allenai/sciq · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Exothermic reactions in organisms are called what?	biogenic reactions	nuclear reactions	nebular reactions	catabolic reactions	Exothermic reactions in organisms are called catabolic reactions . These reactions break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. An example of a catabolic reaction is the breakdown of glucose, which releases energy that cells need to carry out life processes. Endothermic reactions in organisms are called anabolic reactions . These reactions build up bigger molecules from smaller ones. An example of an anabolic reaction is the joining of amino acids to form a protein. Which type of reactions—catabolic or anabolic—do you think occur when your body digests food?.
Prior to birth, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, mucus, and what else?	air	blood	plasma	surfactant	Birth Prior to birth, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, mucus, and surfactant. As the fetus is squeezed through the birth canal, the fetal thoracic cavity is compressed, expelling much of this fluid. Some fluid remains, however, but is rapidly absorbed by the body shortly after birth. The first inhalation occurs within 10 seconds after birth and not only serves as the first inspiration, but also acts to inflate the lungs. Pulmonary surfactant is critical for inflation to occur, as it reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Preterm birth around 26 weeks frequently results in severe respiratory distress, although with current medical advancements, some babies may survive. Prior to 26 weeks, sufficient pulmonary surfactant is not produced, and the surfaces for gas exchange have not formed adequately; therefore, survival is low.
At what point during a chemical reaction is there no net change?	ionization	bonding	formation	equilibrium	Most chemical reactions reach equilibrium at which point there is no net change.
The solution with the higher solute concentration is called what?	acetic	hypotonic	unsaturated	hypertonic	In comparing two solutions of unequal solute concentration, the solution with the higher solute concentration is hypertonic, and the solution with the lower concentration is hypotonic. Solutions of equal solute concentration are isotonic.
The three stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and what?	degradation	prolongation	separation	termination
A rounded hollow carved in the side of a mountain by a glacier is known as?	a crest	a crater	a cavern	a cirque	A cirque is a rounded hollow carved in the side of a mountain by a glacier. The highest cliff of a cirque is called the headwall.
Where do most cnidarians live?	rocks	grass	hills	ocean	Cnidarians are invertebrates such as jellyfish and corals. They belong to the phylum Cnidaria. All cnidarians are aquatic. Most of them live in the ocean. Cnidarians are a little more complex than sponges. They have radial symmetry and tissues. There are more than 10,000 cnidarian species. They are very diverse, as shown in Figure below .
What do a group of cells that work together form?	organ	molecule	organelle	tissue	Cells are grouped together to carry out specific functions. A group of cells that work together form a tissue . Your body has four main types of tissues, as do the bodies of other animals. These tissues make up all structures and contents of your body. An example of each tissue type is pictured in the Figure below .
Plants alternate between haploid and what?	monoxoid	triploid	monoplooid	diploid	Plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations. Haploid cells have one of each pair of chromosomes. Diploid cells have two of each pair.
Temperature is a measure of the motion (kinetic energy) of what?	electrons	particles	nucleus	molecules	Water Stabilizes Temperature The hydrogen bonds in water allow it to absorb and release heat energy more slowly than many other substances. Temperature is a measure of the motion (kinetic energy) of molecules. As the motion increases, energy is higher and thus temperature is higher. Water absorbs a great deal of energy before its temperature rises. Increased energy disrupts the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Because these bonds can be created and disrupted rapidly, water absorbs an increase in energy and temperature changes only minimally. This means that water moderates temperature changes within organisms and in their environments. As energy input continues, the balance between hydrogen-bond formation and destruction swings toward the destruction side. More bonds are broken than are formed. This process results in the release of individual water molecules at the surface of the liquid (such as a body of water, the leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism) in a process called evaporation. Evaporation of sweat, which is 90 percent water, allows for cooling of an organism, because breaking hydrogen bonds requires an input of energy and takes heat away from the body. Conversely, as molecular motion decreases and temperatures drop, less energy is present to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These bonds remain intact and begin to form a rigid, lattice-like structure (e. , ice) (Figure 2.9a). When frozen, ice is less dense than liquid water (the molecules are farther apart). This means that ice floats on the surface of a body of water (Figure 2.9b). In lakes, ponds, and oceans, ice will form on the surface of the water, creating an insulating barrier to protect the animal and plant life beneath from freezing in the water. If this did not happen, plants and animals living in water would freeze in a block of ice and could not move freely, making life in cold temperatures difficult or impossible.
What method do scientists use to answer questions?	solutive method	inquisitive method	regulatory method	scientific method	Scientists use the scientific method to answer questions. The scientific method is a series of steps. These steps help scientists (or even just people!) investigate a question.
What is the natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives known as?	stabilizing selection	diversifying selection	directional selection	kin selection
When a male directly deposits sperm in a female during mating, this is considered what type of fertilization?	external	dual	mechanical	internal	Internal Fertilization Internal fertilization occurs most often in terrestrial animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method. Internal fertilization may occur by the male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating. It may also occur by the male depositing sperm in the environment, usually in a protective structure, which a female picks up to deposit the sperm in her reproductive tract. There are three ways that offspring are produced following internal fertilization. In oviparity, fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and develop there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg (Figure 18.7a). This occurs in some bony fish, some reptiles, a few cartilaginous fish, some amphibians, a few mammals, and all birds. Most non-avian reptiles and insects produce leathery eggs, while birds and some turtles produce eggs with high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the shell, making them hard. Chicken eggs are an example of a hard shell. The eggs of the egg-laying mammals such as the platypus and echidna are leathery. In ovoviparity, fertilized eggs are retained in the female, and the embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg’s yolk. The eggs are retained in the female’s body until they hatch inside of her, or she lays the eggs right before they hatch. This process helps protect the eggs until hatching. This occurs in some bony fish (like the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, Figure 18.7b), some sharks, lizards, some snakes (garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis), some vipers, and some invertebrate animals (Madagascar hissing cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa). In viviparity the young are born alive. They obtain their nourishment from the female and are born in varying states of maturity. This occurs in most mammals (Figure 18.7c), some cartilaginous fish, and a few reptiles.
What part of the body does the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium usually attack?	heart	Pancreas	muscles	lungs	This bacterium, called Mycobacterium tuberculosis , causes the disease Tuberculosis (TB). These bacteria usually attack the lungs. If left untreated, the infection can be fatal. Many other illnesses, mild and severe, are also caused by certain types of bacteria.
Conversely, very large forces are created by liquids and solids when they try to expand but are constrained from doing so—which is equivalent to compressing them to less than their normal volume. this often occurs when a contained material warms up, since most materials expand when they do this?	decrease temperature	increase density	increase mass	increase temperature	Conversely, very large forces are created by liquids and solids when they try to expand but are constrained from doing so—which is equivalent to compressing them to less than their normal volume. This often occurs when a contained material warms up, since most materials expand when their temperature increases. If the materials are tightly constrained, they deform or break their container. Another very common example occurs when water freezes. Water, unlike most materials, expands when it freezes, and it can easily fracture a boulder, rupture a biological cell, or crack an engine block that gets in its way. Other types of deformations, such as torsion or twisting, behave analogously to the tension, shear, and bulk deformations considered here.
What helps regulate the production of urine?	the fetal gland	the temporal gland	the discrete gland	the pituitary gland	Patrick J. Lynch, modified by CK-12 Foundation. The pituitary gland helps regulate the production of urine . CC BY 2.0.
In celsius, what is the temperature at which water freezes?	absolute zero	32 degrees	100 degrees	zero degrees	A: If calcium chloride dissolves in water, it breaks down into its ions (Ca 2+ and Cl - ). When water has ions dissolved in it, it has a lower freezing point. Pure water freezes at 0°C. With calcium and chloride ions dissolved in it, it won’t freeze unless the temperature reaches -29°C or lower.
Which theory explains how materials can collide and become new materials?	rupture theory	pileup theory	disturbance theory	collision theory	Collision theory explains how materials can collide and become new materials.
What 3 types of friction occur between solid surfaces?	static , ascending , rolling	static , arching , rolling	static,desending,sliding	static, sliding, rolling	Friction is the force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are in contact. There are four types of friction: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. Static, sliding, and rolling friction occur between solid surfaces. Fluid friction occurs in liquids and gases. All four types of friction are described below. You can see a video demonstration of the different types at this URL:.
Name the 3 ocean zones.	cotidal, intertidal, exotidal	coral, intertidal, apogean	amphidromic, cotidal, benthic	intertidal, pelagic, benthic	Zones in the oceans include the intertidal, pelagic, and benthic zones. The types of organisms found in these ocean zones are also determined by such factors as depth of water and distance from shore, among other factors.
Secondary consumers are usually carnivores that eat what?	dead material	soil	plants	primary consumers	Food Chains and Food Webs The term “food chain” is sometimes used metaphorically to describe human social situations. In this sense, food chains are thought of as a competition for survival, such as “who eats whom?” Someone eats and someone is eaten. Therefore, it is not surprising that in our competitive “dog-eat-dog” society, individuals who are considered successful are seen as being at the top of the food chain, consuming all others for their benefit, whereas the less successful are seen as being at the bottom. The scientific understanding of a food chain is more precise than in its everyday usage. In ecology, a food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass: primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers are used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics. There is a single path through the chain. Each organism in a food chain occupies what is called a trophic level. Depending on their role as producers or consumers, species or groups of species can be assigned to various trophic levels. In many ecosystems, the bottom of the food chain consists of photosynthetic organisms (plants and/or phytoplankton), which are called primary producers. The organisms that consume the primary producers are herbivores: the primary consumers. Secondary consumers are usually carnivores that eat the primary consumers. Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores. Higher-level consumers feed on the next lower tropic levels, and so on, up to the organisms at the top of the food chain: the apex consumers. In the Lake Ontario food chain shown in Figure 46.4, the Chinook salmon is the apex consumer at the top of this food chain.
What is the term for a period when temperatures are cooler than normal causing glaciers to spread to lower latitudes?	freezing point	cooling era	cold age	ice age	But ice ages also occurred many times in the past. An ice age is a period when temperatures are cooler than normal. This causes glaciers to spread to lower latitudes. Scientists think that ice ages occurred at least six times over the last billion years alone. How do scientists learn about Earth’s past climates?.
Cody's velocity is zero so therefore he doesn't have what?	temperature	mass	weight	momentum	A : Cody has no momentum as he stands there because he isn’t moving. In other words, his velocity is zero. However, Cody will gain momentum as he starts moving down the ramp and picks up speed.
Human population is growing exponentially and humans have increased what normally limiting factor through technology, urbanization, and harnessing the energy of fossil fuels?	habitat loss	zero population growth	mass extinction	carrying capacity	19.3 The Human Population Earth’s human population is growing exponentially. Humans have increased their carrying capacity through technology, urbanization, and harnessing the energy of fossil fuels. The age structure of a population allows us to predict population growth. Unchecked human population growth could have dire long-term effects on human welfare and Earth’s ecosystems.
Amides are carbonyls attached to one nitrogen atom and one carbon or which other atom?	calcium	helium	nitrogen	hydrogen	Amides are carbonyls attached to one nitrogen atom and one carbon or hydrogen atom. Amides are used in materials such as crayons and inks, as well as in paper rubber products.
The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of which cells?	chloroplasm	endothermic cells	insular cells	dermal cells	The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of tightly-packed dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. The epidermis has tiny pores called stomata (singular, stoma) that control transpiration and gas exchange with the air. Figure below explains how stomata carry out this vital function.
What is beneath the cerebrum and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus?	subvocalization	rendalen	brain stem	diencephalon	Diencephalon The diencephalon is beneath the cerebrum and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. In the somatic nervous system, the thalamus is an important relay for communication between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system. The hypothalamus has both somatic and autonomic functions. In addition, the hypothalamus communicates with the limbic system, which controls emotions and memory functions. Sensory input to the thalamus comes from most of the special senses and ascending somatosensory tracts. Each sensory system is relayed through a particular nucleus in the thalamus. The thalamus is a required transfer point for most sensory tracts that reach the cerebral cortex, where conscious sensory perception begins. The one exception to this rule is the olfactory system. The olfactory tract axons from the olfactory bulb project directly to the cerebral cortex, along with the limbic system and hypothalamus. The thalamus is a collection of several nuclei that can be categorized into three anatomical groups. White matter running through the thalamus defines the three major regions of the thalamus, which are an anterior nucleus, a medial nucleus, and a lateral group of nuclei. The anterior nucleus serves as a relay between the hypothalamus and the emotion and memoryproducing limbic system. The medial nuclei serve as a relay for information from the limbic system and basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex. This allows memory creation during learning, but also determines alertness. The special and somatic senses connect to the lateral nuclei, where their information is relayed to the appropriate sensory cortex of the cerebrum.
What is the raw material for evolution by natural selection called?	comparable variation	pattern variation	mutation	genetic variation
The changing of a light ray’s direction (loosely called bending) when it passes through variations in matter is called this?	vibration	wavelength	resonance	refraction	Refraction The changing of a light ray’s direction (loosely called bending) when it passes through variations in matter is called refraction. Speed of Light The speed of light c not only affects refraction, it is one of the central concepts of Einstein’s theory of relativity. As the accuracy of the measurements of the speed of light were improved, c was found not to depend on the velocity of the source or the observer. However, the speed of light does vary in a precise manner with the material it traverses. These facts have far-reaching implications, as we will see in Special Relativity. It makes connections between space and time and alters our expectations that all observers measure the same time for the same event, for example. The speed of light is so important that its value in a vacuum is one of the most fundamental constants in nature as well as being one of the four fundamental SI units.
What decreases with the loss of subsequent protons?	seawater strength	example strength	Movement strength	acid strength	Polyprotic Acids and Bases As you learned in Chapter 4 "Reactions in Aqueous Solution", polyprotic acids such as H2SO4, H3PO4, and H2CO3 contain more than one ionizable proton, and the protons are lost in a stepwise manner. The fully protonated species is always the strongest acid because it is easier to remove a proton from a neutral molecule than from a negatively charged ion. Thus acid strength decreases with the loss of subsequent protons, and, correspondingly, the pKa increases. Consider H2SO4, for example: Figure 16.5.
What is defined as a loss of hydrogen atoms?	conduction	Reduction	evaporation	oxidation	Oxidation is also defined as a loss of hydrogen atoms. In the following equation, ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by the loss of two hydrogen atoms:.
Natural gas is often found along with what other fossil fuels in underground deposits?	repository and oil	methane and oil	coal and methane	coal and oil	Natural gas is often found along with coal or oil in underground deposits. This is because natural gas forms with these other fossil fuels. One difference between natural gas and oil is that natural gas forms at higher temperatures.
What term is used to describe cells without a nucleus?	monophyletic	Simple	unicellular	prokaryotic	Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus.
What is used to carry out metric unit conversions?	calculation analysis	mechanical analysis	metric analysis	dimensional analysis	Dimensional analysis can be used to carry out metric unit conversions.
If solutions of differing osmolarities are present on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane, solvent will transfer from what to what, in terms of osmolarity of the solution?	high to low	low to low	high to high	low to high	osmol = M × i If more than one solute is present in a solution, the individual osmolarities are additive to get the total osmolarity of the solution. Solutions that have the same osmolarity have the same osmotic pressure. If solutions of differing osmolarities are present on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane, solvent will transfer from the lower-osmolarity solution to the higher-osmolarity solution. Counterpressure exerted on the highosmolarity solution will reduce or halt the solvent transfer. An even higher pressure can be exerted to force solvent from the high-osmolarity solution to the low-osmolarity solution, a process called reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is used to make potable water from saltwater where sources of fresh water are scarce.
What do populations gain through births and immigration?	Over Crowding	humans	Over Population	individuals	Populations gain individuals through births and immigration. They lose individuals through deaths and emigration. These factors together determine how fast a population grows.
What is it called when plants release water vapor through their leaves?	respiration	propagation	evaporation	transpiration	Transpiration is like evaporation because it changes liquid water to water vapor. In transpiration, plants release water vapor through their leaves. This water vapor rises into the atmosphere.
What do you call the atomic "ingredients" that go into a chemical reaction?	Starters	propellants	complexes	reactants	Like equations in math, equations in chemistry must balance. There must be the same number of each type of atom in the products as there is in the reactants. In equation 1, count the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms on each side of the arrow. There are two hydrogen atoms in both reactants and products. There are two oxygen atoms in the reactants but only one in the product. Therefore, equation 1 is not balanced.
What is stacked in layers in "layer cake geology"?	horizontal stata	sediment	soil	rock stata	Geologists say that the Grand Canyon ( Figure above ) has "layer cake geology. " This is because the rock strata are in layers. They are extremely easy to see. Sedimentary rocks are like a book that tells the story of the environment in which they formed. Rock units can be traced across large expanses. Looking down into the Grand Canyon, you get a sense of the vastness of space and of time.
A spontaneous change process called neutrino oscillations can occur only if neutrinos have what property?	color	velocity	temperature	mass	that the weak interaction could change quark flavor. It should also change neutrino flavor—that is, any type of neutrino could change spontaneously into any other, a process called neutrino oscillations. However, this can occur only if neutrinos have a mass. Why? Crudely, because if neutrinos are massless, they must travel at the speed of light and time will not pass for them, so that they cannot change without an interaction. In 1999, results began to be published containing convincing evidence that neutrino oscillations do occur. Using the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan, the oscillations have been observed and are being verified and further explored at present at the same facility and others. Neutrino oscillations may also explain the low number of observed solar neutrinos. Detectors for observing solar neutrinos are specifically designed to detect electron neutrinos ν e produced in huge numbers by fusion in the Sun. A large fraction of electron neutrinos.
What type of plate is an island arc found on?	shear	continental	coastal	oceanic	An island arc is a line of volcanoes on an oceanic plate. A continental arc is a line of volcanoes on a continental plate.
How do you calculate the atomic mass of an element?	multiply protons by neutrons	add neutrons and electrons	count the electrons	add the protons and neutrons together	In this lesson, you learned about chemical bonds in a water molecule. The bonds form between atoms of hydrogen and oxygen when they share electrons. This type of bond is an example of a covalent bond.
The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" that crisscrosses what?	cell membrane	golgi apparatus	cerebellum	cytoplasm	The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" that crisscrosses the cytoplasm. All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, and recent research has shown that prokaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is made up of a network of long, thin protein fibers and has many functions. It helps to maintain cell shape, holds organelles in place, and for some cells, it enables cell movement. The cytoskeleton plays important roles in both the intracellular movement of substances and in cell division. Certain proteins act like a path that vesicles and organelles move along within the cell. The threadlike proteins that make up the cytoskeleton continually rebuild to adapt to the cell's constantly changing needs. Three main kinds of cytoskeleton fibers are microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
In animal cells, what arises from the centrosomes and includes spindle microtubules and asters?	DNA helix	Golgi apparatus	ribosomes	the spindle
What's the term for a relationship between two organisms where at least one benefits?	meiosis	dermatitis	morphogenesis	symbiosis	Symbiosis is a close relationship between organisms of different species in which at least one of the organisms benefits. The other organism may also benefit, or it may be unaffected or harmed by the relationship. Figure below shows an example of symbiosis. The birds in the picture are able to pick out food from the fur of the deer. The deer won't eat the birds. In fact, the deer knowingly lets the birds rest on it. What, if anything, do you think the deer gets out of the relationship?.
Drip iirigation requires less water and reduces what?	sediment	moisture	bacteria	salinization
What term refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers?	cysts	valve	cartilage	septum	Septa of the Heart The word septum is derived from the Latin for “something that encloses;” in this case, a septum (plural = septa) refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers. The septa are physical extensions of the myocardium lined with endocardium. Located between the two atria is the interatrial septum. Normally in an adult heart, the interatrial septum bears an oval-shaped depression known as the fossa ovalis, a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale allowed blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing some blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit. Within seconds after birth, a flap of tissue known as the septum primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale and establishes the typical cardiac circulation pattern. Between the two ventricles is a second septum known as the interventricular septum. Unlike the interatrial septum, the interventricular septum is normally intact after its formation during fetal development. It is substantially thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles generate far greater pressure when they contract. The septum between the atria and ventricles is known as the atrioventricular septum. It is marked by the presence of four openings that allow blood to move from the atria into the ventricles and from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta. Located in each of these openings between the atria and ventricles is a valve, a specialized structure that ensures one-way flow of blood. The valves between the atria and ventricles are known generically as atrioventricular valves. The valves at the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta are known generically as semilunar valves. The interventricular septum is visible in Figure 19.9. In this figure, the atrioventricular septum has been removed to better show the bicupid and tricuspid valves; the interatrial septum is not visible, since its location is covered by the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Since these openings and valves structurally weaken the atrioventricular septum, the remaining tissue is heavily reinforced with dense connective tissue called the cardiac skeleton, or skeleton of the heart. It includes four rings that surround the openings between the atria and ventricles, and the openings to the pulmonary trunk and aorta, and serve as the point of attachment for the heart valves. The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart electrical conduction system.
What mammal is the most intelligent?	lion	dog	monkey	humans	In this lesson, you learned some of the ways that humans differ from other mammals. For example, humans have a larger and more complex brain than other mammals. That’s why they are also the most intelligent mammals. The next chapter introduces the biology of the human animal.
What is the primary force driving fluid transport between the capillaries and tissues?	isolate pressure	temperature pressure	constructs pressure	hydrostatic pressure	Hydrostatic Pressure The primary force driving fluid transport between the capillaries and tissues is hydrostatic pressure, which can be defined as the pressure of any fluid enclosed in a space. Blood hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the blood confined within blood vessels or heart chambers. Even more specifically, the pressure exerted by blood against the wall of a capillary is called capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP), and is the same as capillary blood pressure. CHP is the force that drives fluid out of capillaries and into the tissues. As fluid exits a capillary and moves into tissues, the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid correspondingly rises. This opposing hydrostatic pressure is called the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP). Generally, the CHP originating from the arterial pathways is considerably higher than the IFHP, because lymphatic vessels are continually absorbing excess fluid from the tissues. Thus, fluid generally moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid. This process is called filtration.
Mercury is small, rocky and covered with what objects?	diamonds	rivers	volcanoes	craters	6. Mercury is small, rocky and covered with craters. Why?.
Heat expansion is a result of the increase of what type of energy, exhibited by molecules bumping together?	harmonic energy	light energy	radioactivity	kinetic energy	Heat expansion is a result of the increase of kinetic energy of the molecules. As their movement increases, they bump into each other more and the material slightly expands as a result. Most materials expand with heat. Water is a particularly interesting substance in that it contracts as its temperature increases from to (and then expands from to ).
What is the molecular formula of carbon dioxide?	cl2	c2o	h2o	co 2	The molecular formula of carbon dioxide is CO 2 . One molecule of carbon dioxide consists of 1 atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen. We can calculate the molar mass of carbon dioxide by adding together the molar masses of each atom present in the compound.
What organism constitutes frothy green "pond scum"?	protozoa	bacteria	sponges	algae	Polluted water can form a frothy green scum on the surface. This "pond scum" is actually a living organism, algae. The algae are plant-like protists. Usually the algae are too small to notice, but sometimes algae grow in excess because of the excess nutrients in polluted water.
Spontaneous reactions release what type of energy, meaning it is available to do work?	kinetic energy	potential energy	radioactive energy	free energy	Many chemical reactions and physical processes release energy that can be used to do other things. When the fuel in a car is burned, some of the released energy is used to power the vehicle. Free energy is energy that is available to do work. Spontaneous reactions release free energy as they proceed. Recall that the determining factors for spontaneity of a reaction are the enthalpy and entropy changes that occur for the system. The free energy change of a reaction is a mathematical combination of the enthalpy change and the entropy change.
Why do butterfly fish have fake eyespots?	random evolution	aerodynamic purposes	mating purposes	confuse predators	Butterfly fish like this one have “fake” eyespots. The eyespots may confuse larger predators long enough for the butterfly fish to escape.
Is urea or salt reabsorbed faster?	urea	same speed	neither is reabsorbed	salt
Glucose is an example of what simple carboyhydrates with relatively few carbon atoms?	acids	solvents	mixtures	sugars	Sugars are simple carbohydrates. Molecules of sugars have relatively few carbon atoms. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is one of the smallest sugar molecules. Plants and some other organisms make glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Living things that cannot make glucose obtain it by consuming plants or these other organisms.
Chemical energy results from the particular arrangement of atoms in a chemical compound; the heat and light produced in this reaction are due to energy released during the breaking and reforming of what?	carbon bonds	acid bonds	atom bonds	chemical bonds	energy is released when particles in the nucleus of the atom are rearranged. (e) Chemical energy results from the particular arrangement of atoms in a chemical compound; the heat and light produced in this reaction are due to energy released during the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds. Electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy are different forms ofpotential energy (PE), which is energy stored in an object because of the relative positions or orientations of its components. A brick lying on the windowsill of a 10th-floor office has a great deal of potential energy, but until its position changes by falling, the energy is contained. In contrast, kinetic energy (KE) is energy due to the motionof an object. When the brick falls, its potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the object on the ground that it strikes.
The visible surface of the sun is called what?	Chromosphere	Corona	Radiative Zone	photosphere	The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun ( Figure below ). It's the part that we see shining. Surprisingly, the photosphere is also one of the coolest layers of the Sun. It is only about 6000 degrees C.
Which system is capable of responding quickly to changing situations?	circulatory system	endocrine system	reproductive system	nervous system	In addition, endocrine signaling is typically less specific than neural signaling. The same hormone may play a role in a variety of different physiological processes depending on the target cells involved. For example, the hormone oxytocin promotes uterine contractions in women in labor. It is also important in breastfeeding, and may be involved in the sexual response and in feelings of emotional attachment in both males and females. In general, the nervous system involves quick responses to rapid changes in the external environment, and the endocrine system is usually slower acting—taking care of the internal environment of the body, maintaining homeostasis, and controlling reproduction (Table 17.1). So how does the fight-or-flight response that was mentioned earlier happen so quickly if hormones are usually slower acting? It is because the two systems are connected. It is the fast action of the nervous system in response to the danger in the environment that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete their hormones. As a result, the nervous system can cause rapid endocrine responses to keep up with sudden changes in both the external and internal environments when necessary.
What two substances do plants give off when they make food?	chlorophyll and nitrogen	water and oil	carbon dioxide and oxygen	oxygen and water
What kind of energy positions do electrons occupy during ground state?	highest energy positions	closest energy positions	relative energy positions	lowest energy positions	Oxygen has 6 valence electrons in its ground state. Remember that ground state refers to the neutral atom in which the electrons occupy the lowest possible energy positions. Oxygen is two electrons away from being isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas. Oxygen will therefore form ions by gaining two electrons to become isoelectronic with neon, as shown below:.
What are metals and good electrical conductors that tend to lose their valence electrons in chemical reactions called?	precious metals	stable metals	conservants	reductants	Electronegativity Differences between Metals and Nonmetals An element’s electronegativity provides us with a single value that we can use to characterize the chemistry of an element. Elements with a high electronegativity (χ ≥ 2.2 in Figure 7.15 "Pauling Electronegativity Values of the ") have very negative affinities and large ionization potentials, so they are generally nonmetals and electrical insulators that tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions (i. , they are oxidants). In contrast, elements with a low electronegativity (χ ≤ 1.8) have electron affinities that have either positive or small negative values and small ionization potentials, so they are generally metals and good electrical conductors that tend to lose their valence electrons in chemical reactions (i. , they are reductants). In between the metals and nonmetals, along the heavy diagonal line running from B to At in Figure 1.24 "The Periodic Table Showing the Elements in Order of Increasing ", is a group of elements with intermediate electronegativities (χ ~ 2.0). These are the semimetals, elements that have some of the chemical properties of both nonmetals and metals. The distinction between metals and nonmetals is.
What is the term for liquid water falling from the sky?	mud	wind	fire	rain
What term did schrödinger use for regions around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be?	ellipses	arrays	isotopes	orbitals	Schrödinger developed an equation that could be used to calculate the chances of an electron being in any given place around the nucleus. Based on his calculations, he identified regions around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be. He called these regions orbitals . As you can see in the Figure below , orbitals may be shaped like spheres, dumbbells, or rings. In each case, the nucleus of the atom is at the center of the orbital. You can see animated models of orbitals this URL: http://www. chemistry. wustl. edu/~edudev/Orbitals/movie. html .
What exactly happens during rna translation?	chromosome is synthesized	carbohydrate is synthesized	membrane is synthesized	protein is synthesized	Translation is the RNA → protein part of the central dogma. It occurs at a ribosome. During translation, a protein is synthesized using the codons in mRNA as a guide. All three types of RNA play a role in translation.
How long are microfilaments?	7 m	9 nm	4 nm	7 nm
What is the area around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be, called?	electron pocket	electron wave	electron membrane	electron cloud	Today, these ideas about electrons are represented by the electron cloud model. The electron cloud is an area around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be. Figure below shows an electron cloud model for a helium atom.
What type of matter in the spinal cord has the appearance of an ink-blot test and is subdivided into regions that are referred to as horns?	dark matter	bright matter	wet matter	gray matter	Gray Horns In cross-section, the gray matter of the spinal cord has the appearance of an ink-blot test, with the spread of the gray matter on one side replicated on the other—a shape reminiscent of a bulbous capital “H. ” As shown in Figure 13.14, the gray matter is subdivided into regions that are referred to as horns. The posterior horn is responsible for sensory processing. The anterior horn sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles. The lateral horn, which is only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions, is the central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Some of the largest neurons of the spinal cord are the multipolar motor neurons in the anterior horn. The fibers that cause contraction of skeletal muscles are the axons of these neurons. The motor neuron that causes contraction of the big toe, for example, is located in the sacral spinal cord. The axon that has to reach all the way to the belly of that muscle may be a meter in length. The neuronal cell body that maintains that long fiber must be quite large, possibly several hundred micrometers in diameter, making it one of the largest cells in the body.
What type of sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water?	sandstone	shale	limestone	chemical sedimentary rocks	The main types of sedimentary rocks are clastic or chemical. Some sedimentary rocks are a third type, organic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are made of sediments. The sediments differ in size. Chemical sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water. Organic sedimentary rocks are made from the bodies of organisms.
Sexual reproduction involves the production of haploid gametes by what?	mitosis	lesions	mutations	meiosis	Cycle of Sexual Reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves the production of haploid gametes by meiosis. This is followed by fertilization and the formation of a diploid zygote. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the letter n. Why does the zygote have 2n, or twice as many, chromosomes?.
What is emitted by nuclei in alpha, beta, and gamma decay?	magnetic field	convection	solar energy	radiation	There are several types of radioactive decay, including alpha, beta, and gamma decay. In all three types, nuclei emit radiation, but the nature of the radiation differs. The Table below shows the radiation emitted in each type of decay. You can watch a video about the three types at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=3koOwozY4oc .
What do we call the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their environment?	water cycle	phosphorus cycle	nutrient cycle	biogeochemical cycle	46.3 \| Biogeochemical Cycles By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur • Explain how human activities have impacted these cycles and the potential consequences for Earth Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (or inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat during the many transfers between trophic levels. However, the matter that makes up living organisms is conserved and recycled. The six most common elements associated with organic molecules—carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—take a variety of chemical forms and may exist for long periods in the atmosphere, on land, in water, or beneath the Earth’s surface. Geologic processes, such as weathering, erosion, water drainage, and the subduction of the continental plates, all play a role in this recycling of materials. Because geology and chemistry have major roles in the study of this process, the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their environment is called a biogeochemical cycle. Water contains hydrogen and oxygen, which is essential to all living processes. The hydrosphere is the area of the Earth where water movement and storage occurs: as liquid water on the surface and beneath the surface or frozen (rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, and glaciers), and as water vapor in the atmosphere. Carbon is found in all organic macromolecules and is an important constituent of fossil fuels. Nitrogen is a major component of our nucleic acids and proteins and is critical to human agriculture. Phosphorus, a major component of nucleic acid (along with nitrogen), is one of the main ingredients in artificial fertilizers used in agriculture and their associated environmental impacts on our surface.
The tensor fascia latae acts as what, in relation to the gluteus medius and iliopsoas, for the purpose of flexing and abducting the thigh?	symbiotic	spicule	antagonist	synergist	The tensor fascia latae is a thick, squarish muscle in the superior aspect of the lateral thigh. It acts as a synergist of the gluteus medius and iliopsoas in flexing and abducting the thigh. It also helps stabilize the lateral aspect of the knee by pulling on the iliotibial tract (band), making it taut. Deep to the gluteus maximus, the piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris laterally rotate the femur at the hip. The adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus can both medially and laterally rotate the thigh depending on the placement of the foot. The adductor longus flexes the thigh, whereas the adductor magnus extends it. The pectineus adducts and flexes the femur at the hip as well. The pectineus is located in the femoral triangle, which is formed at the junction between the hip and the leg and also includes the femoral nerve, the femoral artery, the femoral vein, and the deep inguinal lymph nodes.
What cellular process is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?	mitosis	photosynthesis	Metabolism	cellular respiration
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?	coordinate bones and muscles	respiration of air	excretion of food waste	transporting substances around the body	The main function of the cardiovascular system is transporting substances around the body. Figure above shows some of the substances that are transported in the blood. They include hormones, oxygen, nutrients from digested food, and cellular wastes. Transport of all these materials is necessary to maintain homeostasis of the body and life itself.
What happens to water when it is heated in the broiler?	it introduces	it evolves	it contracts	it expands	When water is heated in the boiler, it expands. It might burst the pipes of the system if it weren’t for the expansion tank. This tank holds excess water after it expands.
What atoms make up a water molecule?	Sodium and Oxygen	alumhg and oxygen	One Hydrogen	hydrogen and oxygen	Water is a compound that forms molecules. Each water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen (white) and one atom of oxygen (red).
What leads to the buildup of electric charges on objects?	rotation	movement	gravity	polarization	Polarization leads to the buildup of electric charges on objects. This buildup of charges is known as static electricity . Once an object becomes charged, it is likely to remain charged until another object touches it or at least comes very close to it. That’s because electric charge cannot travel easily through air, especially if the air is dry.
What is it called when body’s internal environment is stable?	ketosis	synchronicity	hypothesis	homeostasis	The tennis player in Figure below has really worked up a sweat. Do you know why we sweat? Sweating helps to keep us cool. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it uses up some of the body’s heat energy. Sweating is one of the ways that the body maintains a stable internal environment. It helps keep the body’s internal temperature constant. When the body’s internal environment is stable, the condition is called homeostasis .
Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, and condensation are part of what cycle?	cold cycle	life cycle	air cycle	water cycle	The water cycle includes the ocean, atmosphere, ground, and living things. During the water cycle, water keeps changing state by processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation.
Life span is distinct from what, which means the sequence of stages a plant goes through from seed germination to seed production of the mature plant?	spin cycle	feeding cycle	society cycle	life cycle	Plant Life Spans The length of time from the beginning of development to the death of a plant is called its life span. The life cycle, on the other hand, is the sequence of stages a plant goes through from seed germination to seed production of the mature plant. Some plants, such as annuals, only need a few weeks to grow, produce seeds and die. Other plants, such as the bristlecone pine, live for thousands of years. Some bristlecone pines have a documented age of 4,500 years Figure 32.29. Even as some parts of a plant, such as regions containing meristematic tissue—the area of active plant growth consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division—continue to grow, some parts undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). The cork found on stems, and the water-conducting tissue of the xylem, for example, are composed of dead cells.
What is it called when the soils of the arctic tundra remain in a perennially frozen state?	glacial domination	concentrated freeze	permafreeze	permafrost	Arctic Tundra The Arctic tundra lies north of the subarctic boreal forest and is located throughout the Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere (Figure 44.12). The average winter temperature is -34 °C (-34 °F) and the average summer temperature is from 3 °C to 12 °C (37 °F–52 °F). Plants in the arctic tundra have a very short growing season of approximately 10–12 weeks. However, during this time, there are almost 24 hours of daylight and plant growth is rapid. The annual precipitation of the Arctic tundra is very low with little annual variation in precipitation. And, as in the boreal forests, there is little evaporation due to the cold temperatures. Plants in the Arctic tundra are generally low to the ground (Figure 44.20). There is little species diversity, low net primary productivity, and low aboveground biomass. The soils of the Arctic tundra may remain in a perennially frozen state referred to as permafrost. The permafrost makes it impossible for roots to penetrate deep into the soil and slows the decay of organic matter, which inhibits the release of nutrients from organic matter. During the growing season, the ground of the Arctic tundra can be completely covered with plants or lichens.
The three classes of elements are metals, nonmetals, and what?	atoms	ionic compounds	molecules	metalloids	Metals are elements that can conduct electricity. They are one of three classes of elements (the other two classes are nonmetals and metalloids). Metals are by far the largest of the three classes. In fact, most elements are metals. All of the elements on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table, except for hydrogen, are metals. There are several different types of metals, including alkali metals in group 1 of the periodic table, alkaline Earth metals in group 2, and transition metals in groups 3–12. The majority of metals are transition metals.
What do you call the fixed point of a lever?	apex	base	caliper	fulcrum	A lever is a simple machine consisting of a bar that rotates around a fixed point. The fixed point of a lever is called the fulcrum. Like other machines, a lever makes work easier by changing the force applied to the machine or the distance over which the force is applied. For a video introduction to levers using skateboards as examples, go to this URL:.
What process tends to be external in aquatic species and internal in terrestrial species?	migration	infection	pollination	fertilization	Aquatic species generally have external fertilization, whereas terrestrial species usually have internal fertilization.
Which electromagnetic radiation is used to kill cancer cells?	plasma rays	ultraviolet rays	X-rays	gamma rays	X rays and gamma rays are the electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies. X rays are used in medicine and dentistry and to screen luggage at airports. Gamma rays are used to kill cancer cells.
What is the term for going into a dormant state during the winter?	homeostasis	gestation	fermentation	hibernation
Shrimp are an example of what group within the arthropods?	scorpion	myriapods	insect	crustaceans	Shrimp are an example of crustaceans, one group within the arthropods. Shrimp live on the ocean floor in many parts of the world. Shrimp are not only food for humans; they are also an important food source for larger marine animals.
Many enzymes are simple proteins consisting entirely of one or more of these?	proteins acid chains	alkali acid chains	interaction acid chains	amino acid chains	Many enzymes are simple proteins consisting entirely of one or more amino acid chains. Other enzymes contain a nonprotein component called a cofactor that is necessary for the enzyme’s proper functioning. There are two types of cofactors: inorganic ions [e. , zinc or Cu(I) ions] and organic molecules known as coenzymes. Most coenzymes are vitamins or are derived from vitamins.
What property of carbon and other elements can be used to date fossils and rocks, among other things?	magnetic force	mass	full-life	half-life	Carbon-14 has a relatively short half-life. It decays quickly compared to some other unstable isotopes. So carbon-14 dating is useful for specimens younger than 50,000 years old. That’s a blink of an eye in geologic time. But radiocarbon dating is very useful for more recent events. One important use of radiocarbon is early human sites. Carbon-14 dating is also limited to the remains of once-living things. To date rocks, scientists use other radioactive isotopes.
A solution is what type of mixture, where the dissolved particles are spread evenly through the mixture?	heterogeneous	saline	gaseous	homogeneous	A solution is a mixture of two or more substances, but it’s not just any mixture. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. In a homogeneous mixture, the dissolved particles are spread evenly through the mixture. The particles of the solution are also too small to be seen or to settle out of the mixture. To put solutions in context as a type of mixture, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=z2vM-G5I92U .
The base in an antacid reacts to do what to excess stomach acid?	repel it	expel it	oxidize it	neutralize it	Perhaps you have eaten too much pizza and felt very uncomfortable hours later. This feeling is due to excess stomach acid being produced. The discomfort can be dealt with by taking an antacid. The base in the antacid will react with the HCl in the stomach and neutralize it, taking care of that unpleasant feeling.
In single-celled organisms, what does the plasma membrane extensions help the organisms to do?	prevent	increase	inspect	move	The plasma membrane may have extensions, such as whip-like flagella or brush-like cilia . In single-celled organisms, like those shown in Figure below , the membrane extensions may help the organisms move. In multicellular organisms, the extensions have other functions. For example, the cilia on human lung cells sweep foreign particles and mucus toward the mouth and nose.
Red-green color blindness is an example of a sex-linked condition caused by what?	genetic disorder	phenotype	dominant gene	recessive allele
What can be switched off by a protein called the trp repressor?	the genetic precursor	the cytokine	the chaperone protein	the operon
What is the name of vesicles that are formed by the golgi apparatus?	capillaries	vessels	lymphocytes	lysosomes	Lysosomes are vesicles that are formed by the Golgi apparatus. They contain powerful enzymes that could break down (digest) the cell. Lysosomes break down harmful cell products, waste materials, and cellular debris and then force them out of the cell. They also digest invading organisms such as bacteria. Lysosomes also break down cells that are ready to die, a process called autolysis.
What is the term for the arrangement of veins in a leaf?	cerebellum pattern	dorsal pattern	vein pattern	venation pattern	Within each leaf, the vascular tissue forms veins. The arrangement of veins in a leaf is called the venation pattern. Monocots and dicots differ in their patterns of venation (Figure 30.22). Monocots have parallel venation; the veins run in straight lines across the length of the leaf without converging at a point. In dicots, however, the veins of the leaf have a net-like appearance, forming a pattern known as reticulate venation. One extant plant, the Ginkgo biloba, has dichotomous venation where the veins fork.
Anabolic reactions require energy, so they are considered what type of reaction?	hydrostatic	autotrophic	exothermic	endothermic	Anabolic reactions involve forming bonds. Smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones. For example, simple sugars are combined to form complex carbohydrates. Anabolic reactions require energy, so they are endothermic.
Lack of which attachment makes ester molecules incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding?	carbon oxygen atom	carbon fluorine atom	carbon sulfur atom	hydrogen-oxygen atom	Ester molecules are polar but have no hydrogen atom attached directly to an oxygen atom. They are therefore incapable of engaging in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with one another and thus have considerably lower boiling points than their isomeric carboxylic acids counterparts. Because ester molecules can engage in hydrogen bonding with water molecules, however, esters of low molar mass are somewhat soluble in water. Borderline solubility occurs in those molecules that have three to five carbon atoms. http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch15_s07_t01lists the physical properties of some common esters.

Exothermic reactions in organisms are called what?

biogenic reactions

nuclear reactions

nebular reactions

catabolic reactions

Exothermic reactions in organisms are called catabolic reactions . These reactions break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. An example of a catabolic reaction is the breakdown of glucose, which releases energy that cells need to carry out life processes. Endothermic reactions in organisms are called anabolic reactions . These reactions build up bigger molecules from smaller ones. An example of an anabolic reaction is the joining of amino acids to form a protein. Which type of reactions—catabolic or anabolic—do you think occur when your body digests food?.

Prior to birth, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, mucus, and what else?

air

blood

plasma

surfactant

Birth Prior to birth, the lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, mucus, and surfactant. As the fetus is squeezed through the birth canal, the fetal thoracic cavity is compressed, expelling much of this fluid. Some fluid remains, however, but is rapidly absorbed by the body shortly after birth. The first inhalation occurs within 10 seconds after birth and not only serves as the first inspiration, but also acts to inflate the lungs. Pulmonary surfactant is critical for inflation to occur, as it reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Preterm birth around 26 weeks frequently results in severe respiratory distress, although with current medical advancements, some babies may survive. Prior to 26 weeks, sufficient pulmonary surfactant is not produced, and the surfaces for gas exchange have not formed adequately; therefore, survival is low.

At what point during a chemical reaction is there no net change?

ionization

bonding

formation

equilibrium

Most chemical reactions reach equilibrium at which point there is no net change.

The solution with the higher solute concentration is called what?

acetic

hypotonic

unsaturated

hypertonic

In comparing two solutions of unequal solute concentration, the solution with the higher solute concentration is hypertonic, and the solution with the lower concentration is hypotonic. Solutions of equal solute concentration are isotonic.

The three stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and what?

degradation

prolongation

separation

termination

A rounded hollow carved in the side of a mountain by a glacier is known as?

a crest

a crater

a cavern

a cirque

A cirque is a rounded hollow carved in the side of a mountain by a glacier. The highest cliff of a cirque is called the headwall.

Where do most cnidarians live?

rocks

grass

hills

ocean

Cnidarians are invertebrates such as jellyfish and corals. They belong to the phylum Cnidaria. All cnidarians are aquatic. Most of them live in the ocean. Cnidarians are a little more complex than sponges. They have radial symmetry and tissues. There are more than 10,000 cnidarian species. They are very diverse, as shown in Figure below .

What do a group of cells that work together form?

organ

molecule

organelle

tissue

Cells are grouped together to carry out specific functions. A group of cells that work together form a tissue . Your body has four main types of tissues, as do the bodies of other animals. These tissues make up all structures and contents of your body. An example of each tissue type is pictured in the Figure below .

Plants alternate between haploid and what?

monoxoid

triploid

monoplooid

diploid

Plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations. Haploid cells have one of each pair of chromosomes. Diploid cells have two of each pair.

Temperature is a measure of the motion (kinetic energy) of what?

electrons

particles

nucleus

molecules

Water Stabilizes Temperature The hydrogen bonds in water allow it to absorb and release heat energy more slowly than many other substances. Temperature is a measure of the motion (kinetic energy) of molecules. As the motion increases, energy is higher and thus temperature is higher. Water absorbs a great deal of energy before its temperature rises. Increased energy disrupts the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Because these bonds can be created and disrupted rapidly, water absorbs an increase in energy and temperature changes only minimally. This means that water moderates temperature changes within organisms and in their environments. As energy input continues, the balance between hydrogen-bond formation and destruction swings toward the destruction side. More bonds are broken than are formed. This process results in the release of individual water molecules at the surface of the liquid (such as a body of water, the leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism) in a process called evaporation. Evaporation of sweat, which is 90 percent water, allows for cooling of an organism, because breaking hydrogen bonds requires an input of energy and takes heat away from the body. Conversely, as molecular motion decreases and temperatures drop, less energy is present to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These bonds remain intact and begin to form a rigid, lattice-like structure (e. , ice) (Figure 2.9a). When frozen, ice is less dense than liquid water (the molecules are farther apart). This means that ice floats on the surface of a body of water (Figure 2.9b). In lakes, ponds, and oceans, ice will form on the surface of the water, creating an insulating barrier to protect the animal and plant life beneath from freezing in the water. If this did not happen, plants and animals living in water would freeze in a block of ice and could not move freely, making life in cold temperatures difficult or impossible.

What method do scientists use to answer questions?

solutive method

inquisitive method

regulatory method

scientific method

Scientists use the scientific method to answer questions. The scientific method is a series of steps. These steps help scientists (or even just people!) investigate a question.

What is the natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives known as?

stabilizing selection

diversifying selection

directional selection

kin selection

When a male directly deposits sperm in a female during mating, this is considered what type of fertilization?

external

dual

mechanical

internal

Internal Fertilization Internal fertilization occurs most often in terrestrial animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method. Internal fertilization may occur by the male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating. It may also occur by the male depositing sperm in the environment, usually in a protective structure, which a female picks up to deposit the sperm in her reproductive tract. There are three ways that offspring are produced following internal fertilization. In oviparity, fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and develop there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg (Figure 18.7a). This occurs in some bony fish, some reptiles, a few cartilaginous fish, some amphibians, a few mammals, and all birds. Most non-avian reptiles and insects produce leathery eggs, while birds and some turtles produce eggs with high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the shell, making them hard. Chicken eggs are an example of a hard shell. The eggs of the egg-laying mammals such as the platypus and echidna are leathery. In ovoviparity, fertilized eggs are retained in the female, and the embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg’s yolk. The eggs are retained in the female’s body until they hatch inside of her, or she lays the eggs right before they hatch. This process helps protect the eggs until hatching. This occurs in some bony fish (like the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, Figure 18.7b), some sharks, lizards, some snakes (garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis), some vipers, and some invertebrate animals (Madagascar hissing cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa). In viviparity the young are born alive. They obtain their nourishment from the female and are born in varying states of maturity. This occurs in most mammals (Figure 18.7c), some cartilaginous fish, and a few reptiles.

What part of the body does the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium usually attack?

heart

Pancreas

muscles

lungs

This bacterium, called Mycobacterium tuberculosis , causes the disease Tuberculosis (TB). These bacteria usually attack the lungs. If left untreated, the infection can be fatal. Many other illnesses, mild and severe, are also caused by certain types of bacteria.

Conversely, very large forces are created by liquids and solids when they try to expand but are constrained from doing so—which is equivalent to compressing them to less than their normal volume. this often occurs when a contained material warms up, since most materials expand when they do this?

decrease temperature

increase density

increase mass

increase temperature

Conversely, very large forces are created by liquids and solids when they try to expand but are constrained from doing so—which is equivalent to compressing them to less than their normal volume. This often occurs when a contained material warms up, since most materials expand when their temperature increases. If the materials are tightly constrained, they deform or break their container. Another very common example occurs when water freezes. Water, unlike most materials, expands when it freezes, and it can easily fracture a boulder, rupture a biological cell, or crack an engine block that gets in its way. Other types of deformations, such as torsion or twisting, behave analogously to the tension, shear, and bulk deformations considered here.

What helps regulate the production of urine?

the fetal gland

the temporal gland

the discrete gland

the pituitary gland

Patrick J. Lynch, modified by CK-12 Foundation. The pituitary gland helps regulate the production of urine . CC BY 2.0.

In celsius, what is the temperature at which water freezes?

absolute zero

32 degrees

100 degrees

zero degrees

A: If calcium chloride dissolves in water, it breaks down into its ions (Ca 2+ and Cl - ). When water has ions dissolved in it, it has a lower freezing point. Pure water freezes at 0°C. With calcium and chloride ions dissolved in it, it won’t freeze unless the temperature reaches -29°C or lower.

Which theory explains how materials can collide and become new materials?

rupture theory

pileup theory

disturbance theory

collision theory

Collision theory explains how materials can collide and become new materials.

What 3 types of friction occur between solid surfaces?

static , ascending , rolling

static , arching , rolling

static,desending,sliding

static, sliding, rolling

Friction is the force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are in contact. There are four types of friction: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction. Static, sliding, and rolling friction occur between solid surfaces. Fluid friction occurs in liquids and gases. All four types of friction are described below. You can see a video demonstration of the different types at this URL:.

Name the 3 ocean zones.

cotidal, intertidal, exotidal

coral, intertidal, apogean

amphidromic, cotidal, benthic

intertidal, pelagic, benthic

Zones in the oceans include the intertidal, pelagic, and benthic zones. The types of organisms found in these ocean zones are also determined by such factors as depth of water and distance from shore, among other factors.

Secondary consumers are usually carnivores that eat what?

dead material

soil

plants

primary consumers

Food Chains and Food Webs The term “food chain” is sometimes used metaphorically to describe human social situations. In this sense, food chains are thought of as a competition for survival, such as “who eats whom?” Someone eats and someone is eaten. Therefore, it is not surprising that in our competitive “dog-eat-dog” society, individuals who are considered successful are seen as being at the top of the food chain, consuming all others for their benefit, whereas the less successful are seen as being at the bottom. The scientific understanding of a food chain is more precise than in its everyday usage. In ecology, a food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass: primary producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers are used to describe ecosystem structure and dynamics. There is a single path through the chain. Each organism in a food chain occupies what is called a trophic level. Depending on their role as producers or consumers, species or groups of species can be assigned to various trophic levels. In many ecosystems, the bottom of the food chain consists of photosynthetic organisms (plants and/or phytoplankton), which are called primary producers. The organisms that consume the primary producers are herbivores: the primary consumers. Secondary consumers are usually carnivores that eat the primary consumers. Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores. Higher-level consumers feed on the next lower tropic levels, and so on, up to the organisms at the top of the food chain: the apex consumers. In the Lake Ontario food chain shown in Figure 46.4, the Chinook salmon is the apex consumer at the top of this food chain.

What is the term for a period when temperatures are cooler than normal causing glaciers to spread to lower latitudes?

freezing point

cooling era

cold age

ice age

But ice ages also occurred many times in the past. An ice age is a period when temperatures are cooler than normal. This causes glaciers to spread to lower latitudes. Scientists think that ice ages occurred at least six times over the last billion years alone. How do scientists learn about Earth’s past climates?.

Cody's velocity is zero so therefore he doesn't have what?

temperature

mass

weight

momentum

A : Cody has no momentum as he stands there because he isn’t moving. In other words, his velocity is zero. However, Cody will gain momentum as he starts moving down the ramp and picks up speed.

Human population is growing exponentially and humans have increased what normally limiting factor through technology, urbanization, and harnessing the energy of fossil fuels?

habitat loss

zero population growth

mass extinction

carrying capacity

19.3 The Human Population Earth’s human population is growing exponentially. Humans have increased their carrying capacity through technology, urbanization, and harnessing the energy of fossil fuels. The age structure of a population allows us to predict population growth. Unchecked human population growth could have dire long-term effects on human welfare and Earth’s ecosystems.

Amides are carbonyls attached to one nitrogen atom and one carbon or which other atom?

calcium

helium

nitrogen

hydrogen

Amides are carbonyls attached to one nitrogen atom and one carbon or hydrogen atom. Amides are used in materials such as crayons and inks, as well as in paper rubber products.

The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of which cells?

chloroplasm

endothermic cells

insular cells

dermal cells

The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of tightly-packed dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. The epidermis has tiny pores called stomata (singular, stoma) that control transpiration and gas exchange with the air. Figure below explains how stomata carry out this vital function.

What is beneath the cerebrum and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus?

subvocalization

rendalen

brain stem

diencephalon

Diencephalon The diencephalon is beneath the cerebrum and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. In the somatic nervous system, the thalamus is an important relay for communication between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system. The hypothalamus has both somatic and autonomic functions. In addition, the hypothalamus communicates with the limbic system, which controls emotions and memory functions. Sensory input to the thalamus comes from most of the special senses and ascending somatosensory tracts. Each sensory system is relayed through a particular nucleus in the thalamus. The thalamus is a required transfer point for most sensory tracts that reach the cerebral cortex, where conscious sensory perception begins. The one exception to this rule is the olfactory system. The olfactory tract axons from the olfactory bulb project directly to the cerebral cortex, along with the limbic system and hypothalamus. The thalamus is a collection of several nuclei that can be categorized into three anatomical groups. White matter running through the thalamus defines the three major regions of the thalamus, which are an anterior nucleus, a medial nucleus, and a lateral group of nuclei. The anterior nucleus serves as a relay between the hypothalamus and the emotion and memoryproducing limbic system. The medial nuclei serve as a relay for information from the limbic system and basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex. This allows memory creation during learning, but also determines alertness. The special and somatic senses connect to the lateral nuclei, where their information is relayed to the appropriate sensory cortex of the cerebrum.

What is the raw material for evolution by natural selection called?

comparable variation

pattern variation

mutation

genetic variation

The changing of a light ray’s direction (loosely called bending) when it passes through variations in matter is called this?

vibration

wavelength

resonance

refraction

Refraction The changing of a light ray’s direction (loosely called bending) when it passes through variations in matter is called refraction. Speed of Light The speed of light c not only affects refraction, it is one of the central concepts of Einstein’s theory of relativity. As the accuracy of the measurements of the speed of light were improved, c was found not to depend on the velocity of the source or the observer. However, the speed of light does vary in a precise manner with the material it traverses. These facts have far-reaching implications, as we will see in Special Relativity. It makes connections between space and time and alters our expectations that all observers measure the same time for the same event, for example. The speed of light is so important that its value in a vacuum is one of the most fundamental constants in nature as well as being one of the four fundamental SI units.

What decreases with the loss of subsequent protons?

seawater strength

example strength

Movement strength

acid strength

Polyprotic Acids and Bases As you learned in Chapter 4 "Reactions in Aqueous Solution", polyprotic acids such as H2SO4, H3PO4, and H2CO3 contain more than one ionizable proton, and the protons are lost in a stepwise manner. The fully protonated species is always the strongest acid because it is easier to remove a proton from a neutral molecule than from a negatively charged ion. Thus acid strength decreases with the loss of subsequent protons, and, correspondingly, the pKa increases. Consider H2SO4, for example: Figure 16.5.

What is defined as a loss of hydrogen atoms?

conduction

Reduction

evaporation

oxidation

Oxidation is also defined as a loss of hydrogen atoms. In the following equation, ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde by the loss of two hydrogen atoms:.

Natural gas is often found along with what other fossil fuels in underground deposits?

repository and oil

methane and oil

coal and methane

coal and oil

Natural gas is often found along with coal or oil in underground deposits. This is because natural gas forms with these other fossil fuels. One difference between natural gas and oil is that natural gas forms at higher temperatures.

What term is used to describe cells without a nucleus?

monophyletic

Simple

unicellular

prokaryotic

Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus.

What is used to carry out metric unit conversions?

calculation analysis

mechanical analysis

metric analysis

dimensional analysis

Dimensional analysis can be used to carry out metric unit conversions.

If solutions of differing osmolarities are present on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane, solvent will transfer from what to what, in terms of osmolarity of the solution?

high to low

low to low

high to high

low to high

osmol = M × i If more than one solute is present in a solution, the individual osmolarities are additive to get the total osmolarity of the solution. Solutions that have the same osmolarity have the same osmotic pressure. If solutions of differing osmolarities are present on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane, solvent will transfer from the lower-osmolarity solution to the higher-osmolarity solution. Counterpressure exerted on the highosmolarity solution will reduce or halt the solvent transfer. An even higher pressure can be exerted to force solvent from the high-osmolarity solution to the low-osmolarity solution, a process called reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is used to make potable water from saltwater where sources of fresh water are scarce.

What do populations gain through births and immigration?

Over Crowding

humans

Over Population

individuals

Populations gain individuals through births and immigration. They lose individuals through deaths and emigration. These factors together determine how fast a population grows.

What is it called when plants release water vapor through their leaves?

respiration

propagation

evaporation

transpiration

Transpiration is like evaporation because it changes liquid water to water vapor. In transpiration, plants release water vapor through their leaves. This water vapor rises into the atmosphere.

What do you call the atomic "ingredients" that go into a chemical reaction?

Starters

propellants

complexes

reactants

Like equations in math, equations in chemistry must balance. There must be the same number of each type of atom in the products as there is in the reactants. In equation 1, count the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms on each side of the arrow. There are two hydrogen atoms in both reactants and products. There are two oxygen atoms in the reactants but only one in the product. Therefore, equation 1 is not balanced.

What is stacked in layers in "layer cake geology"?

horizontal stata

sediment

soil

rock stata

Geologists say that the Grand Canyon ( Figure above ) has "layer cake geology. " This is because the rock strata are in layers. They are extremely easy to see. Sedimentary rocks are like a book that tells the story of the environment in which they formed. Rock units can be traced across large expanses. Looking down into the Grand Canyon, you get a sense of the vastness of space and of time.

A spontaneous change process called neutrino oscillations can occur only if neutrinos have what property?

color

velocity

temperature

mass

that the weak interaction could change quark flavor. It should also change neutrino flavor—that is, any type of neutrino could change spontaneously into any other, a process called neutrino oscillations. However, this can occur only if neutrinos have a mass. Why? Crudely, because if neutrinos are massless, they must travel at the speed of light and time will not pass for them, so that they cannot change without an interaction. In 1999, results began to be published containing convincing evidence that neutrino oscillations do occur. Using the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan, the oscillations have been observed and are being verified and further explored at present at the same facility and others. Neutrino oscillations may also explain the low number of observed solar neutrinos. Detectors for observing solar neutrinos are specifically designed to detect electron neutrinos ν e produced in huge numbers by fusion in the Sun. A large fraction of electron neutrinos.

What type of plate is an island arc found on?

shear

continental

coastal

oceanic

An island arc is a line of volcanoes on an oceanic plate. A continental arc is a line of volcanoes on a continental plate.

How do you calculate the atomic mass of an element?

multiply protons by neutrons

add neutrons and electrons

count the electrons

add the protons and neutrons together

In this lesson, you learned about chemical bonds in a water molecule. The bonds form between atoms of hydrogen and oxygen when they share electrons. This type of bond is an example of a covalent bond.

The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" that crisscrosses what?

cell membrane

golgi apparatus

cerebellum

cytoplasm

The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" that crisscrosses the cytoplasm. All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, and recent research has shown that prokaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is made up of a network of long, thin protein fibers and has many functions. It helps to maintain cell shape, holds organelles in place, and for some cells, it enables cell movement. The cytoskeleton plays important roles in both the intracellular movement of substances and in cell division. Certain proteins act like a path that vesicles and organelles move along within the cell. The threadlike proteins that make up the cytoskeleton continually rebuild to adapt to the cell's constantly changing needs. Three main kinds of cytoskeleton fibers are microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

In animal cells, what arises from the centrosomes and includes spindle microtubules and asters?

DNA helix

Golgi apparatus

ribosomes

the spindle

What's the term for a relationship between two organisms where at least one benefits?

meiosis

dermatitis

morphogenesis

symbiosis

Symbiosis is a close relationship between organisms of different species in which at least one of the organisms benefits. The other organism may also benefit, or it may be unaffected or harmed by the relationship. Figure below shows an example of symbiosis. The birds in the picture are able to pick out food from the fur of the deer. The deer won't eat the birds. In fact, the deer knowingly lets the birds rest on it. What, if anything, do you think the deer gets out of the relationship?.

Drip iirigation requires less water and reduces what?

sediment

moisture

bacteria

salinization

What term refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers?

cysts

valve

cartilage

septum

Septa of the Heart The word septum is derived from the Latin for “something that encloses;” in this case, a septum (plural = septa) refers to a wall or partition that divides the heart into chambers. The septa are physical extensions of the myocardium lined with endocardium. Located between the two atria is the interatrial septum. Normally in an adult heart, the interatrial septum bears an oval-shaped depression known as the fossa ovalis, a remnant of an opening in the fetal heart known as the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale allowed blood in the fetal heart to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, allowing some blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit. Within seconds after birth, a flap of tissue known as the septum primum that previously acted as a valve closes the foramen ovale and establishes the typical cardiac circulation pattern. Between the two ventricles is a second septum known as the interventricular septum. Unlike the interatrial septum, the interventricular septum is normally intact after its formation during fetal development. It is substantially thicker than the interatrial septum, since the ventricles generate far greater pressure when they contract. The septum between the atria and ventricles is known as the atrioventricular septum. It is marked by the presence of four openings that allow blood to move from the atria into the ventricles and from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta. Located in each of these openings between the atria and ventricles is a valve, a specialized structure that ensures one-way flow of blood. The valves between the atria and ventricles are known generically as atrioventricular valves. The valves at the openings that lead to the pulmonary trunk and aorta are known generically as semilunar valves. The interventricular septum is visible in Figure 19.9. In this figure, the atrioventricular septum has been removed to better show the bicupid and tricuspid valves; the interatrial septum is not visible, since its location is covered by the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Since these openings and valves structurally weaken the atrioventricular septum, the remaining tissue is heavily reinforced with dense connective tissue called the cardiac skeleton, or skeleton of the heart. It includes four rings that surround the openings between the atria and ventricles, and the openings to the pulmonary trunk and aorta, and serve as the point of attachment for the heart valves. The cardiac skeleton also provides an important boundary in the heart electrical conduction system.

What mammal is the most intelligent?

lion

dog

monkey

humans

In this lesson, you learned some of the ways that humans differ from other mammals. For example, humans have a larger and more complex brain than other mammals. That’s why they are also the most intelligent mammals. The next chapter introduces the biology of the human animal.

What is the primary force driving fluid transport between the capillaries and tissues?

isolate pressure

temperature pressure

constructs pressure

hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure The primary force driving fluid transport between the capillaries and tissues is hydrostatic pressure, which can be defined as the pressure of any fluid enclosed in a space. Blood hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the blood confined within blood vessels or heart chambers. Even more specifically, the pressure exerted by blood against the wall of a capillary is called capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP), and is the same as capillary blood pressure. CHP is the force that drives fluid out of capillaries and into the tissues. As fluid exits a capillary and moves into tissues, the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid correspondingly rises. This opposing hydrostatic pressure is called the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP). Generally, the CHP originating from the arterial pathways is considerably higher than the IFHP, because lymphatic vessels are continually absorbing excess fluid from the tissues. Thus, fluid generally moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid. This process is called filtration.

Mercury is small, rocky and covered with what objects?

diamonds

rivers

volcanoes

craters

6. Mercury is small, rocky and covered with craters. Why?.

Heat expansion is a result of the increase of what type of energy, exhibited by molecules bumping together?

harmonic energy

light energy

radioactivity

kinetic energy

Heat expansion is a result of the increase of kinetic energy of the molecules. As their movement increases, they bump into each other more and the material slightly expands as a result. Most materials expand with heat. Water is a particularly interesting substance in that it contracts as its temperature increases from to (and then expands from to ).

What is the molecular formula of carbon dioxide?

cl2

c2o

h2o

co 2

The molecular formula of carbon dioxide is CO 2 . One molecule of carbon dioxide consists of 1 atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen. We can calculate the molar mass of carbon dioxide by adding together the molar masses of each atom present in the compound.

What organism constitutes frothy green "pond scum"?

protozoa

bacteria

sponges

algae

Polluted water can form a frothy green scum on the surface. This "pond scum" is actually a living organism, algae. The algae are plant-like protists. Usually the algae are too small to notice, but sometimes algae grow in excess because of the excess nutrients in polluted water.

Spontaneous reactions release what type of energy, meaning it is available to do work?

kinetic energy

potential energy

radioactive energy

free energy

Many chemical reactions and physical processes release energy that can be used to do other things. When the fuel in a car is burned, some of the released energy is used to power the vehicle. Free energy is energy that is available to do work. Spontaneous reactions release free energy as they proceed. Recall that the determining factors for spontaneity of a reaction are the enthalpy and entropy changes that occur for the system. The free energy change of a reaction is a mathematical combination of the enthalpy change and the entropy change.

Why do butterfly fish have fake eyespots?

random evolution

aerodynamic purposes

mating purposes

confuse predators

Butterfly fish like this one have “fake” eyespots. The eyespots may confuse larger predators long enough for the butterfly fish to escape.

Is urea or salt reabsorbed faster?

urea

same speed

neither is reabsorbed

salt

Glucose is an example of what simple carboyhydrates with relatively few carbon atoms?

acids

solvents

mixtures

sugars

Sugars are simple carbohydrates. Molecules of sugars have relatively few carbon atoms. Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is one of the smallest sugar molecules. Plants and some other organisms make glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Living things that cannot make glucose obtain it by consuming plants or these other organisms.

Chemical energy results from the particular arrangement of atoms in a chemical compound; the heat and light produced in this reaction are due to energy released during the breaking and reforming of what?

carbon bonds

acid bonds

atom bonds

chemical bonds

energy is released when particles in the nucleus of the atom are rearranged. (e) Chemical energy results from the particular arrangement of atoms in a chemical compound; the heat and light produced in this reaction are due to energy released during the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds. Electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy are different forms ofpotential energy (PE), which is energy stored in an object because of the relative positions or orientations of its components. A brick lying on the windowsill of a 10th-floor office has a great deal of potential energy, but until its position changes by falling, the energy is contained. In contrast, kinetic energy (KE) is energy due to the motionof an object. When the brick falls, its potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the object on the ground that it strikes.

The visible surface of the sun is called what?

Chromosphere

Corona

Radiative Zone

photosphere

The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun ( Figure below ). It's the part that we see shining. Surprisingly, the photosphere is also one of the coolest layers of the Sun. It is only about 6000 degrees C.

Which system is capable of responding quickly to changing situations?

circulatory system

endocrine system

reproductive system

nervous system

In addition, endocrine signaling is typically less specific than neural signaling. The same hormone may play a role in a variety of different physiological processes depending on the target cells involved. For example, the hormone oxytocin promotes uterine contractions in women in labor. It is also important in breastfeeding, and may be involved in the sexual response and in feelings of emotional attachment in both males and females. In general, the nervous system involves quick responses to rapid changes in the external environment, and the endocrine system is usually slower acting—taking care of the internal environment of the body, maintaining homeostasis, and controlling reproduction (Table 17.1). So how does the fight-or-flight response that was mentioned earlier happen so quickly if hormones are usually slower acting? It is because the two systems are connected. It is the fast action of the nervous system in response to the danger in the environment that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete their hormones. As a result, the nervous system can cause rapid endocrine responses to keep up with sudden changes in both the external and internal environments when necessary.

What two substances do plants give off when they make food?

chlorophyll and nitrogen

water and oil

carbon dioxide and oxygen

oxygen and water

What kind of energy positions do electrons occupy during ground state?

highest energy positions

closest energy positions

relative energy positions

lowest energy positions

Oxygen has 6 valence electrons in its ground state. Remember that ground state refers to the neutral atom in which the electrons occupy the lowest possible energy positions. Oxygen is two electrons away from being isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas. Oxygen will therefore form ions by gaining two electrons to become isoelectronic with neon, as shown below:.

What are metals and good electrical conductors that tend to lose their valence electrons in chemical reactions called?

precious metals

stable metals

conservants

reductants

Electronegativity Differences between Metals and Nonmetals An element’s electronegativity provides us with a single value that we can use to characterize the chemistry of an element. Elements with a high electronegativity (χ ≥ 2.2 in Figure 7.15 "Pauling Electronegativity Values of the ") have very negative affinities and large ionization potentials, so they are generally nonmetals and electrical insulators that tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions (i. , they are oxidants). In contrast, elements with a low electronegativity (χ ≤ 1.8) have electron affinities that have either positive or small negative values and small ionization potentials, so they are generally metals and good electrical conductors that tend to lose their valence electrons in chemical reactions (i. , they are reductants). In between the metals and nonmetals, along the heavy diagonal line running from B to At in Figure 1.24 "The Periodic Table Showing the Elements in Order of Increasing ", is a group of elements with intermediate electronegativities (χ ~ 2.0). These are the semimetals, elements that have some of the chemical properties of both nonmetals and metals. The distinction between metals and nonmetals is.

What is the term for liquid water falling from the sky?

mud

wind

fire

rain

What term did schrödinger use for regions around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be?

ellipses

arrays

isotopes

orbitals

Schrödinger developed an equation that could be used to calculate the chances of an electron being in any given place around the nucleus. Based on his calculations, he identified regions around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be. He called these regions orbitals . As you can see in the Figure below , orbitals may be shaped like spheres, dumbbells, or rings. In each case, the nucleus of the atom is at the center of the orbital. You can see animated models of orbitals this URL: http://www. chemistry. wustl. edu/~edudev/Orbitals/movie. html .

What exactly happens during rna translation?

chromosome is synthesized

carbohydrate is synthesized

membrane is synthesized

protein is synthesized

Translation is the RNA → protein part of the central dogma. It occurs at a ribosome. During translation, a protein is synthesized using the codons in mRNA as a guide. All three types of RNA play a role in translation.

How long are microfilaments?

7 m

9 nm

4 nm

7 nm

What is the area around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be, called?

electron pocket

electron wave

electron membrane

electron cloud

Today, these ideas about electrons are represented by the electron cloud model. The electron cloud is an area around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be. Figure below shows an electron cloud model for a helium atom.

What type of matter in the spinal cord has the appearance of an ink-blot test and is subdivided into regions that are referred to as horns?

dark matter

bright matter

wet matter

gray matter

Gray Horns In cross-section, the gray matter of the spinal cord has the appearance of an ink-blot test, with the spread of the gray matter on one side replicated on the other—a shape reminiscent of a bulbous capital “H. ” As shown in Figure 13.14, the gray matter is subdivided into regions that are referred to as horns. The posterior horn is responsible for sensory processing. The anterior horn sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles. The lateral horn, which is only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions, is the central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Some of the largest neurons of the spinal cord are the multipolar motor neurons in the anterior horn. The fibers that cause contraction of skeletal muscles are the axons of these neurons. The motor neuron that causes contraction of the big toe, for example, is located in the sacral spinal cord. The axon that has to reach all the way to the belly of that muscle may be a meter in length. The neuronal cell body that maintains that long fiber must be quite large, possibly several hundred micrometers in diameter, making it one of the largest cells in the body.

What type of sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water?

sandstone

shale

limestone

chemical sedimentary rocks

The main types of sedimentary rocks are clastic or chemical. Some sedimentary rocks are a third type, organic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are made of sediments. The sediments differ in size. Chemical sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water. Organic sedimentary rocks are made from the bodies of organisms.

Sexual reproduction involves the production of haploid gametes by what?

mitosis

lesions

mutations

meiosis

Cycle of Sexual Reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves the production of haploid gametes by meiosis. This is followed by fertilization and the formation of a diploid zygote. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the letter n. Why does the zygote have 2n, or twice as many, chromosomes?.

What is emitted by nuclei in alpha, beta, and gamma decay?

magnetic field

convection

solar energy

radiation

There are several types of radioactive decay, including alpha, beta, and gamma decay. In all three types, nuclei emit radiation, but the nature of the radiation differs. The Table below shows the radiation emitted in each type of decay. You can watch a video about the three types at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=3koOwozY4oc .

What do we call the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their environment?

water cycle

phosphorus cycle

nutrient cycle

biogeochemical cycle

46.3 | Biogeochemical Cycles By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the biogeochemical cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur • Explain how human activities have impacted these cycles and the potential consequences for Earth Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (or inorganic molecules for chemoautotrophs) and leaving as heat during the many transfers between trophic levels. However, the matter that makes up living organisms is conserved and recycled. The six most common elements associated with organic molecules—carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—take a variety of chemical forms and may exist for long periods in the atmosphere, on land, in water, or beneath the Earth’s surface. Geologic processes, such as weathering, erosion, water drainage, and the subduction of the continental plates, all play a role in this recycling of materials. Because geology and chemistry have major roles in the study of this process, the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their environment is called a biogeochemical cycle. Water contains hydrogen and oxygen, which is essential to all living processes. The hydrosphere is the area of the Earth where water movement and storage occurs: as liquid water on the surface and beneath the surface or frozen (rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, and glaciers), and as water vapor in the atmosphere. Carbon is found in all organic macromolecules and is an important constituent of fossil fuels. Nitrogen is a major component of our nucleic acids and proteins and is critical to human agriculture. Phosphorus, a major component of nucleic acid (along with nitrogen), is one of the main ingredients in artificial fertilizers used in agriculture and their associated environmental impacts on our surface.

The tensor fascia latae acts as what, in relation to the gluteus medius and iliopsoas, for the purpose of flexing and abducting the thigh?

symbiotic

spicule

antagonist

synergist

The tensor fascia latae is a thick, squarish muscle in the superior aspect of the lateral thigh. It acts as a synergist of the gluteus medius and iliopsoas in flexing and abducting the thigh. It also helps stabilize the lateral aspect of the knee by pulling on the iliotibial tract (band), making it taut. Deep to the gluteus maximus, the piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris laterally rotate the femur at the hip. The adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus can both medially and laterally rotate the thigh depending on the placement of the foot. The adductor longus flexes the thigh, whereas the adductor magnus extends it. The pectineus adducts and flexes the femur at the hip as well. The pectineus is located in the femoral triangle, which is formed at the junction between the hip and the leg and also includes the femoral nerve, the femoral artery, the femoral vein, and the deep inguinal lymph nodes.

What cellular process is controlled by allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

mitosis

photosynthesis

Metabolism

cellular respiration

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

coordinate bones and muscles

respiration of air

excretion of food waste

transporting substances around the body

The main function of the cardiovascular system is transporting substances around the body. Figure above shows some of the substances that are transported in the blood. They include hormones, oxygen, nutrients from digested food, and cellular wastes. Transport of all these materials is necessary to maintain homeostasis of the body and life itself.

What happens to water when it is heated in the broiler?

it introduces

it evolves

it contracts

it expands

When water is heated in the boiler, it expands. It might burst the pipes of the system if it weren’t for the expansion tank. This tank holds excess water after it expands.

What atoms make up a water molecule?

Sodium and Oxygen

alumhg and oxygen

One Hydrogen

hydrogen and oxygen

Water is a compound that forms molecules. Each water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen (white) and one atom of oxygen (red).

What leads to the buildup of electric charges on objects?

rotation

movement

gravity

polarization

Polarization leads to the buildup of electric charges on objects. This buildup of charges is known as static electricity . Once an object becomes charged, it is likely to remain charged until another object touches it or at least comes very close to it. That’s because electric charge cannot travel easily through air, especially if the air is dry.

What is it called when body’s internal environment is stable?

ketosis

synchronicity

hypothesis

homeostasis

The tennis player in Figure below has really worked up a sweat. Do you know why we sweat? Sweating helps to keep us cool. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it uses up some of the body’s heat energy. Sweating is one of the ways that the body maintains a stable internal environment. It helps keep the body’s internal temperature constant. When the body’s internal environment is stable, the condition is called homeostasis .

Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, and condensation are part of what cycle?

cold cycle

life cycle

air cycle

water cycle

The water cycle includes the ocean, atmosphere, ground, and living things. During the water cycle, water keeps changing state by processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation.

Life span is distinct from what, which means the sequence of stages a plant goes through from seed germination to seed production of the mature plant?

spin cycle

feeding cycle

society cycle

life cycle

Plant Life Spans The length of time from the beginning of development to the death of a plant is called its life span. The life cycle, on the other hand, is the sequence of stages a plant goes through from seed germination to seed production of the mature plant. Some plants, such as annuals, only need a few weeks to grow, produce seeds and die. Other plants, such as the bristlecone pine, live for thousands of years. Some bristlecone pines have a documented age of 4,500 years Figure 32.29. Even as some parts of a plant, such as regions containing meristematic tissue—the area of active plant growth consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division—continue to grow, some parts undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). The cork found on stems, and the water-conducting tissue of the xylem, for example, are composed of dead cells.

What is it called when the soils of the arctic tundra remain in a perennially frozen state?

glacial domination

concentrated freeze

permafreeze

permafrost

Arctic Tundra The Arctic tundra lies north of the subarctic boreal forest and is located throughout the Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere (Figure 44.12). The average winter temperature is -34 °C (-34 °F) and the average summer temperature is from 3 °C to 12 °C (37 °F–52 °F). Plants in the arctic tundra have a very short growing season of approximately 10–12 weeks. However, during this time, there are almost 24 hours of daylight and plant growth is rapid. The annual precipitation of the Arctic tundra is very low with little annual variation in precipitation. And, as in the boreal forests, there is little evaporation due to the cold temperatures. Plants in the Arctic tundra are generally low to the ground (Figure 44.20). There is little species diversity, low net primary productivity, and low aboveground biomass. The soils of the Arctic tundra may remain in a perennially frozen state referred to as permafrost. The permafrost makes it impossible for roots to penetrate deep into the soil and slows the decay of organic matter, which inhibits the release of nutrients from organic matter. During the growing season, the ground of the Arctic tundra can be completely covered with plants or lichens.

The three classes of elements are metals, nonmetals, and what?

atoms

ionic compounds

molecules

metalloids

Metals are elements that can conduct electricity. They are one of three classes of elements (the other two classes are nonmetals and metalloids). Metals are by far the largest of the three classes. In fact, most elements are metals. All of the elements on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table, except for hydrogen, are metals. There are several different types of metals, including alkali metals in group 1 of the periodic table, alkaline Earth metals in group 2, and transition metals in groups 3–12. The majority of metals are transition metals.

What do you call the fixed point of a lever?

apex

base

caliper

fulcrum

A lever is a simple machine consisting of a bar that rotates around a fixed point. The fixed point of a lever is called the fulcrum. Like other machines, a lever makes work easier by changing the force applied to the machine or the distance over which the force is applied. For a video introduction to levers using skateboards as examples, go to this URL:.

What process tends to be external in aquatic species and internal in terrestrial species?

migration

infection

pollination

fertilization

Aquatic species generally have external fertilization, whereas terrestrial species usually have internal fertilization.

Which electromagnetic radiation is used to kill cancer cells?

plasma rays

ultraviolet rays

X-rays

gamma rays

X rays and gamma rays are the electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies. X rays are used in medicine and dentistry and to screen luggage at airports. Gamma rays are used to kill cancer cells.

What is the term for going into a dormant state during the winter?

homeostasis

gestation

fermentation

hibernation

Shrimp are an example of what group within the arthropods?

scorpion

myriapods

insect

crustaceans

Shrimp are an example of crustaceans, one group within the arthropods. Shrimp live on the ocean floor in many parts of the world. Shrimp are not only food for humans; they are also an important food source for larger marine animals.

Many enzymes are simple proteins consisting entirely of one or more of these?

proteins acid chains

alkali acid chains

interaction acid chains

amino acid chains

Many enzymes are simple proteins consisting entirely of one or more amino acid chains. Other enzymes contain a nonprotein component called a cofactor that is necessary for the enzyme’s proper functioning. There are two types of cofactors: inorganic ions [e. , zinc or Cu(I) ions] and organic molecules known as coenzymes. Most coenzymes are vitamins or are derived from vitamins.

What property of carbon and other elements can be used to date fossils and rocks, among other things?

magnetic force

mass

full-life

half-life

Carbon-14 has a relatively short half-life. It decays quickly compared to some other unstable isotopes. So carbon-14 dating is useful for specimens younger than 50,000 years old. That’s a blink of an eye in geologic time. But radiocarbon dating is very useful for more recent events. One important use of radiocarbon is early human sites. Carbon-14 dating is also limited to the remains of once-living things. To date rocks, scientists use other radioactive isotopes.

A solution is what type of mixture, where the dissolved particles are spread evenly through the mixture?

heterogeneous

saline

gaseous

homogeneous

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances, but it’s not just any mixture. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. In a homogeneous mixture, the dissolved particles are spread evenly through the mixture. The particles of the solution are also too small to be seen or to settle out of the mixture. To put solutions in context as a type of mixture, watch the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=z2vM-G5I92U .

The base in an antacid reacts to do what to excess stomach acid?

repel it

expel it

oxidize it

neutralize it

Perhaps you have eaten too much pizza and felt very uncomfortable hours later. This feeling is due to excess stomach acid being produced. The discomfort can be dealt with by taking an antacid. The base in the antacid will react with the HCl in the stomach and neutralize it, taking care of that unpleasant feeling.

In single-celled organisms, what does the plasma membrane extensions help the organisms to do?

prevent

increase

inspect

move

The plasma membrane may have extensions, such as whip-like flagella or brush-like cilia . In single-celled organisms, like those shown in Figure below , the membrane extensions may help the organisms move. In multicellular organisms, the extensions have other functions. For example, the cilia on human lung cells sweep foreign particles and mucus toward the mouth and nose.

Red-green color blindness is an example of a sex-linked condition caused by what?

genetic disorder

phenotype

dominant gene

recessive allele

What can be switched off by a protein called the trp repressor?

the genetic precursor

the cytokine

the chaperone protein

the operon

What is the name of vesicles that are formed by the golgi apparatus?

capillaries

vessels

lymphocytes

lysosomes

Lysosomes are vesicles that are formed by the Golgi apparatus. They contain powerful enzymes that could break down (digest) the cell. Lysosomes break down harmful cell products, waste materials, and cellular debris and then force them out of the cell. They also digest invading organisms such as bacteria. Lysosomes also break down cells that are ready to die, a process called autolysis.

What is the term for the arrangement of veins in a leaf?

cerebellum pattern

dorsal pattern

vein pattern

venation pattern

Within each leaf, the vascular tissue forms veins. The arrangement of veins in a leaf is called the venation pattern. Monocots and dicots differ in their patterns of venation (Figure 30.22). Monocots have parallel venation; the veins run in straight lines across the length of the leaf without converging at a point. In dicots, however, the veins of the leaf have a net-like appearance, forming a pattern known as reticulate venation. One extant plant, the Ginkgo biloba, has dichotomous venation where the veins fork.

Anabolic reactions require energy, so they are considered what type of reaction?

hydrostatic

autotrophic

exothermic

endothermic

Anabolic reactions involve forming bonds. Smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones. For example, simple sugars are combined to form complex carbohydrates. Anabolic reactions require energy, so they are endothermic.

Lack of which attachment makes ester molecules incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding?

carbon oxygen atom

carbon fluorine atom

carbon sulfur atom

hydrogen-oxygen atom

Ester molecules are polar but have no hydrogen atom attached directly to an oxygen atom. They are therefore incapable of engaging in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with one another and thus have considerably lower boiling points than their isomeric carboxylic acids counterparts. Because ester molecules can engage in hydrogen bonding with water molecules, however, esters of low molar mass are somewhat soluble in water. Borderline solubility occurs in those molecules that have three to five carbon atoms. http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch15_s07_t01lists the physical properties of some common esters.