. Program Patriot League on ESPN+ On the Radio Bison Nation App Live Stats Composite Schedule Social Media Directory Bucknell University Admissions What it Means to Be a Bison Mission Statement Recruit Contacts NCAA Eligibility Center About Lewisburg Bison Club Website About the Bison Club Make a Gift Ways to Give Bison Athletics Fund for Excellence Compliance … American Division; Widener; Related Pages. The chemistry department at Widener University focuses on high quality undergraduate education. Pat Quinn timeline. Related Pages. The 1978 NCAA Division III Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 1978 NCAA Division III baseball season to determine the third national champion of college baseball at the NCAA Division III level. College & University. Excellence We hold ourselves to the … Widener University College of Arts & Sciences. Recreation Center. 288 likes. Not Now. Widener competes at the NCAA Division III intercollegiate level in the Middle Atlantic Conference. Grab some friends and start your own intramural sports team. The tournament concluded with four teams competing at Pioneer Park in Marietta, Ohio for the championship. Keep up with all your favorite Widener Sports with Widener Football Gear as well as Merchandise and Widener Apparel for baseball… Widener University is a private institution that was founded in 1821. Facebook  Youtube  Twitter  ... with a Pennsylvania Department of Education Certificate in school counseling and a master of education (MEd) in Human Sexuality Studies. "I hope it will become the heart of the University," Eleanor Widener said, "a centre for all the interests that make Harvard a great university." Perfect Game's Widener University Baseball College Commitments THE WORLD'S LARGEST AND MOST COMPREHENSIVE SCOUTING ORGANIZATION | 1,490 MLB PLAYERS | … Whether you’re a Widener student, parent, player, fan, or alumni, you’ll choose from over 500 products in the Widener Store to customize including the newest Widener Pride T-shirts, Sweathsirts, Hoodies, Hats, Trending, Polos, Shorts and more. Four regional tournaments were held to determine the … College & University. Widener University Chemistry Department. Widener Career … 9780101538022 0101538022 Department of HM Customs and Excise Spring Supplementary Estimates ... 9780849207136 0849207134 The Nature of Literary Criticism - A Lecture Given in the University of Manchester on the Ludwig Mond Foundation, Tuesday, Jan. 15, 1935, Oliver Elton 9780838932018 0838932010 Guide to Reference Material - Generalities, the Arts & … 1943 – Born in Hamilton, Ontario. Create New Account. Hier sollte eine Beschreibung angezeigt werden, diese Seite lässt dies jedoch nicht zu. The organization is divided into two main conferences: the MAC Commonwealth and the MAC Freedom.A third conference, named the Middle Atlantic Conference (singular), draws … The chemistry department at Widener University focuses on high quality undergraduate education. Widener University Baseball, Chester, Pennsylvania. Widener Memorial Rooms. More about athletics & recreation. 4 National Championships. The Pride are the #8 seed in the Mideast Region. Welcome to the Widener University Men's Lacrosse scholarship and program details page. NAWCAD Alumni Widener University alumni from the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) Lakehurst gathered together for a photo op … Four regional tournaments were held to determine the … See Program Offerings. 5 Club Sports Teams . The 1977 NCAA Division III Baseball Tournament was played at the end of the 1977 NCAA Division III baseball season to determine the second national champion of college baseball at the NCAA Division III level. Home of the Widener University Baseball Team! Horner said all he could offer the coach at Widener were videos, but it became the player’s selling point. Widener University . Find Us Online: Widener University Humanities Facebook; Humanities Instagram account; Kapelski Learning Center, Room 305. Students pursuing this interdisciplinary program generally plan to work as counselors in elementary schools (K–8), secondary schools (7–12), or community … Widener University is a private university in Chester, Pennsylvania.The university has three other campuses: two in Pennsylvania (Harrisburg and Exton) and one in Wilmington, Delaware.Founded as The Bullock School for Boys in 1821, the school was established in Wilmington, Delaware. www.widenerpride.com www.wubaseballcamps.com Widener University is committed to the core values of respect, integrity, and excellence. … The Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC) is an umbrella organization of three athletic conferences that competes in the NCAA's Division III.The 18 member colleges are in the Mid-Atlantic United States.. Kelly posted a record of 4-6 in 2018. Log In. Play on one of our 5 club teams from ice hockey to rugby and more. Widener’s Humanities Division offers a wide range of majors that explore individual, societal, and cultural perspectives. 610-499-4344; humanities@widener.edu; Contact: Mara E. Parker. or. TV Network. December 14, 2018 Kelly out at Widener The Widener athletic department announced Friday that head football coach Mike Kelly is no longer employed at the university. won by Widener … The official Baseball page for the Cabrini University Cavaliers With 27 athletic teams-including football, men's and women's lacrosse, ice hockey, basketball, soccer, and volleyball-Stevenson has become known as a national leader in NCAA Division III sports, with numerous conference championships and appearances in national championships under its belt. Chemistry department at Widener University Humanities Facebook ; Humanities Instagram account ; Kapelski Learning Center, Room 305 PHILADELPHIA CBS. ; are you Alumni of this team has a total undergraduate enrollment of 3,215, its setting is,. E. 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Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history. He was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica to a relatively modest Italian family from minor nobility. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed the 13 Vendémiaire revolt against the government from royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs—winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing "sister republics" with local support, and becoming a war hero in France. In 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, Napoleon turned his attention to France's colonies. He sold Louisiana to the United States, and he attempted to restore slavery to the French Caribbean colonies. However, while he was successful in restoring slavery in the eastern Caribbean, Napoleon failed in his attempts to subdue Saint-Domingue, and the colony that France once proudly boasted of as the "Pearl of the Antilles" became independent as Haiti in 1804. Napoleon's ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. Intractable differences with the British meant that the French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic triumph over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched his Grande Armée deep into Eastern Europe and annihilated the Russians in June 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high-water mark of the French Empire. In 1809, the Austrians and the British challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram in July. Napoleon then invaded the Iberian Peninsula, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, and declared his brother Joseph Bonaparte the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies against Napoleon. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. The Russians were unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade and routinely violated the Continental System, enticing Napoleon into another war. The French launched a major invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The campaign destroyed Russian cities, but did not yield the decisive victory Napoleon wanted. It resulted in the collapse of the Grande Armée and inspired a renewed push against Napoleon by his enemies. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in the War of the Sixth Coalition against France. A lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, but his tactical victory at the minor Battle of Hanau allowed retreat onto French soil. The Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Tuscany, and the Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition which defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51. Napoleon's influence on the modern world brought liberal reforms to the numerous territories that he conquered and controlled, such as the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe. His Napoleonic Code has influenced the legal systems of more than 70 nations around the world. British historian Andrew Roberts states: "The ideas that underpin our modern world—meritocracy, equality before the law, property rights, religious toleration, modern secular education, sound finances, and so on—were championed, consolidated, codified and geographically extended by Napoleon. To them he added a rational and efficient local administration, an end to rural banditry, the encouragement of science and the arts, the abolition of feudalism and the greatest codification of laws since the fall of the Roman Empire".
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The madman was still that madman. His speaking skills have not changed at all. When he scolded him last time, he had a lot of witty remarks. At most, he was worried about everyone’s unsightly appearance and put things aside. To speak privately. 2021-12-02 17:35:12 2790 View now Premier League preview: Tottenham Hotspur VS Aston Villa,nipples play Mordred glanced at his badge and found that it was a third-rate tabloid specializing in reporting some vulgar content. nipples play "Puff, I just checked this coach named Anthony. He hasn't even played football before! I dare to speak up to Mourinho. I really don't know it. I was surprised." 2021-12-02 17:35:12 7601 View now Austin ushered in the first Texas derby, the recent home record is unbearable,big tit milf For Ramos's goal , the forum has also been discussed. big tit milf "Hahaha, do you think so too? When Lin Hao participated in the budget competition before, there was a screenshot of the emoji package, I am afraid you don't know it." 2021-12-02 17:35:12 8050 View now Abe's official website is suspected of being hacked and the malfunction has lasted for 12 hours,corn hub In this way, Mordred was cooking while listening to the noise in their living room. corn hub Those who know know that they are football players, and those who don't know think they are a group of scientists studying what propositions. 2021-12-02 17:35:12 9175 View now Why did South Korea withdraw from its bid to host the 2023 Asian Cup?,modi sex com Mordred ran back, but there was a Subotic in front of him, and his vision was severely blocked. modi sex com Mordred went downstairs to check out. He looked up when he was about to put the card in his pocket. He happened to see the lady coming down the stairs and greeted her with a smile. There is a handsome guy who is full of muscles-Cristiano Ronaldo. 2021-12-02 17:35:12 8691 View now Tsai Ing-wen declared that the DPP "will not be corrupted in full governance", do you believe it?,misty stone The tenth round of intense excitement finally began. misty stone Especially in the giants like Real Madrid, it is estimated that the media will usher in another carnival. 2021-12-02 17:35:12 3857 View now How to make speech more logical?,xxx usa com The author has something to say: xxx usa com Without those disgusting methods, Real Madrid playing Sporting Gijon is like an adult beating a child. It's a relief. 2021-12-02 17:35:12 6564 View now Page_1 ... 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That's a national derby! As the deputy captain, he will not be there for the next game. He still doesn't know what will happen . Even knowing that the referee may change the decision is very small, but he has to do it.,boloo porn In the end, Mordred's car skills passed . As for the taking of the driver's book, it was handed over to Mendes . Anyway, Mendes would also be handed over to others . He was not guilty anyway.Mordred was lying on the sofa smiling like a sharpie, and the dog next to him gave him a pitying look.。Sure enough, the two sides wrangled with each other for a while, and the whistle blew at halftime.:cori chase,boloo porn,xxxyvideo I don't know if it is good or bad . After being tossed in this way , Mordred , who is still a little unconvinced, swears that he will never be photographed by tabloid reporters in this life , otherwise... even the fucking level. Never pass. It's really not that I broke the watch. I finished writing last night and thought I sent it out, and then... I looked silly today. 4 Yue 29 Ri , Real Madrid and Barcelona in the Clasico at the Bernabeu is about to start. xxxyvideo
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I listen carefully to what God the LORD is saying, for he speaks peace to his people, his faithful ones. But let them not return to their foolish ways—Serve only the LORD your God and fear him alone. Obey his commands, listen to his voice, and cling to him. Long ago God spoke many times and in many ways to our ancestors through the prophets. But now in these final days, he has spoken to us through His Son— Come to me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest…my yoke fits perfectly, and the burden I give you is light. And we are God’s household, if we keep up our courage and remain confident in our hope in Christ. That is why the Holy Spirit says, “Today you must listen to His voice. Don’t harden your hearts against Him as Israel did when they rebelled.” For if we are faithful to the end, trusting God just as firmly as when we first believed, we will share in all that belongs to Christ…there is a special rest still waiting for the people of God. For all who enter into God’s rest will find rest from their labours, just as God rested after creating the world. Ps.85:8NLT; Deut.13:4NLT; Heb.1:1,2NLT; Matt.11:28,30NLT; Heb.3:6-8NLT; Heb.3:14;4:9,10NLT God speaks peace to His people. He offers an easy yoke. He calls us to trust Him in everything and so to find rest for our souls. Do I walk in this rest? Or am I driven by fears and insecurities to grasp for control of as many factors as I can so that I can secure my best life now? These thoughts challenge me as I put myself in Jeremiah’s shoes. I’ve been reading through his book at a snail’s pace lately and I find we have this in common–he too found great delight in God’s Words. But I also see how much he suffered on account of these words! His delight went beyond the comforting lines to a hard obedience. He was called to repeat God’s message when noone wanted to hear it and this mission brought him to death’s door. Chapter thirty-eight of his story finds him sunk in mud at the bottom of a cistern in the middle of a city about to be decimated by war, famine and disease. He knows this judgment to be coming because God has said so. But there is nothing he can do to preserve his own life; he cannot flee the city or surrender to the Babylonians. He must rest his own case with God. I see in him a soul rest I find enviable. Two men walk into the story at this point, demonstrating for us the consequences of trusting or rejecting what God has said, even when we are terrified of what’s going to happen next. Both hear Jeremiah’s message from God: “This is what the LORD says: ‘Everyone who stays in Jerusalem will die from war, famine, or disease, but those who surrender to the Babylonians will live. Their reward will be life. They will live!’ Jer.38:2NLT And both men are terrified at its prospects. But each responds differently and this makes all the difference in what comes next for each of them. King Zedekiah, on the one hand, calls a private meeting with Jeremiah to verify what the Lord has to say about his predicament. He has been appointed king in Jerusalem by the Babylonian king, in exchange for his loyalty. But he is loathe to surrender without a fight. Surely God will not let His beloved Jerusalem be sacked by the wicked Babylonians?! Zedekiah listens carefully to God’s words via Jeremiah: Then Jeremiah said to Zedekiah, “This is what the LORD God of Heaven’s Armies, the God of Israel, says: ‘If you surrender to the Babylonian officers, you and your family will live, and the city will not be burned down. But if you refuse to surrender, you will not escape! This city will be handed over to the Babylonians, and they will burn it to the ground.'” Jer.38:17-18 But his pride and his fear cause him to harden his heart against turning to the LORD and following His counsel. He responds: “But I am afraid to surrender, for the Babylonians may hand me over to the Judeans who have defected to them. And who knows what they will do to me!” Jer.38:19NLT His own fears of ‘what if’ make him deaf to God’s promise of life. He refuses to believe Jeremiah’s reassurance: You won’t be handed over to them if you choose to obey the LORD. Your life will be spared, and all will go well for you. Jer.38:20 NLT Instead, by his own choice, all does NOT go well for him. His life concludes in cruel exile—his eyes gouged out after witnessing the murder of his own sons and nobles. In rejecting God’s Word Zedekiah forfeited the mercies of God extended to him. He trusted in his own stategies for well-being and reaped the results. But among Zedekiah’s frightened palace officials there was a man who refused to act out of fear. When all the rest of the officials were intent on Jeremiah’s death, Ebed-melech stepped forward and pled for his life. He personally saw to Jeremiah’s merciful rescue from the Pit of YUCHHK! Despite his horror at the prospect of Babylon’s onslaught, he honored God’s Word by protecting His servant, risking the king’s wrath being turned on him. And God sent him this personal message: “I will do to this city everything I have threatened. I will send disaster, not prosperity. You will see its destruction, but I will rescue you from those you fear so much. Because you trusted me, I will preserve your life and keep you safe. I, the LORD, have spoken!” I love that! God saw Ebed-melech’s fear. He also saw his brave rescue of Jeremiah. And for his faithfulness God preserved his life when others were slaughtered. He showed Himself to be the only King worth fearing, the King of Kings and Lord of Lords, in whose service we can confidently live all our days, resting our souls with Him. Incidentally, do you know what happened to Jeremiah when Jerusalem was sacked and its occupants carried off into exile? Special orders had been given by the King of Babylon to keep an eye out for Jeremiah and to protect his life. When the Captain of the Gaurd found him chained with the other exiles he let him free and invited him to come along and be well cared for or to stay behind with the poor remnant in Judah, his choice! “The whole land is before you–go wherever you like.” David’s testimony could well have been his: Gracious is the LORD, and righteous; our God is merciful. The LORD preserves the simple; when I was brought low, he saved me. Return, O my soul, to your rest; for the LORD has dealt bountifully with you. Ps.116:5-7ESV Having delighted in God’s word and feared God alone, Jeremiah found rest for his soul in very difficult times. He had learned the lesson of his predecessor: “Do not call conspiracy all that this people calls conspiracy, and do not fear what they fear, nor be in dread. But the LORD of hosts, him you shall honor as holy. Let him be your fear, and let him be your dread. Is. 8:12-13 ESV By God’s grace, I want this to be my testimony, the key to my strength and stability in tough times. May my delight in God’s Word go beyond comfort to obedience even when fears threaten to dissuade me. This is my hope and prayer. For thus said the Lord GOD, the Holy One of Israel, “In returning and rest you shall be saved; in quietness and in trust shall be your strength.” But you were unwilling… Is.30:15 ESV This I know, that God is for me. In God, whose word I praise, in the LORD, whose word I praise, in God I trust; I shall not be afraid. What can man do to me? Ps.56:9-11 –LS You can read this story of Jeremiah and the fall of Jerusalem for yourself in Jeremiah 38,39 & 52 and in II Kings 24,25 and II Chronicles 36. Share this: Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window) Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Related March 8, 2018 Facing fear, Jeremiah Post navigation ← Follow HIS Heart In our holiness let there be JOY → 2 thoughts on “But I’m afraid to surrender!” Meema says: March 9, 2018 at 2:09 pm Recently I stepped out of my comfort zone and broke a silence that I have been committed to for a long long time. In so doing I opened myself up to being misunderstood and/or rejected again. Then I come in here and read your amazing words and I find comfort. I’ve always empathized with Jeremiah. He is also known as the weeping prophet. Being misunderstood, rejected and not heard at all is surely a cause for weeping. At this stage I have actually run out of tears though. Really and truly I find that I might feel the emotion that causes crying, my eyes might even water up a bit, but I am unable to cry. Tears won’t come. I don’t know if it’s hormonal or spiritual but I’ve gotten what might be described as pretty stoic in my old age. Anyway, I appreciate your posts and I add that Jeremiah 33:3 has been a lifelong guideline for me – “Call unto me, and I will answer thee, and show thee great things, and difficult that thou knowest not.” Reply lindaskelton says: March 12, 2018 at 11:37 pm I’ve made Jer.33:2,3 my memory verses for this week. Thank-you. Timely wisdom. Reply Leave a Reply to Meema Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment Name * Email * Website Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. Things I write about… Alzheimer's Christmas Contentment Death Doubt encouragement Facing fear Faith Fear fighting for faith finding rest Forgiven! 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This pool mattress consists of a fabric cover 100% polyester very robust, waterproof and weatherproof. Contains polystyrene beads allowing the mattress to float peacefully in addition to mold perfectly to your body shape . This new generation of pool mattresses will offer a pleasing comfort during the summer. Dare to buy this new product that has already proven itself across Canada. Using the floating mattress pool Available in a wide choice of colors, Pool Bean Bag can also be used outside the pool as cushion and garden furniture accessory. Made in Canada , the Pool Bean Bag is a quality mattress , durable, easy to use and exceptionally comfortable, especially when compared to traditional air mattresses . You will surely be surprised and conquered from the first use! Check out our floating mattress picture gallery to give you an overview of this exceptional product. Buy the bean bag mattress pool in minutes and safely !
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General Information: Azospirillum are commonly isolated from the rhizosphere and root surfaces from a wide variety of plants. Azospirillum species are considered to be plant growth promoting organisms, producing plant hormones for cell elongation (auxins), cell division and growth (cytokinins) and stem elongation (gibberellins). These compounds contribute to an enhanced uptake of nutrients and water and thus increased plant growth. Azospirillum sp. B510 was isolated from rice in Japan. - Sequence; - BLASTP hit: hover for score (Low score = Light, High score = Dark); - hypothetical protein; - cds: hover for description BLASTP Alignment.txt Subject: NC_007508:4593446 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria str. 85-10, complete genome Lineage: Xanthomonas euvesicatoria; Xanthomonas; Xanthomonadaceae; Xanthomonadales; Proteobacteria; Bacteria General Information: Typically characterized as environmental organisms and are found in soil and water, as well as plant tissues. Plant pathogen. This organism can be divided into three strains, pepper race 1 which causes disease in all peppers, pepper race 2 which causes a limited disease in peppers that have a specific resistance gene, and a tomato strain which causes a limited disease in all peppers, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strain 85-10 is a pepper race 2 strain.
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Now you can read Pretoria News anytime, anywhere. Pretoria News is available to you at home or at work, and is the same edition as the printed copy available at the newsstand. Sections and supplements are laid out just as in the print edition, but complemented by a variety of digital tools which enhance the printed newspaper's look and feel. We know you will appreciate the value and the freedom of choice that come with your subscription to Pretoria News. Pretoria News: bookmarks You may bookmark any article of Pretoria News that you like. Come and see for yourself many other features and tools we have designed for Pretoria News reading experience. Come and read your Pretoria News here everyday! Pretoria News online Pretoria News 2 Dec 2021 Digital version of Pretoria News We knows how much people love to read Pretoria News. Pretoria News in traveling People are more mobile than ever before. How can their Pretoria News be available to them anywhere in the world? Our service gives Pretoria News the flexibility to follow readers wherever they travel. Pretoria News in digital format We allow to read Pretoria News online, anytime, anywhere. Pretoria News Market Our service is changing the expectations of Pretoria News readers everywhere. World newspapers at PressDisplay Newspapers from South Africa
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Extremely fast universal 8x 48-pin-drive stand-alone concurrent production programmer ( multiprogramming system ) 规格特性 BeeHive208S programmer is practically identical with the BeeHive8S programmer, difference is "only" much higher programming speed (up to 10x) of high-capacity memories. The BeeHive208S is an extremely fast universal 8x 48-pin-drive Stand-Alone concurrent multiprogramming system designed for high volume production programming with minimal operator effort. The chips are programmed at near theoretical maximum programming speed. The BeeHive208S consists of 8 independent isolated universal programming modules, based on the BeeProg2 programmer hardware. Therefore the sockets can run asynchronously (concurrent programming mode). Each programming module starts programming at the moment the chip is detected as inserted in the socket properly - independent of the status of the other programming modules. As a result, seven programming modules can be working while replacing the programmed chip on the eighth. 产品规格 GENERAL 1.BeeHive208S programmer is practically identical with the BeeHive8S programmer, difference is "only" much higher programming speed (up to 10x) of high-capacity memories. 2.The BeeHive208S is an extremely fast universal 8x 48-pin-drive Stand-Alone concurrent multiprogramming system designed for high volume production programming with minimal operator effort. The chips are programmed at near theoretical maximum programming speed. 3.The BeeHive208S consists of 8 independent isolated universal programming modules, based on the BeeProg2 programmer hardware. Therefore the sockets can run asynchronously (concurrent programming mode). Each programming module starts programming at the moment the chip is detected as inserted in the socket properly - independent of the status of the other programming modules. As a result, seven programming modules can be working while replacing the programmed chip on the eighth. 4.Graphics control unit with touch screen provides basic control and easy monitoring of the programming flow. 5.Modular construction of the hardware - the programming modules work independently - allowing for continued operation if a part of the circuit becomes inoperable. It also makes service quick and easy. 6.Hands-free operation: asynchronous and concurrent operation allows a chip to begin programming immediately upon insertion. The operator merely removes the finished chip and inserts a new chip. Operator training is therefore minimized. 7.Supports all types of the silicon technologies found in the programmable devices of today and tomorrow without family-specific modules. You can be sure that new device support will require only a software update and (if necessary) a simple package convertor (programming adapter), therefore minimizing ownership costs. 8.Using built-in in-circuit serial programming (ISP) connector, the programmer is able to program ISP capable chips in circuit. 9.Combines very competitive pricing with excellent hardware design for reliable programming. Probably the best "value for the money" programmer in its class. 10.Very fast programming due to high-speed FPGA driven hardware and execution of time-critical routines inside the programmer. As a result, when used in manually-operated production, this one-socket-programmer in most cases waits for an operator. 11.Banana jack for ESD wrist strap connection to easily implement ESD protection control.
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Darya Minovi, MPH, is a CPR Policy Analyst. She is a public health advocate passionate about environmental justice and the use of research to inform policies that protect human health and safeguard the environment. Before joining CPR, she worked on food policy issues at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, and on international rainforest conservation with Health In Harmony in Portland, Oregon. She also worked as an Environmental Justice intern with the Natural Resources Defense Council. Ms. Minovi received her Master of Public Health in Environmental Health at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 2019, and her Bachelor of Science in Public Health and Environmental Policy from the College of William & Mary in 2014. Contact Information: 202.747.0698 ext. 6 email Close Katlyn Schmitt Bio Katlyn Schmitt × Katlyn Schmitt, J.D., is a CPR Policy Analyst. She joined CPR in 2020 to work on environmental policy, enforcement, and advocacy. Before joining CPR, Mrs. Schmitt spent four years working as the Legal and Policy Director for Waterkeepers Chesapeake, where she provided legal assistance to Waterkeepers and advocated for legislative and regulatory priorities in Maryland, D.C., Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Mrs. Schmitt received her law degree from the University of Maryland in 2015, cum laude, with a certificate of concentration in environmental law, and her B.A. from Messiah College in Political Science in 2011, magna cum laude. Contact Information: 202.747.0698 ext. 8 email Close Oct. 21, 2020 Dangerous nitrate pollution has contaminated the groundwater that supplies private drinking water wells and public water utilities in several agricultural regions across the United States, posing a significant threat to people's health. A new report from the Center for Progressive Reform (CPR) indicates that this problem has reached Maryland's Lower Eastern Shore, an area that's home to hundreds of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and millions of chickens. Nitrates are a compound formed when nitrogen, largely from manure and fertilizer, breaks down. When manure is overapplied or mismanaged, rainfall or irrigation can cause nitrates to trickle down through soil into groundwater resources. Tainted Tap: Nitrate Pollution, Factory Farms, and Drinking Water in Maryland and Beyond notes that a single poultry CAFO raising 82,000 laying hens can produce 2,800 tons of manure a year, more than three times the amount produced by the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore each year. Though private well testing data is limited, our investigation found indicators that pollution associated with CAFOs is contaminating the groundwater that residents rely on for their drinking water. Since nitrates are colorless, tasteless, and odorless, most families don't even know that it's in their water. We examined currently available data in Wicomico, Worcester, and Somerset counties and found: Wicomico and Worcester counties have detected nitrates at levels exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) safe drinking water threshold in roughly one out of every 25 private drinking water wells. An additional one out of 14 wells in those two counties had nitrate concentrations just below EPA's threshold, which public health research suggests may be hazardous to people's health. Nitrate contamination is also evident in public water utilities. Overall, at least 61,000 residents in the two counties are being or may be exposed to nitrate contamination from public and private water sources. Somerset County also provided a small sample of well testing records that did not demonstrate contamination, but the records were at times incomplete and unreadable. Drinking water contaminated with nitrates can contribute to a host of health problems, including certain types of cancers, pregnancy complications, and blue baby syndrome, a condition that can be fatal to infants. Cancer (especially colorectal cancer) and infant mortality rates in Lower Eastern Shore counties are among the highest in Maryland. Research shows these conditions are associated with consuming nitrates in drinking water. These findings are troubling on their own, but they raise larger questions. What don't we know about nitrate contamination in private wells and public water sources on the Lower Eastern Shore? Are health hazards lurking just beneath the surface, unknown and unaddressed because of a lack of testing and transparency? Are these risks disproportionately impacting communities of color and low-income families? Additional investigation and far more testing are needed to determine the extent of nitrate pollution and its impacts in this region. Kathy Phillips, Executive Director of the Assateague Coastal Trust and Lower Eastern Shore resident, commented on the issue in her community. "On the Lower Eastern Shore, most of us rely on individual wells for our drinking water, and there is little to no testing required of these wells, nor do our local health agencies expend enough effort to educate the public about the quality of our drinking water. Decades-long land application of animal manure and sludge to our agriculture fields has tainted the groundwater and our wells. Our communities have a right to water that is drinkable and greater effort must be made to reduce the impacts of industrial agriculture on our water, land, and air." Nitrate pollution from mountains of manure and fertilizer doesn't just impact drinking water sources in Maryland's Lower Eastern Shore. 21 percent of private wells across the United States have reported nitrate contamination, and if periodic well water quality testing was required in every state, that percentage would likely be a lot higher. The federal Safe Drinking Water Act doesn't protect private well owners from nitrates or other types of pollution, and Maryland and numerous other states aren't doing enough to protect their residents from nitrates in their drinking water. In a nationwide comparison of protective policies and programs for private wells, we found that Maryland ranked among the five states with the fewest policies. No state in the country requires periodic testing of private well water, and only a handful offer lower-cost test kits for families who want to test their water on a regular basis. Unfortunately, nitrates cannot be removed from water through boiling or chemical disinfection and require costlier treatment systems like reverse osmosis. Well owners in Maryland and beyond are generally expected to take the safety of their drinking water into their own hands, even though many do not have the financial or technical means to do so. This results in disparate impacts on lower-income families who may not be able to afford testing or household water treatment systems. To better protect Marylanders from nitrates, we offer a set of recommendations, including the following: Establish safe drinking water standards for private wells and smaller community systems that are not covered by the federal Safe Drinking Water Act. Require the Maryland Department of Health or Maryland Department of the Environment to implement a well compensation program that helps cover the costs of well water testing, sampling, and analysis, along with any needed remediation or replacement due to contaminated drinking water, prioritizing funding for low-income residents. Require property owners wishing to sell their homes to test well water quality within six months of sale and disclose well water test results to potential buyers. Require landlords to test well water quality on leased property every three to five years and inform tenants of the results. Publish all water quality testing results for private wells on a public online portal operated by state and local health departments and require regular information-sharing between relevant state and local agencies and state-approved laboratories. You can find additional recommendations and the full text of Tainted Tap on our website. You can also help us spread the word on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Read More by Darya Minovi Read More by Katlyn Schmitt Posted in: Energy & Environment Tagged with: agricultural pollution Maryland Tainted Tap drinking water Chesapeake nitrates CPR HOMEPAGE More on CPR's Work & Scholars. Authors Frank Ackerman David Adelman Robert Adler Amro Ali William Andreen Mary Jane Angelo Jeremy Baker Shalanda H. Baker Melanie Benesh Samuel Boden Karrigan Bork Liz Borkowski Rebecca Bratspies Maxine Burkett William Buzbee Natalia Cabrera Jake Caldwell Alejandro Camacho M. Isabelle Chaudry Thomas Cluderay Robin Kundis Craig Carl Cranor Kerry Darragh Mariah Davis Maggie Dewane Holly Doremus Gilonne d'Origny David Driesen Michael C. Duff K.K. DuVivier John Echeverria Joel Eisen Ross Eisenbrey Kirsten Engel Lee Ewing Daniel Farber Joe Feller Adam Finkel Robert Fischman Liz Fisher Victor Flatt David Flores Alyson Flournoy Elena Franco Matthew Freeman Bill Funk Margaret Giblin Robert Glicksman Dale Goble Alina Gonzalez Catalina Gonzalez James Goodwin Elizabeth Grossman Brian Gumm Emily Hammond Thomas Harter Anne Havemann Sean B. Hecht Lisa Heinzerling Yee Huang Colin Hughes David Hunter Evan Isaacson Michele Janin Peter Jenkins Catherine Jones Shana Campbell Jones Bradley Karkkainen Alice Kaswan Melissa Kelly Erin Kesler Alexandra Klass Christine Klein John Knox Sarah Krakoff Douglas Kysar Sarah Lamdan Amanda Cohen Leiter John Leshy Richard E. Levy Clarissa Libertelli Melissa Lutrell Patrick MacRoy Lesley McAllister Martha McCluskey Thomas McGarity Nina Mendelson Rachel Micah-Jones Katrina Miller Darya Minovi Joel Mintz Celeste Monforton Richard Murphy Jennifer Nichols Catherine O'Neill Uma Outka Dave Owen Jarryd Page Eric Panicco Richard Parker Michael Patoka Richard Pierce, Jr. Lena Pons Melissa Powers Emily Ranson Laurie Ristino Dan Rohlf Jorge Roman-Romero Daniel Rosenberg Mollie Rosenzweig Noah Sachs Katlyn Schmitt Christopher Schroeder Isaac Shapiro Sidney Shapiro Matt Shudtz Aimee Simpson Minor Sinclair Amy Sinden Karen Sokol Ben Somberg Rena Steinzor Scott Stern Allison Stevens Kim Sudderth Steph Tai A. Dan Tarlock Joseph Tomain Katie Tracy Robert Verchick Nicholas Vidargas David Vladeck Wendy Wagner Hannah Wiseman Chris Wold Sandra Zellmer Michelle Zemil Archives Dec 2021 Nov 2021 Oct 2021 Sep 2021 Aug 2021 Jul 2021 Jun 2021 May 2021 Apr 2021 Mar 2021 Feb 2021 Jan 2021 Dec 2020 Nov 2020 Oct 2020 Sep 2020 Aug 2020 Jul 2020 Jun 2020 May 2020 Apr 2020 Mar 2020 Feb 2020 Jan 2020 Dec 2019 Nov 2019 Oct 2019 Sep 2019 Aug 2019 Jul 2019 Jun 2019 May 2019 Apr 2019 Mar 2019 Feb 2019 Jan 2019 Dec 2018 Nov 2018 Oct 2018 Sep 2018 Aug 2018 Jul 2018 Jun 2018 May 2018 Apr 2018 Mar 2018 Feb 2018 Jan 2018 Dec 2017 Nov 2017 Oct 2017 Sep 2017 Aug 2017 Jul 2017 Jun 2017 May 2017 Apr 2017 Mar 2017 Feb 2017 Jan 2017 Dec 2016 Nov 2016 Oct 2016 Sep 2016 Aug 2016 Jul 2016 Jun 2016 May 2016 Apr 2016 Mar 2016 Feb 2016 Jan 2016 Dec 2015 Nov 2015 Oct 2015 Sep 2015 Aug 2015 Jul 2015 Jun 2015 May 2015 Apr 2015 Mar 2015 Feb 2015 Jan 2015 Dec 2014 Nov 2014 Oct 2014 Sep 2014 Aug 2014 Jul 2014 Jun 2014 May 2014 Apr 2014 Mar 2014 Feb 2014 Jan 2014 Dec 2013 Nov 2013 Oct 2013 Sep 2013 Aug 2013 Jul 2013 Jun 2013 May 2013 Apr 2013 Mar 2013 Feb 2013 Jan 2013 Dec 2012 Nov 2012 Oct 2012 Sep 2012 Aug 2012 Jul 2012 Jun 2012 May 2012 Apr 2012 Mar 2012 Feb 2012 Jan 2012 Dec 2011 Nov 2011 Oct 2011 Sep 2011 Aug 2011 Jul 2011 Jun 2011 May 2011 Apr 2011 Mar 2011 Feb 2011 Jan 2011 Dec 2010 Nov 2010 Oct 2010 Sep 2010 Aug 2010 Jul 2010 Jun 2010 May 2010 Apr 2010 Mar 2010 Feb 2010 Jan 2010 Dec 2009 Nov 2009 Oct 2009 Sep 2009 Aug 2009 Jul 2009 Jun 2009 May 2009 Apr 2009 Mar 2009 Feb 2009 Jan 2009 Dec 2008 Nov 2008 Oct 2008 Aug 2008 Jul 2008 Dec. 1, 2021 The False Promise of Carbon Capture in Louisiana and Beyond Nov. 23, 2021 Court Unanimously Favors Tennessee in Groundwater Dispute with Mississippi Nov. 23, 2021 In Dispute over Groundwater, Court Tells Mississippi It's Equitable Apportionment or Nothing Nov. 22, 2021 Fossil Fuel Industry Continues to Deny Climate Science & Climate Justice . . . Under Oath Nov. 18, 2021 U.S. Uses COP26 to Signal Leadership on Climate, but More Action Needed Nov. 16, 2021 Maryland Matters Op-ed: Learning Lessons to Protect Workers through Pandemics Nov. 15, 2021 Aggregating the Harms of Fossil Fuels The Center for Progressive Reform 1250 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC. 20036 info@progressivereform.org 202.747.0698 Through the expertise of our 60+ scholars and staff, the Center for Progressive Reform creates powerful tools and strategies for policymakers and the public to advance policies and processes that ensure the health and well-being of people, their communities, and our environment.
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Despite a recent drop in oil prices, the Eagle Ford Shale is holding on to gains that the region has… Continue Reading → Posted in: eagle ford, onshore, permian, shale Filed under: eagle ford, gas, oil, oilfield, onshore, permian, shale, us land, us shale
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There is a cancer epidemic among firefighters. Learn how optional barrier hoods can help reduce risk. Site Map | Legal Notices & Terms of Use | Privacy Copyright © DuPont. All rights reserved. The DuPont Oval Logo, DuPont™ and all products denoted with ® or ™ are registered trademarks or trademarks of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affiliates.
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