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arm4rv | how do our bodies break down over time? | In high school biology we're taught that our cells are programmed to replace old and damaged tissue, to the point where our organs are fully replaced after a certain time. If that's the case then why do our bodies slowly break down over time? Shouldn't living forever just be a matter of supplying the body with everything it needs to create new cells forever? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/arm4rv/eli5_how_do_our_bodies_break_down_over_time/ | {
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"Your cell's DNA is like a paper manual for what it needs to do. Every time that cell divides, it photocopies the manual and gives a copy to the new cell.\n\nHowever, every photocopy can only be as good as the original copy and may also result in a lower quality. The original copy may also get some wear as you flip through it to copy every page.\n\nAfter the cells divide, there is a manual check for each cell. If the manual is too damaged, the cell is told to go through apoptosis, programmed cell death. This prevents cells from using bad manuals to build wrong things like cancer cells.\n\nAs we get older, our cells get more and more worn manuals. Every division has a higher chance that the new cells undergo apoptosis. This is why older people have reduced healing abilities as their cells are not as good at replacing themselves. Cancer risk is also linked with older age due to more bad manuals being made and the reduced ability for our body to check for bad manuals.",
"There are sequences of DNA at either 'end' of genes called telomeres. These telomeres protect the genes from degradation. Copying errors tend to occur at the ends of genes, so the telomeres 'take the hit'. Because of this they get shorter and shorter the older we get. So the genes start getting damaged themselves. This means the body gets worse at making new cells and generally doing stuff, hence ageing.",
"Are you trying to see how long the bodies in your backyard will last? If so, I’d recommend using some sort of acid. It’ll break down the organic material much faster "
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5bgdu8 | how does ad revenue keep so many websites alive when so few people actually respond to ads? | So today, almost every digital station uses ad revenue to make money, from Reddit to YouTube to 9GAG but why do they rely so much on just that? So many people have ad blockers these days and NOBODY EVEN CLICKS THOSE ADS. NOBODY CARES ABOUT SOME STUPID AMAZON PRODUCT. Everyone researches before buying something and even if they do buy on impulse, it's a very small portion of website-goers.
IN NO WAY should Ad Revenue make so much money... at least for me. I just don't get it. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bgdu8/eli5_how_does_ad_revenue_keep_so_many_websites/ | {
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"Imagine if we had tens or hundreds of thousands of people click on ads all over the Internet to cost companies money with no return. ",
"Just because you don't does not mean everyone does not click on them. If you use chrome or search using Google, the ads you see relate to your searches. So if you are interested in buying product X, the ad will show product X and similar products. Website also don't need every person to click the ad, for every certain number of people who see the ad, a smaller percentage clicks the ad, which a smaller number of people buy the product. It's just like commercials, you don't go out and buy every product on tv you see, but you are exposed to it and thats what companies want. ",
"You don't care about the stupid Amazon product. But you remember the stupid Amazon product. That's what 2/3 of ads are about. Just remembering the product.",
"What confuses me is that *after* I have made a purchase, I'll get dozens of ads for that same item, or very similar items. I already own it, morons, why would I want another one??",
"Brand salience, branding, brand awareness and direct response. Those are the reasons why companies pay for ads.\n\nWhat companies come to mind the quickest? that's brand salience\nEXAMPLE: \"what are the best jean brands?\" \"levis, lee, Calvin Klein\"\nthose 3 brands come to my mind the quickest, its different for everyone, but companies kill to be at the top of your list\n\nBranding: When a new brand arises, nobody knows what it is. They then pay for ads so people become familiar with it\n\nBrand Awareness: Once you're branded, you pay for ads to get your brand out-there more\n\nDirect Response: If someone does decided to click on an ad (RARE) then the company who payed for it knows about it immediately \n\n\n\n\n\n"
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cwkq2o | Happy 8th Birthday to /r/AskHistorians! Join us in the party thread to crack a joke, share a personal anecdote, ask a poll-type question, or just celebrate the amazing community that continues to grow here! | AskHistorians | {
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"[Well now...](_URL_1_)[this calls for a celebration](_URL_0_)",
"Thank you to all the contributors and mods here, it has been a lot of fun learning about the nitty gritty bits of history that I would not have otherwise thought to learn about. You guys rock and Happy birthday!",
"This sub has made me interested in things I had never known existed. Thank you so much to the contributors who seem to know everything about everything, and to the mods for maintaining the platform!",
"Happy Birthday to the best community!\n\nI want to hear from all our lurkers, posters and community members! What got you into history? What's so interesting about this old stuff? \n\nGet hyped for a another year of great posts.",
"This is IMHO the best thing on Reddit. Although it can be intimidating to post to, the knowledge I have gained and the topics that have been discussed have opened up new areas of interest for further learning for me. Happy cake/birthday!",
"Once I posted here. It got two upvotes (including mine). But it was not deleted. And I felt like such a badass.",
"This is the only place I know where I can go FULL HISTORY without folks starting to yawn or getting slightly annoyed. Hey, they sometimes even give me upvotes here. Even though I do not work in academia or anything remotely related to history, the passion I got for the subject in my high school and university years studying it will never die! Next to that, I continue to learn something new here every day, reading those well-written and well-sourced answers to questions about all kinds of periods and cultures in human history. Keep it up, interesting inquirers and analytic answerers!",
"Happy birthday history buffs and thank you historians for all of your knowledge! I'm a longtime lurker, but have learned a lot from your responses.\n\nI'm going to take advantage of this celebratory thread to tell some bad history jokes. \n\n\nWhy was WWI so short? > !Because they were Russian! < \n\nWhy was WWII so long? > !Because they were Stalin! < \n\nA Roman walks into a bar. He holds up two fingers and says, \" > !five beers please!! < \"\n\nA Frenchman walks into a library and asks for a book on warfare. The librarian replies, \" > !You'll only lose it.! < \"\n\nWhat did Richard III say when a planning proposal was submitted for the building's parking lot? > !Over my dead body!! < \n\nWhy did Karl Marx dislike Earl Grey tea? > !Because proper tea is theft.! < ",
"Yay meta thread!\n\nI'll take the opportunity to ask a meta question of this thread's amazing historians: after 8 years, do you ever get tired of seeing specific types of posts? Disingenuous questions or ones based on unsound or thoroughly refuted premises? The perception that military history is disproportionately represented in the types of questions being asked? What about the influence of video games with a historical focus (Paradox strategy games, WW2 shooters, Civilization, etc.)?\n\nAnd maybe more interestingly: over the 8 years of this subreddit's existence, have the types of questions being asked changed over time or remained relatively consistent?",
"Woot! [Here to party!](_URL_1_) And now [back to work...](_URL_0_)",
"I didn't have the historical perspective to realize that it was a little over seven years ago that my son told me to start participating in /r/AskHistorians. My son recognized that this was a happening place - before it was only 1 years old! I hadn't realized how young the sub was when I started participating.\n\nThe insights one can gain from history - they're never ending!",
"This is where I go to realize I don't know nearly as much about history as I thought I did.",
"Well i'm just a lurker but thank you for the quality content. Commuting has become a productive time !",
"I just want to give a shout-out to the mod team. Without them so much misinformation or information lacking sources would be spread on this sub. Their dedication is unbelievable and I always want to thank them on threads I read, but I know it would be off topic and get removed!",
"Thank you so much for providing such interesting bits of information that I never would have thought to ask before. I’ve learned so much just by browsing. I do have a question for the historians: if you were forced to go back in time and be stuck in your respective areas of expertise, how well prepared do you think you would be?",
"Now, my story begins in nineteen-dickety-two. We had to say \"dickety\" cause that Kaiser had stolen our word \"twenty\"...",
"Thanks to all of the historians answering all the questions here! Someday I hope to answer a question that I've got the relevant knowledge for, but since I'm an engineering student it might take a while for that day to roll around.",
"I'm writing a set of essays on the legal history of the Holy Roman Empire, and I wanted to meme my chapter titles a bit after a reader found my writing to be \"too dull\".\n\nHere are some excerpts:\n\n* Why Charles needed a Bull\n\n* Why Max Hated Diets\n\n* Why Charles *really* Hated Diets\n\n* The Best Way to Run a Government is to Never End it\n\n* The Privilege of Avoiding the Law\n\nAnd my favorite chapter of all,\n\n* Napoleon Ends it All, in Style\n\nEDIT: Also big thank to the mods and contributors for making such a flourishing community of historians!",
"I love this sub! Also I am starting my uni studies in History soon! \nHopefully a bachelor in 3 years!",
"/u/Georgy_K_Zhukov if you don't expand your dog family with those pups, I will be severely disappointed",
"The British should adopt the word 'zucchini' so that 'courgettes' can be used as a term for Corgi puppies.",
"It is my fervent hope to be gilded by a fellow redditor when I answer a question about the historical origins of /r/AskHistorians. I just hope I don't accidently ressurect an old Pepperidge Farms meme at the same time.",
"Reported: This topic has 12 years to go before it can be addressed in this forum.",
"Lurker here! Thank you all for giving me a chance to learn about things that I always wondered, or even better never even thought about. Great questions and great answers....thank you!",
"Happy cake day to the sub that made me get a handle 7 years ago (cake day was last week). I don't contribute often, but I am proud that my top rated all time comment came out of this sub.",
"Happy birthday to all of us! 8 years. Can't believe that this sub has been around so long already. Almost 6 years ago I discovered this place. So much has changed since then, almost all of it for the better. I was in a very different place then, too. Here's to 8 more years!",
"Happy Birthday to the sub, and thank you for all participants, with a *very* special thank you to our dear Mods! Thanks for making this place truly unique and high quality, and frankly very anomalous for Reddit, which is why I so rarely venture from these safe confines into the blasted heath beyond.",
"The ultimate poll question; Istanbul or Constantinople?",
"I really love this sub! I wanna thank all the people here for taking a portion of their time to answer questions here, really appreciated!",
"In the spirit of this subreddit, all comments should be removed",
"So, in 12 years we can ask about the early years of AskHistorians, right?",
"Can I give a shout-out to the real unsung hero of r/askhistorians?\n\n🍻\n\nThis one's for you, everyone who sees a question that they could kind of answer, or Google, and doesn't post anything because they know it can't meet the r/askhistorians standards.",
"Neither here nor there, but saw a lecture on youtube a while back, either Penn or Oriental institute.\n\nThey mentioned being on a dig in the levant where a a very early expedition of the same organisation had been over a hundred years earlier.\n\nThey were surprised to find archeological evidence of that expedition, including a note by the expedition leader containing instructions for a colleague to get to the site. \n\nNeedless to say after they had a chuckle, they cataloged the finds, and left it for further generations.\n\nI thought that was funny.",
"love the moderation here. keep it up. [MFW](_URL_0_) people complain about low-content comment deletion.",
"What do you guys think of Graham Hancock and people like him?",
"What is your plan for the 9/11 apocalypse in 16 months?",
"Not a proper question. Delete!",
"This sub has led me to many late night Wikipedia binges. I still don't answer questions on here, because I don't usually read primary sources, but I've definitely learned a lot. So, thank you to everyone that makes this sub what it is, and here's to another 8 years!",
"What are some interesting threads to read in r/Askhistorians? I’m pretty much hooked but I would like to know everyone’s opinion. Thanks",
"I thank the excellent contributors for their well-written and interesting answers\n\nI'm also happy that the mods sometimes let me bend the rules. I'm an engineer with years of experience. Sometimes I see a question posted here that's within my field of engineering expertise, and I answer as an engineer, not a historian",
"this is the only top-level comment I will ever be able to make in this sub without having it deleted",
"Happy birthday to the sub, contributors, readers and mods. Personally it's the best sub on this site by far and i can say that following it for the 5 years i've been doing it has actually expanded my horizons and knowledge. Especially changing the way i understand history and giving me more tools to filter out bogus or reductive claims. \n\nAlso, i saw somebody else post a meta question here and there's one that i've been wanting to ask everybody who studies/studied history as a profession but been hesitant about it cause it feels kinda outside the rules tho true to the name of the sub( since i'm asking historians :D). There was an answer i read here a few months ago about Nazi Germany, and it had a quote about wehrmacht soldiers going into nurseries and killing infants. And that knocked me out emotionally...logged off for the night and went to sleep with a knot in my stomach. Does it ever get to you? Reading about the most horrible stuff and having to do it as a job? Do you ever have day where you reach a particularly horrible event in history and just put it off til the last moment or just skip it/skim as fast as possible?\n\nsorry if it's not the proper place to ask. i won't mind removing it if that's the case",
"How does it feel to be the best moderated part of the internet, and how do y'all maintain the incredible quality and consistency of the subreddit?",
"I’ve spent 10 years studying as a historian, and one thing that struck me was how lonely being an academic historian is. Maybe it’s just the personality type that’s usually attracted to studying history, but I found the discipline very insular. I decided last year that I would branch out and start working with the public more and try to bring the research being done in academia to the people, as much of it is very interesting and very important to our understanding of global history. \n\nPart of that was starting my own blog, writing for magazines, doing public talks and podcasts etc, but a very large part was lurking on this very sub and seeing what people are interested in and how we talk to each other. Just recently I tried my hand at answering some questions based on my own knowledge, and the response has been wonderful. \n\nThis community is fantastic and the knowledge being generated here is so important. Thank you for all your hard work and for giving us this space to talk. For the first time since becoming a historian, I am genuinely feeling like there’s a community around me :)",
"This sub is perhaps one of the best academically rigorous subs on Reddit, thanks in no small part due to the moderators and contributors here.\n\nHere’s to a even better next year!",
"Real historians won't celebrate until the 20th birthday.",
"Happy Birthday! Wish I had more time to actually post these days but I am always awed and impressed by the hard work mods and posters put in!",
"*deleted*\n\nJust kidding. Thanks for all you do, guys.",
"Happy birthday for us all! 🥨🥨🍻🍻",
"[Here's my history pupper](_URL_0_). His name is Lyndon and he has his own autographed copy of one of the Robert Caro biographies of LBJ (\"to the real LBJ\").",
"What question have you been waiting for that you're desperate to answer?",
"Why do Americans keep thinking the French only lose wars or surrender?",
"More importantly, it's almost the 7th birthday of /r/askahistorian!\n\nI still get requests to become an approved poster on a regular basis.",
"Hey there all you wonderful people! I just wanted to take a moment and offer some suggestions for how you (YES YOU!) can contribute and join this wonderful community. You don't even need to study up and write awesome answers. Heck, it's certainly not how I got here.\n\nDo you come across brilliant answers that you really enjoyed? Or perhaps found an interesting question that sadly lacks an answer? Save them! Then you can post them in the [Sunday Digest](_URL_0_) to draw more attention to them. I am but one man, and I'd *love* to see what other people come across during the week. Don't even be bothered if someone has already posted a link to the same thing. Show your support for the author/writer/asker and post it up again!\n\nAnother great way you can help the community is as a [FAQ Finder](_URL_2_). It even comes with a spiffy flair and mad respect! As you browse through the subreddit and you find a question that's been answered before, you can drop a link and a ping to the original author. Help connect people to the answers their looking for. *And you'll get flaired for it!*\n\nFinally you can do the simplest, most helpful things. Upvote sweet questions so more people see them, upvote and thank the writers so they know someone appreciates the time and effort they put into all that work, and if you come across something that you know breaks the rules, then report it for us. Despite our [*power overwhelming*](_URL_3_) the moderators can't be everywhere at once. Reporting comments helps us keep things neat and tidy, and is a HUGE help that we always appreciate.\n\nI also, personally, want more AskHistorians themed memes. Please for the love of all that's moderation keep them to the Friday Free For All or celebratory META threads, but I want to see that creativity and have more things to send to my friends at 3AM that they wont understand.\n\nSo don't be afraid to join in and participate in the greatest, most glorious subreddit on the net! We have a fantastic community here, and so much of it is because of people like you.\n\nAlso before I forget, we have our next special feature of the summer campaign coming on the 31st! The History of Science and Technology! Bring your STEM powered history and tell me all about!\n\nOn Tuesday there was also a [special thread](_URL_1_) about sports history, and I'd love to learn more. Next Tuesday will be all about FIRE! So get all fired up, cook up some good history, and bring the heat!",
"Some friends and I do a series in which we recreate historical events using video games. Poorly. Very poorly.\n\nWe use the /r/AskHistorians rule about nothing more recent than 20 years (my suggestion to help avoid \"too-soon\") .\n\nWould any of you like to [give it a look?](_URL_0_) \n\n\nPlease give us feedback. We're looking to improve. October is going to be an interesting season, and I'm starting to look at January possibilities.",
"Big time lurker, massive thank you to the amazing contributors and mods. You all encourage me to read into topics I normally wouldn't and who doesn't love reading more history! \n\nHappy Birthday!",
"Are these your corgs?",
"Happy Cakeday!\n\nWhen I write my Magnum Opus I'll be sure to credit you guys :p",
"What's your favorite civ/other group from a turn-based or real-time strategy game? (AOE II Britons represent)",
"Whostory is it, anyways?\n\nMuch love from /r/IndianCountry! \n\nYour mod team and community are one of the bright, shining, and AWESOME parts of Reddit.",
"My dream in life is to someday have enough knowledge to post here.",
"Best resource on reddit right here",
"OK, the question that everyone wants answered….\n\n**WHO KILLED JOHNBENET RAMSEY?!?!**\n\nBy the way it was the dad.",
"I really love this sub. An absolutely treasure. Thanks guys!!!",
"Thanks for all the hardcore modding. It is nice to be able to come here and find an answer that has some authority and isn’t just the top voted one. Keep up the good work. \n\nIs the podcast dead? I’ve enjoyed the work y’all did there as well.",
"This has by far been my go-to sub for spending 5-30 minutes of time on the toilet to learn about a niche or unique historical question. I have this sub to blame for my legs losing sensation so many times while pooping.",
"I love that the only comment I was ever qualified to give regarded the availability of ice to saloons in the 1800s.",
"Instead of blowing out the candles. They will just be removed...",
"I just want to say that I really enjoy reading the knowledgeable comments here and the high-quality moderation, cheers!\n\nDoes anyone have some history youtube channels to recommend?",
"This sub is great and I love it.\n\nOh whoops, forgot to attach my bibliography, here it is:\n\n1. Beardman, Sadface. *Dope Subs*. Dank Knowledge University Press, 1999.\n2. :3",
"I kinda just like corgis a lot",
"Two years ago I removed all of the default subs from my account and only subscribed to subs that would enrich my life and knowledge. This is one of them, and I must say the knowledge I have gained from this sub has been spectacular. Thank you to all of the professional historians in here, I can say that you have made a positive impact on at least one person's life!",
"There is something to be said for authentic historians. Once took a \"walking ghost tour\" in Savannah GA. The guide proclaimed himself somewhat of an expert in Georgia history and all things paranormal. Tried to strike up a conversation on some experiences I had while visiting the [Andersonville National Historic Sight](_URL_0_) (a short three hour drive from Savannah and certainly well known in Georgia)\n\n & #x200B;\n\nHe had never heard of it.",
"I was a history major in college, but I changed because it got old.\n\nThanks to all of you who stuck with it!",
"Omg I can actually make a comment on an ask historians thread!",
"Relatively short term lurker, this forum certainly shows the power of great moderation!",
"Love this sub!",
"What's the best way to get in touch with a relevant historian when a post doesn't get any answers, or when a curiosity may be too broad for a format conforming post?",
"The mods here are just the best. A shining example of what communities like this should be.",
"This subreddit is the best thing to exist on the internet. From the historians to the mod team to us plebs, this is the most magical community out there. Thank you all for indulging my love for history in such a professional, earnest, and genuine fashion.",
"How old does a joke have to be to not be deleted by the mods?",
"Just dropping in to say thanks to everyone who has put in time and effort into answering questions.",
"Happy birthday to us, awesome nerds.",
"I'm a 21st century internet user. How would I celebrate the birthday of a subreddit?",
"Happy birthday to our most wonderful subreddit. The community and the people here are fantastic.\n\nThis place is an awesome place of learning, there is always something interesting to read. I cannot count all the hours that I have spent reading wonderful posts about so many topics both popular and niche, and the few were I could try to write an answer.\n\nI hope that you can continue the great and hard work, it seriously is formidable.",
"Happy Birthday, r/AskHistorians! It's been such a pleasure to read questions and excellent answers of all kinds over the years. Here's to another wonderful either years!",
"Thank you to the moderators here who do an excellent job.",
"Congrats to the sub! \nMy question is, I love history documentaries, so I would like to ask for some nice recommendations that you might have.\n\nThings that I've already seen and appreciated:\n\n* Apocalypse, the 1st and 2nd world war\n* The Death of Yugoslavia\n* The Vietnam War by Ken Burns\n* The World at War\n\nI would love if you could suggest something about Korean War, Napolean Wars, amongst others. Thank you!",
"I just came here to say JFK was killed by the Freemasons, Julius Caesar was a shitty general and Abraham Lincoln plagiarized the Gettysburg Address. \n\nSource: a guy I met at a party once. \n\nSeriously, though, thanks for maintaining a quality sub.",
"The first /r/AskHistorians thread I've seen that actually has comments that aren't deleted.",
"Starting the 5th year of undergrad for my History BA...please god let it end soon, I'm so ready to move on",
"Many are the times I have believed that the mods were too strict - and everytime I have ended up concluding that their decision improved the quality of this sub. \nCongratulations! \nAnd may you have success for years to come! \n \nPS: I always believed that this sub was moderated by elderly academics - seing the above group photo of the mod team makes your achievements even more impressive! \nYou have been VERY good boys, and girls!",
"thank God, finally I can post here without it being deleted like 5 seconds later.\nThat said, I just wanted you guys, the historians as well as the mods to know that I really appreciate what you are doing. I've learned so much from this sub, it beats all history classes I ever took. I tip my hat to the historians who actually take the time to post here. I can't believe how anyone can just sacrifice so much of their time to share their knowledge with the world, especially considering you are not getting a single cent for it.\nThank you thank you thank you from the bottom of my history loving heart. I'm very much looking forward to continue reading your explanations and [post deleted] comments on this sub for the next 8 years to come and beyond.\n\n**you are the ones who make this the best place in the internet**",
"Okay, now that I've got the shitposting out of my system, here's my actual meta question:\n\nFlaired users of /r/AskHistorians, what's your fringe historical idea? What are you pretty sure everyone else here is wrong about? What are you really set on that everyone else here thinks is nutty? Do you have proof Toussaint L'Ouverture built the Pyramids? Have you seen Jurchen grave goods that clearly depict Jin Taizu with a robot arm and laser eyes? Does modern historiography dramatically underestimate the size of James Buchanan's ass?",
"At first I was kind of upset that people took pop history books for their word, and I wondered why they didn't read more serious stuff.\n\nThen I read a book written by an *archivist* about the voodoo queen Marie Laveau. 1) It's the cure for insomnia. 2) Louisiana may or may not exist based upon existing historical documents.",
"Does anyone other than me find it offensive there are no dog history experts in this group. Dogs did history too",
"Yo, was Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire as cool as my professor made him out to be?",
"Answering an unasked question: during the Paleolithic period the most common form of transportation used by Cro-Magnon man was the foot-powered automobile. This previously untestable hypothesis was proven true in 1960 when renowned scientists William Hanna and Joseph Barbera unearthed actual footage of these vehicles in use.\n\nAnd since this is /r/askhistorians I must, of course, include my source, and I will link the primary source, the actual footage discovered: _URL_0_",
"Happy Birthday! \nThis sub is probably the subreddit I spent the most time on even though I haven't posted a single comment here. \n\nBig thank you to all historians on here for their amazing posts",
"You know, my obscure question on Hitler's love of French Pastries has STILL NOT BEEN ANSWERED!!! /s\n\nHappy Birthday!!!",
"Do you guys ever wonder if there was a specific event or thing that sparked your lifelong interest in history? I still remember reading these old historical graphic novels/comics when I was a child and wonder if that's the reason I was always fascinated with history.\n\nOh, and happy birthday r/askhistorians",
"Happy Birthday! I found AH over 2 years ago now, and got flair last year. It's really hard to believe, I never thought I'd have a flair when I started reading the sub, but here we are!\n\nAnd without this place, I frankly wouldn't be using Reddit at all!",
"I love it when I stumble upon a post from r/AskHistorians on my front page. I always end up learning something new.",
"Bad history joke:\n\nIf Germany is the fatherland and Russia is the motherland, WWII was just a really messy divorce.",
"I approve wholeheartedly to the choice of image that was used. Happy Birthday!!!!!!",
"I'm just here to make a comment on this sub. I love this sub so much because of its ridiculously strong stance on quality content. I'm perfectly happy to get the occasional wasteland graveyard of comments on the front page in exchange for really well thought out content the other times. \n\nThanks for the work you guys do to keep idiots like me informed and entertained.",
"Happy birthday everyone!\n\nI realised that a life in academic history wasn't for me when I was at grad school. I'm a loner by nature but working alone for long periods weirdly gets me qute down, and I just would not be cut out for it. I work in a non-historical office where socialisation is forced on me, leaving me with enough free time to browse this sub after a getting paid to have my social needs fulfilled.\n\n I have never asked a question, and have yet to see one which I feel qualified to answer adequately, but it's something which keeps me in touch, on my own terms, with a subject which has been a life-long passion. I get genuinely excited when I see an interesting question and am very thankful for the time and effort you all put in to providing in-depth, entertaining answers.",
"Next April Fool's can we become /r/fakehistoryporn for a day?",
"Happy birthday to this amazing community and thank you to all the historians for their time.",
"Damn I've waited for this moment. I always think of my best jokes when I'm not allowed to post them. So, ummm.\n\nShit.\n\nHow do you know the Romans were always high?\n\n > !Because Roman sites always have loads of pot.! < \n\nThat's awful. I swear I thought of some good ones too.",
"This sub shows the best of what reddit could be. So many other subreddits have lost their way as they grew subscribers, but /r/AskHistorians has continued to provide high-quality, focused discussion. \n\nThanks to the mods and contributors to creating a place where a consumer like me can get the history I crave!",
"Birthday related short question:\n\nWho had the most over the top birthday party?\n\nI shall accept rankings based on any of the following: Deaths, Births, People, Cost, Food, Drink and Religion.",
"What a wonderful sub.\n\nYears, decades ago, I read a James Thurber story that sometimes comes to mind with some of the questions posed here: how difficult it can be to escape the strictures of your time and culture when looking at historical events.\n\nThurber loved reading French pulp-novel versions of American Westerns, and he described one of them in his story *Wild Bird Hickcock and His Friends*:\n\n > There were, in my lost and lamented collection, a hundred other fine things, which I have forgotten, but there is one that will forever remain with me. It occured in a book in which, as I remember it, Billy the Kid, alias Billy the Boy, was the central figure. At any rate, two strangers had turned up in a small Western town and their actions had aroused the suspicions of a group of respectable citizens, who forthwith called on the sheriff to complain about the newcomers. The sheriff listened gravely for a while, got up and buckled on his gun belt, and said, \"*Alors, je vais demander ses cartes d'identité!*''",
"Are you all secretly dogs what’s with the photo",
"Cool, I share my birthday with r/AskHistorians",
"Sorry to break up the party, but I had a real question that I have been afraid to post: Did anyone ever actually expect the Spanish Inquisition?",
"Best sub ever!",
"One of the best thing online. Not only on Reddit.\n\nI will be happy to give a small donation to this community to celebrate. Can I do it? Any no-profit you want to suggest?",
"This is like the only sub on reddit that takes no shit from anyone. Mad props",
"This quite possibly the only time there are no removed comments in this sub",
"To the best sub on Reddit, I'd like to raise a glass. Cheers",
"tfw comment actually posted in AskHistorians",
"Reported for 20-year rule.",
"A big thanks to all the contributors and the mods!\n\nThis is the best, most educative and informative thread on reddit for me.",
"Commenting just to have a comment here that won't be deleted due to off topicness nor due to not being an expert. \n\nAt least until someone asks about ejection seats, then it'll be my time to shine!",
"This has been the hardest sub to practice restraint in, simply because of how great the questions and answers can be. \nI'd like to say thank you to all of the mods and contributors. Your brilliant, thoughtful, comprehensive and objective responses really bring the stories of the past to life and usually into modern relevance. \nI have had to curtail my own speculation so many times, but can't think of an example where the eventual answer wasn't worth the wait. \nSo, on the one day it's appropriate to post non-history specific comments, thank you, thank you, thank you. :)",
"Yeah the higher than average standards keep this sub great. I've learned alot about the topics I'm interested in and I thank all of the contributors and mods for your hard work.",
"Mods should start deleting random comments. Just to throw it back.",
"Kind of intimidated to post but here goes...\n\nShould note I’m not a historian. \n\nNo sources either. Sorry",
"This may be the only opportunity I have to post here. I've been a long time subsciber and thank all of you for making this one of the most informative subs on Reddit.",
"Something I'd like to know and can maybe ask here in the less regimented environment is...where the hell did the army (u.s. army) stash all its case files on recovered unidentified soldiers from ww1? Some researcher friends suspect they're at the DPAA but now that they're basically beholden to the Vietnam era nothing's moving on earlier conflicts as it appears researchers are banned from accessing that facility. I don't have a missing/unidentified soldier in the fight but I do have a great grand uncle whose burial sketch I'd love to see one day and may be thrown in with all the other missing case files.",
"Happy [removed] !!",
"Happy Birthday!\n\nWhile the rules have been loosened and I have you all here... do any of you know any good stories about Jazz (or really any genre) musicians? \n\nI'm a music teacher who occasionally likes to share stories of funny, badass, or otherwise really out-there moments in music history and would love to add to my repertoire!",
"I’m not gonna lie, this has always been one of my favorite subreddits, I love learning something new here every day! Happy birthday!",
"Personal anecdote:\nBeing despised for writing a thesis on early Heideggerean ontology. Being called a nazi because of that, while my great-grandfather was put in a forced labour camp by the NS military ‘regime’ (‘bewind’) for two years during WWII and while I vehemently despise fascism without exceptions. Keep teaching everyone about the ‘past’, because people in the present are often horribly informed about* it. \nYou guys do a great job. Keep at it.",
"This thread is making history. All comments legal. Most living. It's like the opposite of The Purge. HBD /r/AskHistorians [deleted]",
"Everyone is here is great, I love this sub.\n\nI'm also thrilled I can make a Top Level comment for once!",
"Marvel as I make a top-level comment that is COMPLETELY DEVOID OF QUALITY OR SUBSTANCE!! MWUAHAHAHAHA!!!",
"So in 12 more years we can start asking questions about the origins of the sub?",
"Just commenting to say how much I love this sub. Best place on Reddit by far.",
"I have to say I love this sub, I never post because I'm only have an undergrad in history. I love coming here for the detailed answers that get me going down the next rabbit hole. Thanks to the mods and contributors happy cake day!",
"Thanks to all for this subreddit - its brought me much enjoyment and made me interested in books that I wouldn't have found otherwise. \n\nReally educational and enriching to be able to read about history from dedicated professionals.",
"Thanks to each of you for creating, growing and lovingly pruning this community! It is consistently both fascinating and high effort.",
"The mods of this sub are truly a great example of how mods should be. Congratulations!!",
"High school history teacher here. I can genuinely say this sub has enhanced my knowledge of the subject and bettered my student's education. I often find myself referencing information that I learned through this sub. Thank you!",
"Happy Birthday!\n\nThank you Mods for the great work you do keeping this sub the most honest on Reddit.\n\nThank you to all contributors, both those that have asked interesting questions and those that have answered the questions with insightful and informative responses.",
"Love this sub. Thanks so much for all the work put into it!",
"This is it. My one chance to comment here safely.\n\n\nAhhhhhhhhhhhh.....\n\n*Falls back into a random perfectly sized pool*",
"Came here expecting nothing but deleted comments!",
"The mod team do an excellent job with /askhistorians.\n\nWhenever I visit the sub I have confidence I’ll find something in depth, interesting, and well sourced, to read. Something that is neither hearsay (unless it’s accounts of hearsay from say 5th century Egypt), built on some self agenda (unless it’s say the agendas of Crassus in the Triumvirate), or pushing misinformation (unless it’s say explaining the themes behind Joseph Goebbels 1943 film Titanic).\n\nIt’s great. Keep up the good work!",
"Flaired users and moderators:\n\nWhat's the story behind your username?",
"\"Professionally published\" contributors - has answering a question on here ever lead to a breakthrough in your professional work?",
"I have followed and read and loved this sub since day 1. As an avid casual history buff, I am forever grateful for and impressed by the rigorous standards here; therefore I can't resist an opportunity to shitpost today. Happy Cake Day to r/askhistorians!!!!!",
"So only 12 more years and a day before we finally can ask a historian about askhistorians!",
"T-minus 12 years until I ask about the origins of /r/askhistorians.",
"I know I'm late to the party, but I've always wanted to ask the generalized question to all the historians here:\n\nWhat is an interesting fact you'd love to (or have wanted to) share but typically requires a nuanced background explanation to fully show why it's so interesting?",
"Wonderful for the mod team and people who are active in the community",
"I love this sub and the dedication to keep a high bar for responses. \n\nThank you.",
"I listen to smart people... or, at least to people who know how little they know, but who are willing to share thoughts about what they do know with internet strangers.\n\nThank you all. I continue to listen and learn.",
"Everyone involved with this community (including us scrubs who can never make top level comments) is amazing. I love you all and I'm so happy this exists. \n\nI hope someday our ancestors will ask about the origins and early history of r/askhistorians and be answered by a wall of [deleted]. (Get it? Cause it answers the question perfectly 😝)",
"Congratulations on staying active so long! Here's to many more years of reading thoughtful questions (hopefully with interesting answers).\n\nWhat are some topics that flaired answerers wish could come up more often?",
"We miss you, /u/The_Alaskan.",
"Gimmie top ten US presidents, the more controversial the better.",
"EVERYTIME I SEE A POST ON THIS SUB, I BUCKLE MY SEATBELTS BECAUSE I KNOW I'M GON BE TAKEN ON A WILD ASS EDUCATIONAL RIDE THAT I WILL NEVER COME ACROSS AGAIN. I AM JUST AN UNEDUCATED PLEB WHO GAINS SO MUCH HAPPINESS FROM THIS SUB.",
"Long time reader. I just wanted to express my thanks to all those dedicated people out there who have the expertise to contribute and willingly do so.\n\nThank you!",
"Will there be cake?",
"I am grateful to /r/AskHistorians and all the amazing mods. I come here to remind myself that the internet is not just trolls and death threats. And the history is awesome too! May you live for ever!",
"I'm just posting here so that I can say that I once posted in /r/askhistorians and it wasn't immediately deleted. \n\nBut seriously, this sub is a gem. Probably the most consistently interesting and valuable community on this site. Thanks to everyone, mods and experts for keeping this place the highest quality.",
"As readers, is there anything we can do to help /r/AskHistorians thrive? It’s such a unique and fascinating corner of Reddit, and I want to help it flourish, but I’m no historian. Can I do anything? Want some brownies?",
"Yay. One of my top subreddits. Grateful to you guys."
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4ud01z | what is "nofap" and why do people do it? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ud01z/eli5_what_is_nofap_and_why_do_people_do_it/ | {
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"It is when people stop masturbating because they think it will give them more sex drive, more confidence, (more ability to lie to themselves...) It's a complete placebo and continuing to masturbate is a lot more healthy and helpful than stopping it altogether. ",
"Participating in NoFap is when an individual, usually a man, decides to go cold turkey on not masturbating. It can be helpful for them psychologically if they depend too much on porn or masturbating and can serve as a test of self-control.",
"As others have said, it's where guys stop masturbating. The effects are debated.\n\nOne of the issues with trying to tell what the effects are is that many people who mention their success don't also state where they started from.\n\nConsider someone who talks about how great giving up alcohol is. He tells you he lost 30lbs, got a girlfriend, his friendships are better, got a promotion at work, and is even completing a graduate degree in the evenings now. Wow! Giving up alcohol is amazing!\n\nYour mileage may vary though, especially since that guy didn't mention that he was a severe alcoholic, regularly drinking a pint of whiskey for breakfast, all his money went into booze, couldn't hold down a steady job, etc... If you, a person who just drinks socially and rarely gets drunk also gives up alcohol, you probably won't see any real benefit.\n\nSame goes for NoFap. People who are addicted to porn and masturbating get wonderful results when they give it up. But, people who don't have that problem can't expect much change."
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20c7im | why do governments require private corporations for natural resource extraction? can't they extract it all by themselves? | It seems that governments unnecessarily share much of their natural resources with private companies.
This is particularly true for developing countries. The government enlists the help of private sector companies in extracting natural resources like Oil, Gas, Diamond, Copper etc and in turn they give away 30-40 percentage of the extracted resources.
* Whats the problem with extracting it all by themselves? Cost constraints? Skill shortages or what?
* Isn't the government of even the poorest country supposed to have more money, then Exxon?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20c7im/eli5_why_do_governments_require_private/ | {
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"this is actually a good question :) yay reddit",
"Extracting material out of the ground in an efficient way isn't quite as simple as just grabbing some shovels and digging. Much of the oil is located in hard to reach places, and significant technology and infrastructure is needed in order to effectively get at it. \n\nI guess you could just give guys pickaxes and have them go dig up copper ore, but that's a pretty slow way of doing things. Sure, you get to keep 100% of what you earn, but you're only digging up a couple million bucks worth of copper per year. Or you can hire a private company that has a lot of infrastructure and technology already available, and in a couple years they've got a serious industry going and are digging up 200 million bucks worth of copper per year. You only get 60% of that, but 60% of 200 million is a lot more than 100% of 2 million. ",
"There are many countries with GDPs smaller than the world's largest corporations. I count at least 24 countries with a GDP of under $1 billion. At the same time, I count 65 companies with annual revenues of over $100 billion - in fact, only 26 countries in the world have a higher GDP than either Walmart or Royal Dutch Shell have annual revenue.\n\nPrivate industry also tends to do things cheaper and more efficiently than government, and has more uses for those raw materials. The government itself rarely has use for raw materials and stands to gain more from letting private companies extract, refine and build goods with those materials than if it did it itself.",
"One word: *specialization*, the key invention behind the efficiency of the modern era."
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5d1o59 | what did foucault mean by "power is everywhere"? | I've heard it through out my education, but haven't really grasped it. I've read something like "power is everywhere, it's in every fabric of our existence". Please, explain me like I'm five, what does this mean? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5d1o59/eli5_what_did_foucault_mean_by_power_is_everywhere/ | {
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"It's a different way of looking at society. This philosophy believes that power rests in every part of society, that groups that we normally look at as the most powerful are also subject to the power that everyone else has. Its a very meta thing to talk about, it's basically saying that society has gotten to the point that the peoples wants is powerful enough to influence what we normally consider to be our leaders. It recognizes the responsibility everyone has to shaping what is considered to be acceptable and how that creates boundaries that even the most powerful people dare not cross. ",
"When it comes to Foucault, power is always in relation to knowledge. Let's say that you, as a five year old, knows that a nice old lady who lives near the playground would always give you treats if you go and meet her. So you go and meet her and give the treats to your friends at the playground. But you don't tell them where the treats come from. You have the power there. You might be sharing your haul with everyone but the fact that they don't know where it came from and how to get it means that the power structure is skewed to your side. There's more to it than that but this is as simple as I can make it.",
"Lots of other good answers here. But, what I'm seeing missing from a lot of these answers is Foucault's idea of the panopticon. \n\nA brief historical digression - the panopticon Bentham's design for a prison - where one guard could control hundreds on inmates through the use of mirrors which would allow the guard to see anywhere in the prison at any time, and would not allow the prisoners to know fi they were being watched or not. In theory, this would force them to always behave as if watched, as they could be observed at any time.\n\nFoucault says society is like the panopticon - we internalize the rules in early childhood, largely by a process of getting caught doing things we are not supposed to or seeing others caught at the same. Think of the kid at your school who got caught picking his nose, and the same and humiliation heaped upon him. Now think how you processed it. In part you learned that you don't pick your nose in public or when others are anywhere around because you might be subjected to the same. You internalize the social punishment used to stop that behavior. And as a result even when no one is around, society is still controlling your actions because it has managed to make you its agent. You observe yourself for compliance with social norms, becoming an agent of society exercising power over yourself on society's behalf. \n\nWhile a person is aware, that person knows society could be observing them, and so brings their action into line with social expectations (to one degree or another). And so, society controls that person, exerts power over them, by virtue of the space society controls in that person's own head. Space that is a part of you that is a part of your very being is co-opted to exert power over you."
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6h1s5h | Do electric cars use electrical energy from the battery more efficiently than gasoline/diesel cars use heat energy from their fuel? | Simple question: In terms of total Joules of energy transmitted to the crankshaft (...or whatever electric cars connect to the drivetrain), which is the most efficient, strictly speaking? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6h1s5h/do_electric_cars_use_electrical_energy_from_the/ | {
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"Yes. By a very large margin.\n\nA heat engine like a gas engine converts between 20-30% of its thermal energy into kinetic motion at the crankshaft.\n\nAn electrical motor can convert over 90% of the energy within a battery into kinetic motion given the right motor sizing.\n\nSo if we have 1000KJ within a battery vs 1000KJ within a gas tank the Electric motor will allow the car use much more of that energy, and waste much less heat than a gas engine."
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11t81z | Does cold (Air/Liquid) increase the likelihood of getting or precipitate the effects of a cold/flu? | I understand the pathophysiology and organisms involved in a cold and a flu. I recall reading that certain organisms are more virulent with ambient cold weather. It's a very solidly held belief that being in cold air, especially after taking a shower with wet hair, increases the likelihood of developing a cold or makes your illness worse.
It's such a common belief but I can't really see any reason why after getting a rhinovirus infection I can't have an iced tea. | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/11t81z/does_cold_airliquid_increase_the_likelihood_of/ | {
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"The 'common cold' is usually caused by a rhinovirus. Cold temperature itself does not cause illness. [However, temperature effects may facilitate viral infection:](_URL_0_)\n > Although not all studies agree, most of the available evidence from laboratory and clinical studies suggests that inhaled cold air, cooling of the body surface and cold stress induced by lowering the core body temperature cause pathophysiological responses such as vasoconstriction in the respiratory tract mucosa and suppression of immune responses, which are responsible for increased susceptibility to infections. \n\nThis is further confounded by the fact that people may stay indoors during the cold months, further allowing spread of the virus."
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96erc1 | how does medication like imodium stop diarrhea? | I’ve always wondered about this. Does it somehow dry out the waste in your colon or does it make your colon chill out for a minute? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/96erc1/eli5_how_does_medication_like_imodium_stop/ | {
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"The intestines have a special nervous system called the 'enteric nervous system' which is made up of two parts called the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus. The word \"myenteric\" means that it is situated between two groups of muscles in the intestines. What this all means is that when the enteric nervous system is stimulated it causes the muscles of the intestines to contract through the myenteric plexus. That's what helps food to continue its journey.\n\nNow loperamide (like morphine) acts on the myenteric plexus and reduces the strength of these muscles. This makes food to stay longer in the intestines. One of the functions of the large intestine is to reabsorb water from food. Because the food stays longer, more water is reabsorbed and the stool becomes bulkier. Plus the frequency of stooling is reduced because food stays longer. That's basically how Imodium (loperamide) works. "
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15b8vm | Could it have been possible for Hitler to have been successful in invading Russia, or was it doomed from the start? What decisions could the German Army have made that would have possibly lead to victory? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/15b8vm/could_it_have_been_possible_for_hitler_to_have/ | {
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"In order to imagine a German victory against the Soviet Union in WWII, there is no simple turning point you can look to and say, \"If the Germans had done X at this time, they would have won.\" You really have to change so many things that it becomes abject fantasy.\n\nFundamentally, the German's only hope of winning lay in compelling the Soviet leadership, and Stalin in particular, to admit defeat and sue for peace. Stalin's near catatonia in the days and weeks following the invasion in 1941 is probably as close as they ever really got to victory. Had he and the entire Soviet system broken down under the shock - much as France did in 1940 - they might have won. But that meant essentially that the Soviets had to agree to be defeated, and despite the shock and massive losses of 1941, there was no reason for them to do so.\n\nThe only other option was a fight a war of attrition to see which nation would wear out it resources - people and oil primarily - first. Germany had little chance of winning such a war, though it could and did fight a losing battle for a long time.\n",
"This is a complicated question that will probably never be answered since it goes too much into \"what-if\" history. In my view, Germany's biggest mistake wasn't in any operational decision (attack city X instead of attacking city Y, etc) but their incorrect assessment of the Soviet Union and its capabilities. Hitler believed that the USSR was fundamentally weak and that after a few initial defeats its regime would quickly crumble. Consequently, Germany didn't prepare for a protracted campaign, didn't ramp up its arms industry to the extent that they could have (as evidenced by their increased output in 1943-44, despite the allied bombing campaign), didn't press into service as many men as they could have. German leadership tried to shield the population from the hardships of war as much as possible and didn't ask for the necessary sacrifices until it was too late. Had they done all of that in 1940 and 1941, there was a chance that they could have overwhelmed the Soviet Union quickly enough. However because they initially underestimated the Soviet Union and didn't allocate the sufficient resources for war, they missed their chance. Once the Operation Barbarossa had failed, Germany's eventual defeat was a matter of time.\n\nHowever, as with all what-if scenarios, it isn't so simple because if the German leadership HAD assessed the strength of the Soviet Union correctly, they probably wouldn't have launched the invasion in the first place. \n\nPS - in terms of reading, David Glantz and Anthony Beevor are probably the best two authors on the subject of the eastern front of WWII. For other theaters, I hear Max Hastings is highly recommended.",
"The invasion was doomed from the start for the same reason as Napoleon`s invasion. It was left until too late in the year. IIRC, they invaded in June, leaving only a few.months before the winter. Had they left in March/April, they would have had more time. \n\nAdditionally, the invasion was not pragmatic enough. Hitler was a master politician but a poor military tactician. His decisions, such as the invasion of Stalingrad, were unnecessary. Hitler should have done what his generals wanted to do - seize Moscow as fast as possible."
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5yi0nr | If a spaceship uses a planet's gravity to gain speed flying in why don't they lose the same amount flying out? | It's always puzzled me how a spaceship could use a planet's gravity to slingshot or gain speed but wouldn't the same gravity cancel out on the other side | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/5yi0nr/if_a_spaceship_uses_a_planets_gravity_to_gain/ | {
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"Because they steal a little bit of kinetic energy from the planet.",
"A reasonable earthbound analogy would be throwing a rubber ball from the train platform at an oncoming train. If the train approaches at 60kph and they throw the ball at 40kph, the train driver sees the ball approach at 100kph, hit the train, and then bounce away at 100kph. The person on the platform, however, will see the ball bounce back toward themselves at 140kph; the ball has gained energy from the train.",
"You are exactly right that the entry and exit from a gravity well offers no help. IMO gravity assist is a misnomer. The space ship comes in on a vector in the direction of the orbit that is purposeful.\n\nThe space ship is gaining speed from the planets kinetic energy. It also does get a desired vector change going through the gravity well.",
"This is a very good question. You are correct that if there were only a planet and the spacecraft, this wouldn't work. But this manuevor is done by three body effect. The planet itself is rotating around the sun. It has some kinetic energy of its own. If you look at this from the suns frame, this like a scattering between the planet and the spacecraft and this the spacecraft can take kinetic energy from the planet.",
"Is not called sling shot for nothing. \n\nIn a sling shot you put kinetic energy on the rock by making rotate. The rock is hold in orbit by the slingnshot. If you reduce the radious, to preserve the energy the rock will speed up, and if you let it loose it will travel much faster than the initial speed you put in it. \n\nIf a space ship turns propulsor towards the planet, that angular momentum conservation will make the ship gain tangential velocity. ",
"It's a matter of reference frames.\n\nIn a reference frame centered on the planet, you're absolutely correct that the spacecraft will leave with the exact same speed that it came in (assuming no rocket burns during the manoeuvre and no atmospheric drag if getting very close to the planet).\n\nIn a reference frame centered on the Sun is where the magic happens. The speed of the spacecraft has changed relative to the Sun, stealing a tiny bit of kinetic energy from the planet.\n\nSuppose that, relative to the Sun, a planet is moving eastwards as 35 km/s, and the spacecraft is also moving eastwards at 33 km/s. Then the spaceraft is moving westards at 2 km/s relative to the planet. After swinging by it will still be 2 km/s relative to the planet, but in the opposite direction, then this will be 37 km/s eastwards relative to the Sun. You get a 4 km/s speed increase.\n\nThe above is greatly oversimplified because the angle between the incoming and outgoing velocity vectors will never be as much as 180°, but the concept is the same.\n",
"Lets go over what happens to a spaceship during an unpowered gravitational assist, AKA a gravitational slingshot.\n\nImagine a spaceship in orbit around the sun moving in the same direction as the planet, but it's going going 10km/s SLOWER than the planet in orbit. Basically the planet is catching up to the spaceship and scoops it up from behind.\n\nWhen the spaceship initially gets picked up by the planet's gravity it's going 10km/s slower than the planet relative to the sun. The planet then picks up the spaceship (from behind) and tosses it FORWARD at 10km/s. The planet picks up the spaceship and tosses it IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.\n\nEnergy relative to the planet is conserved because spaceship still leaves the planet at the same 10km/s it entered at, but from the sun's perspective the spaceship entered the planet going -10km/s relative to said planet and left the planet going +10km/s relative to it. From the Sun's perspective the spaceship gained 20km/s in the process and the planet lost an equal amount of momentum."
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2b6hqd | how is depression "cured"? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2b6hqd/eli5_how_is_depression_cured/ | {
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"It is not cured, it is \"managed''. ",
"It often isn't. Depression in essence is an imbalance of neurochemicals, if you can restore this balance through drugs, therapy etc. you can cure depression (at least temporarily).",
"As someone that dealt with both Anger issues and depression as a kid, I just embraced it. I realized that I just view the world differently and changed my baseline. Instead of feeling \"low\" all the time, I just felt normal. Yeah, that may mean I look miserable or angry to everyone else while in my resting state, but internally I feel fine. It is just the life I've always lived and the way I've always seen things.\n\nI'm lucky and not bipolar. If you are bipolar you can't do what I did because your mood is fluctuating, so you can't feel normal a lot of the times. ",
"When you find out please let me know",
"Are we talking about true, clinical depression or the \"depression\" we all experience in life?",
"Mindfulness meditation and exercise were the best things I've done to get rid of depression. Check out these books they helped me a shit ton. It comes back every once in a while, but just 5 - 10 mins of medication really REALLY helps. I never believed meditation really did anything till I tried it.\n\n* [The Mindful Way Through Depression](_URL_0_)\n* [Conquering Depression and Anxiety Through Exercise](_URL_1_) ",
"You can't cure it.\nDrugs can help by sort of neutralizing your mood.\nI took drugs for about 2 years and then waded off them, and it helped tremendously.\nI still get some bad times, but they are definitely fewer. \n\nWhy you can't cure it is that it's just how you are, and an 'imbalance' of chemicals in your brain.",
"It's managed, not cured.\n\nI use drugs and it's working well.\n\nI take MDMA every 6 months or so, with spots of 2c-b or DXM here and there.\n\nNy life is great now as I no longer have crippling depression. My brain just needs like... a release, or a break once in a while to set myself straight. :)",
"For myself I found that there is no one way to cure it but multiple ways to manage it. I took drugs to lessen the effects, got counselling to learn how to deal and found faith. I'm talking about finding faith in anything, something to hold on to in those dark moments. I found mine after a failed suicide attempt. There's no quick fix that's for sure. To this day I have moments where I fall back into the anxiety and depression. The goal isn't to be cured but to learn to walk around the dark holes of depression. Hope this helps. ",
"Evidently the defeatist myth that depression can't be cured is still alive and well. I'm not going to say that all depression no matter how severe can be cured, it's right to say that, especially for the more severely depressed, it's more of a management thing.\n\nReally with the question you're asking you're attempting to boil it down to 'what exactly is wrong with the brain when someone is depressed, and how can we get it back to normal?' which suffers from two major problems:\n\n* Depression is not a catch-all problem. It features as a symptom for [more disorders than i can list](_URL_2_), the understanding of which vary depending on which you're talking about - for example, there's (generally) a better knowledge of how [bipolar disorder](_URL_3_) works than, for example, [Recurrent brief depression](_URL_5_). There can also be other causes, such as a symptom of a physical disease, as a side effect of some medications, or even just stuff like being bored or suffering a traumatic event, like a family member dying. Not to equate severe depression with being bored, obviously, but suffering is suffering; my point is that 'depression' is a very vague term. Which leads onto the other major problem:\n\n* It's not really obvious what 'causes' depression. To the layperson you can generalise it as a 'chemical imbalance', but that could mean literally anything; whereas for something like schizophrenia it has been proven to have close links to dopamine release, depression is so vague and complex you can't (generally) pin it down to any one area of the brain, not to mention the aforementioned problem of 'depression' being any one of many things.\n\nSo the question was flawed, but that's not what you wanted to hear. And it doesn't add up to what i said right at the beginning about depression being cureable, insofar as you can define 'cureable' anyway\n\nA lot of psychiatric disorders involving depression (and often anxiety too, since they usually appear hand in hand) involve a problem with a thought process leading to [rumination](_URL_6_), [intrusive thoughts](_URL_0_), [catastrophising/magnification](_URL_4_), amongst other unhealthy mental practises. Treatments like [Cognitive Behavioural Therapy](_URL_1_) (currently the most successful treament) aim to address these problematic thought processes directly, using a handful of tactics aimed at developing a sort of mental toolbox you can use to eliminate distressing thoughts. \n\nFor example (anecdotally), the technique to eliminate intrusive thoughts is centered around the idea that intrusive thoughts are the result of a hyper-alert mindset of the body making you aware of your own unconscious thought process in a distressing way. To a 'normal' person, when they stand at a train station, their mind relays 'walking in front of the train would kill you' in various forms subconsciously, making sure that you don't walk in front of the train. To the person suffering from intrusive thoughts, the thoughts of/urge to jump in front of the train cause revulsion and unhappiness, since they believe it to be genuinely suicidal thoughts - however, this urge to jump in front of the train and the persons subsequent revulsion is demonstrating how you -don't- want to jump, since if you did, you wouldn't be distressed by the idea - this is a classic example of a hyper-aware state. The therapist would then have you practice several exercises which would eliminate or otherwise reduce the thoughts to an ignorable level, which depends on your preferred learning style. For me, a mental exercise of 'allowing the thoughts to fade into the mind's background noise' totally eliminated all intrusive thoughts within a short period of time.\n\nCBT is considered very effective, with success rates ranging from between 90-50% (depending on who you ask); as with everything, it's considered more potent if a treatable disorder is caught early, but it still has merit even after many years of suffering. Anti-depressants, for mild to moderate depression/anxiety, tend to be prescribed alongside CBT - while the anti-depressants don't outright cure the problem, they allow the symptoms to have less of a hold on the sufferer, allowing them to take and be more open to therapy which they wouldn't otherwise have managed. Generally they aren't considered a long term treatment, since the body grows a tolerance for them over time, and the side effects can mount up. For more severe cases, anti-depressants are considered in the long term, which would be a different prescription than that prescribed for the mild-moderate sufferer.\n\nA note on 'cureable' - the problem with 'cureable' is that it implies that there is a 'normal' state of being, when the truth is regardless of who you are, you will have good days, and you will have days where you feel down for no discernable reason, but that doesn't mean you have depression. Similarly, people worry, but that doesn't mean they have anxiety. The reason most people say depression/anxiety are only manageable is because no treatment will ever totally eliminate grey days, or worrying - that's just human nature; hence i have a problem with people calling it 'manageable' because it implies that it's a problem you're forever saddled with, and you just have to work your life around the problem. However, nobody thinks they have a serious problem if they have a grey day once in a while, or worries a little. Hell, even 'normal' people have intrusive thoughts, but they're just better equipped to deal with it by chance. Treatment can bring the sufferer to the point where they don't worry about their symptoms, leaving them to have as full a life as any other person, to the point when they might consider themselves 'cured', despite still having grey days or worrying a little.\n\nFinally, i'd like to reiterate my original point - *depression and anxiety can be dealt with very easily*, but it's very important that it gets sorted out as quick as possible. The biggest step for depression and anxiety sufferers is going to the doctor and getting diagnosed and prescribed treatment, as they can (naively) think that it'll go away on its own, or they'll grow out of it, or that they fear being told that it's incureable - all of those attitudes are completely unfounded. It also doesn't help that western society tends to stigmatise the depressed or anxious as people with disabilities. If you suffer from depression or anxiety, go to your doctor, explain precisely how you feel. If you get the motivation, explain the situation to a friend or family member, and ask them to force you to attend doctors appointments, therapy sessions, and the like. Like I said, the first step is by far the hardest, but it gets much easier from there.",
"They are looking into how current SSRI's (the most common type of anti-depressant medication) may actually modify brain chemistry permanently. I do not have a direct link to a peer-reviewed journal to prove this, but it is a hypothesis that is gaining traction and being reserached heavily. \n\n I carry genetic markers for Depression and have suffered severe depression for 10+ years, and between therapy and medication I now no longer take my meds, and see my therapist one time a month, and am living a life I never though would be possible, I can actually feel more than two emotions (sad and apathetic) and enjoy the world daily not just on rare occasions. I am fairly confident these two treatments used together caused some physical and chemical changes in my brain allowing me to have a more typical life.",
"If you are talking about pharmacological treatments, then the most prevalent type of medication would be SSRI's, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is mostly associated with depression. SSRI's hold the neurotransmitter longer in the cleft (the place of signaling between two neurons) and in doing so increase chemical signaling between neurons that secrete Serotonin.\n\nNow, you have no evidence to say that the depression you treat by increasing serotonin was created by a decrease in Serotonin in the first place. That said, increasing Serotonin has been known to decrease symptoms of depression in a fair percentage of the patients. I would like to remind you that you are treating the symptoms of depression with SSRI and not the cause of the problem. This is a pharmocological approach and is the most popular because it is the least time demanding and most cost efficent solution.\n\nA psychoanalytic approach is a more humanistic approach. This approach is built on the premise that self-knowledge is power (and this statement has its flaws and is debatable as well). With the guidance of an analyst, you try to deconstruct your personhood and understand your problems as an unconscious redirection of your unfulfilled infantile wishes. Your unfilfilled infantile wishes would have roots in your childhood and through therapy that is likely to take years, you would slowly but surely change how your ego(conscious, organized part of your mind) deals with the id(your instinctual, impulsive drives) and super-ego(the cultural norms that you have internalized). Needless to say, this approach is way more financially demanding and time-consuming (usually takes years). If successful, you overcome your depression by both improving your understanding of what is causing the depression and changing the self that experiences the depression.\n\nThe treatment with the highest success rate is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In this treatment, they put in electrodes in your brain and perform electroshocks with small currents. I am not knowledgable on the specifics but this process is extremely time-consuming and financially demanding as well. The procedure itself is not necessarily time consuming. However, you would have to take multiple days off of your responsibilities, go to the hospital, find someone to take care of you (because you won't be allowed to drive or do anything on the day of your ECT). This means the person taking care of you will have to clear his/her day as well. Also, the ECT treatment will most likely need to be repeated in order maintain its impact. So, this routine off clearing schedules would have to be periodical. It is also said to cause memory loss.\n\nA really interesting and unsuccessful case of dealing with depression is performing lobotomies. Popular in the 1940's, this approach literally cut the nerve fibers between your prefrontal cortex and your other cortices. This approach usually improved the depression symptoms but created a whole set of different problems.\n\nSources: Stuff I've read over the years, I'm by no means an expert. Sorry if anything on here happens to be incorrect\n"
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ax3ji8 | how do 2 factor authentication apps or rsa tokens work? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ax3ji8/eli5_how_do_2_factor_authentication_apps_or_rsa/ | {
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"They have a clock, and a secret encryption key inside. They encrypt the time, using the key. You type the answer in, and the computer at the other end (which also has the key {remember that QR code you scanned}) does the same thing. If the answers are right, you're approved.",
"In the simplest case, you round off time to the nearest 30-second window and `encrypt(key, time)`, and on the other side the sever computes `encrypt(key, time - 1), encrypt(key, time), encrypt(key, time+1), ...` for some number of 30-second windows. This lets you have some fudge-factor on the time you open the app, type the code, and it finally reaches the server. Assuming it matches one window, the sever sets the minimum time window forward (so people can't replay old codes), and allows you access."
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20yitp | How does one come up with a good history essay topic? | Please help me! I'm a fourth year science student taking an environmental history class. I have to come up with my own topic, and write a paper **based on some or all of our readings** this term. (I've read diligently and taken notes, attended seminars, 4h a week.) I have no idea how to come up with a topic. Our main theme is "Eating Nature," which is supposed to be about **food, but we can use other themes from the class: landscapes, consumption, knowing, identity, transnational.**
Readings were about some environmental things I would have expected mass/fast food production, California's agricultural history, national parks, Atlantic cod, but really stuff was focused on the environment's effect on people, not really science and people's effect on the environment. I don't find people interesting as a topic, but I already had to write about them twice for this class.
I don't know how to come up with a proper topic, despite having googled for tips on history essays. I'm not asking for a topic per se, but just how to come up with one. I came up with a couple, but they seem lousy, obvious, pointless. My best idea was "unidirectional" and he said I should also consider the effect of the environment on the people. :(
We're supposed to "take the material where we want to take it, work the material thoroughly, **define a theme and work it deliberately in a sophisticated fashion** - probably multiple themes." His examples were Food and spatial relationships or food and identity.
Human identities are not interesting to me in the least! I do not care about gender, identity, nationalism. I care about landscapes, fish populations, rivers, and so on. We only read ONE scientific paper, and it's not about food. I hate most of the things we read.
edited: paragraph breaks.
edited2: bolding and list of all readings in order. ** means interesting and about food, * just interesting.
Cronon, William. “Kennecott Journey: The Paths Out of Town.” in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America’s Past. Eds., Cronon, William, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin. New York. W. W. Norton, 1992: 28-51.
White, Richard. “‘Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?: Work and Nature.” in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature. Ed. Cronon, William. New York. W. W. Norton, 1995: 171-85.
Chester, Robert N., Nicolaas Mink, Jane Dusselier, Nancy Shoemaker. “Having Our Cake and Eating It Too: Food’s Place in Environmental History, A Forum.” Environmental History 14 (April 2009): 309-44.
*Carlton, William R. “New England Masts and the King’s Navy.” New England Quarterly 12 (March 1939): 4-18.
*Shaw, Karena. “The Global/Local Politics of the Great Bear Rainforest.” Environmental Politics 13 (March 2004): 373-92.
**Tyrrell, Ian. “Peripheral Visions: Californian-Australian Environmental Contacts, c.1850s-1910.” Journal of World History 8 (Fall 1997): 275-302.
Wolmer, William. “Transboundary Conservation: The Politics of Ecological Integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park.” Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (March 2003): 261-78.
**Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World. London. Jonathon Cape, 1998.
Mintz, Sidney. “Time, Sugar, & Sweetness.” Marxist Perspectives 2 (Winter 1979-1980): 56-73.
Sackman, Douglas C. “Putting Gender on the Table: Food and the Family Life of Nature.” in Seeing Nature Through Gender. Ed. Scharff, Virginia J. Lawrence. University Press of Kansas, 2003: 169-93.
Parenteau, William. “‘Care, Control and Supervision’: Native People in the Canadian Atlantic Salmon Fishery, 1867-1900.” Canadian Historical Review 79 (March 1998): 1-35.
Stroud, Ellen Francis. “Troubled Waters in Ecotopia: Environmental Racism in Portland, Oregon.” Radical History Review 74 (Spring 1999): 65-95.
Raviv, Yael. “Falafel: A National Icon.” Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 3 (Summer 2003): 20-25.
Lacombe, Michael A. Political Gastronomy: Food and Authority in the English Atlantic World. Philadelphia. University of Penssylvania Press, 2012.
*Nash, Linda. Inescapable Ecologies: A History of Environment, Disease, and Knowledge. Berkeley. University of California Press, 2006.
Klingle, Matthew. “Spaces of Consumption in Environmental History.” History & Theory 42 (December 2003): 94-110.
*Binnema, Theodore and Melanie Niemi. “‘Let the Line Be Drawn Now’: Wilderness, Conservation, and the Exclusion of Aboriginal People from Banff National Park in Canada.” Environmental History 11 (October 2006): 724-51.
McCarthy, James. “Rural Geography: Alternative Rural Economies—The Search for Alterity in Forests, Fisheries, Food, and Fair Trade.” Progress in Human Geography 30 (December 2006):803-11.
Rollins, William. “Reflections on a Spare Tire: SUVs and the Postmodern Environmental Consciousness.” Environmental History 11 (October 2006): 684-723.
**Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York. Harper, 2002.
*Ellis, Bonnie K., et al. “Long-Term Trophic Cascade in a Large Lake Ecosystem.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (18 January 2011): 1070-75.
not read yet:
Carney, Judith. “Landscapes of Technology Transfer: Rice Cultivation and African Continuities,” Technology and Culture 37 (January 1996): 5-35.
Flores, Dan. “Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1825 to 1850.” Journal of American History 78 (September 1991): 465-85.
Raup, Hugh Miller. “The View from John Sanderson’s Farm: A Perspective for the Use of the Land.” Journal of Forest History 10 (April 1966): 2-11.
Donahue, Brian. “Another Look at John Sanderson’s Farm: A Perspective on New England
Guthman, Julie. Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California. Berkeley. University of California Press, 2004.
*We also saw some great films that are not about food - "Winged Migration," "Blue Vinyl," and "Manufactured Landscapes." There are a few other film pieces such as one about Columbia River salmon people, and one about panamerican migratory bird conservation, which has a food aspect relating to duck hunting.
| AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/20yitp/how_does_one_come_up_with_a_good_history_essay/ | {
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"Take something you like\n > fish populations\n\nTake a people group that interacts with said interest.\nObviously whales are mammals, but marine life.\n\n* Native populations, like the [Makah people](_URL_0_) in Washington State are still allowed to kill a single whale each year. The meat is still divided amongst the families.\n\nWhat is their history and tradition? What government organisations and legislations have affected them? How have the national parks and reservations historically been divided? How has the allowance for hunting had a positive or negative effect on the population of the tribe and the whale population?\n\n > landscapes, consumption, knowing, identity, transnational\n\nNational parks and reservations, how meat is divided and traditionally consumed, how have they retained cultural identity but also assimilated, seeing as they are closely related to other tribes in Canada, how do they nationally identify and what have the historical boundaries been?\n\nSo yes, it is about food and culture, but you also can include the \"historical\" scientific data of marine life, preservation status, migration patterns etc.\n\nAnd all of this just a few hours from Simon Fraser and Vancouver.\n\nObviously you do not have to do this topic, but hopefully you saw the method. I knew very little about the Makah people before writing this, but I asked myself some questions about what your interest were and what in your area could provide an interdisciplinary overlap between your interest in science and your historical assignment. I thought native peoples, whaling, and then did some brief searching and narrowed things down.\n\nSo again, what is something that interest you? What time period are you looking to work in? A time period could be anything from the \"Roman Republic\" to London on Christmas day in 1975. What people were involved? Who and what were affected by these events? What can a description of these specifics of time and figures do to further help to bring understanding to your initial subject of interest? Always ask a question that you would want to know the answer to and go from there\n\n > I hate most of the things we read.\n\n university life is a privilege, don't forget that. \n\nall the best on your essay.",
"That is such an awesome reading list. Who's teaching this course?",
"I have virtually no knowledge about your class, so my post probably won't help you find a specific topic. But as an undergraduate, I always thought finding a topic was the hardest part of writing! So don't feel discouraged! It can be a real challenge, especially when the topics are broad and open-ended! \n\nI found that there are two keys to writing a good history paper. The first is that you MUST make an argument (You have to provide an interpretation of the past/theme). And the second is that you MUST synthesize as many sources together as you can to support that argument (Professors do not want you to just summarize sources). So when I would go to write a paper, I would try to pick the topic based on how effectively I could accomplish these goals.\n\nMaybe start by identifying several broad topics that you're curious about. Just something you're interested in delving a little bit deeper with. From here, maybe ask yourself: \n\n* Is there something that these sources have talked a lot about? Is there a controversy on which you can put several of these sources together to make my own argument? Can you support your topic with many of these sources? \n* Is there a misconception in popular culture that you could absolutely destroy based on what you've read in these sources? \n* Are there positive/negative consequences for people that you can clearly show by putting many sources together? \n* Can you prove a source wrong/biased/incomplete based on other sources you've read in this class?\n\nMaybe one of these questions might give you the spark you need. The important part isn't the topic so much as is your argument/interpretation and your support of that argument. Good luck!"
]
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awd2qn | how does a fly have so much energy to use it's wings for as long as it does? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/awd2qn/eli5_how_does_a_fly_have_so_much_energy_to_use/ | {
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"Super adapted muscles/metabolism for flight. The flight muscles in insects can be up to 1/5th of their body mass. But it's really all about efficiency. Your cells can use aerobic or anaerobic metabolism to produce ATP from glucose (and sometimes lipids and other stuff). During aerobic metabolism - when oxygen is available to the cell - breaking down one glucose molecule yields something like 30 ATP. When cells can't get enough oxygen, they instead use other molecules in its place, but the process is way less efficient - you get 3 molecules of ATP per glucose. In mammals, oxygen is carried through our blood by proteins called hemoglobins. The eli5 version of this is that it means if your muscles are working really hard, eg you're sprinting, they will use more oxygen than can be released from the hemoglobin and your cells will have to use anaerobic respiration for energy. Flying insects, on the other hand, don't have hemoglobin at all. Oxygen travels through their bodies as a gas, and they have a network of tubes designed to provide it directly to their muscle cells, so their muscle cells have virtually infinite oxygen and never use anaerobic metabolism for energy. They also have by far the largest aerobic scope in the animal kingdom. That means they can generate energy by breaking down glucose around 75 times faster when working hard then when resting, and they are able to switch between these rates nearly instantaneously by very tight regulation of the enzymes involved. By comparison, we can at best increase respiration rates by about 20 times, and it takes a long time for our cells to slow down respiration so a lot of \"fuel\" is wasted."
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541i78 | why did unlimited data for cellphones/etc.. stop being a thing and data caps are now enforced? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/541i78/eli5_why_did_unlimited_data_for_cellphonesetc/ | {
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"Most people use like 1-2GB of data/month. Hardcore users might us 5-10GB/month. This is all good and carriers are fine with that.\n\nHowever, when they offer totally unlimited plans, so A-hole decides he's going to cancel his home internet and do EVERYTHING over his mobile connection. So he's torrenting 100GB of porn a day by tethering his phone to his PC, and using the equivalent of 5000 normal people worth of data, creating congestion for everyone and slowing everyone down. NOW the carriers care. \n\nSome carriers are now offering unlimited plans, but they throttle anything over 26GB/month (which is still way more than even heavy phone users would use).",
"Look at speed of the network.\n\n2G EDGE data is typically [500 kbit/s](_URL_0_), so assuming you had something to saturate that network, you would be pulling no more than [1.3Tb of data](_URL_1_) which is a lot, but that is litterally downloading as fast as possible 24/7, which would never happen. Your phone would run out of batteries in an hour or two, your storage would fill up, and there was nothing that large to download.\n\nPlus, in 2G days, phones couldn't really process data that fast, so the practical limit was much lower.\n\nPlus, in 2G days, there wasn't as much streaming content. Netflix didn't come online until sometime around 2010, and most music at that time was downloaded rather than streamed.\n\nPlus, in 2G days, not many people were using the internet on their phones. Smart phones sucked a lot more, and were fairly rare. And mobile internet pages were total shit.\n\nSo realistically, the average person used very little phone data. So carriers were safe offering unlimited data, because not many people would use more than a gig or two a month, and the worst case was so rare that it was essentially a non-issue.",
"Because people aren't flocking to third party carriers. They often cost much less, offer more GB, and run off the expensive 4 carriers national networks."
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86n97z | why do parts of the world use cdma and others use gma | Is there a reason that there isn't widespread adoption of one and not the other?
edit: I meant GSM | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/86n97z/eli5why_do_parts_of_the_world_use_cdma_and_others/ | {
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"I assume GMA should be GSM, GSM is a TDMA system. CDMA and TDMA is whay to share a radio channel between multiple uses\n\n\nThe simple explanation is that when digital 2G mobile phone system development started in the 1980 different companies had indifferent ideas how it should be done. The Europén GSM become dominant and all 4G system today are descendentens of it. Some handset are compatible with CDMA2000 system because there are large deployment of them primary in the USA and it is expensive and take time to replace the the towers. So to get good coverage som phones can still use CDMA2000\n\nIn the US Qalacom developed a CSMA system IS-95 or cdmaOne\n\nDigital AMPS was another north american system the was developed it was a TMDA system like GSM buy Bell Labs\n\nSo the US and Canadian government did not intervene to try to have a common system. The lest the markes solve the problem is the US way. The areas was also dominated by a few large companies\n\nIn Europe in 1983 the development started as a by the coordinating body of telekommunikation and in 1987 countries signed a agreement that GSM should be the system used for next generation mobile phone system. Europe are multiple small market with the existing cable base phone system operated by governmental agency. There existed private owned cell phone operators. The system also resulted in a system where hand sets was compatible so you could change operators. That is important for a consumer but not what a large telecom company like.\n\nSo enforce a single standard resulted in a system developer per county. It is also more important to have compatibility between countries in Europe compared to North America where the countries as the size of states.\n\nSouth Korea and Japan also had their own standards. \n\nSo the North American companies primary started to deploys the locally developed system. The fact that hand set was locked to network was a advantage to the so they could keep customers. The disadvantage is that is a was property system by one developer.\n\n\nThe result is that GSM become the system the the rest of the world primary adapted as there was multiple vendors and you don't get locked in to a single vendor. That was not the same problem for large North American telecom companies as there size resulted in good bargaining position \n\nIf you look at _URL_0_ that have a graph of system 2003-2007 you will notice that GSM is the international defacto standard with 80% in 2007 and 2014 is was \n\nWhen 3G system started to be developed whare was the old GMS that become the 3GPP collaboration was the dominate one wit US, Japanese, Chinese joining. The UMTS standard that was the result used CDMA as one way to share a frequency.\n\nFor 4G and later it start to become one system. 4G LTE is the market names that is a global standard\n\nThere are still some system that use the cdmaOne base 3G system called CDMA2000 but there is no new incompatible 4G variant and 4G LTE is used. \n\nSo phones for the network that started to use CDMA2000 still have compatible cellphones so the legacy part of the network can be used. The operators done have the same coverage with 4G.\n\n\nAnother factor is not only the system but what frequency is used. Different countries give different frequency band to mobile phones. So a cell phone might only be able to use some bands. So a cellphone might not work even if it is the same system.\n\n"
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3b50e8 | why does tricare not follow with the affordable health care act rule of being under parent's insurance until your 26? | I tried searching for this so I'm pretty sure it hasn't been answered. Why is it that with TriCare, once you are out of school, you can no longer be under your parent's plan? In my case, I'll be 22 when I graduate but will have to get off of the insurance and pay for my own plan. You have to enroll in some other, shittier, more expensive plan - TriCare Young Adult - which includes no dental BTW and costs more than the majority of other insurances and isn't great from what I've heard. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b50e8/eli5_why_does_tricare_not_follow_with_the/ | {
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"Because TriCare is not health insurance, and the ACA applies only to health insurance plans.\n\nFrom this [page](_URL_0_):\n\n > TRICARE is not health insurance; it is a federal health care entitlement program only for eligible uniformed service members, retirees and their families.\n"
]
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"http://www.tricare.mil/CoveredServices/BenefitUpdates/Archives/01_22_15_TRICARE_vs_ACA.aspx"
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2l43lp | Where does carbon 14 come from? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2l43lp/where_does_carbon_14_come_from/ | {
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"It's mostly created on Earth in the upper atmosphere due to bombardment of cosmic rays and nitrogen.\n\nThis is why it's such a good dating tool, stuff sealed from the atmosphere won't get exposed to any more and the amount of nitrogen and the cosmic bombardment rate is roughly fixed and insensitive to anything going on with Earth's weather or climate.^1\n\n^1 Some corrections are relevant and useful, but that's another story."
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1km8ei | What happened to a Roman emperor's wealth after he died or passed on the throne? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1km8ei/what_happened_to_a_roman_emperors_wealth_after_he/ | {
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"It is hard to give some specific evidence for you, but it would seem that the wealth of Emperors was passed on to the next emperor, in that the finances of the emperor was de facto the same as the wealth of the empire. However, we must remember the circumstances - only 2 emperors (Diocletian in 305 CE and Romulus Augustus in 476 CE) retired, so there was no normal reason to worry about the wealth of the emperor after they reigned.\n\nAs an example, [Pertinax](_URL_0_) was able to sell the slaves and personal possessions of Commodus, the previous emperor, and on becoming emperor himself gave away his own money to his family because he knew that he did not need any personal wealth (and actually, was aware that the loss of his life would mean the next leader would claim any of his personal holdings).\n",
"Well, remember that there are two different ways an old emperor leads to a new emperor: inheritance and usurpation. In the first case, the way the new emperor becomes the new emperor is by being named primary benefactor of the old emperor's estate, which included the offices the emperor held as part of the package. It wasn't really analogous to royal succession, and trying to find the line between the public aspects of inheritance and the private is really tricky. This eventually changed in the Late Empire (I suspect after Gordianus) and emperors were formally crowned in coronation ceremonies, but I am not familiar enough with that aspect of the period.\n\nAnd if the succession occurred through usurpation, naturally the old emperor's property would be forfeit and become property of the state, ie, the new emperor."
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d0t3o6 | What gives sea creatures their fishy taste? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/d0t3o6/what_gives_sea_creatures_their_fishy_taste/ | {
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"Fish need to maintain osmotic balance in a saline environment, and one of their strategies to manage this is to load up their tissues with Trimethylamine Oxide (TMAO). This is odorless and not offensive, but when the fish dies bacteria rapidly begin to break the TMAO down into the very nasty, very fishy smelling Trimethylamine TMA. \n\nBecause this is an adaptation to ocean water, freshwater fish are much milder, much less fishy. It's also why smelling ocean fish is a useful metric of its freshness, although by no means the only metric."
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1m20p6 | if a black hole is a singular, super-dense, zero-dimensional point in space, then how do they possess mass and diameter? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1m20p6/eli5_if_a_black_hole_is_a_singular_superdense/ | {
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"Well, the diameter you're referring to isn't really the diameter of the super dense point, it's the diameter of the sphere within which things can't escape. It's more like the ring around a chained up dog. The dog might not be 30 feet across but we consider anything within that circle to be \"dangerous\" and part of the dogs control.\n\nIt has mass because mass fell into the hole, and the mass + energy cannot be destroyed. It also has mass because it has a gravitational pull, which requires mass.",
"The singularity at the center of a non-rotating black hole is possibly an infinitely dense zero-dimensional point (that's what some of the math shows, but nobody's really sure because the physics equations that we currently use to describe the universe get all wonky in those sorts of extreme situations.) Some of that same math applied to a rotating black hole actually shows the singularity as an infinitely dense 2 dimensional ring.\n\nBut whatever's going on down there, the singularity is not all that there is to a black hole. There's also the event horizon, which can be a long way from the singularity. The more massive the black hole, the further out the event horizon is. And then in between the boundary of the event horizon and the singularity is a giant spherical-ish area of highly warped spacetime that is the interior of the black hole. \n\nOddly enough, some of the supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies have such a large volume enclosed by the event horizon, that even though they can have a mass of billions of suns compacted at their singularity, their overall density can be less than the density of water.\n\nEven though we're not really sure what's going on inside black holes, we're pretty sure that whatever it is, it's weird."
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8fjbl9 | How exactly do Holograms work? How does the light emitted from the machine stop mid-air to create the images? | [I saw this post](_URL_0_) and it reminded me of a question I’ve always had about this. | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/8fjbl9/how_exactly_do_holograms_work_how_does_the_light/ | {
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"[Link](_URL_0_) \n\nTechnically, a hologram is 2D.\n\nA 3D \"hologram\" is called a volumetric image and its done using lasers to scatter the light across floating dust like particles.",
"The image in that video is not a hologram, it's just a video displayed on a \"screen\" made of a rotating blade so the background is mostly transparent and the image appears to be in midair, like this [LED fan clock](_URL_1_) but higher resolution. The video is of a rotating object, but if you were to move around that image it would not look like you're walking around a real 3-dimensional object.\n\nA real hologram can recreate a 3D image, but typically only works under specific lighting conditions. [This](_URL_0_) is how a hologram is made: the image is encoded as an interference pattern on a plate made by the light scattered from an object and a reference beam. After the interference pattern is made, the object can be removed and when the plate is illuminated at the same angle as the reference beam you can see the object through the plate in 3 dimensions as if the plate were a window.\n\nThe problem with holograms is that they work best with coherent monochromatic light like a laser beam. Some techniques have been developed for white light holograms with various limitations.\n\nEdit: interference pattern, not diffraction pattern",
"A hologram is a three dimensional representation on a two dimensional surface. \n\nIn other words (x, y, z) is embedded on a surface (u, v). How is this possible? The trick is to encode a third dimension based on the phase of the light. That’s why a lot of holograms need a reference laser beam. This reference will determine the phase (think of phase as a difference of two sine waves. Two sine waves are identical if they have a phase difference as zero. They cancel if the phase is 180 degrees.) \n\nSo this phase, p, encodes a third dimension that is used to make a surface of a hologram able to display a three dimensional object. ",
"A hologram is a \"smart\" diffraction grating. When you make a hologram, you capture the interference pattern between your target object/scene and a reference source of illumination in one plane. \n\nShining a similar source through the hologram recreates the original interference pattern. This reproduces a 3D view of the object you can see through the \"window\" of the hologram. \n\nSome holograms are reflective. Sometimes the object/scene appears in front of the hologram instead of behind it. \n\nBut the basic idea is the same - the hologram diffracts/reflects light to capture and reproduce the light rays you'd see being reflected from a real object in a hemisphere around the holographic plate. \n\nYou can only record a hologram with coherent light. If you use broadband light, you get a 2D sum of the colours in the plane instead of a diffraction pattern which projects the light into 3D. \n\nThis is usually called a photograph.",
"I recently wrote a literature review for my English class about 3D projections. I’m by no means an expert in the field, but I can share what I learned. Like other comments say, the video is not a hologram, just a flat video of a rotating image. \n\nThere are different types of techniques that all have their pros and cons, but none of them are currently able to produce a 3D image like the ones in sci fi (like the princess Leia projection or Star Trek’s holodeck). To my knowledge, there is no technique able to “trap light mid air.” (Which I am very sad about)\n\nThe techniques I found were:\n\nHolography: it involves creating a diffraction pattern on a film using a reference and object beam. Once the diffraction pattern is made, when light hits it, it recreates the same light pattern that was present when making it. (Think about the little hologram sticker your credit card has). A lot of companies do computer generated holograms where lots of lasers create the diffraction pattern. [Zebra Imaging](_URL_1_) made a cool one. The bad part is they can only make a static image, not a video. And you always need a film for it.\n\nStereoscopy: basically 3D movies. Two cameras record the same thing a little distance apart. Both are shown on a screen but each image is filtered through the glasses you get. It mimics what your eyes do since your eyes are a little distance apart so they see two slightly different images. This is called binocularity.\n\nAuto-Stereoscopy: the idea of making a 3D movie without glasses. This involves sending a different image through each eye. This can be achieved through something called a parallax barrier, which is a screen with thin lines creating a diffraction pattern. So you see a slightly different image depending on where you stand in relation to the screen.\n\nVolumetric Images: these are the closest to what we think of as real holograms but they have their fair share of problems. One study I found had a rotating helical surface with a projector, where a computer program calculated when to project a certain “dot” (called a voxel) so when it hit the screen, it would position that dot where they wanted it. If you do it fast enough, you can create an image. Another study had several layers of panels and a laser. The panels could be switched on or off, so that when they were on, and the laser hit a point, that point would light up. By calculating where the laser hit and what panel was on, it would create the dots where they wanted them. The one I was that was the closest to a real hologram though, was one where they created a [photophoretic trap](_URL_0_). This is basically invisible lasers trapping a cellulose particle in the air. Then they would shine a visible laser on the particle and it would light up. By moving it around they made lines and shapes. The problem is that you need a physical particle, something with mass, to trap to do this. You can’t just trap light mid air because light doesn’t have mass. Maybe one day we’ll be able to....\n\nAnyways, for those knowledgeable in each field, I hope I didn’t misreport anything. Feel free to correct me if I did.",
"The \"holograms\" you see in movies, where an image floats in empty space with nothing behind it, can't work. Light moves in straight lines and doesn't stop unless it strikes an object. In the real world, any time you see an image the **thing that created that image must be in your line of sight.**\n\nIn the example in your video, the image is created by lights on the spinning bar she's holding. Other phantom images are created by putting smoke or mirrors in your line of sight. In real holograms, the image is created by a sheet of film either in front of or behind the image.\n"
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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Holograph-record.svg/1024px-Holograph-record.svg.png",
"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61GqehPK7uL._SY355_.jpg"
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3t9bal | what causes you to wake up when you (make yourself) fall in a dream? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t9bal/eli5_what_causes_you_to_wake_up_when_you_make/ | {
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"The jolt you experience is called a hypnic jerk. It is an involuntary twitch your body makes. We're still not sure what causes it, but scientists think it is a leftover from when we slept in trees. The jerk wakes us up if we're about to fall. Other animals experience this."
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1dmjrr | why do we need to install a program/videogame on our computer instead of just opening it. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dmjrr/eli5why_do_we_need_to_install_a_programvideogame/ | {
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"Modern software is very complex and has many components. While it's possible to design a program that comes in a single file and can just be opened/run, it's not very efficient or manageable to do so. \n\nWhen something goes wrong and you have one huge file, it's very difficult to find out what the problem is. So programs are broken down into components, and those components are organized in the context of the entire computer, and not like they exist independently. Some components are even shared by multiple programs, so there is one copy in a known place that each program utilizes.",
"In order to use a piece of software, you may need any or all of the following:\n\n- The actual executable program itself.\n- Program updates.\n- Drivers or other OS extensions.\n- Images, sounds, or other resources.\n- Saved data.\n- Preference and configuration files.\n- Records in system files.\n- Manuals, tutorials, or demo files.\n\nSome of this may be copied straight from the install medium, and some may be created during installation (e.g. a default preference file). Even if the installer only copies files, it is easier for the installer to make sure they are moved to the correct locations than to rely on the user to do it.\n\nNote, however, that installers are more characteristic of Windows than other OSs. In Mac OS X, much software (perhaps even most) can simply be copied to your Applications directory (or another directory of your choice). How is this accomplished? In Mac OS X, applications are actually a special kind of directory called a \"package\" with a special structure inside that keeps track of the executable, resource files, and some other stuff within itself. By convention, preference files are created by the program itself if they don't already exist. There may also be an \"Application Support\" directory created by the program to hold updates, downloaded content, user data, etc. This puts the onus on the program itself to make sure that its auxiliary files are in order.",
"It's a couple of things, and it's all in the name of efficiency.\n\nFirst, to make programs take up less space on the CD or be easier to download, a lot of them are compressed. This is good for space, but it's very slow to uncompress something, so they can't run like that. The installer has to uncompress everything to get it ready for use.\n\nNext, the program needs to tell Windows what it can do. That way, when you install a new sound program, you can click on your MP3 music files, and Windows will know that the new program can play those songs, and will use it to do what you're asking.\n\nOnce that's taken care of, the program needs a way to store settings. You can't really store settings inside a program file like an .EXE, because these files are very complicated and require special software to modify. So when you install it, the program makes a special file to store all its settings and temporary information. Since it's not an EXE and it's not actually *running* in the computer, it's very easy to make changes to.\n\nOn the same note, the program needs a way to update. Since you can't change the EXE file, you can't really update it without replacing the whole thing. If the program is broken down into a bunch of smaller files, an update can just replace one or two of these little files to make everything work better. With a single file, the update would have to replace the whole thing, even the parts that hadn't changed. That would take extra time and be harder to download, so programmers like to avoid it.\n\nFinally, a lot of the really basic things a program does, like making a window or a dialog box, or certain types of calculations, all require special computer code. But a lot of this code is the same for every program, so instead of making every program come up with its own method for doing these things, the simple tasks are made into what's called a \"library.\" This is sort of weird naming, because they're more like books *in* a library. Each book tells the computer how to do one simple task. So, when Microsoft Word wants to make a dialog box so you can set the font size, the Word programmers don't have to write their own font picker. They just tell Word to go use the library to find out how to do that task. The limitation with this is that not every computer has the same libraries, and even if they're present, the program needs to know where to find them. So when you install a program, it searches through your computer, makes sure it can find all the libraries it might need, and if any are missing it'll add a copy of that library so it can run properly, and so future programs can also use that library.\n\nDespite all this, there *are* programs which run from a single file. They're usually simple programs that only do one or two tasks, where they can be all self-contained and still run efficiently. The more complicated the program is, the more likely one of the above situations will come up. So the complicated programs have to spend some time preparing everything so they can do all the different tasks they're designed to do.",
"Imagine you want to play with this awesome toy. It has tons of self assembling parts and pieces, but why can't it come already fully built? Well, it would be hard to fit it all in a reasonably sized box. If we put the full toy in the box it comes in, we would have to take off a whole bunch of parts for it to fit. But, if we take it apart and squeeze it into a normal sized box, we can make it better, it will just take time to assemble. Programs are like that."
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ewe9aw | how are roundabouts safer? | I drive on roundabouts every day to and from work and in my experience about 10% of people do them correctly. I look at the statistics and it's amazing how much safer roundabouts are. I just can't reconcile my anecdotal experience with the actual statistics. I understand my issue could be regional, but I just can't see how they can be so much safer despite the fact the vast majority doesn't know how to use them. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ewe9aw/eli5_how_are_roundabouts_safer/ | {
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"Car accidents cause damage based on relative velocity. Two cars going 30 mph head on hit with a force of 30 mph. Two cars going 30 mph in roughly the same direction in a roundabout hit with a force of 5-10 mph.",
"So, probably not going to convince you but the reason they are safer is the completely eliminate left turn interactions.\n\nYour personal observation are not sufficient for making large scale judgements and you clearly know the difference.\n\nSample bias, you notice the 10% of people who do not use the roundabout correctly and they stay with you but the other people who do do not make an impression.\n\nThe 10% would probably be people who make poor left-hand turns too.",
"You can't run a roundabout. You can run a red light. \n\nOr\n\nThe thruput of cars in a traffic light intersection is intermittent. The thruput of cars in a roundabout intersection is constant. The constant movement of cars through an intersection is safer because of physics (the force of impact is greater when the difference in speed between the two cars is higher).\n\nEdit: and stuff like moving in opposite directions vs more parallel.",
"Nobody is travelling perpendicular to the flow of traffic, at full speed, on a roundabout.\n\nEntering a roundabout, You might cut somebody off, and maybe even cause a collision; but the vehicle traveling *around* the roundabout is going at a lower speed, and the vehicle entering the roundabout will be travelling at a lower speed (since they can't go straight like you can at an intersection) everyone is moving slower. \n\nAt a regular intersection people are traveling at high speed in a straight line, and if they fail to stop at a red light you easily can have two vehicles going at full speed collide. Due to the speeds involved they may not even have seen each other, and the vehicle with the right of way had no reason to slow down through the intersection",
"Entry to a roundabout is slower so no full speed collisions by someone having a green light going the full speed limit as they cross the other traffic and due to the curved nature of entry collisions are side to side rather than the t-bone impact of a standard junction which is the most dangerous form of impact.",
"They reduce the number of conflict points.\n\nThey reduce the possibility of the deadlier types of crashes, specifically, the head-on and T-bone crashes.\n\nSo even though people don't know how to use them, it is safer. And the accidents that would result from not knowing how to use it, are low speed and at a less damaging angle."
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3q10sn | Does time change for things big or small? | Does time change for things that are relatively much smaller or larger vs us? Is it different for things that are microscopic vs a whale? How about for quantum particles vs us? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3q10sn/does_time_change_for_things_big_or_small/ | {
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"Time does not \"change\" for anyone. Time is what you measure with a clock, period.\n\nAll the talk about time dilation in relativity does not contradict this and instead refers to this fact of nature: when two clocks travel from event A to event B along different paths, they will measure a different elapsed time from A to B. It's not that the clocks were broken or modified or \"slowed down\", it's simply that the paths had different \"length\" (duration) and the clocks correctly measured those durations.\n\nIn Newtonian mechanics, you would expect the two measurement to be equal, and in fact you'd think that this was something obvious, but it actually has no reason to be true a priori and formally it is included in axioms for Newtonian spacetime (even though Newton had not thought of this explicitly). In relativity it's false.",
"There is no difference in time for individual objects, only between different reference frames (as described by special relativity). But maybe you are asking about the [perception of time](_URL_0_) between different people, which doesn't map directly to the actual time that has passed. We know that young people perceive a day as being longer than older people, but the common explanation for this is that for young people more experiences are new rather than repetitive. It doesn't have anything to do with the size of the person. As for other species like blue whales, we can't really determine how they experience time because we can't communicate with them.",
"If you scale things up or down, they'd run at different speeds. For example, if you built a grandfather clock that was four times the size, but you kept all the mechanisms the same, then it would run at half speed. This is because it keeps time with a pendulum, and it takes twice as long for something to fall four times as far regardless of size. Time still passes at the same rate though."
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1dsbhx | Why isnt there much research regarding this mysteries underwater monument, which might indicate a Lost Atlantis? | I am talking about the Yonaguni monument.
If you read the article its really fascinating, and might be indicative of a lost Atlantis. So why is it that no one here on AskHistorians knows anything about it (I have asked before), and more importantly, why are there are no archaeological campaigns for the site?
This really seems like a valuable archaeological site. | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1dsbhx/why_isnt_there_much_research_regarding_this/ | {
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"Because it is a natural feature. Conspiracy theorists and pseudo-archaeologists seem to be really fond of it though."
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1jfv0o | What did Ethiopia and Thailand have in common? | Ethiopia and Thailand are well-known as two of the only countries to avoid colonization by traditional imperial powers during the European scramble of the 19th century. What did Ethiopia and Thailand have in common that allowed them to remain independent during the land-grabs? Were they just in the right places at the right times, or was there some other inherent factor that allowed them to withstand attempts at colonization? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1jfv0o/what_did_ethiopia_and_thailand_have_in_common/ | {
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"Don't forget Nepal.",
"In the case of Thailand, European powers such as the British and the French jockeyed for power around Thailand. For instance, the British conquered Burma and the French conquered Indochina (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) but decided to keep a \"balance of power\" in the region required an independent Thailand free from European powers. Nevertheless, the French and British were able to draw concessions from the Thais and the Thai Kingdom was forced to focus on its lands primarily peopled by Thais (with some Malays in the south).\n\nIn the case of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian state was placed in a mountainous plateau (like Tibet, Persia) making it difficult to control from the sea. Also, European powers used Ethiopia to pursue various interests. The British armed Ethiopian nobles and Kings to fight the Mahdists of Sudan and other lords in the Horn of Africa. The state that came the closest to conquering Ethiopia was Italy, but the Ethiopians defeated them in the Battle of Adowa using weapons purchased from the French, Russians and the Italians themselves!",
"Slightly off-topic, but there's another one you forgot about: Liberia.\n\nLiberia got lucky for two reasons: first, as a settlement of former slaves from the United States, they had fairly amicable relationships with the West until about 1880. Second, the Liberians didn't get through exactly unscathed. Between 1880 and 1914, portions of their territory were cut off bit by bit by the advancing British and French. (At least the British and French paid them for their territory, which is a lot better than most other African states did.)\n\nSource: Boahen, Africa Under Colonial Domination.",
"It depends on what you mean by \"traditional imperial powers\": in this case would you exclude Japan? (I don't mean to go off topic, but just wish to make you aware of other nation-states that remained independent of European colonialism).\n\nIf you exclude Japanese colonialism, the majority of the Far East becomes a huge notable exception.\n\n1) Centralization: China had a distinct advantage in the early sixteenth century in that the Manchu Dynasty was highly centralized and would not be parceled out to foreigners. Japan and eventually China in the Opium Wars were eventually forced to trade openly, but Japan used westernization as an advantage to become a colonizer in their own right. Neither conceded huge tracts of land to Europeans.\n\n2) Trade advantage: in the Manchu Dynasty foreigners were often forced to pay in heavy metals in order to enter the tea and silk trade. They were conceded trade ports but ultimately never succeeded in totally subjugating the country. Following the Opium Wars ports were parceled to Europeans, but the countryside remained independent until forcefully conquered by Japanese forces in the twentieth century.\n\n3) I'm not familiar with Korean history but I understand it was in the Japanese and Chinese orbit for centuries, and independent of European powers as far as I know.\n\nI think much of their independence has to do with distance from European powers, and traditional power structures that kept them from being parceled.",
"The question of why Ethiopia avoided colonization (barring 1935-41) gets asked not infrequently. \n\n[this](_URL_1_) thread from a year ago contains an explanation of geographic factors, as well as my own thoughts on the importance of the unifying efforts of king Menelik II and his predecessors.\n\nI am unfamiliar with the history of Thailand in the 18th and 19th centuries, so I am unable to draw much of a comparison with Ethiopia.\n\nEdit:Khosikulu gives a good explanation (as always) [here](_URL_0_)\n"
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12l3vt | ; what exactly is snot? | What exactly is it? I'm coming down with a cold so I'm curious as to what is clogging my nasal cavity. Is it just a way the body disposes of another kind of waste? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/12l3vt/eli5_what_exactly_is_snot/ | {
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"So, what is \"snot\"? Snot is a euphemism for mucus and mucus itself is made up of mucin (a protein), skin cells, water and inorganic salts and during illness it will also contain bacteria and/or viruses and dead white cells. It provides a protective lubricating layer. It moisturizes the air we breathe, it prevents tissue from drying out. Another purpose of mucus is to trap debris, bacteria, viruses, etc. and expel them. ",
"Yep. Normally, your nose drippings are just your respiratory system filtering the dust and pollen out of the air you breathe.\n\n\nWhen you're sick, your body goes into overdrive trying to not only filter the air you breathe, but also expel the bacteria or viruses that are making you sick.\n\n\nIt's kind of like the lint trap in a dryer, only it's liquidy and it cleans itself out automatically.",
"As above, and also, I'm pretty sure the main reason you get stuffy and blocked noses is due to the inflammation of all the blood vessels in the nose, as opposed to 'snot'. \n\n(fun fact)\n\nA natural remedy in males is sexual stimulation, when we have sex or masturbate, it (without all the scientific jargon) synthesises a natural antihistamine in our body, which, for a time clears the nose! \n\nThere is of course a lot of sciene behind it, but that's the short version of it for you. "
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3c8co5 | why does cheap ice-tea have this weird dry feeling after you drink it? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3c8co5/eli5_why_does_cheap_icetea_have_this_weird_dry/ | {
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"Green tea and some other preparation methods tend to result in an [astringent](_URL_0_) brew. Sounds like those astringent tannins reacting with your saliva is what you actually dislike. "
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68yjqn | why is pizza so universally liked? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/68yjqn/eli5_why_is_pizza_so_universally_liked/ | {
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"Probably because Pizza is a very versatile dish. It's flat bread with some kind of sauce and more often then not cheese, everything else is optional in the grand scheme of things. (Im a deep dish pepperoni with BBQ sauce guy) "
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1ip1m0 | how anxiety and stress cause physical symptoms (specifically tinnitus, dizziness, headaches, numbness) | I have been having these symptoms for over year as well as have been diagnosed with health anxiety. The doctors have not done extensive investigation for these symptoms, saying it is probably due to stress. I am willing to accept this but would like a better understanding about what physically happens in the body to cause this and why the body has evolved to react this way.
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ip1m0/eli5_how_anxiety_and_stress_cause_physical/ | {
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"Stress causes your blood pressure to rise and this causes the headache and numbness. Higher blood pressure also makes it easier for your blood to transfer oxygen therefore increasing your stamina. This helps if you are being chased by a lion but is bad for your health if you are always stressed out. Check with your doctor if you have high blood pressure, maybe he will give some high blood pressure med's or an anti-anxiety drug like Valium. "
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2bb9sr | how do surgeons control bleeding once they cut a person open? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2bb9sr/eli5_how_do_surgeons_control_bleeding_once_they/ | {
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"During anesthesia your blood pressure and heart rate is really low, so you will naturally pump less blood. If it is a major artery they have to cut or accidentally cut, they have a cauterizing tool that will burn the bleed closed. They will also clamp off areas they are working on to restrict blood flow.",
"Tying off, clamps, electrocautery, chemical coagulates, to name a few. ",
"I shadowed a gastric surgeon for a while, and all surgeons would use an electric scalpel that cuts and immediately cauterizes (burns) as it cuts, so that bleeding does not occur. ",
"Follow up. So lets say you cauter the open blood vessels, once you are done, do you have to reconnect them or something?",
"Firstly, general anaesthetic reduces the blood pressure and there by reduces the rate are bleeding occurs.\n\nSecondly, bleeding only occurs in great amounts when a large vessel is cut. This is mostly avoided, any large vessels needed to be cut with be tied off.\n\nThirdly, modern surgery often uses diathermy instead of a scalpel blade for incisions, the heat cauterises the smallest blood vessels instantly and for larger ones is applied for a few seconds.\n\nFourthly, just deal with it, mop it up with gauze, suctions it away. Surgery can be very bloodly. Though often, using these techniques, it can appear almost bloodless.",
"The major method is cauterization. Plan scalpels are not commonly used to initiate surgery anymore. Instead, rf powered cautery wands are used which simultaneously cut and cauterize the small vessels in the skin and hypodermis. Larger arterioles can be clipped with surgical hemostatic clips or cauterization. After the surgery is complete, the body heals itself and reestablishes damaged vascular pathways. ",
"It depends, but I'll try and be as clear as I can.\n\nFor traumas, especially the \"bleeding out\" traumas with liver lacerations the blood pressure will be so low any superficial bleeding will be insignificant and you'll just wing it.\n\nAnd for the rest, well it depends on when, why and where.\n\nUsually you don't have that much problems with the subcutaneous vessels, but if you do you can either clamp them, ligate them or cauterize them. If you cauterize them the patient may be a bit upset because it won't look as good as it could.\n\nFor liver lacerations the patient may bleed out (and all surgeons probably has a story of a \"friend\" who has had this happen to them). What you have to remember is that most blood flow trough something to get where it is going, which is something you can clamp (for the liver you have vena porta which provide the liver with most of the blood, and it can be clamped for at least 40 min). Blood push out, so you can apply pressure over any openings and have it stay put (and for the liver sutures has the same effect as you usually can't ligate the vessels). And you can use a cooler cauterisation method but pretty much the idea is the same with electricity and forcing the blood to coagulate.\n\nFor a large bleeding from the spleen (and in some cases one kidney) you simply remove it and ligate the arteries.\n\nDuring a hysterectomy you first clamp all vessels and then ligate them one by one using sutures to compress the arteries.",
"There is surprisingly a little amount of bleeding during surgeries, even invasive abdominal surgeries where surgeons have to make huge cuts into someones abdominal cavity. It was surprising to see during nursing school, I expected so much more blood. The bleeding only really gets heavy when vessels like an artery or major vein get nicked.",
"It's a combination of electric cautery (using electricity to burn the wound) and not cutting big vessels. You would be surprised how little people actually bleed during most surgery. In something like a c-section where blood loss is unavoidable you work quickly and efficiently then uses stitches and pressure to control bleeding! ",
"I haven't cut open any people, but I've worked on animals. I'm sure that the science can't be too different. Given no one has tried to ELI5 yet, I'll give it a go.\n\nYou'd be amazed how little blood there is when cutting through skin, it's mainly served by capillaries (the smallest blood vessels in the body) which carry only small amounts of blood. The become easily blocked by platelets following on from the initial incision.\n\nFollowing that, you don't have copious amounts of blood just filling you up, it's contained in arteries and veins, both of which you can easily avoid cutting anything major and releasing large quantities of blood into the body when operating. In fact a situation in which blood is released during surgery is something of an emergency.\n\nIf needing to harvest an artery, or cut it for any reason, it can be tied above the incision and blood supply stopped promptly. As described below, the majority of the time you don't have an issue taking out a blood vessel, because there are enough others around to compensate.\n\nI imagine it's better done in humans, however that should hopefully give a decent overview.\n\ntl;dr: you are not a balloon filled with blood",
"When I cut you open, I have a good idea of where important structures are. Say I need to take your gallbladder out, I make a very superficial cut with a scalpel, skin bleeds just little bit, I use what as known as a bovie (electrocautery) to burn small vessels on my way down into your abdomen. When I get my instruments in, we then go after the target organ, since I'm taking your gallbladder out, I know that most people only have one main artery that perfuses that organ (I always check for collateral circulation though, so we ligate it by using clamps, I put a series of these clamps down, usually three or four, then cut in between them. It's that simple! The whole idea behind surgery is to not have the pt bleed. If it's trauma, then I still do the above, but I make one big cut and open the abdomen.I clamp then tie off anything I see that is bleeding, \"bleeders.\" Hope this helps! ",
"I can only speak from my father's 3 surgeries for a couple tumors, but for general surgeries they give you drugs to control your blood thickness/coagulation and are just kinda ready for you to loose a lot of blood for long surgeries. That is why they keep blood on standby. The cutting instruments they use are also designed to minimize blood loss. Also, for tumors they can do an emoblization (sp?) where they try and embolize the veins that are supplying blood to the tumor. ",
"My dad had aortic dissection surgery a few months ago, and to stop his bleeding in they aorta they drained his blood and cooled his body so his organs stayed okay.",
"\"Clamp, Clamp, Cut, Tie, Tie. Clamp, Clamp, Cut, Tie, Tie. Clamp, Clamp, Cut, Tie, Tie. Clamp, Clamp, Cut, Tie, Tie. Clamp, Clamp, Cut, Tie, Tie.\" -Old Surgeon",
"A lot of the time there is a lot less blood than you thinking. There is a commonly used tool they have, not sure what's it's called but it cauterizes (burns) as it cuts to prevent bleeding. You can also clamp vessels and what not. ",
"Former surgical tech here. For surgery on Limbs, they work in a bloodless field. What they do is once you are under, is wrap a tight ace bandage around the limb starting at the toes/fingers working back toward the body and apply a pneumatic tournequet to it which keeps the blood from flowing back in. This procedure is called exsanguination. You can go a number of HOURS without blood in the limb, believe it or not. IIRC, 2 hours is pretty common.\n\nA ORT and surgeon can keep up with and take care of bleeders when working in the body where exsanguination is not possible. The surgeon would be cutting along with a scalpel in one hand and a pickup (a metal tweezer with little teeth on the end) in the other. He would grab the end of a bleeders with the pickup and I would bovie the pickup which would then travel through the pickup and cauterize the tissue it was grabbing at the other end. It's automatic: bleed, grab, buzz, keep cutting. Maybe 1-2 seconds per bleeder. \n\nAlso on the subject of surgical bleeding, my very first solo assist was a tonsilectomy on a 9 year old. The metal snares used to rip them out was quite common at the time. In this case, somehow when the snare pulled a tonsil out, it pulled and tore the kid's carotid artery. He died within 90 seconds and it was quite possibly the most awful bloody panic-stricken mess I have ever seen in surgery. So, ya. "
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7584vs | What do we know about the historicity of the Buddha? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/7584vs/what_do_we_know_about_the_historicity_of_the/ | {
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"I assume you are talking about whether or not the Buddha was a real person. While I'm not a scholar, historian, or Buddhist. I am keenly interested in this subject and can, at the very least, give some context.\n\nThe traditional Buddhist narrative tells us that the Buddha (which means something like Enlightened or Awakened One) was born in the mid 6th century BCE in modern day Nepal to a king and his main wife of the Sakya clan (we now know them to have been an oligarchic republic so the Buddha's father was probably an elected head chief) and given the name Siddhartha Gotama. At age 29 he fled his family home in search of enlightenment, abandoning his title, family (including a young son), and wealth. He joined a group of wandering ascetics but became disillusioned with them and sought his own path to enlightenment, which he achieved after 49 days of fasting underneath a tree at the age of 35. He spent the next 45 years of his life as a wandering preacher throughout Northern India and died at age 80 after falling ill. OR at least that is how it is traditionally told.\n\nAs far as primary sources from that period and archeological evidence, we have little to nothing that we can definitely associate with the Buddha or the *sangha* during his life or shortly after. Most people during the Buddha's time were entirely illiterate and what writing *DID* exist was far out of the reach of most of their audience, writing in India wouldn't come into prominence for 2 or 3 centuries after the Buddha. That said, not to long after the death of the Buddha, we begin to see *Stupas* (buildings meant for Buddhist relics) built and pictographs of *Jataka tales* (tales of the Buddha's past lives, many of which were adapted from and into fables) appear. \n\nOur most important sources are contained in the early canonical texts of Buddhism, namely the Pali canon and the other early sectarian Buddhist canons preserved in fragments and translations. While these texts were written down during the final century B.C.E., the dialect and consistency between the suggests that they were in fact composed much earlier, perhaps only a few decades after the death of the Buddha. \n\nIt may seem strange then, given that all we have are oral records from the era of the Buddha (from his own followers no less!), that the Buddha is generally agreed to have been a real person. But it isn't just the Buddhist records that mention him, Buddha also appears in Hindu and Jain sources as well, often in debate or for Mahavira to refute him (though never so directly as Gosala, the founder of Ajivikism). \n\nThe Buddha was a *Samana* (lit. Seeker), one of many wandering mendicants who taught new philosophies and founded religious movements, many of them were quite important and often encountered and mentioned one another. The Pali canon mentions at least six others, some of which had long since disappeared by the time it was committed to writing. Had one of these Samanas not existed, refuting them would be considerably easier by casting doubt onto their existence, especially since a healthy degree of skepticism is part of many of these traditions yet they all, well Jainism and a few Vedic traditions are all that survive aside from Buddhism so we can't say that with absolute certainty, accept that their founders were real and interacted with each other. \n\nEarlier, I mentioned that we can say with at least some certainty that the Pali Canon is certainly older than the first century B.C.E. when it was written down, though certain books are probably later editions (the abidhama in particular appears to have been composed later), but neglected to mention specifics. Essentially, language experts have analyzed the language in the Pali Canon and compared it both internally and externally to other documents and found that the language used in the Sutta Pitaka and Vinya Pitaka (the first two \"baskets\" of the Tipitaka in pali) is far older than its written form (the final book, the Abidhamma Pitaka, appears to be an addition to help explain the Suttas more complicated teachings and to expand upon those as well). Additionally, comparisons with the Tibetan, Chinese, and fragmentary bits of what is left from the other Indian sects of Buddhism gives us some clear similarities that we wouldn't expect from works that didn't have an origin before the major splits in Buddhism (Buddhism divided into several (at least 18) schools following the reign of Ashoka in the third century BCE; the Pali Canon, Chinese Canon, and Tibetan Canon are all descendants of different sects though the Tibetan and Chinese canon broadly fall under the same lineage). We also have a few scattered quotations and lines in tombs, stupas, rocks, and caves dating back to at least Ashoka showing the general teachings. From all this, we can assume that at least some of the Suttas appear to date back to shortly after the Buddha's death, at most a century, and came from a small group of people, perhaps interpreting or trying to remember exactly the teachings of one person, due to their internally consistent logic, language, and teachings.\n\nSo we really do only have the scriptures of the various canons to confirm the Buddha's existence, along with maybe a few other references in other religions works, but there is verifiable information in that canon and indicates a very real person behind it all. Wrapped in layers of mystique and exaggeration, yes, but at the end of the day, it seems likely that there is at least some truth behind the person we now know as Sakyamuni Gotama Buddha.\n\nSources:\n\n* Bikkhu Bodhi *In the Buddha's Words*; *The Connected Discourses of the Buddha*; *The Sunnipatta*; *The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha*\n* Walsh, Maurice *The Long Discourses of the Buddha*\n* Bikkhu Nanamali, Bikkhu Bodhi *The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha* **(All the previous are translations and essays on the Pali Canon, in particular the Sutta Pitaka)**\n* Fronsdal, Gil *Buddhism Before Buddha* **(Not ideal, some revisionist bias)**\n* Cowell, E.B. *The Buddha Karita* **(Neither a Historic text nor an academic one, but a poetic retelling of the legend of Buddha's life composed in the first century C.E. in Sri Lanka)**\n* Rahula, Walpola *What The Buddha Taught* **(moderately outdated, but still useful)**\n* Bhikkhu Sujato, Bhikkhu Brahmali *Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts* **(This is a good source for more in depth reading, surprisingly little bias considering it was written by members of the Sangha)**\n* Patrick, Kit \"The History of India Podcast\" **(A good introduction to Indian history, Buddha and Mahavira feature prominently in the 2-4 episodes and of course their respective religions would shape India afterwards.)**\n\nEdited for clarity and consistantly Pali spelling as opposed to the slapdash mixture of Pali and Sanskrit transliteration. I speak no Sanskrit and very, very limited Pali so if there arr errors in my translation or transcription feel free to correct."
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mevpw | Does shutting down a PC/laptop consume more power than keeping it on? | I just read in another subreddit that it has been *tested* that shutting and powering up a computer consumes more electricity than keeping it on all night so you may as well just leave it on.
I've heard stories and theories before but is there any proof? I can maybe understand a small laptop but what about my massive gaming rig? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/mevpw/does_shutting_down_a_pclaptop_consume_more_power/ | {
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"I can only guess the reasoning comes from the idea that shutting a computer down and starting it back up is a power-intensive process. That claim is absolutely false. Shutting it down and keeping it off saves much more power.\n\nThere are two main factors when it comes to computer power consumption: idle power draw, when the computer is on but not doing anything, and full load power draw, when the computer is doing its maximum amount of work. Modern computers have an idle power of about 25-40% of full load power. \n\nSo let's say that it takes 10 minutes of full-load work to start up and shut down a computer (that's very conservative by the way). For a basic model this might take 300W * 10 minutes = 3000 W * min. On the other hand, leaving it on for 8 hours idling would be 75 W * 480 minutes = 36000 W * min. Obviously the latter consumes much more power (more than 10x, in fact).\n\nAlthough the numbers would be different for each computer, the result would always be the same.",
"I can only guess the reasoning comes from the idea that shutting a computer down and starting it back up is a power-intensive process. That claim is absolutely false. Shutting it down and keeping it off saves much more power.\n\nThere are two main factors when it comes to computer power consumption: idle power draw, when the computer is on but not doing anything, and full load power draw, when the computer is doing its maximum amount of work. Modern computers have an idle power of about 25-40% of full load power. \n\nSo let's say that it takes 10 minutes of full-load work to start up and shut down a computer (that's very conservative by the way). For a basic model this might take 300W * 10 minutes = 3000 W * min. On the other hand, leaving it on for 8 hours idling would be 75 W * 480 minutes = 36000 W * min. Obviously the latter consumes much more power (more than 10x, in fact).\n\nAlthough the numbers would be different for each computer, the result would always be the same."
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1cr8d5 | Is it possible for there to be a room whose walls reflect no light? So that even if we shone a light the walls reflect nothing and it appears that there is nothing but darkness? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1cr8d5/is_it_possible_for_there_to_be_a_room_whose_walls/ | {
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"Theoretically, yes. However, there are no materials known to man which have a optical absorptivity of 1.0. Now you have to ask yourself what you mean when you say \"no light\" - do you mean \"No light that I can see\" or \"no electromagnetic radiation at all\"? \n\nIf you mean \"no light that I can see\", then yes. You could probably make a room out of [nickel phosphate](_URL_0_) or carbon nanotubes which would absorb close to 100% of the incident light. However, it would soon begin to heat up, unless you had some sort of cooling system installed. \n\nYou see, the light's energy has to go somewhere (usually converted to heat or re-emitted as IR). You can never have absolutely 0 emission of any EM radiation because that would imply the walls were at absolute 0 Kelvin. But if you want 0 visible emission, it's a fairly simple matter."
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9axx5r | AskScience AMA Series: I'm Paul Sutter, astrophysicist, amateur cheese enthusiast, and science advisor for the upcoming film UFO. Ask Me Anything! | Hey reddit!
I'm Paul Sutter, an astrophysicist and science advisor for the film UFO, starring Gillian Anderson, David Strathairn, Alex Sharp, and Ella Purnell. I am not nearly as beautiful as any of those people, which is why I'm here typing to you about science.
The film is about a college kid who is convinced he's recorded an alien signal. I helped writer/director Ryan Eslinger, plus the cast and crew, make sure the science made sense. And considering such topics as the Drake Equation, the fine-structure constant, 21cm radiation, and linear algebra are all (uncredited) costars in the movie, it was a real blast.
I also briefly appear in one scene. I had lines but they didn't make the final cut, which I'm not bitter about at all.
Besides my research at The Ohio State University, I'm also the chief scientist at COSI Science Center here in dazzlingly midwestern Columbus, Ohio. I host the "Ask a Spaceman!" podcast and YouTube series, and I'm the author of the forthcoming Your Place in the Universe (which is like Cosmos but sarcastic and not a TV show). I do a bunch of other livestreams, science+art productions, and TV appearances, too. I also consult for movies, I guess.
I'll be on from 2-4pm ET (19-21 UT), so AMA about the science of UFO, the science of the universe, and/or relationship advice. As I tell my students: my door is always open, except when it's closed.
| askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/9axx5r/askscience_ama_series_im_paul_sutter/ | {
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"Hello, \nI am a mathematics PhD, all I see in the Drake equation is someone who took some guesses and tried to make an equation out of them without any scientific experiment or either a clean hypothesis to test it. So here is my question.\n\n\nIs there anything scientific in the drake equation ? ",
"Hi! Firstly, can I say that it’s so awesome someone like you is doing an AMA! I’m a freshman university student who aspires to be an astrophysicist one day, but without many people around me with similar goals I have no idea what I should prioritize when it comes to classes, like math, physics, and astronomy in particular. \n\nWould you (or anyone in this field I could say) be able to give me insight as to what I should focus on out of the three? And along, is it a difficult career? (Well, you’re part of a movie-making process so it has to be some fun!) thank you ahead of time if you get around to me!",
"How do we know what we are looking at 10,000 light years away? \n\nWe are looking at an image 10,000 years old so right now there could be life on a planet but we wouldn’t know until thousands of years from now? ( hope this makes sense)",
"What's the latest on gravitational waves? Anything new from LIGO?\n\nDoes the holographic theory point towards non-locality?",
"Have you read the book Solaris by Stanislaw Lem, and if so what did you think about the books premise that some (all?) alien life we encounter is likely to take a form so foreign to us we may be unable to even find common ground for communication?",
"COSI! Such a cool place. I'm planning on taking my son (7) there soon. It'll be his first time. \n\nWhat is your favorite thing about working at COSI?",
"Hi, is there any advice which isn't usually told but is important to an aspiring astrophysics undergraduate who wants to go into research and academia? Thanks in advance!",
"What has prevented you from taking that step up from amateur cheese enthusiast to professional cheese enthusiast? Is it giving up the glitz and glamor of the astrophysics world or do you secretly think you might not have what it takes to compete in the high stakes world of cheese enthusiasm?",
"Hi, thanks for doing this AMA! You do a lot of outreach, which is really cool. What sort of approaches do you find are most engaging to the public? \n\nAlso, what’s the process like for being a scientific advisor on a film? Do you offer a strictly scientific option on and let them run with it, or do you try to thread a needle between fantasy and reality? What is your goal when doing this advising in terms of what you want people to take away from a film?",
"I see in your publication list that one of your more recent papers is on one of Lindley's many Bayesian dabbles across astronomy fields :) Just curious though: what research are you working on now?\n\nOn the film side of things: did you have any encounters with the SETI Breakthrough Listen people or was it all sort of past knowledge used?",
"How do Neutron stars generate a magnetic field, if they consist wholly of neutrally charged particles?",
"What's the best part of being an Astrophysicist?",
"Hello and thank you for doing this AMA! I have 3 questions:\n\nWhat is your advice to someone interested in computational Magnetohydrodynamics? (assume familiarity with numerical methods in general) \nWhat are the mayor shortcomings of the Lambda-CDM model? \nWhat is, in your opinion, the most awe inspiring thing about astrophysics?",
"Fraser Cain was talking about how the Luvoir telescope should give us a very good idea (99%) if planets are habitable and if any life is out there... \n\nWhat do you think would motivate us more to become interplanetary, finding life everywhere or finding no life? ",
"What's your favourite cheese? And what do you enjoy eating it with?\n\nI am personally very fond of cheese and apples",
"Hello, Paul, from a fellow C-bus resident... -You're living my dream! \n\nI've always wanted to teach, but life lead me to a career in electronics. But my love for science has only grown with age, and I've nurtured it with self-directed [hobbies](_URL_0_/blog/); I created my own [amateur astronomy website](_URL_0_) and even built an [observatory in my backyard!](_URL_0_/journal/fisherobservatory/) (If you ever want to use it/visit, you're always welcome!)\n\nNot a question; just wanted to say I appreciate and envy what you do, and if you know of any science communication/outreach programs I could help you with, I'd be honored!\n\nClear skies!\n\n(Side note: Lived in Columbus my whole life and love the *idea of COSI, but in my honest opinion, it's slightly too expensive and lacking in depth. Some areas are better than others; some are too much 'playground' and not enough substance. I miss the old COSI, but the new COSI is getting better. Keep fighting the good fight by adding more interesting Science and less splash pad. -No offense intended, just constructive criticism.)",
"I’ve just recently started listening to your radio show on iTunes and I absolutely love it, can’t wait each week for the next episode. I wanted to ask this a few times but I’m in class when your show airs on Thursdays. \n\nWhat would happen if a rapidly spinning neutron star was producing gravitational waves at the resonant frequency of a near by celestial body (star, planet, asteroid, gas cloud)? ",
"What's your thoughts on the \"wow signal\", and do you think we'll ever get anything like it again?",
"What science bullshit did you have to let them get away with?",
"I love COSI! I was sad when Adventure was removed recently, can you tell us anything interesting or surprising about that exhibit now that it's gone? I never made it all the way through the puzzle.",
"Hello Mr. Sutter! This may be a stupid question, but i’m just curious why metal doesn’t melt/disintegrate in space when it is much closer to the sun that it was on earth? Thank you!",
"Hello,\n\nAs we all know you truly do not know what you want to do with your life when your 11. Regardless my 11 year old nephew wants to be a astrophysicist, which I am ecstatic for. He’s smart, a hard worker and creative. What advise would you give your 11 year old self to prepare you for the work you do? \n\n",
"Hello! Thanks for the AMA. What I wonder is, why, if there is scientific advisory such as you, are most movies (and from what I've seen UFO, sorry) so completely almost retardedly off-base when it comes to the scientific aspects.\n\nUFO is at least not terribly off (so far, haven't seen it all yet), but even the biggest budget movies like the horrible Infinity War are pretty much a ***total*** joke. Even worse they are misleading.\n\nI think a movie would make more money if it was at least plausible scientifically (see Blade runner 2049 and/or Arrival - good!), because it would receive more positive reviews and acclaim. \n\nIt seems like a no-brainer win for a 200M or even a 20M budget movie to have some real science backing it up.\n\nSo, why? Hmm.\n\np.s. bioengineering/robotics ph.d. here",
"How and why did you get into cheeses? ",
"Why is there a hexagon on the north pole of Saturn?",
"Thanks for doing an AMA.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nWhat is your favorite book and what boks do you think best represent your field?",
"What is your personal answer to Fermi's paradox?",
"How did you get started doing scientific advising for movies? Did a company notice that you had relevant research experience and reach out to you, or did you go out and contact people in the industry? ",
"What exactly are you advising for with UFO? ",
"Do you believe we are the only form of life in the known universe?",
"Whats the science behind the Great Attractor? Do we know what it is? A massive black hole? Thanks for the AMA!",
"What are the most and least scientifically accurate space movies according to you? Thanks for the AMA! ",
"How does one advise science? And does science take your advice? Thank you",
"From one STEM cheese enthusiast to another, I have two questions:\n\n1) Do you make your own cheeses, and if so, have you gone beyond fresh cheeses? I've been meaning to buy a small cheese aging fridge so I can make something more nuanced than my mozzarella or paneer. But then it becomes a whole ordeal and takes up a lot of space, so for now...fresh cheese it is!\n\n2) What methods do you use to keep track of your cheese preferences? I have a list with a few quantities, like hardness, stinkiness, and my personal ranking on a scale of 1 to 10 with definitions of cheeses I know very well at 2 and 9. That said, even with an accompanying set of comments (\"nutty! Grassy! Citrusy!), I find it hard to keep track of each cheese with a few parameters! Do you have any suggestions?\n\nEdit: this question falls under relationship advice with cheese.",
"How disappointed were you when you found out the moon wasn't made of green cheese? \nWas the moon cheese a factor in your decision to enter the professional field of astrophysics or the amateur field of cheeses?",
"Given your work on UFO, what are your thoughts on the Fermi Paradox?",
"I was talking to a friend of mine who lives in New Zealand and discovered Muenster cheese (IMO the best cheese to use in a grilled cheese sandwich) is unavailable there. Do you agree that this travesty warrants New Zealand going down a level in the world freedom index? ",
"What do you make of the numerous radar anomalies many people use as evidence of UFOs? ",
"I'm currently a physics undergrad and am curious what the most difficult course you had to take was? And why?",
"What type of non-academic careers are there for undergrads with a bachelor of physics degree?",
"What's the difference between amateur cheese and professional cheese?",
"Hey everyone, I need to take a break for now, but I'll try to answer more questions tonight. Thanks for all the curiosity and amazing questions! Also, you can send cheese to PO Box 3322, Columbus, OH 43210-3322.",
"Only in the last decade we discovered that the universe's expansion is accelerating.\n\nWhat is the risk that the sun grows exponentially in a stochastic manner? Are we actively measuring it's size? Accurate measuring has only been around for a few decades, so if we are before the inflection point, it would be incredibly difficult to determine it's rate... Everything else is accelerating in this universe, so it's a pretty obvious hypothesis that the size of the sun is too\n\n\nOn a related note, why is Mars getting warmer when it only receives a tiny fraction of the sun's energy that the earth receives? Are there any celestial bodies with atmospheres in our solar system that are getting cooler?"
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6jxnp7 | why do we often struggle to recall which letters are before or after other letters, without going through the alphabet in our heads, but don't have this problem with numbers, even though we learn the letters in order & off by heart as children, just like the numbers? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6jxnp7/eli5_why_do_we_often_struggle_to_recall_which/ | {
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"I would say because basically there are only 10 numbers. 0 to 9. From there it is simple logic to how we formulate them.\n\nThere are 26 letters, it's much harder to think about them logically.\n\nNumbers are logic. ",
"My guess is that you have to only know the order of nine numbers (1 to 9), all the other numbers are combination of these and is easy to know/understand the order of them.",
"1) You don't practice it nearly enough for it to become second nature. Librarians can do it because they do it every day many times for years. You probably use basic number sense every day of your life - how many gallons of gas do you need, how much should that gallon of milk cost versus a half gallon of milk, every time you log in you type in a number. \n\nFor example I still have to sing the song in my head to determine the *order* of the letters but my fingers 'know' where they all are on a keyboard. I typed this entire message without looking down at the keyboard, and you probably can too. And that's why we can't have a faster keyboard layout like DVORAK....and why I hunt and peck when on a smaller keyboard.\n\n\n2) Because your IQ isn't high enough. Seriously, people with stupid-high IQs can do it, most people can't. But most people can do 9 numbers in their head, that's within average human ability, so it's 'normal'. (and 26 is a lot larger than 9 when it comes to memorization ability....for every time you double the number you cut out 90% of mankind)\n\n",
" > What's the letter *before* L?\n\n > > H, I, J, K, L... K!\n\n > What's *after* the letter L?\n\n > > M, because L-M-N-O-P!\n\nSo, letters are remembered by grouping small clusters together\n\nABCD-EFG-HIJK-LMNOP-QRS-TUV-WXYZ, because we're taught primarily through the ABC song. In psychology that's part of pattern recognition. \n\nHowever, in numbers, we're taught AND exercised ordinance of numbers through math. 5 is greater than 2, but 2 is greater than 1. \n\nWe are taught numbers to a greater detail than the alphabet. So we have numbers learned backwards and forwards. Counting down is exciting and counting up is tedious and helps us fall asleep.\n\nHowever, it's difficult to calculate complex equations - the same way it's difficult for elementary school children to comprehend words at a college level. \n\nFor example take the word: Anesthesiology; \n\nImmediately, we know -ology is the root word for \"*the science of*\" because we are exposed to words like Geology, Biology, and Psychology when we're in high school & sometimes in middle school. However, in elementary school, we instead used terms like \"Earth Science\" or \"Life Science\" instead, \"Human Behavior Studies\" or \"Social Studies (without History)\" if psychology was offered at your elite school for gifted children.\n\nBut some adults don't know the Anesthe- part of the word. So, we created the dictionary.\n\nFor numbers, we don't necessarily need a dictionary, rather we need equations. Some numbers like 69 end up in the dictionary for reasons other than math.",
"Part of it is the whole \"only remembering 10 digits\", but moreso it is because number order means something and alphabetical order is completely arbitrary. O comes before P because... well.... because someone once said so. P minus 1 letter doesnt means anything. So all you have is your rote memorization to go on.\n\nOn the other hand, 25 minus 1 does mean something. 24 comes before 25 because it represents 1 fewer thing. There is a logic, and our brains love logic. There is a pattern in the digits, and our brain loves patterns. There is nothing but a line to memorize in the alphabet, and our brains don't love randome dosjointed things, even if it is repeated often.\n\nThat said, even though alphabetical order is used very very often, rarely are we drilled over and over on the order in a scenario that doesn't give us time to doublecheck in our head."
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ev31sf | why is there so many boxing world champions in the same divisions? | As the title suggests Boxing seems to have a confusing amount of world champions, you hear about different federations etc how and why is Boxing setup this way? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ev31sf/eli5_why_is_there_so_many_boxing_world_champions/ | {
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"Money is the main reason, more champions equals more fights more money, then when they box each other even more money, plus they have to pay the federations also so more federations equal more money.",
"Who says there should just be one? In the early days of most sports, there were multiple leagues. In the NFL, the NFC and the AFC used to be the NFL and the AFL until they merged. In boxing you'll have slightly different rules, such as whether there's a standing eight count. Then you get more excitement when someone tries to unify the titles to become the undisputed champion."
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1n4qrt | Why does the Grand Unified Theory Predict that protons and neutrons will eventually decay? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1n4qrt/why_does_the_grand_unified_theory_predict_that/ | {
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"Grand unified theories (GUTs) are usually built around group symmetries that include the ones we know of - U(1), SU(2), and SU(3) - as subgroups. Putting them in one symmetry group links (unifies) their properties.\n\nA GUT symmetry group contains as additional \"photon-like\" particles (ie, more forces) besides the photon, W, Z, and gluon, the force carriers that we know. These new forces usually result in processes that cause proton decay, as well as other exotic effects. \n\nThe failure to observe proton decay has already ruled out the simplest GUT theories, such as one based on SU(5) symmetry.",
"First, there is no one grand unified theory. *A* grand unified theory is any theory that unifies the electroweak and strong forces. There are many ways people have thought of to do this. Some possibilities have been ruled out by conflict with experiment (but many possibilities have not).\n\nProtons are made of quarks. Quarks come in three \"colors\": red, blue, and green. Quarks emit and absorb gluons, and when they do so they change color. In grand unified theories, leptons (for example, electrons and positrons) can actually be thought of as additional colors of quarks. Furthermore there are new kinds of gluons that can change quarks into these new colors. For example, a quark can emit a special kind of gluon and turn into a positron.\n\nThis enables a process where one of the quarks in proton turns into a positron. What remains of the proton is a neutral pion. So in grand unified theories the proton can decay into a positron plus a neutral pion. (The neutral pion will in turn decay very quickly into two photons).",
"Let me add to some of what /u/MCMXCII was saying.\n\nQuantum field theories can be characterized in terms of their gauge group. The gauge group for the standard model is U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3). From a purely mathematical standpoint, this group is a subgroup of many other groups. GUTs are generally attempts to characterize the SM gauge group as a subgroup of some larger, usually simpler, gauge group. One such group is SO(10)^1 .\n\nNow let's talk about particle decays. For a particle to decay, there must be some lower energy state for it to decay into, and some pathway for it to get to that lower energy state. SO(10) predicts new particles that would give protons such a pathway to a lower energy state, but the process is mindblowingly slow, with a half life of 10^34 years or more. There are [experiments](_URL_0_) which are looking for proton decay, but so far they haven't found anything.\n\n------------\n\n^1 Really Spin(10), but everyone calls the theory SO(10)."
]
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[],
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"http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/sk/physics/pdecay-e.html"
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3yamwf | How would the boundary between the liquid and solid core of a planet look? | I've been thinking about the solid core of the earth every since I saw a reference to it somewhere on reddit, and it popped to my mind that there has to be a point where the solid core seperates itself from the liquid, is this a gradual process, how does the superhot molten iron behave RIGHT before turning solid from the pressure? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3yamwf/how_would_the_boundary_between_the_liquid_and/ | {
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"You seem to picture an abrupt, static transitional layer. This is somewhat inaccurate. \n\nFirst, let us imagine approaching this interface from above (i.e. the liquid region). From a long ways up, it's just liquid. As we get closer, we observe small, transient liquid regions. These become larger and exist longer as we approach the transition. \n\nNext, let us imagine approaching the transition from below (i.e. starting in the solid region (. From a ways out, it is just solid metal. As we get closer, we see small, transient regions of liquid phase. Again, these regions increase in size and exist longer as we approach the transition. \n\nAs an aside, i want to emphasize that these regions are of solid metal in liquid metal and liquid metal in solid metal. An extremely common and extremely wrong misconception is that there exists a new phase of matter at the transition that is kinda liquid and kinda solid, but there is no such phase. \n\nNow we (hopefully) can clearly see that the transition layer is where the solid and liquid phase are equally favorable. Thus, there will be both phases mixed with a very complicated interface. The region is extremely dynamic and the materials will exchange between solid in liquid. Another common misconception is that since they are equally favorable, they will exist in equal quantities. At any given moment, they will not exist in equal amounts. Rather, they both have equal probability of existing so they would exist in equal amounts if you averaged them over a sufficiently long time. \n\nLet me know if anything is unclear"
]
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[]
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|
1zogq9 | What is the smallest 'thing' that can have a temperature? | This is a question in the same spirit as: "What give's an electron its negative charge." Is there a fundamental thing that carries temperature (sort of like ye olde Caloric theory of heat transfer)? Is there any sort of quantum heat particle - like a phonon - for heat energy? If we follow the mechanical theory of heat, is there a fundamental scale akin to the Planck length that heat exists within? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1zogq9/what_is_the_smallest_thing_that_can_have_a/ | {
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"The smallest \"thing\" that can have a temperature is a single particle that carries with it a kinetic energy. To see this imagine that we have a one particle system where the particle is at a high kinetic energy (equal to its average kinetic energy since there is only one particle in our system), and we place it in contact with a second system of N particles where N is on the order of ~10^23, and the average kinetic energy per particle is lower than that in our single particle system. \n\nWhat will happen is that the single particle will transfer it's energy to the second system (and absorb energy from the second system) until on average the single particle system has the same average kinetic energy as any particle in the second particle system when the two systems reach equilibrium with each other. This is a heat transfer and we say that at the beginning the single particle was at a higher temperature than the particles in the N particle system, but that after the heat transfer both systems have reached equilibrium they are now at the same temperature with the save average kinetic energy per particle. \n\nYou can certainly define things this way, but when you are dealing with one particle systems it is sort of like what's the point? The average and the actual kinetic energy are the same in the case of a one particle system, so we don't need to use statistical ideas like temperature to describe it. Where temperature is handy is in systems with many particles where the actual kinetic energy of a particle may vary considerably at any moment, but the average kinetic energy of that particle over a long period of time is a constant. Temperature is a way of characterizing this average kinetic energy of one particle or several particles.\n\nIs there a fundamental thermal scale akin to the Planck length? In one sense yes, a scale that incorporates a special constant for heat energy exists using kT where k is the Boltzmann constant of 1.38x10^-23 J/K. This constant serves to convert the temperature to energy units in the same way that Planck's constant h serves to scale the frequency of radiation or a particle to units of energy. \n\nHowever, Plancks constant brings with it a special meaning (as some minimum volume in p and q phase space or some such thing that prohibits certain quantities from reaching zero), and to my knowledge the Boltzmann constant carries with it no such limiting meaning. For example, quantities that contain it such as S = klnW can become zero with no difficulties (as for example in perfectly ordered systems where W=1). In contrast, some systems in quantum mechanics cannot reach zero due to the uncertainty principle that incorporates Planck's constant h. In this sense the thermal constant and Planck's constant are different in that the former sets no apparent limit on quantities reaching zero whereas the latter does.\n\nEDIT: Typo patrol as usual."
]
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[]
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1cdcns | How did native Central and South Americans process their first encounter with conquistadors' ships? | I suspect that this is a dose of bad history...
... but a former teacher of mine claimed that Central and South American natives--having relatively limited maritime technology, as compared to Spain--could not "see" conquistadors' ships as they approached land. Is there any truth to this argument? If so, would you elaborate, please? If not, do you have any sources for what this encounter was like? Thanks! | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1cdcns/how_did_native_central_and_south_americans/ | {
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"It's a bogus claim; the psuedoscience documentary *What the bleep do we know?* popularized it in recent years. There are several websites and videos debunking that movie, but for quick refenence, [here](_URL_1_)'s a short video discussing the relevant clips.\n\nI've heard that the story is a misrepresentation of a Cook's expedition to Australia, where the native Australians ignored Cook's ship but responded when the smaller rowboats came ashore. This wasn't because they couldn't see the larger ship, but because it was too far away to be of any concern to them as anything other than a passing curiosity. Smaller boats coming ashore represented a more immediate concern and a potential threat so that warranted their attention. Unfortunately, I've having trouble finding the source of that story at the moment so if anyone else has it, hopefully they can fill in the gap for us.\n\n > If not, do you have any sources for what this encounter was like? Thanks!\n\nAlmost forgot this part. You can read about Columbus' first encounters with Native Americans [here](_URL_0_) starting on the bottom of page 36. There's friendly interaction on shore on October 12th and on October 13th mention that the natives were coming *to* Columbus' ships in their own canoes (some large enough to hold 40+ people). All in all, despite Columbus' paternalistic and imperialistic opinions of those he met, first contact went rather well. No evidence of mysterious invisible ships."
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15hn7t | How are the accurate/semi-accurate models of the Earth in the past created? Ie. What Pangaea looked like. | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/15hn7t/how_are_the_accuratesemiaccurate_models_of_the/ | {
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"Some of the most convincing models of these types are created using paleomagnetic records. The Earth's magnetic field has shifted positions quite a lot since the planet formed, though not in a strictly periodic way. This pattern of reversals can therefore be used as a sort of map of the planet's history - both to determine what time something occurred or where something was using some fancy math. Specific minerals preserve the magnetic signature from the time that they were formed (or reset due to heating), such that you can take a sample of them and, knowing their original orientation, figure out what orientation the Earth's magnetic field was in when the mineral set. Looking at a bunch of these minerals in context with one another gives you a pattern (think of it as a binary sequence - current polarity or reversed) that you can then compare to the global record to determine the time period, and with some additional work, the location. Some of the deeper time continental configurations are a bit controversial, because of limitations related to using this method on a spheroid, but if you're interested check out \"paleomagnetism\". "
]
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[]
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||
32w0b1 | Did Caligula throw a party and have his guests thrown into the sea by his guards? | Source: this essay by Robert Louis Stevenson: _URL_0_
"Perhaps the reader remembers one of the humorous devices of the deified Caligula:[9] how he encouraged a vast concourse of holiday-makers on to his bridge over Baiae[10] bay; and when they were in the height of
their enjoyment, turned loose the Praetorian guards[11] among the company, and had them tossed into the sea." | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/32w0b1/did_caligula_throw_a_party_and_have_his_guests/ | {
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"So, perhaps I'm just blind, but I can't find the passage that Stevenson is refering to here. According to the essay, Tacitus would have been the one who described this event, which in itself is suspicious, but I can't even find a reference to Baiae in Tacitus. Suetonius does mention the mention the bridge itself and how Caligula rode across it in order to prove that he indeed could be emperor. A soothsayer employed by Tiberius had claimed that:\n\n > Caius would no more be emperor, than he would ride on horseback across the gulf of Baiae.\n\nHowever, I did find a reference to the claim that Stevenson refers to in Cassius Dio. The issue here is evident. Suetonius is writing in the 1st century AD and is hardly positive to Caligula as emperor (or other emperors for that matter!) and yet he does not mention this incident. Cassius Dio is writing as late as the 3rd century AD, which is more than 200 years after the reign of Caligula. Thus it's rather safe to say that this throwing-of-guests-into-the-sea event never actually took place, but is a story that's been constructed afterwards to further emphasize how bad of an emperor Caligula was. If you're interested in reading the rest of what Suetonius has to say about this event, you can read about it [here](_URL_0_). Flavius Josephus (a Roman-Jewish author writing in the 1st century AD) also mentions this bridge, but neither he doesn't mention the special undertaking that Stevenson brings up, [just the bridge itself](_URL_1_).\n\nAs a last note I also feel obliged to comment on the claim that Caligula was deified. He actually wasn't properly deified, but decided himself that he ought to be revered as if he were a god while still alive. *Ie.*, he deified himself, but no one else took it seriously, and stricly speaking it was the senate's right to issue state deifications and thus Caligula's deification wasn't a proper one, neither by process nor by time (deifications took place after the death of a person, not during their lifetime)."
]
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"http://www.online-literature.com/stevenson/essays-of-stevenson/3/"
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wgee0 | how does dandruff form? why does it itch? and how do you prevent from ever getting it if possible? | I take a shower at the end of every day but i still get it some times. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/wgee0/eli5_how_does_dandruff_form_why_does_it_itch_and/ | {
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"dead skin flakes\n\nirritates the skin\n\n[head and shoulders](_URL_0_), bitch"
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1t0b0q | What are the oldest recorded dreams? | I don't mean things like prophetic dreams in epic stories, just what are the oldest records of someone writing down a normal, everyday dream they had? What's the oldest dream journal that we have? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1t0b0q/what_are_the_oldest_recorded_dreams/ | {
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"This is a difficult question to answer, because once you go back far enough distinguishing between dreams that actually happened and dreams that were just added into the story for dramatic effect is quite difficult. Herodotus has Xerxes dreaming of a 'tall and goodly man' standing over him and telling him not to invade Greece. Did that happen? Probably not - but Herodotus says it does. Similarly, in a lot of Plato's dialogues Socrates relates various of his dreams - are these recollections of real conversations Plato had with Socrates or just illustrations of Plato's own philosophical ideas? I don't really know how you could ever determine that one way or another. Even when writers write about dreams that they claim really happened, they often seem a little too symbolic, and a little too convenient, to be fully trusted.\n\nThe best thing I can find for you is *Oneirocritica* or 'The Interpretation of Dreams', written by Artemidorus in the 2nd century CE. This is an academic treatise on the meaning of dreams by a man who was a professional fortune-teller. He doesn't particularly relate whole dreams, but rather gives a kind of symbolic toolkit for using dreams to tell the future - usually like: \"dreaming of storks means this will happen, dreaming of herons means that will happen.\" However he does often say \"I know of one man who had such a dream\" to back up his points. Here's an extract:\n\n > If a man dreams that he is masturbating privately, he will posess either a male or female slave, because the hands that are embracing his penis are like attendants. But if he has no servants, he will suffer a loss, because of the useless elimination of seed. I know of a slave who dreamt that he stroked his master's penis, and he became the companion and attendant of his children, for in his hands he held his master's penis, which is the symbol of his children. Then again, I know of a slave who dreamt that his penis was stroked and aroused by his master's hands. He was bound to a pillar and received many strokes and was, in this way, extended by his master.\n\nSo did those dreams really happen? The second one seems pretty implausible to me as it's basically just a joke. But given that the guy's job was to have people tell him their dreams, I would imagine that at least some of his examples are based on real anecdotes. Still, it's pretty hard to say.\n\nAnyway, because it's all good stuff, here are some more choice quotations:\n\n > To have sexual intercourse with one's son, if he is already a grown man and is living abroad, is auspicious. For the dream signifies that they will be reunited and live with one another because of the word 'intercourse'. But if the son is not far away and is living with his father, it is inauspicious. For they must separate because intercourse generally takes place between men when they are not face to face. But to be forcibly possessed by one's son signifies that the dreamer will be injured by his son but also that his son will regret the injury.\n\n...\n\n > In my experience, however, the worst dream by far is one in which the dreamer practises fellatio with his mother. For this signifies to the dreamer the death of children, the loss of property, and grave illness. I know of a man who, after this dream, lost his penis. For it was understandable that he was punished in the part of the body with which he had sinned. \n\n...\n\n > If a person dreams that he is having sexual intercourse with any animal whatsoever and that he himself is doing the mounting, he will derive benefits from a person or thing that corresponds to the animal. We shall give an account of these in the sections on hunting and animals. But if a man dreams that he has been mounted by the animal, he will endure terrible acts of violence. Many men, moreover, have died after this dream. So much, then, for sexual intercourse.\n\n\n--------\n**Source:** *Theatre of Sleep: An Anthology of Literary Dreams*, ed. Guido Almansi and Claude Beguin which is a great book to have beside your bed for those insomniac nights. Apologies for the NSFW nature of the extracts above, but the only chapter of Oneirocritica they include is the sex one!",
"Would the Bible count as a legitimate source? The earliest dream I can think of would be the one Jacob had in [Genesis 28:10-19](_URL_0_), in which he dreamt of a ladder leading to heaven. "
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[],
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tfek0 | How well did the Japanese accept baseball in post-WWII occupied Japan? | I'm just seeing how many sports historians we've got in the woodworks here mainly. I know that baseball has had a long storied history in Japan dating back to the Meiji Period. Along the way, Japanese culture has introduced their own set of "unwritten rules" and made the sport much more unique.
I'm interested in anyone who can shed light on the whole history, but my question is mainly focused on the years immediately following WWII. How long did it take before American soldiers were playing baseball against Japanese teams again? Did many people show up to watch as an escape, or was personal rebuilding more important? And most importantly really, did the game help to bring back some national pride to the Japanese people? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/tfek0/how_well_did_the_japanese_accept_baseball_in/ | {
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"Sport is one of my main interests although unfortunately I lean towards soccer. However, I remembered that I had read two articles about baseball and Japan a few years ago. The first was about Japanese-American relations through baseball and the second was about baseball in Taiwan under Japanese occupation.\n\nThe author of the first article, Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu just released a book on this exact topic titled \"Transpacific Field of Dreams: Baseball in U.S.-Japanese Relations, 1872-1952\" which looks wonderful. \n\nThe citations for the two articles are:\n\nGuthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. \"For Love of the Game: Baseball in Early U.S.-Japanese Encounters and the Rise of a Transnational Sporting Fraternity.\" Diplomatic History 28, No. 5 (2004):637-662.\n\nLin, Chien-Yu and Ping-Chao Lee. \"Sport as a Medium of National Resistance: Politics and Baseball in Taiwan during Japanese Colonialism, 1895–1945.\" The International Journal of the History of Sport 24, No. 3 (2007):319 –337\n\nIf you don't have access to either journal I will be happy to find a way to upload them as PDFs for you. \n\n"
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3q8sff | Why is an accretion disk formed around a black hole instead of all the matter getting absorbed by the black hole instantaneously? Does this mean that black holes have a limit for rate at which matter can be absorbed? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3q8sff/why_is_an_accretion_disk_formed_around_a_black/ | {
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"[Conservation of angular momentum](_URL_0_). The material in the accretion disk is in orbit around the black hole. The challenging part is actually explaining how it *does* fall into the black hole. Something has to rob it of angular momentum before it will fall inward. The disk exists for the same reason that planets don't spontaneously fall into the Sun: they're in orbit and there's nothing providing a sufficient torque to throw them into the Sun. \n\nAs it turns out, the disk has some internal turbulence which is produced in large part by an effect known as [magnetorotational instability](_URL_1_). Essentially, the magnetic fields present within an accretion disk cause different pieces of the fluid to tug on each other and disrupt each others' orbits. John Hawley and Stephen Balbus shared the 2013 Shaw Prize in astronomy for their discovery of this mechanism.\n\nBlack holes (and objects in general) do have limits on their accretion rate, though these are not hard limits. As matter falls into a gravity well, it will release much of its gravitational energy, often in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This radiation then pushes away other infalling matter, creating a negative feedback. If too much matter falls into a gravity well, the radiation produced will sweep away much of the remaining matter and potentially shut off accretion. The [Eddington luminosity](_URL_2_) is a limit on the luminosity achievable by an object (a simplified and idealized model of an object, really) without having to lose mass due to radiation pressure. Black holes are a bit different in regards to this limit, because they can absorb some (or much) of the energy through their event horizon rather than having to emit it as radiation and/or mass loss. ",
"Why isn't the matter all absorbed instantaneously? \n\nThe matter will most likely have a nonzero velocity that is perpendicular to the vector that points from the matter to the black hole, which is also the gravitational acceleration vector. That is, we have an acceleration towards the black hole, and a velocity perpendicular to that acceleration. Sounds like the ingredients for a [circular orbit](_URL_0_) (let's ignore elliptical orbits for simplicity).\n\nA circular orbit satisfies this formula for acceleration, orbital velocity, and orbital radius:\n\n`a = v^2 / r`\n\nLet's assume the matter starts at some distance from the black hole, so the initial acceleration is not very strong. The matter is not yet in orbit, it is still infalling. So the equality above does not yet hold. At what distance will it hold?\n\nThe formula for gravitational acceleration (`g`) for a very large body (`M`, the black hole) and a smaller body (the matter in question) at some distance (`r`) is\n\n`g = G*M/r^2`\n\nwhere `G` is the gravitational constant. This equation tells us that as the radius (distance between black hole and matter) decreases, the acceleration gets stronger.\n\nThe `a` in the first equation is the `g` in the second equation. Combine them.\n\n`GM/r^2 = v^2/r` - > `GM/r = v^2`\n\nInitially, the matter is far away from the black hole, so the left side of the equation is too small (because `r` is large), and the equality does not hold, the matter is not yet in orbit. As the matter falls inward, the left side grows until it equals the right, and we have an orbit (remember that the matter's orbital velocity will stay constant throughout this process).\n\nFrom the above we can see that for a given mass `M` of black hole and matter that has a orbital velocity of `v`, there is a value of `r` that will result in a stable orbit (until perturbed by outside forces, see /u/Das_Mime's post). As long as the initial velocity and distance are large enough, the orbit will be outside the black hole's event horizon.",
"Just to add onto the other very good answers: this is very analogous to asking why the Earth orbits the Sun rather than just falling straight into it. The answer is because it has some motion perpendicular to the Sun. So as the Sun pulls it in, the Earth is also moving a bit in this perpendicular direction, so that it doesn't end up falling straight into the Sun but instead winds up on a curved path. Because the Earth's perpendicular motion is big enough, you get an orbit.\n\nThis is exactly what the particles in black holes do. Because they had some motion before starting to fall in, they also end up on orbits. The accretion disk is a collection of orbiting particles. (It's different than the Earth in that, since there are so many particles, they have friction with each other that slows them down, and so they're orbits decay. This is why accretion disks do eventually fall into the black hole.)\n\nOne popular confusion that might be tripping you up is the idea that black holes are cosmic vacuum cleaners, sucking up everything in their path. *They're not.* They gravitate just as strongly (or weakly) as any other object of the same mass. So the accretion disk doesn't inexorably fall in simply because it's near a black hole. It's subject to exactly the same gravitational rules and regulations as, say, the Earth around the Sun."
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90yz2p | Nelson is venerated in England as being a legendary commander. No other admiral or captain from his era gets such praise (to my knowledge). How much was England's Napoleonic era naval superiority down to Nelson alone? | I'm interested in whether the aura around Nelson is a bit of a myth, or whether he was really that critical to Britain's overall naval victory in the Napoleonic wars. Are there other unsung captains or admirals who don't get the praise that they should?
I'd also like suggestions on a Nelson biography to read that gives a detailed, balanced view of the man. I haven't been able to find one that's well-regarded. Thanks in advance. | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/90yz2p/nelson_is_venerated_in_england_as_being_a/ | {
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"I've written about Nelson here a few times before, and about the British navy more generally several more times besides that. \n\nI would say that a short answer to your question is that Nelson's example was important to the British navy during the Napoleonic period -- after all, the war dragged on for 10 more years after Nelson's great victory and his death at Trafalgar -- but that he was, though unquestionably gifted, the product of a system in which it was possible for a Norfolk parson's son to become the most celebrated admiral of his age. \n\nI wrote [here](_URL_5_) about how Nelson's tactics worked at Trafalgar, and [here](_URL_3_) about his victory at the Nile. (No one ever asks about Copenhagen, for some reason.) \n\nI'll excerpt and re-edit from those a bit down below, but I want also to make the point that Nelson's fleet succeeded in both those battles because the captains subordinate to him understood his battle plan, and had the ability to use their own initiative rather than sticking to a rigid tactical plan imposed from above. At the Nile, for example, Thomas Foley, captain of *HMS Goliath*, noticed that there was room between the anchored French ships and the shoal water to the west, and passed down the west side of the French line *on his own initiative*, without waiting for orders. That allowed the French to be doubled up and beaten in conformance to Nelson's stated wish to engage the enemy at 2:1 or 3:1 odds whenever possible. Foley and his crew were also products of a British naval tradition that hearkened back to the Armada and the Anglo-Dutch wars, but had undergone a major transformation starting in the late 1750s, spurred in part by the [trial and execution of John Byng for cowardice](_URL_2_). \n\nAnyhow, to get to the question about Nelson's personal contribution to the RN, [this answer](_URL_5_) I think does a good job of explaining some of the differences between the RN and his command style, versus the French and Spanish navies of the time. To quote from that a bit, with some light editing: \n\n > * Nelson's crews and officers were far more experienced than the allied crews and officers, having spent most of their time at sea rather than under blockade. The officers and men had drilled endlessly and used their time on blockade or other duty to perfect sailing evolutions and, to an extent, gunnery, and they were used to working as teams. Conversely, the allied fleet was made up generally of inexperienced sailors, and morale was low. \n\n > * Nelson's tactics assumed that a single British ship could hold its own for a period of time even under enemy fire until other ships could come to its aid. This proved to be true during the battle, as swarms of smaller British ships overpowered enormous French and Spanish first-rates (that is, ships with more than 100 guns) even after the first ship to get there had been damaged.\n\n > * Nelson knew that his captains could be trusted to use their own initiative, while the French and Spanish would hesitate to take the initiative. In a later period of military history, we'd call this getting inside their command and control loop — while the allied captains were thinking, the British captains were doing. \n\n > * British ships tended to fire faster than French and Spanish ships, and would, after an initial broadside or two, essentially let divisions or gunners fire at their own speeds, as quickly as guns could be reloaded, rather than relying on the entire side of the ship to reload before firing a broadside. That let them get more iron on the target more quickly, rather than having their firing cycle constrained by the slowest guns. \n\n > * British doctrine, over the course of the Napoleonic period, had evolved to emphasize the goal of firing directly into the hulls of enemy ships, rather than firing at the rigging or masts of enemy ships. (In video games this is the difference between round-shot and chain-shot, although that oversimplifies things a bit.) This is sometimes summed up as “kill the men, kill the ship.” \n\n > * Conversely, the French were used to firing at rigging. This reflects to an extent the different war aims of each fleet; the French were generally attempting to avoid battle (not because they were cowards — let’s be clear on this) because their fleet was often being used to escort troops or convoys for other missions. The British, on the other hand, reasoned that the enemy fleet actually functioned as its strategic center of gravity, and destroying the enemy fleet meant that the transports, grain ships, etc. could be snapped up at leisure.\n\nI also want to quote a bit from [this answer](_URL_3_): \n\n > Nelson was not a great seaman (he was often seasick, and had questionable skills as a sailor). Nor was he modest or self-effacing; on the contrary, he actively worked to cultivate a cult of personality around himself. He could be quite trivial and often rude to people he thought didn't matter. \n\n > On the other hand, he was a superb leader of men and a decent judge of character; he seems to have made it a point to get to know his captains not only to impress upon them his goals and desires but also to take the measure of the men and to know whom he could trust and not trust. He managed some difficult campaigns with skill (particularly the siege and eventual conquest of Malta, with the aid of allies) and had an uncanny skill at what today we'd call \"situational awareness,\" which he displayed both at St. Vincent and at Copenhagen. \n\n > He also seems to have had that spark of charisma that is hard to define no matter how many leadership seminars one attends; he could be utterly charming and laser-focused on a person in a moment, and seemed to inspire intense personal loyalty. This is an account of Arthur Wellesley meeting Nelson before Trafalgar: \n\n > > \"Why,\" said the Duke, \"I am not surprised at such instances, for Lord Nelson was, in different circumstances, two quite different men, as I myself can vouch, though I only saw him once in my life, and for, perhaps, an hour.\n\n > > \"It was soon after I returned from India. I went to the Colonial Office in Downing Street, and there I was shown into a little waiting-room on the right hand, where I found, also waiting to see the Secretary of State, a gentleman whom, from his likeness to his pictures and the loss of an arm, I immediately recognized as Lord Nelson.\n\n > > \"He could not know who I was, but he entered at once into conversation with me, if I can call it conversation, for it was almost all on his side, and all about himself, and in really a style so vain and so silly as to surprise and almost disgust me. I suppose something that I happened to say may have made him guess that I was somebody, and he went out of the room for a moment, I have no doubt to ask the office-keeper who I was, for when he came back he was altogether a different man, both in manner and matter. All that I had thought a charlatan style had vanished, and he talked of the state of this country and of the aspect and probabilities of affairs on the Continent with a good sense, and a knowledge of subjects both at home and abroad that surprised me equally and more agreeably than the first part of our interview had done; in fact, he talked like an officer and a stateman.\n\n > > \"The Secretary of State kept us long waiting, and certainly for the last half or three quarters of an hour I don't know that I ever had a conversation that interested me more. Now, if the Secretary of State had been punctual, and admitted Lord Nelson in the first quarter of an hour, I should have had the same impression of a light and trivial character that other people have had, but luckily I saw enough to be satisfied that he was really a very superior man; but certainly a more sudden and complete metamorphosis I never saw.\"\n\nI'm bumping up on the comment limit here, but I do want to drop in two other answers that I wrote about the officers (commissioned and warrant) in the RN and their promotion: \n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_4_\n\nHopefully that will get you started with some good information. Please let me know if you have follow up questions!\n\n**Edit**: also, my flair profile has a lot more Royal Navy stuff in it: _URL_0_"
]
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/profiles/jschooltiger",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2b42u0/during_the_napoleonic_wars_how_young_were_naval/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2tynsx/how_much_of_an_effect_did_john_byngs_execution/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3jh7og/why_was_horatio_nelson_able_to_succeed_so/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/29f3s7/how_does_the_royal_navys_organisation_command/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3ebdk5/how_did_nelsons_tactics_work_at_trafalgar/"
]
] |
|
6tr2nt | Any good documentaries/resources on the Second Mafia War in Italy? | Not sure if this is the appropriate sub but I figure it's worth a shot. The Second Mafia War that occurred in early 1980s Italy sounds very fascinating from what I've read in parts online. I was hoping to find some more in-depth background or documentaries for it but nothing seems to come up. By all accounts it was a pretty significant period in the history of the Italian Mafia, so I was wondering if anyone knew of good documentaries/TV (preferably from that era) or books (fiction or non-fiction) that covered this period. | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6tr2nt/any_good_documentariesresources_on_the_second/ | {
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"John Dickie's *Cosa Nostra* is a good, accessible, reliable history of the Mafia from its earliest days which nonetheless has a strong focus on the period you are interested in. \n\nDickie is Professor of Italian Studies at University College London and so has a firm grasp of the Italian sources and their contexts, unlike many writers on the Mafia in English. The book has a strong narrative and is an easy and compelling read."
]
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[]
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|
dx1u2w | Heat death of the universe seems like a bleak future. Are there other, although maybe less plausible, alternatives that are more "optimistic"? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/dx1u2w/heat_death_of_the_universe_seems_like_a_bleak/ | {
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"The only plausible alternative right now is the \"big rip\" scenario, where expansion of the universe eventually accelerates to the point of ripping even atoms apart. It's currently considered less likely than \"big freeze\".",
"If heat death happens it will be because thermodynamic equilibrium is reached. That means all the energy in the universe is about evenly distributed. It will never actually be perfectly distributed though because the tendency of energy to spread out is caused by statistics. There are more ways the energy can be spread out than there are ways it can be concentrated. Thus when it flows randomly it tends to end up spread out. It's like how shuffling a deck of cards results in the red and black cards being mixed up.\n\nBut it's not impossible to shuffle a deck of cards and end up with the red and black cards separated. There's a 1 in 495,918,532,948,104 chance of this happening. So if you shuffled a deck of cards every second you would expect a deck with the black and red separated about once every 15,714,710 years. The universe has way more possible states that a deck of cards so it will take a way longer time but eventually it will return to a fully sorted state again.\n\nIt is notable that every single particle makes it less likely per permutation to be sorted and thus the universe will be perfectly sorted except for a single particle countless times over for each time it is perfectly sorted. Additionally any given small part of the universe will be ordered an unimaginably large number of times for each time the universe as a whole reorders itself. This is equivalent to how it's unthinkable that you would shuffle a deck and get the same order that you started with but it's only extremely unlikely that the first 5 cards would end up the same (1 in 8\\*10\\^67 vs 1 in 311,875,200).\n\n & #x200B;\n\ntl;dr\n\nheat death = max entropy\n\nentropy = statistics\n\nthere is a tiny chance anything could happen at any time\n\neverything will happen infinite times\n\n & #x200B;\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEdit fixed math",
"A cyclic universe is not out of the question, in which some process in the far future creates a new big bang. There are various models. On the other hand most of these involve either a destructive crunch or take place after a heat death or big rip scenario. So \"optimistic\", your mileage may vary.",
"One result of the quantum uncertainty principle is that the vacuum of space is never truly empty. There is always stuff popping into and out of existence. This has been measured with the Casimir Effect. Larger stuff can also pop into existence, but it is exponentially less likely. One explanation for the big bang is that it popped into existence in this way. So even in heat death, given enough time, we might expect a new universe born of the ashes. But be prepared to wait 10^10^10^10^100000 years or something like that.",
"Look into the concept of eternal inflation. _URL_0_\n\nUnder this scenario, new universes similar to our own are constantly being created. Even though our local observable universe will be \"dead\", things will still be happening in other, unfathomably distant regions of the greater multiverse."
]
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[],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_inflation"
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||
24ha2u | Did the Japanese make racist caricatures & propaganda of Americans during WWII? | From my history text books I remember many examples of American propaganda depicting racist caricatures of Japanese. Did the reverse happen and are there any examples? If not, are there any examples of racist depictions of whites at all by anyone? As a white person I have a hard time imaging this. | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/24ha2u/did_the_japanese_make_racist_caricatures/ | {
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"Yes they did! Japanese propaganda didn't focus nearly as much (at least not as much as the Americans) on as portraying their enemies as subhuman animals. Rather Japanese propaganda focused heavily on talking up the Japanese soldiers' role as a liberator who would free Asia from the clutches of Imperialists. Pamphlets handed out by the Japanese high command talked up the Japanese \"warrior spirit\" and contrasted them sharply with Western soldiers who were portrayed as \"weak and decadent\". \n\nThat figures heavily into the Japanese caricature of the West. The Western people were thought of as misled puppets, who were corrupt and decadent, who's goal was to oppress the various peoples of Asia. Buzzwords like \"Imperialism\" and \"Liberator\" figured heavily into Japanese propaganda. \n\nThey did have propaganda that made fun of the Americans appearance (they were said to look like Apes), for example [here](_URL_3_roosevelt/) is a caricature of Roosevelt. Notice the exaggerated hair and mongoloid look. [Here](_URL_2_) is another poster poking fun at Churchill, again with the same features as Roosevelt. \n\nThe Japanese also employed propaganda that targeted the minor nations fighting with the Americans. Usually this propaganda depicted the Americans and British as taking advantage of the nations in question and using them to fight an Imperialist war of aggression. It also tried to make the soldiers long for home, which referenced the Japanese belief that the Western nations had no stomach for a fight and that their soldiers would eventually give up fighting the \"Morally superior Japanese\".\n\nFor example [here](_URL_3_that-american-war-mongers-may-indulge-in-this/) is a post targeting Australia; [here](_URL_3_japanese-propaganda-for-australian-troops-06/) is another one. \n\nThe ones targeting British Indian troops, were a bit different and tried to emphasize a common brother hood between India and Japan.\n\n[Example](_URL_1_), [another one](_URL_0_) making reference to the Bengal Famine.\n\nSo as you can see the Japanese propaganda focused on portraying their enemies as weak willed, decadent, misled imperialists. Compared with the American posters which focused more on dehumanizing the Japanese. \n\nThis [site](_URL_3_) has a collection of posters from various nations.\n\nAnd [this](_URL_4_) essay on propaganda is really well done. ",
"For a much more uncommon form of Japanese propaganda, watch *Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors*. The [first full-length Japanese animated movie](_URL_0_) does the whole \"Liberator from White Imperalism\" thing, particularly during the battle scenes towards the end.",
"There is an excellent book on this subject called [War Without Mercy](_URL_3_), that is a widely used text on the subject. \n\nThe Japanese widely tried to portray Europeans and the Americans as exploitative, fat (lazy), and cowardly.\n\n[Here's a good illustration that shows the Allies trying to force their subjects to fight for them](_URL_1_).\n\n[Here's a picture showing American whites exploiting black soldiers](_URL_2_). The Japanese strongly tried to focus on the racial treatment and history of the Americans to divide the black service members from their white fellows.\n\n[They tried to portray American's as rapists and oversexed](_URL_0_).\n\nI distinctly recall one from the book, where it shows a boxing match where white American's are watching Japan fight Chaing Kai-Shek who is being beaten. Churchill and Roosevelt step in to save him and are easily beaten by the Japanese boxer, while the white stare on in shock in horror, while black audience members cheer.\n\nWhen I get home for lunch, I'll try to get some photos of the illustrations inside the book I listed above.\n"
]
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"http://digitalpostercollection.com/propaganda/1939-1945-world-war-ii/japan/japanese-propaganda-targeting-indian-troops-09/",
"http://digitalpostercollection.com/propaganda/1939-1945-world-war-ii/japan/japanese-propaganda-targeting-indian-troops-05/",
"http://digitalpostercollection.com/propaganda/1939-1945-world-war-ii/japan/japanese-propaganda-targeting-indian-troops-32/",
"http://digitalpostercollection.com/propaganda/1939-1945-world-war-ii/japan/",
"https://www.msu.edu/~navarro6/srop.html",
"http://digitalpostercollection.com/propaganda/1939-1945-world-war-ii/japan/that-american-war-mongers-may-indulge-in-this/",
"http://digitalpostercollection.com/propaganda/1939-1945-world-war-ii/japan/roosevelt/",
"http://digitalpostercollection.com/propaganda/1939-1945-world-war-ii/japan/japanese-propaganda-for-australian-troops-06/"
],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ne-0e6P4jo"
],
[
"http://www.psywarrior.com/JapanPSYOPWW2b.html",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Japanese_propaganda_leaflet_India.jpg",
"http://www.psywarrior.com/JapanPSYOPWW2a.html",
"http://www.amazon.com/War-Without-Mercy-Power-Pacific/dp/0394751728"
]
] |
|
7la2e1 | scientists know what the human body and immune system do to fight off colds and flus. why can’t they create a medicine that does that, only faster? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7la2e1/eli5_scientists_know_what_the_human_body_and/ | {
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"the issue with flu is that there are so many causes of it that it's nigh impossible to create one medicine that helps fighting flu\n\nwhy is this? because the body reacts to diseases in a very specific way. The reason we can have medicine for other diseases is because the body reacts to them in roughly similar ways, with flu the body reacts differently based on what exactly caused that specific case of flu, and there are so many causes, it's just impractical to make one for everything and administer them to people",
"That would require the equivalent of nanites capable of locating and destroying infected cells and viruses - There's only so much you can do with chemicals, proteins, etc etc etc. \n\nAlso, it would likely be colossally expensive. The human body fights off these viruses perfectly fine on its own in people who aren't immune-compromized - Why spend a bunch of money to maybe get better a day or two sooner? Plus possible side effects."
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1po98q | if tigers and lions are big cats, would their roaring sound like meows if we were giants? | Why or why not? I don't understand acoustics well enough to know the answer to this question. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1po98q/eli5_if_tigers_and_lions_are_big_cats_would_their/ | {
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"Sound from a cat/human/lion or anything else with a 'voice' is produced from vocal cords, literally bands of flesh that when tightened by your throat muscles, vibrate when your breath blows over them proportional to the tension and weight of the cords. Hearing is different, while it would be true that the ear canal and subsequent parts of the ear are larger in big creatures (I won't get too into the anatomy here) the sound you hear is a certain hertz, that vibrates your inner ear which generates a nerve signal proportional to that frequency, no matter how big or small the actual ear parts are. So no, if people were the size of Paul Bunyan, a tigers roar is still a tigers roar, but YOUR voice would likely be lower in pitch due to a larger throat. \n\nTL/DR: Elephants can still hear mice, they just cant talk back."
]
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[]
] |
|
1pmyn6 | how are 3d graphics rendered and translated to a video signal? | Is there an agreed upon hardware architecture or language that we use, or is the process more analog - and by that I mean there's only one way it can be coded, translated and rendered. I also doubt any of these terms I'm using are relevant! | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pmyn6/eli5_how_are_3d_graphics_rendered_and_translated/ | {
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"To try and be simple:\n\nWhen a game loads a graphic, it's loaded from the HDD to RAM. Then, through DirectX or OpenGL (or whatever else methods are available), a request to render the graphic, along with a slew of parameters (x, y, z coordinates, color filters, rotations, veiwports, etc). The Graphics Card stores all this data until a Draw is issued, and then the Framebuffer is filled with all that information. This creates a completed image that is then sent along the video cables to your Monitor.\n\nVGA, DVI, HDMI, etc have decoders that allow you to encode and decode data to send along the cable. They are their own standards, and there are standards committees that protect said standards. Since there is one official standard (I'm not actually sure if there are multiple VGA/DVI/HDMI standards, or even if there were attempts at multiple standards), everyone that uses these ports is required to encode and decode as per their specifications."
]
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j61k1 | Are there any major biological differences between different types of fruits once they are metabolized? | Or is fructose simply fructose in the end?
My dad started a diet today, which strictly states that he can have several fruits a day. However, the fruit he chooses that day needs to be the same. In other words, he cannot eat an apple and an orange in one day. Scientifically, I cannot find a good reason why.
I'm thinking in terms of vitamins, etc and amounts of sugars/carbs the composition will be different between fruits. But in the end, he will be simply consuming the fruits carbs/fructoses, which biochemically speaking are the same.
So, are there any major biological differences between fruits after being broken down? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/j61k1/are_there_any_major_biological_differences/ | {
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" > Or is fructose simply fructose in the end?\n\nFructose is fructose and won't change between fruits.\n\nThough different fruits may have different amounts of fructose, and the amount of fiber in the fruit will change its digestion.\n\n > So, are there any major biological differences between fruits after being broken down?\n\nDifferent fruits contain different secondary metabolites, things like [anthocyanins](_URL_1_), or [beta carotene](_URL_0_) which may have health benefits. The are also differences in the amount of macromolecules, like protein, starch, and fat.\n\nBut this is characteristic of the differences between all foods and is not limited to fruit.\n\n > My dad started a diet today, which strictly states that he can have several fruits a day. However, the fruit he chooses that day needs to be the same. In other words, he cannot eat an apple and an orange in one day. Scientifically, I cannot find a good reason why.\n\nThe answer is because it sounds like a convincingly pseudoscientific reason. Not to say that the diet is unhealthy...\n\nEating fruit is a much better alternative to what many obese or overweight people eat everyday. This is combined with a psychological trick, eating only one kind of fruit. You will get tired of eating apples all day and as a result, eat less overall food.\n\n",
" > Or is fructose simply fructose in the end?\n\nFructose is fructose and won't change between fruits.\n\nThough different fruits may have different amounts of fructose, and the amount of fiber in the fruit will change its digestion.\n\n > So, are there any major biological differences between fruits after being broken down?\n\nDifferent fruits contain different secondary metabolites, things like [anthocyanins](_URL_1_), or [beta carotene](_URL_0_) which may have health benefits. The are also differences in the amount of macromolecules, like protein, starch, and fat.\n\nBut this is characteristic of the differences between all foods and is not limited to fruit.\n\n > My dad started a diet today, which strictly states that he can have several fruits a day. However, the fruit he chooses that day needs to be the same. In other words, he cannot eat an apple and an orange in one day. Scientifically, I cannot find a good reason why.\n\nThe answer is because it sounds like a convincingly pseudoscientific reason. Not to say that the diet is unhealthy...\n\nEating fruit is a much better alternative to what many obese or overweight people eat everyday. This is combined with a psychological trick, eating only one kind of fruit. You will get tired of eating apples all day and as a result, eat less overall food.\n\n"
]
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin"
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyanin"
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fh2ram | the difference between feelings and emotions. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fh2ram/eli5_the_difference_between_feelings_and_emotions/ | {
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"text": [
"Are we certain there is a difference? I believe the terms are sufficiently synonymous to be used interchangably."
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1ytvz8 | why does it feel good to tilt back and balance on a chair? | Everyone likes it, it's a fun feeling, but why do we like to do this?
e: should have said "in a chair", not "on a chair" | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ytvz8/eli5why_does_it_feel_good_to_tilt_back_and/ | {
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"text": [
"A combination of fun, comfort, and exhilaration. Who could resist?",
"You know, some things are the way they are just because. This fits under the section of stuff that's feels nice to do. Lots of things feel nice. You could ask the question as \"why are there things that feel nice?\" and I'll be the same. \nThat being said. Movement is relaxing. We are rocked as kids while getting calmed. I guess that's why the majority like it. ",
"As someone mentioned, we tend to like certain cyclic motions, like how babies like to be rocked. I believe it has something to do with the tempo though, particularly that it matches your heartrate and this has a calming effect (one theory being because babies grew up in the womb always hearing their mother's heartbeat).",
"Maybe this is related to gravity and the angle you're in.\n\nThink, would you prefer to be sitting on a chair or laying on a bed ? IMO tho."
]
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64r9tr | how do we see the "oldest light in the universe"? | Light that is "the oldest in the universe" that we are able to see now - this has always bothered me, logically.
If we are at point "A" in the universe, and the light source is 14 billion light years away at point "B", then that light is 14 billion years old. I understand this.
But, the source of that light should be much older than 14 billion years, unless when the universe was created our point "A" and that point "B" was instantaneously pushed to that location 14 billion light years away? Additionally, given that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate, wouldn't this put point "B" at a much older place in the universe?
| explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/64r9tr/eli5how_do_we_see_the_oldest_light_in_the_universe/ | {
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"The farthest confirmed galaxy we can see today is GN-Z11. The light from that galaxy took 13.4 billions years to reach us, so right now we see this galaxy as 13.4 billions light years away from us. But that's not true. The reality is that the light from that galaxy took 13.4 billions light years to reach each, that's all.\n\n13,4 billions years ago, that galaxy was closer to us than 13.4 billions light year. The light it emitted at that point travelled toward us. During that time, both the galaxy and our galaxy move away from each other. The distance that the light had to travel increased as it travel toward us. The initial distance between us and that galaxy + the expansion of space between us and the galaxy = the light travelled 13.4 billions years to reach us. And we perceive that as the galaxy is 13, 4 billions light years away from us.\n\nDuring that same 13,4 billions years period, that galaxy continued to move away from us. So right now, it's actually at 32 billions light years from us. "
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8keez6 | why does exercise such as running or cycling feel much more strenuous during the first couple of minutes? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8keez6/eli5_why_does_exercise_such_as_running_or_cycling/ | {
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"Blood is constantly pumped all around our body to supply oxygen to all our muscles. In the case of running and cycling, we predominantly use our legs, but seeing as though we still have a regular blood circulation, our muscles find it difficult to work comfortably due to the lack of oxygen for the task they are performing. So, our body makes the decision to divert more blood towards those specific working muscles through the contraction and dilation of the blood vessels.\n\nThis is why people tend to do a \"warm up\" before going on a run or cycle as it helps raise the heart rate to a level where your body would be comfortable performing strenuous tasks"
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57qlgz | female- and male reproductive organs and it's development. | I saw a graphic explanation not too long ago on the progression of the reproductive organs while in the womb, and how the difference between the two is insignificant, even after fully developed.
I lost the link, sadly, but can anyone confirm/debunk this, and maybe explain to me how this works? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/57qlgz/eli5_female_and_male_reproductive_organs_and_its/ | {
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"It's not exactly correct no. There is a significant difference in the reproductive organs as far as individual functions and physiology go.\n\nBut they're analogous to each other. Meaning, you have cells within each organ that perform similar function.\n\nThe first thing you need to know is that when developing in the womb, both male and females start out common. Meaning the origin of the gonads and genitals are exactly the same.\n\nThe thing that makes the difference is the Y chromosome. It has a special gene called SRY, or Sex Determining Region on Y, as it's also known. This gene is responsible for producing products that tell the growing fetus to grow into a boy.\n\nIn the presence of this gene, two things happen :\nFirst, the gonads get the go ahead to secrete more testosterone, which will cause specific changes in the brain and genitals to form a penis.\n\nThe second thing that happens is a special substance called MIF is released. That prevents the development of the female reproductive organs and causes them to degenerate.\n\nIn the absence of MIF (Müllerian Inhibiting Factor), the female uterus and tubes can form.\n\nNow. Sex determination has a lot of problems.\n\nSay you have a Y chromosome, but for some reason, testosterone doesn't work or get secreted enough. You'll look exactly like a girl because your tissues never differentiated under the effect of testosterone.\n\nOr say you've looked like a girl till 13, and then puberty kicks in and you start to secrete testosterone because of your Y chromosome, then your genitals grow out and become more male like. The phenomenon is so common that they have a name for it - Guevedoces.\n\nBut coming back to the nitty gritty.\n\nIn the tiny fetus, there are small ridges on either side of the spine that are responsible for forming the gonads and reproductive tract.\n\nOne is called the Müllerian duct and forms the uterus. The other is called the Wolffian duct and forms the vas deferens, epididymis and other things that go in men.\n\nIn a girl, the Müllerian duct will grow normally, but the wolffian duct degenerates because of a lack of testosterone.\n\nIn a boy, the Wolffian duct will grow, and the Müllerian (Female) duct will only degenerate if MIF is present. Otherwise the boy will have both male and female parts, and will be what's called a true hermaphrodite.\n\nThe testicles and ovary both come from a common predecessor, called the indifferent gonad. \n\nThere are other permutations too, like girls looking like boys because of too much testosterone from other cells other than the gonads. But that gets confusing.\n\nTL;DR\nThe testes and ovaries start out the same, but change structure and function based on the genetic code and the influence of hormones.\n\nThough there are similarities, under the influence of sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen, the two grow differently and change."
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8g1zoe | How was piracy in the Caribbean stopped? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8g1zoe/how_was_piracy_in_the_caribbean_stopped/ | {
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"I've written a post [here](_URL_1_) ([this](_URL_2_) and [this](_URL_0_) get into some of the economics of it) attempting to explain how the so called \"Golden Age of Piracy\" ended in the Caribbean in the early 18th century and Caribbean piracy virtually ceased after that for the rest of the 18th century. However, Caribbean piracy did once again see a resurgence in the early 19th century from about the 1810s to early 1830s following the end of the Napoleonic Wars and various Latin American wars of independence, but this was never quite as big and grandiose it was in the early 18th century following the Spanish War of Succession. This wave of piracy came to an end for similar reasons as it had a century before when government navies aggressively hunted them down but I don't know as much about that. So I hope my link at least partially answers this question. ",
"This is my first time responding, but also the first time I have seen a topic I am knowledgeable about. I hope this gives some insight into the situation, and please feel free to ask questions!\n\n \nThe golden age of piracy occurred around 1690-1760. This period of time made the West Indies (the Caribbean) the most profitable yet still distant from Europe. Spain controlled Central America, France had the Louisiana Area (think Louisiana Purchase), Denmark was in South America as was Portugal. England control the eastern seaboard and some of the various Caribbean islands (Herman Moll Map of Indies).\n\n\nDuring this period land itself meant wealth, so every portion of land that could be seized and held was of importance. Add into this all the unsullied forests and you have a treasure trove sitting across the ocean that any county in Europe would kill for, literally (Hattendorf Maritime history Vol 1 & 2).\n\n\nThe knowledge of reaching the Indies was mostly just a sea captain using the currents and “dead reckoning” to cross the Atlantic and try to get to the Caribbean to trade the lumber, slaves, tools, colony provision etc. The more that the countries began to invest into these colonies and the more they received home, the greater value of these investments. This obviously led to the need to protect them better from Pirates, or privateers of other nations. \n\n\nThe English crown offered a bounty in 1714 to the person would go devise an accurate sea clock to keep the time while at sea, and thus make traveling across the Atlantic safer, and swifter for naval ships. When this finally did occur (though not to the satisfaction of the bounty’s keeper yet) Large naval forces crossed the sea for more frequently and were able to begin enforcing the Laws of the sea. (Sobel’s Longitude)\n\n\nWith all the extra security, increase military presence, and the ability to simply execute pirates granted by the Admiralty courts, Piracy was dealt with quickly and efficiently. Many of the more famous pirates were captured and executed by the 1720s’. \n\nI strongly recommend A General History of Pyrates written in 1724 (found free here: _URL_0_)\n",
"I assume you’re referring to the Golden Age of Piracy, since worldwide piracy never really ended, only changed. The Golden Age lasted approximately from the mid-1600s to about the 1720s, during which time piracy was so common that many of its most prominent figures became celebrities, and still are to some degree—Blackbeard, Calico Jack, Mary Read, Anne Bonny, Sam Bellamy...\n\nThe decline of piracy is closely linked to factors of its rise, namely, a cocktail of European politics, colonial wealth, and geographic isolation. There was no other place and time in world history like the Caribbean in the mid-seventeenth to mid-eighteenth centuries. At the start of the period, practically the entire New World was under the complete authority of the Spanish crown, to whom it had been granted after the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Since then, the Spanish had conquered two great indigenous empires and pressed the populations into service extracting precious metals like silver at the Incan mine at Potosi, and transporting the bullion back across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to enrich the empire in hulking treasure galleons. Because their primary goal was maximum extraction at the lowest possible cost, and because they were essentially the only game in town, the Spanish didn’t really bother to fortify the towns that punctuated the overland routes or patrol the thousands of islands and keys in the Caribbean. On top of that, the galleons sailing in and and out of these ports followed established routes on regular schedules. The routes were so well-traveled by the Spanish that it gave rise to the term the Spanish Main. These factors--enormous wealth traveling largely unprotected over great distances across isolated routes--made the Caribbean ideal hunting grounds.\n\nAs Spain started to flaunt this new wealth (and by “flaunt” I should probably say “hemorrhage,” because they were also basically constantly at war with the other European powers), the French and English governments wanted to deal a blow to their rival and also maybe get a piece of the action. The respective crowns begin issuing the infamous “letters of marque” to enterprising sailors authorizing them to attack merchant and navy ships sailing under the banner of hostile nations with the condition that a portion of captured plunder be shared with the authorizing country. These privateers, as they were known, were basically state-sponsored pirates, and included the likes of William Kidd (who mostly operated in the Indian Ocean) and, especially, Woodes Rogers (remember that name) and Henry Morgan. As a young man, Morgan was part of the British expedition that captured Jamaica, which provided a foothold for the privateers smack in the middle of the Caribbean, within striking distance of the primary treasure routes. Over the course of his career, Morgan lead several successful raids on Spanish treasure ports in Central America, in particular Portobelo in Panama. His exploits earned him a lieutenant-governorship in Jamaica. During his tenure, the capital city in Jamaica, Port Royal, played host to privateers and pirates alike, blurring the line between licit and illicit sea raids in the Caribbean.\n\nAll during this time, the Spanish complained of the privateers, not only because they were picking Spanish pockets but, operating in such a remote part of the world with essentially no oversight by their authorizing countries, things turned dark. One French privateer named L’Olonnais, for example, was known for his cruelty, and at least once sliced a captured Spaniard’s stomach, nailed his guts to the deck of his ship, and forced him to dance until he eviscerated himself. As barbaric as the time was, all “civilized” authorities generally agreed on certain rules of military engagement, and the privateers existed wholly outside those rules. The French and British usually just paid lip service to the Spanish, though, making nominal concessions. Morgan, for example, was ordered back to London for his raid on Portobelo, during which his men committed atrocities in the course of razing the town, but there he caroused and schmoozed his way through a sham hearing before returning to the West Indies with, of all things, his royal appointment in Jamaica.\n\nThis was the state of things until about the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in the early eighteenth century, when the major European powers generally agreed to conclude hostilities with one another. As a result, their governments stopped issuing letters of marque and started treating those privateers as true pirates, men outside the law. By this point, though, piracy had become a fact of life in the Caribbean, and the privateers who had made a living—as well as untold swarms of navy sailors who had fought in the war but were now unemployed—were not about to give it up. \n\nIn 1694, the main pirate haunt of Port Royal had been cast into the sea by an earthquake, so the pirates had unofficially chosen a new place to retreat, refit, and spend the fruits of their ill-gotten gains: Nassau, on New Providence Island in the Bahamas. The pirates who holed up here went by the name of the Brethren of the Coast, a loose affiliation of pirates including many of the names I mentioned at the top. If you’ve ever heard of a pirate republic, this was it.\n\nAt this point, Britain had transitioned from living off the table scraps of the Spanish Empire to establishing its own profitable colonies in the Americas, not just in the Caribbean but on the eastern coast of North America. The lucrative trading network they had established was now being threatened by the pirates, who were by now regularly raiding merchant ships and towns in the Caribbean as well as up and down the Eastern Seaboard as far north as Maine and Newfoundland. The men the crown had profited from were now cutting into their own profits, and so it was now in their interest to see it ended. At first they offered pardons to those who agreed to give up the piratical life, and this certainly cut into the buccaneers' ranks. But again, the reality of being a sailor in the eighteenth century made living at the edge of civilization preferable: what little legal work there was to go around either on merchant ships or in the navy was hard, bad paying, and demeaning. So many pirates, including Calico Jack Rackham and Charles Vane, would take pardons to escape punishment on capture only to turn around and run off back to the pirate haven in Nassau.\n\nWhen the pardons proved ineffective to quash piracy, the British looked to cut off the insurrection at its head, turning to one man who had a fair bit of experience in the privateering life: Captain Woodes Rogers. Rodgers was one of a few privateers who considered himself to be a patriot, refusing to attack any ship belonging to Britain or its allies. The British admiralty selected Rodgers to lead a convoy of ships to retake Nassau from the pirates by any means. A few accepted pardons, including Captain Benjamin Hornigold, who turned to pirate hunting himself. But a few pirates, including Jack Rackham, Read, Bonny, Blackbeard, and Sam Bellamy, the last two powerful captains in command of fleets in their own right, slipped off into open waters. Their refusal to accept the pardons made them enemies of the crown. Nassau, the last refuge of pirates in the Caribbean, fell to civilization. \n\nFrom then on, the pirates lived hunted lives. Scattered and without the support of a base of operations, they each met their ends. In 1717, Sam Bellamy and his ship the Whydah wrecked in a storm off the coast of Massachusetts. In 1718, Blackbeard was cruising off the coast of his old hunting grounds in Ocracoke, North Carolina, when he was attacked by navy vessels under the command of Lieutenant Robert Maynard. Blackbeard died in the fighting, and his crew surrendered. Maynard hung the old pirate’s head by the bowsprit of his ship as a prize. In 1720, Rackham, Bonny, and Read were captured off the coast of Jamaica after their crews captured a prize and got roaring drunk. Rackham was tried and executed, while Read and Bonny were convicted, but \"plead their bellies\" and were offered a stay because they were pregnant. Read died from illness while in prison, and Bonny faded into obscurity.\n\nThe pirates existed only in a brief window of time when the circumstances of history were right. It’s ironic that the same politics of empire that fueled their rise eventually spelled their demise, bolstered by their governments until it was politically or commercially inconvenient, then disowned and hunted across an open ocean that became less open over time.\n\nSources:\nEmpire of Blue Water, Stephen Talty\nPirate Hunter of the Caribbean, David Cordingly\nThe Republic of Pirates, Colin Woodard\nUnder the Black Flag, David Cordingly\n\nEdit: Thanks for the gold! Hopefully I can find a way down to the Bahamas to spend it... Cheers. Also, a few edits to the original (because Captain Morgan did not raid a portobello mushroom but the Spanish treasure port of Portobelo)."
]
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"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/70hn6p/were_there_if_at_all_any_piracy_going_on_in_the/dn3uhgc/?context=3",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/89finh/have_there_ever_been_a_situation_where_a_booming/dxhfsg5/"
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"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40580/40580-h/40580-h.htm"
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87q17v | if babies get antibodies from mothers milk, why then do they get afflicted with diseases the mother has gone through like chicken pox | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/87q17v/eli5_if_babies_get_antibodies_from_mothers_milk/ | {
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"Babies grow and change so fast the immunuty wears off and needs to be replenished through immunisation programs. Thats why there are usually courses of vaccinations not just one.",
"Learned immunity, what we get from exposure to a pathogen and thus developing antibodies against it, is temporary. It can wear off in a matter of a year, or it can wear off in 30 but it is temporary. The immunities you get from breastfeeding are the kind that wear off quickly, and they are not even totally complete, they just make it harder for the infant to get sick. In the case of chickenpox you can get that again in old age (called shingles) it is just normally less severe of a reaction than you would have if you had chicken pox for the first time at that age. \n\nThis is different from genetic immunity such as those that make you a carrier for a disease (like Typhoid Mary) in which a disease does not effect you at all. ",
"The baby gets the mothers antibodies, but that doesn't give the baby the ability to make their own. Once the breastfeeding stops the supply if antibodies is cut off. ",
"The antibodies provided via the placenta are capable of helping fight infection in the newborn. However like all antibodies their presence is limited as they will be degraded or excreted within around 3 months.\n\nWhen you encounter a virus or bacteria, cells within your body (B cells) that have been randomly generated and happen to contain antibody that will fight those infections are told ‘hey Bro. You’re doing great, stick around and make me more of those’. As a result of this those cells continue to replicate and generate new antibody that will go on and fight those infections much longer.\n\nIf those cells disappear and stop making the antibody, the antibodies will degrade just like the ones you were born with. In addition the positive feedback that keeps those cells going fades over time and so your acquired immunity wanes as you age. This is variable depending on the pathogen involved.",
"IIRC, the antibodies in breastmilk are IgA antibodies. The ones that convey long-term immunity are IgG and IgM. "
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16aik3 | Martin Luther (Protestant Reformation) trial | Hi, my history class happens to be doing a mock trial on Martin Luther. I am on the defense and will be examining 2 witnesses (Frederick the wise and Pope Leo X). He is being tried for heresy- that is all my class knows. I am on a team of 4 against the prosecution. My personal views are that of a strong agnostic atheist, so I am not too familiar with scripture, however other than stating that one can only achieve salvation through god, I cannot find anything against the indulgences.
I believe there are only 2 ways to prove him innocent
* Establishing his way of thinking as the "right" way to think and thus tearing down the authority of the catholic church (Which I am unsure of how to go about)
* Find evidence in scripture against indulgences or find theological evidence that will help his case as a reformer rather than a heretic.
I need at least a couple of questions to ask my witnesses which I am working on now, but is there any way to prove him innocent (This trial is using the American Judicial system but is taking place in 1520). Nobody in my class, nor me, is familiar with the Civil law of the time other than the fact the church is the ultimate authority (Even though resentment is growing and great scientific minds are emerging)
Anyway, enough about what I am doing and the synopsis of the trial. I am looking for help or something that can put me at an advantage, any possible questions I can ask, and any evidence I could use against the accusation of heresy...really, Id appreciate anything. The prosecution is very strong and they likely are very prepared as well. I apologize if this is the wrong subreddit but I thought this would be the prefect place to ask.
Judge: Emperor Charles V
Witnesses: Albrecht Durer, Pope Leo X, Johann Tetzel, Erasmus, St. Augustine (I believe I could use him or cite him as a huge advantage!) , Frederick the Wise, Pitchfork John, Martin Luther. | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/16aik3/martin_luther_protestant_reformation_trial/ | {
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"If you haven't already, you really need to read Luther's [95 Theses](_URL_0_) that he nailed to the door of the Catholic Church. The accusations he makes there are where you are going to find good religious evidence against the Pope. I draw specific attention to 42 & 43--the Catholic Church required you to pay for your sins using money, something that Luther claimed was against the spirit of the Bible, so you could maybe make the Pope out as some sort of scam artist.\n\nIf you're ok with doing some reading (not a whole ton, but more than a few pages), you might check you the Augsburg Confession and the Apology of the Augsburg Confession (keep in mind that apology at this time meant something closer to \"retort\"). The Augsburg Confessions are essentially Martin Luther presenting the case for this point of view to the Imperial Diet. Since it was for the viewing of the Diet, it is a little calmer than other Lutheran writings.\n\nJust to make you more aware of the case against you--the protestant reformation did produce some stuff that was pretty vile regarding the Catholic church. [Here](_URL_1_) is a fun comic from the time depicting some demons literally shitting out monks.\n\nYou might be able to find some further help at /r/Christianity. "
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2udy80 | why are microtransactions considered bad in games? | This is usually pertains to free mobile and even some big games on PC and consoles. | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2udy80/eli5why_are_microtransactions_considered_bad_in/ | {
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"First off, those free games are only free for a couple of levels then they tend to take weeks to progress unless you spend money. Also, whoever has more money to waste than you will always have the advantage over you. \n\nThen there's the quick and easy perk me ups for 99cents, $1.99 super cheap until you realize you've made a few micropurchases every day for the past three weeks and are out $60 for it and nothing to show with no refunds and the game is boring now because selling frivolous shit > interesting game content. It's just greedy and stupid and might even cause another big gaming crash if the practice ever takes over the majority.",
"One of my favourite channels on YouTube talked about this and the whole FTP model a while back, I'd suggest you check it out. Be forewarned though, they talk more about how it could be better rather than how it's wrong.\n\n[They have a video specifically about microtransactions] (_URL_0_)\n\n\n[And a whole playlist about they F2P model]\n(_URL_1_)\n\n\n[EDIT] Realizing that I didn't actually explain anything: \n\nPoor game design is the problem here. It actually has little to nothing to do with the model, just a terrible game using it as a crutch. Companies created a bunch of low quality games that threw things like a paywall (you MUST pay to play more) or a Pay2Win reality (mostly prevalent in competitive F2Ps). Think Zynga games.\n\nBecause of this, the whole model has a stigma attached to it and players tend to look poorly at it.\n\nOh, and also because players tend not to think too much of the $1 to $5 they spend at a time on microtransactions, but over time these things can add up considerably. Especially with multiplayer games that use this model.\n\n[Second Edit] \nThe even bigger and less known awfulness of the current F2P world is the way they make their money. In theory, income is essentially crowdsourced, with millions of players playing, many contributing a few dollars, some a little more, some nothing at all.\n\nReality is not that. Reality is that a great many players don't spend very much on these games, but there are small segments of the population that do. In industry, they are referred to as Whales. There was a south Park episode not long ago that actually covered this REALLY well. Basically they know that there are some people, typically people who are more biologically susceptible to addiction, who will unknowingly spend MASSIVE amounts of money in these games. \n\nThese whales are who the games are really all about, so developers cater to them,. The result is that the whales get overpowered in the game, because their gear or whatever it is that is purchased is just orders of magnitude better than what free users have access to. The result is that the individual whale will probably stick with his or her game, because they're a badass in that game. \n\nThe sideeffect of this tends to be that the players who aren't spending exorbitant amounts of money start to feel like they can't compete (Pay2Win) and move on to a different game because that other one was crap. With a dropping playerbase, the prize whales stop having as much fun (because in multiplayer games, the players ARE the content), and will either leave too or get even more ridiculously catered to (by which I actually mean taken advantage of) by the companies until they've been bled for every last penny the game can draw out of them."
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24eopj | why does cocaine and amphetamine makes you feel sober? | No matter how many drinks you had and how drunk you are, theese things seems to clear your mind... how is that? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/24eopj/eli5_why_does_cocaine_and_amphetamine_makes_you/ | {
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"Both of these drugs are strong stimulants. While they don't work on the same pathways, the stimulating effect of these drugs counteracts the depressant (slowing down, not necessarily 'sad') effects brought on by alcohol.\n\nBasically, if you've been slowing your brain down with drink after drink all night, any strong stimulant will make you feel RELATIVELY sober.\n\nThat being said, all of that alcohol is still very much in your system. Thus, you may just end up having more energy with which to execute your drunk ideas.\n\nGreat username."
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20kdum | How did large communities of African-Americans wind up in California? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/20kdum/how_did_large_communities_of_africanamericans/ | {
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"Most African-American migration to California was during World War II, lured by employment opportunities in the shipyards and related defense plants. It's sometimes called [The Second Great Migration,](_URL_0_) by comparison with The Great Migration to northern industrial cities that began during the First World War. [Some details regarding migration to LA.](_URL_1_)"
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30csyc | will an electrical motor take damage from being overburdened? and if so, why? | For instance if a hill came up while dragging a person om a skateboard with an electrical bike and the bike could not pull anymore, would this "coming to a stop because of too much load" damage the engine internally, if so why? Or is the engine designed to handle coming to a stop like this. How would it be for a gas-engine? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30csyc/eli5_will_an_electrical_motor_take_damage_from/ | {
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"It depends on the motor.\n\nMost electrical motors cannot handle being stalled for too long (more than a few seconds in many cases). They'll over heat and burn the windings. Some motors can handle it, but it mostly depends on the controller driving the motor. \n\nGas engines can't run when stalled, they turn off. ",
"Most electric motors have \"thermal over-load\" protection circuits built-in, so that the electricity will be cut off before damage occurs to the motor components. Some thermal over-loads will reset themselves after sufficiently cooling down, while others need to be manually reset. Depends on the application.",
"When an electric motor is spinning it is actually similar to a generator in that it is also producing electricity (if you disconnected the motor from its supply and manually spun it you will create a voltage). However since it receives more than it produces under normal circumstances it will consume power rather than generate it. In the situation you described the motor will either stop spinning or spin very slowly (while still connected to a power supply), causing the generation portion of the motor to be very small while the incoming power is still there. This means it will draw several times more current than normal and heat up very quickly causing damage."
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1r9k1r | if you held a pair of prescription glasses in front of a camera and recorded something, how would it appear when playing it back? would some people see it blurry and others see it clear? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r9k1r/eli5_if_you_held_a_pair_of_prescription_glasses/ | {
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"No, because the camera sensor becomes the \"eye\", and the lens is the optic in front of it. If you put another optic in front of it, you're only changing the light hitting the sensor. You cannot change the optics in front of the eyes of the person watching the screen. Take a quick look at what [circles of confusion](_URL_0_) are. It should become clear how this would only affect the camera's image sensor."
]
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[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion"
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||
3xl1tg | Does one experience "lag time" when viewing a black hole? | I just watched [In a nutshell](_URL_0_). I can't stop thinking about what two people would experience when A watches B enter a black hole - both with lights that flash every second.
For Example:
When B draws near the black hole, as time slows and the light blink longer and slower, wouldn't the light emitted grow dimmer, longer lasting, and slower to occur to A?
And wouldn't the lag time between where B is, and where A "see's B at" increase? (Like how the stars we see in the sky are long dead but the light remains?).
As A gets drops nearer the black hole wouldn't "everything" get brighter (more light photons getting to the eyes faster)? To the point they are blinded by light? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/3xl1tg/does_one_experience_lag_time_when_viewing_a_black/ | {
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" > For Example: When B draws near the black hole, as time slows and the light blink longer and slower, wouldn't the light emitted grow dimmer, longer lasting, and slower to occur to A?\n\nThis is spot on! The quick answer is that as we watch an object approach the event horizon of a black hole, we will see it 1) move ever more slowly and its light will become increasingly 2) redder and 3) dimmer.\n\nTo get a better sense of what is going on, imagine that you are an observer at point A and you are observing a laser fall into a black hole while sending light towards you. Now let's say that the laser emits light in the form of pulses at a fixed wavelength, [as shown in this diagram](_URL_1_). As you watch this signal, you will see that the closer the laser gets to the event horizon, the redder and dimmer the light will look. The reason for this effect is that as the laser moves into the higher gravitational potential of the black hole it will experience a [gravitational time dilation](_URL_2_), which will effectively [stretch the light it emits](_URL_0_). This stretching will cause both the pulses to separate from each other (making the light dimmer), as well as the the wavelength of each pulse to increase (making it redder).\n\nNow here comes a key part of the story: **you will never actually see the laser cross the event horizon!** Instead you will see the laser asymptotically approach this point without ever quite reaching it. In other words, as you watch the laser you will see it move slower and slower until its motion would seem frozen right at the event horizon. Moreover, you won't really be able to observe it for long. As the laser will approach the event horizon, the pulses will become so rare that the beam will become too dim to be detected. On top of that the wavelength of the light would start to increase so much that you simply wouldn't be able to detect it. In the limit of the laser falling into the event horizon, you would have to wait infinitely long to receive a pulse that has an infinite wavelength.\n\n"
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation"
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1vcjca | Why did land-based life forms lose gills through evolution? | From what I gather on the wiki page about human evolution, around 300 million years ago amphibians had already appeared and reptiles were starting to evolve on a separate line, losing the gills that allowed them to subsist in water. My question is, why would that happen? Wouldn't the presence of lungs AND gills serve only as an evolutionary advantage? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1vcjca/why_did_landbased_life_forms_lose_gills_through/ | {
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"The areas that external gill type respiration works are the areas that amphibians can be found today - E.G. swamps/marshes. If as a species you can survive away from such an environment for longer you open the potential area to exploit for resources significantly and reduce your competition with other swamp dwelling animals. \n\nIf you don't have to expend the energy to grow and maintain two respiration systems you have an advantage over species that do.\n\nOften with questions of why certain traits developed whilst others did not it's often a case of \"that's the way it worked out\" rather than \"this trait developed for this reason\". However the reduction in both energy requirement and competition indicate why having either lungs OR gills was advantageous over having BOTH lungs and gills.",
"Organisms can lose a _lot_ of water through evaporation over gill membranes, and if those membranes aren't kept wet the tissue in them can dry out and die. Plus they represent a potential point of injury. \n\nSo carrying around gills out of water if you don't need them puts you at a significant disadvantage...you can't stray as far from water, you are at higher risk of injury, and you have to pay the metabolic costs to maintain an organ system you aren't using most of the time."
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890fny | why do men snore more and louder as they age? | At Easter dinner, my wife made a comment about how I'm snoring more and louder now that I (well, we) are getting older. My mom, my aunts, and my grandmother all commented that their husbands' snoring got worse over the years as well. Why is this? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/890fny/eli5_why_do_men_snore_more_and_louder_as_they_age/ | {
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"Generally due to being heavier, and/or less muscle tone. Basically your airway is becoming obstructed. The heavier you are the more pressure you have pushing on your airway. And to compound matters muscle tone decreases with age, and now you have less muscles power trying to hold back more weight and voila, snoring. btw, if you have sleep apnea you need to get it looked at, it's no joke. You're basically depriving your brain of much needed oxygen. Also, the list of other complications is long and concerning."
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hj2si | In what order did our senses evolve? | Let's just focus on the 5 major senses that everyone is familiar with and ignore the others.
Out of taste, touch, smell, sight and hearing, in what order did our evolutionary ancestors come to posses them? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/hj2si/in_what_order_did_our_senses_evolve/ | {
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"A worthy read:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nTLDR; there are two main sensory types - chemoreceptors that evolved into detectors of a chemical nature (sight, taste, and smell), and mechanoreceptors that evolved to sense physical disturbances (sound/vibration, touch, heat, balance). \n\n... Both can be traced back to the era of primitive microbes. It's hard to say which of all of them evolved 'first', as there's no clear definition between where sensing chemical concentrations in a fluid turned into smell, and where being able to sense light/dark turned into vision, and where detecting vibrations turned into hearing. It was all very gradual and happened in parallel from two distinct mechanisms."
]
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|
1277mc | Do butterflys try to fly straight? | Do butterflys even try to fly straight? I guess you could test this by just putting it in a box with no wind, but they seem like they'd still just flop all over. | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1277mc/do_butterflys_try_to_fly_straight/ | {
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"Insects do make saccadic movements which has something to do with the vision. In the [wikipedia article on saccades](_URL_0_) it is stated that the movements occur to prevent blurring. I think that the movements also induce optic flow that helps the insect to orient in space. "
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523frf | if i compress an audio file down to 128kbps and then convert it up to 320kbps we know the quality can't increase but the file size grows. what is this extra information that makes the file size grow and why does it do this? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/523frf/eli5_if_i_compress_an_audio_file_down_to_128kbps/ | {
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"That is where variable bitrate comes into play. Variable bitrate gives a maximum bitrate it can use, but allows the compression to use less if than maximum is not necessary. The best case scenario in that case would be basically having the same file again with just very minor quality loss (compressing an already compressed file will make the quality worse), and about the same size.\n\nIf you instead convert it to 320kbps you essentially create a file which defines that there are 320 kilobits per second no matter what. And if there is nothing in the sourcefile that could used for those additional bit, you well, kinda make it up along the way. Your conversion program will try to make educated guesses about what could fill those empty spaces (just like upscaling pictures but for audiofiles). Best case scenario is again, that is sounds like the source 128kbps file. Chances are it will sound slightly worse as it ran through compression twice.",
"This is easier to visualize with photographs but works in much the same way.\n\nPhotographs at a very basic level use tons of small dots of different colors to build a picture. If I lower the resolution I reduce the number of dots used to draw the picture. So if I reduce the quality by a factor of 10 that means where I used to have 10 pixels to represent a given space I now have 1. So downsizing will average the color of all 10 pixels and save a single pixel. If I then up-scale the photo I'll again have 10 pixels to store the information but I have lost the original 10 values so the computer will just save the same color 10 times instead of the 10 different colors that were in the original photo. ",
"It's the same thing when you take a 150dpi image (let's say 1mb) and print it out and faxing it. Then the person who receives the fax uses a high resolution scanner to scan the faxed image at 300dpi, now the image is 4MB.\n\nThe MP3 compressor treats the 128kbps song as the original audio as if it was source quality and recompresses it.",
"Imagine the audio data as being like a sine curve plotted in a x-y plane. Digital audio data means that the curve is stored as a series of points at regular intervals, not the whole line. When you upsample it you just add twice as many points. If you have a bunch of points, adding one point in between each pair of points is not complicated. They probably get more sophisticated than this but they can simply add the new points directly between the old points."
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8mwqqq | what is the difference between the concepts "cause and effect" and "action & reaction"? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8mwqqq/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_the_concepts/ | {
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"If you think about it a cause and effect is exactly that, pouring hot coffee on your lap is a cause for pain and burns as the effect, action would be the spilling of the coffee however your reaction would be to the pain and burns themselves.",
"The phrase \"action and reaction\" comes from the idea in physics that every action has an equal and opposite reaction; when you fire a gun, not only is there a force on the bullet, there is an equal force on the gun that causes recoil. Things are direct and opposite. \n\nCause and effect is very similar, but colloquially is used to track action and their subsequent actions down a path to much further downstream effects. ",
"In physics, at least, \"cause and effect\" implies a separation in time: A happens, *then* B happens because of A.\n\n\"Action and reaction\", on the other hand, means the two things always coexist. A and B always happen together simultaneously.\n\nI push on a car, the car pushes on me. Action and reaction. The car doesn't wait until it starts pushing on me. The two forces always coexist.\n\nI push on a car, it starts to roll down the street. Cause and effect. The car started moving *after and because* I pushed it."
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9tgeq1 | how do nonprofits not run out of money | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9tgeq1/eli5_how_do_nonprofits_not_run_out_of_money/ | {
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"Most non-profits earn revenue and even profits. Such organizations are not proscribed from earning money, they are simply required to reinvest it into their operations rather than dispersing it to owners (which they don't really have).",
"They still raise/make money. The difference is that all that they raise goes to operating cost, what cause they support, marketing, etc. They have to spend what money they have, so they don't make a profit. It's more complicated than that but that's the general idea.",
"Another way, used by most colleges and many museums, is called an \"Endowment\", where you set aside a large amount of money, and each year, you siphon off the interest of that money from wherever you have it invested, while refusing to touch the principal of the investment.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nFor example, if I put 100 million dollars in the bank, at 1% interest per year, that's 1 million dollars. Then I spend that 1 million to do everything I need to, but I always keep the balance at 100 million in savings. In theory, so long as I never touch the 100 million number, I will be able to operate forever as an organization.",
"Non-profit doesn't mean they don't make a profit, many can and do. It generally means, making a profit is not the primary goal. A business's goal is to make a profit for the owners/shareholders. \n\nA not for profit organization's goal is something else, like funding a social cause, funding training, providing aid, etc. So in theory, at the end of the year, any money not spent on those causes would not be given to the owners/shareholders as a dividend, but would be saved for further activity.\n\nI say in theory, because there are bonuses and stuff that can be given to management. And some non-profit organizations are actually political organizations, that skim the line between a political organization and a non-profit, depending on the laws of that area.\n",
"Being a non-profit does not mean you have no incomes. It means that you have no owner or shareholder taking a profit from said incomes. All income that the non-profit has goes toward operational costs, and toward expanding of the various things that the non-profit is doing. \n\nThese incomes can be from donations and often are, but they also can be from interest in investments (trust funds for example), and they can even make and sell products. ",
"Dont forget goverment grants. Depending on the nature of the non-profit, a substantial amount of revenue can be in the nature of annual or bi-annual grants.",
"Non-profits are NOT non-revenue. They raise money, pay salaries/benefits, spend money on operations (office rent, copy machines, holding events, mailings, etc) and what they raise minus expenses goes toward their cause. Any leftover money remains with the organization to fund future years or contribute more toward the cause, instead of being paid as profits to shareholders/owners like a for profit business."
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50feey | Why did Robespierre oppose the Enragés, the ultra-left faction demanding price controls for bread? Wasn't he, among the Jacobins, one of the least concerned with private property? | My understanding is Robespierre considered private property a concern that took a back seat to the individual right to life and sustenance. Why wouldn't he be a natural ally to the various Enragés factions demanding price controls for bread? Why wouldn't he consider priest and radical agitator Jacques Roux an admirable Republican for his dedication to the poor? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/50feey/why_did_robespierre_oppose_the_enragés_the/ | {
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"While we could classify the Jacobins, Montagnards, and Cordeliers as \"leftist\" in today's terminology, the reality is that there was intense conflict among those groups to legitimize their vision of the Revolution. After the execution of Louis, these were rivals, not like-minded groups working towards a common vision. The Mountain rode a tidal wave of popular sentiment to defeat the Girondists, but it's impossible to get that genie back in the bottle. A constant state of revolution requires a constant supply of counter-revolutionary enemies to sate its hunger, and with the Girondists removed, it was incumbent upon everyone to find (and point out) the next-least-radical amongst them.\n\nOn 25 June 1793, Roux denounced the Jacobins, who he had just supported in their fight against the Girondins a few weeks prior, for not going far enough by outlawing speculation and hoarding. The narrative of betraying the Revolution through half-measures is a common theme during this period. Robespierre, of course, responded to this attack with an attack of his own, tying Roux to France's foreign enemies.\n\nOn July 4 (and I'm skipping some things--events moved very quickly in Revolutionary France), Marat attacked Roux's character in *Publiciste*, further isolating Roux's influence and access. This lead to further accusations and a trial.\n\nSlavan, Morris. \"Jacques Roux: A Victim of Vilification.\" *French Historical Studies* 3, no. 4 (1964), 525-537.\n\nHanson, Paul. *The Jacobin Republic Under Fire*"
]
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6wi3gt | how does activated carbon work and why it's in every cleansing product now a days? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6wi3gt/eli5_how_does_activated_carbon_work_and_why_its/ | {
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"Activated carbon is just regular carbon, but with a very fine poreous structure which creates a huge surface area for adsorption of all kind. It's widely used as a filtering material in chemical processes or agriculture. \n\nThe sudden rise of its appearance in dermatological products is mainly a big marketing trend. Its eye-catching black appearance and its proven chemical applications make it an attractive feature in this era of cleanses and detox. It works, but so do regular soaps and facial products. "
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||
b8erv6 | why can peppers cause blisters without being temperature hot? | When we eat peppers with a high scoville scale they can cause blisters. This makes no sense to me, it's not like we are eating actual fire its just our body telling us that its "hot" without it actually being temperature hot. So why does this happen? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b8erv6/eli5_why_can_peppers_cause_blisters_without_being/ | {
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" > So why does this happen?\n\nThe \"heat\" in peppers is a chemical called capsaicin. Capsaicin is a chemical irritant (plants use it to deter mammals from eating their fruit) and it can cause contact dermatitis in some people which can present as small painful blisters.\n\nIt can also penetrate through the skin with prolonged handling of peppers and cause severe burning pain that lasts for a couple days. Ask me how I know.",
"Peppers are very acidic foods. They produce so much of their own natural acids that when your skin comes into contact with the acid, it burns you. It's sort of the same principle as caustic materials. They aren't actually hot, but they will burn you if you touch them, because they are acidic. \n\nThis also happens with citrus fruit. If you ever handle citrus fruit and don't wash your hands, and then go out in the hot sun, its possible to get nasty burns from the acid on your hands. "
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kthcz | the "pre-med"/med school process | MCAT? Interviews? Residencies? Applying to med schools "online only"? When to apply? When specialization occurs? Choosing the school? Does an undergraduate degree suffice prior to applying to medical school? Best undergraduate degree to have? Does a graduate degree in a specific science give you a better chance at getting into medical school?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/kthcz/eli5_the_premedmed_school_process/ | {
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"The first step of the process is the post your \"Primary Application\". Typically this is done through a service known as AMCAS (American Medical College Application Service). This serves as a type of common application that many medical schools use as their first screen to filter out students. It entails filling out GPA, MCAT scores and extracurricular activities as well as personal information.\n\nAfter AMCAS verifies that the information you turned in is correct, they send out the primary application and if schools like what they see, the schools you applied to will send back a secondary application. The \"Secondary Applications\" are more tailored for specific schools. One school might ask you to write about experiences with diversity because that particular school places a heavy emphasis on diversity, while another school might ask you to write about something else. Secondaries vary from having multiple essays to none. \n\nAfter completing secondaries and turning them into the schools, the schools will evaluate what you have written and decide whether or not to offer you an interview. Typically on the interview day you will sit down with a medical faculty member during part of the day and a medical student for part of the day. Both of them will ask you questions pertaining to you loyalty to medicine, competence and other questions to see if you are suited for the field and for their particular school.\n\nAfter interviews you find out if you are accepted.\n\nYour particular questions: Primary can be turned in as early as June 1st. The due date for secondaries varies from mid-September to January. Specialization occurs after medical school and after residency. Choosing the school is based upon how competitive you are (GPA, MCAT scores, amount of good leadership extra curricular activities). There is no \"best\" undergrad degree, but a degree in any biological science will typically help prepare you for the MCAT and in that way will help you get into medical school. \n\nOn the other hand, some medical schools like to look diverse and enjoy accepting music, theatrical arts or other random majors because it shows they don't only take Biology majors..\n\nHope this helped!",
"The first step of the process is the post your \"Primary Application\". Typically this is done through a service known as AMCAS (American Medical College Application Service). This serves as a type of common application that many medical schools use as their first screen to filter out students. It entails filling out GPA, MCAT scores and extracurricular activities as well as personal information.\n\nAfter AMCAS verifies that the information you turned in is correct, they send out the primary application and if schools like what they see, the schools you applied to will send back a secondary application. The \"Secondary Applications\" are more tailored for specific schools. One school might ask you to write about experiences with diversity because that particular school places a heavy emphasis on diversity, while another school might ask you to write about something else. Secondaries vary from having multiple essays to none. \n\nAfter completing secondaries and turning them into the schools, the schools will evaluate what you have written and decide whether or not to offer you an interview. Typically on the interview day you will sit down with a medical faculty member during part of the day and a medical student for part of the day. Both of them will ask you questions pertaining to you loyalty to medicine, competence and other questions to see if you are suited for the field and for their particular school.\n\nAfter interviews you find out if you are accepted.\n\nYour particular questions: Primary can be turned in as early as June 1st. The due date for secondaries varies from mid-September to January. Specialization occurs after medical school and after residency. Choosing the school is based upon how competitive you are (GPA, MCAT scores, amount of good leadership extra curricular activities). There is no \"best\" undergrad degree, but a degree in any biological science will typically help prepare you for the MCAT and in that way will help you get into medical school. \n\nOn the other hand, some medical schools like to look diverse and enjoy accepting music, theatrical arts or other random majors because it shows they don't only take Biology majors..\n\nHope this helped!"
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zxe4q | My son wants to know why we can record visuals and sound but not smell. Will "smell cameras," as he says, exist one day? | He figures that we could capture the particles causing the smell, then reproduce them somehow. I can see what he means, but do not know if this is physically possible. If it was, what might it look like? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/zxe4q/my_son_wants_to_know_why_we_can_record_visuals/ | {
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"Light and sound propagate via waves that we can reproduce fairly well, although there are colours that cannot be accurately represented by the limited capacities of TVs and monitors and such, and not all sounds are recorded or reproduced even in high-quality recordings. Still, it's relatively easy to recreate a picture that you have a recording of, since we can easily produce every visible colours or reasonable facsimiles of them.\n\nSmells, however, are dependent on particular chemical combinations. In order to reproduce a smell, you'd have to reproduce those chemicals and the properties of the air (speed and direction, moisture, temperature, other smells) to reproduce the smell as it was experienced at a particular point. Assuming you were able to capture those variables, and the chemicals producing the smell, you'd have to have an extremely large library of chemicals available to reproduce it, every scent from roses to rotting meat. Keep in mind some of these chemicals might be volatile or degradable, and every time you wanted to reproduce a smell, you'd use up some of that library, so it would need to be replaced or refilled. This is another area where reproducing light and sound is easier: barring wear-and-tear on the mechanisms producing them, nothing is used up when generating a particular colour or sound.\n\nDespite the technical difficulties of truly capturing and reproducing smells as easily as a photograph, some theme park rides add sensory effects like smells as part of the experience, sometimes branding themselves as \"4-D\" or some higher order dimension: [4D film](_URL_1_).\n\nDuring the 1960s, [Smell-O-Vision](_URL_0_) had a brief life in one particular movie, but generally didn't work as intended, and as in the theme park examples, only recreated pre-determined scents, rather than capturing and then reproducing a smell.",
"It's going to be difficult to have something that's stocked with the incredibly wide array of aroma compounds that are there. Physically possible, yes, but you couldn't just magically recreate it. You would need to precisely analyze the volatiles in the air and then have a very accurate dispenser of that was stocked with all of the compounds.\n\nSmelling requires chemicals physically binding to receptors to create the sensation, so it's much more difficult, if not impossible to trick the brain like it is with vision, or easy to actually create like it is for sound.",
"Relevant: [the odor recorder.]( _URL_0_) I've also read about flavor laboratories recording smells in the field by using a device that pumps a lot of air through a fine filter which can be saved for future analysis/comparisons."
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22fc0a | what makes a pub different from other bars. | The Irish pub owner's AMA had an interesting comment "all pubs are bars, but not all bars are pubs". Being Canadian I love going to chill bars, and one of these that I go to is an irish free house...a pub...but others are just, bars...what exactly constitutes a pub?
*edit: It seems that historically speaking, there was a difference, but these days the difference is simply atmosphere. In pubs you feel comfortable, almost at home.
*EDIT 2: a couple of different people have asked now...is there a difference between a pub, a tavern and a saloon? or are they different words from different geographies basically meaning the same thing?
| explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22fc0a/eli5_what_makes_a_pub_different_from_other_bars/ | {
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"\"Pub\" is short for \"Public House\". It used to mean a place where anyone could stop in for a pint. Pubs serve food, bars don't. Also, and this is a small detail, Irish Pubs tend to be named after people (McHale's, O'Conner's) where as English Pubs tend to be named a bit more creatively (The Dog and Duck, The King's Goiter, The Stag and Cock).\n\nThat's the main idea, pubs are bars with a family atmosphere. ",
"Pubs contain one or more bars from which the drinks are served from, and usually provide accommodation should you need it (in Australia at least).",
"In Scotland a pub is anywhere that sells alcohol that isn't a restaurant or nightclub. However, the term 'bar' is also used. There are no rules, but 'bar' is generally used to describe a new/shiny/posh 'pub' (with no guarantee of a seat!) usually in towns and cities, not country places. \n\nPubs are usually quieter and more comfortable places to drink, (in cities or villages) but i don't think you would be be corrected for calling a bar a pub, or vice versa. Pubs sometimes have a separate bar and lounge area, traditionally men stand at the bar and drink, and women and couples sit in the lounge and drink - you still find this in some local pubs.\n\nHowever, pub is the most commonly used term to describe any form of meeting mates and going to the pub for a few, regardless of what establishment you are going to. ",
"Englishman here. I don't think there is an official definition.\n\nThe bar is the actual place where the drinks are served. All pubs have at least one bar in them.\n\nYou can put a bar anywhere, for example in a restaurant or cinema. \n\nMost if not all of our pubs have been pubs for a very long time, i.e. they were at one point a proper old Public House and there is still a drinking establishment in that building to this day.\n\nNew drinking establishments which spring up tend to get called bars because they ain't in a building that has previously been a pub.\n\nSo all pubs are bars, but not all bars are pubs is pretty much spot on.\n\n\n",
"Also from that AMA: Pubs are an English tradition. It's not that other cultures do not have something vaguely similar, it's just that they come from a history unique to Britain. In the US, it's essentially just a branding idea. Pubs and bars are, for the most part, interchangeable (YMMV based on individual States). For example: in Indiana, where I currently live, all bars must be able to provide food. Even if they have no intention of offering it to guests. One of my favorite places in Indianapolis (White Rabbit Cabaret) has a stockpile of 5 year old Hot Pockets and boxes of Cheerios in the back room that will never get eaten. This is because the law in Indiana says you cannot sell alcohol exclusively -- you must be able to also serve patrons food.",
"A pub is somewhere you should feel comfortable to spend the whole day and even take children during earlier hours. It should be a cosy place, decorated in a friendly and welcoming manner, if a little naff. There should be games available such as pool, darts and a quiz machine. The better ones will even have dominoes, chess and backgammon sets behind the bar. There ought to be a jukebox around with the entire Led Zeppelin discography or at least get the lads to bring their guitars and fiddles and we'll kick up a tune ourselves.\n\nIf you're there at lunchtime hours expect pies, fish & chips and a half-decent tikka masala to be available, if your in during later hours than you'll have to make do with crisps, pickled onions and Scotch eggs. If you're good mates with the landlord, however, he may be willing to make you a sandwich when you're absolutely tanked at 1.30 am.\n\nIf the pub takes even the least amount of pride in what they do there will be a good choice of real ales such as Hobgoblin and Old Tom served at cellar temperature as these actually taste of something unlike near-frozen mass-produced lagers. The good ol' water-of-life should be in abundance be it Irish, Scotch, Bourbon or otherwise. In short, a pub is the very focal point of civilised society.\n\nA bar, on the other hand, is a truly dreadful place. Tastelessly decked out in chrome, pine and mood-lighting, this hell-hole is full of wankers from the City getting shitfaced on shite like Bud and Kronenburg whilst listening to god-awful repetitive pop music at near deafing volumes.",
"I think of a pub as a place where you can get a table and talk with your friends and drink. A bar, as I see it, is a place that's extremely loud and mainly for meeting new",
"There is little difference today but in 1830 a law passed which allowed anyone who paid for a license to sell beer and cider from their home, making their home a public house. \n\nJust FYI when you say the place you go is a \"free house\" this means it isn't owned by a brewery. If you were to visit the UK in London you might go to a Fuller's pub, in Manchester a Hyde's pub Birmingham a Mitchell and Butler's. But all over the country you'll find Wetherspoons Free Houses which serve beers from various brewerys depending on their current contracts.",
"Pubs tend to be sit-down, bars stand/dancing or full height bar stool tables, in my experience. Maybe some upper floor seating.",
"In the US a pub is a bar that someone decided to call a pub because they went with an Irish/English theme. ",
"Surely a pub has carpet and a bar has a wooden floor? Ok it's simple but at least half the time it works :) ",
"I pub is where you find cool people to talk about random and interesting shit while eating cheap edible food, a bar is where you meet douchebags with t-shirts that have metallic ink and gemstones, and drink over-priced alchohol. That's pretty much all you need to know. ",
"Quick question for my fellow Englishmen.\n\nAre the pubs near you named after the nearest Infantry Regiment? All pubs where I am seem to be named - The Prince/Princess of Wales.",
"A good pub has levels. Small rooms, open areas, multiple bars, upper areas, discreet nooks and crannies. Even modulating the elevation by a single step can make a world of difference in look and feel.",
"From all these responses, I'm getting the feeling that pubs > bars",
"The big giant french fries. Also the malt vinegar.",
"pubs in my home-town generally have an open fire. nothing better than stepping out of the rain to be welcomed by the sound and warmth of roasting hearth and a pint of cider.",
"Pubs - It's Community, you Relax, Chat, Eat, Get Bomb Drunk, play bar games.\n\nBars - You're there for dirty bitches",
"A good rule of thumb is if it has a dedicated dance floor it's a bar, if there's no real dance floor it's a pub. That's not to say people don't dance in pubs.",
"Where I come from:\n\nTavern = Beer + Wine\n\nPub = Beer + Wine + Food\n\nBar = Beer + Wine + Liquor + Food",
"Well historically a pub was a public house (or free-house) which defined it as open to all walks of society, but mainly working class. Upper class had Gentlemen clubs which made them exclusively for titled individuals or simply the wealthy. \n\nToday however a true pub will stand by its \"free-house\" tradition and not enforce conditions on patrons, therefore a true pub is considered welcoming to all (men, women, pets, children etc), and doesn't place emphasis on look\\attire, or charge an entrance fee.",
"Well I own a pub which has \"inn\" in its name but provides no accommodation, we serve very high quality food and yes it's been a pub for 150 years. It's nice inside though as we only refurbished 18 months ago. It's certainly what would be described as a quintessentially British community pub though.",
"For me, you can feel the difference in a pub and a bar.\n\nTo me, a pub is an inviting place. Very warm. Very friendly. Great cheerful atmosphere.\n\nA bar CAN be warm and inviting. but it doesn't have to be. ",
"So far, I'm noticing that the terminology seems more important in Europe, where as in the American Midwest, we seem to call drinking establishments whatever sounds good.",
"Bit late to the thread, however here is [my local pub](_URL_0_) and here is [the bar which I frequent the most often.](_URL_1_) \n\nThe pictures probably don't offer a lot of explanation, however I feel as though a pub is a more friendly, social environment which I would quite happily go to for a meal on a Sunday, whereas bars tend to be for more late night drinking. Also I find bars are generally more Americanised than a good old English pub. Hope this helped!",
"Here's an interesting article on exactly that (not my site or anything, I asked my mates the same question and this came up) \n_URL_0_",
"It is the difference between pornography and art. \n\nYou cannot quite explain it, but you know the difference when you see it.",
"Pub is short for Public House, it's where you would get your food and your drink.\n\n\n\nA Bar is just a bar, it's just for drinks, sometimes some nuts.\n\n\n\nLounges are often times watered down pubs as in they have food, but not usually full meals, just appetizers and what not.",
"Already answered in depth above but the TL;DR I like the most re: Pubs is that a good one should function as a neighborhood living room.\n\nRead a book, have a beer, enjoy a good conversation without having to scram over Pitbull & Lorde.",
"You can go to the pub with your best buds to relax and have a pint. You can go to a pub with the missus for dinner. You can go to the pub at lunch for a pint and a bite.\n\n\"Bar\" at least to me means the part of the establishment that has the counter behind which employees serve drinks. A counter to rest your glass, a brass bar to rest your foot and god willing, a good bartender to rest your worries.\n\nIf you're going for the loud music, dancing, to hit on or get hit on, and not be able to hear yourself think, you're going clubbing. Watch your drink, bring your wallet, leave your credit.\n\nIf you're going for loud music that you can appreciate, you're going to a Jazz club :)",
"Pub vs. Bar - a visual guide.\n\n[Pub](_URL_0_)\n\n[Bar](_URL_1_)",
"In Australia a typical pub will serve food as well as alcoholic beverages. There are lots of tables/seating and usually pool tables and darts in the same general vicinity as the bar and the dining area. Music consists of live bands or soft playing music. Some pubs, depending on the time of day and day of week, have no music. It's more about the social interaction, not getting shitfaced and dancing/acting a fool. Also there's sometimes a sectioned off area or room with pokie machines (slots).",
"A pub is a public house, open to the public. Bars can be private.",
"A pub is somewhere you can go during the day to have lunch, and in the evening for a pint. The setting is casual and sociable; with the exception of occasional live music or a sporting event on a tv, the emphasis is on conversation. There will almost never be music playing over a stereo system. A pub's clientele is frequently defined by location; pubs are very often local establishments (though 'local' can be relative to your neighborhood, your workplace, your college, etc). Pubs are somewhere you spend the entire evening; you grab a table with your friends, send sorties to the bar for orders, and leave when the night is done. Pubs generally serve beer, wine, and various liquors, but cocktails are uncommon (though newer establishments will sometimes have a cocktail menu).\n\nBars are nighttime establishments focused primarily on getting drunk. They can range from casual to high-class; some will have dress codes, and some will have cover charges. There is often music being played on a stereo system in bars, and some will also have live music. Some bars cater to specific clientele, e.g. sports bars, gay bars, dance bars, etc., and/or can wax and wane in popularity as different establishments are considered more or less trendy than others. In cities, bar-hopping is common, and depending on the crowd you're with, on a night out you might visit several bars before going home. Bars tend to have a wider array of drinks on offer, and cocktails are commonly on offer.",
"in the UK a bar is generally a place to get drunk, a pub is a place to sit and chat as well...",
"Irish here. Used to work in a small town pub.\n\nMy take on what makes a pub a pub:\n\nSmall, homely and warm with an open turf fire and a dog in front of it, usually the owners dog or a regulars. \nThe landlord is present most of the time, it isn't managed.\nEvery regular knows your name and you know theirs ..... and what they drink.\nGenerally there will be 3/4 old guys sitting at the bar counter.\nNo TV, usually a small one in the corner on silent, only put on for big sporting events or if someone asks to watch something.\nGuinness, powers and hot whiskeys are the main drinks served, god help you if you make someone's hot half wrong.\nIf a fight breaks out (they are rare), regulars will help you sort it out.\nRegulars choose the music, it is background music only. \nA regular gets a free pint at Christmas.\nYou can leave the bar unattended, the regulars will keep an eye on it.\nIn my experience, English pubs sell food, Irish pubs don't.\nPool and darts are the only pub games really, there will usually be a card night but it will be the old guys playing 21 or bridge on a Tuesday night. You won't be invited to join in, if you do, they will take all your money.\nProper regulars know the edict at closing time and know the lock-in procedure.\n\n",
"Bars in England are reserved for those lads that think they are celebrities when in reality they pave driveways ",
"I think the best description I've heard is that a pub is \"The neighborhood's living room\".",
"Of course the English hijacked a thread about Irish pubs.",
"A pub is where you know everyone, and everyone knows you.",
"I am not any sort of authority, but I'd always heard it told that because in the 19th century, working class housing was abysmal (timeshare beds and the like), and you didn't have a \"home\" to go back to the way you or I might, you would instead spend your after work or free time in the public house. A place where they had food and drink (you wouldn't have your own kitchen) and amenities your building might not have, like a working heating system. Basically, a place for lower class unmarried laborers to do the equivalent of what we do when we kick back with a beer in our living room and order some takeout. \nIf you look at it in the context of providing a home vs. providing just a place to get drunk, I think it makes a lot more sense.",
"Pub's also a good place for the Zombie Apocalypse. \"Take car. Go to Mum's. Kill Phil - \"Sorry.\" - grab Liz, go to the Winchester, have a nice cold pint, and wait for all of this to blow over. How's that for a slice of fried gold?\"",
"I know in the US here, they will call a pub just about anything. My girlfriend came from Ireland, and hates the fact that we can't bring our kid to a so called \"pub\" here without getting dirty looks. But being Irish, she just says \"feck it\".",
"[Passport to the Pub](_URL_0_) - a free e-book written from a social science perspective about the unique culture found in British pubs.",
"A little guide to the expected etiquette in UK (and to some extent Australian) pubs:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nA less little guide:\n\n_URL_1_\n\n\n\n",
"Quite simply, \"pub\" is short for \"public house\".\n\nThey are more intended as a general place that people can go to to gather and socialise and offer access for all members of a family (time depending) and all people, offering food, drinks and entertainment.\n\nA bar is somewhere that serves drinks and some form of entertainment be it a sports bar or just music, and it's aimed at specifically adults. It's a more specific and evening thing.",
"Proper Pubs are run by a Pub Landlord...Bars are run by Poncy Managers...And chain Pubs tend to be run by managers fresh from a hospitality course at college..barely old enough to drink but old enough to sell beer. They have their figures and graphs to show if the business is growing and attracting the right demographic; a proper pub Landlord uses his eyes to see if there is people enjoying a pint in his establishment. \nIf you've got a Buxom Barmaid, Good Banter, and a Dart Board then your a Proper Pub!!",
"The word pub is short for a public house; you should feel at home, so it should be cosy with comfortable seating and nooks and crannies so that privacy can be sought. A pub will usually but not always have a bar from which drinks are served. \n\nA bar is simply anywhere that sells drinks from behind a counter or bar. \n",
"The people in it. ",
"Midwestern American here, pub is short for public house, no?\n\nI always felt like a bar with British tones is a pub. Be it an Irish bar or an English bar. I would never feel like a Buffalo Wild Wings could be a pub... Way too big, loud and American. \n\nPub makes me feel like wood benches, coves, nooks like in a traditional Irish pub. Lots of places to post up and socialize. Hard to explain but I feel like I know one when I'm there. \n\nHaving said that, while at work and talking to coworkers about needing to get my drink on, I tend to say 'pub' rather than 'bar' as I feel like a pub is a more polite way of saying 'the place I plan to get shitfaced'. Also, to me pub sounds like a place where other 30 year olds like me go, whereas a bar is where I think college kids hang out. \n\nHow'd i do?",
"A pub is called something traditional like The Dog and Duck or The Red Lion.\n\nA bar is called something twattish like 'Blanc' or 'Label'",
"Food and quizzes. ",
"You go there with friends, it's dark and grimy, and you don't try to get laid.",
"Pubs don't have dubsteb raping your eardrums. ",
"I don't know how this post has been overrun by Brits, their pubs don't hold a candle to Ireland's. \n\nEdit: bollocksed it",
"I'm sure it varies by place, but in my experience (New England), a 'pub' or 'tavern' *must* serve *food* as well as drink. This is actually a law in some places. In Rhode Island, for example, the most common liquor license by far is the BV class, or Beverage & Victualling license -- there called a 'tavern' license. BVs must by law serve *some* kind of food, even it's just chips (crisps) or pickled eggs (surprisingly common); though many are full restaurants as well as full bars, and some are even famous for their food. In my own view, a 'saloon' would serve only booze, but it would have to include hard liquor among them. A 'tap bar' would have no bottled beers, and might have no hard liquor. The most traditional kind of pub was called a 'public(k) house,' and sometimes still is. A 'club' is structured for performances or dances, and a '*night*club' (also a distinct and separate class in Rhode Island) is large, dance-oriented, and has a full bar. Rhode Island also has a class for 'neighbourhood' bars (what hipsters like to call 'dives'), which are smaller than most other bars and have some restrictions, such as limits on hours, capacity, and external occupancy (not over 10%, I believe); the class exists mainly for fraternal organisations and the like, but also covers numerous small bars that only locals go to.\n",
"Bar is to pub as house is to home.",
"The volume of the music.\n\nIf you have to say \"WHAT?!\" you're at a bar. If not, then you're at a pub.\n\nAlso pubs have food. Therefore they are much much better than bars.",
"In Ireland, where I live, bars tend to be more modern, urban, chrome, loud, fancy. Pubs tend to be more rural (although you get urban pubs too), unpretentious, old-fashioned in style, comfortable. You can get cocktails in a bar but never in a pub. You can have a cup of tea or coffee made for you in a pub at night time, but not in a bar.\n\nIn my experience, food isn't a factor at all. Some pubs serve food; others don't. Some bars serve food; others don't.",
"In Calgary, nothing in particular.",
"Aussie checking in here, a Pub is a \"Public House\" there used to be certain laws that meant they couldnt refuse you lodging if you were a certain distance from home (think coach travel days where meals and beds along a roadtrip were essential) \n\nFast forward abit, and then for a while we had streange laws that meant you couldn't buy and consume alcohol at your local pub, so people woyld have to travel a bit to get there drink on (this was around WW2) \n\nNow neither of those lawd remain anymore and havent for a long time, but the legacy does. A Pub, especially a regional one, will have food, occasional lodging, and generally a very different atmosphere(ie more of a social hub where you could bring your family, even though that probably meant leaving them in a lounge while the men hid in the front bar)\n\nThere is a culture and legacy to Pubs, they were the center of social hubs, and it was safe (even a trafition) to take the wife and kids there for Sunday Lunch. (but you wouldnt take the kids to a bar)",
"Going to get buried because late, but this is a pub: _URL_1_ Heritage building, traditional food, ale in a handled glass. \n\nand this is a bar: _URL_0_ Bright lights, tenuous theme, poncy drinks. ",
"**Saloon:** Western U.S. cowboy era. Dusty wooden floors. Prostitutes. Poker tables. Piano player. Whiskey shots. \n \n**Pub:** England Ireland area. Finger food. Liquor barrels. Craft beers. \n \n**Tavern:** Lord of the Rings. Full meals. Stout glasses. Beds.\n \n",
"A pub is a place where you don't want to be found dead or alive before age 25. A bar is where you hate to go after 25.",
"Pubs are for men and women. Bars are for girls and douche bags.\n",
"There is usually a lot more wood in pubs"
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fxlfaz | does cold water reduce the effectiveness of soap? | Been noticing that my shampoo doesn't foam up as much whenever I am taking a cold shower compared to a hot one.
Does cold water have any effect on this? Or am I just trippin? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fxlfaz/eli5_does_cold_water_reduce_the_effectiveness_of/ | {
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"Heat reduces the viscosity (stiffness) or many fluids. Hot water will let the shampoo better flow and get mixed into your hair. It will also loosen up oils in your hair for the shampoo to bond with and foam.\n\nCold water won't loosen up the oils or your shampoo as much, so it won't foam as readily. Generally speaking that is.",
"The foam in soap and toothpaste doesn't have any relation to how well it cleans.\n\n\nAn additive is put in to make it foam, because consumers naturally equate foaming to mean its working"
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vwiun | Would a computer run better in a vacuum? | I was watching this documentary and they mentioned something about lightbulbs.
Apparently lightbulbs are vacuums and as a result the filament inside glows and can glow for days. If exposed to air it quickly burns away.
By this logic... would computers run better if enclosed in vacuums? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/vwiun/would_a_computer_run_better_in_a_vacuum/ | {
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"Your typical desktop would run much much worse. The CPU generates heat during operation and needs to have air forced over heat sinks to regulate its temperature. Without this forced convection, the CPU would burn up quickly. \nPerhaps it could be modified to be cooled in some other fashion which would be favorable in a vacuum.",
"No, the lightbulb burns out in air right away because the filament oxidizes, but nothing inside a computer is going to oxidize that quickly.\n\nIn fact it would perform worse, because the components (especially the cpu) need airflow to keep cool. Computers on satellites do run in a vacuum, and it's a real problem to sink the heat away from their chips and keep temperatures under control.",
"Well your spinning hard disk will definitely not work for one. The magnetic read/write head needs a layer of air to work properly. \n\n_URL_0_\n\n",
"Cooling solutions would have trouble functioning in vacuum. ",
"Light bulbs do not work in a vaccum. They are surrounded by an inert gas (one which does not react/burn).",
"As many people have mentioned here already, heat dissipation is the problem in a vacuum. This is what will limit the efficiency of computers since silicon conducts electricity better at cooler temperatures. \n\nThink of it like this, the denser the medium, the higher the number of atoms/molecules per square centimeter are coming into contact with the hot components and carrying away the heat. In your computer you probably have a metal heat-sink with a fan pulling air across it. If you want better performance and more efficient cooling you would invest in liquid/water cooling for your computer [like this](_URL_0_). It's more efficient because with liquid cooling you use a denser medium to carry away more heat in the same amount of time than you would using air. Inversely in a vacuum you have almost no atoms or molecules carrying away heat. The heat can only radiate away. \n\nHeating is such a problem in space that the space shuttle has to point it's heat shields at the sun when on the daylight side of Earth (while in orbit) because it receives energy quicker than it can radiate it. Without the heat shield the internal temperatures would quickly become unlivable. SkyLab, the US space station in the 70's, had it's heat shield pop open during launch and break off in the wind blast. The first astronauts aboard managed to rig a replacement heat shield, but not before the temperature inside SkyLab reached 52C (126F) and the external surface temperature was 150C (300F). It scorched the unshielded skin of the station and almost ruined SkyLab because while space is cold, it's not efficient at cooling.\n\n*Edit: spelling"
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9sr574 | drinking water | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9sr574/eli5_drinking_water/ | {
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2lbvn6 | why does my pc installs the same usb device every time i plug it in? | Why does it also re-installs whenever I switch slots? | explainlikeimfive | http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2lbvn6/eli5why_does_my_pc_installs_the_same_usb_device/ | {
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3vcut4 | what happens physically/chemically when a liquid like water is either absorbed by another substance, or rolls off something, but absorbed by something else? | E.g., Glass VS Dirt | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3vcut4/eli5_what_happens_physicallychemically_when_a/ | {
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"I'm not sure, but it's probably about dissolving stuff, like dirt, and not being able to dissolve stuff like glass. Maybe more along the lines of if there are minute surface cracks for the water to get into. Glass is more or less a solid and dirt is a bunch of round pieces of worm poop an sand, which allows water into the spaces surrounding the poop.",
"In terms of a surface, like glass, it comes down to wetability. On a smooth surface like glass the water molecules are more attracted to themselves (hydrogen bonding) so they bunch up to form beads/droplets which will run off the surface under the force of gravity.\n\nIf the water is dissolving something (or more accurately, something is dissolving in the water) the water molecules are surrounding the little bits of the substance allowing them to 'disappear' into the liquid.\n\nDirt is not a smooth surface, its full of gaps and fissures. Water molecules can penetrate into the holes and be 'absorbed'. If the dirt was in a test tube and you shook the water/dirt mix up vigorously the dirt breaks up into tiny little bits that the water molecules can surround and dissolve (assuming that your dirt is soluble in water, which it probably isn't, in which case you would have a **mixture** where much of the dirt is still not 'surrounded', rather than a **solution**. \n\nIf your 'dirt' was table salt, the little bits of dirt would be individual constituents of salt, sodium and chloride, rather than salt. When the water molecules surround these individual pieces rather than chunks of it, you have a **solution**."
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2h95ao | Toxicity of CO2? | The general perception is that CO2 is not toxic, and it only is harmful as an asphyxiant agent, replacing oxygen. That's what my anorganic chemistry prof told me and what I found in some posts here when I was searching if it had been asked before. But in my fire department's SCBA course CO2 was described as an nerve agent because it affects the regulation of breathing. Wikipedia lists symptoms leading up to unconciousness in few minutes when breathing 10% CO2. So what does it actually do? And why is it not listed as toxic - is the required level for noxious effects simply too high or because in normal air, there wouldn't be enough O2 in the air at those levels?
What would happen if we would breathe an atmosphere of fixed 21% O2, varying % CO2 and the rest N2? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2h95ao/toxicity_of_co2/ | {
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"CO2 causes suffocation. It does by replacing oxygen in your red blood cells. Hemoglobin, the protein that makes up the majority of your red blood cells (giving them the red color because of the iron it contains) is charged with transporting oxygen throughout your body and collecting CO2. It preferentially binds CO2, and functions by going to areas with high CO2 and low O2 concentrations in your body, releasing O2 and taking up CO2. Then it makes it's way to the lungs.\n\nThe lungs are where red blood cells see a different environment than the body. Here the partial pressure of O2 is so much higher than CO2 (~160 vs. 0.3 mmHg) that O2 can overcome it's lower binding and kick off the CO2 from hemoglobin. So as long as the ratio of O2 to CO2 is higher than the ratio of CO2 binding coefficient to O2 binding coefficient to hemoglobin, you can kind of breath. There is a lot more to it, with really cool effects of cooperativity and different types of globin proteins but that's all more advanced topics that you can start looking up [here](_URL_1_).\n\nSo CO2 is not toxic in that it does not cause tissue damage, but will make you suffocate by restricting your ability to intake O2.\n\nAs for the physiological response to varying CO2 concentrations, [here is a cool presentation](_URL_0_) from the CDC ",
"Your body can sense how much CO2 and O2 are in your blood through what are called chemoreceptors; that's how your body determines whether you're getting enough oxygen or not. However, the chemoreceptors for CO2 are actually much more sensitive than the ones for O2, so CO2 is the primary controller of breathing. If there's too much CO2 in your blood, your body will regulate your breathing accordingly: you'll start to breathe faster and more deeply, and your heart rate will increase, so you can dump CO2 and bring in more oxygen. (There are some notes on this in the CDC slides sometimesgoodadvice linked to; particularly look at the section on hypercarbia.) \n\nChemoreceptors are nerves (or are hooked to nerves; not sure of the exact terminology), so I think that may be where the nerve agent terminology is coming from. [In this paper on asphyxiants](_URL_1_), they note that high CO2 concentrations are toxic due to this cardiorespiratory response; under those conditions, it's not a simple asphyxiant.\n\nEdit: Also, I'm not sure about your last question, but you may be interested in [this old paper](_URL_0_) where they started off giving people 100% O2, then let them rebreathe until they hit 8% CO2 or got uncomfortable. (Plus some similar but more invasive experiments on cats.) They got some very nice data on how CO2 regulates tidal volume and breathing rate."
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46lzba | What makes a black hole hungry? | This [Hubble](_URL_0_) article talks about the newly discovered supermassive black hole "feeding" and "resting." What turns on and off a black hole's appetite? | askscience | https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/46lzba/what_makes_a_black_hole_hungry/ | {
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"Black holes don't have 'hunger'. What they do, is draw in any nearby matter. Sometimes the surrounding matter is absorbed in 'chunks' .. and those cycles are called 'feeding' and 'resting'. It's not real though. ",
"Black holes are always \"hungry\", but in reality, matter collects as an accretion disk around the black hole. In an accretion disk, material orbits the hole in a circular orbit.\n\nIn a circular orbit, in principle there is no reason for a particle to fall downwards. After all, the moon hasn't fallen to the earth despite the obvious attraction between the two: the speed of the moon compensates for its fall towards the earth, resulting in a stable near-circular orbit. Saturn's rings are an example of an \"accretion disk\" that has stayed stable for a very long time.\n\nBack to the accretion disk. For a particle to fall downwards, it must receive a kick from another particle with a higher or lower orbit. In cold matter, this won't happen, but in a black hole accretion disk, the material has been heated to extremely high temperature by the collision between the disk and incoming matter. This transports momentum and allows the material to fall into a lower orbit. Eventually, it falls so low it is eaten by the black hole.\n\nThis is a simplified picture. Real accretion disks aren't fully stable. They eventually \"decay\" from a near-circular orbit into an unstable mode, where much more matter is surrendered to the black hole as opposed to the normal situation. This causes increased collisions with the rest of the disc, increasing X-ray brightness. Once any \"excess\" matter has been dealt with, the accretion disk returns to normal. These are the \"feeding\" and \"resting\" modes."
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4iccxy | is there any way to permanently grow taller after pubescence? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4iccxy/eli5is_there_any_way_to_permanently_grow_taller/ | {
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"Yes. They screw 8 bolts into a bone, 2 sets of 4. Connect them together and put a bunch of threaded rods together between the two sets.\n\nThen they break the bone between the two sets. \n\nEvery few days they turn a key to spread the break farther apart.\n\nThis process is generally used as corrective surgery for people with birth defects. One limb shorter than another. ",
"Grow? I don't think so. But there is cosmetic surgery available where they cut your femur, put it in a frame a few mm apart and let it re-grow longer, and repeat the process every few months until they've added 7+cm to the patients height. The whole process takes a year or two of having constantly broken and healing legs. They may have found ways to speed it up recently using some sort of implant, but I don't know about that.\n\nI don't think I'd recommend it.",
"When will they ever learn?",
"If you are being realistic. Growth hormone. There was a highly unethical study in Iran done with younger men with still open growth plates who got taller taking GH. It also makes perfect sense GH is literally just the synthetic form of the hormone that your pineal gland excretes. Taller guys just produced more of it growing up"
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o8num | What are some simple but stunning science experiments or demonstrations that you know of? I am teaching Science in a developing country and really want to spark the students' interest. | **EDIT 2:** *WOW! Your responses have been amazing. While due to lack of available materials I will not be able to do all of the suggested activities, I will do as many as I can manage! The experiments or demonstrations I cannot do I am tucking into my pocket to save for when I am teaching in the states again.*
*I will not be able to keep you updated as I go along, as my island does not have Internet access. However, I am going to do the best I can to document and take pictures and videos of everything, so when I get back to the states I can upload everything to show you!*
*I am going to be in Majuro for the next week, so I will continue to check this thread in between trying to find some suggested materials. Thank you again, AskScience! You guys are phenomenal.*
Hello, /r/askscience! You might remember me from a few months back, when I worked with you to answer questions from 6th graders. I'm back, with another education-related request!
I am currently with a volunteer organization teaching in the Marshall Islands. I am in Majuro, the main island, for mid service, so I have the luxury of Internet for the next few days. However, out at my placement site it is a very different world.
There is no Internet access, phones, or even running water. There is solar powered electricity, but mainly that is only to power some lightbulbs at night. The classrooms consist of a chalkboard and some desks, with occasionally enough desks for students. While there are a lot of books, most of them are in English, not Marshallese.
I was sent here to teach English, but during the first two weeks I observed how they were teaching Science, and I was a little taken aback. The teachers pull vocabulary words from the chapters, write them on the board, and write their English definitions. The students copy and memorize, then rewrite them for the test. There was no comprehension! One of the vocabulary words was Organ, and the given definition was something like, "tissue that performs a specific function" though I know that wasn't the exact definition. I asked a student to give me an example of an organ. She said tissue. I told her the lungs are an organ, they help you breathe. I asked again for an example. She said specific. I have her another example, and asked again, and she said performs. I told her the brain was an organ, and I asked her what it does, and she said function.
So you see how there is no comprehension!
Well, I talked to the teachers and told them the necessity of doing hands-on activities. Long story short, they handed me the teachers manuals and I now teach Science. It has been a challenge, because there are no materials to do experiments or demonstrations with, but thanks to my mom talking to a lot of people I have a lot of materials to work with, including a totally awesome microscope! (I can't wait to show them what's in the stagnant water they play in. And I'm starting an after school microscope club so it keeps getting used after the life science unit is done.) There are still one or two things I would like to have, but I have learned to be flexible and make do.
I have written a year plan with activities and English integration for Life, Physical, and Earth and Environmental Science, leaning heavily on the McGraw Hill textbooks at the school. I am teaching grades 1 through 8, though they are far far behind students in American schools. I feel pretty confident that what I have come up with will be engaging and effective, but I turn to this community in the hope that you have some ideas for demonstrations or experiments that make an impression, and can be accomplished with limited supplies.
I want to do the best I can, because the sad fact of the matter is after this year they may never have a chance at a solid science education. There is no guarantee that the teachers will pick up where I left off. I want to give them some sort of a basic understanding of the way their world works. To give an example of some of their misconceptions, some adults on my island think America is up in the sky, because thats where the planes go. Even if I only make an impresson on a few students... Maybe I can inspire one of them to pursue a science-related career!
I am looking forward to your feedback, r/askscience. You've been awesome to me in the past. I would also be happy to answer any questions you have about the Marshall Islands and whatnot!
EDIT: Ask Science, you are amazing! I am going to try to respond to each of you the best I can. The volunteer who will be sharing a boat with me is sick, so I will be in Majuro for at least one more week, giving me some time to try to pick up some supplies! I am going to try my best to do as many of see as possible and film it! When I come back in June I will try to post some videos and pictures as a follow-up.
You guys are amazing. You're like, the coolest place on the Internet! | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/o8num/what_are_some_simple_but_stunning_science/ | {
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"Digging up worms.Research and prepare some worm facts for this.Wander amongst your students as they dig and impart the knowledge.Explain how worms span the globe,lie at the bottom of our oceans and even sometimes travel by air (though only for a short while in the grip of a mother birds beak).This would be a truly inspirational and cheap lesson to teach. :)",
"[Here](_URL_0_) is a protocol for extracting DNA from fruit with some easy to find ingredients. ",
"I'm not a science-anything but how about Non-Newtonian fluids? From what I read one can be made from just cornstarch and water. Maybe someone with a science background can explain it better and give a recipe (dunno if you can search for that stuff since there's no internet)\n\n_URL_0_ but on a smaller scale\n\n-edited for clarity-",
"I've always liked seeing a [magnet fall slowly down an aluminum tube](_URL_0_). \n\nWonderfully counter-intuitive and opens up a lot of discussion about something that is hard to visualize. ",
"A lot of [these](_URL_0_) may be doable with materials close at hand. Anything involving corn starch is a fun time. If you can scrounge some film, pinhole cameras are great.\n",
"Worth noting, you are perfectly positioned to catch the transit of Venus at June 5-6 (if you are around then) The next one isn't until 2117!",
"Inertia: Pull a cloth from under a plate. Make sure the cloth doesn't have a hem.\n\nCentripetal force: fill a cup with water, attach string to the top rim, and swing it around your head. Demonstrate that the water stays in the cup.\n\nYou can teach tides and moon phases together, having students plant sticks at the tide lines and keeping a phase calendar.\n\nHave someone send you a prism and lens kit to teach light and optics. (It's easiest to teach lenses if you actually have some). Alternatively, there might be a few students with glasses.\n\nI'll ask my mom for more. She's a middle school science teacher. Good luck!\n\nYou can also try asking in r/nonprofit and r/globalhealth. I bet there are a bunch of Peace Corps-style people in those subreddits who did education work overseas.",
"[Cool chemistry experiment](_URL_0_), if you have the supplies.\n\n*Edit: I posted the first link from my phone, which didn't work for me when I got on my computer. This link should work, and might be a better video. Also, when my classmate did this (in a chemistry for elementary school teachers class) he used a bottle instead of a cup. It was super cool. ",
"I would recommend starting with more exploratory ecological studies, and let discussion of those lead to experiments designed by the students (yes, even sixth grader can do this, if you push them to constantly ask \"why\"). \n\nStart by asking, are there more plants or animals on the island? What about small fish compared to large fish? Why is this? If possible, go out and explore this, counting #s of trees, insects, small animals, large animals, etc. Come up (by vote, perhaps) with a good way to categorize the organisms. Do the same thing in the water, if you can. \n\nThe students should find that there are more organisms occupying lower trophic levels (e.g. producers) than higher trophic levels (e.g. predators). Ask \"why?\" You don't even have to use the word hypothesis. Come up with lists of questions, preferably some that you could test. For example, what if you killed all the large predators, or barred them from an area? What about the opposite? Where do humans fit into this? \n\nThis can lead into interesting discussions about the proper way to harvest the environment, if you feel like taking it that far.\n\nOther questions could revolve around potential anomalies you see. If you're on a reef that is easily explored, you could wonder why certain species are avoided by others. I'm sure the students are aware that some organisms are poisonous or spiky. You could speculate on how that could occur. Then you could speculate on how things figured out how to eat them anyways (evolutionarily speaking, although you don't have to directly go there - if you lead a discussion well enough, it becomes an implied part of the conversation, without the potential fallout of the strange white dude telling them a god didn't create everything).",
"I always thought it was cool to shine a laser pointer at a strand of hair and measure the diffraction pattern to figure out the width of the hair. Then to do the same things from different types of materials (and different types of hairs).",
"Steve Spangler occasionally appears on the Ellen DeGeneres talk show to do fancy experiments. He's written several how-to books on creating cool experiments with every day materials. I tutored elementary age children for several years and they went crazy when I dropped a piece of dry ice into colored water, so these experiments could be life-changing.\n\nLink to videos of past experiments: _URL_0_\n\nBooks\n#1. *Fire, Bubbles and Exploding Toothpaste*, experiments include: \nFloating Bowling Balls,\nPop Bottle Music,\nBouncing Smoke Bubbles,\nWalking on Eggshells,\nBalancing Nails,\nFireproof Balloon,\nSkateboard Rocket Car\n\n\n#2. *Naked Eggs and Flying Potatoes*, experiments include:\nBubbling Lava Bottle,\nThe Incredible Can Crusher,\nNails for Breakfast,\nThe Folding Egg,\nQuicksand Goo,\nScreaming Balloon,\nBurning Money,\nTrash Can Smoke Rings,\nGlacier Gak,\nFlying Toilet Paper,\nand many, many more!",
"I like the Old Nassau reaction:\n\n_URL_0_",
"Earth science student (Geology) here. I would suggest something that is related to their everyday lives but I have no idea how the area is like so I can't think of anything. Well, here are a few simple things:\n\n1) A sealed container with a plant and some animal/bug. This should demonstrate the role of plants and how us animals are kicking.\n\n2) If you somehow got some strong acid... get some sugar and watch it turn into more or less pure carbon. This should demonstrate chemical reaction and how it can change things.\n\n3) Something doing with displacement of water. Perhaps you can tie this in how tsunamis form and more daily life stuff.\n\nHrmm, that is all I can really think of. Again, I am not sure what supplies you have. Good luck!",
"I distinctly recall [this](_URL_0_) blowing my mind as a kid in elementary school. We had a science teacher do it with an array of wine glasses.",
"Extract iron from cereal!\n\nThey can learn about why iron is important for health and magnetism. And it is always fun to learn about what is actually in your food.\n\nJust take some cereal with iron in it, Total works very well, though I'm not sure what your counties equivalent is. Then blend it with water until it is a liquid. Finally pull a magnet along the side of the glass or dip it in and swirl around. it is very surprising to find out how much metal there is!",
"I remember in second grade (I think) our teacher dropped a match in a bottle, and then put a hard boiled egg on top. It ended up sucking the egg right through the mouth of the bottle. [Here](_URL_0_) is an example.",
"OK just a couple more. I also taught a biology unit where the kids planted 1 flower seed in an egg carton filled with soil. We got egg cartons from the cafeteria and cut them up so that each child had their own little pot. We were able to talk about the germination process, photosynthesis, etc. When the seedings started to outgrow their containers, we planted the flowers in the school's courtyard to make a little flower garden. A good way to elaborate on what we did would be to plant different types of seeds, like flowers, veggies, fruits, annuals, perennials, trees...you name it! Planting a vegetable garden could also be a good way to generate food for the school/community.\n\nLearn from my mistakes: -Plant 25-50% more seeds than there are students in the class. Hold on to the extras to give to students who kill their seedlings -Start early enough in the year so that your seedlings have some time to prosper before cold/rainy weather hits -Don't let any kids under 4th grade water their plants. The students are well intended but not well coordinated.\n\nAnother fun one is mixing non-toxic acrylic paint and dish soap with water. Make several colors. Stick the end of a straw into the soap-paint and you will be able to blow colored bubbles. You can explain surface tension and, depending on the grade, a TON of cool scientific properties of molecules that bubbles can demonstrate (just Google bubble science for ideas). Pop them against a white piece of paper and you can make some pretty impressive art. I did this as an art experiment for kindergardeners. \n\nIf you can find and identify (important so you know what to feed it) a caterpillar, kidnap it and make a little home for it in a large clear box. Use your new prisoner to teach children about metamorphosis. Take them out on a safari to identify plants and find food for the caterpillar, or assign this as homework. Discuss why environmental degradation would make it hard for the caterpillar to find food or otherwise survive. I prefer that you name this caterpillar Harrison.\n\nFeel free to PM me for a couple more ideas.",
"Take cuttings of plants and place them into a glass of water in the light. Vegetative stems (those making more leaves) will often form roots which you can plant and generate a whole new plant. If you take an inflorescence stem (one forming flowers) it won't grow. Vines often work best, but you can try it out on a variety of plants. \n\nDescribing the hormones that make this possible and all that may be a bit much, but you could talk about how cells in plants are indeterminate compared to animals. Talk about clonal propagation vs sexual? \n\nAnd they may have a flower to take home to their parents afterwards.",
"My favorite is the demonstration of how ions conduct electricity. \nThe setup is very simple and cheap. \nYou will need purified water, salt, copper wire, a lightbulb, and a battery.\nAttach the copper wire to the battery and place the ends in the water. Do the same for the light bulb. \nThe bulb will not light until you place salt into the water. \nIts pretty cool that by placing small rocks into water you can cause the light to turn on. ",
"put a wheel on an axel so that the ends of the axel are sticking out. tie a rope/string to one end of the axel. hold the axel parallel to the ground (so the wheel is vertical), give the wheel a spin, and let go. the axel will not only not fall, but will begin to rotate about the point it's tied at.\nvideo here: _URL_0_",
"[Oscillating Clock Reaction](_URL_0_)\n\nThe best one in my opinion.\n\nEdit: Updated to a better link.",
"Faraday's law of induction: Drop a magnet through a tube wrapped in wire, and connect it to a light. Watch the light flicker on as the magnet passes through. ",
"This one doesn't get done often, but you should do reversible mixing in low reynolds numbers. I think stirring in glycerol should do the trick and there are plenty of youtube videos.",
"One of the more impressive demos that I have done is make a cloud in a bottle. All you need is a plastic bottle, rubbing alcohol, and a bike pump. [Here](_URL_0_) is a video of the demo that our class made to post on the school website. The only hard part is finding a way to keep the pressure in the bottle while you pump. I used a stem for a tire, but a stopper would work just as well.\n\nAnother demo that I really like is a [natural selection demo](_URL_1_). I used M & M's, but beans also work well. Natural selection can be difficult to teach and I feel that this gives a nice visual representation.\n\nI have a lot of cheap demos that I could help you with, is there a specific material that you want to cover?",
"I'm not strongly scientific but two experiments from my childhood have come to mind reading through all of these replies. One is looking at a piece of the clear membrane covering onion layers through a microscope - it was really mind blowing at around 13 to see the cell formations of such an every day object and if I recall correctly we only really used the onion, a slide to place a sample of the skin on and the microscope. This website describes what we did quite well: _URL_0_ \n\nThe second I did when I was a bit younger, and I'm not positive you'd have the resources but basically getting a flower to absorb coloured liquid, I think we did this with originally white carnations and blue and red food colouring in the water and it worked really well. Was a very novel experiment and demonstrates the capillary action of a flower, see _URL_1_ for instructions and a great explanation of the science behind the experiment. Most importantly have fun! :) ",
"if you are going for making a big impression you can do the Mentos into diet cola... it certainly will get them talking.",
"I've always liked [homopolar motors](_URL_0_) as a cheap/easy/surprising way to demonstrate the lorentz force (magnetic force acting on a current carrying wire)",
"Hitting two large ball bearings togeather with paper between. Where they hit will be slightly burnt fromthe kinetic energy turning to heat",
"If you have access to Pyrex and vegetable oil (I've heard Wesson works best) they often have the same index of refraction so any Pyrex placed into the veggie oil will essentially disappear. We did it in my first waves and optics class and it was really badass. ",
"There is nothing better for demonstrating vibration, rotation, and standing waves than a strobe light. Pluck a guitar string (or similar) with the strobe set to that frequency plus 1 or 2 Hz, and you can see the string vibrate as if in slow motion, it's very cool. Spin a coin to see the same effect. Take a small fan and mark an X on one of the blades, then use the strobe light to make the X appear to stop, and use this to explain periods of rotation.",
"I liked practical experiments where you need to work out the best way to optimise something.\n\n1. Water rockets: get a 1.25 litre bottle, a cork with a pipe in it and a pump. Fill the bottle 1/3 or 1/2 or 1/4 or 2/3 or 3/4 or whatever full of water, pump it till it launches, see who can get one highest.\n\n2. paper clip helicopters: see whose can stay up the longest.",
"A straight stick in a glass of water appears to bend.\nTwo objects of different weights fall at the same rate.\nBoiling water freezes faster than room temperature.\n\nWhat are the the other things kids do on the Marshall islands? See how you can incorporate the scientific method into them!",
"Dirt cheap with some preparation:\n\nTwo 1 1/2 liter plastic water bottles.\n\nOne filled with 25cc water, the other one almost full.\n\nYou have a box with a glass front and something to 'guide' the bottles (small wooden framework), open at the bottom.\n\nIf you can rig it: a small battery-operated electrical circuit that completes when the bottles hit the bottom and a light at either end of the box lights up..\n\nMake it so that both bottles start falling at the same time (some kind of trap that falls away at the same time for both bottles).\n\nThe students see the bottles. Ask which bottle will hit the bottom first. Going by how your students understand 'organ', most will probably go with intuition and say that the heaviest bottle will hit the bottom first.\n\nDrop bottles, both lights light up at the same time. \n\n_Amazement!_\n\nShould be very cheap to make, is a great demonstration.\n\n/If somebody already mentioned this, I'm sorry about that.",
"you should check out Household Hacker on youtube...he has some cool experiments that he shows how to do",
"_URL_0_\n\nIt's a text from a guy that teaches Kids binary. Its not so much about the topic itself but the way he teaches it. He constantly asks the children questions and really sparks their interests.\n\nIf they have any use at all for binary, maybe you should try this",
"An experiment that blew my mind in primary school was to prove that air has weight.\n \nMake a simple counter balance scale (with two rulers and a nail for example) and attach an empty balloon at each end with a piece of string - let it balance nicely.\n \nNow inflate one of the balloons - the inflated balloon will weigh more and your scale will tip.",
"Double slit experiment demonstrating wave particle duality!\n_URL_0_\n\nThat shit blows my mind every goddamn time.",
"show them a potato battery, that could be quite an inspiring experiment for kids in a developing country.\n\nit can be done with other fruit/veg too. you'll find loads of vids and articles on google.",
"Mealworms!\n\nIf you can find them at a pet store, buy two dozen or so meal worms and put them in a tub full of oatmeal. At the top of the tub keep a damp paper towel for drinking/moisture in addition to a few slices of apples (this will also ensure that the meal worms will usually be at the top of the tub).\n\nIn a relatively small amount of time the meal worms will go from larval stage to their pupa stage, and then their adult stage in a week or so after that. It's a great way to teach children about the insect kingdom.",
"Big fan of putting a candle inside a container and sealing it; generates a significant vacuum due to reaction of the oxygen. ",
"this is something that kids would love and everyone can participate in. Wheat farmers used to chew on grains to make \"farmers gum\". Chew on some grains, and after about 10-15 minutes it turns into something very similar to chewing gum. [This website explains it](_URL_0_). I did this when I was a kid and I remember thinking it was amazing, plus it got me thinking about what's actually inside a seed, and how we can get all sorts of wonderful products from mundane-looking plants. \n\nYou could work this into a biochemistry lesson. Talk about how seeds are storehouses of protein (gluten is the main protein in the wheat seed) and starch. You could explain how saliva has enzymes (amylase) that turn the starch into sugars - these dissolve in your mouth which is why the ground wheat transforms into a lump of mostly gluten after a while. Enzymes in action!\n\nYou could easily fill a whole lesson on the chemistry of breadmaking. How the starch is eaten up by the yeast which produce C02 (the air bubbles in bread): leavening agents! Meanwhile the stretchiness of gluten allows bread to rise and get fluffy, while still staying all stuck together. This is why you have to knead the dough if you want your bread to rise - \"agglutinate the gluten\". The farmers gum is a jumping off point for all kinds of chemistry and biology stuff\n\nSimple and cheap chemistry demo, plus everyone gets to chew gum the whole time (something kids normally aren't allowed to do at school, so it's fun!) ",
"corn starch with water. Makes a goopy material that's fun to play with, is very cheap, and shows non-Newtonian fluids",
"Have you seen the TED Talk, Arvind Gupta: Turning trash into toys for learning.\n_URL_0_ \nIt has some great little examples of cheap hands on things you can make for very cheap. The simplest motor etc.",
"You can teach them how a compass works. All you need is a needle, a magnet, a cork and some water. This is similar to how I did it in elementary. \n\n _URL_0_",
"I used to live in Laos. What made the largest impact was a simple microscope, where students could bring in samples of rice paddy water, and we could proceed to look at all the protozoa mucking about in a drop on a slide.\n\nNot only did it help encourage compliance when it came to boiling water to drink, the kids loved being able to see what new thing they could find in 'their' water. The microscope was heavily used the entire year.",
"Put pepper in water then put dish soap on finger put finger in water wow.",
"You can always show them the [Stroop Effect](_URL_0_) (preferably in their native language, which shouldn't be too hard to set up).\n\nEdit: *shouldn't* be too hard...",
"I was purely interested in chemistry after watching magnesium burn... pretty bright lights, humans are way too simple.",
"I'm a science teacher, too. I'm going to assume that you have only the most standard chemicals available to you, things you would find in your average lab.\n\nGet some Bromophenol Blue and an acid. Pretty much any acid would do as long as the pH is less than 3.\n\nPour the acid into one beaker and the bromophenol blue into another. Make sure you use enough bromophenol blue for the color difference to be quite noticeable. You can even dip a paper towel into the bromphenol to show them the blue color.\n\nAsk them what color you should get when you mix dark blue and clear liquids. Students will answer light blue most likely.\n\nWhen you mix them together, the solution will turn yellow. This opens up lots of avenues of discussion (hypotheses, chemical reactions, etc.)\n\nNow, if you have some potassium chlorate sitting around, you could do the gummi bear combustion.\n\nPut some potassium chlorate in a test tube and heat it over a bunsen burner. Use a ring stamp and clamp to hold it above the flame.\n\nOnce the potassium chlorate crystals have melted and begin bubbling, drop in a gummi bear. The reaction converts the sugar in the gummi bear into purple fire. You also get a lovely aroma of baked cookies (with a not so nice dash of smoke).",
"Cymatics: The study of visible sound and vibration.\n\nAll you need is a speaker, an amplifier, a signal generator (computer) and some sand (pretty easy to find):\n\nWARNING: TURN DOWN YOUR VOLUME\n\n_URL_0_\n\n_URL_2_\n\n_URL_1_",
"A simple one that I always used to do in class was to take one paper cup and light it on fire, then take an identical paper cup and fill it with water and try to light it on fire as well.\n\nDue to the specific heat of the water in the cup, the paper can't get hot enough to ignite when filled with water. Great intro to heat / thermodynamics for students.",
"Drano + alumin(i[for the Aussies])um foil; put a balloon over the mouth of the bottle and watch it fill up with hydrogen gas. Then you light it up and explode that shit. Bitches love exploding shit. ",
"I've mentioned this experiment on reddit before, but I'll go through it again. There are some extremely cheap experiments you can do to demonstrate some principles of chemistry. One fun one that uses quite a range is the reaction of chalk (yes, the kind you write on blackboards with--it's just CaCO3) with HCl. The reaction releases carbon dioxide, which you can trap in a balloon that obviously takes up lots of volume, despite the solution looking like it's still the same size.\n\nYou can also pick up a pH indicator fairly cheap, with which you can do a number of things, but specifically related to this experiment, if you bubble the contents of the balloon back through neutral water, it will acidify the solution because CO2 forced into water goes right back into creating carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is the conjugate acid of the carbonate ion released during the CaCO3 decomposition. This will turn a solution of, for example, methyl red from clear (at neutral pH) to pink/red (pH < 4.4).\n\nAlso worth noting is that the monobasic form of H2CO3 is HCO3(-), also known as bicarbonate. If the counterion in solution is sodium, then you have sodium bicarbonate, which is household baking soda.\n\nSo, this is a fun experiment using pretty basic stuff that demonstrates things related to the ideal gas law, what happens when a reaction releases gas, equilibria, the relationship between acids and bases, and the chemical use of things that go into household chemicals (and carbonated beverages). That's not to say you have to describe all of that, but it's nice because you can easily expand it from middle school to intro college level comprehension. Also, it bubbles a lot and involves a color change, both of which are nice visual aids for kids.",
"I love this [scale model solar system](_URL_0_) experiment. You need a few small items, a mile or so of straight flat ground, and some time to walk it.",
"This one is really long-term, but if you have an entire academic year, it might be worth it. It blew my mind as a kid.\n\nWe went out to the playlot on the autumnal equinox, and at exactly noon, we painted a line to indicate where the shadow of the top of the flagpole fell. Throughout the next 6 months, our teacher would occasionally remind us to check the location of the shadow at noon. The line never matched up; the shadow was always too long. It got longer throughout the fall and then started getting shorter after new year's, until finally, on the vernal equinox, we went back to the playlot and at noon on the dot, the shadow lined up perfectly. My teacher then explained about the tilt of the earth's axis, the way it affects the weather and creates the seasons, and why after 6 months the shadow had returned to exactly the same spot, and then why it would now get shorter every day until the summer solstice.\n\nI had certainly never doubted that the earth was round, but to see reality line up so neatly with the model was really eye-opening.",
"[XKCD](_URL_0_) has a wonderful thread full of these. ",
"My favorite was always sugar and sulfuric acid :)",
"Many folks have some great suggestions about observational things that correlate with science, but imo the most important thing you can teach in a science class is the Scientific Method. If you have access to simple cooking ingredients and equipment there are many many basic biology experiments you can do.\n\nCellular respiration\n\n1) Materials: Baker's Yeast, Molasses, Boiled (sterile) water, clear sterilizable small glasses or bottles (plastic or glass, as long as you can boil them), balloons or condoms (depending upon cultural acceptance of condoms as classroom tools).\n\n2) Method: You need 15 bottles/glasses in all (12 US fluid ounce, clear, glass beer or soda bottles are best), and they should all be the same size. Immerse your bottles/glasses in a large pot of water and let boil for 20 minutes or so while covered. Let cool while keeping the pot covered, empty and cover each bottle or glass with a square of aluminum foil or saran wrap. Let bottles/glasses dry.\n\nBoil a separate volume of water, covered and large enough to fill all the bottles/glasses. Let the water cool. Use one bottle and fill it to the top. Decant 2 US fluid Ounces from it and discard that water. Add a packet of baker's yeast to the remaining 10 fl oz and mix by swirling.\n \nLabel 11 bottles 0-10, and label 3 as \"0 (-)\", \"5 (-)\", and \"10 (-)\". Add a corresponding amount of molasses to each bottle (10 oz to the bottles labled \"10\" and \"10 (-)\", 9 oz to the one bottle \"9\", etc. Add the boiled (now cool) water to all the bottles to fill to 10 oz (no water to the bottles labeled \"10\", and 10 oz water to the bottles labeled \"0\"). Last, add 1 FL oz of your yeast-water mixture to each of the 11 bottles labled with just a number. Be sure to keep actively swirling your yeast mix bottle between decanting to make sure that you don't get settling of your yeast. Do not add yeast to the bottles labled with \"X (-)\", only add a single fl oz of your boiled/cooled water to these bottles (in addition to the 10 fl oz of mollasses or water or mixture). \n\nAffix a balloon over the top of each bottle and secure it tightly with string under the lip of the rim. If you are using glasses, try condoms instead. You can make a \"ring\" at the top by taping a section of string around the outer perimeter of the glass and then have the condom rolled just down to the edge of it (to prevent the condom from slipping to the bottom of the outside of the glass). Mix each bottle by swirling - be sure each bottle is swirled as similarly as possible. The idea here is to make sure the yeast/water/molasses is as evenly mixed in each bottle as possible)\n\nLine all the bottles up in a row at the front of your classroom and watch them day after day. If you have a camera, take pictures of the row every day, and use a tailor's tape measure and record the circumference of each ballon every day. Make the whole class keep a lab notebook or collectively keep the notebook on your chalkboard. The experiment is done when the balloons stop expanding or when the first one pops, which ever comes first.\n\n3) Explain to the kids about fermentation, and cellular respiration. Ask them to make a hypothesis about what they expect the results to be. make them take bets on which bottle will make the balloon expand the fastest.\n\n4) Questions you should prepare to answer:\n-Why did the bottle with no mollasses not expand (or expand very little)?\n-Why did the bottle with all mollasses not expand (or expand very little)?\n-Which bottle produced the most gas to inflate the balloon, and what can inferred from this?\n-What was the purpose of the 3 bottles labeled \"X (-)\"?\n-How could this experiment be improved to produce more information?\n\n\nAnyway, I think you get the idea. Once you teach these kids the methond, and the concept of positive and negative controls, they will start getting ideas about how to test all kinds of thier own ideas about things.",
"Double slit diffraction of light to demonstrate its a wave",
"Get an empty soda can and fill it up with a few Tablespoons of water. Heat it on a hot plate or a stove to make steam, then quickly take it off the hot plat and invert it into an ice bath.\n\nThe can will implode.\n\nThis deals with phase changes, and pressure/volume/temperature relations.",
"Not sure if you'll see this, but I teach non-classroom science in NYC. I have access to museums and collections etc, so a lot of what I do might not apply (not to mention the different locations). My focus is anthropology, but I've done a smattering of K-6th science as well. \nI've upvoted all the posts saying \"get them to design their own experiments.\" Getting them to ask \"why\" is going to be your most useful thing you can teach them. But to add suggestions:\n\nFor younger ones, definitely do units on insects, they'd be fun to capture, kids can do biomes and document their eating and growth cycles. This can branch into work on food chains and ecology, and gets them thinking about ecological issues in their community. \n\nOptical illusions are great for teaching how the brain and eyes work together and can be as simple as making flipbooks or using tubes of paper to see a hole in your hand. Plus kids can make them themselves.\n\nIf you're teaching evolution, and have access to different kinds of beans (or just different kinds of small food) and some forks, knives and spoons, you can have students compete for resources and \"die off\" if they can't find enough food. Its a fun way of introducing natural selection. \n\nMost schools put anthropology in \"social studies\" units, but if you have the flexibility kinship for older kids can be a fun mind bender. Have them go home and write family trees, then introduce them to other kinds of kinship systems and have the figure out what would change if they were born somewhere else. Or make the class \"family tree\" and have them figure out who they're related to and who they can marry. It really gets kids thinking about how much is culturally relative.\n\nAlso, you said you have limited internet access but here's some websites that can give you ideas :\n\nNeuroscience for kids: _URL_1_\n\nNat Geo kids: _URL_0_\n\nZoom Science (love this one): _URL_2_\n\nHope this helps (if you ever see it). ",
"If you can find different bits of metal (magnesium, tin, etc.) burn them and see how the flame turns different colors. Also, you can demonstrate that heat = energy = calories by burning different dry food substances and comparing how long each food burns. ",
"* [Wooden machines](_URL_6_)\n* [Hand crank generator made from cordless drill](_URL_8_)\n* [Lemon battery](_URL_7_)\n* Google \"science fair projects\"\n* My favorite: [Toys from Trash](_URL_4_)\n* Power a car with a simple mouse trap. Google \"mouse trap car\". [Here](_URL_2_) and [here](_URL_0_).\n* Make your own ferrofluid. Google it.\n* [_URL_5_](_URL_3_) has a lot of DIY projects.\n* When you apply current to a DC motor (run by a battery), the motor turns. When you turn a DC motor, it creates current at the terminals. Try using a cordless drill motor or hobby motor to generate electricity from wind. [Instructables generator from cordless drill](_URL_1_)",
"Here's a nifty trick that only requires milk, food coloring, and dish soap:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nThe dish soap breaks down the fat in the milk, causing the food coloring to swirl around. Simple and visually impressive.",
"Archimedes, was asked to resolve a problem for the King. The king had asked his blacksmith to make him a crown, and the King was to provide the Gold to melt so the Blacksmith could forge it.\nArchimedes suspected that the Blacksmith had taken some of the gold and replaced inside bits of the crown with other poorer metals (iron, copper, etc).\nArchimedes realised after being in the bathtube that the water level rose as he submerged himself in the tube. This is was a really precise way to measure the volume of irregular objects (say, a crown). Scales already existed by this time, so the intensive measurement known as Density = Mass/Volume was developed.\n(It's also said that Archimedes yelled Eureka! after he realised of his discovery).\n\nCarry different objects, regulars and irregulars (ie: cubes, and certain objects which would be easy to calculate their volume, and some irregular, also try to find the material density or specific weight), and make them guess/calculate the density, or wieght of said objects)\nYou could take metal, wood, plastic, etc.\n"
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"http://sciencecafe.org/content/2008/12/22/extract-dna-from-fruit/"
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw"
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBN_cYEgeMA"
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[],
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRcG7ghjzRs&feature=related"
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"http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrydemonstrations/a/nassaureaction.htm"
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[],
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMQzSZdjrz8"
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[],
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZdfcRiDs8I"
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=sy5NY-Dqdys#t=136s"
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RFb8T2ED5E&feature=related"
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"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1Hsn28skU4",
"http://www.nylearns.org/module/content/pyb/resources/13965/view.ashx"
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[
"http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/dawsonm/cells/microlab4.htm",
"http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/colorful-carnations"
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[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aPQqNt15-o"
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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"http://www.garlikov.com/Soc_Meth.html"
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[],
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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-slit_experiment"
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[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.informeddemocracy.com/bread/activitiesFrmSet.html"
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[],
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"http://www.ted.com/talks/arvind_gupta_turning_trash_into_toys_for_learning.html"
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"http://www.madsci.org/experiments/archive/860218908.Es.html"
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[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect"
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[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtiSCBXbHAg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatics",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSjWt9zxeuw"
],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.noao.edu/education/peppercorn/pcmain.html"
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[],
[
"http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=8000"
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/activities/funscience/",
"http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chvision.html",
"http://pbskids.org/zoom/activities/sci/"
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[],
[
"http://www.instructables.com/id/Mouse-Trap-car/",
"http://www.instructables.com/id/Generator-Demonstration-from-Cordless-Drill/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousetrap_car",
"http://www.instructables.com",
"http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys.html",
"Instructables.com",
"http://woodgears.ca/machines.html",
"http://www.hilaroad.com/camp/projects/lemon/lemon_battery.html",
"http://www.zetatalk.com/energy/tengy05n.htm"
],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPFwDaR1g70"
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|
8ese3p | Why did all three of the great independent empires to have existed in India (Mughal, Gupta and Maurya) fail to conquer the southern tip of the Subcontinent? | Was there something about the Dravidian South that made it difficult to hold, uninteresting to conquerors, or both? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/8ese3p/why_did_all_three_of_the_great_independent/ | {
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"Hello! I asked this question a few years ago and got [some terrific responses!](_URL_0_) ",
"Here is a slightly modified version of an answer I wrote on r/history a few months ago:\n\nFirst and foremost, there are multiple instances in Indian history where an entity based in North India was able to project its power into the south, and also vice versa. The early Company Raj, based at Calcutta in Bengal, was able to project power both westward into the interior Gangetic plain and southward into the Northern Circars and Carnatic coast of modern-day Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. British Indian armies [marched along the breadth of India from South India to Bengal](_URL_3_) long before the introduction of the railroad. Pretty much the same route was also taken by the Guptas some 1400 years before, whose armies (if we are to believe Samudragupta's Allahabad pillar inscription, especially [Lines 19-20](_URL_1_)) advanced as far as Kanchi in Tamil Nadu, as well as by the Cholas, as described in Tamil sources like the *Kalingattuparani*. The armies of the Delhi Sultanate during the early 14th century overran virtually all of South India, as did the Mughal armies during the late 17th century.\n\nThe main difficulty in creating a pan-Indian empire was not projecting power from the Gangetic plains into South India, as there were no serious geographic obstacles separating the two macro-regions. The Vindhyas and Ghats were never impassable like the Himalayas, and did not feature sleet or snowstorms (the bane of many pre-modern armies) as in the Hindu Kush mountains. If an empire based in North India wanted to exercise domination over South India, the major obstacles it faced were not primarily geographical but rather political in nature, especially the inability of many historical Indian states (both Hindu and Muslim) to effectively control their own subordinates and maintain territorial cohesion. For instance, just a few years after the Delhi Sultanate invaded and conquered the Deccan and South India, the governor of Madurai in southern Tamil Nadu, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate and established his own independent state ([Madurai Sultanate](_URL_0_)). The governor of the Deccan also declared his own independent sultanate (the [Bahmani Sultanate](_URL_2_)) in 1347, and as the Delhi Sultanate continued to weaken, independent sultanates also appeared in many other regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, and Jaunpur, so it wasn't simply an issue with South India. Likewise, the later Mughal empire was able to temporarily conquer almost the whole of South India, only for the empire to disintegrate soon after Aurangzeb's death in 1707 with the various *nawabs* (governors) becoming de facto independent rulers, not just in South India but also in provinces like Awadh in the Gangetic plain. It was the British who finally ended this pattern in the 19th century by introducing centralized, bureaucratic governance of the entire subcontinent for the first time in its history, with every district of British India being governed by a salaried civil bureaucrat (District Collector) rather than by what amounted to a bunch of miniature kings with their own private armies who were prone to revolting at any time.\n\nTo summarize, there was nothing unique about South India that prevented empires based in North India from invading and conquering it, which they did several times throughout history. The problem was actually keeping it bound to the central government (in Delhi or wherever) after the initial conquest, and here North Indian empires failed because of underlying issues in their own political system. North Indian regimes encountered these same issues outside of South India as well, but they were amplified in South India due to its greater distance from the central authority. **In other words, geography *aggravated* underlying problems that made it nigh impossible for a stable pan-Indian empire to exist prior to the British Raj, but geography itself was not the decisive inhibiting factor.** If it was, then the British in the 18th and early 19th centuries (before modern technologies like the railroad and telegraph allowed central governments to greatly overcome traditional limitations of space and time) should have failed just like all of the previous regimes that tried to rule India."
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_pillar#Samudragupta_inscriptions",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate",
"https://books.google.com/books?id=h_w2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA36&dq=%22the+greater+portion+by+land,+marching+through+Cuttack%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj75YfoiNbaAhWL8oMKHTJ-BwIQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20greater%20portion%20by%20land%2C%20marching%20through%20Cuttack%22&f=false"
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6l8g0l | I've read somewhere that ancient China and Rome were each aware of the other's existence. Is that true? | AskHistorians | https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/6l8g0l/ive_read_somewhere_that_ancient_china_and_rome/ | {
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"Yes, there are many historical records and strong evidence on both sides that verify this. But they were not just aware of each other, they in fact sought to actively trade with one another, which is how the Silk Road came about. The vast distance between the Romans and the Chinese meant direct trade was impossible, so the Silk Road came about as an indirect, looping trade network. \n\nSo when were the Roman Empire and Ancient China aware of each other? Evidence shows that first contact can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). Interestingly, while both sides knew the other lay across a vast distance, direct contact was either never established or has yet to be proven. The distance between the two was a large stretch of land consisting of basically the entirety of India and large parts of the Middle East. The Indian kingdoms, and the Parthian Empire that was regnant in the Middle East at the time, are said to have purposely inhibited contact between China and Rome so they could maintain a monopoly on the lucrative Silk Road trade between the two (direct trade between the two would remove the need for an intermediary like the Parthians). \n\nThe Chinese, at least, did try to establish direct contact though. Gan Ying was a Han envoy sent on a mission to Rome, but the furthest west that he made it was either the Persian Gulf, the Black Sea, or perhaps the Mediterranean's southwestern coastline (this is unclear; sources only translate into 'the western sea', meaning it could be any of the three, but it is unlikely to be the Mediterranean due to Rome's influence over the region meaning Gan Ying could have easily gone to Rome if he had reached the Mediterranean coastline). It is theorized that the Parthians dissuaded Gan Ying from going any further west, citing dangers of travel + a lengthy return journey if the winds were unfavorable, but it is possible they did so upon learning of his purpose and wanted to restrict contact between Rome and China.\n\nStill, Gan Ying's failed journey to Rome didn't amount to nothing. He did gain valuable information about Rome, and knew, more or less, where Rome was, as his travels had brought him past the northern fringes of India into the Parthian Empire, where there was active trade with the Romans. He learned what he could in the Parthian Empire, and then left back home to China, where his findings were recorded in the Hou Han Shu (後漢書), or the Book of the Later Han. An important piece of evidence pointing to Chinese awareness of Rome (which is listed as \"Da Qin\", or Great Qin) is recorded within, as follows (translated): \n\n > (Da Qin)'s territory extends for several thousands of li. It has more than four hundred walled towns. There are several tens of smaller dependent kingdoms. The walls of the towns are made of stone. They have established postal relays at intervals, which are all plastered and whitewashed.\n\nHope this helped.\n\nSource: Fan, Ye (September 2003). Hill, John E., ed. \"The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu: The Xiyu juan, \"Chapter on the Western Regions\", from Hou Hanshu 88, Second Edition (Extensively revised with additional notes and appendices): Section 11 – The Kingdom of Daqin 大秦 (the Roman Empire)\". _URL_0_. Translated by John E. Hill. "
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"Depts.washington.edu"
]
] |
||
4bhfs7 | at which distance is electricity essentially slowed? | Electricity seems rather instant. You turn the switch on, and 50 feet away the light bulb turns on instantly. How far away would we have to place the light bulb to observe a delay between the time we pull the switch and the time the light turns on?(And I mean perceivable to the human eye, not some .001 second delay.) Assume we're using a thick gauge wire with very low resistance. | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4bhfs7/eli5_at_which_distance_is_electricity_essentially/ | {
"a_id": [
"d193x3c"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The electromagnetic force, like all forces, travels at the speed of light.\n\nSo to experience a second delay, it would have to be placed a light second away (186282 miles)\n\n"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
|
2ozhah | Practical applications of the particle accelerator at Berkeley? | Electrons in plasma accelerated up to an energy of 4.2 giga-electron-volts. Energy gradient 1000 times that of LHC. But what are the potential applications/implications of what they accomplished? | askscience | http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2ozhah/practical_applications_of_the_particle/ | {
"a_id": [
"cmssmcp"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"**Semi-conductors**: The semi-conductor\nindustry relies on accelerator technology to\nimplant ions in silicon chips, making them\nmore effective in consumer electronic\nproducts such as computers, smart phones\nand MP3 players. \n**Clean air and water**: Studies show that blasts\nof electrons from a particle accelerator are an\neffective way to clean up dirty water, sewage\nsludge and polluted gases from smokestacks.\nMedical diagnostics: Accelerators are needed\nto produce a range of radioisotopes for medical\ndiagnostics and treatments that are routinely\napplied at hospitals worldwide in millions of\nprocedures annually. \n**Pharmaceutical research**: Powerful X-ray\nbeams from synchrotron light sources allow\nscientists to analyze protein structures quickly\nand accurately, leading to the development\nof new drugs to treat major diseases such as\ncancer, diabetes, malaria and AIDS. \n**Nuclear energy:** Particle accelerators have the\npotential to treat nuclear waste and enable\nthe use of an alternative fuel, thorium, for the\nproduction of nuclear energy. \n**Shrink wrap**: Industry uses particle accelerators\nto produce the sturdy, heat-shrinkable\nfilm that keeps such items as turkeys, produce\nand baked goods fresh and protects board\ngames, DVDs, and CDs. \n**DNA research:** Synchrotron light sources\nallowed scientists to analyze and define how\nthe ribosome translates DNA information\ninto life, earning them the 2009 Nobel Prize\nin Chemistry. Their research could lead to\nthe development of new antibiotics. \n**Cancer therapy:** When it comes to treating\ncertain kinds of cancer, the best tool may\nbe a particle beam. Hospitals use particle\naccelerator technology to treat thousands\nof patients per year, with fewer side effects\nthan traditional treatments.\n\n[Sauce](_URL_0_)"
]
} | [] | [] | [
[
"http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/files/AcceleratorsFactSheet_102309_Final.pdf"
]
] |
|
cbn80t | why does stretching certain muscles feel good yet others remain painful even as i gain flexibility? | explainlikeimfive | https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cbn80t/eli5_why_does_stretching_certain_muscles_feel/ | {
"a_id": [
"ethq6ci"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"So flexibility is a a little complicated. You have muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and all three have flexibility. Tendons attach muscle to bone, while ligaments attach bone to bone.\n\nIf you try and touch your toes with straight legs, you'll probably feel a tightness behind your knees. This is mostly your 'posterior cruciate ligament' (PCL). Now bend your knee a little bit, and stretch again. This time, you should feel a different kind of tightness, that goes from a little above the back of your knee right up to your butt. This is your hamstring. You are stretching your hamstring both ways, but with straight legs, your limit is probably the limit of your ligaments. \n\n(Note: if you have really really tight hamstrings, you may just feel your hamstrings for both).\n\nWhen you reach a 'limit' while stretching your muscles, you're not actually at a physical limit. Instead, your feeling a stretch reflex. Your muscles will try and stop a stretch long before it becomes dangerous, to protect you. When your muscles feel tight during a stretch, that's partially because they're flexing against the stretch.\n\nYour ligaments can't flex like your muscles do. When you stretch them, you also trigger a relfex to resist the stretch, but this time the tightness is in the ligament, but the flex is in the muscles that close the same joint. This is why it feels different.\n\nMuscle flexibility is also much easier to improve than ligament flexibility. This is because you can re-train your stretch reflex to allow more flexibility."
]
} | [] | [] | [
[]
] |
||
1iiwgg | Were societies such as the Roman Empire, the Prussians, etc. matriarchal at some point, thus leading to their decline? Matriarchal in this context refers to female-dominated. | *(Note: Post inspired by [this](_URL_0_) thread. I have yet to read anything that supports the notion of matriarchal societies leading to decline, especially in terms of the Roman Empire, etc., but am appealing to your authority and expertise)*
Were societies such as the Roman Empire, the Prussians, etc. matriarchal at some point, thus leading to their decline? Matriarchal in this context refers to female-dominated. Furthermore, what role did female suffrage (or other similar social movements) have in terms of the downfall of societies? If there are other more compelling reasons for downfalls, what are they? | AskHistorians | http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1iiwgg/were_societies_such_as_the_roman_empire_the/ | {
"a_id": [
"cb4zacx",
"cb4zd6d"
],
"score": [
74,
23
],
"text": [
"I suggest crossposting that thread to /r/badhistory.\n\n(Edit: never mind, [it's already there](_URL_4_).)\n\n(Double edit: [it's so bad it has two different threads there](_URL_1_).)\n\nThe short answer: no. \n\nThe slightly longer answer: certain mens' rights pseudohistorians (Warren Farrell being the prime mover here) like to argue that many, if not all, gender-stratified ancient societies were in fact female-dominated, and interpret history based on that assumption. This is the ['disposable male' theory](_URL_2_) (NSFW): the fact that men were required to face death in battle, labor in dangerous situations, and so on, while women were kept safe at home, supposedly demonstrates that these societies valued women over men and so worked for the benefit of women. If one actually looks at the law, philosophy, and rhetoric of gender in these societies, one recognizes what utter balderdash such a claim is. *Actual* sociologists, on the other hand, tend to argue that there are *no* truly matriarchal societies, and never have been, and that those societies - such as the Iroquois - who have been claimed as matriarchies are better understood as egalitarian.\n\nAn even longer answer dealing specifically with ancient Rome: it is true that Roman women had more power and influence than women in many other cultures. On the other hand, Roman men were *terrified* by the idea of female power and female domination, which is probably why their literature obsesses about it so much. And this greater power of women in Rome - which in no way reaches the level of a 'female-dominated society' - was a constant theme (albeit varying in intensity) in Roman culture from Republic to Christian Rome, and has nothing to do with its downfall.\n\nCitizen women in Rome, as in most societies of the time, were forbidden to vote or hold public office; unlike most societies of the time, they *could* own property and do business under their own name. While the specifics involve the complications of Roman marriage law, I'll just say that the chaotic period of the late Republic saw the rise of a class of elite women, wealthy widows, who were completely free citizens under the power of neither father nor husband - Clodia, sister of the notable P. Clodius Pulcher, immortalized as 'Lesbia' in the poems of Catullus, was a notorious member of this class - and the power and influence wielded by these women was looked at dubiously by elite men like Cicero, who leveraged the fear and disgust felt by more traditional Romans in his famous [Pro Caelio](_URL_3_). Under the Empire, the rhetorical trope of the destructive political woman simply shifted from the public sphere to the Imperial family; slandermongers like Suetonius emphasized the influence that Imperial wives and mothers and daughters had on Emperors - charges of incest and poisoning were common fare - in order to paint their subjects in a negative light. And I won't even get into Ovid and Martial and the politics of female eroticism...\n\n... but the point is that these Roman worries about female power are, as far as we can tell, more rhetorical than real. [In actuality](_URL_6_), noble women loaned out money, supported candidates, were patrons of the arts, funded temples and churches and so forth, without any negative consequences for the Roman state. In fact, I would argue, the truth of Rome's fall is the exact opposite of what your link suggests: at the time when the Western Roman Empire was entering its terminal stages, in the fifth century AD, the Christianization of Roman law was in fact *reducing* the independence and influence of women. \n\n(For the horribly complicated question of 'why Rome fell', [see the FAQ](_URL_5_) or peruse [The List](_URL_0_). Women had nothing to do with it.)\n\nI don't know of any work that specifically argues *against* the idea that Rome was female-dominated, since the claim is self-evidently risible, so I'll toss a couple of general works at you. My favorite basic book on women in the classical world is Pomeroy's *Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity*. Another good resource for women in the Roman Republic specifically is Hejduk's *Clodia: A Sourcebook*. ",
" > matriarchal at some point, thus leading to their decline?\n\n\n > what role did female suffrage (or other similar social movements) have in terms of the downfall of societies?\n\nThe big problem with these questions is the logical leap you are making, that a transition to matriarchy equals decline. Why do you assume this? For a historian to seriously consider this idea, you'd have to come up with some logical reason why that might be. \n\nTo answer your question, my guess is no, based on a couple things:\n\nFirst of all, there hasn't been a single society in history with state-level complexity that has been matriarchal. Rome and Prussia, the two examples you gave, were both pretty typical in their patriarchy. \n\nIn Rome only men could be senators, the military was a completely masculine institution, and emperors were all male. Women were free citizens but they could not vote or hold any political office. Richer women had some degree of indirect power in that they could influence politics behind the scenes, or wield large amounts of wealth if they could wrest it from their husbands.\n\nIn Prussia I am less sure, but I do know that they, like other pre-modern European states, inherited many institutions and social habits from Rome, and from general Indo-European patriarchal society.\n\nFinally, consider that the idea of the downfall of a civilization is completely loaded with somewhat archaic assumptions about what civilization means, and what decline means. Human societies grow, shrink, and change in response to cultural and environmental influences, in a non-teleological way. So what do you mean by decline? A decrease in economic output? A loss of military power?\n\nCertainly in the case of Prussia, it's pretty silly to talk about them as a distinct \"civilization\" at all, given that they were a German state/kingdom existing from the late middle ages to the 19th century, when they joined with other German states into a unified German empire. You could in fact say that the end of singular Prussian rule made Prussia more powerful and globally influential.\n"
]
} | [] | [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/TheRedPill/comments/1ih2ls/societies_that_turn_matriarchal_are_on_the_decline/"
] | [
[
"http://www.utexas.edu/courses/rome/210reasons.html",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/1iiz00/a_golden_treasury_of_bad_history_results_when/",
"http://www.avoiceformen.com/feminism/feminism-and-the-disposable-male/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Caelio",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/1iixkb/thread_discussing_whether_societies_that_turn/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/antiquity#wiki_decline_of_the_roman_empire",
"http://wsm.wsu.edu/s/index.php?id=13"
],
[]
] |
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