allenai/sciq · Datasets at Hugging Face

question stringlengths 14 399	distractor3 stringlengths 1 63	distractor1 stringlengths 1 57	distractor2 stringlengths 1 62	correct_answer stringlengths 1 67	support stringlengths 0 3.56k
Potassium, calcium, and magnesium are considered what kind of nutrients?	major nutrients	micronutrients	minor nutrients	macronutrients
What normally prevent a positively charged particle from colliding and reacting with a positively charged nucleus, but may be overcome by kinetic energy?.	evaporation repulsions	kinetic repulsions	toxic repulsion	electrostatic repulsions	Bombarding a target of one element with high-energy nuclei or subatomic particles can create new elements. Electrostatic repulsions normally prevent a positively charged particle from colliding and reacting with a positively charged nucleus. If the positively charged particle is moving at a very high speed, however, its kinetic energy may be great enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsions, and it may collide with the target nucleus. Such collisions can result in a nuclear transmutation reaction.
Sometimes two or more distinct phenotypes can each have their advantages and be selected for by natural selection; this is known as what?	shedding selection	extra selection	multiplying selection	diversifying selection	Diversifying Selection Sometimes two or more distinct phenotypes can each have their advantages and be selected for by natural selection, while the intermediate phenotypes are, on average, less fit. Known as diversifying selection (Figure 19.8), this is seen in many populations of animals that have multiple male forms. Large, dominant alpha males obtain mates by brute force, while small males can sneak in for furtive copulations with the females in an alpha male’s territory. In this case, both the alpha males and the “sneaking” males will be selected for, but medium-sized males, which can’t overtake the alpha males and are too big to sneak copulations, are selected against. Diversifying selection can also occur when environmental changes favor individuals on either end of the phenotypic spectrum. Imagine a population of mice living at the beach where there is light-colored sand interspersed with patches of tall grass. In this scenario, light-colored mice that blend in with the sand would be favored, as well as dark-colored mice that can hide in the grass. Medium-colored mice, on the other hand, would not blend in with either the grass or the sand, and would thus be more likely to be eaten by predators. The result of this type of selection is increased genetic variance as the population becomes more diverse.
Management programs based on population-regulating factors have helped prevent the extinction of many?	omnivores	abundant species	keystone species	endangered species
What basic plant structure is the site of photosynthesis?	roots	nucleus	spores	leaves
What provides the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change?	atomic numbers	electron shells	genome sequence	chemical formulas	A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the reaction’s stoichiometry, a term derived from the Greek words stoicheion (meaning “element”) and metron (meaning “measure”). In this module, the use of balanced chemical equations for various stoichiometric applications is explored. The general approach to using stoichiometric relationships is similar in concept to the way people go about many common activities. Food preparation, for example, offers an appropriate comparison. A recipe for making eight pancakes calls for 1 cup pancake mix, 3 cup milk, and one egg. The “equation” representing the preparation of 4 pancakes per this recipe is 1 cup mix + 3 cup milk + 1 egg ⟶ 8 pancakes 4 If two dozen pancakes are needed for a big family breakfast, the ingredient amounts must be increased proportionally according to the amounts given in the recipe. For example, the number of eggs required to make 24 pancakes is 24 pancakes ×.
What process creates sperm?	hypothalamus	genesis	altostratus	spermatogensis	Sperm are produced in the testes in the process of spermatogenesis.
Both fluorine and lithium are highly reactive elements because of their number of what?	covalence electrons	shell electrons	positrons	valence electrons	Both fluorine and lithium are highly reactive elements because of their number of valence electrons. Fluorine will readily gain one electron and lithium will just as readily give up one electron to become more stable. In fact, lithium and fluorine will react together as shown in the Figure below . When the two elements react, lithium transfers its one “extra” electron to fluorine.
Earth acts like a giant version of what device, with angular momentum along its axis and pointing at polaris, the north star?	accelerator	compass	telescope	gyroscope	Earth itself acts like a gigantic gyroscope. Its angular momentum is along its axis and points at Polaris, the North Star. But Earth is slowly precessing (once in about 26,000 years) due to the torque of the Sun and the Moon on its nonspherical shape.
Ovulation takes place in what organ and is part of the menstrual cycle?	uterus	testes	fallopian tube	ovary	The menstrual cycle includes events that take place in the ovary, such as ovulation.
Instead of a nervous system, plant responses are generally controlled by what type of molecules, which serves as chemical messengers?	sugars	receptors	enzymes	hormones	Like all organisms, plants detect and respond to stimuli in their environment. Unlike animals, plants can’t run, fly, or swim toward food or away from danger. They are usually rooted to the soil. Instead, a plant’s primary means of response is to change how it is growing. Plants also don’t have a nervous system to control their responses. Instead, their responses are generally controlled by hormones , which are chemical messenger molecules.
Asexual reproduction occurs by what process?	ripening	mating	balancing	budding	Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding. Figure below shows the sponge life cycle when sexual reproduction is involved. Adult sponges produce eggs and sperm. In many species, the same individuals produce both. However, they don’t produce eggs and sperm at the same time. As a result, self-fertilization is unlikely to occur. What is an advantage of avoiding self-fertilization?.
What do all respiratory diseases affect?	transit exchange process	liquid exchange process	helium exchange process	gas exchange process	Reproduction Fungi reproduce sexually and/or asexually. Perfect fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, while the so-called imperfect fungi reproduce only asexually (by mitosis). In both sexual and asexual reproduction, fungi produce spores that disperse from the parent organism by either floating on the wind or hitching a ride on an animal. Fungal spores are smaller and lighter than plant seeds. The giant puffball mushroom bursts open and releases trillions of spores. The huge number of spores released increases the likelihood of landing in an environment that will support growth (Figure 24.6).
What is one trait that the sponge and tarantula share?	lack of a cycle	lack of ogranic	lack of a emerge	lack of a backbone	One trait the sponge and tarantula share is lack of a backbone. In fact, they don’t have any bones at all. These are defining traits of all invertebrates. Some invertebrates have a skeleton, but it isn’t made of bone. Many other traits of invertebrates show considerable diversity.
What bonds form when pairs of electrons are shared?	dissonance bonds	ionized bonds	neutron bonds	covalent bonds
Hydrocarbons in which all carbons are connected by single bonds are called?	lipids	acids	enzymes	alkanes	Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Because each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, very large and complex molecules can be formed just from these two elements. Hydrocarbons in which all carbons are connected by single bonds are known as alkanes . If a C=C double bond is present, the compound is now an alkene . A triple bond between two carbons (C≡C) makes the compound an alkyne . Hydrocarbons can also be broadly classified as either saturated , which means they contain no multiple bonds, or unsaturated , which means they contain at least one double or triple bond.
What occurs when two wave crests overlap?	constructive dissonance	forth interference	constructive overlap	constructive interference	Constructive interference occurs when two wave crests overlap, doubling the wave amplitude at that location.
The length of a rectangular surface multiplied by its width is equal to what?	circumference	volume	height	area	The area of a rectangular surface is calculated as its length multiplied by its width.
What is the testing for disease in a fetus or embryo?	dynamic screening	complete screening	placental screening	prenatal screening	Consultations with human geneticists and genetic counselors are an important first step in genetic testing. They will most likely prescribe some sort of prenatal screening (see the Human Genetics: Diagnosis and Treatment (Advanced) concept). Prenatal screening (also known as prenatal diagnosis or prenatal testing) is the testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. Methods may involve amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling to remove fetal cells. DNA can be isolated from these cells and analyzed. If the mutation that results in the phenotype is known, that specific base can be analyzed, either through restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or, more likely, through PCR and DNA sequence analysis. As it is the baby’s DNA that is being analyzed, the analysis will determine if the developing baby will have the mutation and develop the phenotype, or not have the mutation. Parents can then be informed of the probability of the baby developing the disease.
The two adrenal glands are glands located just above the what?	esophagus	intestines	lungs	kidneys	The two adrenal glands are glands located just above the kidneys. Each adrenal gland has an outer layer (cortex) and inner layer (medulla) that secrete different hormones. The hormone adrenaline is secreted by the inner layer. It prepares the body to respond to emergencies. For example, it increases the amount of oxygen and glucose going to the muscles.
What is the term for the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time?	wave velocity	wave speed	wave distance	wave frequency	Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. Higher frequency waves have more energy. Wave speed is calculated as wavelength multiplied by wave frequency. Wave speed is affected by the medium through which a wave travels.
The migration of what familiar coastal landform involves saltation and gravity?	rivers	volcanos	lakes	sand dunes	Once a sand dune forms, it may slowly migrate over the land. The wind moves grains of sand up the gently sloping side of the dune. This is done by saltation. When the sand grains reach the top of the dune, they slip down the steeper side. The grains are pulled by gravity. The constant movement of sand up and over the dune causes the dune to move along the ground. It always moves in the same direction that the wind usually blows. Can you explain why?.
The procedure known as angioplasty is used when what part of the circulatory system is clogged?	the spinal cord	lungs	the heart	blood vessel	When a blood vessel gets clogged, there is no medical equivalent of "Drano" that will clear it out. There is, however, a procedure known as angioplasty. A thin tube with a balloon is threaded through the blood vessels. Once in place, the balloon is inflated to compress the clog against the artery wall.
What type of maps detail detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area?	gnomic maps	contour maps	polar maps	geologic maps	Geologic maps detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area.
What is another term for the voice box?	optical nerve	pharynx	pancreas	larynx	The larynx , also called the "voice box," is found just below the pharynx. Your voice comes from your larynx. Air from the lungs passes across thin tissues in the larynx and produces sound.
The proximity of the axillary buds to the apical bud is partly responsible for their what?	development	germination	growth	dormancy
How do the vast majority of fish reproduce?	cloning	by budding	asexually	sexually	Nearly all fish reproduce sexually, and most species have separate sexes. Those without separate sexes avoid self-fertilization by producing sperm and eggs at different times. Each fish typically produces a large number of gametes. In most fish species, fertilization takes place externally. These fish are oviparous . Eggs are laid and embryos develop outside the mother’s body. In a minority of fish, including sharks, eggs develop inside the mother’s body but without nourishment from the mother. These fish are ovoviviparous .
What is the quantity of force multiplied by the time it is applied called?	gravity	velocity	density	impulse	The quantity of force multiplied by the time it is applied is called impulse.
Diphenylamine acts as a stabilizer for certain types of what?	proteins	toxins	enzymes	explosives	Amines serve a wide variety of uses. Diphenylamine acts as a stabilizer for certain types of explosives. Amines are found as components in some lubricating materials, in developers, and are a part of waterproofing textiles. Some amines, such as novocaine, are used as anesthetics. Many pharmaceutical compounds contain amines, including 8 of the 10 most prescribed medications in 2012.
Behind the pupil, a single lens focuses light on a layer of what?	electrons	photons	chloroplasts	photoreceptors
Why is the root cap continuously replaced in plants?	due to rubbing	due to growth	due to pressure	damage through pushing	Root Growth and Anatomy Root growth begins with seed germination. When the plant embryo emerges from the seed, the radicle of the embryo forms the root system. The tip of the root is protected by the root cap, a structure exclusive to roots and unlike any other plant structure. The root cap is continuously replaced because it gets damaged easily as the root pushes through soil. The root tip can be divided into three zones: a zone of cell division, a zone of elongation, and a zone of maturation and differentiation (Figure 30.16). The zone of cell division is closest to the root tip; it is made up of the actively dividing cells of the root meristem. The zone of elongation is where the newly formed cells increase in length, thereby lengthening the root. Beginning at the first root hair is the zone of cell maturation where the root cells begin to differentiate into special cell types. All three zones are in the first centimeter or so of the root tip.
Aquatic biomes are determined mainly by distance from shore and what other factor?	species populations	water temperature	salinity	depth of water	Aquatic biomes are determined mainly by depth of water and distance from shore. They include freshwater and marine biomes.
Who is said to have dropped two objects of different masses from the tower of pisa?	newton	darwin	copernicus	galileo	Galileo’s Experiment Galileo is said to have dropped two objects of different masses from the Tower of Pisa. He measured how long it took each to reach the ground. Since stopwatches weren’t readily available, how do you think he measured their fall time? If the objects were the same size, but with different masses, what do you think he should have observed? Would this result be different if done on the Moon? PhET Explorations: Masses & Springs A realistic mass and spring laboratory. Hang masses from springs and adjust the spring stiffness and damping. You can even slow time. Transport the lab to different planets. A chart shows the kinetic, potential, and thermal energy for each spring.
What determines the length and thickness of dna chromosomes?	number of chromosomes	degree of rna coiling	type of dna	degree of dna coiling	The degree of DNA coiling determines whether the chromosome strands are short and thick or long and thin. Between cell divisions, the DNA in chromosomes is more loosely coiled and forms long thin strands called chromatin . DNA is in this uncoiled form during the majority of the cell cycle, making the DNA available to the proteins involved in DNA replication and transcription. Before the cell divides, the chromatin coils up more tightly and form chromosomes. Only chromosomes stain clearly enough to be seen under a microscope. The word chromosome comes from the Greek word chroma (color), and soma (body) due to its ability to be stained strongly by dyes.
What type of gas is used to fill glass tubes of lighted signs?	natural	synthetic	inert	noble	Noble gases are also used to fill the glass tubes of lighted signs like the one in the Figure below . Although noble gases are chemically nonreactive, their electrons can be energized by sending an electric current through them. When this happens, the electrons jump to a higher energy level. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they give off energy as light. Different noble gases give off light of different colors. Neon gives off reddish-orange light, like the word “Open” in the sign below. Krypton gives off violet light and xenon gives off blue light.
What does fog consist of?	carbon monoxide	helium	steam	droplets of water	Both of these photos show the famous Golden Gate Bridge near San Francisco, California. The pictures were taken from about the same point of view, but they look very different. In the picture on the left, the deck of the bridge is almost completely hidden by a thick layer of fog. In the picture on the right the fog has disappeared, and the deck of the bridge—as well as the water below it—is clearly visible. Fog consists of tiny droplets of liquid water. The fog in the picture is like a cloud at ground level. Where did the fog come from, and where did it go?.
Spiders use the hydrostatic pressure generated by an open type of what anatomical system to extend their legs?	vascular	respiratory	pulmonary	circulatory
The normal respiratory rate per minute in adult humans is?	18-24 breaths	6-12 breaths	0-6 breaths	12-18 breaths	Respiratory Rate and Control of Ventilation Breathing usually occurs without thought, although at times you can consciously control it, such as when you swim under water, sing a song, or blow bubbles. The respiratory rate is the total number of breaths, or respiratory cycles, that occur each minute. Respiratory rate can be an important indicator of disease, as the rate may increase or decrease during an illness or in a disease condition. The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center located within the medulla oblongata in the brain, which responds primarily to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH levels in the blood. The normal respiratory rate of a child decreases from birth to adolescence. A child under 1 year of age has a normal respiratory rate between 30 and 60 breaths per minute, but by the time a child is about 10 years old, the normal rate is closer to 18 to 30. By adolescence, the normal respiratory rate is similar to that of adults, 12 to 18 breaths per minute.
Where is glycogen created and stored in the body?	Sore muscle	extracts and muscles	Healing Muscles	liver and muscles	Connections of Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism Glycogen, a polymer of glucose, is an energy storage molecule in animals. When there is adequate ATP present, excess glucose is shunted into glycogen for storage. Glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle. The glycogen will be hydrolyzed into glucose monomers (G-1-P) if blood sugar levels drop. The presence of glycogen as a source of glucose allows ATP to be produced for a longer period of time during exercise. Glycogen is broken down into G-1-P and converted into G-6-P in both muscle and liver cells, and this product enters the glycolytic pathway.
When we neutralize a weak base with a strong acid, the product is ________ containing the conjugate acid of the weak base.	water	an electron	an ion	salt	Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids When we neutralize a weak base with a strong acid, the product is a salt containing the conjugate acid of the weak base. This conjugate acid is a weak acid. For example, ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is a salt formed by the reaction of the weak base ammonia with the strong acid HCl: NH 3(aq) + HCl(aq) ⟶ NH 4 Cl(aq) A solution of this salt contains ammonium ions and chloride ions. The chloride ion has no effect on the acidity of the solution since HCl is a strong acid. Chloride is a very weak base and will not accept a proton to a measurable extent. However, the ammonium ion, the conjugate acid of ammonia, reacts with water and increases the hydronium ion concentration: NH 4 +(aq) + H 2 O(l) ⇌ H 3 O +(aq) + NH 3(aq) The equilibrium equation for this reaction is simply the ionization constant. Ka, for the acid NH 4 + :.
What is the main component of milk?	proteins	fat	lactose	water	A: Homogenized milk is a colloid. The particles in the milk are large enough to see—that’s why milk is white instead of clear like water, which is the main component of milk. However, the particles are not large enough to settle out of the mixture.
Stomata are the main avenues of transpiration, the evaporative loss of water from what?	stalks	fruits	roots	leaves
What is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume?	liquid	plasma	gas	solid	A solid is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume. The shape of a solid does not change if it is transferred from one container to another. The particles of a solid are packed tightly together in fixed positions, usually in an orderly arrangement. Solids are almost completely incompressible, meaning that solids cannot be squeezed into a smaller volume. When a solid is heated or cooled, it expands or contracts only slightly.
What type of energy is stored in the nuclei of atoms?	heat energy	light energy	radioactive energy	nuclear energy	7. Nuclear energy is energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms because of the strong forces that hold the nucleus together. The energy can be released in nuclear power plants by splitting nuclei apart. It is also released when unstable (radioactive) nuclei break down, or decay.
Providing evidence of their ancestry, some species of what legless animals retain vestigial pelvic and limb bones?	whales	dolphins	sharks	snakes
What happens when more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, in the body?	forms urine	cultured as urine	metamorphosed as urine	excreted as urine	An example of this process occurs in the kidney. Glucose, water, salts, ions, and amino acids needed by the body are filtered in one part of the kidney. This filtrate, which includes glucose, is then reabsorbed in another part of the kidney. Because there are only a finite number of carrier proteins for glucose, if more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, the excess is not transported and it is excreted from the body in the urine. In a diabetic individual, this is described as “spilling glucose into the urine. ” A different group of carrier proteins called glucose transport proteins, or GLUTs, are involved in transporting glucose and other hexose sugars through plasma membranes within the body. Channel and carrier proteins transport material at different rates. Channel proteins transport much more quickly than do carrier proteins. Channel proteins facilitate diffusion at a rate of tens of millions of molecules per second, whereas carrier proteins work at a rate of a thousand to a million molecules per second.
What are most protist diseases in humans caused by?	ticks	eukaryots	lice	protozoa	Most protist diseases in humans are caused by protozoa. Protozoa make humans sick when they become human parasites.
Transporting blood is the main job of the heart and what?	lymphatic system	bones	areolas	blood vessels	Transporting blood is the main job of the heart and blood vessels.
What occurs when the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility of the solute?	stimulation	salination	absorption	saturation	When the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility of the solute. Occurs when a solution is saturated and the temperature slowly drops.
What are cyclins made up of?	steroids	enzymes	group of sugars	group of proteins	The cell cycle is controlled by a number of protein-controlled feedback processes. Two types of proteins involved in the control of the cell cycle are kinases and cyclins . Cyclins activate kinases by binding to them, specifically they activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) . Cyclins comprise a group of proteins that are rapidly produced at key stages in the cell cycle. Once activated by a cyclin, CDK are enzymes that activate or inactivate other target molecules through phosphorylation. It is this precise regulation of proteins that triggers advancement through the cell cycle. Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these critical proteins.
What do ferns use in place of seeds to reproduce?	toxins	glands	atoms	spores	Seedless vascular plants include plants such as ferns. You can see a fern in Figure below . Ferns reproduce with spores instead of seeds. The black dots on the back of the fern leaf in Figure below are spores.
Water affects the availability of what important element in aquatic environments and in flooded soils?	carbon dioxide	carbon	nitrogen	oxygen
Fuels according to the law of what, can never actually be “consumed”; it can only be changed from one form to another?	difference of energy	use of energy	expansion of energy	conservation of energy	Fuels According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can never actually be “consumed”; it can only be changed from one form to another. What is consumed on a huge scale, however, are resources that can be readily converted to a form of energy that is useful for doing work. As you will see in Chapter 18 "Chemical Thermodynamics", energy that is not used to perform work is either stored as potential energy for future use or transferred to the surroundings as heat. A major reason for the huge consumption of energy by our society is the low efficiencyof most machines in transforming stored energy into work. Efficiency can be defined as the ratio of useful work accomplished to energy expended. Automobiles, for example, are only about 20% efficient in converting the energy stored in gasoline to mechanical work; the rest of the energy is released as heat, either emitted in the exhaust or produced by friction in bearings and tires. The production of electricity by coal- or oilpowered steam turbines is significantly more efficient (Figure 5.17 "Electricity from Coal"): about 38% of the energy released from combustion is converted to electricity. In comparison, modern nuclear power plants can be more than 50% efficient. Figure 5.17 Electricity from Coal.
The ability of matter to burn is called?	unpredictability	solubility	eccentricity	flammability	Flammability is the ability of matter to burn. Wood is flammable; iron is not. When wood burns, it changes to ashes, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. After burning, it is no longer wood.
Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to tumors and what disease?	kidney failure	vascular disease	cirrhosis	cancer	10.4 \| Cancer and the Cell Cycle By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth • Understand how proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes that, when mutated, become oncogenes • Describe how tumor suppressors function • Explain how mutant tumor suppressors cause cancer Cancer comprises many different diseases caused by a common mechanism: uncontrolled cell growth. Despite the redundancy and overlapping levels of cell cycle control, errors do occur. One of the critical processes monitored by the cell cycle checkpoint surveillance mechanism is the proper replication of DNA during the S phase. Even when all of the cell cycle controls are fully functional, a small percentage of replication errors (mutations) will be passed on to the daughter cells. If changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence occur within a coding portion of a gene and are not corrected, a gene mutation results. All cancers start when a gene mutation gives rise to a faulty protein that plays a key role in cell reproduction. The change in the cell that results from the malformed protein may be minor: perhaps a slight delay in the binding of Cdk to cyclin or an Rb protein that detaches from its target DNA while still phosphorylated. Even minor mistakes, however, may allow subsequent mistakes to occur more readily. Over and over, small uncorrected errors are passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells and amplified as each generation produces more non-functional proteins from uncorrected DNA damage. Eventually, the pace of the cell cycle speeds up as the effectiveness of the control and repair mechanisms decreases. Uncontrolled growth of the mutated cells outpaces the growth of normal cells in the area, and a tumor (“-oma”) can result.
Video and audio signals are broadcast on these?	thermal waves	mechanical waves	radiation waves	electromagnetic waves	video and audio signals broadcast on electromagnetic waves.
In a tropical rainforest, where are ferns common?	canopy	forrest floor	emergent	understory	Photography by Kat. Ferns are common in the understory of the tropical rainforest . CC BY 2.0.
Which metalloids are found in the nitrogen group?	sulfur and polonium	polonium and antimony	selenium and antimony	arsenic and antimony	Group 15 is called the nitrogen group. The metalloids in this group are arsenic and antimony. Group 15 also contains two nonmetals and one metal.
What kind of family is haumea part of?	orbital family	eoan family	a moclobemide family	a collisional family	Haumea is part of a collisional family. This is a group of astronomical objects that formed from an impact. This family has Haumea, its two moons, and five more objects. All of these objects are thought to have formed from a collision very early in the formation of the solar system.
The db gene encodes the which receptor?	estrogen	glucose	opioid	leptin
How many main types of diabetes are there?	six	three	one	two	There are two main types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes makes up about 5-10% of all cases of diabetes in the United States. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of the other cases. Both types of diabetes are more likely in people that have certain genes. Having a family member with diabetes increases the risk of developing the disease.
What organ is similar to a lymph node but is much larger and filters blood instead of lymph?	bone	kidney	liver	spleen	Figure 42.21 The spleen is similar to a lymph node but is much larger and filters blood instead of lymph. Blood enters the spleen through arteries and exits through veins. The spleen contains two types of tissue: red pulp and white pulp. Red pulp consists of cavities that store blood. Within the red pulp, damaged red blood cells are removed and replaced by new ones. White pulp is rich in lymphocytes that remove antigen-coated bacteria from the blood. (credit: modification of work by NCI).
What is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia called?	oral fixation	atmospheric fixation	ammonia fixation	nitrogen fixation
Phospholipids and some proteins move laterally within what?	particles	liquids	nuclei	membrane
What changes encoded waves which are being broadcast into sounds?	band receivers	transmitters	amplifiers	radio receivers	In radio broadcasts, sounds are encoded in radio waves by changing either the amplitude (AM) or frequency (FM) of the waves. The encoded waves are broadcast from a tower and changed back to sounds by radio receivers.
When the oval window vibrates, it causes what else to vibrate as well?	hammer and anvil	cilia	timpani	the cochlea	The stirrup in the middle ear passes the amplified sound waves to the inner ear through the oval window. When the oval window vibrates, it causes the cochlea to vibrate as well. The cochlea is a shell-like structure that is full of fluid and lined with nerve cells called hair cells. Each hair cell has many tiny “hairs,” as you can see in the magnified image below . When the cochlea vibrates, it causes waves in the fluid inside. The waves bend the “hairs” on the hair cells, and this triggers electrical impulses. The electrical impulses travel to the brain through nerves. Only after the nerve impulses reach the brain do we hear the sound.
When changes in the genes of a species result in a new species, the process is called what?	similar evolution	Classic Evolution	simple evolution	biological evolution	Changes in the genes of a species may result in a new species. This is biological evolution.
What happens if a person doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat?	relaxation	diarrhea	fatigue	dehydration	The boy in Figure below is taking a water break while playing outside on a hot day. If he doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat, he may become dehydrated. Symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, headache, and dizziness. Dehydration can be very serious. It can even cause death.
How does the atomic number change during beta emission?	decreases by one	stays the same	increases by two	increases by one	Beta (β) decay is a more complicated process. Unlike the α-emission, which simply expels a particle, the β-emission involves the transformation of a neutron in the nucleus to a proton and an electron. The electron is then ejected from the nucleus. In the process, the atomic number increases by one while the atomic weight stays the same. As is the case with α-emissions, β-emissions are often accompanied by γ-radiation.
What is the most widely distributed organism around?	microbes	viruses	cockroaches	phages	Viruses can be found almost anywhere there is life, including living within prokaryotes. A phage is a virus that infects prokaryotes. Phages are estimated to be the most widely distributed and diverse entities in the biosphere, even more numerous than prokaryotic organisms. Phages can be found everywhere their hosts are found, such as in soil, in the intestine of animals, or seawater. Up to 10 9 virions have been found in a milliliter of seawater, and up to 70 percent of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They are also found in drinking water and in some foods, including fermented vegetables and meats, where they control the growth of bacteria.
On a topographic map, what is the term for a line of equal elevation?	aurora line	latitude line	crater line	contour line	The topography of a region can be shown on a map. Topographic maps represent geographical features, such as hills and valleys. Topographic maps use contour lines to show geographical features. A contour line is a line of equal elevation. If you walk along a contour line, you will not go uphill or downhill. Topographic maps are also called contour maps. The rules of topographic maps are:.
Where does the stratosphere get most of its heat?	volcanoes	time	earth	sun	Air temperature in the stratosphere layer increases with altitude. Why? The stratosphere gets most of its heat from the Sun. Therefore, it’s warmer closer to the Sun. The air at the bottom of the stratosphere is cold. The cold air is dense, so it doesn’t rise. As a result, there is little mixing of air in this layer.
What source of ocean pollution kills animals by coating them?	chemical spill	plants spill	grain spill	oil spill	Oil spills are another source of ocean pollution. To get at oil buried beneath the seafloor, oil rigs are built in the oceans. These rigs pump oil from beneath the ocean floor. Huge ocean tankers carry oil around the world. If something goes wrong with a rig on a tanker, millions of barrels of oil may end up in the water. The oil may coat and kill ocean animals. Some of the oil will wash ashore. This oil may destroy coastal wetlands and ruin beaches.
What is the name of pluto's moon?	Europa	Phobos	Titania	charon	Pluto and its moon, Charon, are actually two objects.
What type of bond generally forms between a metal and non-metal?	horizontal	soluble	unbreakable	ionic	Ionic bonds form only between metals and nonmetals. That’s because metals “want” to give up electrons, and nonmetals “want” to gain electrons. Find sodium (Na) in the Figure below . Sodium is an alkali metal in group 1. Like all group 1 elements, it has just one valence electron. If sodium loses that one electron, it will have a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons. Now find fluorine (F) in the periodic table Figure below . Fluorine is a halogen in group 17. Like all group 17 elements, fluorine has seven valence electrons. If fluorine gains one electron, it will also have a full outer energy level and the most stable arrangement of electrons.
What's the name for an atom that has gained or lost an electron?	neutrino	an photon	isotope	an ion	Atoms cannot only gain extra electrons. They can also lose electrons. In either case, they become ions . Ions are atoms that have a positive or negative charge because they have unequal numbers of protons and electrons. If atoms lose electrons, they become positive ions, or cations. If atoms gain electrons, they become negative ions, or anions. Consider the example of fluorine (see Figure below ). A fluorine atom has nine protons and nine electrons, so it is electrically neutral. If a fluorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a fluoride ion with an electric charge of -1.
Light is scattered from what in our atmosphere?	ions	matter	particles	molecules	Light is scattered from the molecules in our atmosphere.
What refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction?	behavior	asexual reproduction	dating	mating	Mating refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction. The relationship between mates varies by species. Adults may have many mates, or they may mate with just one individual. Mates may stay together only while mating. Or they may stay together for an entire breeding season or even for life.
Tree sap enclosing an organism in amber or an organism preserved in tar or ice are actually examples of what?	fuels	bones	corals	fossils	Fossils may form in other ways. With complete preservation, the organism doesn't change much. As pictured below ( Figure below ), tree sap may cover an organism and then turn into amber . The original organism is preserved so that scientists might be able to study its DNA. Organisms can also be completely preserved in tar or ice.
Which theory states that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes?	order theory	string theory	creationism	gene theory	The gene theory states that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes.
What does the secondary oocyte have the most of from the original cell?	electron	rna	bacteria	cytoplasm	Beginning in puberty, each month one of the follicles and its primary oocyte starts to mature (also see Figure below ). The primary oocyte resumes meiosis and divides to form a secondary oocyte and a smaller cell, called a polar body. Both the secondary oocyte and polar body are haploid cells. The secondary oocyte has most of the cytoplasm from the original cell and is much larger than the polar body.
Kangaroos, koala and opossums are part of what group?	monotremes	primates	cephalopods	marsupials	Marsupials. Marsupials include the kangaroo, koala, and opossum.
What term refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and is the unit of natural selection, adaptation, and microevolution?	community	ecosystem	taxonomy	population	A population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. The population is the unit of natural selection, adaptation, and microevolution. In ecology, how large a population is and how quickly it is growing are often used as measures of a species’ health.
What larger theory is einstein's equation part of?	law of relativity	excess of relativity	cycle of relativity	theory of relativity	Einstein’s equation is part of a larger theory called the theory of relativity. It is concerned with concepts such as motion and forces as well as mass and energy. Motion and forces are the focus of succeeding chapters.
Low yields of nitric oxide, no, form when heating nitrogen and oxygen together. no also forms when lightning passes through air during this?	tornadoes	tidal waves	snowstorms	thunderstorms	Low yields of nitric oxide, NO, form when heating nitrogen and oxygen together. NO also forms when lightning passes through air during thunderstorms. Burning ammonia is the commercial method of preparing nitric oxide. In the laboratory, the reduction of nitric acid is the best method for preparing nitric oxide. When copper reacts with dilute nitric acid, nitric oxide is the principal reduction product: 3Cu(s) + 8HNO 3(aq) ⟶ 2NO(g) + 3Cu(NO 3) 2(aq) + 4H 2 O(l) Gaseous nitric oxide is the most thermally stable of the nitrogen oxides and is the simplest known thermally stable molecule with an unpaired electron. It is one of the air pollutants generated by internal combustion engines, resulting from the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen during the combustion process. At room temperature, nitric oxide is a colorless gas consisting of diatomic molecules. As is often the case with molecules that contain an unpaired electron, two molecules combine to form a dimer by pairing their unpaired electrons to form a bond. Liquid and solid NO both contain N2O2 dimers, like that shown in Figure 18.34. Most substances with unpaired electrons exhibit color by absorbing visible light; however, NO is colorless because the absorption of light is not in the visible region of the spectrum.
Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called what?	ocean biologists	marine geneticists	sea biologists	marine biologists	Dolphins are living organisms, so studying them is part of the life sciences. The life sciences, however, are broken down into many fields. Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called marine biologists.
What is the scientific term for the act of eating or feeding?	swallowing	secretion	excretion	ingestion
The collision of what is responsible for massive earthquakes?	fault lines	weather fronts	tidal currents	two continents	The collision of two continents also creates massive earthquakes. Many earthquakes happen in the region in and around the Himalayan Mountains. The 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake is responsible for about 20,000 deaths, with many more people injured or made homeless ( Figure below ).
Proteins are one of four classes of what type of compounds?	synthesized	hormonal	genetic	biochemical	Proteins are one of four classes of biochemical compounds. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
What is the term for a fold that arches upward?	tailplane	tailslide	underlain	anticline	An anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold ( Figure below ). The oldest rocks are found at the center of an anticline. The youngest rocks are draped over them at the top of the structure. When upward folding rocks form a circular structure, that structure is called a dome . If the top of the dome is eroded off, the oldest rocks are exposed at the center.
Under certain conditions, electric current causes what type of field?	seismic	light	kinetic	magnetic	Electricity and magnetism are inextricably linked. Under certain conditions, electric current causes a magnetic field. Under other conditions, a magnetic field can cause an electric current. A moving charged particle creates a magnetic field around it. Additionally, when a moving charged particle moves through a different magnetic field, the two magnetic fields will interact. The result is a force exerted on the moving charged particle.
What is the most complex organ in the human body?	muscular	heart	liver	brain	The human brain is an amazing organ. It is the most complex organ in the human body. By adulthood, the brain weighs about 3 pounds and consists of billions of neurons. All those cells need a lot of energy. In fact, the adult brain uses almost a quarter of the total energy used by the body!.
What is a soft connective tissue inside pores and cavities in spongy bone?	synovial tissue	cartilage	collagen	bone marrow	Bone marrow is a soft connective tissue inside pores and cavities in spongy bone. Bone marrow makes blood cells.
What is another term for chemical messenger molecules?	acids	pheromones	enzymes	hormones	an endocrine system with glands that secrete chemical messenger molecules called hormones.
The alimentary canal is associated with what organ system?	cardiovascular	respiratory	nervous	digestive	Neural Controls The walls of the alimentary canal contain a variety of sensors that help regulate digestive functions. These include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors, which are capable of detecting mechanical, chemical, and osmotic stimuli, respectively. For example, these receptors can sense when the presence of food has caused the stomach to expand, whether food particles have been sufficiently broken down, how much liquid is present, and the type of nutrients in the food (lipids, carbohydrates, and/or proteins). Stimulation of these receptors provokes an appropriate reflex that furthers the process of digestion. This may entail sending a message that activates the glands that secrete digestive juices into the lumen, or it may mean the stimulation of muscles within the alimentary canal, thereby activating peristalsis and segmentation that move food along the intestinal tract. The walls of the entire alimentary canal are embedded with nerve plexuses that interact with the central nervous system and other nerve plexuses—either within the same digestive organ or in different ones. These interactions prompt several types of reflexes. Extrinsic nerve plexuses orchestrate long reflexes, which involve the central and autonomic nervous systems and work in response to stimuli from outside the digestive system. Short reflexes, on the other hand, are orchestrated by intrinsic nerve plexuses within the alimentary canal wall. These two plexuses and their connections were introduced earlier as the enteric nervous system. Short reflexes regulate activities in one area of the digestive tract and may coordinate local peristaltic movements and stimulate digestive secretions. For example, the sight, smell, and taste of food initiate long reflexes that begin with a sensory neuron delivering a signal to the medulla oblongata. The response to the signal is to.
Which organisms capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy inside their cell?	sporozoans	chloroplasts	pores	phototrophs	Phototrophs are organisms that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy inside their cell. Most phototrophs are the autotrophs that perform photosynthesis, which are also known as photoautotrophs. These organisms have the ability to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds, such as glucose. Chemotrophs , on the other hand, do not get their energy from carbon. These are organisms that break down either organic or inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell through chemosynthesis. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic (chemoautotrophs) or heterotrophic (chemoheterotrophs). Chemoautotrophs derive their energy from chemical reactions, and synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Chemoheterotrophs are unable to fix carbon to form their own organic compounds. The various types of metabolisms are discussed in the Prokaryotes: Nutrition and Metabolism (Advanced) concept.
Specific scents are often associated with what?	instincts	pheromones	behaviors	memories	Specific scents are often associated with our memories of places and events. That's because scents are more novel or specific than shapes or other things you might see. So an odor similar to that of your grandmother's kitchen or pantry might be more quickly associated with your memories of that place than a similar sight, which might be more generalized.
Microwave ovens use radiation to provide food with what kind of energy?	mechanical	magnetic	vibrational	heat	Microwave ovens operate by emitting microwave radiation, which is primarily absorbed by water molecules in food. The absorbed radiation is converted to heat through rapid oscillations of polar water molecules, 28.
What are usually planted in rows with bare soil in between the rows?	trees	corn	beans	crops	The problem doesn’t stop with plowing. Crops are usually planted in rows with bare soil in between the rows. In places where crops grow only during part of the year, the land may be bare for a few months.
Name the type of system that a jellyfish does not have?	hereditary	nervous	reproductive	circulatory	The half-life of titanium-44 is 60.0 y. A sample of titanium contains 0.600 g of titanium-44. How much remains after 100.0 y?.

Potassium, calcium, and magnesium are considered what kind of nutrients?

major nutrients

micronutrients

minor nutrients

macronutrients

What normally prevent a positively charged particle from colliding and reacting with a positively charged nucleus, but may be overcome by kinetic energy?.

evaporation repulsions

kinetic repulsions

toxic repulsion

electrostatic repulsions

Bombarding a target of one element with high-energy nuclei or subatomic particles can create new elements. Electrostatic repulsions normally prevent a positively charged particle from colliding and reacting with a positively charged nucleus. If the positively charged particle is moving at a very high speed, however, its kinetic energy may be great enough to overcome the electrostatic repulsions, and it may collide with the target nucleus. Such collisions can result in a nuclear transmutation reaction.

Sometimes two or more distinct phenotypes can each have their advantages and be selected for by natural selection; this is known as what?

shedding selection

extra selection

multiplying selection

diversifying selection

Diversifying Selection Sometimes two or more distinct phenotypes can each have their advantages and be selected for by natural selection, while the intermediate phenotypes are, on average, less fit. Known as diversifying selection (Figure 19.8), this is seen in many populations of animals that have multiple male forms. Large, dominant alpha males obtain mates by brute force, while small males can sneak in for furtive copulations with the females in an alpha male’s territory. In this case, both the alpha males and the “sneaking” males will be selected for, but medium-sized males, which can’t overtake the alpha males and are too big to sneak copulations, are selected against. Diversifying selection can also occur when environmental changes favor individuals on either end of the phenotypic spectrum. Imagine a population of mice living at the beach where there is light-colored sand interspersed with patches of tall grass. In this scenario, light-colored mice that blend in with the sand would be favored, as well as dark-colored mice that can hide in the grass. Medium-colored mice, on the other hand, would not blend in with either the grass or the sand, and would thus be more likely to be eaten by predators. The result of this type of selection is increased genetic variance as the population becomes more diverse.

Management programs based on population-regulating factors have helped prevent the extinction of many?

omnivores

abundant species

keystone species

endangered species

What basic plant structure is the site of photosynthesis?

roots

nucleus

spores

leaves

What provides the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change?

atomic numbers

electron shells

genome sequence

chemical formulas

A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the reaction’s stoichiometry, a term derived from the Greek words stoicheion (meaning “element”) and metron (meaning “measure”). In this module, the use of balanced chemical equations for various stoichiometric applications is explored. The general approach to using stoichiometric relationships is similar in concept to the way people go about many common activities. Food preparation, for example, offers an appropriate comparison. A recipe for making eight pancakes calls for 1 cup pancake mix, 3 cup milk, and one egg. The “equation” representing the preparation of 4 pancakes per this recipe is 1 cup mix + 3 cup milk + 1 egg ⟶ 8 pancakes 4 If two dozen pancakes are needed for a big family breakfast, the ingredient amounts must be increased proportionally according to the amounts given in the recipe. For example, the number of eggs required to make 24 pancakes is 24 pancakes ×.

What process creates sperm?

hypothalamus

genesis

altostratus

spermatogensis

Sperm are produced in the testes in the process of spermatogenesis.

Both fluorine and lithium are highly reactive elements because of their number of what?

covalence electrons

shell electrons

positrons

valence electrons

Both fluorine and lithium are highly reactive elements because of their number of valence electrons. Fluorine will readily gain one electron and lithium will just as readily give up one electron to become more stable. In fact, lithium and fluorine will react together as shown in the Figure below . When the two elements react, lithium transfers its one “extra” electron to fluorine.

Earth acts like a giant version of what device, with angular momentum along its axis and pointing at polaris, the north star?

accelerator

compass

telescope

gyroscope

Earth itself acts like a gigantic gyroscope. Its angular momentum is along its axis and points at Polaris, the North Star. But Earth is slowly precessing (once in about 26,000 years) due to the torque of the Sun and the Moon on its nonspherical shape.

Ovulation takes place in what organ and is part of the menstrual cycle?

uterus

testes

fallopian tube

ovary

The menstrual cycle includes events that take place in the ovary, such as ovulation.

Instead of a nervous system, plant responses are generally controlled by what type of molecules, which serves as chemical messengers?

sugars

receptors

enzymes

hormones

Like all organisms, plants detect and respond to stimuli in their environment. Unlike animals, plants can’t run, fly, or swim toward food or away from danger. They are usually rooted to the soil. Instead, a plant’s primary means of response is to change how it is growing. Plants also don’t have a nervous system to control their responses. Instead, their responses are generally controlled by hormones , which are chemical messenger molecules.

Asexual reproduction occurs by what process?

ripening

mating

balancing

budding

Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding. Figure below shows the sponge life cycle when sexual reproduction is involved. Adult sponges produce eggs and sperm. In many species, the same individuals produce both. However, they don’t produce eggs and sperm at the same time. As a result, self-fertilization is unlikely to occur. What is an advantage of avoiding self-fertilization?.

What do all respiratory diseases affect?

transit exchange process

liquid exchange process

helium exchange process

gas exchange process

Reproduction Fungi reproduce sexually and/or asexually. Perfect fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, while the so-called imperfect fungi reproduce only asexually (by mitosis). In both sexual and asexual reproduction, fungi produce spores that disperse from the parent organism by either floating on the wind or hitching a ride on an animal. Fungal spores are smaller and lighter than plant seeds. The giant puffball mushroom bursts open and releases trillions of spores. The huge number of spores released increases the likelihood of landing in an environment that will support growth (Figure 24.6).

What is one trait that the sponge and tarantula share?

lack of a cycle

lack of ogranic

lack of a emerge

lack of a backbone

One trait the sponge and tarantula share is lack of a backbone. In fact, they don’t have any bones at all. These are defining traits of all invertebrates. Some invertebrates have a skeleton, but it isn’t made of bone. Many other traits of invertebrates show considerable diversity.

What bonds form when pairs of electrons are shared?

dissonance bonds

ionized bonds

neutron bonds

covalent bonds

Hydrocarbons in which all carbons are connected by single bonds are called?

lipids

acids

enzymes

alkanes

Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Because each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, very large and complex molecules can be formed just from these two elements. Hydrocarbons in which all carbons are connected by single bonds are known as alkanes . If a C=C double bond is present, the compound is now an alkene . A triple bond between two carbons (C≡C) makes the compound an alkyne . Hydrocarbons can also be broadly classified as either saturated , which means they contain no multiple bonds, or unsaturated , which means they contain at least one double or triple bond.

What occurs when two wave crests overlap?

constructive dissonance

forth interference

constructive overlap

constructive interference

Constructive interference occurs when two wave crests overlap, doubling the wave amplitude at that location.

The length of a rectangular surface multiplied by its width is equal to what?

circumference

volume

height

area

The area of a rectangular surface is calculated as its length multiplied by its width.

What is the testing for disease in a fetus or embryo?

dynamic screening

complete screening

placental screening

prenatal screening

Consultations with human geneticists and genetic counselors are an important first step in genetic testing. They will most likely prescribe some sort of prenatal screening (see the Human Genetics: Diagnosis and Treatment (Advanced) concept). Prenatal screening (also known as prenatal diagnosis or prenatal testing) is the testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus or embryo before it is born. Methods may involve amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling to remove fetal cells. DNA can be isolated from these cells and analyzed. If the mutation that results in the phenotype is known, that specific base can be analyzed, either through restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or, more likely, through PCR and DNA sequence analysis. As it is the baby’s DNA that is being analyzed, the analysis will determine if the developing baby will have the mutation and develop the phenotype, or not have the mutation. Parents can then be informed of the probability of the baby developing the disease.

The two adrenal glands are glands located just above the what?

esophagus

intestines

lungs

kidneys

The two adrenal glands are glands located just above the kidneys. Each adrenal gland has an outer layer (cortex) and inner layer (medulla) that secrete different hormones. The hormone adrenaline is secreted by the inner layer. It prepares the body to respond to emergencies. For example, it increases the amount of oxygen and glucose going to the muscles.

What is the term for the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time?

wave velocity

wave speed

wave distance

wave frequency

Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. Higher frequency waves have more energy. Wave speed is calculated as wavelength multiplied by wave frequency. Wave speed is affected by the medium through which a wave travels.

The migration of what familiar coastal landform involves saltation and gravity?

rivers

volcanos

lakes

sand dunes

Once a sand dune forms, it may slowly migrate over the land. The wind moves grains of sand up the gently sloping side of the dune. This is done by saltation. When the sand grains reach the top of the dune, they slip down the steeper side. The grains are pulled by gravity. The constant movement of sand up and over the dune causes the dune to move along the ground. It always moves in the same direction that the wind usually blows. Can you explain why?.

The procedure known as angioplasty is used when what part of the circulatory system is clogged?

the spinal cord

lungs

the heart

blood vessel

When a blood vessel gets clogged, there is no medical equivalent of "Drano" that will clear it out. There is, however, a procedure known as angioplasty. A thin tube with a balloon is threaded through the blood vessels. Once in place, the balloon is inflated to compress the clog against the artery wall.

What type of maps detail detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area?

gnomic maps

contour maps

polar maps

geologic maps

Geologic maps detail the types and locations of rocks found in an area.

What is another term for the voice box?

optical nerve

pharynx

pancreas

larynx

The larynx , also called the "voice box," is found just below the pharynx. Your voice comes from your larynx. Air from the lungs passes across thin tissues in the larynx and produces sound.

The proximity of the axillary buds to the apical bud is partly responsible for their what?

development

germination

growth

dormancy

How do the vast majority of fish reproduce?

cloning

by budding

asexually

sexually

Nearly all fish reproduce sexually, and most species have separate sexes. Those without separate sexes avoid self-fertilization by producing sperm and eggs at different times. Each fish typically produces a large number of gametes. In most fish species, fertilization takes place externally. These fish are oviparous . Eggs are laid and embryos develop outside the mother’s body. In a minority of fish, including sharks, eggs develop inside the mother’s body but without nourishment from the mother. These fish are ovoviviparous .

What is the quantity of force multiplied by the time it is applied called?

gravity

velocity

density

impulse

The quantity of force multiplied by the time it is applied is called impulse.

Diphenylamine acts as a stabilizer for certain types of what?

proteins

toxins

enzymes

explosives

Amines serve a wide variety of uses. Diphenylamine acts as a stabilizer for certain types of explosives. Amines are found as components in some lubricating materials, in developers, and are a part of waterproofing textiles. Some amines, such as novocaine, are used as anesthetics. Many pharmaceutical compounds contain amines, including 8 of the 10 most prescribed medications in 2012.

Behind the pupil, a single lens focuses light on a layer of what?

electrons

photons

chloroplasts

photoreceptors

Why is the root cap continuously replaced in plants?

due to rubbing

due to growth

due to pressure

damage through pushing

Root Growth and Anatomy Root growth begins with seed germination. When the plant embryo emerges from the seed, the radicle of the embryo forms the root system. The tip of the root is protected by the root cap, a structure exclusive to roots and unlike any other plant structure. The root cap is continuously replaced because it gets damaged easily as the root pushes through soil. The root tip can be divided into three zones: a zone of cell division, a zone of elongation, and a zone of maturation and differentiation (Figure 30.16). The zone of cell division is closest to the root tip; it is made up of the actively dividing cells of the root meristem. The zone of elongation is where the newly formed cells increase in length, thereby lengthening the root. Beginning at the first root hair is the zone of cell maturation where the root cells begin to differentiate into special cell types. All three zones are in the first centimeter or so of the root tip.

Aquatic biomes are determined mainly by distance from shore and what other factor?

species populations

water temperature

salinity

depth of water

Aquatic biomes are determined mainly by depth of water and distance from shore. They include freshwater and marine biomes.

Who is said to have dropped two objects of different masses from the tower of pisa?

newton

darwin

copernicus

galileo

Galileo’s Experiment Galileo is said to have dropped two objects of different masses from the Tower of Pisa. He measured how long it took each to reach the ground. Since stopwatches weren’t readily available, how do you think he measured their fall time? If the objects were the same size, but with different masses, what do you think he should have observed? Would this result be different if done on the Moon? PhET Explorations: Masses & Springs A realistic mass and spring laboratory. Hang masses from springs and adjust the spring stiffness and damping. You can even slow time. Transport the lab to different planets. A chart shows the kinetic, potential, and thermal energy for each spring.

What determines the length and thickness of dna chromosomes?

number of chromosomes

degree of rna coiling

type of dna

degree of dna coiling

The degree of DNA coiling determines whether the chromosome strands are short and thick or long and thin. Between cell divisions, the DNA in chromosomes is more loosely coiled and forms long thin strands called chromatin . DNA is in this uncoiled form during the majority of the cell cycle, making the DNA available to the proteins involved in DNA replication and transcription. Before the cell divides, the chromatin coils up more tightly and form chromosomes. Only chromosomes stain clearly enough to be seen under a microscope. The word chromosome comes from the Greek word chroma (color), and soma (body) due to its ability to be stained strongly by dyes.

What type of gas is used to fill glass tubes of lighted signs?

natural

synthetic

inert

noble

Noble gases are also used to fill the glass tubes of lighted signs like the one in the Figure below . Although noble gases are chemically nonreactive, their electrons can be energized by sending an electric current through them. When this happens, the electrons jump to a higher energy level. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they give off energy as light. Different noble gases give off light of different colors. Neon gives off reddish-orange light, like the word “Open” in the sign below. Krypton gives off violet light and xenon gives off blue light.

What does fog consist of?

carbon monoxide

helium

steam

droplets of water

Both of these photos show the famous Golden Gate Bridge near San Francisco, California. The pictures were taken from about the same point of view, but they look very different. In the picture on the left, the deck of the bridge is almost completely hidden by a thick layer of fog. In the picture on the right the fog has disappeared, and the deck of the bridge—as well as the water below it—is clearly visible. Fog consists of tiny droplets of liquid water. The fog in the picture is like a cloud at ground level. Where did the fog come from, and where did it go?.

Spiders use the hydrostatic pressure generated by an open type of what anatomical system to extend their legs?

vascular

respiratory

pulmonary

circulatory

The normal respiratory rate per minute in adult humans is?

18-24 breaths

6-12 breaths

0-6 breaths

12-18 breaths

Respiratory Rate and Control of Ventilation Breathing usually occurs without thought, although at times you can consciously control it, such as when you swim under water, sing a song, or blow bubbles. The respiratory rate is the total number of breaths, or respiratory cycles, that occur each minute. Respiratory rate can be an important indicator of disease, as the rate may increase or decrease during an illness or in a disease condition. The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center located within the medulla oblongata in the brain, which responds primarily to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH levels in the blood. The normal respiratory rate of a child decreases from birth to adolescence. A child under 1 year of age has a normal respiratory rate between 30 and 60 breaths per minute, but by the time a child is about 10 years old, the normal rate is closer to 18 to 30. By adolescence, the normal respiratory rate is similar to that of adults, 12 to 18 breaths per minute.

Where is glycogen created and stored in the body?

Sore muscle

extracts and muscles

Healing Muscles

liver and muscles

Connections of Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism Glycogen, a polymer of glucose, is an energy storage molecule in animals. When there is adequate ATP present, excess glucose is shunted into glycogen for storage. Glycogen is made and stored in both liver and muscle. The glycogen will be hydrolyzed into glucose monomers (G-1-P) if blood sugar levels drop. The presence of glycogen as a source of glucose allows ATP to be produced for a longer period of time during exercise. Glycogen is broken down into G-1-P and converted into G-6-P in both muscle and liver cells, and this product enters the glycolytic pathway.

When we neutralize a weak base with a strong acid, the product is ________ containing the conjugate acid of the weak base.

water

an electron

an ion

salt

Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids When we neutralize a weak base with a strong acid, the product is a salt containing the conjugate acid of the weak base. This conjugate acid is a weak acid. For example, ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is a salt formed by the reaction of the weak base ammonia with the strong acid HCl: NH 3(aq) + HCl(aq) ⟶ NH 4 Cl(aq) A solution of this salt contains ammonium ions and chloride ions. The chloride ion has no effect on the acidity of the solution since HCl is a strong acid. Chloride is a very weak base and will not accept a proton to a measurable extent. However, the ammonium ion, the conjugate acid of ammonia, reacts with water and increases the hydronium ion concentration: NH 4 +(aq) + H 2 O(l) ⇌ H 3 O +(aq) + NH 3(aq) The equilibrium equation for this reaction is simply the ionization constant. Ka, for the acid NH 4 + :.

What is the main component of milk?

proteins

fat

lactose

water

A: Homogenized milk is a colloid. The particles in the milk are large enough to see—that’s why milk is white instead of clear like water, which is the main component of milk. However, the particles are not large enough to settle out of the mixture.

Stomata are the main avenues of transpiration, the evaporative loss of water from what?

stalks

fruits

roots

leaves

What is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume?

liquid

plasma

gas

solid

A solid is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume. The shape of a solid does not change if it is transferred from one container to another. The particles of a solid are packed tightly together in fixed positions, usually in an orderly arrangement. Solids are almost completely incompressible, meaning that solids cannot be squeezed into a smaller volume. When a solid is heated or cooled, it expands or contracts only slightly.

What type of energy is stored in the nuclei of atoms?

heat energy

light energy

radioactive energy

nuclear energy

7. Nuclear energy is energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms because of the strong forces that hold the nucleus together. The energy can be released in nuclear power plants by splitting nuclei apart. It is also released when unstable (radioactive) nuclei break down, or decay.

Providing evidence of their ancestry, some species of what legless animals retain vestigial pelvic and limb bones?

whales

dolphins

sharks

snakes

What happens when more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, in the body?

forms urine

cultured as urine

metamorphosed as urine

excreted as urine

An example of this process occurs in the kidney. Glucose, water, salts, ions, and amino acids needed by the body are filtered in one part of the kidney. This filtrate, which includes glucose, is then reabsorbed in another part of the kidney. Because there are only a finite number of carrier proteins for glucose, if more glucose is present than the proteins can handle, the excess is not transported and it is excreted from the body in the urine. In a diabetic individual, this is described as “spilling glucose into the urine. ” A different group of carrier proteins called glucose transport proteins, or GLUTs, are involved in transporting glucose and other hexose sugars through plasma membranes within the body. Channel and carrier proteins transport material at different rates. Channel proteins transport much more quickly than do carrier proteins. Channel proteins facilitate diffusion at a rate of tens of millions of molecules per second, whereas carrier proteins work at a rate of a thousand to a million molecules per second.

What are most protist diseases in humans caused by?

ticks

eukaryots

lice

protozoa

Most protist diseases in humans are caused by protozoa. Protozoa make humans sick when they become human parasites.

Transporting blood is the main job of the heart and what?

lymphatic system

bones

areolas

blood vessels

Transporting blood is the main job of the heart and blood vessels.

What occurs when the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility of the solute?

stimulation

salination

absorption

saturation

When the amount of solute dissolved exceeds the solubility of the solute. Occurs when a solution is saturated and the temperature slowly drops.

What are cyclins made up of?

steroids

enzymes

group of sugars

group of proteins

The cell cycle is controlled by a number of protein-controlled feedback processes. Two types of proteins involved in the control of the cell cycle are kinases and cyclins . Cyclins activate kinases by binding to them, specifically they activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) . Cyclins comprise a group of proteins that are rapidly produced at key stages in the cell cycle. Once activated by a cyclin, CDK are enzymes that activate or inactivate other target molecules through phosphorylation. It is this precise regulation of proteins that triggers advancement through the cell cycle. Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these critical proteins.

What do ferns use in place of seeds to reproduce?

toxins

glands

atoms

spores

Seedless vascular plants include plants such as ferns. You can see a fern in Figure below . Ferns reproduce with spores instead of seeds. The black dots on the back of the fern leaf in Figure below are spores.

Water affects the availability of what important element in aquatic environments and in flooded soils?

carbon dioxide

carbon

nitrogen

oxygen

Fuels according to the law of what, can never actually be “consumed”; it can only be changed from one form to another?

difference of energy

use of energy

expansion of energy

conservation of energy

Fuels According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can never actually be “consumed”; it can only be changed from one form to another. What is consumed on a huge scale, however, are resources that can be readily converted to a form of energy that is useful for doing work. As you will see in Chapter 18 "Chemical Thermodynamics", energy that is not used to perform work is either stored as potential energy for future use or transferred to the surroundings as heat. A major reason for the huge consumption of energy by our society is the low efficiencyof most machines in transforming stored energy into work. Efficiency can be defined as the ratio of useful work accomplished to energy expended. Automobiles, for example, are only about 20% efficient in converting the energy stored in gasoline to mechanical work; the rest of the energy is released as heat, either emitted in the exhaust or produced by friction in bearings and tires. The production of electricity by coal- or oilpowered steam turbines is significantly more efficient (Figure 5.17 "Electricity from Coal"): about 38% of the energy released from combustion is converted to electricity. In comparison, modern nuclear power plants can be more than 50% efficient. Figure 5.17 Electricity from Coal.

The ability of matter to burn is called?

unpredictability

solubility

eccentricity

flammability

Flammability is the ability of matter to burn. Wood is flammable; iron is not. When wood burns, it changes to ashes, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. After burning, it is no longer wood.

Uncontrolled cell growth can lead to tumors and what disease?

kidney failure

vascular disease

cirrhosis

cancer

10.4 | Cancer and the Cell Cycle By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe how cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth • Understand how proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes that, when mutated, become oncogenes • Describe how tumor suppressors function • Explain how mutant tumor suppressors cause cancer Cancer comprises many different diseases caused by a common mechanism: uncontrolled cell growth. Despite the redundancy and overlapping levels of cell cycle control, errors do occur. One of the critical processes monitored by the cell cycle checkpoint surveillance mechanism is the proper replication of DNA during the S phase. Even when all of the cell cycle controls are fully functional, a small percentage of replication errors (mutations) will be passed on to the daughter cells. If changes to the DNA nucleotide sequence occur within a coding portion of a gene and are not corrected, a gene mutation results. All cancers start when a gene mutation gives rise to a faulty protein that plays a key role in cell reproduction. The change in the cell that results from the malformed protein may be minor: perhaps a slight delay in the binding of Cdk to cyclin or an Rb protein that detaches from its target DNA while still phosphorylated. Even minor mistakes, however, may allow subsequent mistakes to occur more readily. Over and over, small uncorrected errors are passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells and amplified as each generation produces more non-functional proteins from uncorrected DNA damage. Eventually, the pace of the cell cycle speeds up as the effectiveness of the control and repair mechanisms decreases. Uncontrolled growth of the mutated cells outpaces the growth of normal cells in the area, and a tumor (“-oma”) can result.

Video and audio signals are broadcast on these?

thermal waves

mechanical waves

radiation waves

electromagnetic waves

video and audio signals broadcast on electromagnetic waves.

In a tropical rainforest, where are ferns common?

canopy

forrest floor

emergent

understory

Photography by Kat. Ferns are common in the understory of the tropical rainforest . CC BY 2.0.

Which metalloids are found in the nitrogen group?

sulfur and polonium

polonium and antimony

selenium and antimony

arsenic and antimony

Group 15 is called the nitrogen group. The metalloids in this group are arsenic and antimony. Group 15 also contains two nonmetals and one metal.

What kind of family is haumea part of?

orbital family

eoan family

a moclobemide family

a collisional family

Haumea is part of a collisional family. This is a group of astronomical objects that formed from an impact. This family has Haumea, its two moons, and five more objects. All of these objects are thought to have formed from a collision very early in the formation of the solar system.

The db gene encodes the which receptor?

estrogen

glucose

opioid

leptin

How many main types of diabetes are there?

six

three

one

two

There are two main types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes makes up about 5-10% of all cases of diabetes in the United States. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of the other cases. Both types of diabetes are more likely in people that have certain genes. Having a family member with diabetes increases the risk of developing the disease.

What organ is similar to a lymph node but is much larger and filters blood instead of lymph?

bone

kidney

liver

spleen

Figure 42.21 The spleen is similar to a lymph node but is much larger and filters blood instead of lymph. Blood enters the spleen through arteries and exits through veins. The spleen contains two types of tissue: red pulp and white pulp. Red pulp consists of cavities that store blood. Within the red pulp, damaged red blood cells are removed and replaced by new ones. White pulp is rich in lymphocytes that remove antigen-coated bacteria from the blood. (credit: modification of work by NCI).

What is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia called?

oral fixation

atmospheric fixation

ammonia fixation

nitrogen fixation

Phospholipids and some proteins move laterally within what?

particles

liquids

nuclei

membrane

What changes encoded waves which are being broadcast into sounds?

band receivers

transmitters

amplifiers

radio receivers

In radio broadcasts, sounds are encoded in radio waves by changing either the amplitude (AM) or frequency (FM) of the waves. The encoded waves are broadcast from a tower and changed back to sounds by radio receivers.

When the oval window vibrates, it causes what else to vibrate as well?

hammer and anvil

cilia

timpani

the cochlea

The stirrup in the middle ear passes the amplified sound waves to the inner ear through the oval window. When the oval window vibrates, it causes the cochlea to vibrate as well. The cochlea is a shell-like structure that is full of fluid and lined with nerve cells called hair cells. Each hair cell has many tiny “hairs,” as you can see in the magnified image below . When the cochlea vibrates, it causes waves in the fluid inside. The waves bend the “hairs” on the hair cells, and this triggers electrical impulses. The electrical impulses travel to the brain through nerves. Only after the nerve impulses reach the brain do we hear the sound.

When changes in the genes of a species result in a new species, the process is called what?

similar evolution

Classic Evolution

simple evolution

biological evolution

Changes in the genes of a species may result in a new species. This is biological evolution.

What happens if a person doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat?

relaxation

diarrhea

fatigue

dehydration

The boy in Figure below is taking a water break while playing outside on a hot day. If he doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat, he may become dehydrated. Symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, headache, and dizziness. Dehydration can be very serious. It can even cause death.

How does the atomic number change during beta emission?

decreases by one

stays the same

increases by two

increases by one

Beta (β) decay is a more complicated process. Unlike the α-emission, which simply expels a particle, the β-emission involves the transformation of a neutron in the nucleus to a proton and an electron. The electron is then ejected from the nucleus. In the process, the atomic number increases by one while the atomic weight stays the same. As is the case with α-emissions, β-emissions are often accompanied by γ-radiation.

What is the most widely distributed organism around?

microbes

viruses

cockroaches

phages

Viruses can be found almost anywhere there is life, including living within prokaryotes. A phage is a virus that infects prokaryotes. Phages are estimated to be the most widely distributed and diverse entities in the biosphere, even more numerous than prokaryotic organisms. Phages can be found everywhere their hosts are found, such as in soil, in the intestine of animals, or seawater. Up to 10 9 virions have been found in a milliliter of seawater, and up to 70 percent of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They are also found in drinking water and in some foods, including fermented vegetables and meats, where they control the growth of bacteria.

On a topographic map, what is the term for a line of equal elevation?

aurora line

latitude line

crater line

contour line

The topography of a region can be shown on a map. Topographic maps represent geographical features, such as hills and valleys. Topographic maps use contour lines to show geographical features. A contour line is a line of equal elevation. If you walk along a contour line, you will not go uphill or downhill. Topographic maps are also called contour maps. The rules of topographic maps are:.

Where does the stratosphere get most of its heat?

volcanoes

time

earth

sun

Air temperature in the stratosphere layer increases with altitude. Why? The stratosphere gets most of its heat from the Sun. Therefore, it’s warmer closer to the Sun. The air at the bottom of the stratosphere is cold. The cold air is dense, so it doesn’t rise. As a result, there is little mixing of air in this layer.

What source of ocean pollution kills animals by coating them?

chemical spill

plants spill

grain spill

oil spill

Oil spills are another source of ocean pollution. To get at oil buried beneath the seafloor, oil rigs are built in the oceans. These rigs pump oil from beneath the ocean floor. Huge ocean tankers carry oil around the world. If something goes wrong with a rig on a tanker, millions of barrels of oil may end up in the water. The oil may coat and kill ocean animals. Some of the oil will wash ashore. This oil may destroy coastal wetlands and ruin beaches.

What is the name of pluto's moon?

Europa

Phobos

Titania

charon

Pluto and its moon, Charon, are actually two objects.

What type of bond generally forms between a metal and non-metal?

horizontal

soluble

unbreakable

ionic

Ionic bonds form only between metals and nonmetals. That’s because metals “want” to give up electrons, and nonmetals “want” to gain electrons. Find sodium (Na) in the Figure below . Sodium is an alkali metal in group 1. Like all group 1 elements, it has just one valence electron. If sodium loses that one electron, it will have a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons. Now find fluorine (F) in the periodic table Figure below . Fluorine is a halogen in group 17. Like all group 17 elements, fluorine has seven valence electrons. If fluorine gains one electron, it will also have a full outer energy level and the most stable arrangement of electrons.

What's the name for an atom that has gained or lost an electron?

neutrino

an photon

isotope

an ion

Atoms cannot only gain extra electrons. They can also lose electrons. In either case, they become ions . Ions are atoms that have a positive or negative charge because they have unequal numbers of protons and electrons. If atoms lose electrons, they become positive ions, or cations. If atoms gain electrons, they become negative ions, or anions. Consider the example of fluorine (see Figure below ). A fluorine atom has nine protons and nine electrons, so it is electrically neutral. If a fluorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a fluoride ion with an electric charge of -1.

Light is scattered from what in our atmosphere?

ions

matter

particles

molecules

Light is scattered from the molecules in our atmosphere.

What refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction?

behavior

asexual reproduction

dating

mating

Mating refers to the union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction. The relationship between mates varies by species. Adults may have many mates, or they may mate with just one individual. Mates may stay together only while mating. Or they may stay together for an entire breeding season or even for life.

Tree sap enclosing an organism in amber or an organism preserved in tar or ice are actually examples of what?

fuels

bones

corals

fossils

Fossils may form in other ways. With complete preservation, the organism doesn't change much. As pictured below ( Figure below ), tree sap may cover an organism and then turn into amber . The original organism is preserved so that scientists might be able to study its DNA. Organisms can also be completely preserved in tar or ice.

Which theory states that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes?

order theory

string theory

creationism

gene theory

The gene theory states that the characteristics of living things are controlled by genes.

What does the secondary oocyte have the most of from the original cell?

electron

rna

bacteria

cytoplasm

Beginning in puberty, each month one of the follicles and its primary oocyte starts to mature (also see Figure below ). The primary oocyte resumes meiosis and divides to form a secondary oocyte and a smaller cell, called a polar body. Both the secondary oocyte and polar body are haploid cells. The secondary oocyte has most of the cytoplasm from the original cell and is much larger than the polar body.

Kangaroos, koala and opossums are part of what group?

monotremes

primates

cephalopods

marsupials

Marsupials. Marsupials include the kangaroo, koala, and opossum.

What term refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and is the unit of natural selection, adaptation, and microevolution?

community

ecosystem

taxonomy

population

A population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. The population is the unit of natural selection, adaptation, and microevolution. In ecology, how large a population is and how quickly it is growing are often used as measures of a species’ health.

What larger theory is einstein's equation part of?

law of relativity

excess of relativity

cycle of relativity

theory of relativity

Einstein’s equation is part of a larger theory called the theory of relativity. It is concerned with concepts such as motion and forces as well as mass and energy. Motion and forces are the focus of succeeding chapters.

Low yields of nitric oxide, no, form when heating nitrogen and oxygen together. no also forms when lightning passes through air during this?

tornadoes

tidal waves

snowstorms

thunderstorms

Low yields of nitric oxide, NO, form when heating nitrogen and oxygen together. NO also forms when lightning passes through air during thunderstorms. Burning ammonia is the commercial method of preparing nitric oxide. In the laboratory, the reduction of nitric acid is the best method for preparing nitric oxide. When copper reacts with dilute nitric acid, nitric oxide is the principal reduction product: 3Cu(s) + 8HNO 3(aq) ⟶ 2NO(g) + 3Cu(NO 3) 2(aq) + 4H 2 O(l) Gaseous nitric oxide is the most thermally stable of the nitrogen oxides and is the simplest known thermally stable molecule with an unpaired electron. It is one of the air pollutants generated by internal combustion engines, resulting from the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen during the combustion process. At room temperature, nitric oxide is a colorless gas consisting of diatomic molecules. As is often the case with molecules that contain an unpaired electron, two molecules combine to form a dimer by pairing their unpaired electrons to form a bond. Liquid and solid NO both contain N2O2 dimers, like that shown in Figure 18.34. Most substances with unpaired electrons exhibit color by absorbing visible light; however, NO is colorless because the absorption of light is not in the visible region of the spectrum.

Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called what?

ocean biologists

marine geneticists

sea biologists

marine biologists

Dolphins are living organisms, so studying them is part of the life sciences. The life sciences, however, are broken down into many fields. Scientists that study dolphins and other life in the ocean are called marine biologists.

What is the scientific term for the act of eating or feeding?

swallowing

secretion

excretion

ingestion

The collision of what is responsible for massive earthquakes?

fault lines

weather fronts

tidal currents

two continents

The collision of two continents also creates massive earthquakes. Many earthquakes happen in the region in and around the Himalayan Mountains. The 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake is responsible for about 20,000 deaths, with many more people injured or made homeless ( Figure below ).

Proteins are one of four classes of what type of compounds?

synthesized

hormonal

genetic

biochemical

Proteins are one of four classes of biochemical compounds. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

What is the term for a fold that arches upward?

tailplane

tailslide

underlain

anticline

An anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold ( Figure below ). The oldest rocks are found at the center of an anticline. The youngest rocks are draped over them at the top of the structure. When upward folding rocks form a circular structure, that structure is called a dome . If the top of the dome is eroded off, the oldest rocks are exposed at the center.

Under certain conditions, electric current causes what type of field?

seismic

light

kinetic

magnetic

Electricity and magnetism are inextricably linked. Under certain conditions, electric current causes a magnetic field. Under other conditions, a magnetic field can cause an electric current. A moving charged particle creates a magnetic field around it. Additionally, when a moving charged particle moves through a different magnetic field, the two magnetic fields will interact. The result is a force exerted on the moving charged particle.

What is the most complex organ in the human body?

muscular

heart

liver

brain

The human brain is an amazing organ. It is the most complex organ in the human body. By adulthood, the brain weighs about 3 pounds and consists of billions of neurons. All those cells need a lot of energy. In fact, the adult brain uses almost a quarter of the total energy used by the body!.

What is a soft connective tissue inside pores and cavities in spongy bone?

synovial tissue

cartilage

collagen

bone marrow

Bone marrow is a soft connective tissue inside pores and cavities in spongy bone. Bone marrow makes blood cells.

What is another term for chemical messenger molecules?

acids

pheromones

enzymes

hormones

an endocrine system with glands that secrete chemical messenger molecules called hormones.

The alimentary canal is associated with what organ system?

cardiovascular

respiratory

nervous

digestive

Neural Controls The walls of the alimentary canal contain a variety of sensors that help regulate digestive functions. These include mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and osmoreceptors, which are capable of detecting mechanical, chemical, and osmotic stimuli, respectively. For example, these receptors can sense when the presence of food has caused the stomach to expand, whether food particles have been sufficiently broken down, how much liquid is present, and the type of nutrients in the food (lipids, carbohydrates, and/or proteins). Stimulation of these receptors provokes an appropriate reflex that furthers the process of digestion. This may entail sending a message that activates the glands that secrete digestive juices into the lumen, or it may mean the stimulation of muscles within the alimentary canal, thereby activating peristalsis and segmentation that move food along the intestinal tract. The walls of the entire alimentary canal are embedded with nerve plexuses that interact with the central nervous system and other nerve plexuses—either within the same digestive organ or in different ones. These interactions prompt several types of reflexes. Extrinsic nerve plexuses orchestrate long reflexes, which involve the central and autonomic nervous systems and work in response to stimuli from outside the digestive system. Short reflexes, on the other hand, are orchestrated by intrinsic nerve plexuses within the alimentary canal wall. These two plexuses and their connections were introduced earlier as the enteric nervous system. Short reflexes regulate activities in one area of the digestive tract and may coordinate local peristaltic movements and stimulate digestive secretions. For example, the sight, smell, and taste of food initiate long reflexes that begin with a sensory neuron delivering a signal to the medulla oblongata. The response to the signal is to.

Which organisms capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy inside their cell?

sporozoans

chloroplasts

pores

phototrophs

Phototrophs are organisms that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy inside their cell. Most phototrophs are the autotrophs that perform photosynthesis, which are also known as photoautotrophs. These organisms have the ability to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds, such as glucose. Chemotrophs , on the other hand, do not get their energy from carbon. These are organisms that break down either organic or inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell through chemosynthesis. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic (chemoautotrophs) or heterotrophic (chemoheterotrophs). Chemoautotrophs derive their energy from chemical reactions, and synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Chemoheterotrophs are unable to fix carbon to form their own organic compounds. The various types of metabolisms are discussed in the Prokaryotes: Nutrition and Metabolism (Advanced) concept.

Specific scents are often associated with what?

instincts

pheromones

behaviors

memories

Specific scents are often associated with our memories of places and events. That's because scents are more novel or specific than shapes or other things you might see. So an odor similar to that of your grandmother's kitchen or pantry might be more quickly associated with your memories of that place than a similar sight, which might be more generalized.

Microwave ovens use radiation to provide food with what kind of energy?

mechanical

magnetic

vibrational

heat

Microwave ovens operate by emitting microwave radiation, which is primarily absorbed by water molecules in food. The absorbed radiation is converted to heat through rapid oscillations of polar water molecules, 28.

What are usually planted in rows with bare soil in between the rows?

trees

corn

beans

crops

The problem doesn’t stop with plowing. Crops are usually planted in rows with bare soil in between the rows. In places where crops grow only during part of the year, the land may be bare for a few months.

Name the type of system that a jellyfish does not have?

hereditary

nervous

reproductive

circulatory

The half-life of titanium-44 is 60.0 y. A sample of titanium contains 0.600 g of titanium-44. How much remains after 100.0 y?.